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{ "paragraph": [ "Janine Gibson\n", "Janine Victoria Gibson is a British journalist who was the editor-in-chief of the BuzzFeed UK website until she stepped down in January 2019 as the publication announced financial difficulties. In the summer of 2014 she became deputy editor of Guardian News and Media and editor-in-chief of theguardian.com website in London. She is a former editor-in-chief in New York City of Guardian US, the offshoot of \"The Guardian\". Gibson will join the Financial Times as assistant editor in May 2019.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "The daughter of British parents, Gibson was born in Germany. Her father, the industrialist Sir Ian Gibson, was then an employee of the motor car manufacturer Ford of Europe, and her mother a teacher. Gibson read English Literature at St John's College, Oxford.\n", "Gibson began her career in the media trade press, becoming deputy editor of \"Televisiual\" (1995–97) and subsequently international editor of \"Broadcast\" magazine during 1987–98. She then briefly joined \"The Independent\" newspaper as a media correspondent for a few months before taking up a similar post later in 1998 at \"The Guardian\".\n", "Section::::At \"The Guardian\".\n", "At \"The Guardian\", she was responsible for launching the Guardian's media website and became Media Guardian editor. In May 2003, it was announced that she in addition had been appointed editor of the Media, Society, Education and Technology G3 supplements, a newly created post.\n", "Her appointment as editor of the guardian.co.uk website was announced in November 2008. Her immediate superiors at this time were Emily Bell, then director of digital content, and \"Guardian\" editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger. After Bell took up an academic post in New York in April 2010, Gibson's responsibilities were expanded to include supervising all of Guardian News & Media's digital output.\n", "Section::::\"Guardian\"s American website.\n", "After several months of discussion with Alan Rusbridger in early 2011, Gibson was formally appointed the editor of the Guardian's new American online operations, to be based in New York, in April. The newspaper's new US website was launched in September; an earlier attempt by the newspaper to relate to an American online audience, headed by Michael Tomasky in Washington DC between 2007 and 2009, had proved unsuccessful.\n", "Glenn Greenwald brought the leaked material from Edward Snowden to Gibson's attention, and she formed the team who met Snowden in Hong Kong to analyse the material he had accumulated.\n", "Gibson continued to be Greenwald's supervising editor during the time he was associated with \"The Guardian\" and preparing Snowden's Pulitzer Prize winning revelations about NSA surveillance and other stories for publication. She is reported to have told Alan Rusbridger when informing him of the scoops Greenwald, their newspaper's columnist, had uncovered: \"I’ve got a little story to chat to you about\".\n", "After returning to London, Gibson became chief of theguardian.com website during Summer 2014 becoming in addition a deputy editor of Guardian News & Media. Her place as head of \"The Guardian\" American operations was taken by Katharine Viner.\n", "Gibson was offered a managing editor of digital media position with \"The New York Times\" in early May 2014, but turned it down. According to one report in \"The New Yorker\", internal politics related to her potential hiring led to the dismissal of that paper's executive editor, Jill Abramson a few weeks later. Gibson was perceived to be the most likely successor to Alan Rusbridger, who resigned as editor-in-chief in December 2014, but Katharine Viner was ultimately appointed in March 2015.\n", "In May 2015, Gibson left \"The Guardian\". In September, prior to an expansion of its activities, she began a new job as editor-in-chief of the BuzzFeed UK website.\n", "Section::::BuzzFeed UK.\n", "Gibson was appointed the Editor-in-Chief of BuzzFeed UK in September 2015.\n", "Under her editorship the website moved into more hard news and published an investigative series in which 14 suspicious UK deaths (and 1 US) were found to have links to the Kremlin. The series triggered Theresa May’s government to commit to a full review, was a Pulitzer Prize finalist and George Clooney has picked it up for a film. In early 2018, the website also published a previously unseen Brexit analysis which stated the UK would be worse off in every scenario, further cementing its place as a news powerhouse.\n", "BuzzFeed UK won News Website of the Year in 2017 at the Press Awards.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British journalist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q16213964", "wikidata_label": "Janine Gibson", "wikipedia_title": "Janine Gibson" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mike Park\n", "Mike Park is a Korean American musician and progressive activist. His musical ventures include Skankin' Pickle for whom he both played the saxophone and sang, The Chinkees, The Bruce Lee Band, and Ogikubo Station, as well as an acoustic solo project under his own name. After his time with Skankin' Pickle he went on to found Asian Man Records, a label which he has run out of his garage in California since 1996 with only help from his parents and friends. Asian Man Records supports mostly ska and punk bands. Park will support any band as long as it is \"anti-racist, anti-sexist, and anti-prejudice\". Park has used Asian Man Records to release his own music, in addition to providing a start for smaller bands to allow them to grow, including Less Than Jake, Alkaline Trio, and The Lawrence Arms. In 1999 he formed the Plea for Peace Foundation an organization whose aim is \"to promote the ideas of peace through the power of music\", something which Park has been trying to do with his own bands and with the help of other groups.\n", "Park was the impetus behind the Spring 1998 \"Ska Against Racism\" tour. The goal of the tour was to promote awareness about racism and raise money for anti-racism organisations such as the Museum of Tolerance. The national tour included The Toasters, Less Than Jake, the Blue Meanies, Mustard Plug, Five Iron Frenzy, MU330, Kemuri, and Mike Park himself.\n", "Section::::Plea for Peace Foundation.\n", "The Plea for Peace Foundation was founded in 1999 by musician and founder of Asian Man Records, Mike Park. The Plea for Peace Foundations is a 501C3 Non-Profit Organisation based in San Jose, California, in the United States. The organisation's stated goal is to \"promote the ideas of peace through the power of music\". Initially the foundation was only active in national and global music tours, but in 2007 it intends to open a youth center for children where they will be encouraged to \"perform music, create art, dance and talk to others of similar interests\".\n", "In 2004, Plea for Peace organized a musical tour of the same name. The tour was a stand against President George W. Bush and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Park grew up in Silicon Valley in Northern California, where he still lives. He majored in music in college.\n", "He is a Minister of the Universal Life Church.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Solo.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Michael Park\" (Asian Man, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"For the Love of Music\" (Sub City, 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"North Hangook Falling\" (Sub City, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Park 7 Inch and Art Print (Simple Stereo, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beans & Toast\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Mike Park/O Pioneers!!! split 7″ (Suburban Home, 2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Smile\" (Asian Man, 2011)\n", "Section::::Discography.:With 'The Chinkees'.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Chinkees Are Coming\" CD\n", "BULLET::::- \"Karaoke with the Chinkees\" 7\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peace Through Music\" CD\n", "BULLET::::- \"Present Day Memories\" Split CD with Lawrence Arms (out of print)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Searching for a Brighter Future\" CD\n", "Section::::Discography.:With 'Ogikubo Station'.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ogikubo Station S/P\" (Asian Man, 2017)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Asian Man Records\n", "BULLET::::- Plea For Peace Official Site\n", "BULLET::::- Interview by Sound Scene Revolution (Podcast)\n", "BULLET::::- Interview by Tom Bastian of decapolis.com (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Interview by Josh Snider and Jonny Havoc on BigSmileMagazine.com\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs\n", "Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (24 March 1819 – 14 March 1885) was a German pathologist born in Aurich. \n", "After earning his medical degree from the University of Göttingen in 1841, he returned to Aurich, where he spent several years working as an optician. In 1846 he returned to the University of Göttingen as an instructor, afterwards serving as a professor at the Universities of Kiel (1850) and Breslau (1852). In 1859 he succeeded Johann Lukas Schönlein as head physician at the Charité in Berlin. He remained at the Charité until his death in 1885. Some of his better known assistants and students included Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), Adolf Weil (1848–1916), Paul Langerhans (1847–1888), Bernhard Naunyn (1839–1925), Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke (1842–1922), Friedrich Albin Hoffmann (1843–1924), Wilhelm Ebstein (1836–1912) and Hugo Rühle (1824–1888).\n", "Frerichs made many contributions to medical science, and is especially known for his research of kidney and liver diseases. He published the first German textbook of nephrology, and performed microscopic research of Bright's disease. He was the first to identify the three primary stages of Bright's disease and how the condition leads to fibrosis and atrophy. Frerichs gave the first clinical description of progressive familial hepatolenticular degeneration (now known as Wilson's disease), and also discovered the presence of leucine and tyrosine in urine involving yellow atrophy of the liver. He also described the anatomical changes that place in liver cirrhosis and malaria perniciosa.\n", "Frerichs performed pioneer research of multiple sclerosis, and described nystagmus as a symptom of the disease. He also provided an early clinical description of a link between multiple sclerosis and certain mental disorders.\n", "Section::::Associated eponym.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frerichs's theory\": Theory of uremic intoxication.\n", "Section::::Written works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"De polyporum structura penitiori\". Göttingen, 1843.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Untersuchungen über Galle in physiologischer und pathologischer Beziehung\". Göttingen, 1845. -- Studies of bile in physiological and pathological relationships.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Commentatio de natura miasmatis palustris\". (habilitation thesis), Göttingen, 1845.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Über Gallert- und Colloidgeschwülste\". 1847 – On gelatinous and colloid tumors.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Über das Mass des Stoffwechsels, sowie über die Verwendung der Stickstoffhaltigen und stickstoffreien Nahrungsstoffe\". Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, Leipzig, 1849. -- On the measure of metabolism, and on the use of nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-free nutrients.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ueber Hirnsklerose\". Archiv für die gesammte Medicin, Jena, 1849, 10: 334–350 --- treatise on sclerosis\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die Bright’sche Nierenkrankheit und deren Behandlung\". Braunschweig, Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1851 --- Bright's kidney disease and its treatment.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Klinik der Leberkrankheiten\". 2 volumes and atlas. Braunschweig, Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn; translated into English and published as: \"A clinical treatise on diseases of the liver\" (vol. 1, 1860); (vol. 2).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Über den Diabetes\". Berlin, 1884. --- treatise on diabetes.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- NCBI Frerichs and Bright's disease\n", "BULLET::::- \"Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs\" @ Who Named It\n", "BULLET::::- List of written works copied from an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Shane Lacy Hensley\n", "Shane Lacy Hensley is an author, game designer, and CEO of Pinnacle Entertainment Group and is a resident of Gilbert, Arizona.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Shane Lacy Hensley was from Clintwood, Virginia, and began playing \"Dungeons & Dragons\" after he discovered the game through a series of comic-strip ads that were running in comic books in the 1980s. Hensley later sent West End Games an unsolicited \"Torg\" adventure he had written, which was soon published as \"The Temple of Rec Stalek\" (1992). Hensley did more work for FASA, TSR, and West End over the next few years.\n", "Hensley created the game company Pinnacle Entertainment Group in 1994. Hensley wanted to create a 19th-century miniatures game and contacted local company Chameleon Eclectic about publishing it, which resulted in \"Fields of Honor\" (1994); ownership of the game remained with Pinnacle, but it was published in conjunction with Chameleon Eclectic. Hensley had the idea for a new game centering on cowboys and zombies as he was setting Pinnacle up, when he saw the Brom painting of a Confederate vampire on the cover of White Wolf's then-unreleased \"Necropolis: Atlanta\"; he thus began writing what would eventually become \"Deadlands\". After completing a first draft, Henlsey flew in two friends and game designers, Greg Gorden and Matt Forbeck; both liked what they saw and asked to buy into Pinnacle, although Gorden soon left for personal reasons. Hensley did some computer game design work for SSI. Forbeck left Pinnacle a few years later, leaving Hensley as the sole owner.\n", "On September 13, 2000, it was announced that Pinnacle had been sold to a company called Cybergames.com. Cybergames used acquisitions' income to buy other companies – harming the individual companies' cashflow and ruining production schedules – and Hensley announced on January 12, 2001 that the acquisition had been \"undone\", but not before considerable damage had been done to Pinnacle, leaving it with just a few employees. Hensley became part of the new d20 boom, kicking off a new d20-based weird war campaign with \"Blood on the Rhine\" (2001). In 2003, Hensley formed a new company, Great White Games and transferred all of Pinnacle's IP to it, as well as publishing the new game \"Savage Worlds\" (2003). Hensley joined Cryptic Studios in 2004. With senior developer David \"Zeb\" Cook, Hensley was the senior writer on \"City of Villains\" (2005). Hensley designed the role-playing game \"Army of Darkness\" (2005) for Eden Studios.\n", "Hensley also worked with Superstition Studios, which was working on a \"Deadlands\" MMORPG that never appeared. Hensley headed Dust Devil Studios where he brought \"Zombie Pirates\" (2010) to market. He later returned to Cryptic Studios and became Executive Producer.\n", "Hensley has written several novels and designed a variety of games including miniatures wargames, tabletop wargames, and role-playing games, as well as substantial freelance work writing modules for game systems. He has also scripted at least one computer game. Hensley has been a Guest of Honor at a number of major conventions and has garnered several game industry honors and awards.\n", "He left Cryptic to make a Deadlands MMO in 2007, but the parent company went bankrupt. Hensley briefly returned to Cryptic in 2010 as Executive Producer on Neverwinter, then on to Petroglyph Games to work on the End of Nations MMORTS (published by Trion Worlds).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile on Pinnacle Entertainment homepage\n", "BULLET::::- Publications at Amazon.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American writer and game designer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7488129", "wikidata_label": "Shane Lacy Hensley", "wikipedia_title": "Shane Lacy Hensley" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Date Kunishige\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Date clan\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official site of Date City, Hokkaido\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Samurai and 15th head of the Watari-Date family", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5227529", "wikidata_label": "Date Kunishige", "wikipedia_title": "Date Kunishige" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ken Stabler\n", "Kenneth Michael Stabler (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed \"the Snake\", was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Stabler quarterbacked the Raiders to victory in Super Bowl XI, was the 1974 NFL Most Valuable Player and was selected as a quarterback for the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team. Stabler was posthumously elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016.\n", "Section::::High school career.\n", "Stabler became a highly touted football player at Foley High School in Foley, Alabama. He led Foley to a win-loss record of 29–1 over his high school football career—the only loss coming against Vigor High School. He was an all-around athlete in high school, averaging 29 points a game in basketball and excelling enough as a left-handed pitcher in baseball to receive minor-league contract offers from the Houston Astros and New York Yankees. He was an all-American athlete. During his high school career, he earned his nickname \"The Snake\" from his coach following a long, winding touchdown run.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Stabler was recruited by legendary head coach Bear Bryant at Alabama. Due to NCAA regulations at the time, freshmen were ineligible to play on the varsity in the University Division. Stabler was on the freshman team in 1964, when the Crimson Tide won the National Championship with quarterback Joe Namath.\n", "As a sophomore in 1965, Stabler was used sparingly as a back-up to Steve Sloan at quarterback, following Namath's departure to the AFL. That year, the Crimson Tide won their second consecutive National Championship, finishing the season with a record of 9–1–1. The team defeated the Nebraska Cornhuskers in the Orange Bowl, 39–28.\n", "As a junior in 1966, he took over the starting quarterback position. He led the team to an undefeated, 11–0 season which ended in a 34–7 rout of Nebraska in the Sugar Bowl. Despite the unblemished record, the Tide was snubbed by the polls, finishing third behind Notre Dame and Michigan State, neither of which played in a bowl.\n", "Expectations were high in Stabler's senior season, though those expectations would not be completely fulfilled. The offense often struggled in 1967, and the defense's performance slipped. During the season, Bryant kicked Stabler off the team for cutting class and partying, though he was given a second chance. The Tide finished with an 8–2–1 record, including a loss to rival Tennessee. Though the season was lackluster, Stabler would provide a memorable moment in the Iron Bowl. Trailing 3–0 in a game drenched by rain, Stabler scampered through the mud for a 47-yard, game-winning touchdown which gave the Tide a 7–3 victory over rival Auburn at Legion Field. The play is commonly referred to as the \"Run in the Mud\" in Alabama football lore.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Stabler was selected in the second round of the 1968 NFL/AFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders, the reigning AFL champions. He was also drafted to play baseball by the New York Yankees in 1966, the New York Mets in 1967 and the Houston Astros in 1968. He signed a two-year contract with the Raiders in March 1968. In November 1968, the Raiders sent Stabler to Spokane, Washington to play for the Spokane Shockers of the Continental Football League. He played in two games for the Shockers before being recalled by the Raiders in late November. In July 1969, Stabler left the Raiders. However, in November 1969, Stabler said \"I'll be back in pro football come June\". In January 1970, it was reported that Stabler and Raiders head coach John Madden agreed that Stabler would return to the Raiders for training camp in July. Stabler made his first regular season appearance as a Raider in 1970. He first attracted attention in the NFL in a 1972 playoff game against the Pittsburgh Steelers. After entering the game in relief of a flu-ridden Daryle Lamonica, he scored the go-ahead touchdown late in the fourth quarter on a 30-yard scramble. The Steelers, however, came back to win on a controversial, deflected pass from Terry Bradshaw to Franco Harris, later known in football lore as the Immaculate Reception.\n", "After suffering severe knee injuries, Stabler became less a scrambling quarterback and more a classic, drop-back passer, known for accurate passes and an uncanny ability to lead late, come-from-behind drives. During the peak of his career, he had a receiving corps consisting of sprinter and 4-time Pro-Bowler Cliff Branch, Hall of Fame receiver Fred Biletnikoff, and Hall of Fame tight end Dave Casper. The Raiders' philosophy was to pound teams with their running game (aided by multiple-time Pro Bowler Marv Hubbard at fullback, and Clarence Davis at tailback), then stretch them with their long passing game. Although Stabler lacked remarkable arm strength, he was a master of the long pass to Branch, and accurate on intermediate routes to Biletnikoff and Casper. As a starter in Oakland, Stabler was named AFC player of the year in 1974 and 1976, and was the NFL's passing champion in 1976. In January 1977 he guided the Raiders to their first Super Bowl victory, a 32–14 win over the Minnesota Vikings. In the 1977 AFC playoffs against the Baltimore Colts, Stabler completed a legendary 4th quarter pass to Casper to set up a game-tying field goal by Errol Mann. This play, dubbed the \"Ghost to the Post\", sent the game to double overtime, during which the Raiders won 37–31 after Stabler threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to Casper. In the second game of 1978 on September 10, the Holy Roller (Immaculate Deception) Game saw Oakland win 21–20 at San Diego after a 4th quarter forward fumble by Stabler was caught and forward-fumbled by two other players to score a touchdown and win the game, causing the Ken Stabler Rule to be enacted, permitting only the fumbling player to recover the ball during a fourth down play, or during any down played after the two-minute warning in a half or overtime.\n", "After subpar 1978 and 1979 seasons in which the Raiders failed to make the playoffs, and saw the departure of many team leaders from the Super Bowl run: Clarence Davis, Skip Thomas, George Atkinson, Fred Biletnikoff, Willie Brown, and head coach John Madden, Stabler was traded to the Oilers for Dan Pastorini prior to the 1980 season, after a lengthy contract holdout. Stabler left the Raiders as their all-time leader in completions (1,486), passing yards (19,078), and touchdown passes (150). The Oilers, in turn, saw Stabler as the missing ingredient that could finally get them past the rival Steelers and into the Super Bowl. However Houston lacked the exceptional talent on offense that Stabler had thrived with in Oakland, as Earl Campbell and Casper- who was also acquired in a trade from the Raiders- were the few potent weapons they had. Meanwhile, Pastorini lost the starting job in Oakland to Jim Plunkett after an injury, and Plunkett then led the Raiders over Stabler and the Oilers in the playoffs. Oilers head coach Bum Phillips was fired shortly after the season.\n", "Without the popular head coach that rejuvenated an otherwise woeful Houston franchise, Stabler had a mediocre season in 1981 but re-joined Bum Phillips when the New Orleans Saints traded longtime starter Archie Manning to Houston for Stabler and offensive tackle Leon Gray. By this time, however, the 37-year-old Stabler was past his prime and the Saints were still a fairly dismal franchise. The 1983 season was Stabler's best as a Saint. He started 14 games, and while the team's record in those games was only 7–7, Stabler was the starter for the final game of the season, in New Orleans, against the division rival Los Angeles Rams. Had the Saints won that game, they would have finished 9–7 and reached their first trip to the playoffs. But the Rams pulled out the victory late in the 4th quarter, 26–24. The Saints then acquired New York Jets veteran Richard Todd, who like Stabler played for Bryant at Alabama, before the 1984 season and Stabler retired in the middle of that season.\n", "Stabler was the fastest to win 100 games as a starting quarterback, having done so in 150 games, which bettered Johnny Unitas' previous mark of 153 games. Since then, only Terry Bradshaw in 147 games, Joe Montana in 139 games and Tom Brady in 131 games have reached 100 wins more quickly.\n", "In the early part of 1974, Stabler and several NFL stars agreed to join the newly created World Football League. Stabler signed a contract to play for the Birmingham Americans. \"I'm as happy as can be. Getting with a super organization and the financial benefits were key factors, but the biggest thing to me is getting back home. Getting to play before the people in the South is where it's at for me. In two years I'll be in Birmingham if I have to hitchhike\", he said. \"If I can do for the WFL what Joe Namath did for the AFL, I will feel that I have really accomplished something. I was born in the South and raised in the South and played football in the South. Oakland could have offered me as much money as Birmingham but they couldn't have let me play in the South.\" The WFL would end up folding midway through the 1975 season, and Stabler remained in the NFL without ever playing in the WFL.\n", "For his successes in the NFL, Stabler was named the twenty-seventh greatest quarterback of the post-merger era by Football Nation.\n", "At the 2016 NFL Honors it was announced that Stabler would be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Stabler was officially inducted into the Hall of Fame on August 6, 2016.\n", "Section::::After football.\n", "Section::::After football.:Broadcasting career.\n", "Following his retirement as a player, Stabler worked as a color commentator, first on CBS NFL telecasts, and then on radio with Eli Gold for Alabama football games. Stabler left before Alabama's 2008 season and was replaced by Phil Savage.\n", "Section::::After football.:Charitable work.\n", "Stabler served as chairman of the XOXO Stabler Foundation, a 501(c)3 nonprofit with a mission \"to raise funds, build awareness and hope for a variety of charitable causes.\" Stabler's celebrity golf tournaments in Point Clear, Alabama have raised nearly $600,000 for charitable partner The Ronald McDonald House of Mobile, which serves families of seriously ill and injured children receiving medical treatment at local hospitals.\n", "Section::::After football.:In media.\n", "BULLET::::- Stabler was featured on a \"Saturday Night Live\" skit as the spokesman for a fictional product called the \"Lung Brush\".\n", "BULLET::::- Professional wrestler Jake \"The Snake\" Roberts adopted his nickname \"The Snake\" as a tribute to Stabler.\n", "BULLET::::- Stabler is featured on the \"NFL Legends\" team in the video game \"NFL Street\".\n", "BULLET::::- Stabler appears in the 2K video game \"All-Pro Football 2K8\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Stabler was married three times: Isabel Clarke from 1968 to 1973, Debbie Fitzsimmons from 1975 to 1978, and Rose Molly Burch from 1984 to 2009\n", "Stabler had three daughters, Kendra Stabler Moyes, Alexa Stabler-Adams, and Marissa Leigh Stabler. In 2017, Alexa Stabler-Adams was certified by the NFLPA as a sports agent. \n", "Renowned for being cool and cerebral on the field, Stabler was equally legendary for his off-field exploits; he wrote in his 1986 autobiography \"Snake\", \"The monotony of [training] camp was so oppressive that without the diversions of whiskey and women, those of us who were wired for activity and no more than six hours sleep a night might have gone berserk.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Death.\n", "Stabler died of colon cancer on July 8, 2015, at the age of 69. He had been diagnosed with the disease in February 2015. After some initial confusion when \"The Tuscaloosa News\" leaked a draft obituary for Stabler before word of his death could be confirmed, his family confirmed his death in a statement issued on July 9.\n", "In February 2016, \"The New York Times\" reported that researchers at Boston University discovered high Stage 3 chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in Stabler's brain after his death. He was buried at Pine Rest Cemetery in Foley, Alabama.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame\n", "BULLET::::- List of left-handed quarterbacks\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Penny Pitou\n", "Penelope Theresa \"Penny\" Pitou (born October 8, 1938) is a former United States Olympic alpine skier, who in 1960 became the first American skier to win a medal in the Olympic downhill event. In 2001, Pitou was inducted into the New England Women's Sports Hall of Fame.\n", "Pitou moved with her family from New York to Center Harbor, New Hampshire at the age of three. There she began skiing on a hill in her backyard, later progressing to the nearby Gilford Outing Club and Belknap Mountain (now Gunstock) ski areas. By the age of 15 Penny and her family moved to Laconia, New Hampshire, where she graduated from Laconia High School in 1956 and attended Middlebury College, where she was a member of the class of 1960.\n", "As a freshman at Laconia High in 1953, she ignored the no-girls-rule and tried out for the boys' ski team. \"I hid my hair under my hat and asked my friends to call me Tommy,\" she said. \"I made the team and everything went great until I competed in a downhill race at New Hampton School. I crashed in front of a gate-keeper, my hat flew off and my hair came down. It's one of the few times in my life that I was at a loss for words.\"\n", "Her ski career continued apace however, and at the age of seventeen she was first selected for the U.S. Olympics Ski Team. Her self-described Olympic mentor, 1952 double-medalist Andrea Mead Lawrence, encouraged Penny to continue working on her skiing after a disappointing performance in the 1956 Games in Italy. Her perseverance paid off in 1960, when Pitou won silver medals for second place in both the Downhill and Giant Slalom events at the 1960 Olympics in Squaw Valley, California.\n", "At the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1958 in Austria, Pitou met the Austrian alpine skier Egon N. Zimmermann. They married in 1961, had two children, and settled in New Hampshire. The couple divorced in 1968.\n", "Pitou appeared as Miss X but not as the mystery guest on \"What's My Line\". She continues to be active in the ski community, and runs a skiing school and a travel company through which she leads ski groups to various European resorts. She was seen in December 2007 with New York Senator Hillary Clinton in preparation for the New Hampshire primary for the 2008 American presidential election.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Annie Fox (nurse)\n", "Lt. Annie G. Fox (August 4, 1893 – January 20, 1987) was the first woman to receive the Purple Heart for combat. She served as the chief nurse in the Army Nurse Corps at Hickam Field during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941. At that time the awarding of the Purple Heart did not require the service member to be injured. The requirements were changed after the attack of Pearl Harbor and Lt. Fox was awarded the Bronze Star because Fox was not wounded in the attack.\n", "Section::::Pearl Harbor and Purple Heart.\n", "First Lieutenant Annie G. Fox was on duty at the time of the attack of the Japanese Imperial Navy on Hawaii. For her outstanding performance, Fox was recommended for and awarded the Purple Heart. \n", "Because of that, it is often misreported that she was injured during the attack; in fact, she was not. Fox was presented the Purple Heart on October 26, 1942 at Hickam Field. Colonel William Boyd, Post Commander read the citation which was commanded by Brigadier General W.E. Farthing and signed by Colonel L.P. Turner, Air Corps Executive Officer.\n", "The Purple Heart was awarded for “outstanding performance of duty and meritorious acts of extraordinary fidelity. . . During the attack, Lieutenant Fox, in an exemplary manner, performed her duties as head Nurse of the Station Hospital. . . in addition she administered anesthesia to patients during the heaviest part of the bombardment, assisted in dressing the wounded, taught civilian volunteer nurses to make dressings, and worked ceaselessly with coolness and efficiency, and her fine example of calmness, courage and leadership was of great benefit to the morale of all with whom she came in contact...”\n", "Section::::Pearl Harbor and Purple Heart.:Bronze Star.\n", "The Purple Heart was originally established by General George Washington in 1782. It was re-instituted in 1932 for the bicentennial of Washington's birth. Although generally awarded to service members wounded in action, it was also awarded for any \"singularly meritorious act of extraordinary fidelity or essential service.\" Later in the war, the requirements for award of the Purple Heart were limited to wounds received as a result of enemy action. At that time, individuals were given other awards to replace the Purple Heart.\n", "On October 6, 1944, 1st Lieutenant Fox was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. The Report of Decorations Board cited the same acts of heroism as those cited for the Purple Heart. The last paragraph of the report reads:\n", "“The Bronze Star Medal is in lieu of the Purple Heart awarded. . . Since Lieutenant Fox was not wounded in action. Cancellation of the award of the Purple Heart is also recommended.” The recommendation of the board was approved.\n", "Fox was presented the Purple Heart on October 26, 1942 at Hickam Field. Colonel William Boyd, Post Commander read the citation which was commanded by Brigadier General W.E. Farthing and signed by Colonel L.P. Turner, Air Corps Executive Officer.\n", "In March 2017, \"Hawaiʻi Magazine\" ranked her among a list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bubba Paris\n", "William \"Bubba\" Paris (born October 6, 1960) is a former professional American football offensive lineman who played for the San Francisco 49ers of the NFL from 1983 to 1990 and for the Indianapolis Colts and Detroit Lions in 1991. He was a member of three 49ers teams that won the Super Bowl. He won the Len Eshmont Award in 1987, as selected by his teammates on the 49ers.\n", "Paris went to highschool at Desales in Louisville. He and his team didn't win state but many of the players were scouted. Now the team has multiple state championships.\n", "Paris played college football at the University of Michigan, where he was named All-Big Ten, All-American and was also a (second team) Academic All-American.\n", "Paris currently works as a motivational speaker throughout the United States. He resides in Tracy, California with wife Cynthia and son Trent. Paris has 2 sons, William III and Christian. In addition, he and his ex-wife Lynne have another 6 children: Four sons, named Wayne, David, Austin and Brandon, and twin daughters, Courtney and Ashley, who each currently play in the WNBA for the Tulsa Shock and Phoenix Mercury women's basketball teams respectively.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Michigan Wolverines Football All-Americans\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Michigan Wolverines bio\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michael McElroy (actor)\n", "Michael McElroy (born 1967) is an American musical theatre actor, singer and music director.\n", "Born in Shaker Heights, Ohio, McElroy moved to New York City in May 1990 after earning his BFA in Theatre from Carnegie Mellon University. He made his Broadway debut in \"The High Rollers Social and Pleasure Club\". He has since appeared in numerous productions, both on and off Broadway, and in 2004 was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for \"Big River\". He has also been nominated for Drama Desk Awards for \"Violet\" and \"Big River\". In 1995, McElroy appeared in the premier performance of John Adams' opera \"I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky\" in Berkeley, California. In 1999, McElroy became the founder and director of the Broadway Inspirational Voices, a diverse, non-denominational gospel choir made up of Broadway singers. He currently teaches in the New Studio on Broadway at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.\n", "Section::::Notable Productions.\n", "Section::::Notable Productions.:Broadway.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The High Rollers Social and Pleasure Club\" (1992) – Sorcerer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Who's Tommy\" (1993) – Hawker\n", "BULLET::::- \"Street Corner Symphony\" (1997) – Vocal Arranger\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wild Party\" (2000) – Oscar D'Armano\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big River\" (2004) – Jim\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rent\" (1997, 1999, 2008) – Tom Collins\n", "BULLET::::- \"Next To Normal\" (2009,2010,2011) – Dr. Madden/Dr. Fine - Understudy, Replacement (Jun 14, 2010 - Jun 28, 2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Disaster!\" (2016) – Vocal Arranger\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sunday In The Park With George\" (2017) – Ensemble\n", "Section::::Notable Productions.:Off-Broadway.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Violet\" (1998) – Flick\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hair\" (2001) – Hud\n", "BULLET::::- \"Some Men\" (2007) – Marcus and others\n", "Section::::Notable Productions.:Workshops.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spring Awakening\" (2001) – Masked Man\n", "BULLET::::- PandA committee (2011)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Broadway Inspirational Voices Website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actor and singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q15459945", "wikidata_label": "Michael McElroy", "wikipedia_title": "Michael McElroy (actor)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anita Berber\n", "Anita Berber (10 June 1899 – 10 November 1928) was a German dancer, actress, and writer who was the subject of an Otto Dix painting. She lived during the time of the Weimar Republic.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born in Leipzig to Felix Berber, First Violinist with the Municipal Orchestra, and his wife, Lucie Berber, an aspiring actress and singer, who later divorced, Anita Berber was raised mainly by her grandmother in Dresden. By the age of 16, she had moved to Berlin and made her debut as a cabaret dancer. By 1918 she was working in film, and she began dancing nude in 1919. Scandalously androgynous, she quickly made a name for herself. She wore heavy dancer's make-up, which on the black-and-white photos and films of the time came across as jet black lipstick painted across the heart-shaped part of her skinny lips, and charcoaled eyes.\n", "Section::::Notoriety in Berlin.\n", "Berber's hair was fashionably cut into a short bob and was frequently bright red, as in 1925 when the German painter Otto Dix painted a portrait of her, titled \"The Dancer Anita Berber\". Her dancer friend and sometime lover Sebastian Droste, who performed in the film \"Algol\" (1920), was skinny and had black hair with gelled up curls much like sideburns. Neither of them wore much more than lowslung loincloths and Anita occasionally a corsage, placed well below her breasts.\n", "Berber's dances – which had names such as \"Cocaine\" and \"Morphium\" – broke boundaries with their androgyny and total nudity, but it was her public appearances that really challenged social taboos. Berber's overt drug addiction and bisexuality were matters of public gossip. In addition to her addiction to cocaine, opium and morphine, one of Berber's favourites forms of inebriation was chloroform and ether mixed in a bowl. This would be stirred with a white rose, the petals of which she would then eat.\n", "Aside from her addiction to narcotic drugs, Berber was also an alcoholic. In 1928, at the age of 29, she suddenly gave up alcohol completely, but died later the same year. According to Mel Gordon, in \"The Seven Addictions and Five Professions of Anita Berber: Weimar Berlin's Priestess of Debauchery\", she had been diagnosed with severe tuberculosis while performing abroad. After collapsing in Damascus, she returned to Germany and died in a Kreuzberg hospital on 10 November 1928, although rumour had it that she died surrounded by empty morphine syringes. Berber was buried in a pauper's grave in St. Thomas Cemetery in Neukölln.\n", "Section::::Marriages.\n", "In 1919, Berber entered into a marriage of convenience with a man with the surname Nathusius. She later left him in order to pursue a relationship with a woman named Susi Wanowski, and became part of the Berlin lesbian scene.\n", "Berber's second marriage, in 1922, was to Sebastian Droste. This lasted until 1923. In 1925, she married a gay American dancer named Henri Châtin Hofmann.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Story of Dida Ibsen\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Around the World in Eighty Days\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Different from the Others\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prostitution\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Skull of Pharaoh's Daughter\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hustler\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Figures of the Night\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Count of Cagliostro\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Golden Plague\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circus People\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lucrezia Borgia\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Three Marys\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vienna, City of Song\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Waltz by Strauss\" (1925)\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "BULLET::::- A 1987 film by Rosa von Praunheim, \"\" (\"Anita - Dances of Vice\") focuses on Berber's life.\n", "BULLET::::- The band Death in Vegas named a song after her, which is on the album \"Satan's Circus\". It is frequently used on the NPR radio show \"This American Life\".\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Notes\n", "Bibliography\n", "BULLET::::- Capovilla, Andrea (2001) \"Berber, Anita\" in: Aldrich, Robert & Wotherspoon, Garry (eds.) \"Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II\". New York: Routledge; pp. 50–51\n", "BULLET::::- Gordon, Mel (2006) \"The Seven Addictions and Five Professions of Anita Berber: Weimar Berlin's Priestess of Debauchery.\" Los Angeles, California: Feral House\n", "Further reading\n", "BULLET::::- Berber, Anita & Droste, Sebastian (2012) \"Dances of Vice, Horror, and Ecstasy\". Translated by Merrill Cole. Newcastle upon Tyne: Side Real Press.\n", "BULLET::::- A full translation from the German\n", "BULLET::::- Fischer, Lothar (1996) \"Tanz zwischen Rausch und Tod: Anita Berber, 1918-1928 in Berlin.\" Berlin: Haude und Spener\n", "BULLET::::- Funkenstein, Susan Laikin (2005) \"Anita Berber: Imaging a Weimar Performance Artist\" in: \"Woman's Art Journal\" 26.1 (Spring/Summer 2005); pp. 26–31\n", "BULLET::::- Gill, Anton (1993) \"A Dance between the Flames: Berlin between the Wars.\" New York: Carroll & Graf\n", "BULLET::::- Jarrett, Lucinda (1997) \"Stripping in Time: A History of Erotic Dancing\". London: Pandora (HarperCollins); pp. 112–135\n", "BULLET::::- Kolb, Alexandra (2009) \"Performing Femininity. Dance and Literature in German Modernism\". Oxford: Peter Lang.\n", "BULLET::::- Richie, Alexandra (1998) \"Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin.\" New York: Carroll and Graf\n", "BULLET::::- Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997) \"Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935.\" Berkeley: University of California Press\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Legendary Sin Cities (CBC series -- \"Berlin: Metropolis of Vice\")\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs of Anita Berber\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German actress, erotic dancer, prostitute", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q70764", "wikidata_label": "Anita Berber", "wikipedia_title": "Anita Berber" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kenneth M. Taylor\n", "Kenneth Marlar Taylor (December 23, 1919 – November 25, 2006) was a United States Air Force officer and a flying ace of World War II. He was a new United States Army Air Corps second lieutenant pilot stationed at Wheeler Field during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Along with his fellow pilot and friend George Welch, Taylor managed to get a fighter plane airborne under fire. Taylor claimed to have shot down four Japanese dive bombers but only two were confirmed. Taylor was injured during the incident and received several awards for his efforts, including the Distinguished Service Cross and the Purple Heart.\n", "Taylor later commanded several squadrons while stationed in the United States and elsewhere, and served for 27 years of active duty. He joined the Alaska Air National Guard until 1971 and worked in the insurance industry before retiring in 1985. His Pearl Harbor experience was portrayed in the 1970 film \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\" and the film \"Pearl Harbor\".\n", "Section::::Early years and military training.\n", "Shortly after his birth in Enid, Oklahoma, Taylor's father, Joe K. Taylor, moved his family to Hominy, Oklahoma, where Taylor graduated high school in 1938. He entered the University of Oklahoma as a pre-law student in the same year and joined the Army Air Corps two years later. He graduated from aviation training at Brooks Field near San Antonio, Texas on April 25, 1941, reaching the rank of second lieutenant and was assigned to class 41C. In June 1941, he was assigned to the 47th Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Army Airfield in Honolulu, Hawaii, and began flying two weeks later. Although the 47th had several types of aircraft — some obsolete — he began his training in the advanced Curtiss P-40B Warhawk fighter. Taylor accumulated more than 430 flight hours of training before the attack on Pearl Harbor.\n", "Section::::Pearl Harbor.\n", "Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Taylor spent the night before playing poker and dancing at the officers' club at Wheeler with fellow pilot George Welch, and did not go to sleep until 6:30 a.m. local time. Taylor and Welch awoke less than an hour and a half later at 7:55 a.m. to the sounds of low-flying planes, machine-gun fire, and explosions. Lt. Taylor quickly put on his tuxedo pants from the night before and called Haleiwa Auxiliary Air Field, where eighteen P-40B fighters were located. Without orders, he told the ground crews to get two P-40s armed and ready for takeoff. The new Buick he drove was strafed by Japanese aircraft as the two pilots sped the to Haleiwa; Taylor at times reached speeds of . At the airstrip, they climbed into their Curtiss P-40B Warhawk fighters, which were fueled but armed with only .30 cal Browning ammunition.\n", "After they took off, they headed towards Barber's Point at the southwest tip of Oahu, and initially saw an unarmed group of American B-17 Flying Fortress bombers arriving from the mainland United States. They soon arrived at Ewa Mooring Mast Field, which was being strafed by at least 12 Aichi D3A \"Val\" dive bombers of the second Japanese attack wave after expending their bomb ordnance at Pearl Harbor. Although the two pilots were outnumbered six-to-one, they immediately began firing on the dive bombers. Taylor shot down two dive bombers and was able to damage another (the third damaged aircraft was considered Taylor's first probable kill). When both pilots ran out of ammunition, they headed for Wheeler Field to get additional .50 cal ammunition, since Haleiwa did not carry any. As he landed around 8:40 a.m., he had to avoid friendly anti-aircraft and ground fire. Once he was on the ground, several officers told Taylor and Welch to leave the airplanes, but the two pilots were able to convince the officers into allowing them to keep fighting.\n", "While his plane was being reloaded with the .50 cal, a flight of dive bombers began strafing Wheeler. Welch took off again (since he had landed a few minutes before Taylor and was already reloaded). The men who were loading the ammunition on Taylor's plane left the ammunition boxes on his wing as they scattered to get away from the bombers. Taylor quickly took off, jumping over an armament dolly and the ammunition boxes fell off of his plane's wing. Both pilots realized that if they took off away from the incoming aircraft they would become targets once they were airborne, so both headed directly towards the bombers at take-off. Additionally, if the low-flying bombers attempted to fire at the grounded P-40s at their current elevation, they would risk crashing. Taylor used this hindrance to his advantage and began immediately firing on the Japanese aircraft as he took off, and performed a chandelle.\n", "Taylor headed for a group of Japanese aircraft, and due to a combination of clouds and smoke, he unintentionally entered the middle of the formation of seven or eight A6M Zeros. A Japanese rear-gunner from a dive bomber fired at Taylor's aircraft and one of the bullets came within an inch of Taylor's head and exploded in the cockpit. One piece went through his left arm and shrapnel entered his leg. Taylor reflected on the injuries in a 2001 interview, saying \"It was of no consequence; it just scared the hell out of me for a minute.\" A few years after the interview, Taylor received from his crew chief two other slugs that had been found behind his seat. Welch shot down the dive bomber aircraft that had injured Taylor, and Taylor damaged another aircraft (his second probable kill) before pulling away to assist Welch with a pursuing A6M Zero fighter. The Zero and the rest of its formation soon broke off the pursuit and left to return to their carriers as Taylor neared Welch. Taylor continued to fire on several Japanese aircraft until he ran out of ammunition. Both pilots headed back to Haleiwa. After landing and driving back to Wheeler, Taylor and Welch passed by their squadron commander, Major Gordon H. Austin, who noticed that they were wearing their tuxedo attire. Unaware of their earlier dogfights, he shouted at the two men, saying \"Get back to Haleiwa! You know there's a war on?\" The two pilots explained what they had done, and the commander thanked them. In a 2003 interview, Taylor reflected on his actions: \"I wasn't in the least bit terrified, and let me tell you why: I was too young and too stupid to realize that I was in a lot of danger.\"\n", "Section::::Pearl Harbor.:Records and awards.\n", "According to the 25th Infantry Division's Tropic Lightning Museum, 14 different American pilots were able to take off during the surprise attack and record 10 Japanese aircraft kills. Air Corps records credit Welch with four kills and Taylor with two, yet new research of Japanese combat reports confirms Taylor got four kills (when the two probable kills are included). Taylor claimed in an interview: \"I know for certain I shot down two planes or perhaps more; I don't know.\" On the 13th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, the United States Air Force stated that they could not determine which of the two pilots shot down the first Japanese bomber: \"Each of them in his first attack shot down an enemy bomber, so the difference in time would have been but a few seconds in any case.\" While in the air during the dogfight, the two pilots agreed that whoever survived the battle would claim credit to the title for the first kill. However, both pilots survived and because Welch outranked Taylor (he was a 41A, Taylor a 41C) and was the lead aircraft in the fight, he was credited with the first kill. The efforts of the two pilots' dogfights were able to divert the Japanese from destroying the Haleiwa air field, which the Japanese intelligence did not know about prior to the attack. Taylor later reacted to the attack, saying \"I believed I was a better-trained pilot than the enemy. I had good equipment, and I was proud of it.\"\n", "For their action on December 7, the U.S. War Department in Communiqué No. 19 on December 13, 1941, designated Taylor and Welch as the first two American heroes of World War II, and awarded both the Distinguished Service Cross on January 8, 1942. Taylor learned that he was to receive the award in mid-December after reading several newspapers. The award is the United States Army's second highest honor for valor in the heat of combat. Additionally, he later received the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit, the Air Medal, and a Purple Heart for injuries he sustained. Both men were recommended for the Medal of Honor, but were turned down because they had taken off without orders.\n", "Section::::Military and National Guard service.\n", "After the Pearl Harbor attack, Taylor was assigned to the 44th Fighter Squadron, and went to the South Pacific at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. He was able to record two additional aerial kills: the first on January 27 and the other on December 7, 1943, two years after Pearl Harbor. This brought his total number of career kills to six, making him a flying ace. Officially however, Taylor is still only credited with two aerial victories on December 7, 1941 and one on January 27, 1943. At Guadalcanal, he was injured during an air raid and was sent back to the United States in 1943. In the U.S., he trained pilots in preparation of combat in Europe and was then assigned to the 12th Pursuit Squadron. At the end of World War II, Taylor had reached the rank of major and went to the Philippines to command a squadron that used the first United States Air Force combat jets, the Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star.\n", "Afterwards, he commanded the 4961st Special Weapons Test Group, became a tactical evaluator at the USAF Inspector General's office, and worked in The Pentagon. He was also the Deputy Chief of Staff and Plans for the Alaskan Air Command and was a long-range planner on the Joint Staff.\n", "After 27 years of active duty, he retired as a colonel in the Regular U.S. Air Force in 1967 and soon started as the Assistant Adjutant General for the Alaska Air National Guard, retiring as a brigadier general in 1971. Taylor then worked in the insurance industry in Alaska until 1985.\n", "Section::::Awards and decorations.\n", "His awards and decorations include:\n", "  Philippine Independence Medal\n", "Section::::Personal life and depictions in film.\n", "On May 9, 1942, Taylor married Flora Love Morrison of Hennessey, Oklahoma, whom he had met when she was visiting her father in Hawaii. Married for 64 years, the Taylors had two children (daughter Tina and son Ken Jr.), three grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. While he lived in Anchorage, Taylor would vacation in Hawaii each year. Taylor's son later retired as a brigadier general commanding the Alaska Air National Guard, the same position formerly held by his father.\n", "At a 50th anniversary symposium of the Pearl Harbor attack, Taylor met with a Japanese pilot who was part of the first wave of bombers to attack Pearl Harbor. The pilot reflected on Taylor's efforts, \"I was impressed by Mr. Taylor's grit to storm into the pack of Japanese fighters\", and Taylor also told a reporter \"I have no hatred against Japanese people, but I do against those who started the war.\"\n", "Taylor was a technical adviser for and was portrayed in the 1970 film \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\" by Carl Reindel. The 2001 film \"Pearl Harbor\" featured a sequence in which the characters portrayed by Ben Affleck and Josh Hartnett took to the skies to fight the Japanese. This sequence is understood to be a fill-in for Taylor's and Welch's roles, but the characters do not bear any other similarities to Taylor and Welch. Unlike \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\", Taylor was not consulted for the \"Pearl Harbor\" film, and later called the adaptation \"... a piece of trash...over-sensationalized and distorted.\"\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "After contracting an illness from a hip surgery two years prior, Taylor died on November 25, 2006 of a strangulated hernia at an assisted living residence in Tucson, Arizona. His son stated that he wanted \"to be remembered mostly as a good father, husband, grandfather and great-grandfather. He was very loyal and dutiful, and to him that was more important than what he did in the war.\" He was cremated and later buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in June 2007 with full military honors. Alaska Senator Ted Stevens gave a eulogy at the United States Senate prior to the service at Arlington.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Real War Vet Stories video Taylor speaks about the events of the Pearl Harbor attack\n", "BULLET::::- Pearl Harbor Hero Site attempting to get Taylor's Distinguished Service Cross upgraded to the Medal of Honor\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joe Choynski\n", "Joseph Bartlett Choynski (; November 8, 1868 – January 24, 1943) was an American boxer who fought professionally from 1888 to 1904.\n", "Section::::Boxing career.\n", "\"Chrysanthemum Joe\", the son of a Jewish Polish immigrant that settled in California in 1867, weighed no more than 176 lb (80 kg) throughout his career but regularly fought heavyweights. He was considered a heavy puncher and a dangerous fighter.\n", "In fact, James J. Jeffries claimed that the hardest blow he ever received in a bout came from Choynski during their 20-round draw. During that bout, Choynski hit Jeffries with a right hand so powerful that the punch drove one of Jeffries' teeth into his lip. The tooth was lodged so deeply that one of Jeffries' cornermen was forced to cut it out with a knife between rounds.\n", "A contemporary of heavyweight champion \"Gentleman Jim\" (James J. Corbett), the two fought professionally three times. Both were from the San Francisco area, and thus generated a lot of local interest in their rivalry. The highlight of their series of bouts was fought on June 5, 1889, on a barge off the coast of Benicia, California.\n", "The principals agreed that the bout was to be fought wearing two ounce gloves. Corbett had apparently hurt his hand, and Choynski learned of the injury. Accordingly, Choynski \"forgot\" to bring his gloves to the match, thereby hoping the fight would proceed as a bare-knuckle bout. Corbett, however, declined to fight bare-knuckle, but agreed to allow Choynski to wear leather riding gloves borrowed from a spectator. The riding gloves were seamed, and caused Corbett to suffer many cuts and welts. Nevertheless, Corbett won the legendary bout when he KOed Choynski in the 27th round.\n", "In 1892 he KOd a 39-year-old legend in Boston's George Godfrey.\n", "Choynski was never given an opportunity to fight for the heavyweight title, but enjoyed some stunning successes against famed heavyweights James J. Jeffries and Jack Johnson before they became champions. For example, he held the heavier, larger, and stronger Jeffries to a 20-round draw on November 30, 1892. On February 25, 1901, he faced and KO'ed the young Jack Johnson in 3 rounds. He then began to train Johnson, helping the younger man develop the style that enabled him to become world champion.\n", "Choynski also fought six-round draws with two other men who later claimed the heavyweight championship of the world: Bob Fitzsimmons on June 17, 1894, and Marvin Hart on November 16, 1903.\n", "Section::::Halls of Fame.\n", "In 1998, Choynski’s ability and ring-record were officially recognised by his induction into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.\n", "Choynski, who was Jewish, was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1991.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of bare-knuckle boxers\n", "BULLET::::- List of select Jewish boxers\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Salvatore Cordileone\n", "Salvatore Joseph Cordileone (born June 5, 1956) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and the archbishop of San Francisco, California.\n", "A conservative theologian, he is known for his willingness to use the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite of Mass.\n", "Cordileone has become known for his outspoken opposition to same-sex civil marriage.\n", "Section::::Early life and ministry.\n", "Salvatore Cordileone was born in San Diego, California, and attended Crawford High School from 1971 to 1974. He then studied at San Diego State University for a year before entering the University of San Diego, from where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy in 1978. He then furthered his studies in Rome at the Pontifical Gregorian University, earning a Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology, a type of post-graduate degree, in 1981.\n", "Returning to the United States, Cordileone was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Leo Thomas Maher on July 9, 1982. He then served as an associate pastor at Saint Martin of Tours Parish in La Mesa until 1985, when he returned to the Gregorian and earned a doctorate in canon law in 1989. Cordileone, upon his return to the Diocese of San Diego, served as secretary to Bishop Robert Brom and a tribunal judge (1989–1990), adjutant judicial vicar (1990–1991), and pastor of Our Lady of Guadalupe Parish in Calexico (1991–1995).\n", "In the summer of 1995, he returned to Rome to work as an assistant at the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, the highest judicial body in the Vatican under the pope. He was raised to the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness in 1999.\n", "Section::::Episcopal career.\n", "Section::::Episcopal career.:Auxiliary Bishop of San Diego.\n", "On July 5, 2002, Cordileone was appointed as Auxiliary Bishop of San Diego and Titular Bishop of \"Natchesium\" by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on August 21, 2002 from Bishop Robert H. Brom, with Bishops Raymond Burke and Gilbert Espinosa Chávez serving as co-consecrators.\n", "Cordileone serves on the episcopal advisory board of the Institute for Religious Life and St. Gianna Physician's Guild. Cordileone is considered to be theologically conservative. At the annual meeting of the U.S. bishops in Baltimore in November, 2006, in the course of consideration of the document which issued as \"Happy Are Those Who Are Called to His Supper\" he proposed to the gathered bishops that the use of contraception should be included in a list of thoughts or actions constituting grave matter. The proposal was defeated, although a separate document approved at the meeting mentioned that the Catholic Church says that \"contraception is objectively immoral.\"\n", "Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, he sat on the Bishops' and Presidents' Committee on Catholic Education from 2006-2009.\n", "Section::::Episcopal career.:Bishop of Oakland.\n", "Cordileone was later named the fourth Bishop of Oakland by Pope Benedict XVI on March 23, 2009. Filling the vacancy left by Bishop Allen Vigneron's promotion to Archbishop of Detroit in January, Cordileone's relatively quick appointment is speculated to have been related to accusations that the diocese's interim administrator, the Rev. Daniel E. Danielson, had blessed same-sex unions. Cordileone's installation occurred on May 5, 2009, at the Cathedral of Christ the Light in Oakland.\n", "On September 20, 2009, Cordileone offered a \"Missa Pontificalis\", or Pontifical High Mass, in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite at Saint Margaret Mary Church in Oakland. This was the first time a Pontifical High Mass was offered in Northern California since the liturgical changes finalized in 1969. Cordileone gladly celebrates Mass in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, also often called the Tridentine Mass.\n", "From 2011-2017, Cordileone was the chairman of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Ad Hoc Committee for the Defense of Marriage (later renamed a subcommittee) in which capacity he worked against the legalization of same-sex marriage. His mission was described by the USCCB as preserving the definition of marriage as the union between one man and one woman. In a June 2012 EWTN News interview, Cordileone stated that a redefinition of marriage to include homosexual couples would be bad for children, detrimental to society and dangerous for religious freedom.\n", "Section::::Episcopal career.:Archbishop of San Francisco.\n", "On July 27, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named Cordileone Archbishop of San Francisco. The appointment of Cordileone, and the acceptance of the resignation of his predecessor, Archbishop George Hugh Niederauer, were both announced on July 27 in Washington, D.C., by Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, Papal and Apostolic nuncio to the United States of America. Cordileone was installed on October 4, 2012, the patronal Feast day of Saint Francis of Assisi at the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption in San Francisco, California.\n", "Section::::Episcopal career.:Archbishop of San Francisco.:Drunk driving offense.\n", "Shortly before his installation as archbishop on August 26, 2012, Cordileone was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol at a police checkpoint in San Diego. His mother and a visiting priest from Germany were with him in the car he was driving. The arresting officer said that Cordileone \"was a driver that was obviously impaired but he was quite cordial and polite throughout. He was not a belligerent drunk at all.\" Cordileone spent the night in custody. In a statement, he apologized and asked forgiveness the next day. He had been scheduled to appear in court on a misdemeanor charge of driving under the influence. However, Cordileone pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of reckless driving. He was subsequently given three years’ probation and ordered to pay a fine. He was also required to attend a Mothers Against Drunk Driving victim-impact panel and a three-month first conviction program through the state Department of Motor Vehicles.\n", "Section::::Episcopal career.:Archbishop of San Francisco.:Call for replacement.\n", "In February 2015 the Archbishop presented a statement to Catholic school teachers within his archdiocese saying Catholic school employees are expected to conduct their public lives in a way that doesn’t undermine or deny the church's doctrine. Democratic Assemblymen Phil Ting of San Francisco and Kevin Mullin of San Mateo immediately wrote and then made public a letter to Cordileone which was signed by every lawmaker representing the communities served by the four Catholic high schools in San Francisco, San Mateo and Marin counties, urging the Archbishop to withdraw what they called \"discriminatory morality clauses\". Cordileone responded, saying he \"respects the lawmakers’ right to hire whoever may advance their mission and that he is asking for the same respect\". Phil Ting and Kevin Mulin then called for an investigation of working conditions at high schools administrated by the Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco, over the archbishop's proposed morality clauses for teachers.\n", "On 16 April 2015, over 100 Catholic donors and church members from the Bay Area signed a full page advertisement in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" appealing to Pope Francis to replace Cordileone as archbishop of the San Francisco archdiocese, specifically objecting to Cordileone's characterization of sex outside of marriage and homosexual relations as \"gravely evil\", saying Cordileone fosters \"an atmosphere of division and intolerance\". The archdiocese responded that the advertisement was a \"misrepresentation of the spirit of the archbishop\" and that it was also a misrepresentation to suggest the signers speak for the Catholic community in the Bay Area. In response to this advertisement categorized as \"dissidents\" in an op-ed piece from the San Mateo Daily Journal, over 7,500 letters of support were received from members of Cordileone's diocese, as well as from around the world. A subsequent picnic and show of support attended by hundreds of people was held on Saturday, May 16, 2015 at the Sue Bierman Park in San Francisco. \n", "Section::::Episcopal career.:Archbishop of San Francisco.:Chairman of the USCCB Committee on Laity, Marriage, Family Life, and Youth.\n", "On November 14, 2018, at the autumn General Assembly of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in Baltimore, Md., there was a tie in the election to name a successor to Archbishop Charles Chaput of Philadelphia as chairman of the Committee on Laity, Marriage, Family Life, and Youth. Archbishop Cordileone and Bishop John Doerfler of Marquette each received 125 votes. Archbishop Cordileone was declared the winner by virtue of being the bishop senior in consecration.\n", "Section::::Opposition to LGBT rights.\n", "Section::::Opposition to LGBT rights.:Same-sex marriage.\n", "A vocal opponent of gay rights and same-sex marriage, Cordileone helped to draft Proposition 8 in 2008, California's Constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman, and raise substantial sums to pass it. He said, \"Only one idea of marriage can stand...If that's going to be considered bigoted, we're going to see our rights being taken away–as is already happening.\" In an interview with \"USA Today\" on March 21, 2013, concerning the Supreme Court's then-pending decision on the constitutionality of Proposition 8, Cordileone argued against same-sex marriage, saying that it would harm children. Cordileone personally contributed $13,000 in support of Proposition 8.\n", "In 2009, Cordileone is one of seventeen United States bishops to sign the , a document asserting opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion and assisted suicide, and to what signers feel is an infringement on freedom of religion.\n", "Cordileone took part as a featured speaker in the June 2014 March for Marriage, a rally against same-sex marriage in Washington DC. The event was organized by the National Organization for Marriage and its sponsors included: Concerned Women for America, The Family Leader, The Heritage Foundation, Human Life International, and the Family Research Council.\n", "Before the event, at least 80 religious leaders and local and state lawmakers and officials (including the Mayor of San Francisco) collected a petition with 30,000 signatures and wrote publicly urging Cordileone not to take part in the event, which they saw as anti-LGBT, and specifically objected to Cordileone, \"marching and sharing the podium with individuals who have repeatedly denigrated lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.\" The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi wrote privately urging him not to take part. Cordileone responded in a letter in which he said the march was not anti-LGBT or anti-anything, but pro-marriage.\n", "Section::::Opposition to LGBT rights.:Executive order on LGBT employment.\n", "On 20 June 2014, jointly with other chairmen of committees within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Cordileone also expressed concern over the reported intention of Barack Obama to issue an executive order on LGBT employment, which would outlaw discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in enterprises with federal contracts. The chairs expressed concern that the order might oblige managers to violate their personal religious beliefs. The same three bishops published on 17 July 2014 a note explaining their opposition to the order and arguing that such a measure \"is not about protecting persons, but behavior\", and \"uses the force of the law to coerce everyone to accept a deeply problematic understanding of human sexuality and sexual behavior and to condone such behavior\".\n", "Section::::Coat of arms.\n", "The coat of arms chosen by Cordileone has two sections. The upper part is a representation of his Italian surname \"Cor di leone\", which means \"heart of lion\", and shows the top part of a lion rampant holding a red heart in its paws. The lower part shows a red crab, a reference to the crab-fishing occupation of the Cordileone family on its arrival in California and as a reference to a bishop's duty to be a \"fisher of men\" (). The crab is also a reference to the constellation of Cancer, which is associated with the month of July, the month of Cordileone's ordination as a priest and of his appointment as a bishop. The motto, \"In verbo tuo\", meaning \"At your word\" is a reference to the response of Peter, \"At your word I will let down the nets\", when invited by Jesus: \"Put out into the deep and let down your nets for a catch\" ().\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy\n", "BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States\n", "BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States\n", "BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States\n", "BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Archbishop Cordileone, Archdiocese of San Francisco\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American Roman Catholic archbishop", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1679063", "wikidata_label": "Salvatore J. Cordileone", "wikipedia_title": "Salvatore Cordileone" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Genrikh Lyushkov\n", "Genrikh Samoilovich Lyushkov (; 1900 – disappeared August 1945) was an officer in the Soviet secret police and its highest-ranking defector. His subsequent disappearance has been subject to controversy and speculation by journalists and scholars.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lyushkov was born in Odessa in the Russian Empire in 1900. His Jewish father supported him and his siblings as a tailor. He began his education in 1908 in a state-owned, six-classroom school, continuing there until 1915. While in school, he was influenced by his brother (a member of the Bolshevik underground) to join the Bolshevik Party and take part in the Russian Revolution several years later.\n", "In April 1919, he received political training in Kiev for the Ukrainian People's Republic. During this time, the Russian Civil War broke out and after his graduation in September of that year, Lyushkov was assigned to the Bolshevik 14th Army for political work, where he saw combat against Poles and the White Russian forces of Anton Denikin. By then, he was a fully-fledged political commissar and had received the Order of the Red Banner.\n", "Section::::Secret police.\n", "In November 1920, he joined the Cheka of Odessa, which became known for its ruthlessness. He also served in Moscow and Ukraine. When the Cheka was disbanded and reformed into the GPU (the Государственное политическое управление НКВД РСФСР or \"State Political Directorate\"), Lyushkov rose even further. Around 1930, he carried out an industrial espionage assignment in Germany, where he monitored activities within the Junkers aviation company, bringing him the favour of Joseph Stalin. This success led to his working again within the USSR, now as a member of the NKVD (the Народный комиссариат внутренних дел or \"People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs\"). He was quickly transferred to preferential positions such as his posting as the NKVD chief in the Sea of Azov-Black Sea region as well as being awarded the Order of Lenin \"for exemplary performance of tasks of the Party and government.\" He was also made a deputy of the Supreme Soviet and a member of the Central Committee.\n", "During the time of the Moscow Trials, he was the one who led the interrogations of Zinoviev and Kamenev. Later, he earned a reputation as \"an arrogant, arbitrary and sadistic bully...\" On 31 July 1937, he received his final posting, as the NKVD chief in the Russian Far East, where he had direct command over \"20,000–30,000 élite NKVD troops.\"\n", "When he was given the post, he was, according to a later interview with Japanese military officials, given personal orders to aid in the elimination of specific officials as a part of the Great Purge: Vsevolod Balitsky (the former NKVD chief in the Far East, whom Lyushkov was replacing), Vasily Blyukher (a Marshal of the Soviet Union), and A. I. Lapin (the Far East Air Corps Commander). Balitsky, Blyukher, and Lapin all fell victim to the Great Purge. Balitsky's arrest and execution resulted from evidence gathered by Lyushkov. Blyukher's arrest and subsequent death resulted from blame being assigned to him for Lyushkov's defection. Lapin committed suicide while imprisoned.\n", "Prompted by his Japanese interrogators, Lyushkov gave one of the earliest explanations of the circumstances of the Great Purge, arguing that he had been merely appeasing Stalin and that he had no choice but to carry out his orders. Lyushkov, immediately upon arriving in Khabarovsk, saw that Balitsky had been arrested and sent to Moscow for trial and execution.\n", "However, his time in the post proved to be short. When the Great Purge was near its peak and NKVD boss Nikolai Yezhov was gradually losing power, Lyushkov received a summons to return to Moscow, but strongly suspected that it would mean his own arrest and execution, since his own two predecessors in his post, Terenty Deribas and Balitsky, had both been purged. Balitsky had been convicted on information from Lyushkov himself, whom he had considered a friend.\n", "By then, Lyushkov had been promoted to \"third-rank commissar of state security\" (комиссар госбезопасности 3-го ранга) or \"Commissar 3rd Class\", the approximate equivalent of a major-general in the Imperial Japanese Army.\n", "Section::::Defection.\n", "In preparation for his defection, Lyushkov arranged for his Jewish wife, Inna, to leave the country with his eleven-year-old daughter, for the daughter to receive medical treatment in Poland. The plan was for Inna to embed a secret codeword into a telegram, which would signal to Lyushkov that it was safe for him to leave the Soviet Union.\n", "Under unknown circumstances, however, Inna and her daughter were captured. Though the daughter's fate remains unknown, Inna was kept at the Lubyanka prison and tortured for information throughout late 1938 before eventually being executed. Other members of Lyushkov's family were arrested and imprisoned in Siberian gulags. While his mother and brother were both killed, his sister survived her imprisonment.\n", "On 13 June 1938, Lyushkov defected from the Soviet Union by crossing the border into Manchukuo with valuable secret documents about the Soviet military strength in the region, which was much greater than the Japanese had realised. He was the highest-ranking secret police official to defect; he also had the greatest inside knowledge about the purges within the Soviet Red Army because of his own participation in carrying them out.\n", "His defection was initially kept a state secret by Japan, but the revelation of his defection was judged to have a high propaganda value, so the decision was made to release the news to the world. A press conference was arranged at a Tokyo hotel on 13 July, a month after Lyushkov had defected. He \"categorically denied Moscow's allegation that he was an imposter\" but some news agencies, such as the \"New York Times\" wondered if he was telling the truth.\n", "During subsequent interviews and interactions with Japanese military personnel, Lyushkov adopted an anti-Stalinist position. However, his professed political views remained socialistic in nature according to the recollections of some Japanese intelligence officers, with Lyushkov calling himself a Trotskyite, but some Japanese officers believed that he had later become a liberal communist. Though Lyushkov was anti-Stalinist, he was resistant to the idea of creating a new regime led by Russian émigrés. He was, however, willing to include them in a proposed plan for the assassination of Stalin.\n", "A resistance group of Russian emigrants would travel across the Turkish-Soviet border when Stalin would travel south to a resort in Sochi, which he had visited previously to swim in the Matsesta River. Lyushkov's intimate knowledge of NKVD procedures and the way Stalin's guard detail would be organised encouraged the Japanese to support the plan. However, a Soviet agent had infiltrated the group of Russian exiles and foiled the plan, which was considered the only serious attempt to assassinate Stalin.\n", "Lyushkov was able to detail the strength of the Red Army in the Far East, Siberia and Ukraine, simultaneously providing Soviet military radio codes. He was considered highly intelligent and dedicated, producing great volumes of written material, but there was some uncertainty about his ability to provide useful information specific to military operations.\n", "As he spent more time in Japan, his hard work impressed the Japanese intelligence officers with whom he had been assigned to work. The staff of the Imperial Japanese Army had concerns, however, about his psychological state, especially pertaining to the status of his wife and daughter, about whom he had heard no news since his defection. After a failed search by Japanese intelligence agents for his family, a plan to both pacify and \"domesticate\" Lyushkov was decided upon: he would be paired with a woman, both to distract him from the question of his family's status and to keep him rooted in Japan. An eventual match was found after Lyushkov refused several White émigré women.\n", "At some point, he began to make plans to travel to the United States and contacted an American publisher about a possible autobiography that he would write. He had concerns that he might be prevented from leaving Japan and went as far as to negotiate a written safe-conduct guarantee.\n", "Section::::Disappearance.\n", "After Germany's capitulation, Lyushkov was sent on 20 July 1945 to work for the Japanese Kwantung Army's Special Intelligence authorities in the puppet state of Manchukuo. On 9 August 1945, the Soviet invasion of Manchuria commenced and Lyushkov vanished in the confusion of the assault, where he was reportedly last seen in a crowd at a Dalian train station.\n", "Other theories hold that he was captured by the Red Army or that he was killed on the orders of a Japanese Special Intelligence officer to prevent him from giving away Japanese military secrets to the Soviet Union. Lyushkov's ultimate fate remains unknown.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Люшков Генрих Самойлович at www.hrono.ru (in Russian)\n", "BULLET::::- Трагедия маршала Блюхера at nvo.ng.ru (in Russian)\n", "BULLET::::- Илья КУКСИН (Чикаго): ПОБЕГ СТОЛЕТИЯ at www.vestnik.com (in Russian)\n", "BULLET::::- ЛЮШКОВ ГЕНРИХ САМОЙЛОВИЧ at www.memo.ru (in Russian)\n", "BULLET::::- Эдуард Хлысталов. Почему Сталин не верил широкоизвестным теперь агентам. Предатели из разведки at www.hrono.ru (in Russian)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Soviet defector", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q141951", "wikidata_label": "Genrikh Lyushkov", "wikipedia_title": "Genrikh Lyushkov" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Susan Tedeschi\n", "Susan Tedeschi (; born November 9, 1970) is an American singer and guitarist. A multiple Grammy Award nominee, she is a member of the Tedeschi Trucks Band, a conglomeration of her band, her husband Derek Trucks's the Derek Trucks Band, and other musicians.\n", "Tedeschi served as a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Susan Tedeschi was born on November 9, 1970, in Boston, Massachusetts, to a family of Italian ancestry and was raised in Norwell, Massachusetts. She is the daughter of Dick Tedeschi, granddaughter of Nick Tedeschi and great-granddaughter of Angelo Tedeschi, founder of Tedeschi Food Shops, a New England-based supermarket and convenience store chain.(Tedeschi in Italian means \"Germans.\")\n", "After graduating Norwell High School, Tedeschi attended the Berklee College of Music, where she sang in a Gospel choir. She performed show tunes on the \"Spirit of Boston\" and received her Bachelor of Music degree in musical composition and performance at age 20. During that time, she began sitting in on blues jams at local venues and immersed herself in the Boston music scene.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "Tedeschi formed the Susan Tedeschi Band in 1993 featuring Tom Hambridge and Adrienne Hayes. She learned how to play blues guitar in Boston from musician Tim Gearan in 1995. It was then she really began to hone her skills on the instrument. In December the band released \"Better Days\" to regional audiences. Record contracts were difficult to keep together; however, recording sessions from 1997 were acquired by Richard Rosenblatt and the band was signed to indy label Tone-Cool Records. \"Just Won't Burn\", featuring young guitarist Sean Costello, was released in February 1998 to very positive reviews, particularly from blues critics and publications. Susan was the first artist to play Michele Clark's first Sunset Sessions in March 1998 at the Marriott Hotels & Resorts in the US Virgin Islands.\n", "In 1999, Tedeschi played several dates in the all-woman traveling festival Lilith Fair organized by Sarah McLachlan. Throughout 1998 and 1999 she toured extensively throughout the United States and drew larger crowds.\n", "Section::::Career.:As An Opening Act.\n", "Eventually Tedeschi was opening for John Mellencamp, B.B. King, Buddy Guy, The Allman Brothers Band, Taj Mahal and Bob Dylan. In 2000, \"Just Won't Burn\" (1998) reached Gold record status for sales of 500,000 in the United States, rare for a blues production. She recorded two tracks with Double Trouble band members Chris Layton and Tommy Shannon for their album.\n", "She opened for The Rolling Stones in 2003 and played in huge venues, gaining national exposure. Somewhat surprisingly, the gig wasn't financially lucrative. According to Tedeschi, \"They pay, but it's not great. I don't make any money 'cause I've got to pay all my sidemen. I'll be lucky if I break even.\"\n", "In 2004, Tedeschi was featured on the PBS television program \"Austin City Limits\" with William Green on Hammond organ, Jason Crosby on keyboards, violin, and vocals, Ron Perry on bass, and Jeff Sipe on drums.\n", "Section::::Career.:Influences.\n", "Susan Tedeschi's voice has been described as a blend of Bonnie Raitt and Janis Joplin, which she maintains because she has been influenced by both. Her guitar playing is influenced by Buddy Guy, Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Freddie King and Doyle Bramhall II. On the album \"Just Won't Burn\" (1998), she lists a multitude of inspirations from various genres. This list includes Irma Thomas, Etta James, Bob Marley, Toots Hibbert, Aretha Franklin, Otis Rush, Ronnie Earl, Otis Clay, Ray Charles, Billie Holiday, Bob Dylan, Dennis Montgomery III, Orville Wright, Walter Beasley, Kenya Hathaway, and Mahalia Jackson.\n", "Section::::Career.:Personal life.\n", "On December 5, 2001, Tedeschi married Allman Brothers Band slide guitarist Derek Trucks, who was also the bandleader and lead guitarist of The Derek Trucks Band. The pair met in New Orleans when she was the opening act on the Allman Brothers Band's 1999 Summer Tour. They have two children: Charles Khalil Trucks, born in March 2002, is named for saxophonist Charlie Parker, guitarist Charlie Christian, and author Khalil Gibran. Sophia Naima Trucks, born in 2004, takes her unusual middle name from the John Coltrane ballad, composed in honor of his first wife. They reside in Jacksonville, Florida.\n", "Section::::Career.:Soul Stew Revival.\n", "Tedeschi with her powerful vocals and Trucks on guitar complement one another, and toured together frequently under the name Soul Stew Revival. This included members of The Derek Trucks Band, members of Susan Tedeschi's band, and other musicians who travelled with them, including Trucks' younger brother, drummer Duane Trucks. In 2008, they added a three-piece horn section.\n", "Section::::Career.:Tedeschi Trucks Band.\n", "In 2010, Tedeschi and Trucks announced a hiatus for their solo bands, and formed a new group called Tedeschi Trucks Band. The group performed at a number of festivals including Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival, Fuji Rock Festival and others. Unlike their previous collaborative project – Derek Trucks & Susan Tedeschi's Soul Stew Revival – the Tedeschi Trucks Band focuses on writing and performing original material, and is the focus of both Trucks and Tedeschi for the foreseeable future.\n", "Section::::Award nominations.\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Grammy nomination for Best New Artist\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for \"Wait For Me\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for \"Hope and Desire\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for \"Back to the River\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 Americana Music Award for Duo/Group of the Year (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for \"Live from the Fox Oakland\"\n", "Section::::Awards won.\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 Grammy Award for Best Blues Album for \"Revelator\" (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 Blues Music Award for Contemporary Female Blues Artist of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 Blues Music Award for Band of the Year (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 Blues Music Award for Rock Blues Album of the Year for \"Made Up Mind\" (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 Blues Music Award for Rock Blues Album of the Year for \"Let Me Get By\" (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 Blues Music Award for Band of the Year (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 Blues Music Award for Contemporary Female Blues Artist of the Year\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:As leader or co-leader.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Better Days\" (Oarfin, 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Just Won't Burn\" (Tone Cool, 1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wait for Me\" (Tone Cool, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live from Austin, TX\" (New West, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hope and Desire\" (Verve Forecast, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Back to the River\" (Verve Forecast, 2008)\n", "With the Tedeschi Trucks Band \n", "BULLET::::- \"Revelator\" (Masterworks, 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Everybody's Talkin'\" (Masterworks, 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Made Up Mind\" (Masterworks, 2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Let Me Get By\" (Fantasy, 2016)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live from the Fox Oakland\" (Fantasy, 2017)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Signs\" (Fantasy, 2019)\n", "Section::::Discography.:As guest.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Welcome to Little Milton\" (1999), Little Milton\n", "BULLET::::- \"Joyful Noise\" (2002), Derek Trucks Band\n", "BULLET::::- \"Already Free\" (2009), Derek Trucks Band\n", "BULLET::::- \"Truth\" (2007), Robben Ford\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bug\", Various (Lionsgate, 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Skin Deep\" (2008), Buddy Guy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Space Captain\", \"The Imagine Project\" (2010), Herbie Hancock with Derek Trucks\n", "BULLET::::- \"Burn it down\", \"Tin Can Trust\" (2010), Los Lobos\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mixed Drinks About Feelings\", \"Mr. Misunderstood\" (2015), Eric Church\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ain't No Thing\", \"Wynonna & the Big Noise\" (2016), Wynonna Judd\n", "BULLET::::- \"Color of the Blues\", \"For Better, or Worse\" (2016), John Prine\n", "BULLET::::- \"Song of Lahore\", The Sachal Ensemble with Derek Trucks (Universal, 2016)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cortez The Killer\", 2019, Dave Matthews Band\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Susan Tedeschi official site\n", "BULLET::::- Derek and Susan.net/ Official site for both Derek Trucks and Susan Tedeschi\n", "BULLET::::- DerekTrucksBand.com – official site\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Tedeschi in Performing Musician magazine\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American blues and soul musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q275625", "wikidata_label": "Susan Tedeschi", "wikipedia_title": "Susan Tedeschi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michael Hahn\n", "George Michael Decker Hahn (November 24, 1830 – March 15, 1886), was an attorney, politician, publisher and planter in New Orleans, Louisiana. He served twice in Congress during two widely separated periods, elected first as a Unionist Democratic Congressman in 1862, as a Republican US Senator in 1865, and later as a Republican Congressman in 1884. He was elected as the 19th Governor of Louisiana, serving from 1864 to 1865 during the American Civil War, when the state was occupied by Union troops. He was the first German-born governor in the United States, and is also claimed as the first ethnic Jewish governor. By that time he was a practicing Episcopalian.\n", "In 1865 Hahn was elected as a US Senator, but Radical Republicans refused to allow him and other Southerners to be seated. Later he was elected for several terms as a Republican to the state House during the Reconstruction era, where he was also elected as Speaker. Hahn was active as a publisher and editor, owning and operating three newspapers in succession that supported the Republican Party, its program, and its candidates in the state. He spent much of his wealth in supporting these papers. Hahn continued to be politically active, being elected to Congress from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district in 1884 with a strong majority. He served about a year before his death in office.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Hahn was born in 1830 as the last child in his family, in Klingenmünster, Palatinate, then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, now of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. His father died before he was born. Some sources indicate that Hahn's parents were Jewish.\n", "With his widowed mother and four older siblings, Hahn immigrated as a child to the United States, arriving in New York City. The family traveled to the Republic of Texas, before settling in New Orleans in 1840. The following year, Hahn's mother died of yellow fever and the children were orphaned. With the help of his older siblings, Hahn continued his education and graduated from City High School. In 1849 at the age of 19, he began reading law under Christian Roselius, a prominent Whig attorney and later Attorney General of Louisiana. In 1851, Hahn graduated from the University of Louisiana (Tulane University) with a law degree. He worked in Roselius' office after getting his degree.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "The following year Hahn was elected to the New Orleans city school board at the age of 22; he ran the school system as its director. He joined the Democratic party faction led by Pierre Soulé. In the Presidential Election of 1860, Hahn supported Stephen Douglas. He was fluent in English, French and German.\n", "In 1860 Hahn opposed secession, delivering a pro-Union speech in Lafayette Square. He avoided taking an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy. Opposed to secession and a supporter of the Union, Hahn was elected in 1862 as a Republican and the U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district. This incorporated most of New Orleans, which had been occupied by Union forces. \n", "Hahn was one of two Louisiana Representatives seated in the 37th Congress, which adjourned on March 4, 1863, during the Civil War. Eventually, Hahn advised that there should be no more representation from Louisiana until it was \"reconstructed.\" During his time in Washington, Hahn met and befriended President Abraham Lincoln.\n", "Section::::Term as governor.\n", "In 1864, with almost all of Louisiana under federal occupation, General Nathaniel P. Banks, the Union Military Commander of the Department of the Gulf (responsible, among other things, for civil order in occupied Louisiana), called state elections and convened a constitutional convention. Benjamin Franklin Flanders and Thomas Jefferson Durant, prominent Unionists, opposed the moderate plan called for by General Banks. Hahn purchased a pro-slavery newspaper, the \"New Orleans True Delta,\" and used it to promote moderate Unionism supporting Banks' plan, including emancipation of slaves. Hahn ran for Governor for the Free-State Party and won the election with 54% or 11,411 votes. J. Q. A. Fellows, a conservative Democrat, received 26% or 2,996 votes; and Benjamin Franklin Flanders, the radical Republican, received 20% or 2,232 votes.\n", "Hahn was elected as the first German-born governor of an American state. He is also claimed as the first ethnic Jewish governor in the United States; by then he was worshipping as an Episcopalian.\n", "On March 4, 1864, Hahn was inaugurated as Governor of Union-held Louisiana in an elaborate ceremony paid for by General Banks. As governor, Hahn supported universal education.\n", "In his term, Hahn tried to gain suffrage for freedmen and previously free people of color, but it was too early. He approved the state's ratification of the 15th Amendment. Hahn's administration made serious attempts to ensure enfranchisement of black Louisianans, laid the foundation for a public school system for blacks, and began an aborted Reconstruction in Louisiana. Governor Hahn played a leading role in the state constitutional convention of 1864, but he was opposed by Major General Stephen A. Hurlbut, who replaced Banks as commander of the Department of the Gulf. General Hurlburt refused to recognize the state civil government of Hahn.\n", "Hahn resigned as governor in March 1865, and was elected by the state legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1865. However, Radical Republicans did not seat him, as they believed the state had more work to do before being allowed to rejoin the Union.\n", "Lieutenant Governor James Madison Wells succeeded Hahn as governor after his resignation.\n", "Section::::Political editor and congressman.\n", "After President Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, Congress refused to seat any Representatives or Senators from the South until a reconstruction plan could be carried out. Senator-elect Hahn returned to New Orleans and allied with radical Republicans calling for a convention to revise Louisiana's Constitution of 1864 to include black suffrage. He was shot and severely wounded on July 30, 1866, in the New Orleans Riot.\n", "In 1867 Hahn became editor and manager of the \"New Orleans Republican\" newspaper, his platform for opposing President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction program. In 1872 Hahn retired to a plantation in St. Charles Parish. There he established the village of Hahnville and published his third newspaper, the \"St. Charles Herald.\" On his plantation, he grew sugar cane, the common commodity crop in the \"sugar parishes\" of this region.\n", "From 1871 to 1878 Hahn served in the Louisiana State Legislature. He was elected as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee and Speaker of the House. In 1878 he was appointed as Superintendent of the U.S. Mint in New Orleans, serving until January 1879. At that point, Hahn was appointed Judge of the 26th state judicial district, which included Saint John the Baptist, Saint Charles, and Jefferson parishes. During the 1880 elections, Hahn established and edited the \"New Orleans Ledger\" to promote Republican candidates.\n", "Although Democrats had regained control of the state legislature, Hahn was personally admired for his integrity and consistency of position. In 1884 Hahn was elected to Congress as the Republican candidate from Louisiana's 2nd congressional district – a race which he won handily by 3,000 votes. Serving as the only Republican Congressman from Louisiana, Hahn died on March 15, 1886, in his room at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. He suffered a ruptured blood vessel near his heart. His body was returned to New Orleans.\n", "Hahn's funeral was conducted by an Episcopal priest, and he was buried in New Orleans' Metairie Cemetery. He had never married and died poor. He had spent much of his previous wealth in trying to maintain the Republican-oriented newspapers he published.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)\n", "BULLET::::- List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States\n", "BULLET::::- New Orleans massacre of 1866\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Congressional Biography\n", "BULLET::::- Baker, Vaughn B., and Amos E. Simpson. \"Michael Hahn: Steady Patriot\" \"Louisiana History\" 13 (summer 1972): pp. 229–52.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Hahn's Congressional biography\n", "BULLET::::- Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "George Michael Hahn", "George Michael Decker Hahn" ] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q327388", "wikidata_label": "Michael Hahn", "wikipedia_title": "Michael Hahn" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pietro Antonio Solari\n", "Pietro Antonio Solari (Latin: Petrus Antonius Solarius) (c. 1445 – May 1493), also known as Pyotr Fryazin, was an Italian architect and sculptor.\n", "He was born in Carona, Ticino, and apprenticed under his father Guiniforte Solari, himself an architect and sculptor. In 1476, he was hired to continue the construction of the Duomo di Milano. Later on, he was in charge of several construction projects in Milan. In 1484 he sculpted a tomb in the Cathedral of Alessandria.\n", "In 1487, he was invited to Russia by Ivan III to construct the walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin. Within the next two years, Solari built most of the walls (excluding the western wall built by his successor Aleviz) and towers of the Kremlin, including the Borovitskaya, Konstantino-Eleninskaya, Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, and Corner Arsenalnaya towers. Engineering methods, technique and architectural forms, used by Solari, were reminiscent of the fortifications of Northern Italy. \n", "On top of the Spasskie Gates there was inscribed the following inscription: IOANNES VASILII DEI GRATIA MAGNUS DUX VOLODIMERIAE, MOSCOVIAE, NOVOGARDIAE, TFERIAE, PLESCOVIAE, VETICIAE, ONGARIAE, PERMIAE, BUOLGARIAE ET ALIAS TOTIUSQ(UE) RAXIE D(OMI)NUS, A(N)NO 30 IMPERII SUI HAS TURRES CO(N)DERE F(ECIT) ET STATUIT PETRUS ANTONIUS SOLARIUS MEDIOLANENSIS A(N)NO N(ATIVIT) A(TIS) D(OM)INI 1491 K(ALENDIS) M(ARTIIS) I(USSIT) P(ONERE).\n", "Together with Marco Ruffo, Solari also built the Palace of Facets in the Kremlin.\n", "He died in Moscow in May 1493.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "pietro solari genannt lombardi", "pietro lombardi", "Pietro Solari gen. Lombardi" ] }, "description": "Italian artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1394287", "wikidata_label": "Pietro Antonio Solari", "wikipedia_title": "Pietro Antonio Solari" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ruggiero Giovannelli\n", "Ruggiero Giovannelli (c. 1560 – 7 January 1625) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was a member of the Roman School, and succeeded Palestrina at St. Peter's.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "He was born in Velletri, near Rome. It has been claimed that he was a student of Palestrina, but there is no documentary evidence of this; stylistic similarities between their music, and an obvious close career association, make it a reasonable assumption. Not much is known about Giovannelli's life until 1583 when he became \"maestro di cappella\" at S Luigi dei Francesi, a post which he held until 1591, at which time he went to the Collegio Germanico. In addition to these posts he was \"maestro di cappella\" for Duke Giovanni Angelo of Altaemps, at his private chapel, probably concurrently with his other jobs. He also sang, and served in various administrative posts.\n", "Giovannelli's most important appointment was as the replacement for Palestrina as the \"maestro di cappella\" at the Julian Chapel at St. Peter's, on 12 March 1594, a position which he held until 1599, when he became a singer at the Sistine Chapel. In 1614 he became \"maestro di cappella\" at the Sistine Chapel, and he retired in 1624. He is buried in the church of Santa Marta.\n", "Section::::Music and influence.\n", "Giovanelli composed and published a large number of secular pieces. He is noted for his church music, most of which also survives in manuscript. As could be expected for a composer of the Roman School, his sacred music was conservative, and mostly in the Palestrina style for the first part of his career; however, after 1600 he experimented with some of the stylistic innovations which defined the beginning of the Baroque era, such as the \"concertato\" principle and the \"basso continuo.\" His output of sacred music fell off dramatically late in his life, and at least one scholar has suggested that this was because he was uncomfortable with the new style. In 1615 he created a new edition of the \"Graduale\" known as the \"Medicean\", published by the Medici press. (\"The Encyclopedia Americana\" may contradict this, writing that a \"Editio Medicæa of the Graduale\" of 1614 was created by Felice Anerio.)\n", "He wrote masses and motets, some of which are for as many as 12 voices, and which often use polychoral techniques.\n", "For a Roman School composer and a priest he wrote a surprising amount of secular music, mostly madrigals and canzonettas, some of which are in a light-hearted style influenced by northern Italian models, or by Luca Marenzio, who had spent time in Rome. He wrote three books of madrigals for five voices and two books for four voices, as well as a large quantity of other secular songs which were not collected in publications; most have been dated to the 1580s and 1590s.\n", "Giovannelli's music was reprinted widely, in Italy and elsewhere, indicating his broad popularity.\n", "Section::::Compiled works.\n", "Sources are incomplete, and may differ about his published works. There appear to have been at least three volumes of five books, five- and eight-part motets and three part canzonets (or canzonettes, instrumentals performed as entrances or introductions) (1592); \"Villanelle a 3 voci\" (1593); \"Misse\" (1593); \"Motetti\" (1594); \"Madrigale\" (1586); \"Book Three for Five Voices\" (1599); \"Vilanelle a 5 voci\" (1608). There are masses, motets, and psalms in manuscript at the Vatican Library, among them a \"Miserere\" for four and eight voices and a mass for eight, on Palestrina's madrigal \"Vestiva i colli\". Other madrigals are in the collections of Scotto and Phalesisu; and motets and psalms in those of Fabio Constantini and Proske.\n", "Section::::Various named works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il primo libro de madrigali\" (1586)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il secondo libro de madrigali\" (1593)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Terzo libro de madrigali a cinque voci\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"3 motets for equal voices\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carmina Sacra; 17 motets for 3 equal voices\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Terra, che dal fondo\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"O Fortunata Rosa\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tu nascesti\"\n", "Section::::Available scores.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deus noster fidelis\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"O quam inanes\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sanctissima Maria\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moritur in ligno\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Suauissime Iesu\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dulce est & iucundum\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Amorosa Ero\"\n", "Section::::Midi.\n", "BULLET::::- Midi performance of \"Sancti-Maria\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Rogerio Giovanelli" ] }, "description": "Italian composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1369480", "wikidata_label": "Ruggiero Giovannelli", "wikipedia_title": "Ruggiero Giovannelli" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andrew Jackson Downing\n", "Andrew Jackson Downing (October 31, 1815 – July 28, 1852) was an American landscape designer, horticulturalist, and writer, a prominent advocate of the Gothic Revival in the United States, and editor of \"The Horticulturist\" magazine (1846–52). Downing is considered to be a founder of American landscape architecture.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Downing was born in Newburgh, New York, United States, to Samuel Downing (a nurseryman and wheelwright) and Eunice Bridge. After finishing his schooling at sixteen, he worked in his father's nursery in the Town of Newburgh, and gradually became interested in landscape gardening and architecture. He began writing on botany and landscape gardening and then undertook to educate himself thoroughly in these subjects. He married Caroline DeWint in 1838.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "His official writing career started when he began writing articles for various newspapers and horticultural journals in the 1830s. In 1841 his first book, \"A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America\", was published to a great success; it was the first book of its kind published in the United States.\n", "In 1842 Downing collaborated with Alexander Jackson Davis on the book \"Cottage Residences\", a highly influential pattern book of houses that mixed romantic architecture with the English countryside's pastoral picturesque, derived in large part from the writings of John Claudius Loudon. The book was widely read and consulted, doing much to spread the so-called \"Carpenter Gothic\" and Hudson River Bracketed architectural styles among Victorian builders, both commercial and private.\n", "With his brother Charles, he wrote \"Fruits and Fruit Trees of America\" (1845), long a standard work. In the early 1850s, Downing called the \"Jonathan's Fine Winter\" apple the \"Imperial of Keepers\", which led to it being renamed the York Imperial apple. This was followed by \"The Architecture of Country Houses\" (1850), another influential pattern book.\n", "By the mid-1840s Downing's reputation was impeccable and he was, in a way, a celebrity of his day. This afforded him a friendship with Luther Tucker— publisher and printer of Albany, New York – who hired Downing to edit a new journal. \"\"The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste\"\" was first published under Downing's editorship in the summer of 1846; he remained editor of this journal until his death in 1852. The journal was his most frequent influence on society and operated under the premises of horticulture, pomology, botany, entomology, rural architecture, landscape gardening, and, unofficially, premises dedicated public welfare in various forms. It was in this journal that Downing first argued for a New York Park, which in time became Central Park. It was in this publication that Downing argued for state agricultural schools, which eventually gave rise. And it was here that Downing worked diligently to educate and influence his readers on refined tastes regarding architecture, landscape design, and even various moral issues.\n", "In 1850, as Downing traveled in Europe, an exhibition of continental landscape watercolors by Englishman Calvert Vaux captured his attention. He encouraged Vaux to emigrate to the United States, and opened what was to be a thriving practice in Newburgh. Frederick Clarke Withers (1828–1901) joined the firm during its second year. Downing and Vaux worked together for two years, and during those two years, he made Vaux a partner. Together they designed many significant projects, including the grounds in the White House and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. Vaux's work on the Smithsonian inspired an article he wrote for \"The Horticulturist\", in which he stated his view that it was time the government should recognize and support the arts.\n", "In 1846, the Smithsonian Institution was established, and soon a building to house the new institution was started on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. James Renwick's Norman-style building stimulated a move to landscape the Mall in a manner consistent with the romantic character of the Smithsonian's building. President Millard Fillmore commissioned Downing to create a plan that would redeem the Mall from its physical neglect.\n", "Downing presented his plan for the National Mall to the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution on February 27, 1851. The plan was a radical departure from the geometric, classical design for the Mall that Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant had placed in his 1791 plan for the future federal capital city (see L'Enfant Plan). Instead of L'Enfant's \"Grand Avenue,\" Downing envisioned four individual parks, with connecting curvilinear walks and drives defined with trees of various types. Downing's objective was to form a national park that would serve as a model for the nation, as an influential example of the \"natural style of landscape gardening\" and as a \"public museum of living trees and shrubs.\"\n", "President Fillmore endorsed two-thirds of Downing's plan in 1851, but Congress found it to be too expensive and released only enough funds to develop the area around the Smithsonian. In 1853, Congress cut off all funds so that the plan was never entirely completed. However, federal agencies developed several naturalistic parks within the Mall over the next half century in accordance with Downing's plan. The parks remained until replaced by features that the McMillan Plan of 1902 described (see History of the National Mall). \n", "In 1845, Downing was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.\n", "Section::::Downing's philosophy.\n", "BULLET::::- People's pride in their country is connected to pride in their home. If they can decorate and build their homes to symbolize the values they hope to embody, such as prosperity, education and patriotism, they will be happier people and better citizens.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A good house will lead to a good civilization.\"\n", "BULLET::::- The \"individual home has a great value to a people.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"There is a moral influence in a country home.\"\n", "BULLET::::- A good home will encourage its inhabitants to pursue a moral existence.\n", "Section::::Architectural influence.\n", "Downing's building designs were mostly for single family rural houses built in the Picturesque Gothic and Italianate styles. He believed every American deserved a good home, so he designed homes for three types: villas for the wealthy, cottages for working people and farmhouses for farmers\n", "Downing believed that architecture and the fine arts could affect the morals of the owners, and that improvement of the external appearance of a home would help \"better\" all those who had contact with the home. The general good of America was benefited by good taste and beautiful architecture, he wrote. Downing saw that the family home was becoming the place for moral education and the focus of middle class America's search for the meaning of life.\n", "Downing developed his view that country residences should fit into the surrounding landscape and blend with its natural habitat. He also believed that architecture should be functional and that designs for residences should be both beautiful and functional. In the beginning of his Architecture of Country Houses is a lengthy essay on the real meaning of architecture. He wrote that even the simplest form of architecture should be an expression of beauty, but the design should never neglect the useful for the beautiful. He went on to say that \"(in) perfect architecture no principle of utility will be sacrificed to beauty, only elevated and ennobled by it.\" He considered landscape gardening and architecture to be an art.\n", "In \"Cottage Residences\" he published the designs for 28 houses; in addition to the house plans, the designs included the plans for laying out the gardens, orchards, grounds and even included various plants to be used. In his \"Architecture of Country Houses\", he included designs for cottages, farmhouses and villas and commented on interiors, furniture and even the best methods of warming and ventilating them. Some of his designs were very simple and affordable so that all classes of society could enjoy life outside the city. His own residence, Highland Gardens, in Newburgh, New York, was quite large with meticulous grounds and many greenhouses with plants and trees from around the world brought to him by his whaling father-in-law.\n", "Through the publication of his designs, he is credited with the popularization of the front porch. He saw the porch as the link from the house to nature. Building porches had just become easier due to the advance in building methods, and these two factors together resulted in the frequency of front porches being built on residences at that time. At the same time, many people were moving from the city to the surrounding countryside because of the advent of railroad and steamship transportation. Downing believed interacting with nature had a healing effect on mankind and wanted all people to be able to experience nature.\n", "By the 1860s, Downing's preferred style had completely overshadowed the earlier Gothic Revival style.\n", "Section::::Early death.\n", "On July 28, 1852, Downing was traveling on the steamer \"Henry Clay\" with his wife and extended family. A fire broke out amidships when the ship was just south of Yonkers, New York, on the Hudson River. A boiler explosion quickly spread flames across the wooden vessel and Downing was killed along with 80 others. A few ashen remains and his clothes were recovered days later.\n", "Downing's remains were interred in Cedar Hill Cemetery, in his birthplace of Newburgh, New York.\n", "Following Downing's death, Withers and Vaux took over his architectural practice. After his death, writer and friend Nathaniel Parker Willis referred to Downing as \"our country's one solitary promise of a supply for [the]... scarcity of beauty coin in our every-day pockets. He was the one person who could be sent for... to look at fields and woods and tell what could be made out of them\".\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Downing influenced not only Vaux but also landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted; the two men met at Downing's home in Newburgh. In 1858, their joint design, the Greensward Plan, was selected in a design competition for the new Central Park in New York City. In 1860, Olmsted and Vaux proposed that a bust of Downing be placed in the new park as an \"appropriate acknowledgment of the public indebtedness to the labors of the late A. J. Downing, of which we feel the Park itself is one of the direct results.\" The monument was never built in the park, but a memorial urn honoring Downing stands in the Enid A. Haupt Garden near the Smithsonian's \"Castle\" (see \"Andrew Jackson Downing Urn\").\n", "Botanist John Torrey named the genus \"Downingia\" after Downing.\n", "In 1889, the city of Newburgh commissioned a park design from Olmsted and Vaux. They accepted, on the condition that it be named after their former mentor. It opened in 1897, called \"Downing Park\". It was their last collaboration.\n", "One of the few surviving structures known to have been designed by Downing is the cottage at Springside (Matthew Vassar Estate) in Poughkeepsie, New York. The cottage and the estate's gardens designed by Downing are a National Historic Landmark. The Cedarcliff Gatehouse is also believed to have been designed by him.\n", "Jackson's wife and friends of the family put up a monument to Jackson in the shape of an urn that was at his home in Newburgh, New York. They inscribed on it words that he had written \"Plant spacious parks in your cities, and loose their gates as wide as the morning, to the whole people.\"\n", "The residence Brambleworth located at Bedford, New York, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of The Woodpile historic district in 1992.\n", "Another of Andrew Jackson Downing's surviving structures, and one three of Downing's earliest examples of the Italian Victorian Style, the \"Robert Dodge Mansion\" still stands today in Georgetown, D.C., however has been significantly altered from when originally constructed The \"Robert Dodge Mansion\" was an exact opposite of the \"Francis Dodge Mansion\" (aside from the windows and fenestration/decoration)ornaments. It is also noteworthy to note that Downing's first buildings completed in this Italian Victorian Style were made for the Dodge family.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America\", 1841.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cottage Residences: or, A Series of Designs for Rural Cottages and Adapted to North America\", 1842; reprinted as Andrew Jackson Downing, \"Victorian Cottage Residences\", Dover Publications, 1981.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Architecture of Country Houses: Including Designs for Cottages, and Farm-Houses and Villas, With Remarks on Interiors, Furniture, and the best Modes of Warming and Ventilating\", D. Appleton & Company, 1850; reprinted as Andrew Jackson Downing, \"The Architecture of Country Houses\", Dover Publications, 1969.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Charles E. Beveridge and David Schulyer, eds., \"Creating Central Park, 1857–1861\".\n", "BULLET::::- David Schuyler, \"Apostle of Taste: Andrew Jackson Downing, 1815 — 1852\".\n", "BULLET::::- Judith K. Major, \"To Live in the New World: A. J. Downing and American Landscape Gardening\", MIT Press, 1997.\n", "BULLET::::- Kris A. Hansen, \"Death Passage on the Hudson: The Wreck of the Henry Clay\", Purple Mountain Press, October 2004. ; .\n", "BULLET::::- Sean T. Wright, Railroad and Suburb Development Historian. Descendant of the Nathan Carruth Family and Frank L. Wright Family.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Greensward Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- New York City Department of Parks & Recreation\n", "BULLET::::- Andrew Jackson Downing portrait by Matthew Brady {Obscured}\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Katarina Zrinska\n", "Countess Ana Katarina Zrinska (c. 1625 – 1673) was a Croatian noblewoman and poet, born into the House of Frankopan noble family. She married Count Petar Zrinski of the House of Zrinski in 1641 and later became known as Katarina Zrinska. She is remembered in Croatia as a patron of the arts, a writer and patriot. She died in obscurity in a monastery in Graz following the downfall of the Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy in 1671 and the execution of her husband Petar Zrinski.\n", "Katarina Zrinski and the conspiracy were largely forgotten until the 1860s, when Croatian politician Ante Starčević began a campaign to rehabilitate the Zrinski and Frankopan nobility, and the story of her life and death was widely popularised following the publishing of Eugen Kumičić's historical novel \"Urota Zrinsko-Frankopanska\" () in 1893. \n", "In the early 20th century, and especially after World War I, numerous Croatian women's associations were founded bearing her name. In 1999 the Croatian National Bank issued a silver commemorative coin depicting Katarina Zrinski, in their \"Znamenite Hrvatice\" () series, along with children's writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić and painter Slava Raškaj.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Katarina was born in Bosiljevo near the modern city of Karlovac in present-day Croatia to Vuk Krsto Frankopan of the House of Frankopan, a well-known commander (general) and nobleman in the Croatian Military Frontier (which was an autonomous region carved out of the Kingdom of Croatia within the Austrian Empire) and his second wife Uršula Inhofer. Fran Krsto Frankopan, also a notable nobleman, was her half brother, produced in Vuk Krsto's third marriage to Dora Haller.\n", "She was homeschooled in her youth, and learned German during her childhood years (as it was her mother's first language) along with Hungarian, Latin and Italian which she was later taught. In 1641 she married the Croatian nobleman Petar Zrinski in Karlovac, who later went on to become \"Ban\" (viceroy) of Croatia following his brother Nikola Zrinski's death in 1664. After marrying Petar the pair spent most of their time at Ozalj Castle, the family residence.\n", "In 1660 she wrote a prayer book titled \"Putni tovaruš\", and had it printed in 1661 in the Republic of Venice before presenting it as a gift to the 17th century Croatian lexicographer Ivan Belostenec (the book was later re-printed in 1687 and 1715 in Ljubljana and then again in 2005 in Čakovec).\n", "Section::::Biography.:Children.\n", "Katarina and Petar had four children, born between 1643 and 1658:\n", "BULLET::::- Jelena (1643 – 18 February 1703)\n", "Known as Jelena Zrinska in Croatia and Ilona Zrínyi in Hungary, she married Hungarian nobleman Francis I Rákóczi in 1666. After his death in 1676, she married her second husband Imre Thököly, a Hungarian statesman and Prince of Transylvania, in 1682. She was also mother to Francis II Rákóczi, leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in the early 18th century. \n", "In her later years she spent 7 years interned in an Ursuline convent in Austria before being exiled to Turkey in 1699 where she died four years later in 1703. \n", "BULLET::::- Judita Petronela (1652–1699)\n", "One of the two Katarina's daughters who spent the majority of their adult life in convents, Judita died as a nun in a Poor Clares convent in Zagreb.\n", "BULLET::::- Ivan IV Antun Baltazar (26 August 1654 – 11 November 1703)\n", "In Croatia known as Ivan Antun Zrinski, he was the pair's only son. After a short military career demonstrating his loyalty to the State, he was later charged with high treason by the Austrian authorities. He was imprisoned first at Rattenberg in Tyrol and then at Grazer Schloßberg, where he spent the last 20 years of his life. He eventually went insane and died in 1703.\n", "BULLET::::- Aurora Veronika (1658 – 19 January 1735)\n", "The pair's youngest child and the last surviving member of the once powerful House of Zrinski. Following the crackdown on the Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy (see below), she accompanied her mother during her internment at a Dominican convent in Graz. Aurora later spent her whole life as a nun and eventually died in an Ursuline convent in Klagenfurt.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy.\n", "Following the unpopular Peace of Vasvár treaty signed in 1664 by the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire which gave back parts of the territory which had been liberated from the Turks in the preceding Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664), a conspiracy involving members of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility was formed to overthrow the Habsburgs. The leaders of the conspiracy were Katarina's husband Petar Zrinski, her half brother Fran Krsto Frankopan and the Hungarian count Ferenc Wesselényi. The conspiracy was largely unsuccessful and in March 1670 a crackdown ordered by Leopold I ensued, in which all three men were arrested and imprisoned. On 30 April 1671 both Petar and Fran Krsto were executed in Wiener Neustadt.\n", "On the eve of his execution, her husband wrote her a farewell letter:\n", "The downfall of the conspiracy practically destroyed the House of Zrinski as their enormous property was either confiscated or plundered. Katarina was first arrested and imprisoned in Bruck an der Mur and then ordered into seclusion by the Vienna court. She spent the remaining years of her life in a Dominican convent in Graz with her daughter Aurora Veronika, where she died on 16 November 1673.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:1860s–1940s.\n", "Croatian politician Ante Starčević is considered the first person who initiated a campaign to politically rehabilitate leaders of the conspiracy in the speech he gave on 26 July 1861 in the Croatian Parliament. The speech spurred renewed interest in the whole affair and anniversaries of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan's deaths started to be commemorated publicly in growing numbers, with increasingly political overtones, as Croatian politicians became vocal in their calls for greater Croatian independence (which was at the time still part of Austria-Hungary). In the 1880s a committee was even founded with the purpose of transporting their remains from Wiener Neustadt to Croatia, and in 1893 writer and politician Eugen Kumičić published a historical novel titled \"Urota Zrinsko-Frankopanska\" (), which helped to further popularise the image of Zrinkis and Frankopans as Croatian patriots and martyrs for freedom.\n", "The bones of conspiracy leaders were eventually transferred back to Croatia in 1919 by the Brethren of the Croatian Dragon and were greeted by masses upon their return to Zagreb. By that time Katarina Zrinski also became to be seen as the greatest Croatian woman of the past and a symbol of patriotism for women in Croatia. In the years before World War I many women's societies sprung up around the country as well as in the Croatian diaspora. The oldest such association bearing Katarina's name was founded in 1914 in Punta Arenas in Chile. It was originally called \"Hrvatska žena\" () and was primarily interested in keeping the Croatian language alive and helping Croatian women cope with life far from home. However, soon after WWI broke out, the society was actively engaged in helping the Pan-Slavic Yugoslav movement and was thus renamed \"JNO Katarina Zrinska\". In North America the \"Kćeri Katarine Zrinjske\" () society was formed in 1917 which even had a youth branch in Youngstown, Ohio.\n", "In 1919 the \"Katarina Zrinjska\" women's association was formed in Karlovac, the first association bearing her name in Croatia. The society was designed as an organisation of middle class Croatian Catholic women in the area, and they claimed they chose to be named after Katarina because \"strictly adhered to Christian principles throughout her life\". The proclaimed goal of the society was to \"encourage members to be good Catholics, honest citizens, women of significance, model mothers, advanced housekeepers and apostles of all things good\", which they hoped to achieve by organising picnics, concerts, education classes, fundraisers, lectures, etc. In 1920 a similar \"Društvo Hrvatica Katarine grofice Zrinjski\" was established in Zagreb and in 1930 another one was founded in Petrinja. All these societies were active until the early 1940s, but were eventually disbanded in May 1943 by a decree issued by the fascist government of Independent State of Croatia.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:1990s–present.\n", "The women's societies of the past and their work were largely forgotten during the SFR Yugoslavia period (1945–1990), until the modern-day \"Zajednica žena Katarina Zrinska\" () was founded in 1999 in Split, as the centre-right Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party's women's branch. Other associations abroad carrying her name include \"Hrvatska žena – Katarina Zrinska\" in Adelaide, Australia (est. 1974), \"HŠKD Croatia Katarina Zrinski\" in Gothenburg, Sweden, and many others.\n", "Many streets and squares around Croatia are named after her, including the \"Katarinin trg\" () in the Upper Town part of Zagreb, located next to the Jesuit church of St. Catherine's built between 1620 and 1632 in the baroque style. Many schools and institutions are also named after her.\n", "In 1999 the Croatian National Bank issued a 200 kuna silver commemorative coin with Katarina Zrinski as part of their \"Famous Croatian Women\" series. In their press release the bank described Katarina as \"a writer, ardent patriot and a martyr, as well as a spiritual initiator of the liberation movement against foreign rule\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Zrinski family tree\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Katarina Zrinska short biography at the Croatian National Bank website\n", "BULLET::::- Article about Katarina Zrinski published in July 2007 by \"Matica hrvatska\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Ana Katarina Frankopan-Zrinski", "Ana Katarina Zrinska" ] }, "description": "Croatian writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q452694", "wikidata_label": "Katarina Zrinska", "wikipedia_title": "Katarina Zrinska" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Arthur Burghardt\n", "Arthur Burghardt (born August 29, 1947) is an American actor and voice actor known for portraying Jack Scott on the soap opera \"One Life to Live\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "His first movie appearance was as the Great Ahmed Kahn in \"Network\" (1976). Notable voice roles include Destro in the animated series \"\" and Devastator on \"The Transformers\". He also played the voice of Venom in \"Ultimate Spider-Man\". He also played Turbo in \"Challenge of the Gobots\". Burghardt appeared in the series premiere of the short-lived 1991 sitcom \"Good Sports\" with Ryan O'Neal and Farrah Fawcett. In 1997, he was the voice of \"Cy\" in the family science fiction movie \"Star Kid\" and portrayed Laurant in the 2001 TV series \"Los Luchadores\".\n", "Burghardt played a commando in the early-1990s video game \"Night Trap\". In \"\", he voiced Mannoroth and Grom Hellscream in 2002, and later in \"\" he reprised his role as Mannoroth. In 2010 he voiced Thanatos in \"\" and afterwards retired that year.\n", "The fictional Arthur Burghardt Expressway in the 8th season Seinfeld episode, \"The Pot Hole\", is named after Burghardt.\n", "In 2016, Arthur Burghardt joined the convention circuit with his representative CelebWorx. He appeared at Long Beach Comic Con.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas Condon\n", "Thomas Condon (1822–1907) was an Irish Congregational minister, geologist, and paleontologist who gained recognition for his work in the U.S. state of Oregon.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Condon arrived in New York City from Ireland in 1833 and graduated from theological seminary in 1852, after which he traveled to Oregon by ship. As a minister at The Dalles, he became interested in the fossils he found in the area. He found fossil seashells on the Crooked River and fossil camels and other animals along the John Day River. Many of his discoveries were in the present-day John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. He corresponded with noted scientists, including Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian, Edward Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Joseph Leidy, O.C. Marsh, and John C. Merriam, and provided specimens to major museums.\n", "Condon was appointed the first State Geologist for Oregon in 1872. He resigned that post to become first professor of geology at the University of Oregon. Previously he was a teacher at Pacific University in Forest Grove.\n", "In \"The Two Islands and What Came of Them\", a geology book published in 1902, Condon wrote about two widely separated regions of Oregon that contain its oldest rocks, the Klamath Mountains in the southwestern part of the state and the Blue Mountains in the northeast. The book attempted to summarize what was then known about the state's geology and to draw conclusions about its geologic past.\n", "Condon was an advocate of theistic evolution. He has been described as a \"Christian Darwinist\".\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Condon Hall at the University of Oregon, which originally housed the geology department, was named for Condon, as were the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center at the Sheep Rock unit of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, near Kimberly, Oregon , temporary Lake Condon, formed periodically by the Missoula Floods, and the Condon Fossil Collection of the University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History, which was founded by Condon in 1876. He is the namesake of Condon Butte in Lane County. Condon, Oregon, was named for a nephew of Condon. \n", "BULLET::::- \"Anser condoni\" Schufeldt 1892 is a synonym for the fossil swan \"Cygnus paloregonus\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1989)\n", "Section::::Works cited.\n", "BULLET::::- Clark, Robert D. \"The Odyssey of Thomas Condon\" (1989). Portland, Oregon: The Oregon Historical Society Press. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Notable Oregonians: Thomas Condon from the Oregon Blue Book\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Condon profile from the Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Condon biography from the National Park Service\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thomas Condon: Of Faith and Fossils\" Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Cardos\n", "John \"Bud\" Cardos (born December 20, 1929 in St. Louis, Missouri) is a film director and former actor/stuntman. His family has interesting roots in the entertainment industry. His cousin Spiros Cardos worked at 20th Century-Fox Studios. His father and uncle managed the lavish Graumann's Egyptian and Chinese theaters. He made television guest appearances on \"The Monroes\", \"The High Chaparral\" and NBC's \"Daniel Boone\" starring Fess Parker.\n", "Cardos is the subject of the 2016 biography Action! by the late actor Robert Dix and his wife Lynette Dix. Robert Dix and Cardos starred together in the Al Adamson-directed biker film Satan's Sadists.\n", "Cardos appears as himself and talks about his stunt career in the 2018 documentary film Love and Other Stunts, which is about his friend and fellow stuntman Gary Kent.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deadwood '76\" (1965) - Hawk Russell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hells Angels on Wheels\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Psych-Out\" (1968) - Thug\n", "BULLET::::- \"Killers Three\" (1968) - Bates\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nightmare in Wax\" (1969) - Sergeant Carver\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blood of Dracula's Castle\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Satan's Sadists\" (1969) - Firewater\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hell's Bloody Devils\" (1970)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rebel Rousers\" (1970) - Townsman\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Female Bunch\" (1971) - Mexican Farmer (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Breaking Point\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kingdom of the Spiders\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dark\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Day Time Ended\" (1979) - Director\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mutant\" (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Act of Piracy\" (1990)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Katrin Wagner-Augustin\n", "Katrin Wagner-Augustin (born 13 October 1977) is a German sprint canoer who has competed since the late 1990s. She is tall, and weighs .\n", "Competing in four Summer Olympics, Wagner has six medals with four golds (K-2 500 m: 2000, K-4 500 m: 2000, 2004, and 2008), one silver (K-4 500 m: 2012) and one bronze (K-1 500 m: 2008).\n", "Wagner-Augustin also won 26 medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with ten golds (K-1 1000 m: 2005, K-1 4 × 200 m: 2009, 2010; K-4 200 m: 1997, 2005, 2007, 2009; K-4 500 m: 1997, 2005, 2007), fourteen silvers (K-1 500 m: 2009, K-1 1000 m: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006; K-2 200 m: 2006, K-2 500 m: 2002, K-2 1000 m: 1999, K-4 500 m: 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2009, 2010), and two bronzes (K-1 500 m: 2007, K-4 200 m: 2002).\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Giuseppe Cocconi\n", "Giuseppe Cocconi (1914–2008) was an Italian physicist who was director of the Proton Synchrotron at CERN in Geneva.\n", "He is known for his work in particle physics and for his involvement with SETI.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Cocconi was born in Como, Italy in 1914. He went to study physics at the University of Milan, and then in February 1938, went to the Sapienza University of Rome on the invitation of Edoardo Amaldi. There he met physicists Enrico Fermi, and Gilberto Bernardini. With Fermi, he built a Wilson chamber to study the disintegration of mesons. In August of that year, Cocconi laid the foundation of cosmic ray research in Milan. While at Milan, Cocconi supervised Vanna Tongiorgi, who picked cosmic rays as her thesis' subject, and later married her in 1945.\n", "In 1942, Cocconi was nominated professor at University of Catania, but was engaged by the Italian army to research infrared phenomena for the Italian airforce until the end of World War II, in late 1944. He taught at Catania until 1947, when Hans Bethe made a request that he would join Cornell University. During his stay at Cornell, Cocconi and his wife performed many experiments there and in Echo Lake located in the Rocky Mountains, where they demonstrated the galactic and extragalactic origins of cosmic rays. In 1955, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. While at Cornell he also wrote, with Philip Morrison, his most famous paper \"Searching for Interstellar Communications\", on the 21 cm Hydrogen line, which turned out to be of vital importance in the SETI program.\n", "During his sabbatical of 1959–1961, Cocconi helped kick-start the Proton Synchrotron research program at CERN, and conducted a series of experiment on proton-proton scattering, and on the cross section of protons and neutrons. He also continued this research at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). In 1963 he returned at CERN, and discovered with Alan Wetherell, Bert Diddens, and others, that the diffraction peak in proton-proton scattering shrunk with the increase in collision energy. This was interpreted as the \"exchange of two Regge Poles\", which later became known as the pomeron.\n", "From 1967 to 1969, Cocconi was CERN's research director, and conceived the Roman pot, a type of particle detector. Then with a group led by Klaus Winter, he formed the CHARM collaboration, which worked until the 1980s, which investigated elastic electron-neutrino scattering. He retired in 1979, but kept in touch with the CERN research, and particle physics related research in general.\n", "Cocconi died on 9 November 2008. His colleagues and friends wrote the following in his CERN's obituary:\n", "Giuseppe enjoyed the respect of great physicists in the world. As a man of culture and vision, he was very curious and attentive to what was going on in the world, and not only in the field of physics. Very kind and always ready to listen, straightforward but humble in his relations with his colleagues, always ready to admire other people’s success, he was happy to share his knowledge with juniors. His refusal of association with academies, and his lack of interest in prizes and honours, as well as his wish not to talk publicly, after his retirement, of his scientific life, are well known. He was a great physicist.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Publications of G. Cocconi on SPIRES\n", "BULLET::::- Publications of Giuseppe Cocconi on SPIRES\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Abdoulaye Bathily\n", "Abdoulaye Bathily (born 1947) is a Senegalese politician and diplomat. Bathily, the long-time Secretary-General of the Democratic League/Movement for the Labour Party (LD/MPT), served in the government of Senegal as Minister of the Environment from 1993 to 1998 and as Minister of Energy from 2000 to 2001. Later, he worked as a diplomat for the United Nations, and since 2014 he has been Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Central Africa.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Bathily was born in Tiyabu in Bakel Department. After serving as the Third Secretary of the Democratic League in charge of the press and external relations, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General at its First Congress on April 6–7, 1984, succeeding Babacar Sané. He was the LD/MPT's candidate in the February 1993 presidential election, taking fourth place with 2.41% of the vote. In the February 1993 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly; he then served as Minister for the Environment and the Protection of Nature from 1993 to 1998 under President Abdou Diouf.\n", "Bathily was re-elected to the National Assembly in the 1998 parliamentary election. He and the LD/MPT backed opposition candidate Abdoulaye Wade in the 2000 presidential election, and following Wade's victory Bathily was named Minister of Energy and Hydraulics in April 2000, remaining in that post until May 2001. He was again elected to the National Assembly of Senegal in the April 2001 parliamentary election from Bakel Department as a candidate of the ruling Sopi Coalition, and he became the Third Vice-President of the National Assembly. Subsequently the LD/MPT grew increasingly at odds with Wade, and Bathily led a vote in the National Assembly against an amnesty for individuals implicated in the 1993 killing of Constitutional Council Vice-President Babacar Sèye. Wade dismissed the LD/MPT ministers from the government in March 2005 and the party left the Sopi Coalition, going into opposition.\n", "Bathily ran again in the February 2007 presidential election as the candidate of the Jubbanti Sénégal coalition, taking sixth place with 2.21% of the vote, according to official results. Bathily's campaign rejected the results and alleged that there were flaws in the voting, saying that a person could be registered more than once, and that the ink used in voting, which was supposed to be indelible, could be washed off. Along with Socialist Party candidate Ousmane Tanor Dieng, Bathily filed an appeal regarding the election, but their appeals were rejected by the Constitutional Council.\n", "He was briefly detained by police in late January 2007, along with other opposition leaders, after participating in a banned protest regarding the delaying of parliamentary elections until June.\n", "After the formation of a government that included Wade's son Karim on May 1, 2009, Bathily denounced Wade for running the country through \"family management\", and he said that \"Senegal beats all records in terms of bad governance. I am ashamed of my country.\" In addition, he criticized plans to introduce the office of Vice-President, saying that this office was unnecessary and senseless; he argued that it would merely be used by Wade \"to ensure a monarchical succession\".\n", "Bathily supported opposition candidate Macky Sall in the February–March 2012 presidential election. Sall won the election; a few months after taking office, he appointed Bathily as Minister of State at the Presidency on 1 August 2012.\n", "On 8 July 2013, the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced Bathily's appointment as his Deputy Special Representative in the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA). Less than a year later, on 30 April 2014, Ban Ki-moon announced Bathily's appointment as his Special Representative for Central Africa and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA) in Libreville, Gabon.\n", "Prior to an opposition protest in Libreville on 20 December 2014, Bathily called for dialogue, warning of the potential for \"a deep crisis\".\n", "In May 2015, Bathily presided over the Bangui National Forum, a national reconciliation conference organized by the transition government of the Central Africa Republic.The purpose of the Bangui National Forum was to bring together Central Africans from all regions and backgrounds to find lasting solutions to years of recurrent political instability in the country.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dugald Macpherson\n", "H. Dugald Macpherson is a mathematician and logician. He is Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Leeds.\n", "He obtained his DPhil from the University of Oxford in 1983 for his thesis entitled \"Enumeration of Orbits of Infinite Permutation Groups\" under the supervision of Peter Cameron. In 1997 he was awarded the Junior Berwick Prize by the London Mathematical Society. He continues to research into permutation groups and model theory. He is scientist in charge of the MODNET team at the University of Leeds. He co-authored the book \"Notes on Infinite Permutation Groups\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Prof. Macpherson's homepage\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British mathematician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3562480", "wikidata_label": "Dugald Macpherson", "wikipedia_title": "Dugald Macpherson" }

{ "end": [ 124, 177, 201, 230, 260, 275, 333, 355, 471, 515, 535, 585, 681, 788, 808, 940, 1033, 1056, 1099, 1118, 1278, 52 ], "href": [ "Dennis%20Gersten", "Taming%20of%20the%20Shrew", "Globe%20Playhouse", "Twelfth%20Night", "Shakespeare%20at%20Play", "Ellen%20Geer", "Mark%20Ringer", "Hamlet", "A%20Patriot%20for%20Me", "Bleak%20House", "Los%20Angeles", "A%20Month%20in%20the%20Country%20%28play%29", "Agatha%20Christie", "San%20Diego", "Old%20Globe%20Theatre", "A%20Noise%20Within", "Days%20of%20Our%20Lives", "General%20Hospital", "Murphy%20Brown", "Murder%2C%20She%20Wrote", "Honeymoon%20in%20Vegas", "http%3A//www.madbeast.com/thumb.htm" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 ], "start": [ 108, 158, 186, 217, 241, 265, 320, 349, 455, 504, 524, 563, 666, 779, 791, 926, 1016, 1040, 1087, 1101, 1260, 12 ], "text": [ "Dennis Gersten’s", "Taming of the Shrew", "Globe Playhouse", "Twelfth Night", "Shakespeare at Play", "Ellen Geer", "Mark Ringer’s", "Hamlet", "A Patriot for Me", "Bleak House", "Los Angeles", "A Month in the Country", "Agatha Christie", "San Diego", "Old Globe Theatre", "A Noise Within", "Days of Our Lives", "General Hospital", "Murphy Brown", "Murder, She Wrote", "Honeymoon in Vegas", "Official Website of \"The Author's Thumb\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Steve Peterson (actor)\n", "Steve Peterson is an American actor was seen as Stanley in \"The Body\" at the Matrix Theatre, King Arthur in Dennis Gersten’s\" The Author’s Thumb,\" Tranio in \"Taming of the Shrew\" at the Globe Playhouse, Aguecheek in \"Twelfth Night\" for both Shakespeare at Play and Ellen Geer's Theatricum Botanicum, and as the Ghost in Mark Ringer’s production of\" Hamlet.\" He has appeared at the Write/Act Repertory Theatre Company in \"Murder, Mayhem and the Macabre\", \"A Patriot for Me, Transports of the Heart\", and \"Bleak House.\" Other Los Angeles stage appearances include \"A Month in the Country\" at the Odyssey Theatre, \"The Letter Writer\" at The Santa Monica Playhouse, and Agatha Christie’s \"Black Coffee\" at the Sierra Madre Playhouse. Peterson has appeared in numerous productions at San Diego’s Old Globe Theatre, at the Grove Shakespeare and Nevada Shakespeare Festivals, and the UK/AZ Festival in Phoenix, as well as Glendale’s A Noise Within. Peterson’s Television credits include appearances on the daytime serials \"Days of Our Lives\" and \"General Hospital\" as well as primetime series \"Murphy Brown, Murder, She Wrote\", and \"Mama’s Family,\" to name a few. Peterson can be seen in the cult film classic \"Lobster Man from Mars\", and as one of the many Elvi in \"Honeymoon in Vegas.\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Website of \"The Author's Thumb\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7613602", "wikidata_label": "Steve Peterson", "wikipedia_title": "Steve Peterson (actor)" }

{ "end": [ 100, 42, 70, 81, 106, 121, 143, 120, 145, 211, 311, 334, 383, 405, 422, 443, 452, 38 ], "href": [ "Margrave%20of%20Brandenburg", "House%20of%20Ascania", "Otto%20I%2C%20Margrave%20of%20Brandenburg", "Judyta", "Piast%20dynasty", "Dukes%20of%20Greater%20Poland", "Boles%C5%82aw%20III%20Wrymouth", "Slavs", "Canute%20VI%20of%20Denmark", "Duchy%20of%20Pomerania", "R%C3%BCgen", "Hamburg", "Hohenstaufen", "Philip%20of%20Swabia", "House%20of%20Welf", "Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Otto%20IV%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor", "Albert%20II%2C%20Margrave%20of%20Brandenburg" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7 ], "start": [ 77, 26, 64, 75, 101, 107, 122, 115, 125, 202, 306, 327, 371, 389, 418, 425, 445, 29 ], "text": [ "Margrave of Brandenburg", "House of Ascania", "Otto I", "Judith", "Piast", "Duke of Poland", "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "Slavs", "Canute VI of Denmark", "Pomerania", "Rügen", "Hamburg", "Hohenstaufen", "Philip of Swabia", "Welf", "Holy Roman Emperor", "Otto IV", "Albert II" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg\n", "Otto II (after 1147 – July 4, 1205), called \"The Generous\" (), was the third Margrave of Brandenburg from 1184 until his death.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Otto II was born into the House of Ascania as the eldest son of Otto I and Judith, a daughter of the Piast Duke of Poland Bolesław III Wrymouth.\n", "Section::::Life.:Margrave of Brandenburg.\n", "After succeeding his father, he improved the defense and settlement of Brandenburg and waged campaigns against the Slavs and Canute VI of Denmark. In the winter of 1198–99 he devastated Danish-occupied Pomerania and consolidated his territorial gains in the subsequent year with a campaign that pressed to Rügen and threatened Hamburg. In 1200 and 1203, he supported the Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia against the Welfen Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV.\n", "Section::::Life.:Succession.\n", "After his death, his brother Albert II inherited the margraviate.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Margrave of Brandenburg", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q706797", "wikidata_label": "Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg", "wikipedia_title": "Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg" }

{ "end": [ 37, 61, 75, 90, 113, 43, 386, 53 ], "href": [ "Bautzen", "G%C3%B6ttingen", "Germany", "Goethe%20University%20Frankfurt", "Marburg%20University", "psychoactive%20drug", "Guided%20Affective%20Imagery", "http%3A//www.erowid.org/culture/characters/leuner_hanscarl/leuner_hanscarl.shtml" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 12 ], "start": [ 30, 52, 69, 70, 95, 26, 362, 12 ], "text": [ "Bautzen", "Göttingen", "German", "Frankfurt University", "Marburg University", "psychoactive drug", "Guided Affective Imagery", "Erowid Character Vaults - Hanscarl Leuner" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Hanscarl Leuner\n", "Hanscarl Leuner (born 1919 in Bautzen; died 1996 in Göttingen) was a German psychiatrist.\n", "His father was a leatherware factory owner. He studium of medicine at Frankfurt University and Marburg University (1939–1946) was interrupted by his military service in World War II.\n", "He was a pioneer in using psychoactive drugs for therapy in Germany. He invented the so-called Psycholytic Therapy (German: Psycholytische Therapie) which is a combination of psychodynamic psychotherapy with some light use of hallucinogens to enhance access to preconscious contents. After the general prohibition of hallucinogens in most countries he developed Guided Affective Imagery (also known as: KIP, Katathym-imaginative Psychotherapy, Katathym-Psychotherapy, guided mental imagery, catathymic influences).\n", "Section::::Readings (selection).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die experimentelle Psychose. Ihre Psychopharmakologie, Phänomenologie und Dynamik in Beziehung zur Person.\" Springer, Berlin 1962 1962, . Reprint 1997: Berlin VWB.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Katathymes Bilderleben: Unterstufe. Einführung in die Psychotherapie mit der Tagtraumtechnik. Ein Seminar.\" Thieme, Stuttgart 1970; 5. Auflage: \"Katathym-imaginative Psychotherapie (K.I.P.): „Katathymes Bilderleben“. Einführung in die Psychotherapie mit der Tagtraumtechnik. Ein Seminar.\" Thieme, Stuttgart 1994.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Halluzinogene: Psychische Grenzzustände in Forschung und Psychotherapie.\" Huber, Bern 1981, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lehrbuch des Katathymen Bilderlebens.\" Huber, Bern 1985; 3. Auflage: \"Lehrbuch der Katathym-imaginativen Psychotherapie.\" Huber, Bern 1994, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ce qu’on n’a pas expliqué en France\", Planète, n°33, mars-avril 1967, pp. 92-101 (article on LSD treatment and psycholyse)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \n", "BULLET::::- Erowid Character Vaults - Hanscarl Leuner\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German psychiatrist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q87205", "wikidata_label": "Hanscarl Leuner", "wikipedia_title": "Hanscarl Leuner" }

{ "end": [ 44, 67, 90, 148, 211, 261, 306, 43, 75 ], "href": [ "Poti", "Georgia%20%28country%29", "midfielder", "Georgia%20national%20football%20team", "Ruch%20Chorz%C3%B3w", "FC%20Odishi%20Zugdidi", "Linzer%20ASK", "Ruch%20Chorz%C3%B3w", "%C5%81KS%20%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 ], "start": [ 40, 59, 80, 118, 199, 244, 296, 31, 67 ], "text": [ "Poti", "Georgian", "midfielder", "Georgia national football team", "Ruch Chorzów", "FC Odishi Zugdidi", "Linzer ASK", "Ruch Chorzów", "ŁKS Łódź" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Mamia Jikia\n", "Mamia Jikia (; born 11 December 1975 in Poti) is a retired Georgian footballer (midfielder). He is a former member of Georgia national football team. He was connected mostly years of his career with Ruch Chorzów. He came to Poland in 1997 from FC Odishi Zugdidi. In his career he also played for Linzer ASK. \n", "The last club before he joined Ruch Chorzów in the winter 2007 was ŁKS Łódź.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Georgian footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q10394898", "wikidata_label": "Mamia Jikia", "wikipedia_title": "Mamia Jikia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jan Peters (footballer)\n", "Johannes (\"Jan\") Wilhelmus Peters (born 18 August 1954 in Groesbeek, Gelderland) is a retired football midfielder from the Netherlands.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Peters obtained 31 caps for the Dutch national team, scoring four goals, in the 1970s and early 1980s. He is famous for scoring the goals that beat England 2–0 at Wembley in 1977.\n", "Nicknamed \"Jantje Breed\" Peters started his professional career in the 1971–1972 season for NEC Nijmegen. In 1977, he moved to AZ'67, with whom he won the Dutch title in 1981. A year later he moved to Italy, where he played for Genoa C.F.C. (1983–85) and Atalanta Bergamo (1985–86). He ended his professional career at the club where he started, NEC Nijmegen (1986–88).\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Dutch footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q919764", "wikidata_label": "Jan Peters", "wikipedia_title": "Jan Peters (footballer)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Petar Stoyanov\n", "Petar Stefanov Stojanov (; born 25 May 1952) is a Bulgarian politician who was President of Bulgaria from 1997 to 2002. He was elected as a candidate of the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF). He did not succeed in the next presidential elections and after leaving office refrained from politics for a while, but, later became an MP in 2005 and was Chairman of UDF from 1 October 2005 to 22 May 2007.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Stoyanov was born on 25 May 1952, in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. After graduating from secondary school, Stoyanov entered the Saint Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia law faculty where he graduated with honors in 1976. He practiced civil law in Plovdiv through the next fifteen years. Stoyanov also speaks English and German in addition to his mother tongue Bulgarian.\n", "Quickly after the political changes in Bulgaria at the end of 1989 from communism to democratic rule Stoyanov embarked on a political career (1990), co-founding and chairing a Democracy Club in Plovdiv. Later in the same year, he became spokesman of the Plovdiv Coordinating Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), a new Bulgarian coalitional opposition to the former ruling political parties (BKP and BZNS).\n", "When in 1991 UDF formed first non-communist government after the political changes in Bulgaria, President Stoyanov served as Deputy Minister of Justice. In 1993, UDF government fell out of power due to parliamentary voting of approval that did not reach enough votes. Thenafter, in May 1993, Stoyanov became a President of the UDF Legal Council.\n", "In 1994, he was elected Member of Parliament and he was Deputy Chairman of the UDF Parliamentary Group, also Deputy Chairman of the Parliamentary Commission on Youth, Sports, and Tourism. In 1995 he was Deputy Chairman of UDF responsible for domestic policy.\n", "Section::::Biography.:President.\n", "On 1 June 1996 Petar Stoyanov won the Union Democratic Forces presidential primary, 1996 with 66% of the 870,000 votes cast and was nominated as the presidential candidate of the UDF. In the presidential elections he received more votes than the socialist candidate Ivan Marazov and George Ganchev, founder and leader of Bulgarian Business Bloc, in the first round. He then defeated Marazov in a runoff by winning 59,73% of the votes cast.He was elected President of Bulgaria with the support of diverse opposition parties on 3 November 1996.\n", "On 19 January 1997, he was sworn in as President and on 22 January 1997 stepped into office. He was the first Bulgarian Head of State after the Second World War, who was not a member of the Communist Party. \n", "Right from the beginning of his tenure Petar Stoyanov faced the most dramatic crisis in the new history of Bulgaria. For more than a month, tens of thousands were protesting against the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) government. After the resignation of the Socialist Prime Minister Jean Videnov, the President of BSP, Georgi Parvanov and the newly appointed Prime Minister, Nikolay Dobrev, paid a visit to the newly elected Head of State with a Cabenit line-up of the new BSP Council of Ministers. Since they had absolute majority in the 37th National Assembly, the BSP (the former Communist Party) had the absolute majority to vote the new Cabinet. President Stoyanov refused to propose the BSP Cabinet to be voted in Parliament and on the same day, February 4th, 1997, he summoned the National Security Consultative Council, including representatives of all political forces. It is during this Consultative Council that the BSP were forced to concede their mandate to form a new cabinet, and so with the decisive role of the newly-elected Head of State the political crisis was ended. President Stoyanov appointed a Caretaker Government headed by Sofia Mayor Stefan Sofianski, who was elected by the Union of Democratic Forces,  and appointed new parliamentary elections which were won by the UDF with full majority.\n", "Term of Office\n", "At the request of President Stoyanov, the Caretaker Government officially submitted a request for Bulgaria's membership in NATO. Petar Stoyanov also played an important role in resolving the Kosovo crisis, strongly supporting the Alliance.\n", "Bulgaria entered into active negotiations for accession to the European Union, which was key to the country's subsequent accession to the EU.\n", "Bulgaria ratified the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and became a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.\n", "In 1999, for the first time, a US President visited Bulgaria. At Stoyanov's invitation, Bill Clinton made a historic three-day visit between November 21/23.\n", "During his term of office Stoyanov became the first Head of state in the world to sign a law with an electronic signature. Petar Stoyanov has been a member of the Internet Society - Bulgaria, since 21 July 2000.\n", "The original of  \"Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya\" was returned to the monastery library of the Zograf Monastery on January 12, 1998 at his decision.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Elections for president in 2001.\n", "Petar Stoyanov lost the presidential elections in 2001. In the first round of the 2001 voting he finished in second place, as the socialist candidate Georgi Parvanov received 36.3%, Stoyanov received 34.9% and Bogomil Bonev received 19.2%. Stoyanov lost the runoff to Parvanov 46.7% to 53.3%.\n", "Petar Stoyanov ran for a second presidential term in 2001, but lost in the second round against Georgi Parvanov, although the initial sociological surveys were in his favour.\n", "During a TV debate with the participation of the candidate for President Bogomil Bonev,  Stoyanov produced a secret file containing information about  Bonev’s alleged contacts with persons of dubious repute. The presenter Ivo Indzhev read it out on air. At the height of the disputes, the reply of the other Presenter, Svetla Petrova, was \"you risk the biggest winner of the dispute to be Georgi Parvanov,\" who did not participate in the TV dispute due to a meeting with voters. The popular opinion is that Stoyanov's actions deterred many voters and, with his moderate behavior, Parvanov won the votes of the undecided voters. In fact, during the campaign Petar Stoyanov did not receive the full support of any political party. The Movement for Rights and Freedoms (the party of the Bulgarian ethnic Turks) strongly supported the candidate of the former Communist Party, Georgi Parvanov, despite the opressions the Bulgarian Turks were subjected to during the so-called \"Revival process\" by the oppressive bodies of the Bulgarian Communist Party.\n", "Before the start of the campaign, Stoyanov was supported by the UDF, but voters were baffled by ambiguous statements by leaders of the Union of Democratic Forces. Despite the expectation that the NDSV, which had won the parliamentary elections by an absolute majority shortly before, would support Stoyanov, this did not happen. During the second round, the leader of the movement and the then prime minister Simeon Saxe-Coburg Gotha announced that he would not vote, motivated by the desire to save the state the cost of the trip to the village of Banya, where he was registered and this disheartened his followers and voters.\n", "Petar Stoyanov lost the elections for a second presidential term and this marked the beginning of the end of the Union of Democratic Forces, backed by many hopes and expectations after the fall of communism in Bulgaria.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Later political career.\n", "In September 2004, Stoyanov was appointed as Special Envoy for Moldova of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office.\n", "In 2005, Stoyanov returned to active politics. He was elected as a member of the 40th National Assembly, where he became a member of the European Integration Committee and a member of State Administration Affairs Committee. Because of the UDF's inadequate result in these elections (8.4% of the popular vote, and 20 out of 240 seats), he blamed the party leader Nadezhda Mihailova, criticizing her policy. On October 1, 2005 the UDF National Conference elected him as Chairman.\n", "On 20 May 2007 at the first Bulgarian elections for EU Parliament, Stoyanov – who led the UDF list – failed to get elected since UDF fell 1% short of the 5.66% electoral threshold. This resulted in his resignation from the chairmanship of the Union of Democratic Forces on 22 May 2007.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Other.\n", "Stoyanov serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity. In 2002, as a fellow of The German Marshall Fund, Petar Stoyanov delivered lectures in the USA at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, New York University, American Bar Association (Washington, DC) and other universities.\n", "Section::::Membership.\n", "Stoyanov is member of the Bulgarian Internet Society since 2000, and has been a regular Internet user.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "He is married to Antonina Stoyanova and has a daughter Fany (born 1990) and a son Stefan (born 1979). His younger brother, Emil Stoyanov, is a former MEP from GERB.\n", "Section::::Honours and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- : Collar of the Order of Civil Merit\n", "BULLET::::- : Grand Cross with Sash of the Order of the Star of Romania (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- : Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- : Knight of the Order of the Elephant (2000)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Personal website of Petar Stoyanov\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Roland Joffé\n", "Roland Joffé (born 17 November 1945) is a British director and producer of film and television, known for the Academy Award-winning movies \"The Killing Fields\" and \"The Mission\". He began his career in television, his early credits including episodes of \"Coronation Street\" and an adaptation of \"The Stars Look Down\" for Granada. He gained a reputation for hard-hitting political stories with the series \"Bill Brand\" and factual dramas for \"Play for Today\".\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "Joffé was educated at two independent schools: the Lycée français Charles de Gaulle in London, and Carmel College in Wallingford, Oxfordshire, which was Europe's only Jewish boarding school, until it closed in 1997. He completed his formal education at the University of Manchester.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:TV director.\n", "After university, Joffé joined Granada Television as a trainee director in 1973, where he directed episodes of \"Coronation Street\", \"Sam\", \"The Stars Look Down\", \"Crown Court\", \"Bill Brand\", and \"Headmaster\".\n", "In 1977, producer Tony Garnett was commissioned by the BBC to direct the play \"The Spongers\" within BBCs \"Play for Today\" series. He informed the BBC drama department that he wanted to hire Roland Joffé as director, but was told that Joffé did not possess BBC clearance and was regarded a \"security risk\". The reason was that Joffé had attended some Workers' Revolutionary Party meetings in the early 1970s, although he never became a party member. He explained around 1988: \"I was very interested in politics at that time. But I was interested in what all the political parties were doing, not just the WRP, and I was never actively involved.\" Only after Garnett threatened he would \"go public\", was the veto on Joffé's appointment withdrawn. \"The Spongers\" won the prestigious Prix Italia award.\n", "Joffé also directed an episode in BBC's \"Second City Firsts\" in 1977 and later directed two more plays for \"Play for Today\": \"The Legion Hall Bombing\" (1979) and \"United Kingdom\" (1981). In 1979, he directed the TV play \"No, Mama, No\" by Verity Bargate for the \"ITV Playhouse\" series, and in 1980 he made a version of 17th century dramatist John Ford's play \"'Tis Pity She's a Whore\" as a TV film for the BBC.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film director.\n", "Roland Joffé's first two feature films (\"The Killing Fields\", 1984, and \"The Mission\", 1986) each garnered him an Academy Award nomination for Best Director. Joffé worked closely with producer David Puttnam on each film. \"The Killing Fields\" detailed the friendship of two men, an American journalist for \"The New York Times\", and his translator, a prisoner of the Khmer Rouge in Communist Cambodia. It won three Academy Awards (for Best Supporting Actor, Best Cinematography, and Best Film Editing) and was nominated for four more (including Best Picture and Best Director). \"The Mission\" was a story of conflict between Jesuit missionaries in South America, who were trying to convert the Guaraní Indians, and the Portuguese and Spanish colonisers, who wanted to enslave the natives. In an interview with Thomas Bird, Joffé says of \"The Mission\", \"The Indians are innocent. The film is about what happens in the world . . . what that innocence brings out in us. You would sit in a cinema in New York, or in Tokyo, or Paris, and for that point of time you would be joined with your companions on this planet. You would come out with a real sense of a network.\". The film won the Palme d'Or and Technical Grand Jury Prize at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival. It achieved six Academy Awards nominations—including for Best Picture, Best Director, and Ennio Morricone's acclaimed Best Original Score—and won one, for Best Cinematography.\n", "Since his initial acclaim, Joffé's film career has been less successful. In 1993, he produced and partially directed a big budget adaptation of the video game \"Super Mario Bros.\". The film struggled to make back its budget. His 1995 adaptation of \"The Scarlet Letter\" was a critical and financial disaster, and his 2007 horror film \"Captivity\" drew controversy with its advertising billboards, widely regarded as exploitative and misogynistic. He received Razzie Nominations for Worst Director for \"The Scarlet Letter\" and \"Captivity\".\n", "His 2011 release, \"There Be Dragons\", garnered press attention as it dealt with the Catholic organisation Opus Dei. A movie about faith and forgiveness, \"There Be Dragons\" is a project that Joffé says has a message he's proud to say on film. In an interview with CBN.com, he stated, \"I have a very deep emotional investment in this film. I feel that I really want to stand behind what it says to us as human beings.\"\n", "In 2013 Joffé directed the Anglo-Indian historical epic romance time travel adventure film, \"The Lovers\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Joffé is of Jewish descent but has described himself as a \"wobbly agnostic\". He is not related to the French film director Arthur Joffé, as is often wrongly stated. \n", "Joffé was married to actress Jane Lapotaire; they have a son, screenwriter and director Rowan Joffé (b. 1973). Later, he and actor Cherie Lunghi were in a longterm relationship; they have a daughter, actor Nathalie Lunghi (b. 1986). \n", "Joffé is a board member of the nonprofit organization Operation USA. He was the official patron of the 2011 Cambodia Volleyball World Cup held from 23 to 29 July at the National Olympic Stadium Phnom Penh.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Coronation Street\" (1973–1974, 4 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sam\" (1974–1975, 4 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Stars Look Down\" (1975) (6 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crown Court\" (1976, 4 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bill Brand\" (1976, 5 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Headmaster\" (1977, 3 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Second City Firsts\" (1977, 1 episode)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Spongers\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Legion Hall Bombing\" (1978, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"No, Mama, No\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"United Kingdom\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Undressed\" (2002, 1 episode)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Texas Rising\" (2015) (all 5 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sun Records\" (2017) (all 8 episodes)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Film.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Killing Fields\" (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mission\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fat Man and Little Boy\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"City of Joy\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Super Mario Bros.\" (uncredited, 1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Scarlet Letter\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goodbye Lover\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vatel\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Captivity\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"You and I\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"There Be Dragons\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lovers\" (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Forgiven\" (2017)\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "Academy Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: Best Director (\"The Killing Fields\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: Best Director (\"The Mission\", nominated)\n", "British Academy Film Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: Best Direction (\"The Killing Fields\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: Best Direction (\"The Mission\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: Best Film (\"The Mission\", nominated)\n", "Berlin International Film Festival:\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: Golden Bear (\"Fat Man and Little Boy\", nominated)\n", "Cannes Film Festival:\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: Golden Palm (\"The Mission\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: Technical Grand Prize (\"The Mission\", won)\n", "Golden Globes:\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: Best Director (\"The Killing Fields\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: Best Director (\"The Mission\", nominated)\n", "Golden Raspberry Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Worst Picture (\"The Scarlet Letter\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Worst Remake Or Sequel (\"The Scarlet Letter\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Worst Director (\"The Scarlet Letter\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: Worst Director (\"Captivity\", nominated)\n", "Prix Italia:\n", "BULLET::::- 1978: \"The Spongers\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Roland Joffé at WN\n", "BULLET::::- \"BOMB Magazine\" interview with Roland Joffé by Thomas Bird (Winter, 1987)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Matt Gonzalez\n", "Matthew Edward Gonzalez (born June 4, 1965) is an American politician, lawyer, and activist. He was an important figure in San Francisco politics from 2000 to 2005, when he served on San Francisco County's Board of Supervisors and was president of the Board. In 2003, Gonzalez, running as a member of the Green Party, lost a close race for mayor of San Francisco to Democrat Gavin Newsom. In the 2008 presidential election, Gonzalez ran for vice president as the running mate of candidate Ralph Nader. He currently works as the Chief Attorney at the San Francisco Public Defender's Office.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Matthew Edward Gonzalez was born in McAllen, Texas. His father, a division chief for the international tobacco company Brown & Williamson, moved the family to New Orleans, Baltimore, and Louisville, Kentucky, before resettling in McAllen when Gonzalez was eleven years old. After graduating from McAllen Memorial High School, he attended Columbia University, from which he graduated in 1987. In 1990, he obtained a Juris Doctor degree from Stanford Law School.\n", "Gonzalez began working as a trial lawyer at the Office of the Public Defender in San Francisco in 1991.\n", "Section::::Politics and Public Service.\n", "Gonzalez served one term on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in the years 2001–2005. He was elected president of the Board in 2003. After losing the mayoral election in 2003, he chose not to seek re-election.\n", "Section::::Politics and Public Service.:Run for District Attorney.\n", "Gonzalez entered politics when he ran for San Francisco District Attorney in 1999. He campaigned to halt political corruption and marijuana prosecutions. Gonzalez lost to incumbent Terence Hallinan. In a field of five candidates, he finished third with 20,153 votes (11 percent of the total).\n", "Section::::Politics and Public Service.:Board of Supervisors.\n", "Section::::Politics and Public Service.:Board of Supervisors.:Election.\n", "In 2000, a system of electing supervisors by district rather than citywide took effect. At the urging of Supervisor Tom Ammiano, Gonzalez moved from his home in the Mission District to run for supervisor in newly made District 5. In early November, shortly before the run-off election, Gonzalez switched party affiliations from the Democratic Party to the nascent Green Party. His opponent, Juanita Owens, tried to capitalize on many Democrats' ill feelings toward the Green Party in the wake of Ralph Nader's involvement in the acrimonious 2000 presidential election, but Gonzalez won the run-off election. He was part of a slate of candidates who wanted to change the direction of city policy, in opposition to the \"Brown machine,\" a Democratic Party political machine that had dominated local politics for over 30 years behind Mayor Willie Brown, the Pelosi family, and other Democrats. His supporters saw his election as a turning point in local politics.\n", "Section::::Politics and Public Service.:Board of Supervisors.:On the board.\n", "Gonzalez's critics considered him a stubborn and willful ideologue. When the Board put forth a resolution commending San Franciscan Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi for being elected House Minority Whip and being the first woman to hold that position, Gonzalez was the only board member who voted against it. Gonzalez said that supervisors should not issue commendations for winning partisan political positions and that he had written a personal note to Pelosi congratulating her, as she had done him for being elected board president. Gonzalez refused to meet with Brown during his first two years on the Board of Supervisors, saying he did so to avoid being subject to Brown's influence rather than as a matter of disrespect. Two sources reported that Gonzalez defied Brown by walking out of the mayor's State of the City address in 2002. However, Gonzalez later told \"SF Weekly\" that he was never in attendance.\n", "Section::::Politics and Public Service.:Board of Supervisors.:As board president.\n", "In January 2003, Gonzalez was elected president of the Board of Supervisors after seven rounds of voting, most of which had Gonzalez vying for a majority vote with supervisors Aaron Peskin and Sophie Maxwell. When Peskin dropped out Gonzalez emerged the winner, counting among his supporters conservative Board member Tony Hall, who said when asked why he voted for Gonzalez, \"Gonzalez is a man of integrity and intelligence who will carry out his responsibilities fairly and impartially.\"\n", "Gonzalez hosted monthly art exhibits in his City Hall office. At the last reception, graffiti artist Barry McGee spray-painted \"Smash the State\" on the walls of the office as part of his exhibit.\" Gonzalez told the press that he knew his office would be repainted for the next occupant.\n", "Section::::Politics and Public Service.:Campaign for Mayor.\n", "In August 2003, Gonzalez ran for Mayor of San Francisco in a bid to replace outgoing two-term mayor Willie Brown. On a ballot with nine candidates, Gonzalez finished second in the primary election on November 4 behind Gavin Newsom, a Democrat and fellow member of the Board of Supervisors who had been endorsed by Brown. Gonzalez received 19.6 percent of the total vote to Newsom's 41.9 percent. Because none of the candidates received a majority, a run-off election was held on December 9.\n", "Gonzalez faced a difficult run-off election; only 3 percent of voters in San Francisco were registered to the Green Party, the party to which he belonged. Although Gonzalez was endorsed by several key local Democrats, including five members of the Board of Supervisors, national Democratic figures, concerned about Ralph Nader's role in the 2000 presidential election, campaigned on Newsom's behalf. Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Jesse Jackson, Dianne Feinstein, and Nancy Pelosi all campaigned for Newsom. Gonzalez said about his candidacy, \"They're scared, not of a Green being elected mayor, but of an honest person being elected mayor.\" Newsom won the runoff race by a margin of 11,000 votes, capturing 53 percent of the vote to Gonzalez's 47 percent\n", "Section::::Return to Private Life.\n", "Following the mayoral contest, Gonzalez announced he would not seek re-election to the Board of Supervisors. He left office when his term ended in January 2005. He was succeeded by Ross Mirkarimi, a Green Party member and community activist who had also worked on Gonzalez's campaign. Gonzalez then opened law offices with fellow Stanford University alum Whitney Leigh. In May 2005 Gonzalez sought unsuccessfully to overturn the contract of San Francisco school Superintendent Arlene Ackerman. His law firm brought suit against a San Francisco hotel for not paying its workers the minimum wage; two wrongful death suits against Sacramento police for using tasers; against the city of San Jose and Ringling Brothers Circus for interfering with free speech rights of protestors; and against Clear Channel in a naming rights dispute over the locally owned San Francisco Warfield Theatre. It has also been involved in examining the New Year's Eve attack on the Yale a cappella group \"The Baker's Dozen\" in Pacific Heights.\n", "Section::::2008 Presidential Race.\n", "In January 2008, Gonzalez, along with several other prominent Green Party members, launched Ralph Nader's 2008 Presidential Exploratory Committee to support a possible Nader candidacy. On February 28, 2008, four days after announcing his presidential bid, Nader named Gonzalez as his running mate for the 2008 presidential election.\n", "Nader announced that he and Gonzalez would not seek the Green Party nomination but would run as independents. On March 4, 2008, Gonzalez announced that he had left the Green Party and had changed his voter registration to independent. The change, he said, was to accommodate states, including Delaware, Idaho and Oregon, that did not allow members of political parties to run as independents.\n", "On October 18, 2008 Gonzalez and Nader held a large protest on Wall Street following the passage of the Troubled Asset Relief Program. Their opposition to the bailout was a key issue of the Nader/Gonzalez campaign, in contrast to the Democratic and Republican Party candidates who supported the bill.\n", "Gonzalez participated in the third party vice-presidential debates, along with Constitution Party vice-presidential candidate Darrell Castle and Libertarian Wayne Allyn Root, held in Las Vegas, on November 2, 2008. The event was hosted by Free and Equal.org and Free & Equal Elections (FREE), an organization of political parties, independent citizens and civic organizations formed to promote free and equal elections in the United States.\n", "Section::::Public Defender.\n", "In February 2011, Jeff Adachi appointed Gonzalez as Chief Attorney in the Public Defender's Office. In 2012, Gonzalez was criticized for taking a paid, month-long leave of absence to act as co-counsel for a corporation, Cobra Solutions, in its $16 million lawsuit against San Francisco. This was a violation of the San Francisco Public Defender's office rules of ethics, part of which states, \"No employee may provide legal advice or legal representation...to any person or entity other than in the employee's official capacity.\" \n", "Gonzalez defended Jose Ines Garcia Zarate in a murder case which received national media attention because the defendant was an undocumented immigrant who had previously been deported 5 times. Zarate, 45, was found not guilty of assault with a firearm but was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm after a trial that lasted more than five weeks. Mr. Zarate was sentenced to time already served.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of American politicians who switched parties in office\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Carlsson, Chris, ed. (2005) \"The Political Edge\", City Lights Foundation Books: San Francisco, CA. .\n", "BULLET::::- Walter, Nicole (2004) \"Go Matt Go!\" Hats Off Books: Tucson, AZ. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Matt Gonzalez Reader, Gonzalez's blog\n", "BULLET::::- Gonzalez's Nader/Camejo 2004 Campaign Kick-Off Rally Speech a speech delivered on July 16, 2004\n", "BULLET::::- Matt Gonzalez and Rosa Clemente respond to Biden-Palin Debate Response to only televised 2008 U.S. Vice-Presidential Debate, Democracy Now! October 3, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- Speech at the 2004 Green Party national convention Milwaukee, Wisconsin. June 26, 2004\n", "BULLET::::- Matt Gonzalez - Natl Latino Congreso Matt Gonzalez interview at the 2008 National Latino Congresso in Los Angeles, CA\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dave Freudenthal\n", "David Duane Freudenthal (; born October 12, 1950) is an American attorney, economist, and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Wyoming from 2003 to 2011.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Education and early life.\n", "Dave Freudenthal was born in Thermopolis, the seat of Hot Springs County in north central Wyoming, the seventh of eight children, and grew up on a farm north of town. He graduated in 1973 from Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, with a bachelor's degree in economics. After graduating he joined the Department of Economic Planning and Development as an economist and later became the state planning director for Governor Edgar Herschler.\n", "Freudenthal entered the University of Wyoming College of Law, receiving his law degree in 1980, and went into private practice.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Political career.\n", "In 1994, he was appointed United States Attorney for the District of Wyoming upon the recommendation of then-Governor Mike Sullivan. Freudenthal left the post of U.S. Attorney in May 2001.\n", "Freudenthal was elected Governor of Wyoming on November 5, 2002. He was reelected to a second term on November 7, 2006, beating his opponent by nearly 40%. In June 2007, he appointed John Barrasso to the United States Senate following the death of Craig Thomas. Freudenthal announced on March 4, 2010 that he would not attempt to seek a third term as governor.\n", "Despite being a Democrat in one of the most Republican states in the country (John McCain had won 65% of the vote in the previous presidential election), Freudenthal remained consistently popular with his constituents throughout his tenure. As governor he often took rather conservative positions, leading to squabbles with federal officials and environmental groups. His two terms also oversaw an enormous energy boom and surpluses in government revenue, although later on Freudenthal called for cuts to state agencies as growth slowed. In fact, Freudenthal and his eventual Republican successor, Matt Mead, notably held similar positions on various issues.\n", "On April 2, 2008, Freudenthal endorsed Democrat Barack Obama of Illinois for the party's presidential nomination, having cited \"Obama's style of leadership and openness to discussion.\" Obama won the Wyoming Democratic caucus by a 61.44-37.83 margin over then U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton of New York.\n", "After retiring as governor, Freudenthal briefly worked at the law firm of Crowell & Moring as Senior Counsel in the firm's now-defunct Cheyenne, Wyoming office.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Freudenthal is married to Nancy D. Freudenthal, a native of Cody, who serves as a judge on the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming. They have four children: Donald, Hillary, Bret, and Katie.\n" ] }

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Wyeth", "Zane Grey", "Harper's Weekly", "Peabody", "Plum Grove", "Brooklyn", "Art Students League of New York", "Collier's", "Geronimo", "1886 Charleston earthquake", "Outing", "wash", "Winslow Homer", "Eastman Johnson", "Blackfoot", "Crow Nation", "Canadian Mounties", "Theodore Roosevelt", "The Century Magazine", "National Academy of Design", "New York Herald", "Albert Bierstadt", "Howard Pyle", "Charles Dana Gibson", "New Rochelle, New York", "Julian Hawthorne", "Edward Kemble", "Augustus Thomas", "Lathers Hill", "Long Island Sound", "Westchester County", "gable", "Nelson Miles", "Apaches", "Arizona", "sandstorm", "massacre at Wounded Knee", "Pine Ridge Indian Reservation", "South Dakota", "Sioux", "monochromatic", "Owen Wister", "Frederick Ruckstull", "broncho buster", "Howard Pyle", "Theodore Roosevelt", "Spanish–American War", "William Randolph Hearst", "assault on San Juan Hill", "The Broncho Buster", "Cosmopolitan", "lost wax", "Fired On", "The Virginian", "Chihuahua", "Association for Public Art", "Fairmount Park", "Maxfield Parrish", "Ridgefield, Connecticut", "The Ten", "Impressionism", "appendectomy", "peritonitis", "Frederic Remington House", "National Historic Landmark", "Deborah Remington", "United States Congress", "Ogdensburg, New York", "Frederic Remington Post Office Building", "Charles Russell", "Charles Schreyvogel", "George Catlin", "Hudson River School", "Frederic Edwin Church", "Thomas Moran", "Owen Wister", "Harper's Monthly", "Thomas Eakins", "Eadweard Muybridge", "The Broncho Buster", "PBS", "American Masters", "Tom Neff", "Nick Chinlund", "TNT", "Rough Riders", "William Randolph Hearst", "George Hamilton", "Frederic Remington Art Museum", "Ogdensburg, New York", "Amon Carter Museum", "Fort Worth, Texas", "Sid Richardson Museum", "Fort Worth, Texas", "Buffalo Bill Historical Center", "Cody, Wyoming", "Gilcrease Museum", "Tulsa, Oklahoma", "Metropolitan Museum", "Museum of Fine Arts", "Houston", "National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum", "Oklahoma City, Oklahoma", "Utah Museum of Fine Arts", "Frederic Remington Art Museum", "Frederic Remington High School", "Frederic Remington House", "Frederic Remington Post Office Building", "New Rochelle Walk of Fame", "Texas Trail of Fame", "R. 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Russell", "Bronco Buster statue in Manawa, Wisconsin", "Sid Richardson Museum", "biography", "Works from the Permanent Collection of the Utah Museum of Fine Arts", "Frederic Remington The Online Art Museum", "Frederic Remington Art Museum", "Ogdensburg, New York", "frederic-remington.org", "PBS on Remington", "National Gallery web feature on the artist highlighting nocturnal paintings in the exhibition Frederic Remington: The Color of Night", "Remington Gallery at Museum Syndicate", "Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute 2008 exhibition, \"Remington Looking West\"", "Frederic Remington exhibition catalogs" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Frederic Remington\n", "Frederic Sackrider Remington (October 4, 1861 – December 26, 1909) was an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the American Old West, specifically concentrating on scenes from the last quarter of the 19th century in the Western United States and featuring images of cowboys, American Indians, and the U.S. Cavalry, among other figures from Western culture.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Remington was born in Canton, New York in 1861 to Seth Pierrepont Remington (1830–1880) and Clarissa \"Clara\" Bascom Sackrider (1836–1912). His paternal family owned hardware stores and emigrated from Alsace-Lorraine in the early 18th century. His maternal family of the Bascom line was of French Basque ancestry, coming to America in the early 1600s and founding Windsor, Connecticut. Remington's father was a Union army officer, a colonel, in the American Civil War whose family had arrived in America from England in 1637. He was a newspaper editor and postmaster, and the family was active in local politics and staunchly Republican. One of Remington's great-grandfathers, Samuel Bascom, was a saddle maker by trade, and the Remingtons were fine horsemen. Frederic Remington was related by family bloodlines to Indian portrait artist George Catlin and cowboy sculptor Earl W. Bascom. Another noted western artist related to Remington through the Bascom family is Frank Tenney Johnson, the \"father of western moonlight painting.\"\n", "Frederic Remington was also a cousin to Eliphalet Remington, founder of the Remington Arms Company, which is considered America's oldest gunmaker. He was also related to three famous mountain men—Jedediah Smith, Jonathan T. Warner and Robert \"Doc\" Newell. Through the Warner side of his family, Remington was related to General George Washington, America's first president.\n", "Remington's ancestors fought in the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the American Civil War.\n", "Colonel Remington was away at war during most of the first four years of his son's life. After the war, he moved his family to Bloomington, Illinois for a brief time and was appointed editor of the Bloomington \"Republican\", but the family returned to Canton in 1867. Remington was the only child of the marriage, and received constant attention and approval. He was an active child, large and strong for his age, who loved to hunt, swim, ride, and go camping. He was a poor student though, particularly in math, which did not bode well for his father's ambitions for his son to attend West Point. He began to make drawings and sketches of soldiers and cowboys at an early age.\n", "The family moved to Ogdensburg, New York when Remington was eleven and he attended Vermont Episcopal Institute, a church-run military school, where his father hoped discipline would rein in his son's lack of focus and perhaps lead to a military career. Remington took his first drawing lessons at the Institute. He then transferred to another military school where his classmates found the young Remington to be a pleasant fellow, a bit careless and lazy, good-humored, and generous of spirit, but definitely not soldier material. He enjoyed making caricatures and silhouettes of his classmates. At sixteen, he wrote to his uncle of his modest ambitions, \"I never intend to do any great amount of labor. I have but one short life and do not aspire to wealth or fame in a degree which could only be obtained by an extraordinary effort on my part\". He imagined a career for himself as a journalist, with art as a sideline.\n", "Remington attended the art school at Yale University, studying under John Henry Niemeyer. Remington was the only male student in his freshman year. He found that football and boxing were more interesting than the formal art training, particularly drawing from casts and still life objects. He preferred action drawing and his first published illustration was a cartoon of a \"bandaged football player\" for the student newspaper \"Yale Courant\". Though he was not a star player, his participation on the strong Yale football team was a great source of pride for Remington and his family. He left Yale in 1879 to tend to his ailing father, who had tuberculosis. His father died a year later, at age fifty, receiving respectful recognition from the citizens of Ogdensburg. Remington's Uncle Mart secured a good paying clerical job for his nephew in Albany, New York and Remington would return home on weekends to see his girlfriend Eva Caten. After the rejection of his engagement proposal to Eva by her father, Remington became a reporter for his Uncle Mart's newspaper, then went on to other short-lived jobs.\n", "Living off his inheritance and modest work income, Remington refused to go back to art school and instead spent time camping and enjoying himself. At nineteen, he made his first trip west, going to Montana, at first to buy a cattle operation then a mining interest but realized he did not have sufficient capital for either. In the American West of 1881, he saw the vast prairies, the quickly shrinking buffalo herds, the still unfenced cattle, and the last major confrontations of U.S. Cavalry and Native American tribes, scenes he had imagined since his childhood. He also hunted grizzly bears with Montague Stevens in New Mexico in 1895. Though the trip was undertaken as a lark, it gave Remington a more authentic view of the West than some of the later artists and writers who followed in his footsteps, such as N. C. Wyeth and Zane Grey, who arrived twenty-five years later when much of the mythic West had already slipped into history. From that first trip, \"Harper's Weekly\" printed Remington's first published commercial effort, a re-drawing of a quick sketch on wrapping paper that he had mailed back East. In 1883, Remington went to rural Kansas, south of the city of Peabody near the tiny community of Plum Grove, to try his hand at the booming sheep ranching and wool trade, as one of the \"holiday stockmen\", rich young Easterners out to make a quick killing as ranch owners. He invested his entire inheritance but found ranching to be a rough, boring, isolated occupation which deprived him of the finer things of Eastern life, and the real ranchers thought of him as lazy. In 1884, he sold his land.\n", "Remington continued sketching but at this point his results were still cartoonish and amateur. After less than a year, he sold his ranch and went home. After acquiring more capital from his mother, he returned to Kansas City to start a hardware business, but due to an alleged swindle, it failed, and he reinvested his remaining money as a silent, half-owner of a saloon. He went home to marry Eva Caten in 1884 and they returned to Kansas City immediately. She was unhappy with his saloon life and was unimpressed by the sketches of saloon inhabitants that Remington regularly showed her. When his real occupation became known, she left him and returned to Ogdensburg. With his wife gone and with business doing badly, Remington started to sketch and paint in earnest, and bartered his sketches for essentials.\n", "He soon had enough success selling his paintings to locals to see art as a real profession. Remington returned home again, his inheritance gone but his faith in his new career secured, reunited with his wife and moved to Brooklyn. He began studies at the Art Students League of New York and significantly bolstered his fresh though still rough technique. His timing was excellent as newspaper interest in the dying West was escalating. He submitted illustrations, sketches, and other works for publication with Western themes to \"Collier's\" and \"Harper's Weekly\", as his recent Western experiences (highly exaggerated) and his hearty, breezy \"cowboy\" demeanor gained him credibility with the eastern publishers looking for authenticity. His first full-page cover under his own name appeared in \"Harper's Weekly\" on January 9, 1886, when he was twenty-five. With financial backing from his Uncle Bill, Remington was able to pursue his art career and support his wife.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "In 1886, Remington was sent to Arizona by \"Harper's Weekly\" on a commission as an artist-correspondent to cover the government's war against Geronimo. Although he never caught up with Geronimo, Remington did acquire many authentic artifacts to be used later as props, and made many photos and sketches valuable for later paintings. He also made notes on the true colors of the West, such as \"shadows of horses should be a cool carmine & Blue\", to supplement the black-and-white photos. Ironically, art critics later criticized his palette as \"primitive and unnatural\" even though it was based on actual observation.\n", "After returning East, Remington was sent by \"Harper's Weekly\" to cover the 1886 Charleston earthquake. To expand his commission work, he also began doing drawings for \"Outing\" magazine. His first year as a commercial artist had been successful, earning Remington $1,200, almost triple that of a typical teacher. He had found his life's work and bragged to a friend, \"That's a pretty good break for an ex cow-puncher to come to New York with $30 and catch on it 'art'.\"\n", "For commercial reproduction in black-and-white, he produced ink and wash drawings. As he added watercolor, he began to sell his work in art exhibitions. His works were selling well but garnered no prizes, as the competition was strong and masters like Winslow Homer and Eastman Johnson were considered his superiors. A trip to Canada in 1887 produced illustrations of the Blackfoot, the Crow Nation, and the Canadian Mounties, which were eagerly enjoyed by the reading public.\n", "Later that year, Remington received a commission to do eighty-three illustrations for a book by Theodore Roosevelt, \"Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail\", to be serialized in \"The Century Magazine\" before publication. The 29-year-old Roosevelt had a similar Western adventure to Remington, losing money on a ranch in North Dakota the previous year but gaining experience which made him an \"expert\" on the West. The assignment gave Remington's career a big boost and forged a lifelong connection with Roosevelt.\n", "His full-color oil painting \"Return of the Blackfoot War Party\" was exhibited at the National Academy of Design and the \"New York Herald\" commented that Remington would \"one day be listed among our great American painters\". Though not admired by all critics, Remington's work was deemed \"distinctive\" and \"modern\". By now, he was demonstrating the ability to handle complex compositions with ease, as in \"Mule Train Crossing the Sierras\" (1888), and to show action from all points of view. His status as the new trendsetter in Western art was solidified in 1889 when he won a second-class medal at the Paris Exposition. He had been selected by the American committee to represent American painting, over Albert Bierstadt whose majestic, large-scale landscapes peopled with tiny figures of pioneers and Indians were now considered passé.\n", "Around this time, Remington made a gentleman's agreement with \"Harper's Weekly\", giving the magazine an informal first option on his output but maintaining Remington's independence to sell elsewhere if desired. As a bonus, the magazine launched a massive promotional campaign for Remington, stating that \"He draws what he knows, and he knows what he draws.\" Though laced with blatant puffery (common for the time) claiming that Remington was a bona fide cowboy and Indian scout, the effect of the campaign was to raise Remington to the equal of the era's top illustrators, Howard Pyle and Charles Dana Gibson.\n", "His first one-man show, in 1890, presented twenty-one paintings at the American Art Galleries and was very well received. With success all but assured, Remington became established in society. His personality, his \"pseudo-cowboy\" speaking manner, and his \"Wild West\" reputation were strong social attractions. His biography falsely promoted some of the myths he encouraged about his Western experiences.\n", "Remington's regular attendance at celebrity banquets and stag dinners, however, though helpful to his career, fostered prodigious eating and drinking which caused his girth to expand alarmingly. Obesity became a constant problem for him from then on. Among his urban friends and fellow artists, he was \"a man among men, a deuce of a good fellow\" but notable because he (facetiously) \"never drew but two women in his life, and they were failures\" (disturbingly, this estimation failed to account for his female Native American subjects).\n", "In 1890, Remington and his wife moved to New Rochelle, New York in order to have both more living space and extensive studio facilities, and also with the hope of gaining more exercise. The community was close to New York City affording easy access to the publishing houses and galleries necessary for the artist, and also rural enough to provide him with the space he needed for horseback riding, and other physical activities that relieved the long hours of concentration required by his work. Moreover, an artists' colony had developed in the town, so that the Remingtons counted among their neighbors writers, actors, and artists such as Francis Wilson, Julian Hawthorne, Edward Kemble, and Augustus Thomas.\n", "The Remingtons' substantial Gothic revival house was situated at 301 Webster Avenue, on a prestigious promontory known as Lathers Hill. A sweeping lawn rolled south toward Long Island Sound, providing views on three sides of the beautiful Westchester County countryside. Remington called it \"\"Endion\"\", an Ojibwa word meaning \"\"the place where I live.\"\" In the early years, no real studio existed at \"\"Endion\"\" and Remington did most of his work in a large attic under the home's front gable where he stored materials collected on his many western excursions. Later he used his library on the main floor, a larger, more comfortable room that soon took on the cluttered appearance of an atelier. However, neither situation was completely satisfactory: the space was limited, the light was less than adequate, and the surroundings were generally uninspiring. In the spring of 1896 Remington retained the New Rochelle architect O. William Degen to plan a studio addition to the house. An article in the New Rochelle Pioneer of April 26 touted the \"fine architectural design\" of the studio. Remington himself wrote to his friend the novelist Owen Wister:\n", "Have concluded to build a butler's pantry and a studio (Czar size) on my house—we will be torn [up] for a month and then will ask you to come over—throw your eye on the march of improvement and say this is a great thing for American art. The fireplace is going to be like this.—Old Norman house—Big—big.\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "Remington's fame made him a favorite of the Western Army officers fighting the last Native American battles. He was invited out West to make their portraits in the field and to gain them national publicity through Remington's articles and illustrations for \"Harper's Weekly\", particularly General Nelson Miles, an Indian fighter who aspired to the presidency of the United States. In turn, Remington got exclusive access to the soldiers and their stories and boosted his reputation with the reading public as \"The Soldier Artist\". One of his 1889 paintings depicts eight cavalrymen shooting at Apaches in the rear as they attempt to outrun the Indians. Another painting that year depicts cavalrymen in an Arizona sandstorm. Remington wrote that the \"heat was awful and the dust rose in clouds. Men get sulky and go into a comatose state – the fine alkali dust penetrates everything but the canteens.\"\n", "Remington arrived on the scene just after the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, in which 150 Sioux, mostly women and children, were killed. He reported the event as \"The Sioux Outbreak in South Dakota\", having hailed the Army's \"heroic\" actions toward the Indians. Some of the Miles paintings are monochromatic and have an almost \"you-are-there\" photographic quality, heightening the realism, as in \"The Parley\" (1898)\n", "Remington's \"Self-Portrait on a Horse\" (1890) shows the artist as he wished he was, not the pot-bellied Easterner weighing heavily on a horse, but a tough, lean cowboy heading for adventure with his trusty steed. It was the image his publishers worked hard to maintain as well.\n", "In \"His Last Stand\" (1890), a cornered bear in the middle of a prairie is brought down by dogs and riflemen, which may have been a symbolized treatment of the dying Indians he had witnessed. Remington's attitude toward Native Americans was typical for the time. He thought them unfathomable, fearless, superstitious, ignorant, and pitiless—and generally portrayed them as such. White men under attack were brave and noble.\n", "Through the 1890s, Remington took frequent trips around the U.S., Mexico, and abroad to gather ideas for articles and illustrations, but his military and cowboy subjects always sold the best, even as the Old West was playing out. In 1892, he painted \"A Cavalryman's Breakfast on the Plains\". Gradually, he transitioned from the premiere chronicler-artist of the Old West to its most important historian-artist. He formed an effective partnership with Owen Wister, who became the leading writer of Western stories at the time. Having more confidence of his craft, Remington wrote, \"My drawing is done entirely from memory. I never use a camera now. The interesting never occurs in nature as a whole, but in pieces. It's more what I leave out than what I add.\" Remington's focus continued on outdoor action and he rarely depicted scenes in gambling and dance halls typically seen in Western movies. He avoided frontier women as well. His painting \"A Misdeal\" (1897) is a rare instance of indoor cowboy violence.\n", "Remington had developed a sculptor's 360-degree sense of vision but until a chance remark by playwright Augustus Thomas in 1895, Remington had not yet conceived of himself as a sculptor and thought of it as a separate art for which he had no training or aptitude. With help from friend and sculptor Frederick Ruckstull, Remington constructed his first armature and clay model, a \"broncho buster\" where the horse is reared on its hind legs—technically a very challenging subject. After several months, the novice sculptor overcame the difficulties and had a plaster cast made, then bronze copies, which were sold at Tiffany's. Remington was ecstatic about his new line of work, and though critical response was mixed, some labelling it negatively as \"illustrated sculpture\", it was a successful first effort earning him $6,000 over three years.\n", "During that busy year, Remington became further immersed in military matters, inventing a new type of ammunition carrier; but his patented invention was not accepted for use by the War Department. His favorite subject for magazine illustration was now military scenes, though he admitted, \"Cowboys are cash with me\". Sensing the political mood of that time, he was looking forward to a military conflict which would provide the opportunity to be a heroic war correspondent, giving him both new subject matter and the excitement of battle. He was growing bored with routine illustration, and he wrote to Howard Pyle, the dean of American illustrators, that he had \"done nothing but potboil of late\". (Earlier, he and Pyle in a gesture of mutual respect had exchanged paintings—Pyle's painting of a dead pirate for Remington's of a rough and ready cowpuncher). He was still working very hard, spending seven days a week in his studio.\n", "Remington was further irritated by the lack of his acceptance to regular membership by the Academy, likely because of his image as a popular, cocky, and ostentatious artist. Remington kept up his contact with celebrities and politicos, and continued to woo Theodore Roosevelt, now the New York City Police Commissioner, by sending him complimentary editions of new works. Despite Roosevelt's great admiration for Remington, he never purchased a Remington painting or drawing.\n", "Remington's association with Roosevelt paid off, however, when the artist became a war correspondent and illustrator during the Spanish–American War in 1898, sent to provide illustrations for William Randolph Hearst's \"New York Journal\". He witnessed the assault on San Juan Hill by American forces, including those led by Roosevelt. However, his heroic conception of war, based in part on his father's Civil War experiences, were shattered by the actual horror of jungle fighting and the deprivations he faced in camp. His reports and illustrations upon his return focused not on heroic generals but on the troops, as in his \"Scream of the Shrapnel\" (1899), which depicts a deadly ambush on American troops by an unseen enemy. When the Rough Riders returned to the U.S., they presented their courageous leader Roosevelt with Remington's bronze statuette, \"The Broncho Buster\", which the artist proclaimed, \"the greatest compliment I ever had ... After this everything will be mere fuss.\" Roosevelt responded, \"There could have been no more appropriate gift from such a regiment.\"\n", "In 1898, he achieved the public honor of having two paintings used for reproduction on U. S. Postal stamps. In 1900, as an economy move, Harper's dropped Remington as their star artist. To compensate for the loss of work, Remington wrote and illustrated a full-length novel, \"The Way of an Indian\", which was intended for serialization by a Hearst publication but not published until five years later in \"Cosmopolitan\". Remington's protagonist, a Cheyenne named Fire Eater, is a prototype Native American as viewed by Remington and many of his time.\n", "Remington then returned to sculpture, and produced his first works produced by the lost wax method, a higher quality process than the earlier sand casting method he had employed. By 1901, \"Collier's\" was buying Remington's illustrations on a steady basis. As his style matured, Remington portrayed his subjects in every light of day. His nocturnal paintings, very popular in his late life, such as \"A Taint on the Wind\", \"Scare in the Pack Train\" and \"Fired On\", are more impressionistic and loosely painted, and focus on the unseen threat.\n", "Remington completed another novel in 1902, \"John Ermine of the Yellowstone\", a modest success but a definite disappointment as it was completely overshadowed by the best seller \"The Virginian\", written by his sometime collaborator Owen Wister, which became a classic Western novel. A stage play based on \"John Ermine\" failed in 1904. After \"John Ermine\", Remington decided he would soon quit writing and illustration (after drawing over 2700 illustrations) to focus on sculpture and painting.\n", "In 1903, Remington painted \"His First Lesson\" set on an American-owned ranch in Chihuahua, Mexico. The hands wear heavy chaps, starched white shirts, and slouch-brimmed hats. In his paintings, Remington sought to let his audience \"take away something to think about – to imagine.\" In 1905, Remington had a major publicity coup when \"Collier's\" devoted an entire issue to the artist, showcasing his latest works. It was that same year that the president of the Fairmount Park Art Association (now the Association for Public Art) commissioned Remington to create a large sculpture of a cowboy for Philadelphia's Fairmount Park, which was erected in 1908 on a jutting rock along Kelly Drive – a site Remington specifically chose for the piece after having a horseman pose for him in that exact location. Philadelphia's \"Cowboy\" (1908) was Remington's first and only large-scale bronze, and the sculpture is one of the earliest examples of site-specific art in the United States.\n", "Remington's \"Explorers\" series, depicting older historical events in western U.S. history, did not fare well with the public or the critics. The financial panic of 1907 caused a slow down in his sales and in 1908, fantasy artists, such as Maxfield Parrish, became popular with the public and with commercial sponsors. Remington tried to sell his home in New Rochelle to get further away from urbanization. One night he made a bonfire in his yard and burned dozens of his oil paintings which had been used for magazine illustration (worth millions of dollars today), making an emphatic statement that he was done with illustration forever. He wrote, \"there is nothing left but my landscape studies\". Near the end of his life, he moved to Ridgefield, Connecticut. In his final two years, under the influence of The Ten, he was veering more heavily to Impressionism, and he regretted that he was studio bound (by virtue of his declining health) and could not follow his peers who painted \"plein air\".\n", "Frederic Remington died after an emergency appendectomy led to peritonitis on December 26, 1909. His extreme obesity (weight nearly 300 pounds) had complicated the anesthesia and the surgery, and chronic appendicitis was cited in the post-mortem examination as an underlying factor in his death.\n", "The Frederic Remington House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. He was the great-uncle of the artist Deborah Remington. In 2009, the United States Congress enacted legislation renaming the historic Post Office in Ogdensburg, New York the Frederic Remington Post Office Building.\n", "Section::::Style and influence.\n", "Remington was the most successful Western illustrator in the \"Golden Age\" of illustration at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, so much so that the other Western artists such as Charles Russell and Charles Schreyvogel were known during Remington's life as members of the \"School of Remington\". His style was naturalistic, sometimes impressionistic, and usually veered away from the ethnographic realism of earlier Western artists such as George Catlin. His focus was firmly on the people and animals of the West, with landscape usually of secondary importance, unlike the members and descendants of the Hudson River School, such as Frederic Edwin Church, Albert Bierstadt, and Thomas Moran, who glorified the vastness of the West and the dominance of nature over man. He took artistic liberties in his depictions of human action, and for the sake of his readers' and publishers' interest. Though always confident in his subject matter, Remington was less sure about his colors, and critics often harped on his palette, but his lack of confidence drove him to experiment and produce a great variety of effects, some very true to nature and some imagined.\n", "His collaboration with Owen Wister on \"The Evolution of the Cowpuncher\", published by \"Harper's Monthly\" in September 1893, was the first statement of the mythical cowboy in American literature, spawning the entire genre of Western fiction, films, and theater that followed. Remington provided the concept of the project, its factual content, and its illustrations and Wister supplied the stories, sometimes altering Remington's ideas. (Remington's prototype cowboys were Mexican rancheros but Wister made the American cowboys descendants of Saxons—in truth, they were both partially right, as the first American cowboys were both the ranchers who tended the cattle and horses of the American Revolutionary army on Long Island and the Mexicans who ranched in the Arizona and California territories).\n", "Remington was one of the first American artists to illustrate the true gait of the horse in motion (along with Thomas Eakins), as validated by the famous sequential photographs of Eadweard Muybridge. Previously, horses in full gallop were usually depicted with all four legs pointing out, like \"hobby horses\". The galloping horse became Remington's signature subject, copied and interpreted by many Western artists who followed him, adopting the correct anatomical motion. Though criticized by some for his use of photography, Remington often created depictions that slightly exaggerated natural motion to satisfy the eye. He wrote, \"the artist must know more than the camera ... (the horse must be) incorrectly drawn from the photographic standpoint (to achieve the desired effect).\"\n", "Also, noteworthy was Remington's invention of \"cowboy\" sculpture. From his inaugural piece, \"The Broncho Buster\" (1895), he created an art form which is still very popular among collectors of Western art.\n", "An early advocate of the photoengraving process over wood engraving for magazine reproduction of illustrative art, Remington became an accepted expert in reproduction methods, which helped gain him strong working relationships with editors and printers. Furthermore, Remington's skill as a businessman was equal to his artistry, unlike many other artists who relied on their spouses or business agents or no one at all to run their financial affairs. He was an effective publicist and promoter of his art. He insisted that his originals be handled carefully and returned to him in pristine condition (without editor's marks) so he could sell them. He carefully regulated his output to maximize his income and kept detailed notes about his works and his sales. In 1991 the PBS series \"American Masters\" filmed a documentary of Remington's life called \"\" produced and directed by Tom Neff.\n", "Remington was portrayed by Nick Chinlund in the TNT miniseries \"Rough Riders\" (1997), which depicts the Spanish–American War, showing Remington's time as a war correspondent and his partnership with William Randolph Hearst (portrayed by George Hamilton).\n", "Section::::Collections.\n", "American museums with significant collections of his paintings, illustrations, and sculptures include: \n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington Art Museum, Ogdensburg, New York;\n", "BULLET::::- Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas\n", "BULLET::::- Sid Richardson Museum, Fort Worth, Texas\n", "BULLET::::- Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody, Wyoming\n", "BULLET::::- Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma\n", "BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum, New York City\n", "BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Houston\n", "BULLET::::- National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and others\n", "Section::::Collections.:In the Utah Museum of Fine Arts (UMFA).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bronco Buster\" (1895) - Bronze Figurine\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sergeant\" (1904) - Bronze Bust\n", "BULLET::::- \"Navajo Shepherd and Goats\" - Paper Engraving/Illustration\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mountain Man\" (1903) - Bronze/Marble Figurine\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rattle Snake (surmoulage)\" - Bronze/Marble Figurine\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington Art Museum in Ogdensburg, New York\n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington High School in Brainerd, Kansas\n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington House in Ridgefield, Connecticut, a National Historic Landmark\n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington Post Office Building in Ogdensburg, New York\n", "BULLET::::- Liberty Ship named Frederic Remington and used in World War II\n", "BULLET::::- New Rochelle Walk of Fame, inductee\n", "BULLET::::- Texas Trail of Fame, inductee\n", "BULLET::::- R. W. Norton Art Gallery, Shreveport, Louisiana, museum has paintings and sculptures by Remington\n", "BULLET::::- Remington Arts Festival, Canton, New York, held the first weekend in October\n", "BULLET::::- Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame inductee 1978\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Coming Through the Rye record price at Christie's\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cold Morning on the Range\", a Remington painting\n", "BULLET::::- \"\", 1991 \"American Masters\" documentary\n", "BULLET::::- Earl W. Bascom, cowboy sculptor and cousin to Remington\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Roy Mitchell, Colorado artist\n", "BULLET::::- J. K. Ralston, western artist\n", "BULLET::::- Charles M. Russell, western artist\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Allen, Douglas, \"Frederic Remington and the Spanish–American War\", New York : Crown, 1971.\n", "BULLET::::- Peggy & Harold Samuels, \"Frederic Remington: A Biography\", Doubleday & Co., Garden City NY, 1982, .\n", "BULLET::::- Brian W. Dippie, \"Remington & Russell\", University of Texas, Austin, 1994, .\n", "BULLET::::- Brian W. Dippie, \"The Frederic Remington Art Museum Collection\", Frederic Remington Art Museum, Ogdensburg, NY, 2001, .\n", "BULLET::::- Michael D. Greenbaum, \"Icons of the West: Frederic Remington's Sculpture\", Frederic Remington Art Museum, Ogdensburg, NY, 1996, .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bronco Buster statue in Manawa, Wisconsin\n", "BULLET::::- Sid Richardson Museum; includes biography\n", "BULLET::::- Works from the Permanent Collection of the Utah Museum of Fine Arts\n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington The Online Art Museum\n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington Art Museum in Ogdensburg, New York\n", "BULLET::::- frederic-remington.org, 108 works by Frederic Remington\n", "BULLET::::- PBS on Remington\n", "BULLET::::- National Gallery web feature on the artist highlighting nocturnal paintings in the exhibition Frederic Remington: The Color of Night\n", "BULLET::::- Remington Gallery at Museum Syndicate\n", "BULLET::::- Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute 2008 exhibition, \"Remington Looking West\"\n", "BULLET::::- Frederic Remington exhibition catalogs\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Frederic Sackrider Remington", "Frederick Remington", "Remington", "remington f.", "f. remington", "frederick remington" ] }, "description": "American artist", "enwikiquote_title": "Frederic Remington", "wikidata_id": "Q560787", "wikidata_label": "Frederic Remington", "wikipedia_title": "Frederic Remington" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marc Racicot\n", "Marc Racicot (; born July 24, 1948) is an American attorney, lobbyist, politician and member of the Republican Party who served as the 21st Governor of Montana from 1993 until 2001. After leaving office, Racicot worked as a lobbyist for the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani. His notable clients included Enron, Burlington Northern Santa Fe, and the Recording Industry Association of America. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2002 until 2003, when he was appointed as the chairman of the Bush re-election campaign. In 2000 as well as 2004 he was rumored to be Bush's choice for United States Attorney General. During the 2000 election some saw him as a possible running mate for Bush. \"The Washington Post\" described him as \"one of Bush's closest friends and advisers\".\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Racicot was born in Thompson Falls, Montana. His ancestors came to the Montana Territory in the 1860s. Marc's grandfather arrived in Libby in 1917 to work as a logging camp cook in northwestern Montana for J. Neils Lumber Company. Marc Racicot was born to Bill and Pat Racicot on July 24, 1948, in Thompson Falls. He was raised in Miles City and Libby. His parents owned a foster home. His father was also a teacher, high school basketball coach, and track coach. He graduated from Libby High School. Racicot received a bachelor's degree in English from Carroll College in 1970. He was a starting basketball player in high school as well as Carroll College. He earned a law degree in 1973 from the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana.\n", "Section::::Early political career.\n", "As an Army ROTC graduate, Racicot was immediately assigned as a prosecutor in the Army JAG Corps from 1973 to 1976. He was stationed in West Germany where he served as chief prosecutor for the largest U.S. military jurisdiction in Europe. While there, he also taught business and criminal law for the University of Maryland. After three years, he was discharged from the Army as a captain and returned to Montana in 1976.\n", "He became the deputy county attorney for Missoula County from 1976 to 1977. After that, he became a special prosecutor for Montana statewide in 1977, and served in that position until 1988. During this time, he had a conviction rate of 95%. He lost only two cases in twelve years. He convicted Don and Dan Nichols, who both abducted Kari Swenson, an Olympic athlete, and murdered a would-be rescuer. In May 1985, Dan Nichols was sentenced to 20 years for kidnapping and assault. In September 1985, Don Nichols was sentenced to 85 years for kidnapping, murder, and aggravated assault. In 1980 he ran for chief justice of the Montana Supreme Court, but was unsuccessful. He also ran for district judge in Lewis & Clark County in 1982 and Broadwater County in 1984, but lost both elections.\n", "Section::::Attorney General of Montana.\n", "In 1988, he ran for Attorney General of Montana. He defeated Democratic nominee Mike McGrath, the Lewis and Clark County Attorney, 52%-48%. He served in this position until 1993.\n", "Section::::Governor of Montana.\n", "Section::::Governor of Montana.:Elections.\n", "In 1992, incumbent Governor Stan Stephens declined to run due to health problems. Racicot decided to run and easily won the Republican primary by defeating Andy Bennett 69%-31%. He won every county in the state. He then competed with Democratic State Representative Dorothy Bradley of Bozeman. Both candidates called for a 4% sales tax, but differed on how to spend such a tax. Racicot defeated her 51%-49%, a difference of 10,980 votes.\n", "In 1996, Racicot ran for re-election. He easily defeated Rob Natelson in the Republican primary, 76%-24%. He was challenged in the general election by long-time state State Senator Chet Blaylock. Polls showed that Racicot maintained a sizable lead over Blaylock during the campaign. A few weeks before the election however, Blaylock unexpectedly died of a heart attack on the way to a debate. Reluctantly, his little known running mate, Judy Jacobson continued the drive but had little time to launch her own campaign. Because the election was so near, the voting ballots could only be changed to show Jacobson running for both governor and lieutenant governor. In one of the largest margins in state history, Racicot defeated Jacobson, 79%–21%, winning every county in the state.\n", "Section::::Governor of Montana.:Tenure.\n", "After working with the Montana State Legislature to eliminate the $200 million deficit in 1993, the Racicot Administration produced a $22.4 million budget surplus the year after. They used the surplus to cut taxes.\n", "As governor, Racicot approved legislation that deregulated the utility sector in Montana. This legislation was sought by the Montana Power Company, the major utility supplier in the state. Following passage, the Montana Power Company divested itself of its utility operations and became a telecommunications company. The company filed for bankruptcy a few years later. The final result of this sweeping deregulation of Montana's utilities was a drastic rise in rates for most of the power customers in Montana. Workers with pensions from Montana Power were suddenly left without income.\n", "Section::::Chairman of the RNC.\n", "On December 5, 2001, President George W. Bush announced that he would appoint Racicot, a strong Bush ally, to become the Chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was one of Bush's earliest supporters and was a very effective spokesman for the Bush campaign in the recount debacle. In addition, Racicot was Bush's first choice for U.S. Attorney General, but he took himself off the list for personal reasons. In order to be confirmed, he severed ties to lobbying organizations that were connected to Enron. On January 18, 2002 the 165-member RNC unanimously ratified Racicot.\n", "Racicot was extremely successful as the Republican party performed very well in the 2002 midterm elections. Republicans took control the U.S. Senate, making Bill Frist the Senate Majority Leader. In the wake of the McCain-Feingold finance reform, the RNC raised a record-$250 million in soft money.\n", "In January 2003, he decided to resign to become Chairman of Bush's 2004 re-election campaign. Bush appointed Ed Gillespie as the next Chairman of the RNC.\n", "Section::::2004 presidential election.\n", "Racicot was the Chairman of Bush's re-election campaign from 2003 to 2004, the entire election cycle. He said of his job: \"I'm just a utility infielder.\" Racicot called Bush's opponent, U.S. Senator John Kerry, \"out of the mainstream\" and dismissed all polls suggesting Kerry would win. He also said Kerry's \"record on defense and intelligence funding is not defensible.\"\n", "Bush won re-election to a second term, defeating Kerry 51%-48%.\n", "Section::::Allegations of prosecutorial misconduct.\n", "An August 2013 Dateline NBC special contended that Racicot engaged in prosecutorial misconduct while serving as Montana special prosecutor in the case of Barry Beach and, thereafter, took part in an apparent cover-up. Racicot prosecuted Beach in 1984 for the murder of Kimberly Nees in Poplar, Montana. Dateline alleged that his prosecution took place under questionable circumstances, and that Racicot was on record as stating that a bloody palm print not belonging to Beach found at the scene of the murder was of \"no probative value\" to the case. The case against Beach relied entirely on a taped confession that was later erased, as well claims in open court that evidence existed that actually did not exist, such as a pubic hair that supposedly belonged to Barry Beach that was ruled inadmissible because a match could not be made and the hair could not be found in the evidence locker. No investigation of Racicot's prosecutorial misconduct has yet taken place despite evidence contamination and Mr. Beach's insistence that his confession had been coerced with a brutal interrogation and threats of execution. Barry Beach was sentenced to 100 years without the possibility of parole. Years of advocacy and journalistic investigation resulted in Montana Governor Steve Bullock signing an executive order granting Beach's request for clemency, and Beach was released on November 20, 2015 after serving more than 32 years.\n", "Section::::Private sector career.\n", "Racicot served as President of the American Insurance Association (AIA), an insurance industry lobbying group from June 13, 2005 to February 1, 2009. He said \"The AIA is widely regarded as one of the most effective business advocacy groups in state capitols and in the halls of Congress, and I am looking forward to beginning this next chapter of my career, and immersing myself in the industry challenges that must be resolved in the immediate future, such as extension of the national terrorism insurance program, as well as longer-term priorities, such as addressing lawsuit abuse and modernizing the industry's regulatory system.\"\n", "He serves as a current member of the Board of Directors for MassMutual, Jobs for America's Graduates, and is on the Board of Visitors for University of Montana School of Law. He is also a past member of the Board of Directors of the Corporation for National and Community Service, a division of which is AmeriCorps. He has also served on the Board of the Lewis & Clark County United Way, and is a past chairman of America's Promise – The Alliance for Youth, where his predecessor was former Secretary of State Colin Powell. He is a former partner at the Texas-based law firm Bracewell & Giuliani.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Judy Martz\n", "Judith Helen Martz (née Morstein; July 28, 1943 – October 30, 2017) was an American politician who served as the 22nd Governor of Montana, the first and to date only woman to have held the office. She served from January 1, 2001 to January 3, 2005. She previously served as the 31st Lieutenant Governor of Montana from 1997 to 2001 under the governorship of Marc Racicot.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Martz was born July 28, 1943, in Big Timber, Montana, as Judith Helen Morstein. She graduated from Butte High School in 1961, and attended Eastern Montana College. Martz' father was a miner and rancher, and her mother was, at various times, a cook, liquor-store clerk and motel maid.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Martz was a speed skater at the 1964 Olympics (1500 metres), 1962 Miss Rodeo Montana, and owner and operator, with her husband, Harry, of a garbage disposal service in her hometown of Butte, Montana. She was one of the first two Montana women to appear in the Olympics.\n", "In 1996, Martz became the first female Lieutenant Governor of Montana, elected with Marc Racicot. She served as Lieutenant Governor from 1997 to 2001.\n", "Section::::Governorship.\n", "Section::::Governorship.:Election.\n", "In the Montana gubernatorial election of 2000, Martz won the Republican primary over conservative activist and University of Montana law professor Rob Natelson 57 percent to 43 percent. She went on to defeat her Democratic opponent, State Auditor Mark O'Keefe, in the general election by a margin of 51 percent to 47 percent. She was Montana's first female governor.\n", "Section::::Governorship.:Tenure (2001–2005).\n", "Upon becoming governor, Martz's first legislative session resulted in the single largest increase in the education budget in Montana history, as well as tax cuts intended to stimulate the stagnant state economy.\n", "Martz was put under a statewide microscope in November 2001 when a 1999 real estate deal between the Martzes and ARCO was uncovered. The Martz family had a ranch that adjoined another large parcel of land that was owned by the ARCO company, at that time ARCO sold that land at an allegedly low value to the Martz family. The state Democratic Party alleged that Martz had assisted ARCO in her position as Lieutenant Governor. However, the Montana Commissioner of Political Practices found that the allegations lacked merit.\n", "Also during her term, her chief policy adviser, Shane Hedges, was involved in a drunk driving accident near Marysville, Montana, in August 2001, after which he went to Martz's residence, where she washed his clothes. House Majority Leader Paul Sliter died in the accident. Martz's policy advisor promptly resigned and pleaded guilty to a charge of negligent homicide.\n", "Martz announced that she would not run for re-election as governor in 2004. Martz finished her time in office campaigning for President Bush in Ohio, Arizona, and other swing states, and sparring with incoming Democratic governor Brian Schweitzer over transition of state government.\n", "Section::::Career after Governorship.\n", "In September 2005 Martz was named chair of Montanans for Judge Roberts (Chief Justice nominee John Roberts) and spoke at a rally in support of Roberts. She also sat on the boards of Maternal Life International, University of Montana Western, Big Sky State Games, and TASER International, a company that manufacturers non-lethal electrical shock equipment for law enforcement, the military, and private individuals.\n", "She never ruled out another run for office, saying she would have to pray \"long and hard\" to make the decision.\n", "Section::::Family and personal life.\n", "Martz and her husband, Harry, were married in 1965. They had two children: Justin and Stacey Jo.\n", "In May 2003, Martz made it into the news, through no action of her own, because of a perceived similarity to the face and hair of a nude bordello dancer sculpted by Seattle artist Kristine Veith, and placed in a new development in downtown Helena. Both Martz and Veith deny the similarity, with Martz stating, possibly partially tongue-in-cheek, \"I'm a very modest person, no one would ever see me like that. My husband doesn't ever see me like that\".\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On November 11, 2014, it was announced that Martz had stage II pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment in Arizona. She died of the disease on October 30, 2017, in Butte, Montana, at the age of 74.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of female governors in the United States\n", "BULLET::::- List of female lieutenant governors in the United States\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Billings Gazette: Republicans back approval of Roberts\n", "BULLET::::- CBS News: Bordello Gov. Judy\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Judy Morstein", "Judith Helen Morstein Martz" ] }, "description": "American speed skater and politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q449719", "wikidata_label": "Judy Martz", "wikipedia_title": "Judy Martz" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ahmadou Ahidjo\n", "Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 1924 – 30 November 1989) was a Cameroonian politician who was the first President of Cameroon, holding the office from 1960 until 1982. Ahidjo played a major role Cameroon's independence from France as well as reuniting the French and English-speaking parts of the country. During Ahidjo's time in office, he established a centralized political system. Ahidjo established a single-party state under the Cameroon National Union in 1966. In 1972, Ahidjo abolished the federation in favor of a unitary state. Ahidjo resigned from the presidency in 1982, and Paul Biya assumed the presidency. This was an action which was surprising to Cameroonians. Accused of being behind a coup plot against Biya in 1984, Ahidjo was sentenced to death in absentia, but he died of natural causes.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Ahidjo was born in Garoua, a major river port along the Benue River in northern Cameroun, which was at the time a French mandate territory. His mother was a Fulani of slave descent, while his father was a Fulani village chief.\n", "Ahidjo's mother raised him as a Muslim and sent him to Quranic school as a child. In 1932, he began attending local government primary school. After failing his first school certification examination in 1938, Ahidjo worked for a few months in the veterinary service. He returned to school and obtained his school certification a year later. Ahidjo spent the next three years attending secondary school at the Ecole Primaire Supérieur in Yaoundé, the capital of the mandate, studying for a career in the civil service. At school, Ahidjo also played soccer and competed as a cyclist.\n", "In 1942, Ahidjo joined the civil service as a radio operator for a postal service. As part of his job, he worked on assignments in several major cities throughout the country, such as Douala, Ngaoundéré, Bertoua, and Mokolo. According to his official biographer, Ahidjo was the first civil servant from northern Cameroun to work in the southern areas of the territory. His experiences throughout the country were, according to Harvey Glickman, professor emeritus of political science at Haverford College and scholar of African politics, responsible for fostering his sense of national identity and provided him the sagacity to handle the problems of governing a multiethnic state.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "In 1946, Ahidjo entered territorial politics. From 1953 to 1957, Ahidjo was a member of the Assembly of the French Union. From 28 January 1957, to 10 May 1957, Ahidjo served as President of the Legislative Assembly of Cameroon. In the same year he became Deputy Prime Minister in \"de facto\" head of state André-Marie Mbida's government. In February 1958, Ahidjo became Prime Minister at the age of thirty-four after Mbida resigned. He was reassuring towards the Church and the Muslim aristocracies in the north of the country and succeeded in embodying the union of conservative currents concerned about the growing number of protest movements in the 1950s. While serving as Prime Minister, Ahidjo had administrative goals to move toward independence for Cameroon while reuniting the separated factions of the country and cooperating with French colonial powers. On 12 June, with a motion from the National Assembly, Ahidjo became involved in negotiations with France in Paris. These negotiations continued through October, resulting in formal recognition of Cameroonian plans for independence. The date for the simultaneous termination of French trusteeship and Cameroonian independence was set by Cameroon's National Assembly for 1 January 1960. During and immediately after Cameroon was decolonized, Ahidjo recruited follow northern, Muslim Fulani and Peuhl into the army and an elite guard.\n", "Ahidjo's support and collaboration in allowing for continued French influence economically and politically was faced with opposition from radicals who rejected French influence. These radicals were sympathetic to a more revolutionary, procommunist approach to decolonization. They formed their own political party, Union des Populations du Cameroun. In March 1959, Ahidjo addressed the United Nations General Assembly in order to gather support for France's independence plan. Influenced by Cold War tensions, the United Nations expressed concern about the UPC due to the party's pro-communist disposition. The United Nations moved to end French trusteeship in Cameroon without organizing new elections or lifting the ban that France had imposed on the UPC. Ahidjo experienced a rebellion in the 1960s from the UPC, but defeated it by 1970 with the aid of French military force. Ahidjo proposed and was granted four bills to gather power and declare a state of emergency in order to end the rebellion.\n", "Following the independence of the French-controlled area of Cameroon, Ahidjo's focus turned on reuniting the British-controlled area of Cameroon with its newly independent counterpart. In addressing the United Nations, Ahidjo and his supporters favored integration and reunification whereas more radical players such as the UPC preferred immediate reunification. However, both sides were seeking a plebiscite for reunification of the separated Cameroons. The UN decided on the integration and reunification plebiscite. The plebiscite resulted in northern area of the British Cameroons voting to join Nigeria and the southern area voting to reunite with the rest of Cameroon. Ahidjo worked with Premier John Foncha of the Anglophone Cameroon throughout the process of integrating the two parts of Cameroon. In July 1961, Ahidjo attended a conference at which the plans and conditions for merging the Cameroons were made and later adopted by both the National Assemblies of the Francophone and Anglophone Cameroons. Ahidjo and Foncha met in Bamenda in order to create a constitution for the united territories. In their meetings, Ahidjo and Foncha agreed not to join the French community or the Commonwealth. In the summer of 1961, Ahidjo and Foncha resolved any issues between them and agreed upon the final draft for the constitution, which was drawn in Foumban, a city in West Cameroon. Despite the fact that the plans to establish a federalist state were made public in Foumban, Ahidjo and Foncha had private discussions before the official Foumban conference. On 1 October 1961, the two separate Cameroons were merged, establishing the Federal Republic of Cameroon with Ahidjo as the president and Foncha as the Vice President.\n", "The issue of territorial administration was a topic of disagreement between Foncha and Ahidjo. In December 1961, Ahidjo issued a decree that split the federation into administrative regions under the Federal Inspectors of Administration. The inspectors were responsible to Ahidjo and for representing the federation, with access to police force and federal services. The power given to these inspectors led to conflict between them and Prime Ministers. \n", "During the first years of the regime, the French ambassador Jean-Pierre Bénard is sometimes considered as the true \"president\" of Cameroon. This independence is indeed largely theoretical since French \"advisers\" are responsible for assisting each minister and have the reality of power. The Gaullist government preserves its influence over the country through the signing of \"cooperation agreements\" covering all sectors of Cameroon's sovereignty. Thus, in the monetary field, Cameroon retains the CFA franc and entrusts its monetary policy to its former guardian power. All strategic resources are exploited by France, French troops are maintained in the country, and a large proportion of Cameroonian army officers are French, including the Chief of Staff.\n", "In 1961, Ahidjo began calling for a single-party state. On 12 March 1962, Ahidjo issued a decree that prevented criticism against his regime, giving the government the authority to imprison anyone found guilty of subversion against government authorities or laws. In July 1962, a group of opposition party leaders who had served in the government with Ahidjo, André-Marie Mbida, Charles Okala, Marcel Bey Bey Eyidi, and Theodore Mayi Martip, challenged Ahidjo's call for a single-party state, saying that it was dictatorial. These leaders were arrested, tried, and imprisoned on the grounds of subversion against the government. The arrest of these leaders resulted in many other opposition leaders joining Ahidjo's Party, the Union Camerounaise. On 1 September 1966, Ahidjo achieved his goal of creating a single-party state. The Cameroon National Union was established, with Ahidjo maintaining that it was essential to the unity of Cameroon. In order to be elected to the National Assembly, membership in the CNU was required. Therefore, Ahidjo approved all nominations for the National Assembly as head of the party, and they approved all his legislation. \n", "The authorities are multiplying the legal provisions enabling them to free themselves from the rule of law: arbitrary extension of police custody, prohibition of meetings and rallies, submission of publications to prior censorship, restriction of freedom of movement through the establishment of passes or curfews, prohibition for trade unions to issue subscriptions, etc. Anyone accused of \"compromising public safety\" is deprived of a lawyer and cannot appeal the judgment. Sentences of life imprisonment at hard labour or death penalty - executions can be public - are thus numerous. A one-party system was introduced in 1966. \n", "Ahidjo placed the blame for Cameroon's underdevelopment and poorly implemented town and public planning policies on Cameroon's federal structure, as well as charging federalism with maintaining cleavages and issues between the Anglophone and Francophone parts of Cameroon. Ahidjo's government also argued that managing separate governments in a poor country was too expensive. Ahidjo announced on 6 May 1972, that he wanted to abolish the federation and put a unitary state into place if the electorate supported the idea in a referendum set for 20 May 1972. This event became known as \"The Glorious Revolution of May Twentieth.\" Because Ahidjo held control over the CNU, he was ensured the party's support in this initiative. Ahidjo issued Presidential Decree No. 72-720 on 2 June 1972, which established the United Republic of Cameroon and abolished the federation. A new constitution was adopted by Ahidjo's government in the same year, abolishing the position of Vice President, which served to further centralize power in Cameroon. Ahidjo's power presided over not only the state and government, but also as commander of the military. In 1975, however, Ahidjo instituted the position of Prime Minister, which was filled by Paul Biya. In 1979, Ahidjo initiated a change in the constitution designating the Prime Minister as successor. Until 1972, Cameroon's federation consisted of two relatively autonomous parts: the francophone and anglophone. After the federation was abolished, many anglophones were displeased with the changes. \n", "In 1972, when Cameroon hosted the Africa Cup of Nations, Ahidjo ordered the construction of two new stadiums, the Ahmadou Ahidjo stadium and the Unification Stadium. The Unification Stadium was named in celebration of the country being renamed as the United Republic of Cameroon. \n", "Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. Claiming to want to make reserves for difficult times, the authorities manage \"off-budget\" oil revenues in total opacity (the funds are placed in Paris, Switzerland and New York accounts). Several billion dollars are thus diverted to the benefit of oil companies and regime officials. The influence of France and its 9,000 nationals in Cameroon remains considerable. African Affairs magazine noted in the early 1980s that they \"continue to dominate almost all key sectors of the economy, much as they did before independence. French nationals control 55% of the modern sector of the Cameroonian economy and their control over the banking system is total. \n", "Though many of his actions were dictatorial, Cameroon became one of the most stable in Africa. He was considered to be more conservative and less charismatic than most post-colonial African leaders, but his policies allowed Cameroon to attain comparative prosperity. Courtiers surrounding Ahidjo promoted the myth that he was \"father of the nation.\" \n", "Ahidjo's presidential style was cultivated around the image of himself as the father of the nation. He carried many titles, and after he visited Mecca, Ahidjo gained the title of \"El Hadj.\" Ahidjo used radio to regularly lecture the nation and to announce the regular reassignment of government positions. Ahidjo built up a clientelistic network in which he redistributed state resources to maintain control over a diverse Cameroon. When Cameroon began seeing oil revenue, the president was in control of the funds. People received jobs, licenses, contracts, and projects through Ahidjo in exchange for loyalty. \n", "During Ahidjo's presidency, music served a role in maintaining for national unity and development. Musicians wrote songs with themes of independence, unity, and Ahidjo as the father of the nation. On official holidays, schools would compete by writing patriotic songs in Ahidjo's honor. Songs that were critical of politicians were rare. Musicians such as Medzo Me Nsom encouraged the people of Cameroon to turn out at the pools and vote for Ahidjo.\n", "Section::::Post-presidency.\n", "Ahidjo resigned, ostensibly for health reasons, on 4 November 1982 (there are many theories surrounding the resignation; it is generally believed that his French doctor \"tricked\" Ahidjo about his health) and was succeeded by Prime Minister Paul Biya two days later. That he stepped down in favor of Biya, a Christian from the south and not a Muslim from the north like himself, was considered surprising. Ahidjo's ultimate intentions are unclear; it is possible that he intended to return to the presidency at a later point when his health improved, and another possibility is that he intended for Maigari Bello Bouba, a fellow Muslim from the north who succeeded Biya as Prime Minister, to be his eventual successor as President, with Biya in effectively a caretaker role. Although the Central Committee of the ruling Cameroon National Union (CNU) urged Ahidjo to remain President, he declined to do so, but he did agree to remain as the President of the CNU. However, he also arranged for Biya to become the CNU Vice-President and handle party affairs in his absence. During the first few months of Biya's administration, there was cooperation between Biya and Ahidjo. In January 1982, Ahidjo dismissed four CNU members who opposed Biya's presidency. Additionally that month, Ahidjo and Biya both went on separate speaking tours to different parts of Cameroon in order to address the public's concerns.\n", "Later that year, however, a major feud developed between Ahidjo and Biya. On 19 July 1983, Ahidjo went into exile in France, and Biya began removing Ahidjo's supporters from positions of power and eliminating symbols of his authority, removing official photographs of Ahidjo from the public as well as removing Ahidjo's name from the anthem of the CNU. On 22 August, Biya announced that a plot allegedly involving Ahidjo had been uncovered. For his part, Ahidjo severely criticized Biya, alleging that Biya was abusing his power, that he lived in fear of plots against him, and that he was a threat to national unity. The two were unable to reconcile despite the efforts of several foreign leaders, and Ahidjo announced on 27 August that he was resigning as head of the CNU. In exile, Ahidjo was sentenced to death \"in absentia\" in February 1984, along with two others, for participation in the June 1983 coup plot, although Biya commuted the sentence to life in prison. Ahidjo denied involvement in the plot. A violent but unsuccessful coup attempt in April 1984 was also widely believed to have been orchestrated by Ahidjo.\n", "In his remaining years, Ahidjo divided his time between France and Senegal. He died of a heart attack in Dakar on 30 November 1989 and was buried there. He was officially rehabilitated by a law in December 1991. Biya said on 30 October 2007 that the matter of returning Ahidjo's remains to Cameroon was \"a family affair\". An agreement on returning Ahidjo's remains was reached in June 2009, and it was expected that they would be returned in 2010.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo" ] }, "description": "President of Cameroon", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q298718", "wikidata_label": "Ahmadou Ahidjo", "wikipedia_title": "Ahmadou Ahidjo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Léon Kengo wa Dondo\n", "Léon Kengo wa Dondo (born Leon Lubicz, 22 May 1935) is a Congolese politician who served as the \"first state commissioner\" (a title equivalent to prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. He was one of the most powerful figures in the regime and was a strong advocate of economic globalization and free-market economics. Since 2007, he has been President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Kengo was born in Libenge, Équateur province, Belgian Congo (later Zaire and now Democratic Republic of Congo). He was the son of a Polish Jewish father and a Rwandan Tutsi mother. He changed his name to Kengo wa Dondo in 1971 during Mobutu's Africanization (\"Authenticité\") campaign.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "On 11 April 1968 Kengo was appointed Procureur Général of the Kinshasa Court of Appeal. On 14 August he was promoted to Procureur Général of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1974 a new constitution was promulgated that changed the Congo's name to Zaire and concentrated the government's authority in Mobutu Sese Seko as President. Kengo, as one of the country's senior-most magistrates, supported the independence of the judiciary and, despite Mobutu's centralisation, interpreted the document as only veiling such autonomy, not eliminating it. He argued that the Judicial Council of the Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, the state party, was the most independent branch in comparison to its counterparts. He also said that a magistrate's prerogative to construe law was \"a breach in the plenary powers exercised by the President.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Prime Minister of Mobutu.\n", "Kengo served as Prime Minister for the first time from 1982 to 1986, appointing able technocrats to important positions, such as Munga Mibindo, President Delegate General of the National Electrical Utility. He then served as foreign minister from 1986 to 1987 and as Prime Minister again from 1988 to 1990. During the early 1990s Mobutu allowed a transitional parliament to be set up, and Kengo was chosen Prime Minister by it in 1994 as a candidate in an attempt to neutralise the challenge from the popular opposition politician Étienne Tshisekedi. He expelled members of the Lebanese community from Zaire for alleged involvement in the illegal trade of conflict diamonds, though the credibility of such actions is perhaps challenged by the fact that trade in conflict diamonds from Angola had long been essential to the survival of the Mobutu regime, in which Kengo had been such an important figure.\n", "Shortly after the beginning of the Congo civil war, in December 1996, Kengo became the leader of a crisis cabinet which sought to defeat the rebellion of Laurent Kabila. He was undermined by many Mobutu supporters because of his Tutsi origins, as Kabila's rebels were allied with the Tutsi governments of Rwanda and Burundi. As Kabila's armies advanced through the country, Kengo was also criticized for not conducting the war very well. He announced his resignation in March 1997 and left office in April 1997. The Mobutu government fell a month later, and Kengo retired from politics. In 2003, he was charged with money laundering in Belgium.\n", "Section::::Career.:President of the Senate of Congo.\n", "Following his return to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kengo backed Jean-Pierre Bemba in the 2006 presidential election; Bemba was defeated by President Joseph Kabila in the second round of the election. Kengo was then elected as a Senator from Équateur province in January 2007. On 11 May 2007, Kengo was somewhat unexpectedly elected as President of the Senate, defeating Léonard She Okitundu, the candidate of the majority coalition, the Alliance of the Presidential Majority. Kengo, who was an independent candidate, took 55 votes against 49 for Okitundu. On 21 January 2015 during the 2015 Congolese protests he met with American, Belgian, British and French diplomats who urged him to either suspend debate and voting on the election modifying law or to remove its controversial provisions.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joseph Kony\n", "Joseph Rao Kony (; likely born 1961) is the leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a guerrilla group that formerly operated in Uganda. While initially purporting to fight against government oppression, the LRA allegedly turned against Kony's own supporters, supposedly to \"purify\" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy. Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom. Ideologically, the group is a syncretic mix of mysticism, Acholi nationalism, and Christian fundamentalism, and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition.\n", "Kony has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to become child soldiers and sex slaves. 66,000 children became soldiers, and 2 million people were displaced internally from 1986 to 2009. Kony was indicted in 2005 for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, but he has evaded capture. Kony has been subject to an Interpol Red Notice at the request of the ICC since 2006. Since the Juba peace talks in 2006, the LRA no longer operate in Uganda. Sources claim that they are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR), or South Sudan. In 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health, and Michel Djotodia, president of the CAR, claimed he was negotiating with Kony to surrender.\n", "By April 2017, Kony was still at large, but his force was reported to have shrunk to approximately 100 soldiers, down from an estimated high of 3,000 in earlier years. Both the United States and Uganda ended the hunt for Kony and the LRA, believing that the LRA was no longer a big security risk to Uganda.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Kony was likely born in 1961, in Odek, a village east of Gulu in northern Uganda, to farmers Luizi Obol and Nora Oting. He is a member of the Acholi people. He was either the youngest or second youngest of six children in the family. Kony enjoyed a good relationship with his siblings, but was quick to retaliate in a dispute and when confronted would often resort to physical violence. His father was a lay catechist of the Catholic Church, and his mother was an Anglican. His older sister, Gabriela Lakot, still lives in Odek.\n", "Kony never finished elementary school and was an altar boy until 1976. He dropped out of school at the age of 15.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Rebel leader.\n", "In 1995, Kony arose to prominence in Acholiland after the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Auma (also known as Lakwena and to whom Kony is believed to be related). The overthrow of Acholi President Tito Okello by Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army (NRA) during the Ugandan Bush War (1981–1986) had culminated in mass looting of livestock, rape, burning of homes, genocide, and murder by Museveni's army. The atrocities committed by the Museveni's NRA, now known as the Uganda People's Defence Force, led to the creation of LRA by Joseph Kony. The insurgencies also gave rise to concentration camps in northern Uganda where over 2 million people were confined. The government burned people's properties using helicopter gunships, killing many. There were forced displacements in the northern region. However, international campaigns called for all camps to be dismantled, and for the people to return to their former villages. In 2006 in the course of the Juba peace talks with the LRA rebels, Museveni's government gave permission for the local people to return to their villages. This marked the beginning of rehabilitation of homes, roads, and so on.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Lord's Resistance Army.\n", "Kony has been implicated in abduction and recruitment of child soldiers. The LRA have had battle confrontations with the government's NRA or UPDF within Uganda and in South Sudan for ten years. However, in 2008 the Ugandan army invaded the DRC in search for the LRA in Operation Lightning Thunder. In November 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health in the eastern CAR town of Nzoka. Looking back at the LRA's campaign of violence, \"The Guardian\" stated in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 and the abduction of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves. The actual number of LRA militia members has varied significantly over the years, reaching as high as 3000 soldiers. By 2017, the organization's membership had shrunk significantly to an estimated 100 soldiers. In April 2017, both the US and Ugandan governments ended efforts to find Kony and fight the LRA, stating that the LRA no longer posed a significant security risk to Uganda.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Indictment.\n", "In October 2006, the ICC announced that arrest warrants had been issued for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army for crimes against humanity following a sealed indictment. On the next day, Ugandan defense minister Amama Mbabazi revealed that the warrants include Kony, his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo, and Dominic Ongwen. According to spokesmen for the military, the Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on 12 August 2006. The BBC received information that Otti had been killed on 2 October 2007, at Kony's home. In November 2006, Kony met Jan Egeland, the UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator. Journeyman Pictures released a 2006 interview with Kony in which he proclaims: \"I am a freedom fighter, not a terrorist.\" He told Reuters: \"We don't have any children. We only have combatants.\"\n", "Section::::Religious beliefs.\n", "Kony's followers, as well as some detractors, believe him to have been possessed by spirits. Kony tells his child soldiers that a cross on their chest drawn in oil will protect them from bullets. He is a proponent of polygamy, and is thought to have had 60 wives, and to have fathered 42 children. Kony insists that he and the LRA are fighting for the Ten Commandments, and defended his actions in an interview, saying, \"Is it bad? It is not against human rights. And that commandment was not given by Joseph. It was not given by LRA. No, those commandments were given by God.\"\n", "Ugandan political leader Betty Bigombe recalled that Kony and his followers used oil to ward off bullets and evil spirits. Kony believes himself to be a spirit medium. In 2008, responding to a request by Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni to engage in peace talks via telephone, he said, \"I will communicate with Museveni through the holy spirits and not through the telephone.\" During peace talks in 1994, Kony was preceded by men in robes sprinkling holy water. According to Francis Ongom, a former LRA officer who defected, Kony \"has found Bible justifications for killing witches, for killing [those who farm or eat] pigs because of the story of the Gadarene swine, and for killing [other] people because God did the same with Noah's flood and Sodom and Gomorrah.\"\n", "Section::::Action against Kony.\n", "Section::::Action against Kony.:Uganda.\n", "Before the insurgency, he escaped in 1989 but was later captured by the Ugandan government but was released in 1992 after the government no longer viewed him as a threat.\n", "The Ugandan military has attempted to kill Kony throughout the insurgency. In Uganda's attempt to track down Kony, former LRA combatants have been enlisted to search remote areas of the CAR, Sudan, and the DRC where he was last seen.\n", "Section::::Action against Kony.:United States.\n", "After the September 11 attacks, the United States designated the LRA as a terrorist group. On 28 August 2008, the United States Treasury Department placed Kony on its list of \"Specially Designated Global Terrorists\", a designation that carries financial and other penalties. In November 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush signed the directive to the United States Africa Command to provide financial and logistical assistance to the Ugandan government during the unsuccessful 2008–2009 Garamba offensive, code-named Operation Lightning Thunder. No U.S. troops were directly involved, but 17 U.S. advisers and analysts provided intelligence, equipment, and fuel to Ugandan military counterparts. The offensive pushed Kony from his jungle camp, but he was not captured. One hundred children were rescued. In May 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act, legislation aimed at stopping Kony and the LRA. The bill passed unanimously in the United States Senate on 11 March. On 12 May 2010, a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was agreed to by voice vote (two-thirds being in the affirmative) in the House of Representatives. In November 2010, President Obama delivered a strategy document to Congress asking for more funding to disarm Kony and the LRA. \n", "In October 2011, President Obama authorized the deployment of approximately 100 combat-equipped U.S. troops to central Africa. Their goal is to help regional forces remove Kony and senior LRA leaders from the battlefield. In a letter to Congress, Obama stated: \"Although the U.S. forces are combat-equipped, they will only be providing information, advice, and assistance to partner nation forces, and they will not themselves engage LRA forces unless necessary for self-defense\". On 3 April 2013, the Obama administration offered rewards of up to US$5 million for information leading to the arrest, transfer, or conviction of Kony, Ongwen, and Odhiambo. On March 24, 2014, the U.S. announced they would deploy at least four CV-22 Ospreys and refuelling planes, and 150 Air Force special forces personnel to assist in the capture of Kony.\n", "Two members of the United States Special Operations effort in Operation Observant Compass made a documentary about a child soldier who escaped from the LRA and went on to help end it. The documentary's name is \"My Star in the Sky\" and had been screened at Universities and Think Tanks for the benefit of nonprofits helping to end the use of children as soldiers. \n", "Section::::Action against Kony.:African Union.\n", "On March 23, 2012, the African Union announced its intentions to \"send 5,000 soldiers to join the hunt for rebel leader Joseph Kony\" and to \"neutralize\" him while isolating the scattered LRA groups responsible for 2,600 civilian killings since 2008. This international task force was stated to include soldiers \"from Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Congo, countries where Kony's reign of terror has been felt over the years.\" Prior to this announcement, the hunt for Kony had primarily been carried out by troops from Uganda. The soldiers began their search in South Sudan on 24 March 2012, and the search \"will last until Kony is caught\".\n", "Section::::Action against Kony.:\"Kony 2012\".\n", "Joseph Kony and the LRA received a surge of attention in early March 2012, when a 30-minute documentary titled \"Kony 2012\" by filmmaker Jason Russell for the campaign group Invisible Children, Inc. was released. The intention of the production was to draw attention to Kony in an effort to increase US involvement in the issue and have Kony arrested by the end of 2012. A poll suggested that more than half of young adult Americans heard about \"Kony 2012\" in the days following the video's release, and several weeks after the release of the video, a resolution condemning Kony and supporting US assistance fighting the LRA was introduced in the US Senate, passing several months later. \"Kony 2012\" has been criticized for simplifying the history of the LRA conflict, and for failing to note the fact that Kony was already pushed out of Uganda six years before the film was made.\n", "Section::::Action against Kony.:Surrender of Ongwen.\n", "Ongwen served as a key member of the LRA and constituted one of Kony's senior aides in the organization. Himself kidnapped as a child, he started as a mere soldier in the LRA, then rose through the organizations's hierarchy, and now stands accused of numerous war crimes. Ongwen surrendered himself to representatives of the CAR in January 2015, which was a major blow to Kony's group. Ugandan army spokesman Paddy Ankunda stated that the event \"puts the LRA in the most vulnerable position\" and that it \"is only Kony left standing.\" Of the five LRA commanders charged by the ICC in 2004, only Kony remained at large at that time. With only a few hundred fighters remaining loyal to him, it was thought that he would be unable to evade capture for much longer.\n", "Section::::Action against Kony.:LRA neutralization and U.S. stand-down.\n", "In April 2017, Ugandan and US military forces ended their hunt for Kony and his group, with a Ugandan spokesperson stating that \"the LRA no longer poses a threat to us as Uganda\". At that time, his force was estimated to have shrunk to around 100 soldiers.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- International Criminal Court investigations\n", "BULLET::::- Lord's Resistance Army insurgency\n", "BULLET::::- The World's 10 Most Wanted Fugitives\n", "BULLET::::- Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hague Justice Portal: Joseph Kony\n", "BULLET::::- Joseph Kony on Interpol's wanted list\n", "BULLET::::- Documentary called Lakalatwe on a child soldier that escaped the LRA/a\n", "BULLET::::- An End to Child Soldiers\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Leader of the Lord's Resistance Army", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q104419", "wikidata_label": "Joseph Kony", "wikipedia_title": "Joseph Kony" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gholamhossein Mosaheb\n", "Gholam Hossein Mosaheb (October 13, 1910 – 1979) was an Iranian mathematician and logician whose works have been praised by other scholars such as Iraj Afshar and Najaf Daryabandari. Being fluent in Persian, Arabic, French and English, he studied in Iran, France and England; and received his Ph.d from Cambridge University. He was the founder of Mosaheb Institute of Mathematics, Teacher Training University and was the director of the Institute of Mathematics of Kharazmi University from 1972-1974.\n", "During the 1950s, when Persian scientific typography was flourishing, Mosaheb invented a left slanted right-to-left font style that he named the \"Iranic\" \"font\". This term is still commonly used by typographers in Iran, often as a general term for any left slanted font.\n", "In 1955, Mosaheb's \"Madkhale Manteghe Soorat\" (Introduction to Formal Logic) was the first scholarly writing in mathematical logic to be published in Iran. This work was given a positive review in 1957 by L. A. Zadeh in the \"Journal of Symbolic Logic\" .\n", "Mosaheb's most famous work in non-mathematical society is as the author of The Persian Encyclopedia, written in the Persian language and consisting of 3 volumes. His methods of organizing and categorizing are still in use. The 1996 publication of The Persian Encyclopedia gave credited authorship to Gholam hossein Mosaheb, Ahmad Aram, and Mahmoud Mosaheb.\n", "On June 28, 2009 it was announced that the 100th book released from the Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries had been allocated to the life, scientific and cultural works of the late Gholam hossiem Mosaheb. This tribute is written by Pegah Hajjan. In it are many of Mosaheb's published works including an article entitled \"The First Trigonometry Book\", as well as appraisals from other scholars.\n", "He is the founder of the Institute of Mathematical Research (IMR) which is still known as one of the most important Iranian mathematical centers. The Institute of Mathematical Research started its work in October 1965 under the direction of Mosaheb, as a semi-independent institute affiliated with\" Tarbiat Moaalem University.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- همنشین بهار: یادی از دکتر غلامحسین مصاحب و فرزند ِ شریفش دایره المعارف\n", "BULLET::::- نخستين فرهنگ‌نامه‌ي نوين ايران\n", "BULLET::::- مقدمه‌ي مصاحب بر دايره‌المعارف فارسي\n", "BULLET::::- پديدآورندگان دايره‌المعارف فارسي\n", "BULLET::::- Institute of Mathematical Research \n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Walter Dornberger\n", "Major-General Dr. Walter Robert Dornberger (6 September 1895 – 27 June 1980) was a German Army artillery officer whose career spanned World War I and World War II. He was a leader of Nazi Germany's V-2 rocket program and other projects at the Peenemünde Army Research Center.\n", "Dornberger was born in Gießen and enlisted in 1914. In October 1918, as an artillery lieutenant Dornberger was captured by United States Marines and spent two years in a French prisoner of war camp, mostly in solitary confinement because of repeated escape attempts. In the late 1920s, Dornberger completed an engineering course with distinction at the Berlin Technical Institute, and in the Spring of 1930, Dornberger graduated after five years with an MS degree in mechanical engineering from the \"Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg\" in Berlin. In 1935, Dornberger received an honorary doctorate, which Col. Karl Emil Becker arranged as Dean of the new Faculty of Military Technology at the TH Berlin.\n", "Section::::Rocket development.\n", "In April 1930, Dornberger was appointed to the Ballistics Council of the German Army (\"Reichswehr\") Weapons Department as Assistant Examiner to secretly develop a military liquid-fuel rocket suitable for mass-production that would surpass the range of artillery. In the spring of 1932, Dornberger, his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col. Karl Emil Becker visited the \"Verein für Raumschiffahrt\" (VfR)'s leased \"Raketenflugplatz\" (English: \"Rocket Flight Field\") and subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch. On 21 December 1932, Captain Dornberger watched a rocket motor explode at Kummersdorf while Wernher von Braun tried to light it with a flaming gasoline can at the end of a pole.\n", "In 1933, \"Waffenamt Prüfwesen\" (\"Wa Prüf\", English: \"Weapons Testing\") 1/1, under the \"Heereswaffenamt\" (Army Weapons Department), commenced work under the direction of Colonel/Dr. Ing. h. c. Dornberger. Dornberger also took over his last \"military\" command on 1 October 1934, a powder-rocket training battery at Königsbrück. In May 1937, Dornberger and his ninety-man organization were transferred from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde. In September 1942, Dornberger was given two posts: coordinating the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket development programs and directing active operations. The first successful test launch of a V-2 was the third test launch on 3 October 1942. In the early morning of 7 July 1943, Dr. Ernst Steinhoff flew von Braun and Major-General Dornberger in his Heinkel He 111 to Hitler's \"Führerhauptquartier\" \"Wolfsschanze\" headquarters and the next day Hitler viewed the film of the successful V-2 test launch (narrated by von Braun) and the scale models of the Watten bunker and launching-troop vehicles:\n", "In January 1944, Dornberger was named Senior Artillery Commander 191 and was headquartered at Maisons-Lafitte near Saint Germain, and in December 1944, Dornberger was given complete authority for anti-aircraft rocket development (\"Flak E Flugabwehrkanonenentwicklung\"). On 12 January 1945 on Dornberger's proposal, Albert Speer replaced the Long-Range Weapons Commission with \"Working Staff Dornberger\". In February 1945, Dornberger and staff relocated his headquarters from Schwedt-an-der-Oder to Bad Sachsa, then on 6 April 1945, from Bad Sachsa to \"Haus Ingeborg\" in Oberjoch near Hindelang in the Allgäu mountains of Bavaria.\n", "Before going to the Alps, General Dornberger had hidden his own papers near Bad Sachsa, which were recovered by the 332nd Engineer Regiment.\n", "On 2 May 1945, Dornberger, von Braun, and five other men departed from Haus Ingeborg and travelled through Gaicht Pass and towards the little Austrian village of Schattwald. They met American soldiers who convoyed the group to the Tyrolean town of Reutte for the night. Other sources place them being arrested by Patton's Third Army on May 3, 1945 near Prague, Czechoslovakia.\n", "At an internment camp after the war, known as \"CSDIC Camp 11\", the British bugged Dornberger, who in conversation with \"Generalmajor\" Gerhard Bassenge (GOC Air Defences, Tunis & Biserta) said that he and Wernher von Braun had realized in late 1944 that things were going wrong and consequently was in touch with the General Electric Corporation through the German Embassy in Portugal, with a view to coming to some arrangement.\n", "Section::::Post World War II.\n", "In mid-August 1945, after taking part in Operation Backfire, Dornberger was escorted from Cuxhaven to London for interrogation by the British War Crimes Investigation Unit in connection with the use of slave labor in the production of V-2 rockets; he was subsequently transferred and detained for two years at Bridgend in South Wales.\n", "Along with some other German rocket scientists, Dornberger was released and brought to the United States under the auspices of Operation Paperclip, and worked for the United States Air Force for three years, developing guided missiles. From 1950 to 1965 he worked for the Bell Aircraft Corporation where he worked on several projects, rising to the post of Vice-President. He played a major role in the creation of the North American X-15 aircraft and was a key consultant for the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar project. He also had a role on the creation of ideas and projects, which, in the end, led to the creation of the Space Shuttle. Dornberger also developed Bell's ASM-A-2, the world's first guided nuclear air-to-surface missile developed for the Strategic Air Command. Dornberger advised Germany on a European space program. During the 1950s he had some attrition with von Braun and was instrumental in recruiting several engineers out of the Huntsville's team for Air Force projects. The most remarkable of them was Krafft Ehricke, who later created the Centaur rocket stage and actively participated in several more Defense projects.\n", "Following retirement, Dornberger went to Mexico and later returned to Germany, where he died in 1980 in Baden-Württemberg.\n", "Section::::Awards and decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914), 1st and 2nd Class\n", "BULLET::::- Knight Second Class of the House Order of the White Falcon, with Swords\n", "BULLET::::- Wound Badge (1918) in Black\n", "BULLET::::- Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st class\n", "BULLET::::- War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd Class with Swords\n", "BULLET::::- Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords (29 October 1944)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Rudolph\n", "BULLET::::- List of German inventors and discoverers\n", "BULLET::::- Aggregat (rocket family)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Walter Robert Dornberger" ] }, "description": "German general", "enwikiquote_title": "Walter Dornberger", "wikidata_id": "Q60546", "wikidata_label": "Walter Dornberger", "wikipedia_title": "Walter Dornberger" }

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"Edmund, Earl of Kent", "Richard", "Edward III", "Alice" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel\n", "Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel (1 May 128517 November 1326) was an English nobleman prominent in the conflict between King Edward II and his barons. His father, Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel, died in 1301, while Edmund was still a minor. He therefore became a ward of John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, and married Warenne's granddaughter Alice. In 1306 he was styled Earl of Arundel, and served under Edward I in the Scottish Wars, for which he was richly rewarded.\n", "After Edward I's death, Arundel became part of the opposition to the new king Edward II, and his favourite Piers Gaveston. In 1311 he was one of the so-called Lords Ordainers who assumed control of government from the king. Together with Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, he was responsible for the death of Gaveston in 1312. From this point on, however, his relationship to the king became more friendly. This was to a large extent due to his association with the king's new favourite Hugh Despenser the younger, whose daughter was married to Arundel's son. Arundel supported the king in suppressing rebellions by Roger Mortimer and other Marcher Lords, and eventually also Thomas of Lancaster. For this he was awarded with land and offices.\n", "His fortune changed, however, when the country was invaded in 1326 by Mortimer, who had made common cause with the king's wife, Queen Isabella. Immediately after the capture of Edward II, the queen, Edward III's regent, ordered Arundel executed, his title forfeit and his property confiscated. Arundel's son and heir Richard only recovered the title and lands in 1331, after Edward III had taken power from the regency of Isabella and Mortimer. In the 1390s, a cult emerged around the late earl. He was venerated as a martyr, though he was never canonised.\n", "Section::::Family and early life.\n", "Edmund FitzAlan was born in the Castle of Marlborough, in Wiltshire, on 1 May 1285. He was the son of Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (1267–1302), and his wife, Alice of Saluzzo, daughter of Thomas, marquess of Saluzzo in Italy. Richard had been in opposition to the king during the political crisis of 1295, and as a result he had incurred great debts and had parts of his land confiscated. When Richard died in 9 March 1301, Edmund's wardship was given to John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey. Warenne's only son, William, had died in 1286, so his daughter Alice was now heir apparent to the Warenne earldom. Alice was offered in marriage to Edmund, who for unknown reasons initially refused her. By 1305 he had changed his mind, however, and the two were married.\n", "In April 1306, shortly before turning twenty-one, Edmund was granted possession of his father's title and land. On 22 May 1306, he was knighted by Edward I, along with the young Prince Edward (the future Edward II). The knighting was done in expectation of military service the Scottish Wars, and after the campaign was over, Arundel was richly rewarded. Edward I pardoned the young earl a debt of £4,234. This flow of patronage continued after the death of Edward I in 1307; in 1308 Edward II returned the hundred of Purslow to Arundel, an honour that Edward I had confiscated from Edmund's father. There were also official honours in the early years of Edward II's reign. At the new king's coronation on 25 February 1308, Arundel officiated as chief butler (or \"pincerna\"), a hereditary office of the earls of Arundel.\n", "Section::::Opposition to Edward II.\n", "Though the reign of Edward II was initially harmonious, he soon met with opposition from several of his earls and prelates. At the source of the discontent was the king's relationship with the young Gascon knight Piers Gaveston, who had been exiled by Edward I, but was recalled immediately upon Edward II's accession. Edward's favouritism towards the upstart Gaveston was an offence to the established nobility, and his elevation to the earldom of Cornwall was particularly offensive to the established nobility. A group of magnates led by Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, forced Gaveston into exile in 1308. By 1309, however, Edward had reconciled himself with the opposition, and Gaveston was allowed to return.\n", "Arundel joined the opposition at an early point, and did not attend the Stamford parliament in July 1309, where Gaveston's return was negotiated. After Gaveston returned, his behaviour became even more offensive, and opposition towards him grew. In addition to this, there was great discontent with Edward II's failure to follow up his father's Scottish campaigns. On 16 March 1310, the king had to agree to the appointment of a committee known as the Lords Ordainers, who were to be in charge of the reform of the royal government. Arundel was one of eight earls among the twenty-one Ordainers.\n", "The Ordainers once more sent Gaveston into exile in 1311, but by 1312 he was back. Now the king's favourite was officially an outlaw, and Arundel was among the earls who swore to hunt him down. The leader of the oppositionafter Lincoln's death the year beforewas now Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. In June 1312 Gaveston was captured, tried before Lancaster, Arundel and the earls of Warwick and Hereford, and executed. A reconciliation was achieved between the king and the offending magnates, and Arundel and the others received pardons, but animosity prevailed. In 1314 Arundel was among the magnates who refused to assist Edward in a campaign against the Scots, contributing to the disastrous English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn.\n", "Section::::Return to loyalty.\n", "Around the time of Bannockburn, however, Arundel's loyalty began to shift back towards the king. Edward's \"rapprochement\" towards the earl had in fact started earlier, when on 2 November 1313, the king pardoned Arundel's royal debts. The most significant factor in this process though, was the marriage alliance between Arundel and the king's new favourites, the Despensers. Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father Hugh Despenser the elder were gradually taking over control of the government, and using their power to enrich themselves. While this alienated most of the nobility, Arundel's situation was different. At some point in 1314–1315, his son Richard was betrothed to Isabel, daughter of Hugh Despenser the Younger. Now that he found himself back in royal favour, Arundel started receiving rewards in the form of official appointments. In 1317 he was appointed Warden of the Marches of Scotland, and in August 1318, he helped negotiate the Treaty of Leake, which temporarily reconciled the king with Thomas of Lancaster.\n", "With Arundel's change of allegiance came a conflict of interest. In August 1321, a demand was made to the king that Hugh Despenser and his father, Hugh Despenser the elder, be sent into exile. The king, facing a rebellion in the Welsh Marches, had no choice but to assent. Arundel voted for the expulsion, but later he claimed that he did so under compulsion, and also supported their recall in December. Arundel had suffered personally from the rebellion, when Roger Mortimer seized his castle of Clun. Early in 1322, Arundel joined King Edward in a campaign against the Mortimer family. The opposition soon crumbled, and the king decided to move against Thomas of Lancaster, who had been supporting the marcher rebellion all along. Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in March, and executed.\n", "In the aftermath of the rebellion, the Despensers enriched themselves on the forfeited estates of the rebels, and Hugh Despenser the elder was created Earl of Winchester in May 1322. Also Arundel, who was now one of the king's principal supporters, was richly rewarded. After the capture of Roger Mortimer in 1322, he received the forfeited Mortimer lordship of Chirk in Wales. He was also trusted with important offices: he became Chief Justiciar of North and South Wales in 1323, and in 1325 he was made Warden of the Welsh Marches, responsible for the array in Wales. He also extended his influence through marriage alliances; in 1325 he secured marriages between two of his daughters and the sons and heirs of two of Lancaster's main allies: the deceased earls of Hereford and Warwick.\n", "Section::::Final years and death.\n", "In 1323, Roger Mortimer, who had been held in captivity in the Tower of London, escaped and fled to France. Two years later, Queen Isabella travelled to Paris on an embassy to the French king. Here, Isabella and Mortimer developed a plan to invade England and replace Edward II on the throne with his son, the young Prince Edward, who was in the company of Isabella. Isabella and Mortimer landed in England on 24 September 1326, and due to the virulent resentment against the Despenser regime, few came to the king's aid. Arundel initially escaped the invading force in the company of the king, but was later dispatched to his estates in Shropshire to gather troops. At Shrewsbury he was captured by his old enemy John Charlton of Powys, and brought to Queen Isabella at Hereford. On 17 Novemberthe day after Edward II had been taken captiveArundel was executed, allegedly on the instigation of Mortimer. According to a chronicle account, the use of a blunt sword was ordered, and the executioner needed 22 strokes to sever the earl's head from his body.\n", "Arundel's body was initially interred at the Franciscan church in Hereford. It had been his wish, however, to be buried at the family's traditional resting place of Haughmond Abbey in Shropshire, and this is where he was finally buried. Though he was never canonised, a cult emerged around the late earl in the 1390s, associating him with the 9th-century martyr king St Edmund. This veneration may have been inspired by a similar cult around his grandson, Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, who was executed by Richard II in 1397.\n", "Arundel was attainted at his execution; his estates were forfeited to the crown, and large parts of these were appropriated by Isabella and Mortimer. The castle and honour of Arundel was briefly held by Edward II's half-brother Edmund, Earl of Kent, who was executed on 19 March 1330. Edmund FitzAlan's son, Richard, failed in an attempted rebellion against the crown in June 1330, and had to flee to France. In October the same year, the guardianship of Isabella and Mortimer was supplanted by the personal rule of King Edward III. This allowed Richard to return and reclaim his inheritance, and on 8 February 1331, he was fully restored to his father's lands, and created Earl of Arundel.\n", "Section::::Issue.\n", "Edmund and Alice had at least seven children:\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English Earl", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2004845", "wikidata_label": "Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel", "wikipedia_title": "Edmund Fitzalan, 2nd Earl of Arundel" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jimmie Davis\n", "James Houston Davis (September 11, 1899 – November 5, 2000) was an American singer and songwriter of both sacred and popular songs, as well as a politician and former governor of Louisiana. A politician as well as a songwriter, Davis was elected for two nonconsecutive terms from 1944 to 1948 and from 1960 to 1964 as the governor of his native Louisiana. He ran both campaigns as a controversial advocate for impoverished and rural white Louisianians.\n", "Davis was a nationally popular country music and gospel singer from the 1930s into the 1960s, occasionally recording and performing as late as the early 1990s. He appeared as himself in a number of Hollywood movies. He was inducted into six halls of fame, including the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame, and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. At the time of his death in 2000, he was the oldest living former governor as well as the last living governor to have been born in the 19th century.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Davis was born to a sharecropping couple, the former Sarah Elizabeth Works (1877–1965) and Samuel Jones Davis (1873–1945), in Beech Springs, southeast of Quitman in Jackson Parish, north Louisiana. It is now a ghost town.\n", "The family was so poor that young Jimmie did not have a bed in which to sleep until he was nine years old. Davis was not sure of his date of birth; according to the \"New York Times\", \"Various newspaper and magazine articles over the last 70 years said he was born in 1899, 1901, 1902 or 1903. He told The New York Times several years ago that his sharecropper parents could never recall just when he was born – he was, after all, one of 11 children – and that he had not had the slightest idea when it really was.\" The birth date listed on his Country Music Hall of Fame plaque is September 11, 1902. The 1900 US Census recorded his birth as September 1899, which his parents would have told the census taker.\n", "Davis graduated from Beech Springs High School and the New Orleans campus of Soule Business College. Davis received his bachelor's degree in history from the Baptist-affiliated Louisiana College in Pineville in Rapides Parish. He received a master's degree from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.\n", "His 1927 master's thesis, which examines the intelligence levels of different races, is titled \"Comparative Intelligence of Whites, Blacks and Mulattoes.\"\n", "During the late 1920s, Davis taught history (and, unofficially, yodeling) for a year at the former Dodd College for Girls in Shreveport. The college president, Monroe E. Dodd, who was also the pastor of the large First Baptist Church of Shreveport and a pioneer radio preacher, invited Davis to join the faculty.\n", "Section::::Musical career.\n", "Davis became a commercially successful singer of rural music before he entered politics. His early work was in the style of country music singer Jimmie Rodgers. Davis was also known for recording energetic and raunchy blues tunes such as \"Red Nightgown Blues\". Some of these records included slide guitar accompaniment by black bluesman Oscar \"Buddy\" Woods. During his first run for governor, opponents reprinted the lyrics of some of these songs in order to undermine Davis's campaign. In one case, anti-Davis forces played some records over an outdoor sound system, only to give up after the crowds started dancing, ignoring the double-entendre lyrics. Until the end of his life, Davis never denied or repudiated those records.\n", "In 1999, \"You Are My Sunshine\" was honored with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and the Recording Industry Association of America named it one of the Songs of the Century. \"You Are My Sunshine\" was ranked in 2003 as No. 73 on \"CMT's 100 Greatest Songs in Country Music\".\n", "Until his death, Davis insisted that he wrote the song. It will be associated with him. Virginia Shehee, a Shreveport businesswoman, philanthropist, and state senator, introduced legislation to designate \"You Are My Sunshine\" as the official state song.\n", "Davis often performed during his campaign stops when running for governor of Louisiana. After being elected in 1944, he became known as the \"singing governor.\" While governor, he had a No. 1 hit single in 1945 with \"There's a New Moon Over My Shoulder\". Davis recorded for the Victor Talking Machine Company, and Decca Records for decades and released more than 40 albums.\n", "A long-time Southern Baptist, Davis recorded a number of Southern gospel albums. In 1967 he served as president of the Gospel Music Association. He was a close friend of the North Dakota-born band leader Lawrence Welk, who frequently reminded viewers of his television program of his association with Davis.\n", "A number of his songs were used as part of motion picture soundtracks. Davis appeared in half a dozen films, including one starring Ozzie and Harriet, who had a TV series under their names. Members of Davis's last band included Allen \"Puddler\" Harris of Lake Charles. He had served as pianist for singer Ricky Nelson early in his career.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Davis was elected in 1938 as Shreveport's public safety commissioner. At the time, Shreveport had the city commission form of government. After four years in Shreveport City Hall, Davis was elected in 1942 to the Louisiana Public Service Commission. The rate-making body meets in the capital, Baton Rouge. He was elected during his term as governor and left after two years.\n", "Section::::Political career.:First term as governor (1944–1948).\n", "Davis was elected governor as a Democrat in 1944. Among those eliminated in the primary were State Senator Ernest S. Clements of Oberlin in Allen Parish, freshman U.S. Representative James H. Morrison of Hammond in Tangipahoa Parish, and Sam Caldwell, the mayor of Shreveport. Davis and Caldwell had served together earlier in Shreveport municipal government.\n", "In the runoff, Davis defeated Lewis L. Morgan, an elderly attorney and former U.S. representative from Covington, the seat of St. Tammany Parish, who had been backed by former Governor Earl Kemp Long and New Orleans Mayor Robert Maestri. In the runoff, Davis received 251,228 (53.6 percent) to Morgan's 217,915 (46.4 percent).\n", "Davis recruited Chris Faser, Jr., a young staff member of the Public Service Commission, to manage his gubernatorial race and act as his chief of staff. Faser became the \"go-to\" guy to obtain access to the governor.\n", "Davis pleased conservatives with his appointments to high positions of two of the leaders of the impeachment effort against Huey Pierce Long Jr. He named Cecil Morgan of Shreveport to the Louisiana Civil Service Commission. Morgan was succeeded in the Louisiana House by Rupert Peyton of Shreveport, who also served as an aide to Davis. In addition, Davis retained the anti-Long Ralph Norman Bauer of St. Mary Parish as House speaker, a selection made originally in 1940 by Sam Jones.\n", "Davis reached out to the Longites when he commuted the prison sentence imposed on former LSU President James Monroe Smith, convicted in the Louisiana Hayride scandals of the late 1930s. Like Davis, Smith was a native of Jackson Parish.\n", "Earl Long was seeking the lieutenant governorship on the Lewis Morgan \"ticket\" and led in the first primary in 1944, but he lost the runoff to J. Emile Verret of New Iberia, then the president of the Iberia Parish School Board.\n", "Davis kept his hand in show business, and set a record for absenteeism during his first term. He made numerous trips to Hollywood to make Western \"horse operas.\"\n", "Under the state constitution, Davis was term-limited to a single non-consecutive term in office.\n", "Section::::Political career.:The election of 1959–1960.\n", "When he became a candidate for a second term in 1959–60, Davis had been out of office for nearly a dozen years. In a later study of this election, three Louisiana State University political scientists described him by the following:\n", "Davis has all the external attributes of a \"man of the people\", but his serious political connections seem to be with the [parish-seat] elite and its allies, particularly the major industrial combinations of the state. He is in many respects a toned-down version of the old-style southern politician who could spellbound the mass of voters into supporting him regardless of the effects of his programs on their welfare. ... Davis creates the perfect image of a man to be trusted and one whose intense calm is calculated to bring rational balance into the political life of the state.\n", "Davis was running at a time when African Americans in the civil rights movement were seeking social justice and restoration of their constitutional rights. In 1954 the US Supreme Court had ruled in \"Brown v. Board of Education\" that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and urged states to integrate their facilities. With a pledge to fight for continued segregation in public education, Davis won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination over a crowded field.\n", "It included fellow segregationist State Senator William M. Rainach of Claiborne Parish, former Lieutenant Governor Bill Dodd of Baton Rouge, former Governor James A. Noe of Monroe, and New Orleans Mayor deLesseps Story Morrison. Addison Roswell Thompson, the operator of a New Orleans taxicab stand and a member of the Ku Klux Klan, also filed candidacy papers.\n", "Davis ran second in the primary to \"Chep\" Morrison, considered an anti-Long liberal by Louisiana standards. He defeated Morrison in the party runoff held on January 9, 1960. As African Americans (who had supported the Republican Party after the Civil War) were still largely disenfranchised in Louisiana, the Democratic primary was the only competitive race for office in the one-party state.\n", "In the first round of balloting, Davis polled 213,551 (25.3 percent) to Morrison's 278,956 (33.1 percent). Rainach ran third with 143,095 (17 percent). Noe finished fourth with 97,654 (11.6 percent), and Dodd followed with 85,436 (10.1 percent). Davis won the northern and central parts of the state plus Baton Rouge, while Morrison dominated the southern portion of the state, particularly the French cultural parishes. In the runoff, Davis prevailed, 487,681 (54.1 percent) to Morrison's 414,110 (45.5 percent). It was estimated that Davis drew virtually all the Rainach support from the first primary.\n", "Earl Long endorsed Davis in the runoff in part because he had a longstanding personal dislike of Morrison. Long's gubernatorial running-mate, James A. Noe, who finished fourth in the primary, stood with Morrison, as did the fifth-place gubernatorial candidate and former Long lieutenant governor, Bill Dodd.\n", "Rainach and his unsuccessful candidate for state comptroller, later U.S. Representative Joe D. Waggonner, both endorsed Davis on the premise that Davis would be a stronger segregationist than Morrison. Davis had avoided segregationist rhetoric in the first primary race in 1959. According to Morrison, the singer had sought support from the NAACP in New Orleans and Lake Charles.\n", "In the runoff with Morrison, Davis tried to identify as a more determined and dedicated segregationist than his rival. Morrison questioned Davis's change in campaign strategy and also appealed to segregationists. Morrison charged that Davis had \"operated an integrated honky-tonk in California\", when Davis was out of state with his singing career. Morrison also said that Davis had allowed the illegal operation of nine thousand slot machines when Davis was governor during the 1940s.\n", "Meanwhile, Earl Long had run unsuccessfully for lieutenant governor in the first primary in 1959. There was a runoff between Morrison's choice for the job, Alexandria Mayor W. George Bowdon Jr., and Davis's selection, former state House Speaker Clarence C. \"Taddy\" Aycock of Franklin, St. Mary Parish. Aycock defeated Bowdon by a margin similar to the plurality of Davis over Morrison. The defeat was Long's second for lieutenant governor. He had lost in the 1944 primary to J. Emile Verret of Iberia Parish, who served in the second-ranking position in the first Davis administration.\n", "Davis effectively used the slogan \"He's One of Us\" in the gubernatorial race. Number 6 on the ballot, he assembled an intraparty ticket for other statewide constitutional officers, including Aycock for lieutenant governor, Roy R. Theriot of Abbeville for comptroller, Douglas Fowler of Coushatta for custodian of voting machines, Jack P.F. Gremillion for attorney general, Dave L. Pearce, originally from West Carroll Parish, for agriculture commissioner, Ellen Bryan Moore for register of state lands, and Rufus D. Hayes for insurance commissioner; the latter four were all based in Baton Rouge. The entire Davis ticket was elected.\n", "In their study \"The Louisiana Election of 1960\", William C. Havard, Rudolf Heberle, and Perry H. Howard demonstrated that Davis built his second-primary victory by narrowly edging Morrison in the eastern and western extremities of south Louisiana. Davis secured the backing of organized labor and made inroads among the white, urban working class, which would have been essential to a Morrison victory. In the seven urban industrial parishes, which then comprised some 46.5 percent of the total turnout, Davis topped Morrison by 7,368 votes (50.8 percent) of the 419,537 applicable subtotal. \n", "Morrison polled 60 percent in his own Orleans Parish and 54.6 percent in adjacent suburban Jefferson Parish, but in the industrial strip and in more Protestant areas, Morrison slipped. The second primary attracted 57,744 more votes than the initial stage of balloting, and analysts found that the lion's share of additional ballots were filed by segregationists who backed Davis.\n", "In the general election held on April 19, 1960, Davis defeated Republican Francis Grevemberg, a Lafayette native, by a margin of nearly 82–17 percent. Grevemberg had been head of the state police under Democratic Governor Robert F. Kennon and had gained a reputation for fighting organized crime. He called for a true two-party system for Louisiana. As the Democratic nominee in the nearly one-party state, Davis faced no serious political threat and did little campaigning against Grevemberg.\n", "It has been reported that had General Curtis LeMay turned down George C. Wallace's offer to be his candidate for vice president in 1968 on the American Independent Party ticket, that Wallace was ready to announce Davis as his selection for vice president. Other sources say Wallace's second choice was the former governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus.\n", "Section::::Political career.:The election of 1959–1960.:Davis and Dodd.\n", "In the 1959 campaign, Bill Dodd had attacked Davis ferociously: it was part of Dodd's strategy to get Davis to withdraw from the primary. \"Nothing personal in his [Dodd's] heart, just a cold-blooded plan to wind up in a second primary against Morrison, who he figured could not win against anyone [else] in a runoff,\" said Davis in the introduction to Dodd's memoirs, \"Peapatch Politics: The Earl Long Era in Louisiana Politics\".\n", "Dodd endorsed Morrison in the runoff, but he had a long-term reason for this decision. Dodd planned to run for school superintendent in the 1963 primary, and he wanted to have at least the neutrality of Morrison four years thereafter.\n", "Dodd and Davis later became close friends. In Davis' words:\n", "Bill and I have many things in common. We share the same type of religion and boyhood background; we got our start as schoolteachers and figured prominently in public education; we both served in public life at or near the top. And I like to feel that we share a common appreciation and respect for people, all people. One of the greatest rewards in politics is meeting people. And one of the greatest and most unusual men I've ever met is Bill Dodd.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Second term (1960–1964).\n", "Davis' appointees in the second term included outgoing State Representative Claude Kirkpatrick of Jennings, who was named to succeed Lorris M. Wimberly as the Director of Public Works. In that capacity, Kirkpatrick took the steps for a joint agreement with Texas to establish the popular Toledo Bend Reservoir, a haven for boating and fishing. Mrs. Kirkpatrick, the former Edith Killgore, a native of Claiborne Parish, headed Davis' women's campaign division for southwestern Louisiana. He appointed Alexandria businessman Morgan W. Walker, Sr., to the State Mineral Board. Walker founded a company which later became part of Continental Trailways Bus lines. Davis named as state highway director Ray Burgess of Baton Rouge, who considered running for governor in the 1963 primary.\n", "As part of his support of segregation, Davis initiated passage of state legislation to create the Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission, which operated from 1960 to 1967. It \"espoused states rights, anti-communist and segregationist ideas, with a particular focus on maintaining the status quo in race relations. It was closely allied with the Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee on Un-American Activities.\" It was modeled after Mississippi's commission, established in 1956 to resist integration. Davis tapped Frank Voelker Jr., City Attorney of Lake Providence, to chair the newly established Commission. It was given unusual powers to investigate state citizens, and used its authority to exert economic pressure to suppress civil rights activists. Voelker left the commission in 1963 to run for governor but placed poorly in the primary; he withdrew and supported other candidates.\n", "In his second term, Davis chose veteran Representative J. Thomas Jewell of New Roads in Pointe Coupee Parish as House Speaker to succeed Bob Angelle. Davis secured passage of a $60 million public improvements bond issue through the State Board and Building Commission, an organization controlled by the governor. He gained legislative support from many formerly pro-Long lawmakers and cemented his hold on the traditional anti-Long bloc. He avoided defeat on any legislation that he strongly supported and was able to defeat nearly all bills with which he did not concur.\n", "He offered tacit support to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, national Democrats, to secure the state's hold of pending offshore oil revenues. In the 1963 legislative fiscal session, he defeated efforts to procure an unpledged presidential elector slate for the 1964 general election, by which time he had been succeeded by John J. McKeithen.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Fourth place in 1971.\n", "In 1971, Davis entered another crowded Democratic gubernatorial primary field with new political prospects, but he finished in fourth place with 138,756 ballots (11.8 percent).\n", "In a runoff election held in December 1971, U.S. Representative Edwin Washington Edwards of Crowley, Acadia Parish, defeated then state Senator J. Bennett Johnston Jr., of Shreveport for the party nomination. That vote was close: Edwards, 584,262 (50.2 percent) to Johnston's 579,774 (49.8 percent). Edwards beat Republican David C. Treen in the state general election held on February 1, 1972. By that time, Davis' days as a politician were clearly behind him.\n", "Toward the end of his life, longtime Democrat Davis endorsed at least two Republican candidates after the state's voters had gone through a political realignment. By the late 20th century, white conservatives in the state largely supported the Republican Party. In 1996 Davis endorsed Republican state representative Woody Jenkins of Baton Rouge for the U.S. Senate against Democrat Mary Landrieu of New Orleans, and Governor Murphy J. \"Mike\" Foster, Jr. seeking re-election in 1999. His opponent was African-American Democratic Congressman Bill Jefferson of New Orleans.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Political legacy.\n", "Davis established a State Retirement System and funding of more than $100 million in public improvements, while leaving the state with a $38 million surplus after his first term.\n", "During his second term, Davis built the Sunshine Bridge, the new Louisiana Governor's Mansion, and Toledo Bend Reservoir, all criticized at the time, but later recognized as beneficial to the state. Davis coordinated the pay periods of state employees, who had sometimes received their checks a week late, a particular hardship to those with low earnings.\n", "Earl Long once remarked that Davis was so relaxed and low-key that one could not \"wake up Jimmie Davis with an earthquake\".\n", "Public relations specialist Gus Weill, who worked in the Davis campaign in 1959, wrote a biography of the former governor in 1977, entitled \"You Are My Sunshine,\" based on Davis' best-known song.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Davis's first wife, the former Alvern Adams, the daughter of a physician in Shreveport, was the first lady while he was governor during both terms. Two years after her death in 1967, Davis in 1969 married Effie Juanita Carter Gordon, known thereafter as Anna Davis (February 15, 1917 – March 5, 2004). She was a gospel music pioneer who sold more than 30 million records in forty years of affiliation with Columbia Records.\n", "Out of office, Davis resided primarily in Baton Rouge but made numerous singing appearances, particularly in churches throughout the United States.\n", "Davis died on November 5, 2000. He had suffered a fall in his home some ten months earlier and may have had a stroke in his last days. He is interred alongside his first wife at the Jimmie Davis Tabernacle Cemetery in his native Beech Springs community near Quitman. Jim Davis was cremated.\n", "Davis was aged 101 years and 55 days, which made him the longest-lived of all U.S. state governors at the time of his death. Davis held this record until March 18, 2011, when Albert Rosellini of Washington achieved a greater lifespan of 101 years, 56 days.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "The Jimmie Davis Bridge over the Red River connects Shreveport and Bossier City via Louisiana Highway 511. It was named in his honor during his second term as governor.\n", "The Jimmie Davis Tabernacle is located near Weston in Jackson Parish. The tabernacle hosts occasional gospel singing. At the site is a replica of the Davis homestead (c. 1900) and of the Peckerwood Hill Store, an old general store that served the community.\n", "Jimmie Davis State Park is located on Caney Lake (not to be confused with Caney Lakes Recreation Area near Minden) southwest of Chatham.\n", "Davis was posthumously inducted into the Delta Music Museum Hall of Fame in Ferriday, Louisiana.\n", "Davis was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1971, the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1972, the Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame in 1997 and The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2008.\n", "In 1993, Davis was among the first thirteen inductees of the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.\n", "The Hall of Fame periodically issues the \"Friends of Jimmie Davis Award\". In 2005, the award was presented to then U.S. Senator Ted Stevens, an Alaska Republican, who once hosted Davis in a concert at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. Speaking at the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame, Stevens recalled having been with both Davis and Ronald W. Reagan, when Reagan was contemplating his first run for governor of California and asked Davis for political advice. Stevens joined the Jimmie Davis Band in a rendition of \"You Are My Sunshine\".\n", "The 2006 recipient of the \"Friends of Jimmie Davis\" award was the late former State Senator B.G. Dyess, a Baptist minister from Rapides Parish.\n", "The Davis archives of papers and photographs is housed in the \"You Are My Sunshine\" Collection of the Linus A. Sims Memorial Library at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond.\n", "Davis believed that his singing career enhanced his political prospects. He once told Georgia Republican Ronnie Thompson, a mayor of Macon: \"If you want to have any success in politics, sing softly and carry a big guitar,\" a play on an old Theodore Roosevelt adage.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Davis had several appearances in movies (usually or always as himself), including:\n", "BULLET::::- 1942: \"Strictly in the Groove\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1942: \"Riding Through Nevada\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1943: \"Frontier Fury\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1944: \"Cyclone Prairie Rangers\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1947: \"Louisiana\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1949: \"Mississippi Rhythm\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1950: \"Square Dance Katy\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Governors of Louisiana\n", "BULLET::::- Jim Flynn, a writer encouraged when Davis signed his first song writing contract\n", "Section::::References and sources.\n", "Section::::References and sources.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Toru Mitsui (1998). \"Jimmie Davis.\" In \"The Encyclopedia of Country Music.\" Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 136.\n", "BULLET::::- Kevin S. Fontenot, \"You Can't Fight a Song: Country Music in Jimmie Davis' Gubernatorial Campaigns,\" \"Journal of Country Music\" (2007).\n", "Section::::References and sources.:External links.\n", "BULLET::::- State of Louisiana Biography\n", "BULLET::::- Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries\n", "BULLET::::- Listen to Jimmie singing \"She's a Real Hum Dinger\"\n", "BULLET::::- at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum\n", "BULLET::::- Jimmie Davis Collection and Jimmie Davis Photo Collection at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond.\n", "BULLET::::- Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame and Museum\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James Houston Davis", "Houston Davis" ] }, "description": "singer and Louisiana governor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q429348", "wikidata_label": "Jimmie Davis", "wikipedia_title": "Jimmie Davis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Amir Kabir\n", "Mirza Taghi Khan Farahani (), better known as Amir Kabir () (1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the titles of \"Atabak\" and \"Amir-e Nezam\" was chief minister to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Shah of Persia) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be \"Iran's first reformer\", a modernizer who was \"unjustly struck down\" as he attempted to bring \"gradual reform\" to Iran. As the prime minister, he also ordered the killing of many Babis and the execution of the founder of the movement, the Báb. In the last years of his life he was exiled to Fin Garden in Kashan and was murdered with command of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar on January 10, 1852.\n", "Section::::Background and achievements.\n", "Section::::Background and achievements.:Early career.\n", "Amir Kabir was born in Hazaveh in the Farahan district, in what is now Markazi Province of Iran. His father, Karbalaʾi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of Mirza Abu'l-Qasim Farahani Qa'im Maqam of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to ʿAbbas Mirza, the crown prince, in Tabriz, Karbalaʾi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. Amir Kabir first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children. Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Qaʾem-maqam. Under the son's aegis, Amir Kabir entered government service, being appointed first to the post of \"lashkarnevis\" [military registrar] for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to the position of \"mostofi-ye nezam\", becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same army’s provisions, financing, and organization with the title of \"vazir-e nezam\".\n", "During his tenure, Amir Kabir participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in Erzurum, part of a commission to delineate the Ottoman-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day Khorramshahr) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-à-vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of Amir Kabir’s initiatives. Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the Crimean War erupted and the British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. Amir Kabir nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister.\n", "Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the Tanzimat. Some awareness of these reached Amir Kabir in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, “The Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahs”.\n", "Section::::Background and achievements.:Reforms of the army.\n", "Amir Kabir returned to Tabriz in 1263/1847. A year later, while retaining the post and title of \"vazir-e nezam\", he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848, Mohammad Shah died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ʿAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to Amir Kabir, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-din’s confidence in Amir Kabir increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of \"amir-e nezam\", with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of \"amir-e kabir\" and \"atabak\" (Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the Saljuq period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master.\n", "His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented Amir Kabir’s reduction of their spending and allowances. The intrigues of his opponents resulted in a mutiny of a company of Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the cooperation of Mirza Abu’l-Qasem Imam of Friday Prayer in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the bazaar and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and Amir Kabir resumed his duties.\n", "More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially Mashhad. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of Khorasan, but he found his authority disputed by Hasan Khan Salar, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to Herat. Amir Kabir sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. Amir Kabir had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of Amir Kabir’s intention to assert the prerogatives of the state.\n", "Section::::Background and achievements.:Administrative reforms.\n", "With order reestablished in the provinces, Amir Kabir turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry. His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against smallpox, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions. Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million Iranian toman. Amir Kabir thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death.\n", "At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central government, and the Caspian fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian monopoly and contracted out to Iranians.\n", "The administration of the royal lands (\"khalesajat\") came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability.\n", "Of particular interest is the care shown by Amir Kabir for the economic development of Khuzestan (then known as ʿArabestan), identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the Persian Gulf, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at Shushtar, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of American cotton near Tehran and Urmia.\n", "Section::::Background and achievements.:Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements.\n", "Among the various measures enacted by Amir Kabir, the foundation of the Darolfonun, in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects. Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the University of Tehran, with the remaining becoming Darolfonun Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that Amir Kabir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by Daʾud Khan, an Assyrian who had become acquainted with Amir Kabir during the work of the Ottoman-Iranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, Amir Kabir had already been dismissed, and it fell to Daʾud Khan to receive them.The Austrian instructors initially knew no Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed. Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, Amir Kabir’s successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the Darolfonun, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder.\n", "Amir Kabir made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper \"Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh\", which survived under different titles until the reign of Mozaffar-al-din Shah. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal Amir Kabir hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of \"soyursat\" was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the world’s political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of Mazzini against the Habsburg Empire, the drawing up of the Suez Canal project, the invention of the balloon, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo.\n", "All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the Ulema, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. Amir Kabir took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharʿ courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharʿ courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of ʿorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharʿ court of the state’s choosing, and any verdict the sharʿ court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the \"divan-khaneh\". In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana. Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharʿ courts, Amir Kabir took stringent measures against sharʿ judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ʿAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he offered to settle a case involving one of Amir Kabir’s servants to the liking of the minister.\n", "Amir Kabir also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and mosques. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the Masjed-e Shah in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of Amir Kabir. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as Boqʿa-ye Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the “miracle” were brought to Tehran, and soon after the \"emam-e jomʿa\" and \"shaykh-al-eslam\" of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was Amir Kabir’s desire to prohibit the taziyeh, the Shia \"passion play\" enacted in Moharram, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan.\n", "Section::::Background and achievements.:Minorities.\n", "Amir Kabir took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In Erzurum he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of \"protecting\" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible grievances and hence any need for a foreign \"protector.\" He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the Mandaean community to Islam.\n", "Section::::Background and achievements.:Foreign policy.\n", "The foreign policy of Amir Kabir was as innovative as his internal policies. He has been credited with pioneering the policy of \"negative equilibrium,\" (giving concessions to neither Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in Astarabad, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of Ashuradeh, an island in the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali.\n", "In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives of Russia and Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies.\n", "Section::::Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb.\n", "Amir Kabir regarded the followers of Bábism, the predecessor of the Bahá'í Faith, as a threat and repressed them. He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran and the execution of The Báb, the movement's founder. `Abdu'l-Bahá referred to Amir Kabir as the greatest of the religion's oppressors.\n", "Section::::Dismissal and execution.\n", "From the start, Amir Kabir’s policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite – most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the Queen Mother, Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri (Amir Kabir’s lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court’s chief accountant, reputedly Russophile).\n", "As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, Amir Kabir was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier. This transition marked a rejection “ of…reformist measures in favor of the traditional practices of government.” The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued Russian and British interference. Amir Kabir was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that Amir Kabir would soon be granted protection by the Russians – possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that Amir Kabir had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. Amir Kabir was murdered in Kashan on January 10, 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Among his Iranian contemporaries Amir Kabir received praise from several poets of the age, notably Sorush and Qaʾani, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Contemporary Legacy.\n", "BULLET::::- Amir Kabir Dam, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him.\n", "BULLET::::- Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed Amirkabir University of Technology after him in 1979.\n", "BULLET::::- Amirkabir, a well-known publisher founded in 1949.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:In fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- Amir Kabir Farahani is portrayed by actor Dariush Arjmand in Mohsen Makhmalbaf's movie \"Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema.\"\n", "BULLET::::- He is also portrayed by Saeed Nikpour in the Iranian television series Amir Kabir\n", "BULLET::::- He is also portrayed by Naser Malek Motiee in Iranian television series Soltan-e Sahebgharan\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Prime Ministers of Iran\n", "BULLET::::- Military history of Iran\n", "BULLET::::- Prime Minister of Iran\n", "BULLET::::- Dapir\n", "Section::::References and notes.\n", "BULLET::::- Amir Kabir and Iran' by Fereydun Adamiyat, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Mirza Taki Khan" ] }, "description": "Prime Minister of Iran", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q472054", "wikidata_label": "Amir Kabir", "wikipedia_title": "Amir Kabir" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ernie Fletcher\n", "Ernest Lee Fletcher (born November 12, 1952) is an American physician and politician. In 1998, he was elected to the first of three consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives; he resigned in 2003 after being elected the 60th governor of Kentucky and served until 2007. Prior to his entry into politics, Fletcher was a family practice physician and a Baptist lay minister. He is the second physician to be elected Governor of Kentucky; the first was Luke P. Blackburn in 1879. He is a member of the Republican Party.\n", "Fletcher graduated from the University of Kentucky and joined the United States Air Force to pursue his dream of becoming an astronaut. He left the Air Force after budget cuts reduced his squadron's flying time and earned a degree in medicine, hoping to earn a spot as a civilian on a space mission. Deteriorating eyesight eventually ended those hopes, and he entered private practice as a physician and conducted services as a Baptist lay minister. He became active in politics and was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1994. Two years later he ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, but lost to incumbent Scotty Baesler. When Baesler retired to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate, Fletcher again ran for the congressional seat and defeated Democratic state senator Ernesto Scorsone. He soon became one of the House Republican caucus' top advisors regarding health care legislation, particularly the Patients' Bill of Rights.\n", "Fletcher was elected governor in 2003 over state Attorney General Ben Chandler. Early in his term, Fletcher achieved some savings to the state by reorganizing the executive branch. He proposed an overhaul to the state tax code in 2004, but was unable to get it passed through the General Assembly. When Republicans in the state senate insisted on tying the reforms to the state budget, the legislature adjourned without passing either and the state operated under an executive spending plan drafted by Fletcher until 2005, when both the budget and the reforms were passed.\n", "Later in 2005, Attorney General Greg Stumbo, the state's highest-ranking Democrat, launched an investigation into whether the Fletcher administration's hiring practices violated the state's merit system. A grand jury returned several indictments against members of Fletcher's staff, and eventually against Fletcher himself. Fletcher issued pardons for anyone on his staff implicated in the investigation, but did not pardon himself. Though the investigation was ended by an agreement between Fletcher and Stumbo in late 2006, it continued to overshadow Fletcher's re-election bid in 2007. After turning back a challenge in the Republican primary by former Congresswoman Anne Northup, Fletcher lost the general election to Democrat Steve Beshear. After his term as governor, he returned to the medical field as founder and CEO of Alton Healthcare. He is married and has two grown children.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Ernest Lee Fletcher was born in Mount Sterling, Kentucky on November 12, 1952. He was the third of four children born to Harold Fletcher, Sr. and his wife, Marie. The family owned a farm and operated a general store near the community of Means. Harold Fletcher also worked for Columbia Gas. When Ernie was three weeks old, Harold was transferred to Huntington, West Virginia. Two years later, the Fletchers returned to Robertson County, Kentucky, where they lived until Ernie Fletcher began the first grade. The family moved once more and finally settled in Lexington.\n", "Fletcher attended Lafayette High School in Lexington where he was a member of the National Beta Club. During his senior year, he was an all-state saxophone player and was elected prom king. After graduating in 1970, he enrolled at the University of Kentucky. He pledged and became a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. After his freshman year, he married his high school sweetheart, Glenna Foster. The couple had two children, Rachel and Ben, and four grandchildren.\n", "Fletcher aspired to become an astronaut, and joined the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps. In 1974, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering, graduating with top honors. After graduation, he joined the U.S. Air Force. After flight training in Oklahoma, he was stationed in Alaska where he served as a F-4E Aircraft commander and NORAD Alert Force commander. During the Cold War, his duties included commanding squadrons to intercept Soviet military aircraft. In 1980, as budget cutbacks were reducing his squadron's flying time, Fletcher turned down a regular commission in the Air Force. He left the Air Force with the rank of captain, having received the Air Force Commendation Medal and the Outstanding Unit Award.\n", "Fletcher enrolled in the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, hoping that a medical degree, along with a military background, would earn him a civilian spot on a space mission. In 1984, he graduated medical school with a Doctor of Medicine degree, but his deteriorating eyesight forced him to abandon his dreams of becoming an astronaut.\n", "In 1983, the Lexington Primitive Baptist church that Fletcher attended ordained him as a lay minister. In 1984, he opened a family medical practice in Lexington. Along with former classmate Dr. James D. B. George, he co-founded the South Lexington Family Physicians in 1987. For two years, he concurrently held the title of chief executive officer of the Saint Joseph Medical Foundation, an organization that solicits private gifts to Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center in Lexington. In 1989, Fletcher's church called him to become its unpaid pastor, but over the years, he grew to question some of the church's doctrines, desiring it to become more evangelistic. Consequently, he left the Primitive Baptist denomination in 1994 and joined the Porter Memorial Baptist Church, a Southern Baptist congregation.\n", "Section::::Legislative career.\n", "Through his church ministry, Fletcher became acquainted with a group of social conservatives that gained control of the Fayette County Republican Party in 1990. (Fayette County and the city of Lexington operate under the merged Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government). Fletcher accepted an invitation to become a member of the county Republican committee. In 1994, he was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives, defeating incumbent Democrat Leslie Trapp. He represented Kentucky's 78th District and served on the Kentucky Commission on Poverty and the Task Force on Higher Education. He was also chosen by Governor Paul E. Patton to assist with reforming the state's health-care system.\n", "As a result of legislative redistricting in 1996, Fletcher's district was consolidated with the one represented by fellow Republican Stan Cave. Rather than challenge a member of his own party, Fletcher decided to run for a seat representing Kentucky's 6th District in the U.S. House of Representatives later that year. After winning a three-way Republican primary by 4 votes over his closest opponent, he was defeated by incumbent Democrat Scotty Baesler by just over 25,000 votes. In 1998, Baesler resigned his seat to run for the U.S. Senate seat vacated due to the retirement of Senator Wendell H. Ford. Fletcher won the Republican primary for Baesler's seat by a wide margin. In the general election, Fletcher faced Democrat Ernesto Scorsone. The \"Lexington Herald-Leader\" billed the race as \"a classic joust between the left and the right\". Fletcher was strongly opposed to abortion, advocated a \"flatter, fairer, simpler\" tax system, and called for returning most federal education funding to local communities. Scorsone supported abortion rights, called a flat tax \"too regressive\", and favored national educational testing and standards. Fletcher defeated Scorsone by a vote of 104,046 to 90,033, with third-party candidate W. S. Krogdahl garnering 1,839 votes.\n", "Within months of arriving in Washington, D.C., Fletcher was selected as the leadership liaison for the 17-member freshman class of Republican legislators. He was appointed to the Committee on Education and Workforce, and John Boehner, chair of the committee's employer/employee relations subcommittee, chose Fletcher as his vice-chair. The committee's purpose is to oversee the rules for employer-paid health plans, among other issues, and although it is rare for a freshman legislator to attain a committee leadership post, Boehner cited Fletcher's experience in the medical field and work on reforming the Kentucky health care system as reasons for the appointment. Fletcher also served as a member of the House Committees on the Budget and Agriculture. In June 1999, he sponsored an amendment to a youth violence bill that allowed school districts to use federal funds to develop curricula which included elements designed to promote and enhance students' moral character; the amendment passed 422–1. Later, Fletcher was assigned to the Committee on Energy and Commerce and was selected as chairman of the Policy Subcommittee on Health.\n", "During the debate over the proposed Patients' Bill of Rights legislation, Fletcher opposed a Democratic proposal that would have allowed individuals to sue their health maintenance organizations (HMOs), favoring instead a more limited bill drafted by Republican leadership that expanded the patient's ability to appeal HMO decisions. Many doctors in the Republican legislative caucus felt their party's bill did not go far enough; Fletcher and Tennessee Senator Bill Frist were notable exceptions. Fletcher's position cost him the support of the Kentucky Medical Association (KMA). After contributing to his campaign against Scorsone in 1998, KMA backed Scotty Baesler's bid to regain his old seat from Fletcher in 2000. However, Baesler only captured 35 percent of the vote to Fletcher's 53 percent. The remaining 12 percent went to third-party candidate Gatewood Galbraith.\n", "After the 2000 election, Fletcher crafted a compromise bill that allowed patients to sue their HMOs in federal court, capped pain and suffering awards at $500,000, and eliminated punitive damage awards. Despite an eventual compromise allowing patient lawsuits to go to state courts under certain circumstances and heavy lobbying in favor of Fletcher's bill by President George W. Bush, the House refused to pass it, favoring an alternative proposal by Georgia's Charlie Norwood that was less restrictive on patient lawsuits.\n", "Fletcher faced no major-party opposition in his re-election bid in 2002 after the only Democrat in the race, 24-year-old Roy Miller Cornett Jr., withdrew his candidacy. Independent Gatewood Galbraith again made the race; Libertarian Mark Gailey also mounted a challenge. In the final vote tally, Fletcher received 115,522 votes to Galbraith's 41,853 and Gailey's 3,313.\n", "Section::::2003 gubernatorial election.\n", "In 2002, Fletcher was encouraged by Senator Mitch McConnell, the leader of Kentucky's Republican Party, to run for governor and formed an exploratory committee the same year. On December 2, 2002, he announced that he would run on a ticket with McConnell aide Hunter Bates. Early in 2003, a Republican college student named Curtis Shain challenged Bates' candidacy on grounds that he did not meet the residency requirements set forth for the lieutenant governor in the state constitution. Under the constitution, candidates for both governor and lieutenant governor must be citizens of the state for at least six years prior to the election. From August 1995 to February 2002, Bates and his wife rented an apartment in Alexandria, Virginia while Bates was working for a law firm in Washington, D.C., and later, as McConnell's chief of staff. Bob Heleringer, a former state representative from suburban Louisville and the running mate of Republican gubernatorial candidate Steve Nunn, joined the suit as a plaintiff. In March 2003, an Oldham County judge ruled that Bates had not established residency in Kentucky. He cited the fact that from 1995 to 2002, Bates held a Virginia driver's license, paid Virginia income taxes, and \"regularly\" slept in his apartment in Virginia. Bates did not appeal the ruling because by allowing the judge to declare a vacancy on the ballot, Fletcher was able to name a replacement running mate, an option that would not have been afforded him had Bates withdrawn.\n", "Fletcher chose Steve Pence, United States Attorney for the Western District of Kentucky, as his new running mate. Heleringer continued his legal challenge, first claiming that Bates' ineligibility should have invalidated the entire Fletcher/Bates ticket and then that Fletcher should not have been allowed to name a replacement for an unqualified candidate. The Kentucky Supreme Court rejected that argument on May 7, 2003, though the justices' reasons for doing so varied and the final opinion conceded that \"[t]his is a close case on the law, and Heleringer has presented legal issues worthy of this court's time and attention\". The state Board of Elections instructed all county clerks to count absentee ballots cast for Fletcher and Bates as votes for Fletcher and Pence.\n", "In the Republican primary, Fletcher received 53 percent of the vote, besting Nunn, Jefferson County judge/executive Rebecca Jackson, and state senator Virgil Moore. In the Democratic primary, Attorney General Ben Chandler defeated Speaker of the House Jody Richards. Chandler, the grandson of former governor A. B. \"Happy\" Chandler, was hurt in the closing days of the campaign when a third challenger, businessman Bruce Lunsford dropped out of the race and endorsed Richards. Chandler won the Democratic primary by just 3.7 percentage points and was forced to reorganize his campaign. Consequently, Fletcher entered the general election as the favorite.\n", "Due to the funding from the Republican Governors Association, Fletcher held a two-to-one fundraising advantage over Chandler. A sex-for-favors scandal that ensnared sitting Democratic governor Paul Patton, as well as a predicted $710 million shortfall in the upcoming budget, damaged the entire Democratic slate of candidates' chances for election. Fletcher capitalized on these issues, promising to \"clean up the mess\" in Frankfort, and won the election by a vote of 596,284 to 487,159. In all, Republicans captured four of the seven statewide constitutional offices in 2003; Trey Grayson was elected Secretary of State and Richie Farmer was elected Commissioner of Agriculture. Fletcher resigned his seat in the House on December 8, 2003 and assumed the governorship the following day. Fletcher's victory made him the first Republican elected governor of Kentucky since 1971, and his margin of victory was the largest ever for a Republican in a Kentucky gubernatorial election.\n", "Section::::Governor of Kentucky.\n", "Fletcher made economic development a priority, and Kentucky ranked fourth among all U.S. states in number of jobs created during his administration. One of his first actions as governor was to reorganize the executive branch, condensing the number of cabinet positions from fourteen to nine. He dissolved the former Kentucky Horse Racing Commission and instead created the Kentucky Horse Racing Authority to promote and regulate the state's horse racing industry. To improve the state's management of Medicaid, he rolled back some of the program's requirements and unveiled a plan to focus on improvements in care, benefit management, and technology. Fletcher also launched \"Get Healthy Kentucky!,\" an initiative to promote healthier lifestyles for Kentuckians.\n", "Section::::Governor of Kentucky.:2004 state budget dispute.\n", "Throughout Fletcher's term, the Kentucky Senate was controlled by Republicans, while Democrats held a majority in the state House of Representatives. Consequently, Fletcher had difficulty getting legislation enacted in the General Assembly. Early in the 2004 legislative session, he presented a plan for tax reform that he claimed was \"revenue neutral\" and would \"modernize\" the state tax code. The plan was drafted with input from seven Democratic legislators in the House, none of them in leadership roles, leading to claims that Fletcher was trying to circumvent House leadership. As the session wore on, Republicans insisted on tying the tax reform package to the proposed state budget, while Democrats wanted to vote on the measures separately. Despite last minute attempts at a compromise as the session drew to a close, the Assembly passed neither the tax reform package nor a state budget. The contentious session ended with only a few accomplishments, including passage of a fetal homicide law, an anti-price gouging measure, and a law barring the state public service commission from regulating broadband Internet providers beyond what restrictions were put in place by the Federal Communications Commission.\n", "The 2004 session marked the second consecutive session in which the General Assembly had failed to pass a biennial budget; the first occurred in 2002 under Governor Patton. When the fiscal year ended without a budget in place, responsibility for state expenditures fell to Fletcher. As it had been in 2002, spending was governed by an executive spending plan created by the governor. Democratic Attorney General Greg Stumbo filed suit asking for a determination on the extent of Fletcher's ability to spend without legislative approval. A similar suit, filed after the 2002 session ended in deadlock, was rendered moot when the legislature passed a budget in a special session prior to the conclusion of the lawsuit. A judicial review by a Franklin County circuit court judge approved Fletcher's spending plan but forbade spending on new capital projects and programs. In late December 2004, a judge ruled that Fletcher's plan could continue to govern spending until the end of the fiscal year on June 30, 2005, but \"thereafter\" executive spending was to be limited to \"funds demonstrated to be for limited and specific essential services.\"\n", "On May 19, 2005, the Kentucky Supreme Court issued a 4–3 decision stating that the General Assembly had acted unconstitutionally by not passing a budget and that Fletcher had acted outside his constitutional authority by spending money not specifically appropriated by the legislature. The majority opinion rejected the lower court's exception for \"specific essential services\", saying \"If the legislative department fails to appropriate funds deemed sufficient to operate the executive department at a desired level of services, the executive department must serve the citizenry as best it can with what it is given. If the citizenry deems those services insufficient, it will exercise its own constitutional power — the ballot.\" Chief Justice Joseph Lambert dissented, claiming the executive spending plan was necessary. Two other justices, in a separate opinion, disagreed with the majority that federal and state constitutional mandates should still be funded in the absence of a budget. In their dissent, they argued that the threat of a government shutdown would act as an impetus for the General Assembly to engage in timely budget-making. The decision took no retroactive steps to change the actions it ruled unconstitutional, but it served as a precedent for any future cases of budgetary gridlock.\n", "Section::::Governor of Kentucky.:Legislative interim and 2005 legislative session.\n", "In June 2004, Fletcher's aircraft caused a security scare that triggered a brief evacuation of the U.S. Capitol and Supreme Court building. Shortly after takeoff en route to memorial services for former president Ronald Reagan, the transponder on Fletcher's plane malfunctioned, leading officials at Reagan National Airport to report an unauthorized aircraft entering restricted airspace. Two F-15 fighters were dispatched to investigate, and Fletcher's plane was escorted to its destination by two Blackhawk helicopters. The plane, a 33-year-old Beechcraft King Air, was the oldest of its model still in operation. An investigation by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) found that the crew of Fletcher's plane maintained radio contact with air traffic officials and received clearance to enter the restricted air space. The investigation determined that miscommunication by air traffic controllers sparked the panic, and in the aftermath of the incident, the FAA adopted policies to prevent future errors of a similar nature.\n", "In July 2004, Fletcher announced a plan to unify the state's branding to improve its public perception. Shortly after the announcement, late-night comedians Craig Kilborn and Jay Leno made some tongue-in-cheek suggestions for the new slogan on \"The Late Late Show\" and \"The Tonight Show\", respectively. In response, Fletcher wrote a letter to both comedians taking exception to the jokes and was invited to appear on both programs. Citing Leno's larger audience and earlier time slot, Fletcher agreed to appear on \"The Tonight Show\", where he presented Leno with a Louisville Slugger baseball bat and traded jocular barbs about the relative advantages of Kentucky and Los Angeles where \"The Tonight Show\" is taped. Eventually, four slogans were chosen to be voted on online as well as at interstate travel centers. In December 2004, \"Kentucky: Unbridled Spirit\" was chosen as the winning slogan and was printed on road signs, state documents, and souvenirs. A 2007 study determined that 88.9% of Kentuckians could correctly identify the slogan and its logo. Further, 64% of those surveyed across a ten-state region recognized the slogan and logo, higher than any other brand tested in the study.\n", "In the second half of 2004, Fletcher proposed changes to the health benefits of state workers and retirees. Fletcher's plan provided discounts for members who engaged in healthier behavior, which he called a transition from a sickness initiative to a wellness initiative. Acknowledging that out-of-pocket expenses would rise, Fletcher proposed a 1% salary increase to offset the additional costs. State employees, particularly public school teachers, broadly opposed Fletcher's plan, and the Kentucky Educators Association called for an indefinite strike, to begin October 27, 2004. To address the opposition, Fletcher called a special session of the legislature to begin October 5, 2004. Although the state was still operating under an executive spending plan, Fletcher did not include the budget or his tax reform proposal in the session's agenda, a move praised by both parties, allowing them to focus only on concerns over the health plan. In a fifteen-day session, the General Assembly passed a plan that allocated $190 million more to health insurance for state workers and restored many of the most popular benefits in the previous insurance plan. Immediately after the session adjourned, the Kentucky Educators Association voted to cancel their proposed strike.\n", "On November 8, 2004, Fletcher signed a death warrant for Thomas Clyde Bowling, who was convicted of a double murder in 1990 and sentenced to death by lethal injection. A group of doctors requested an investigation by the Kentucky Board of Medical Licensure to determine whether Fletcher's medical license should be revoked for that action. Kentucky requires doctors to follow the guidelines of the American Medical Association, which forbid doctors from participating in an execution. On January 13, 2005, the Board of Medical Licensure found that Fletcher was acting in his capacity as governor, not as a doctor, when he signed the warrant and ruled that his license was not subject to forfeiture by that action.\n", "During the General Assembly's 2005 session, Fletcher again proposed his tax reform plan, and late in the session, both houses passed it. The plan raised sin taxes on cigarettes and alcohol, as well as upping taxes on satellite television service and motel rooms. Businesses were also subjected to a gross receipts tax. In exchange, corporate taxes were lowered, as were income taxes for individuals who earned less than $75,000 annually; 300,000 low-wage earners were dropped from the income tax rolls altogether. The Assembly also passed a budget for the remainder of the biennium, abolished the state's public campaign finance laws, and passed new school nutrition guidelines.\n", "Section::::Governor of Kentucky.:Merit system investigation.\n", "In May 2005, Attorney General Stumbo began an investigation of allegations that the Fletcher administration circumvented the state merit system for hiring, promoting, demoting and firing state employees by basing decisions on employees' political loyalties. The investigation was prompted by a 276-page complaint filed by Douglas W. Doerting, the assistant personnel director for the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Fletcher, who was on a trade mission in Japan when news of the investigation broke, conceded via telephone news conference that his office may have made \"mistakes\" with regard to hiring that stemmed from not having a formal process for handling employment recommendations. Upon his return from Japan, Fletcher denied that the \"mistakes\" by his administration were illegal and called the investigation by Stumbo \"the beginning of the 2007 governor's race\", an allusion to Stumbo's potential candidacy in 2007. Stumbo denied any plans to run for governor in 2007, although he eventually became gubernatorial candidate Bruce Lunsford's running mate in the election, losing in the Democratic primary.\n", "A grand jury was empaneled in June 2005 to investigate the charges against Fletcher's administration. By August, the jury had returned indictments against nine administration officials, including state Republican Party chairman Darrell Brock Jr. and acting Transportation Secretary Bill Nighbert. All of the indictments were for misdemeanors such as conspiracy except those against Administrative Services Commissioner Dan Druen, who was charged with 22 felonies (20 counts of physical evidence tampering and 2 counts of witness tampering) in addition to 13 misdemeanors. On August 29, Fletcher granted pardons to the nine indicted administration officials and issued a blanket pardon for \"any and all persons who have committed, or may be accused of committing, any offense\" with regard to the investigation. Fletcher exempted himself from the blanket pardon. The next day, Fletcher was called to testify before the grand jury, but refused to answer any questions, invoking his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.\n", "In mid-September, after Fletcher issued the pardons, a \"Courier-Journal\" poll found Fletcher's approval rating at 38 percent, tying the lowest rating reached by his predecessor, Paul E. Patton, during the sex scandal that tarnished his administration. On September 14, 2005, Fletcher fired nine employees, including four of the nine he pardoned two weeks earlier. The firings were praised by Fletcher critic Charles Wells of the Kentucky Association of State Employees, who said: \"When all else fails, the governor did the right thing.\" However, Democratic state senator and former governor Julian Carroll criticized Fletcher for not firing the indicted officials when he issued the pardons. Fletcher also called for the firing of state Republican Party chair Darrell Brock, Jr. due to Brock's role in the merit scandal. The state Republican executive committee met on September 17, but did not act on Fletcher's call to fire Brock.\n", "The grand jury continued its investigation, issuing five more indictments after Fletcher issued his blanket pardon. Two were returned against members of Fletcher's staff, and two were against unpaid advisors to Fletcher. The fifth was issued against Acting Secretary Nighbert for retaliation against a whistleblower. Only the additional charge against Nighbert was alleged to have occurred after Fletcher issued the pardon. On October 24, 2005, Fletcher filed a motion asking Franklin Circuit Court Judge William Graham to order the grand jury to stop issuing indictments for offenses that occurred prior to the blanket pardon; only the names of indicted officials could be included in the jury's final report. On November 16, Graham ruled that the grand jury could continue issuing indictments, but in a separate ruling, dismissed the indictments against Fletcher's staff and volunteer advisors on grounds that they were covered by the pardon. Graham did not rule on the latest indictment against Nighbert. The Kentucky Court of Appeals affirmed Graham's ruling on December 16. Immediately after the Court of Appeals' ruling, Fletcher announced his intent to appeal the ruling to the Kentucky Supreme Court.\n", "Section::::Governor of Kentucky.:2006 legislative session.\n", "On February 12, 2006, shortly after the beginning of the General Assembly's legislative session, Fletcher was hospitalized with abdominal pain. Doctors at St. Joseph East hospital in Lexington found a gallstone in his common bile duct and also diagnosed him with an inflamed pancreas and gallbladder disease. After surgery to remove the gallbladder, Fletcher developed a blood infection that slowed his recovery, but was discharged from the hospital on March 1. Days later, he returned to St. Joseph's with a blood clot which had to be dissolved, resulting in another five-day stay in the hospital. Fletcher staffers insisted that his absence did not have a negative impact on his ability to get legislation passed during the session. A right-to-work law and a repeal of the state's prevailing wage law – both advocated by Fletcher – failed early in the session, but both had been considered unlikely to pass before the session started. Among the bills that did pass the session were a mandatory seat belt law, a law requiring children under 16 years old to wear a helmet when operating an all-terrain vehicle, and legislation allowing the Ten Commandments to be posted on Capitol grounds in a historical context.\n", "The Assembly passed a biennial budget, but did not allow enough time in the session to reconvene and potentially override any of Fletcher's vetoes. In an attempt to avoid \"excessive debt\", Fletcher used his line-item veto to trim $370 million in projects from the budget passed by the Assembly. Although falling far short of his initial prediction of vetoing $938 million, Fletcher used the line-item veto more than any other governor in state history. One project not vetoed by Fletcher was $11 million for the University of the Cumberlands to build a pharmacy school. LGBT rights groups had asked Fletcher to veto the funds because the university, a private Baptist school, had expelled a student for being openly gay.\n", "One of Fletcher's priorities that was not resolved during the session was the correction of unintended tax increases on businesses that resulted from the tax reform plan passed in 2005. Fletcher called a special legislative session for mid-June so that the legislature could amend the plan and also authorize tax breaks designed to lure a proposed FutureGen power plant to Henderson. Republican Senate President David L. Williams asked Fletcher to include tax breaks for other businesses as well, but Fletcher insisted on a sparse legislative agenda. The session convened for five days and passed the tax breaks and amended tax reform plan unanimously in both houses. Fletcher applauded the legislature's efficiency.\n", "Section::::Governor of Kentucky.:Investigation concludes.\n", "As the Kentucky Supreme Court prepared to hear Fletcher's appeal on whether the grand jury could continue to indict people covered by his blanket pardon, two of the court's seven justices recused themselves from the case, citing conflicts of interest. Kentucky's constitution provides that, in the case of more than one recusal on the court, the governor is to appoint special justices to replace them. Accordingly, Fletcher named two replacements, but one of those – Circuit Judge Jeffrey Burdette – declined to serve on grounds that he had contributed to Fletcher's 2003 gubernatorial campaign. Fletcher then named another special justice to replace Burdette, consistent with a precedent set by former Democratic Governor Brereton Jones. Stumbo challenged this third appointment, claiming that Burdette's refusal to serve created only one vacancy on the court, and that the case could be tried with six justices. The Kentucky Supreme Court sustained Stumbo's complaint. In a 4–2 ruling issued May 18, 2006, the Kentucky Supreme Court barred the grand jury from issuing further indictments against individuals covered by Fletcher's blanket pardon, reversing the Court of Appeals. The ruling did not affect indictments for crimes allegedly committed after the pardon was issued. The Supreme Court also held that the grand jury could issue a general report of its findings at the conclusion of its investigation, but left open the question of whether the names of unindicted individuals could appear in the report. A later decision by the Court of Appeals found that unindicted individuals could not be named in the report.\n", "Just prior to the Supreme Court's ruling, the grand jury handed down indictments against Fletcher for three misdemeanors – conspiracy, official misconduct, and political discrimination. Fletcher did not appear at his arraignment on June 9 because he was on vacation in Florida; his attorney entered \"not guilty\" pleas to all three charges on his behalf. On August 11, 2006, Special Judge David E. Melcher ruled that because the personnel violations were allegedly committed while Fletcher was acting in his official capacity as governor, he was protected by executive immunity and could not be prosecuted until he left office. Melcher asked that the two sides work together to reach a settlement in the case. On August 24, Fletcher and Stumbo announced such an agreement. Under the settlement, Fletcher acknowledged that evidence \"strongly indicate[d] wrongdoing by his administration\" but did not admit any wrongdoing personally. Fletcher also acknowledged that Stumbo's prosecution of the case \"[was a] necessary and proper [exercise] of his constitutional duty\" and ensured that abuses of the merit system would be ended. In addition to dropping the charges against Fletcher, Stumbo conceded that any violations by Fletcher's administration were \"without malice\". Four members of the state Personnel Board who were appointed by Fletcher were required to step down. Their replacements would be chosen by Fletcher from a list provided by Stumbo.\n", "The grand jury issued its report on the investigation in October 2006, and a judge ordered it released to the public on November 16. The report categorized the Fletcher administration's actions as \"a widespread and coordinated plan to violate merit hiring laws.\" It charged that \"This investigation was not about a few people here and there who made some mistakes as Governor Ernie Fletcher had claimed,\" and lamented that the blanket pardon issued by Fletcher, coupled with Fletcher taking the Fifth, made it \"difficult to get to the bottom of the facts of this case...As a result, [the grand jury was] in part forced to rely on documentary evidence to piece together the facts of the case.\" Fletcher opined that the allegations in the report were inconsistent with his settlement with Stumbo, which acknowledged that Fletcher's administration acted \"without malice.\"\n", "Section::::2007 gubernatorial election.\n", "In early 2005, Fletcher announced his intent to run for re-election. Shortly after Fletcher was indicted by the grand jury in 2006, Lieutenant Governor Pence announced that he would not be Fletcher's running mate during his re-election bid. Fletcher asked for Pence's immediate resignation as lieutenant governor. Pence declined, but did tender his resignation as head of the Justice Cabinet. Fletcher named his executive secretary, Robbie Rudolph, as his new running mate.\n", "Although Fletcher's agreement with Stumbo to end the investigation was announced in late 2006, the scandal continued to plague his re-election bid, and he drew two challengers in the Republican primary – former Third District Congresswoman Anne Northup and multi-millionaire Paducah businessman Billy Harper. Senator Mitch McConnell, the consensus leader of the Kentucky Republican Party, declined to make an endorsement in the primary, but conceded that Northup was \"a formidable opponent\". Northup campaigned on the idea that Fletcher's involvement in the hiring scandal had made him \"unelectable\". Northup secured the endorsements of Jim Bunning, Kentucky's other Republican senator, and Lieutenant Governor Pence. In the primary, Fletcher garnered over 50% of the vote and secured the party's nomination. His rival Northup struggled with name recognition and found few areas of support outside the Louisville district she represented in Congress. She garnered 36.5% of the vote, with the remaining 13.4% going to Billy Harper. Democrats nominated former Lieutenant Governor Steve Beshear to challenge Fletcher.\n", "In the midst of the primary campaign, the 2007 General Assembly convened. Among the accomplishments of the session were raising the state's minimum wage to $7.25 per hour, increasing the speed limit on major state highways to , and implementing new safety requirements for social workers and coal miners. Additional legislation stalled after negotiations over how to make the state's retirement system solvent reached an impasse. Fletcher indicated that he would consider calling the Assembly into special session later in the year. In July, Fletcher called the session and included 67 items on its agenda. Democrats in the state House of Representatives maintained that none of the items were urgent enough to warrant a special session. They claimed the call was an attempt by Fletcher to boost his sagging poll numbers against Beshear, and the House adjourned after only 90 minutes without acting on any of Fletcher's agenda. Fletcher denied the claims and insisted that a tax incentive program was needed immediately to keep the state in the running for a proposed coal gasification plant to be built by Peabody Energy. After negotiating with legislators, Fletcher called another session for August; the session included only the tax incentive program, which the Assembly passed.\n", "In the general election campaign, Fletcher attempted to make the expansion of casino gambling, rather than the merit system investigation, the central issue. Beshear favored holding a referendum on a constitutional amendment to allow expanded casino gambling in the state, while Fletcher maintained that expanded gambling would bring an increase in crime and societal ills. The gambling issue failed to gain as much traction as the hiring scandal, however, and Beshear defeated Fletcher by a vote of 619,686 to 435,895.\n", "After the election, Fletcher founded Alton Healthcare, a consulting firm that helps healthcare providers make efficient use of technology in their practice. He has served as CEO of the company, which is based in Cincinnati, Ohio, since 2008.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Follow the MoneyErnie Fletcher & Stephen B Pence 2006 campaign contributions\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Kentucky politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q881233", "wikidata_label": "Ernie Fletcher", "wikipedia_title": "Ernie Fletcher" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mai Kuraki\n", "In 2009, Kuraki saw a revival in her popularity. Her eighth studio album, \"Touch Me!\", debuted atop the Oricon album charts; becoming her first number-one album in five years. Kuraki holds the record for being the only female artist to have all of her singles consecutively debut in the Top 10 since her debut, and is the 38th best-selling Japanese music artist of all time. To date, Kuraki has seven number-one albums (five originals and two compilations) and two number-one singles.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life and musical career.\n", "Upon hearing Whitney Houston's music and seeing the dance moves of Michael Jackson, Kuraki decided to become a singer. While in high school, Kuraki sent a demo tape to Giza Studio and they signed her to the label. However, before Kuraki made her debut in Japan, she made her American debut. Under Giza USA and Bip! Records, Kuraki released the single, \"Baby I Like\" under the stage name Mai K. The single even impressed executives from the major label East West Records, prompting the label to distribute it. But the song failed to chart on the Billboard charts and Giza sent her back to Japan.\n", "Section::::Biography.:2000-2001: Debut.\n", "Kuraki released her first single, \"Love, Day After Tomorrow\", on December 8, 1999. The single entered the Oricon single chart at number 18. In March 2000, after slowly rising on the chart \"Love, Day After Tomorrow\" peaked at number 2 on the chart. Her second single and third singles: \"Stay by My Side\" and \"Secret of My Heart\" proved to share the success of \"Love, Day After Tomorrow\". \"Stay by My Side\" was released on March 15, 2000 and debuted atop the Oricon chart, while \"Secret of My Heart\", released April 26, 2000 debuted at number 2. \"Secret of My Heart\" was certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan and won a Japan Gold Disc Award for \"Song of the Year\".\n", "In June 2000, Kuraki released her fourth single, \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" and her debut album \"Delicious Way\". The former debuted at number 2 while the latter debuted at number-one on the album chart selling over 2,210,000 copies in its first week. \"Delicious Way\" sold over three million copies and was certified 3x million and won \"Rock album of the Year\" at the 16th annual Japan Gold Disc Awards. As of 2018, the album is the ninth best-selling album in Japan.\n", "From September 2000 to June 2001, Kuraki released five singles: \"Simply Wonderful\", \"Reach for the Sky\" (both 2000), \"Tsumetai Umi/Start in My Life\", \"Stand Up\" and \"Always\" (all 2001). All of the singles had entered the Top 3. After the string of releases, Kuraki's second album, \"Perfect Crime\" (July 2001), which included all the singles except \"Simply Wonderful\". \"Perfect Crime\" topped the album chart and was another million-selling album for the artist. The album was certified million by the RIAJ and like her debut album it won \"Rock album of the Year\". A month after the release of \"Perfect Crime\", Kuraki released her last single of 2001, \"Can't Forget Your Love/Perfect Crime: Single Edit\", which debuted at number 2 on the single chart.\n", "Section::::Biography.:2002-2008: Decline in sales.\n", "Kuraki started 2002 with her eleventh single, \"Winter Bells\", in January. \"Winter Bells\" debuted atop of the charts and was the tenth opening for the anime adaptation of the manga \"Detective Conan\". Before releasing her third album, \"Fairy Tale\" (October 2002), Kuraki released two single: \"Feel Fine!\" (April) and \"Like a Star in the Night\" (September) both singles entered Top 2. Like its predecessors \"Fairy Tale\" debuted atop of the Oricon chart. The album won the \"Rock & Pop album of the Year\" award at the Japan Gold Disc Awards. Kuraki once again tried her hand in the U.S. market. She released her debut English-language album, \"Secret of My Heart\", and like her single \"Baby I Like\" the album failed to chart.\n", "Her fourth album, \"If I Believe\", was released on July 9, 2003. Prior to the album's release, Kuraki released four singles: \"Make My Day\" (2002), \"\", \"Kiss\" and \"Kaze no La La La\"; all of which were Top 3 singles. \"If I Believe\" continued Kuraki's number-one album streak and was certified 2x platinum.\n", "In 2004 on New Year's Day, Kuraki released her first greatest hits album, \"Wish You the Best\". The album debuted atop the chart and was certified million and was her last album to achieve that status. After \"Wish You the Best\", she released her fifth studio album, \"Fuse of Love\" in 2005. The album spawned four singles: (2004), \"Love, Needing\", \"Dancing\" and \"P.S My Sunshine\" (all released in 2005). \"Ashita e Kakeru Hashi\" debuted in the Top 3; while the others debuted outside the Top 3, a first for Kuraki. \"Fuse of Love\" debuted at number 3 on the album chart ending Kuraki's number-one album streak. It was later certified gold by the RIAJ. In 2006, Kuraki released a new album, \"Diamond Wave\". The album debuted at number 3 on the charts and was certified gold. The singles from the album, \"Growing of My Heart\" (2005), and \"Diamond Wave\" were Top 10 singles.\n", "Kuraki ended the year with a new single, \"Shiroi Yuki\", which reached number 4 on the single chart. In 2007, Kuraki released her last single under Giza Studio, \"Season of Love\". The single charted at number 6. After releasing \"Season of Love\", Kuraki was transferred from Giza Studio to its then newly launched sister label, Northern Music, whose artist roster also include Yumi Shizukusa (ex-Giza and Zain), the now-defunct idol group Sparkling Point, and one of her producers, Michael Africk. Under Northern she released her twenty-seventh single, \"\" before releasing her seventh album, \"One Life\" on New Year's Day 2008. \"Silent Love: Open My Heart/Be With U\" debuted at number 9 and \"One Life\" debuted at number 14, on their respective charts. \"One Life\" was certified gold by the RIAJ.\n", "Kuraki released three singles in 2008: \"Yume ga Saku Haru/You and Music and Dream\", \"Ichibyōgoto ni Love for You\", \"24 Xmas Time\". The singles, like their predecessors, entered the Top 10.\n", "Section::::Biography.:2009-2013: Revival in popularity.\n", "Kuraki's eighth studio album, \"Touch Me!\", was released on January 21, 2009, and contained the singles released in 2008. Selling a little over 50,200 copies, \"Touch Me!\" debuted atop of Oricon album chart. \"Touch Me\" became Kuraki's first number-one album in five years, with her last number-one occurring in 2004 with her greatest hits album, \"Wish You the Best\". The album was later certified Gold by the RIAJ. On April 1, 2009, Kuraki released her thirty-first single, a double A-side \"Puzzle/Revive\". Both songs were used as tie-ins for \"Detective Conan\". \"Puzzle\" was used as the ending theme for the thirteenth movie \"\", while \"Revive\" was used as the twenty-fifth opening theme song for the TV series. \"Puzzle/Revive\" debuted at number 3 on the Oricon single chart, making it her first single to enter the Top 3 since 2004's \"Ashita e Kakeru Hashi\".\n", "Kuraki released her thirty-third single, \"Beautiful\", on June 10, 2009. \"Beautiful\" was used as the commercial song for cosmetic company Kose's Coseport Salon Style. \"Beautiful\" debuted at number 2 on the Oricon single chart making it Kuraki's thirty-second single to debut in the Top 10.\n", "Kuraki started 2010 with a new single, \"Eien Yori Nagaku/Drive Me Crazy\", which was released on March 3, 2010. On August 31, she released her 34th single \"Summer Time Gone\". This single was out the same day of summer ending in Japan. Kuraki released her album titled \"Future Kiss\" on November 17, 2010. A new single \"1000 Mankai no Kiss\" was released on March 9, 2011.\n", "On March 29, 2011, a soccer charity match, called \"The Tohoku Earthquake recovery support charity match Ganbarou Nippon!\", was held at Nagai Stadium, Osaka, and Kuraki sang the national anthem. Kuraki also revealed that she was working on making a charity song to help fundraising the Japanese victims of tsunami and earthquake in March 2011.\n", "In August 31, 2011, Sanrio announced their collaboration with Northern Music for the creation of one of the characters of Wish me mell, Maimai. Maimai is officially based on Mai Kuraki herself in collaboration with Sanrio, which released the series's official image song \"Stay the Same\".\n", "Another new single \"Mou Ichido\" was released on May 25, 2011, followed by \"Your Best Friend\" on October 19. \"Strong Heart\", her first single to be released in DVD, was unveiled on November 23, and its proceeds were donated to the victims of the March 2011 calamity.\n", "Her 10th studio album, \"Over the Rainbow\", was released on January 11, 2012.\n", "In 2013 she released singles Try Again which was used as intro theme for anime Detective Conan. Between June and August she held live concerts in 12 places of Japan and later released DVD in 4 December. In July she released first complete symphonic live concert with title \"Mai Kuraki Symphonic Live -Opus 1-\". Two months later, after big success she held another symphonic live concert \"Mai Kuraki Symphonic Live -Opus 2-\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:2014-2016: Celebration 15th anniversary of debut.\n", "On 26 January 2014, she released digital single \"You Can\" available only in Japan. In 26 July she released DVD single Wake me up which charted #2 in Oricon first week. In 27 August she released 40th single \"Muteki na Heart\" which was used as outro theme for anime Detective Conan. Since September till November she held live concerts \"15th Anniversary Mai Kuraki Live Project 2014 BEST Ichigo Ichie ~Muteki na Heart~\" In November she released her 3rd best album which charted #2 rank for first week. Till the recent days she didn't release since then anything in physical copy.\n", "In 20 May 2015, she released another digital single \"Serendipity\" which was used as commercial song for West Japan Railway Company. On 12 September she held another live symphonic concert \"Mai Kuraki Symphonic Live -Opus 3-\".\n", "Since January 2016, she participated in project to support and help education system in Cambodia In May new song titled \"Open Love\" appeared in commercial \"Speak Master\". After one-half year on 30 July, Mai released new digital single \"Sawage Life\" which was used as outro theme for anime Detective Conan. In September she held live tour \"Mai Kuraki \"Time After Time\" Chine Live Tour \" in China.\n", "In October 2016, she announced she'd embark on her first Japanese tour in last three years, \"Mai Kuraki Live Project 2017 -Sawage Live-\" from March, 2017 to April, 2017.\n", "On 22 November 2016 was announced new release of single after 3 years, with title \"Yesterday Love\" which will be used as ending theme for anime Detective Conan with special 360° music video uploaded on her official YouTube channel.\n", "Section::::Biography.:2017-2018: The success of \"Togetsukyo (Kimi Omou)\" and twelfth studio album \"Kimi Omou: Shunkashūtō\".\n", "On 15 February 2017, after five years was announced release of the eleventh studio album, \"Smile\".\n", "In April 2017, Kuraki released the new single \"Togetsukyo (Kimi Omou)\", the ending theme for the Anime movie . The song instantly entered the major music charts in Japan, selling about 30,000 physical copies in its first week. Finally it sold over 73,000 physical copies and became her best-selling song since her 2004 single \"Ashita e Kakeru Hashi\". Also, the song sold over 250,000 single units and became her most downloaded song since her debut. On 25 July 2017 she was awarded a Guinness World Record for singing the most theme songs in a single anime series (\"Case Closed\"). Kuraki's fourth compilation album \"\" was released on 25 October 2017. The album was a commercial success, selling over 71,000 physical copies and peaked at number four on the Oricon weekly albums chart.\n", "In November 2017, it was announced that Kuraki's new song \"Light Up My Life\" will be served as the theme song to the Japanese tactical role-playing game, \"Valkyria Chronicles IV\". On February 27, 2018, Kuraki announced the weekly project of releasing a song every week on the three consecutive weeks. \"We Are Happy Women\", \"Do It!\" and \"Light Up My Life\" were released as the digital singles in March, Her follow-up single \"Koyoi wa Yume wo Misasete\" was released on 8 August 2018. The song served as the theme song to the Japanese television anime series \"Tsukumogami Kashimasu\". Her twelfth studio album \"\" was released on 10 October 2018, and reached number three in Japan. Kuraki embarked on the concert tour entitled \"\", which began in October 2018 in support of the album.\n", "Section::::Biography.:2019: Celebration 20th anniversary of debut.\n", "In March 2019, Kuraki is set to release double A-side single \"Kimi to Koi no Mama de Owarenai Itsumo Yume no Mama ja Irarenai\"/\"Barairo no Jinsei\". Both songs served as the theme songs to the Japanese television animation series \"Case Closed\", on which Kuraki appeared as a voice actor.\n", "On 15 April 2019, was announced new commercial song \"Shiawase no Tobira\". It will serve as a commercial song for \"Cleverly Home\". The national television broadcast is scheduled on 26 April..\n", "On 14 August 2019, it is scheduled to release new studio album \"Let's Goal!: Barairo no Jinsei\"..\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Delicious Way\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Perfect Crime\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fairy Tale\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"If I Believe\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fuse of Love\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Diamond Wave\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Life\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Touch Me!\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Future Kiss\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Over the Rainbow\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Smile\" (2017)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2018)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2019)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wish You the Best\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"All My Best\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2017)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Number-one singles.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stay by My Side\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winter Bells\" (2002)\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Myself Music\", (Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten, 2002)\n", "Section::::Tours.\n", "BULLET::::- Sokenbicha Natural Breeze 2001 Happy Live (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Loving You... Tour 2002 (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- You & Mai First Meeting 2002 (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Giza Studio Hotrod Beach Party (2002) (As Mai-K and Friends)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Fairy Tale Tour 02-03 (2002-2003)\n", "BULLET::::- Giza Studio Valentine Concert (2003) (co-headlined with Rina Aiuchi and Garnet Crow)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki 2004 Live Tour Wish You The Best: Grow, Step by Step (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai-K a Tumarrow 2005 (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Tour 2005 Like a Fuse of Love (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Tour 2006 Diamond Wave (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai-K.net \"De Ma Chi\" Live de Show (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Tour 2007 Be With U (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai-K.net Exclusive Live: You & Mai Summer 2008 (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Tour 2008 \"Touch Me!\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- 10th Anniversary Mai Kuraki Live Tour 2009 \"Best\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Tour \"Future Kiss\" (2010-2011)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Tour 2012: Over the Rainbow (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Project 2013 \"Re:\" (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- 15th Anniversary Mai Kuraki Live Project 2014 \"151A\": Fun Fun Fun (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- 15th Anniversary Mai Kuraki Live Project 2014 \"151A\": Muteki na Heart (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki Live Project 2017 \"Sawage Live\" (2017)\n", "BULLET::::- (2018)\n", "BULLET::::- 20th Anniversary Mai Kuraki Live Project 2019 in Asia (2019)\n", "BULLET::::- (2019)\n", "Section::::Magazine appearances.\n", "From J-Groove Magazine:\n", "BULLET::::- November 2000 Vol.1\n", "BULLET::::- January 2001 Vol.3\n", "BULLET::::- March 2001 Vol.5\n", "BULLET::::- June 2001 Vol.8\n", "BULLET::::- July 2001 Vol.9\n", "BULLET::::- August 2001 Vol.10\n", "BULLET::::- October 2001 Vol.12\n", "BULLET::::- November 2001 Vol.13\n", "BULLET::::- February 2002 Vol.16\n", "BULLET::::- June 2002 Vol.20\n", "BULLET::::- October 2002 Vol.24\n", "BULLET::::- November 2002 Vol.25\n", "BULLET::::- December 2002 Vol.26\n", "BULLET::::- January 2003 Vol.27\n", "BULLET::::- February 2003 Vol.28\n", "BULLET::::- May 2003 Vol.31\n", "BULLET::::- July 2003 Vol.33\n", "BULLET::::- August 2003 Vol.34\n", "BULLET::::- January 2004 Vol.39\n", "BULLET::::- February 2004 Vol.40\n", "BULLET::::- June 2004 Vol.44\n", "BULLET::::- July 2004 Vol.45\n", "BULLET::::- August 2004 Vol.46\n", "BULLET::::- September 2004 Vol.47\n", "BULLET::::- December 2004 Vol.50\n", "BULLET::::- February 2005 Vol.52\n", "BULLET::::- March 2005 Vol.53\n", "BULLET::::- May 2005 Vol.55\n", "BULLET::::- July 2005 Vol.57\n", "BULLET::::- September 2005 Vol.59\n", "BULLET::::- October 2005 Vol.60\n", "BULLET::::- December 2005 Vol.62\n", "BULLET::::- January 2006 Vol.63\n", "BULLET::::- March 2006 Vol.65\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of best-selling music artists in Japan\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mai Kuraki on Oricon\n", "BULLET::::- Northern Music\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Kuraki Mai", "Mai-K", "Mai.K", "Mai K" ] }, "description": "Japanese J-pop singer (1982-)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q236799", "wikidata_label": "Mai Kuraki", "wikipedia_title": "Mai Kuraki" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hans Kammler\n", "Hans Kammler (26 August 1901 – 9 May 1945) was a German civil engineer and SS commander during the Nazi era. He oversaw SS construction projects and towards the end of World War II was put in charge of the V-2 missile and jet programmes. \n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Kammler was born in Stettin, German Empire (now Szczecin, Poland). In 1919, after volunteering for army service, he served in the Rossbach Freikorps. From 1919 to 1923, he studied civil engineering at the Technische Hochschule der Freien Stadt Danzig and Munich and was awarded his Dr.-Ing. in November 1932, following some years of practical work in local building administration.\n", "Kammler joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1931 and held a variety of administrative positions after the Nazi government came to power in 1933, initially as head of the Aviation Ministry's building department. He joined the SS (no. 113,619) on 20 May 1933. In 1934, he was a councillor for the Reich's Interior Ministry.\n", "In 1934, he also was the leader of the \"Reichsbund der Kleingärtner und Kleinsiedler\" (Reich's federation of small gardeners and landowners).\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "In June 1941, Kammler joined the Waffen-SS.\n", "Kammler eventually became Oswald Pohl's deputy at the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office (WVHA). He oversaw Office D (administration of the concentration camp system), and was also Chief of Office C, which designed and constructed all the concentration and extermination camps. In this latter capacity he oversaw the installation of more efficient cremation facilities at Auschwitz-Birkenau as part of the camp's conversion to an extermination camp.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Role on advanced weapon projects.\n", "Before the beginning of World War II, there are no indications that Kammler was involved in any advanced engineering projects apart from his educational background. Also, in the early years of the war nothing suggests his involvement in any weapons projects.\n", "Clear links between Kammler and advanced weapon projects seem to appear only in 1942. Early evidence of this is a letter from Oswald Pohl to Heinrich Himmler referring an interdepartmental memorandum on the manufacturing of modern weapons in concentration camps, having Kammler as one of the participants.\n", "Kammler was also charged with constructing facilities for various secret weapons projects, including manufacturing plants and test stands for the Messerschmitt Me 262 and V-2. Following the Allied bombing raids on Peenemünde in Operation \"Hydra\", in August 1943, Kammler assumed responsibility for the construction of mass-production facilities for the V-2. He started moving these production facilities underground, which resulted in the Mittelwerk facility and its attendant concentration camp complex, Mittelbau-Dora, which housed slave labour for constructing the factory and working on the production lines. The project was pushed ahead under enormous time pressures despite the consequences for the slave laborers employed on it. Kammler's motto at the time was reportedly, \"Don't worry about the victims. The work must proceed ahead in the shortest time possible\".\n", "During this period, Kammler also was involved in the attempt to finish the Blockhaus d'Éperlecques known also as the Watten Bunker, a rather unsuccessful project to create a fortified V-2 launch base.\n", "Albert Speer made Kammler his representative for \"\"special construction tasks\"\", expecting that Kammler would commit himself to working in harmony with the ministry's main construction committee. But in March 1944 Kammler had Göring appoint him as his delegate for \"\"special buildings\"\" under the fighter aircraft programme, which made him one of the war economy's most important managers, and robbed Speer of much of his influence.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Final years.\n", "After the Reich's failure to attain a victory against USSR, Kammler started to answer for an ever-growing number of projects, most of them related to construction and engineering. Concentration camps, means of mass extermination, factories, labor management, underground facilities of various purposes, and tank construction were some of the hallmarks of his early years in the SS hierarchy. As far as it is known, he also directly supervised several project bureaus and had direct contact with some of the best engineers of the Reich (e.g. Ferdinand Porsche). As a person, he was characterized by one of his subordinates as intelligent, a pure workaholic, completely given to his work, with a fanatic rhythm and demanding the same from everyone else.\n", "In 1944, Himmler convinced Adolf Hitler to put the V-2 project directly under SS control, and on 8 August Kammler replaced Walter Dornberger as its director. From 31 January 1945, Kammler was head of all missile projects. During this time he also partially answerable for the operational use of the V-2 against the Allies, until the moment the war front reached Germany's borders. As an SS officer, Kammler was the last person in Nazi Germany to be appointed to the rank of \"SS-Obergruppenführer\". \n", "In March 1945, partially under the advice of Goebbels, Hitler gradually stripped Goering of several powers on aircraft support as well as maintenance and supply while transferring them to Kammler. This culminated, in the beginning of April, with Kammler being raised to \"Fuehrer's general plenipotentiary for jet aircraft\".br \n", "On 1 April 1945, Kammler ordered the evacuation of 500 missile technicians to the Alps. Since the last V-2 on the western front had been launched in late March, on 5 April Kammler was charged by the \"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht\" to command the defence of the Nordhausen area. However, rather than defend the missile construction works, he immediately ordered the destruction of all the \"special V-1 equipment\" at the Syke storage site. What exactly this order implied is unclear.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Section::::Death.:Preuk statement.\n", "On 9 July 1945, Kammler's wife petitioned to have him declared dead as of 9 May 1945. She provided a statement by Kammler's driver, Kurt Preuk, according to which Preuk had personally seen \"the corpse of Kammler and been present at his burial\" on 9 May 1945. The District Court of Berlin-Charlottenburg ruled on 7 September 1948 that his death was officially established as 9 May 1945.\n", "In a later sworn statement on 16 October 1959, Preuk stated that Kammler's date of death was \"\"about 10 May 1945\"\", but that he did not know the cause of death. On 7 September 1965, Heinz Zeuner (a wartime aide of Kammler's), stated that Kammler had died on 7 May 1945 and that his corpse had been observed by Zeuner, Preuk and others. All the eyewitnesses consulted were certain that the cause of death was cyanide poisoning. In their accounts of Kammler's movements Preuk and Zeuner claimed that he left Linderhof near Oberammergau on 28 April 1945 for a tank conference at Salzburg and then went to Ebensee (where tank tracks were manufactured). According to Preuk and Zeuner he then travelled back from Ebensee to visit his wife in the Tyrol region, when he gave her two cyanide tablets. The next day, 5 May, at around 4 am, he is said to have departed Tyrol for Prague.\n", "Wernher von Braun, also at the time at Oberammergau, later reported having overheard a discussion between Kammler and his aide-de-camp in which Kammler said he planned to hide in nearby Ettal Abbey. Kammler and his followers then left town, according to Braun. Further evidence of Kammler's activities is a telegraph from Kammler to Speer, Himmler and Göring of 16 April, informing them of the creation of a \"message centre\" at Munich and the appointment of a chief representative for the construction of the Messerschmitt Me 262. On 20 April, he reportedly arrived with a group of technicians at Himmler’s \"Kommandostelle\" near Salzburg. On 23 April, Kammler sent a radio message to his office manager at Berlin, ordering him to organize the immediate destruction of the \"V-1 equipment near Berlin\" and then to go to Munich. In late April/early May, Kammler was reportedly at the \"Villa Mendelssohn\" at Ebensee, site of one of the projects assigned to him. On 4 May, he ordered the immediate transfer of the Ebensee office to Prague.\n", "Preuk and Zeuner maintained their version of events through the 1990s, when interviewed by the journalist Kristian Knaack. Some support for this version of events came from letters written by Ingeborg Alix Prinzessin zu Schaumburg-Lippe, a female member of the \"SS-Helferinnenkorps\" to Kammler’s wife in 1951 and 1955. In these, she affirmed that Kammler had said goodbye to her on 7 May 1945 in Prague, stating that the Americans were after him, had made him offers but that he had refused and that they would not \"get him alive\".\n", "Section::::Death.:Prague.\n", "Author Bernd Ruland, in his 1969 book \"Wernher von Braun: Mein Leben für die Raumfahrt\", reports an altogether different account of Kammler's death. According to Ruland, Kammler arrived in Prague by aircraft on 4 May 1945, following which he and 21 SS men defended a bunker against an attack by more than 500 Czech resistance fighters on 9 May. During the attack, Kammler's aide-de-camp Sturmbannführer Starck shot Kammler to prevent him from falling into enemy hands. This version can reportedly be traced to Walter Dornberger, who in turn is said to have heard it from eyewitnesses.\n", "Section::::Death.:Post-war search for Kammler.\n", "US occupation forces conducted various inquiries into Kammler’s whereabouts, beginning with the headquarters of 12th Army ordering a complete inventory of all personnel involved in missile production on 21 May 1945. This resulted in the creation of a file for Kammler, stating that he was possibly in Munich. The CIC noted that he had been seen shortly prior to the arrival of US troops in Oberjoch.\n", "The Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee (CIOS) in London ordered a search for him in early July 1945. 12th Army replied that he was last seen on 8 or 9 April in the Harz region. In August, Kammler's name made \"List 13\" of the UN for Nazi war criminals. Only in 1948 did the CIOS receive the information that Kammler reportedly fled to Prague and had committed suicide. Original blueprints of Kammler’s major projects were later found in the personal property of Samuel Goudsmit, the scientific leader of the Alsos Mission.\n", "In 1949 a report written by one Oskar Packe on Kammler was filed by the US Denazification office in Hesse. The report stated that Kammler had been arrested by US troops on 9 May 1945 at the Messerschmitt works at Oberammergau. However, Kammler and some other senior SS personnel had managed to escape in the direction of Austria or Italy. Packe disbelieved the reports about a suicide, as these were \"refuted by the detailed information from the CIC\" about arrest and escape.\n", "A CIC report from April 1946 listed Kammler among SS officers known to be outside Germany and considered to be of special interest to the CIC.\n", "In mid-July 1945, the head of the Gmunden CIC office, Major Morrisson interviewed an unnamed German on the issue of a numbered account associated with construction sites for plane and missile production formerly run by the SS. A report published years later, in late 1947 or early 1948, stated that only Kammler and two other persons had access to the account. The report also said that \"shortly after the occupation, Hans Kammler appeared at CIC Gmunden and gave a statement on operations at Ebensee\". The CIC notes on the interview give no name, but the interviewee must have been one of the three people with access to the account. Aside from Kammler, one was known to have left Austria in May 1945, the other was in a POW camp during July.\n", "Finally, Donald W. Richardson (1917-1997) a former OSS special agent involved in the Alsos Mission, claimed to be \"the man who brought Kammler to the US\". Shortly before he died, Richardson reportedly told his sons about his experience during and after the war, including Operation Paperclip. According to them, Richardson claimed to have supervised Kammler until 1947. Kammler was supposedly \"interned at a place of maximum security, with no hope, no mercy and without seeing the light of day until he hanged himself\".\n", "Section::::Death.:Possible last documented independent testimonies.\n", "A purported section of a wartime diary, relating to the surrender of the mountain resort town Garmisch-Partenkirchen to Allied troops, mentions Kammler and his staff. According to this account, Kammler and what the author refers to as his staff of some 600 people, with \"good quality\" cars and trucks arrived in Oberammergau (north of Garmisch-Partenkirchen) on 22 April 1945. This arrival had been badly received and the local authorities had several arguments with Kammler himself. These conflicts are mentioned in the entries for 23 and 25 April. The last reference, implicating only Kammler's \"staff\", comes on the night of 28 April – an Oberleutnant Burger reports that they had gone on the same night that American forces began storming Oberammergau, forcing their way to Garmisch and Austria.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Rudolph\n", "BULLET::::- Jakob Sporrenberg\n", "BULLET::::- List SS-Obergruppenführer\n", "BULLET::::- Wernher von Braun\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photograph and biography {reference only}\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German general", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q62993", "wikidata_label": "Hans Kammler", "wikipedia_title": "Hans Kammler" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wayne Morse\n", "Wayne Lyman Morse (October 20, 1900 – July 22, 1974) was an American attorney and United States Senator from Oregon, known for his proclivity for opposing his party's leadership, and specifically for his opposition to the Vietnam War on constitutional grounds.\n", "Born in Madison, Wisconsin, and educated at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Minnesota Law School, Morse moved to Oregon in 1930 and began teaching at the University of Oregon School of Law. During World War II, he was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Republican; he became an Independent after Dwight D. Eisenhower's election to the presidency in 1952. While an independent, he set a record for performing the second longest one-person filibuster in the history of the Senate. Morse joined the Democratic Party in 1955, and was reelected twice while a member of that party.\n", "Morse made a brief run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination in 1960. In 1964, Morse was one of two senators to oppose the later-to-become-controversial Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. It authorized the president to take military action in Vietnam without a declaration of war. He continued to speak out against the war in the ensuing years, and lost his 1968 bid for reelection to Bob Packwood, who criticized his strong opposition to the war. Morse made two more bids for reelection to the Senate before his death in 1974.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Morse was born on October 20, 1900, in Madison, Wisconsin, home of his maternal grandparents, Myron and Flora White. Morse's parents, Wilbur F. Morse and Jessie Elnora Morse, farmed a plot near Verona, a small community west-southwest of Madison. Morse grew up on this farm, where the family raised Devon cattle for beef, Percheron and Hackney horses, dairy cows, hogs, sheep, poultry, and feed crops for the animals. The family eventually included five children: Mabel, seven years older than Morse; twin brothers Harry and Grant, four years older; Morse; and Caryl, fourteen years younger.\n", "Encouraged by Jessie, the Morse family held relatively formal nightly discussions about crops, animals, education, religion, and most frequently about politics. Like many of their neighbors, the family was Progressive and discussed ideas championed by Robert M. La Follette, Sr., a leader of the Progressive movement who served as Wisconsin's governor from 1900 to 1906 and thereafter as a member of the U.S. Senate. During these family discussions, Morse developed debating skills and strong opinions about political corruption, corporate domination, labor rights, women's suffrage, education, and, on a personal level, hard work and sobriety.\n", "Morse and his siblings began their education in a one-room school near Verona. However, the Morse parents, particularly Jessie, shared the Progressive belief that improvement of self and society came through good education, and they admired the schools in Madison. After Morse finished second grade, his parents enrolled him in Longfellow School in Madison, to which Morse commuted round-trip daily by riding relay on three of the family's smaller horses. After eighth grade, Morse attended Madison High School, where he became class president and debating club president, and placed academically among the top 10 in his graduating class. In high school, he developed his relationship with Mildred \"Midge\" Downie, whom he had known since third grade, and who was class valedictorian and class vice-president the same year Morse was president.\n", "Morse received his bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1923 and his master's, in speech, from Wisconsin the next year. He married Downie in the same year. For several years, he taught speech at the University of Minnesota Law School, and earned his LL.B. degree there in 1928. He held a reserve commission as second lieutenant, Field Artillery, U.S. Army, from 1923 to 1929, and was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.\n", "Morse became an assistant professor of law at the University of Oregon School of Law in 1929. Within nine months, he was promoted to associate professor and then dean of the law school. At age 31, this made him the youngest dean of any law school accredited by the American Bar Association.\n", "After becoming a full professor of law in 1931, he completed his S.J.D. (a research doctorate in law equivalent to the Ph.D.) at Columbia Law School in 1932. He served on many government commissions and boards, including: member, Oregon Crime Commission; administrative director, United States Attorney General's Survey of Release Procedures (1936-1939); Pacific Coast arbitrator for the United States Department of Labor (maritime industry) (1938-1942); chairman, Railway Emergency Board (1941); alternate public member of the National Defense Mediation Board (1941); and public member of the National War Labor Board (1942-1944).\n", "Section::::Election to the U.S. Senate.\n", "In 1944 Morse won the Republican primary election for senator, unseating incumbent Rufus C. Holman, and then the general election that November. Once in Washington, D.C., he revealed his progressive roots, to the consternation of his more conservative Republican peers. In 1946, Morse cosponsored legislation proposing a full Senate investigation into labor dispute causes, saying in March, \"I think we've got to find out whether certain segments of industry are out to wreck unions.\" He was outspoken in his opposition to the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which concerned labor relations.\n", "In January 1946, after President Truman delivered an address criticizing Congress and defending his proposals, Morse referred to President Truman's speech as a \"sad confession of the Democratic majority in Congress under the President's leadership\" and called for the election of liberal Republicans in the midterm elections that year.\n", "In January 1946, Morse called on Congress to vote on President Truman's pending legislation, citing continued delay would produce \"a great economic uncertainty\" and add to \"reconversion slow-up\". He asserted that Americans were entitled to Congress being held accountable for the passage of bills.\n", "In March 1948, Morse said he would support a tax reduction on the premise of world conditions worsening and Congress thereby being forced to recall the tax cut and admitted both his personal fear of large reductions and belief that Americans wanted tax cuts.\n", "In February 1949, during a Senate Labor committee session, Morse stated the Truman administration labor bill was not going to pass in the Senate based off how it was presently written and that \"a lot of compromises must be made\". That year, Morse also put forward legislation that would impose national emergency strikes be handled on a case-by-case basis, the plan being turned down by the Senate on June 30 in a vote of 77 to 9. The vote was seen as a victory for supporters of the Taft-Hartley Act's provision allowing the government to get injunctions against critical strikes, though opposition was noted to have arisen from senators that did not favor this provision.\n", "Morse was reelected in 1950. Earlier in that year, he was one of the six Senators who supported Margaret Chase Smith's Declaration of Conscience, which criticized the tactics of McCarthyism. In protest of Dwight Eisenhower's selection of Richard Nixon as his running mate, Morse left the Republican Party in 1952. The 1952 election produced an almost evenly divided Senate; Morse brought a folding chair when the session convened, intending to position himself in the aisle between the Democrats and Republicans to underscore his lack of party affiliation. Morse expected to retain certain committee memberships but was denied membership on the Labor Committee and others. He used a parliamentary procedure to force a vote of the entire Senate, but lost his bid. Senator Herbert Lehman offered Morse his seat on the Labor Committee, which Morse ultimately accepted.\n", "Following Morse's defection, Republicans had a 48–47 majority; the deaths of nine other senators, and the resignation of another, caused many reversals in control of the Senate during that session. In 1955, Democratic leader Lyndon Johnson persuaded Morse to join the Democratic caucus.\n", "In November 1950, Morse stated his belief that the incoming 82nd United States Congress would attempt revamping the Taft-Hartley Act and while admitting his continued opposition to the law, acknowledged portions of the Act that he believed could be incorporated into subsequent legislation.\n", "Morse was kicked in the head by a horse in 1951. He sustained major injuries: the kick \"tore his lips nearly off, fractured his jaw in four places, knocked out most of his upper teeth, and loosened several others.\"\n", "In January 1953, after Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated Charles E. Wilson as United States Secretary of State, Morse told reporters a possible objection to the nomination could stem from the more than 10,000 General Motors shares owned by the nominee's wife. In February, Morse stated that Eisenhower was partly to blame for a waste of both American manpower and money as it pertained to overseas military bases, reasoning that this had occurred while he was commander of NATO forces in Europe under the Democratic administration of President Truman. In July, Morse joined nine Democrats in sponsoring a bill proposing a revision of present law to add 13,000 people to Social Security and aid benefits increases. Later that month, after the death of Senate Majority Leader Robert A. Taft and questions arose of continued Republican control of the Senate, Morse confirmed his \"ethical obligation\" to vote with members of the party on organizational issues, citing his belief that he was acting on behalf of the American people given the Republicans gaining a majority in the 1952 elections.\n", "In 1953, Morse conducted a filibuster for 22 hours and 26 minutes protesting the Submerged Lands Act, which at the time was the longest one-person filibuster in U.S. Senate history (a record surpassed four years later by Strom Thurmond's 24-hour-18-minute filibuster in opposition of the Civil Rights Act of 1957). After a term as an independent, during which he campaigned heavily for Democratic U.S. Senate nominee Richard Neuberger in 1954, Morse switched to the Democratic Party in 1955. Despite these changes in party allegiance, for which he was branded a maverick, Morse won re-election to the United States Senate in 1956. He defeated U.S. Secretary of the Interior and former governor Douglas McKay in a hotly contested race; campaign expenditures totaled over $600,000 between the primary and general elections, a very high amount by then-contemporary standards. In 1957, Morse voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1957.\n", "In February 1955, during his first public appearance as a Democrat, Morse stated that the vote on the Formosa resolution would have been different if senators were not under the belief that a resolution for a ceasefire was going to be introduced the following week and that Americans did not want war with the Chinese.\n", "In 1959, Morse opposed Eisenhower's appointment of Clare Boothe Luce as ambassador to Brazil. Morse, who had known Luce for many years, chastised Luce for her criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Although the Senate confirmed Luce's appointment in a 79–11 vote, Luce retaliated against him. In a conversation with a reporter at a party before she departed for Brazil, Luce commented that her troubles with Senator Morse were attributable to the injuries he sustained from being kicked by a horse in 1951. She also remarked that riots in Bolivia might be dealt with by dividing the country up among its neighbors. An immediate backlash against these remarks from Morse and other senators, and Luce's refusal to retract the remark about the horse, led to her resignation just three days after her appointment.\n", "On September 4, 1959, Morse charged Lyndon B. Johnson with having attempted to form a dictatorship over other Senate Democrats and with failing to defend individual senators' rights.\n", "Section::::Election to the U.S. Senate.:Feud with Richard Neuberger.\n", "Toward the end of the 1950s, Morse's relationship with Richard Neuberger, the junior senator from Oregon, deteriorated and led to much public feuding. The two had known each other since 1931, when Morse was dean of the University of Oregon law school, and Neuberger was a 19-year-old freshman. Morse befriended Neuberger and often gave him advice, and he used his rhetorical skill to successfully defend Neuberger against charges of academic cheating. After the charges against him were dropped, Neuberger rejected Morse's advice to leave the university and start fresh elsewhere but instead enrolled in Morse's class in criminal law. Morse gave him a \"D\" in the course and, when Neuberger complained, changed the grade to an \"F\".\n", "According to Mason Drukman, one of Morse's biographers, even after the two men had become senators, neither could get past what had happened in 1931. \"Whatever his accomplishments,\" Drukman writes, \"Neuberger was to Morse a man flawed in character\" while Neuberger \"could not forgive Morse either for propelling him out of law school ... or for having had to protect him in the honor proceedings.\" Morse later helped Neuberger, who won his Senate seat in 1954 by only 2,462 votes out of more than a half-million cast, but he also continued to give Neuberger advice that was not always appreciated. \"I don't think you should scold me so much,\" said Neuberger, as quoted by Drukman, in a letter to Morse during the 1954 campaign.\n", "By 1957, the relationship had deteriorated to the point where, rather than talking face-to-face, the senators exchanged angry letters delivered almost daily by messenger between offices in close proximity. Although the letters were private, the feud quickly became public through letters leaked to the press and comments made to colleagues and other third parties, who often had trouble deciding what the fight was about. Drukman describes the feud as a \"classic struggle ... of dominating father and rebellious son locked in the age-old fight for supremacy.\" The feud ended only with Neuberger's death from a stroke in 1960.\n", "Section::::1960 run for president.\n", "Morse was a late entry in the race for the Democratic nomination for president in 1960. It began unofficially at a 1959 press conference held at the state capitol in Salem by local resident Gary Neal and other Morse supporters. They declared they would put Senator Morse on the ballot by petition. As early as April 1959, Morse told a meeting of the state's Young Democrats that he had no intention of running. The group still voted to advance Senator Morse, after Congresswoman Edith Green introduced him as a favorite son.\n", "Gary Neal was persistent and by winter of 1959 was nearing completion of his signature petition to place Morse on the May ballot. Morse soon found himself at a meeting with Neal where they discussed his efforts. Neal said to Morse, \"if we [supporters] don't put your name on the ballot, your enemies will.\" It was clear the elephant in the room with Gary Neal and Wayne Morse was the Oregon Republican Party. Morse shot back about the Oregon Republicans, \"I say to the Republican Party, trot out your governor. I'm ready to take him on.\"\n", "On December 22, 1959, Wayne Morse announced his candidacy for president. He said at his announcement, \"Although I would have preferred not to have entered the Oregon race, I shall not run away from a good political fight if it is inevitable.\" The Morse for President Oregon Headquarters was located at 353 S.W. Morrison St. Portland, Oregon 97204. The Morse entry into the presidential race did not sit well with many who had anticipated significant campaigning in Oregon from a large field of candidates. Morse was accused of flip-flopping on whether or not he would run.\n", "Morse filed to run in May primaries in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Oregon, in that order. He had solid connections in all three areas. Oregon was his home and where his wife and family lived. He owned a small farm in Poolesville, Maryland, and had spent fifteen years fighting for D.C. home rule, sponsoring legislation for that cause. Kennedy did not enter the D.C. primary. Senator Hubert Humphrey was Morse's main opponent in the D.C. contest, which Humphrey won 7,831 to 5,866.\n", "Morse had known when he entered the Maryland contest that he was climbing an extremely steep hill, and had hoped to offset a potential loss there with a win in the District. John F. Kennedy was a Catholic and Maryland was the birthplace of the American Catholic church. Morse attempted to generate as much media coverage as possible. The New York Times caught wind of the Morse campaign and did their best to follow Morse around. Morse made his liberalism a key issue at every campaign stop. His remarks in Cumberland, Maryland suggest that Kennedy was anything but a liberal:\n", "When the Eisenhower Administration took office one of its first objectives was to riddle the tax code with favors for big business and it did so with the help of the Senator from Massachusetts. We need a candidate who will reverse the big money and big business domination of government. We need a courageous candidate who will stand up and fight the necessary political battle for the welfare of the average American. Kennedy has never been willing to do that.\n", "As Morse had predicted, he lost to Kennedy in Maryland. Morse continued to pursue his liberalism strategy as the campaign moved to his home turf. Oregon Democrats prepared for a showdown between Morse and Kennedy, although five candidates would appear on the Oregon ballot. Humphrey, to this point Kennedy's main challenger in the primaries, had lost badly to Kennedy in West Virginia and had dropped out of the race.\n", "The Kennedy campaign began to focus on Oregon. Its workers repeatedly denied that Morse was a serious candidate, but to make sure of a win, the campaign sent Rose Kennedy and Ted Kennedy to speak in Oregon and outspent Morse $54,000 to $9,000. Morse often found himself responding to Kennedy's claim that he was not a \"serious candidate\", by proclaiming: \"I'm a dead serious candidate.\" Quietly, Oregon Democrats began to worry about what a loss for Morse would mean in 1962 against possible Republican challenger Governor Mark Hatfield. Morse would use this to his advantage to help sway undecided Democrats, claiming that if he lost in the primary, it would certainly help Republicans defeat him in 1962. Kennedy brushed off this argument by claiming that regardless of the outcome of the presidential primary, the people of Oregon had a tremendous respect for Wayne Morse and would send him back to the Senate, and that he would even come back to Oregon in 1962 to campaign for him. On Election Day, Morse came up roughly 50,000 votes short of defeating Kennedy. Morse abandoned his presidential race that same week.\n", "Morse largely sat out the rest of the 1960 campaign. He even opted out of going to the 1960 Democratic National Convention. Instead he sat at home and watched it on television from Eugene.\n", "Section::::Senate career 1960–68.\n", "In September 1960, after Democrats James Eastland and Thomas Dodd asserted that lower-ranking officials in the State Department had cleared the way for the regime of Fidel Castro to reign in Cuba, Morse denied the charge and stated that he knew of no basis for the claim.\n", "In February 1961, during a press release, Morse announced his intent to request 12 million for civil works in Oregon from Congress, furthering that the request would be based around information gathered by the Corps of Engineers and that the state of Oregon was facing \"serious economic conditions\".\n", "In March 1961, after President Kennedy nominated Charles M. Meriwether for Director of the Export-Import Bank, Morse labeled Meriwether as racist and antisemitic. Morse added that President Kennedy owed an apology to every Jewish and black person in the United States as a result of the appointment.\n", "In May 1961, Morse announced that the Senate Latin Affairs Committee would investigate reports that the United States was holding survivors of the Bay of Pigs Invasion incommunicado on U.S. submarine base in Vieques, Puerto Rico. Morse said the investigation had primarily been handled by White House staff instead of State Department officials.\n", "In February 1963, Morse stated that the United States was providing France with more foreign aid \"than any other country in the world\" and that France was concurrently not fulfilling responsibilities as they pertained to NATO, adding that the Senate Foreign Relations Committee would investigate how much aid France should receive from the US amid its continued defiance and France should be allowed to be independent if President of France Charles De Gaulle wanted to.\n", "In February 1963, after President Kennedy contended that American air cover for the Cuban invasion was never promised, Morse stated that the comments were supported by the testimony of members of the Kennedy administration following the invasion and that the document containing the testimony should be made public as a result of \"subsequent developments\". Morse contended that the Kennedy administration-created Alliance for Progress was \"a belated program\" that should have been created during the previous decade at a time with lessened \"critical and social pressures\" and furthered that \"a great mistake\" would be made in believing the program would be successful in completing its goal within 10 years.\n", "On August 7, 1964, Morse, who had won re-election in 1962, was one of only two United States senators to vote against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Alaska's Ernest Gruening was the other). Ten other senators voted \"present\" or missed the vote. It authorized an expansion of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. His central contention was that the resolution violated Article One of the United States Constitution, granting the president the ability to take military action in the absence of a formal declaration of war.\n", "During the following years Morse remained one of the country's most outspoken critics of the war. It was later revealed that the FBI investigated Morse based on his opposition to the war, allegedly at the request of President Johnson in an attempt to find information that could be used politically against Morse. In June 1965, Morse joined Benjamin Spock, Coretta Scott King and others in leading a large anti-war march in New York City. After that, Morse \"readily joined such protests when he could, and eagerly called upon others to participate.\"\n", "In the 1966 U.S. Senate election, he angered many in his own party for supporting Oregon's Republican Governor, Mark Hatfield, over the Democratic nominee, Congressman Robert Duncan, in that year's Senate election, due to Duncan's support of the Vietnam War. Hatfield won that race, and Duncan then challenged Morse in the 1968 Democratic senatorial primary. Morse won renomination, but only by a narrow margin. Morse lost his seat in the 1968 general election to State Representative Bob Packwood, who criticized Morse's opposition to continued funding of the war as being reckless, and as distracting him from other issues of importance to the state. Packwood won by a mere 3,500 votes, less than one half of one percent of the total votes cast.\n", "Section::::Post-Senate career.\n", "Morse spent most of the remaining years of his life attempting to regain his membership in the U.S. Senate. His first attempt since being defeated in 1968 was in 1972. He won the Democratic primary against his old foe, Robert Duncan. In the general election, he lost to the incumbent Mark Hatfield, the Republican incumbent whom he had endorsed in 1966 over fellow Democrat Duncan because of Hatfield's shared opposition to the war in Vietnam but which had become for Morse, according to his principal biographer, a \"dismissible virtue\" in 1972.\n", "In that same year, following the withdrawal of Thomas Eagleton from the national Democratic ticket, a \"mini convention\" was called to confirm Sargent Shriver as George McGovern's vice presidential running mate. Although most of the delegates voted for Shriver, Oregon cast 4 of its 34 votes for Morse.\n", "On March 19, 1974, Morse, at age 73, filed the paperwork to seek the Democratic nomination for the Senate seat he had lost six years before. Three other Oregon Democrats filed to run against Morse in the 1974 Democratic primary election on May 28 and made Morse's age a key campaign issue. His most prominent opponent was Oregon Senate President Jason Boe. \"The New York Times\" said in an editorial that Morse would serve the state with \"fierce integrity if elected\". Morse managed to defeat Boe in the primary and began preparing for the general election.\n", "On July 21, 1974, while trying to keep up a busy campaign schedule, Morse was hospitalized at Good Samaritan Hospital in Portland due to kidney failure and was listed in critical condition. He died the next day. An editorial ran in \"The New York Times\" stating that death \"has deprived the United States Senate of a superb public servant\".\n", "The Oregon Democratic Central Committee met in August and nominated state Senator Betty Roberts to replace Morse as the Democratic nominee in the Senate race. Roberts lost to the incumbent Bob Packwood in the fall.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "A dozen years after joining the Democratic Party, Morse's lack of lifelong commitment to a single political party was viewed as his contribution to a longstanding tradition in the politics of the Western United States.\n", "Wayne Morse was given a state funeral on July 26, 1974, in the Oregon House of Representatives. His body lay in state in the Capitol rotunda before the funeral. More than 600 people attended the funeral service. Former Senator Eugene McCarthy, Governor Tom McCall, Senator Mark Hatfield and Oregon House Speaker Richard Eymann were all in attendance. Pallbearers included Oregon Congressman Al Ullman and three candidates for Congress, Democrats Les AuCoin, Jim Weaver, and Morse's old rival, Robert B. Duncan, who was running for a seat vacated by Congresswoman Edith Green.\n", "When Congressman AuCoin sought to unseat Senator Packwood 18 years later, he adopted Morse's slogan, \"principle above politics\". Since 1996, the U.S. Senate seat Morse filled has been held by Ron Wyden who as a 19-year-old, drove Morse in the senator's last campaign. Elected in a special election after Packwood's resignation, Wyden won a full term in 1998 and re-election in 2004, 2010, and 2016.\n", "In 2006, the Wayne L. Morse U.S. Courthouse opened in downtown Eugene. In addition, he was recognized in the Wayne Morse Commons of the University of Oregon's William W. Knight Law Center. Also housed in the University of Oregon Law Center is the Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics. The Lane County Courthouse in Eugene renovated and rededicated its adjacent Wayne L. Morse Free Speech Plaza in the spring of 2005, complete with a life-size statue and pavers imprinted with quotations.\n", "The Morse family's Eugene property and home, Edgewood Farm, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Wayne Morse Farm. The City of Eugene, assisted by a nonprofit corporation, operates the historical park formerly known as Morse Ranch. The City of Eugene officially renamed the park Wayne Morse Family Farm in 2008, following a recommendation by the Wayne Morse Historical Park Corporation Board and Morse family members. The new name is more historically accurate. Wayne L. Morse is interred at Rest Haven Memorial Park in Eugene.\n", "Section::::Documentary films.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Angry Man: The Story of America's Most Controversial Senator\", documentary film by Christopher Houser and Robert Millis\n", "BULLET::::- , a 2007 documentary film\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Senators who switched parties\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics\n", "BULLET::::- Guide to the Wayne Morse papers at the University of Oregon\n", "BULLET::::- Wayne Morse video from \"War Made Easy\"\n", "BULLET::::- Audio of various Wayne Morse radio commercials\n", "BULLET::::- Transcript: The Gulf of Tonkin and Wayne Morse October 13, 1999\n", "BULLET::::- Pacifica Radio's Wayne Morse 1968 DNC audio clips\n", "BULLET::::- Phone call #1 between Morse and President Johnson\n", "BULLET::::- Phone call #2 between Morse and President Johnson on an education bill\n", "BULLET::::- Wayne Morse interviewed by Mike Wallace on \"The Mike Wallace Interview\" May 26, 1957\n", "BULLET::::- Wayne Morse Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Wayne Morse", "Wayne L. Morse" ] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q676399", "wikidata_label": "Wayne Lyman Morse", "wikipedia_title": "Wayne Morse" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jordan Rich\n", "Jordan Rich was the host of The Jordan Rich Show on WBZ-AM 1030 in Boston, Massachusetts., a mix of history, arts, pop culture, and other topics. Parts of the shows are carried by WCCO (AM) in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He retired after the July 3, 2016 show in order to spend more time with his family.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Jordan Rich was born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Randolph, Massachusetts. He attended Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts graduating in 1980 with a degree in Communications.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Prior to coming to WBZ NewsRadio in October, 1996 and his tenure at WBZ he served as a fill-in host for WBZ NewsRadio long-time weekend overnight show host Norm Nathan who died in 1996.\n", "Rich worked as a disc jockey and talk show host throughout the Boston area, including \"morning drive host for WSSH-FM in Boston from 1982 to 1996. He also worked at WRKO-AM from 1978 to 1982, as a co-host of the morning show and a host of his own Broadway music program.\". He is also co-owner of Chart Productions, an audio production company. His voice has been included in thousands of voice overs, including The Boston Pops, Sullivan Tire and KB Toys.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Jordan Rich resides in Framingham in the Greater Boston area. His wife of thirty one years, Wendy Levine Rich, a special needs high school teacher in Hudson, Massachusetts, had died in August 2013 of cancer. In 2016, he married Roberta Sydney.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American radio personality", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6276917", "wikidata_label": "Jordan Rich", "wikipedia_title": "Jordan Rich" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Helga Haase\n", "Helga Haase ( Obschernitzki, 9 June 1934 – 16 June 1989) was a speed skater in East Germany. She was born in Danzig and died in East Berlin.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Haase's career began 1952, when she introduced herself at 18 years at the SC Dynamo Berlin, which looked for high-speed ice skaters to the world and married thereupon her coach Helmut Haase.\n", "From 1957 to 1967, Haase (\"hare\") reached 15 GDR master skating titles on separate distances (\"Einzelstrecken\"), an additional seven titles in combination results (samalog, or \"Mehrkampf\" in German) and a further four on a very small indoor rink (\"Kleinbahn\"), a fore-runner of present indoor short track skating.\n", "Section::::Career.:1960: the Olympic Winter Games.\n", "In preparation of the Olympic Wintergames of 1960 she went to Davos with the ladies of the unified German team and broke the multi-combination world record in Davos, Switzerland. With the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, she won, as the first German speed skater and as the first sportswoman of the GDR, a gold medal at the Olympic Winter Games, the gold medal over 500 m. That medal also was the first Olympic medal for any woman in speed skating, as it was not before on the Olympic program. She also won the silver medal over 1000 m and finished at a respectable 8th place over 1500 m, and all of this despite the prohibition of the entry for her husband/coach.\n", "Section::::Career.:1964: the Olympic Winter Games.\n", "In the Olympic season of 1964, she reached again peak performance, resulting in a fourth place over 1000 m and a fifth place over 1500 m with the Olympic Games in Innsbruck. In the course of her career, Haase skated 23 German records.\n", "Section::::Career.:Post-career.\n", "In 1978, her grandson Robert Haase was born. Starting from 1984 she retired because of disablement. She worked also in the central guidance of the \"Sportvereinigung Dynamo\".\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Eng, Trond. \"All Time International Championships, Complete Results 1889–2002\". Askim, Norway: WSSSA Skøytenytt, 2002.\n", "BULLET::::- Teigen, Magne. \"Komplette resultater, Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889–1989\" (in Norwegian). Veggli, Norway: WSSSA Skøytenytt, 1989.\n", "BULLET::::- Zickow, Alfred. \"100 Jahre Deutsche Eisschnellaufmeisterschaften, 1891–1991. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Eisschnellaufes\" (in German). Berlin, Germany: DESG, 1991.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Colin Boulton\n", "Colin Donald Boulton (born 12 September 1945) is a former football player who played as a goalkeeper.\n", "Section::::Football career.\n", "\"Solid\", \"dependable\", \"ever present\" are among the things that were said about him. Boulton was the only Derby County player to take part in all 84-league games during the team's two Championship winning seasons.\n", "Boulton was born in Cheltenham. His career began at Charlton Kings, then he played for Gloucester Police. Boulton was actually a Police Cadet in Cheltenham when he was noticed by Rams manager Tim Ward. Boulton arrived at the Baseball Ground in August 1964. His course to the first team was not always a smooth one, and it must have seemed to him that he was being overlooked as Brian Clough signed Rochdale keeper Les Green in 1968. It took another three seasons for Boulton to get his chance in the first team. Boulton kept 23 clean sheets during the Championship-winning 1971–72 season. He was also ever present in the team that won the First Division in 1975.\n", "In September 1976, Boulton joined Southampton on loan for a month, as manager Lawrie McMenemy had lost confidence in Ian Turner (who had helped \"the Saints\" win the FA Cup only a few months earlier) and reserve 'keeper Steve Middleton. He played five league games for The Dell club, winning two and losing two, including a 6–2 defeat at Charlton Athletic and victory at Wolverhampton Wanderers by the same scoreline; in his five games, he conceded 11 goals.\n", "Boulton went on to make 344 first team appearances for Derby County before a move to America where he played for Tulsa Roughnecks and Los Angeles Aztecs between 1979 and 1980.\n", "Boulton's final team was back in England, where he played for Lincoln City. However, in his fourth game he sustained an injury that was to end his playing career.\n", "On 2 March 2009, it was announced that Boulton had been voted the greatest goalkeeper in Derby County's history.\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "On retiring from football, he initially returned to his original career as a police officer, but by the mid-1990s, he was working for a Huddersfield-based sports company.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Derby County\n", "BULLET::::- Football League First Division champions: 1971–72, 1974–75\n", "BULLET::::- 1975 FA Charity Shield\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Colin Boulton - Derby County FC - Sporting-Heroes.net\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Shinichi Ito\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Ito competed in the All-Japan 500 cc Championship on a Honda NSR500 from 1988 to 1992, always finishing inside the Top 7 and winning the title in 1990. He raced in the Suzuka 8 Hour for three of these years and had two 7th-place finishes in 1988 and 1991, partnered by Masumitsu Taguchi and Daryl Beattie respectively. Ito has also competed in the 500 cc World Championships as an occasional wild card from 1989 to 1992. He showed impressive form, consistently finishing among the established Grand Prix riders. Ito scored a best finish of 4th at Suzuka in 1992.\n", "Section::::Grand Prix racing career.\n", "Ito's ability was rewarded in 1993 with a full-time ride from Honda in the 500 cc World Championship. This was the third bike alongside Mick Doohan and Beattie, and often had development parts - widely speculated to have included a fuel-injection system before anybody else got it. In his first full Grand Prix season, he scored four top 5 finishes. Apart from 3 DNFs he never finished outside the top ten. His best result was at Hockenheim, Germany where he got pole position, followed by a 3rd place in the race. He was also the first Grand Prix rider to break the 200 mph (321.86 km/h) barrier. He finished a creditable 7th in the Championship. He also raced in the All-Japan 500 cc Championship where he finished 9th.\n", "In 1994, Ito continued to show impressive form in the 500s scoring points in 11 out of 14 races, 9 of which were top 5 placings. His best result was at Brno where after qualifying 7th, he finished 2nd in the race, just 3 seconds behind teammate Mick Doohan, in what was otherwise a very strung-out race. Ito finished 7th in the Championship. He again competed in the Suzuka 8 Hour where he qualified 2nd and finished 3rd on a Honda RC45, partnered by Shinya Takeishi.\n", "An elusive first 500 cc win still evaded Ito, until it seemed he might win his home race at Suzuka in 1995. In torrential rain, Ito used his vast experience of the Suzuka Circuit and pulled out a commanding lead in the race. With seven laps to go he was caught out by the treacherous conditions and crashed. This was to be his only non-score of what was to be a very consistent season. He visited the podium twice, his best finish was again 2nd, this time at the final round at Catalunya. His consistency of point scoring races meant he finished a career-best 5th in the 500 cc Championship. By now a regular top-runner in the Suzuka 8 Hour he qualified 6th and finished 2nd on a Honda RC45, partnered by Satoshi Tsujimoto.\n", "His value as a development rider already recognised by Honda, in 1996 Ito moved from the Honda 500 V4 to their newly developed 500 cc V-twin Honda NSR500V in the World Championship. The V2 was underpowered compared to the V4 and Ito's best result was 6th at Catalunya. He was however regularly bringing the new bike home in the points, scoring in 12 of the 15 races. He finished in 12th place in what was to be his last full season in the Championship. In the Suzuka 8 Hour qualified 2nd and finished 11th partnered by Satoshi Tsujimoto.\n", "Ito returned to domestic racing, this time in the Japanese Superbike Championship on board a Honda RC45 and was one of the top riders in the series, winning the title in 1998 and finishing every other year in the Top five. He also took his debut win at the Suzuka 8 Hour in 1997 partnered by Tohru Ukawa. This duo repeated the feat in 1998 from pole position. They again took pole position in 1999, but were to retire after 146 laps. During this time, Ito had numerous more wild card rides in both the 500 cc World Championship and the World Superbike Championship, his best result being an impressive 7th place on a Honda 500 V4 at Suzuka in 1999.\n", "In 2000, Ito was recruited by Kanemoto Racing, who had been contracted by the Bridgestone tyre company to conduct tyre testing for the company's foray into World Championship 500 cc racing. Alongside fellow Japanese rider Nobuatsu Aoki, Ito was responsible for the testing and development of Bridgestone tyres on Honda NSR500 machines. In the Suzuka 8 Hour he qualified 5th and finished 8th in the race on a Honda VTR1000SPW, this time running in a three-man team with Tadayuki Okada and Alex Barros. As a wild card rider in the World Superbike Championship at Sugo he recorded his best ever results in the series, qualifying 2nd, and finishing 4th and 9th in the races.\n", "Now one of the most experienced and respected top level development riders, Ito was given a Honda RC211V for the inaugural round of the new four-stroke MotoGP series at Suzuka. He qualified in 3rd (0.2 seconds behind polesitter Valentino Rossi) and crossed the line in 4th. He made another wild card appearance at the penultimate round in Australia, this time with the Kanemoto Racing team on an NSR500 two-stroke machine testing Bridgestone tyres. He qualified 13th but retired midway through the race. In the Japanese Superbike Championship he made just one appearance in the domestic series scoring a 4th at Suzuka.\n", "Ito returned to the Japanese Superbike Championship full-time and won the title in 2005 and 2006 on a Honda CBR1000RR. \n", "Still a top rider in endurance racing, he was to take three more pole positions in the Suzuka 8 Hour. This equalled Wayne Gardner's record of five Suzuka 8 Hour poles. He won the race for the third time in 2006, partnered by Takeshi Tsujimura. Ito was still in demand at international level, and in 2005 was drafted in to ride a Ducati Desmosedici GP5 in a new Ducati-Bridgestone Tyre Test Team, which was specifically created for MotoGP tyre development. This role was to expand further when works Ducati rider Loris Capirossi was injured and unable to race in Round 16 at the Turkish Grand Prix. Ito took the seat, becoming the first Japanese rider to pilot the Ducati. He qualified 15th, but during the race was subjected to a pit lane ride through penalty for jumping the start. Ito failed to enter the pits and was black-flagged from the race, and thence excluded from the results.\n", "Ito continued to work with the Ducati-Bridgestone Tyre Test Team during the off-season. He crashed during pre-season testing at Motegi and suffered a fractured thighbone, putting his 2007 season plans on hold. He returned for the Suzuka 8 Hour race in July and finished in 3rd place having set the fastest lap of the race. He was partnered by Yusuka Teshima. Ito was given a ride on a Pramac d'Antin Ducati in the 2007 Japanese Grand Prix at Motegi following Alex Hofmann's release from the team.\n", "At the Motegi GP in Japan in 2011, Ito and countryman Kousuke Akiyoshi were given wildcard rides in order to \"bring courage and show support for the East Japan area\", which has been suffering greatly in the aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Ito, who came out of retirement that year to win the Suzuka 8 Hours and start the role as a HRC test rider, rode for a specially-formed HRC team at the age of 44.\n", "Section::::Grand Prix career statistics.\n", "Points system from 1988 to 1992:\n", "Points system from 1993 onwards:\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Shinichi Ito career statistics at MotoGP.com\n", "BULLET::::- Shinichi Ito’s Official Site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Shinichi Itoh" ] }, "description": "Japanese motorcycle racer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1334813", "wikidata_label": "Shinichi Ito", "wikipedia_title": "Shinichi Ito" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Koulsy Lamko\n", "Koulsy Lamko (born 1959) is a Chadian-born playwright, poet, novelist and university lecturer. Born in Dadouar, Lamko left his country for Burkina Faso in 1979 due to the beginning of the civil war. There, he became acquainted with Thomas Sankara and involved with the Institute of Black Peoples in Ouagadougou. Lamko spent ten years promoting community theater in Burkina Faso through the Theater of the Community and helped found the International Festival of Theatre for Development. Some of his poetry was published in \"Revue Noire\" in 1994. In 1997 he co-released the album \"Bir Ki Mbo\" of mixed poetry and music in tribute to Sankara in collaboration with Stéphane Scott and Rémi Stengel. A regular attendant at the Limousin Festival International des Francophonies, he briefly lived in Limoges, France. He then moved to Rwanda, where he read for his doctorate at the National University in Butare while founding the university's Center for the Arts and the Theater and teaching theater and creative writing. His doctoral thesis was on emerging theatrical aesthetics in Africa. His experience in Rwanda led him to write his novel, \"La phalène des collines\" (\"\"The butterfly of the hills\"\"), about the 1994 genocide.\n", "In 2009 he stayed, as a guest of Amsterdam Vluchtstad, in the former apartment of Anne Frank and her family at the Amsterdam Merwedeplein.\n", "He currently lives in Mexico City.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- Plays\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le camp tend la sébile\", 1988, Editions Presses Universitaires de Limoges\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ndo kela ou l'initiation avortée\", 1993, Editions Lansman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tout bas … si bas\", 1995, Editions Lansman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Comme des flèches\", 1996, Editions Lansman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le mot dans la rosée\", 1997, Editions Actes Sud Papiers\n", "BULLET::::- \"La tête sous l'aisselle\", 1997, Editions Ligue de l'Enseignement and DGER\n", "BULLET::::- Short stories and tales\n", "BULLET::::- \"Regards dans une larme\", 1990, Editions Mondia-Canada\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les repos des masques\", 1995, Editions Marval\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sou, sou, sou, gré, gré, gré\", 1995, Editions FOL Haute Vienne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aurore\", 1997, Editions Le bruit des autres\n", "BULLET::::- Novels\n", "BULLET::::- \"La phalène des collines\", 2000, Centre Universitaire des Arts\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les racines du yucca\", 2011, Philippe Rey\n", "BULLET::::- Poetry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Exils\", Solignac 1993, Le bruit des Autres\n", "BULLET::::- Essays\n", "BULLET::::- \"Koulsy Lamko on exotic man\", 2009, The Power of Culture\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Chadian writer and academic", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1154316", "wikidata_label": "Koulsy Lamko", "wikipedia_title": "Koulsy Lamko" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Doselle Young\n", "Doselle Young is an American science fiction author, graphic novelist and contributor to both prose and comics anthologies.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Doselle Young is a Los Angeles-based author, story consultant and graphic novelist. He has written stories for such iconic DC Comics characters such as Superman, Wonder Woman and The Authority. He is the author of the twelve-issue limited series \"The Monarchy (DC/Wildstorm)\" and has also contributed stories to DC Vertigo's critically acclaimed anthologies \"Gangland\", \"Heartthrobs\" and \"Strange Adventures\". In recent years, Doselle has split his creative output between comics, prose fiction and story consulting. His pulp-inspired tale \"Housework\" appears in the science-fiction/super hero anthology \"The Darker Mask\" (Tor/August 2008) while the noir-inspired \"Raymond Chandler Slept Here\" appears in the upcoming S\"an Diego Noir\" (Akashic Books, July 2011). Doselle is the writer/creator of the upcoming comics series \"Perilous\" and a frequent panelist at science-fiction & comics conventions including ConFusion, PenguiCon, WisCON, San Diego Comic Con, World Con, World Fantasy Convention and LosCon. He has appeared as a guest blogger on author Justine Larbalestier's blog at JustineLarbalestier.com and can also be found on Twitter. A member of the Brights movement, Doselle is an atheist and an outspoken advocate for a naturalistic worldview based on scientific observation. \"\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Young has written for Tor Books, DC Comics' Vertigo and Wildstorm Productions imprints.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Comics.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wonder Woman Annual\" vol. 2 #8, (1999)*\n", "BULLET::::- \"Star Trek: - Avalon Rising\" (with co-author Janine Ellen Young and artist David Roach, graphic novel, Wildstorm, September 2000)*\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Monarchy\" (illustrated by John McCrea and Garry Leach, Warren Pleece and Dean Ormston Wildstorm, April 2001 - May 2002)*\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Comics anthologies.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Your Special Day\", in \"Gangland #1\" illustrated by Frank Quitely.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jericho\", in \"Heartthrobs\" illustrated by Tony Salmons.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Driving Miss 134\", in \"Strange Adventures\" illustrated by Ilya.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Upon Reflection\", in\"Creepy Comics\" illustrated by Dean Ormston.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Prose anthologies.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Housework\", in \"The Darker Mask\" (Tor Books, 2008) with illustration by Brian Hurtt.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Raymond Chandler Slept Here\", in \"San Diego Noir\" (Akashic Book, 2011).\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Patrick Clune\n", "Patrick Joseph Clune, DD CSsR, (6 January 1864 in Ruan, County Clare, Ireland – 24 May 1935 in Perth, Western Australia), an Australian metropolitan bishop, was the fourth Roman Catholic Bishop of Perth and first Archbishop of Perth. Clune served continuously in these roles from 1910 to 1935.\n", "Section::::Early years and background.\n", "Clune was educated in Ruan and at St Flannan's College in Ennis. In 1879 he entered the Catholic Missionary All Hallows College in Dublin to study for the priesthood. He was ordained in 1886, aged 22. His first appointment was to St Patrick's College, Goulburn in New South Wales.\n", "He professed vows as a member of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists) on 13 September 1894.\n", "Section::::Bishop and archbishop of Perth.\n", "He was consecrated by Cardinal Patrick Moran on 17 March 1911. In 1913 he was elevated to the role of Archbishop, the first such position available in Perth.\n", "Prior to December 1920, Archbishop Clune acted as an intermediary between David Lloyd George and the Irish leaders during the Irish War of Independence; he had a strong personal interest in the outcome since his nephew Conor Clune had been executed by the British in what seems to have been a case of mistaken identity.\n", "He played a significant role in the split of Christian Brothers College, Perth to form Aquinas College in the 1930s.\n", "He died on 24 May 1935 and was buried in Karrakatta Cemetery. His remains were exhumed in June 2013, and reinterred in the crypt of St Mary's Cathedral Perth in September 2013.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Catholic bishops and archbishops of Perth, Western Australia\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian cleric", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7146247", "wikidata_label": "Patrick Clune", "wikipedia_title": "Patrick Clune" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ryūhō Masayoshi\n", "Ryūhō Masayoshi (born June 18, 1977 as Keisuke Urazaki) is a former sumo wrestler from Nakagami, Okinawa, Japan. His highest rank was \"maegashira\" 16.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "He entered sumo in March 1993, joining Tatsutagawa stable. He initially wrestled under his own surname of Urazaki, first adopting the \"shikona\" of Ryūhō in 1997. He changed the second part of his \"shikona\" several times, from Keisuke to Shokichi before settling on Masayoshi.\n", "In 2000 he moved to Michinoku stable when his old \"heya\" was closed down upon the retirement of its stablemaster. After over nine years in the unsalaried apprentice ranks, he finally became a \"sekitori\" for the first time in November 2002 upon promotion to the second highest \"jūryō\" division. He could only manage a 5-10 score in that tournament and was demoted back to the \"makushita\" division. He finally managed a return to \"jūryō\" in September 2005, after nearly three years away, and slowly moved up the division until an 8-7 score at \"jūryō\" 1 in July 2006 saw him promoted to the top \"makuuchi\" division. It took him 81 tournaments from his professional debut to reach \"makuuchi\", which at the time was the tenth slowest since the introduction of the six tournaments a year system in 1958.\n", "Although Ryūhō won his first two top division matches (against Kasugao and Kakuryū) he could manage only two more wins in September 2006 (against Hakurozan and Toyonoshima) and was demoted back to the second division after only one tournament. By July 2007 he had fallen to \"jūryō\" 11 and a loss to Ichihara on Day 12 left him with only three wins against nine losses. Demotion to \"makushita\" seemed certain, yet he managed to win his last three bouts, and his 6-9 score was just enough to preserve his \"sekitori\" status. However, in the next tournament in September 2007 he could only manage 5-10 at \"jūryō\" 14 and was demoted from \"jūryō\", replaced by Ichihara.\n", "Back in \"makushita\" for the November 2007 tournament he turned in a \"make-koshi\" 3-4 score. He produced three \"kachi-koshi\" winning records of 4-3 in the first three tournaments of 2008, but partly due to knee problems, this was followed by three straight \"make-koshi\". In 2009 he achieved six straight winning records, bringing him to the verge of promotion back to \"jūryō\". Despite faltering in January and May 2010, a 6-1 record at \"makushita\" 11 in July 2010 was enough to return him to \"sekitori\" level for the first time in 18 tournaments. Benefiting from the large number of demotions from \"jūryō\" because of suspensions, he became the first wrestler since the instigation of the seven-day tournament system for the lower ranks in July 1960 to be promoted to \"jūryō\" from below \"makushita\" 10 without a perfect 7-0 record. Ryūhō described his promotion as a \"miracle.\" Despite losing on the final day of the September tournament to the \"makushita\" wrestler Tsurugidake to finish with a \"make-koshi\" score of 7-8 he remained in \"jūryō\" for the following tournament. However, in November 2010 he could only score 4-11 at the lowest \"jūryō\" rank.\n", "Section::::Retirement from sumo.\n", "Ryūhō withdrew from the May 2011 tournament with only one win, the first time since January 2000 that he missed any matches. He did not return to the \"dohyō\" again and dropped to the \"sandanme\" division in September, then \"jonidan\" in January 2012, and \"jonokuchi\" in May 2012. His rank of \"jonokuchi\" 4 in May was the lowest ever held by a former top division wrestler. Ryūhō finally announced his retirement on 12 June 2012, citing persistent knee and lower back injuries. His retirement ceremony (and wedding reception) was held on 30 September 2012 at a Tokyo hotel with around 200 guests. Since his retirement he has been involved in organizing amateur sumo in his native Okinawa prefecture, and has entered the priesthood. He is unable to bend his left knee because of the injury sustained in his sumo career.\n", "Section::::Fighting style.\n", "Ryūhō was a solidly \"yotsu-sumo\" wrestler and nearly half his victories came by using the most common \"kimarite\" of \"yori kiri\" or force out. He preferred a \"hidari-yotsu\", or right hand outside, left hand inside grip on his opponent's \"mawashi\".\n", "Section::::Career record.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Glossary of sumo terms\n", "BULLET::::- List of past sumo wrestlers\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Keisuke Urazaki", "Ryuho Masayoshi", "Ryuuhou Masayoshi" ] }, "description": "Sumo wrestler", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3874476", "wikidata_label": "Ryūhō Masayoshi", "wikipedia_title": "Ryūhō Masayoshi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bill Schroeder (baseball)\n", "Bill A \"Rock\" Schroeder (born Alfred A William Schroeder on September 7, 1958) is a former Major League Baseball player and a current television sports broadcaster. He currently provides color commentary for the Milwaukee Brewers on Fox Sports Wisconsin.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Schroeder was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and raised in Princeton Junction, New Jersey. He is a graduate of West Windsor-Plainsboro High School (now WW-PHS South). While playing high school baseball, he earned All-State honors in his junior and senior years. He attended Clemson University, and assisted the Clemson Tigers in capturing the Atlantic Coast Conference Championships in 1978 and 1979.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "He was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the eighth round of the 1979 amateur draft. Throughout his career, he was typically used as a platoon or bench player, a common subject of jokes by Schroeder and others.\n", "Until the 2007 season, Schroeder was the fastest Brewers rookie to reach 15 home runs, achieving the milestone in only 71 games. In 2007, the record was bested by Ryan Braun, who hit 15 home runs in his first 50 games.\n", "The 1987 season was Schroeder's best. He batted .332, and was a key member of \"Team Streak\", the Brewers team that won its first 13 games, tying an MLB record. On April 15, 1987, Schroeder caught the only no-hitter in Brewers' history, pitched by Juan Nieves. On May 16, 1987, with the Brewers playing the Kansas City Royals, Schroeder broke up a no-hitter by Royals pitcher Charlie Leibrandt with a bunt single. That would prove to be the only hit of the game.\n", "In 1988, he was traded to the California Angels, where he played less and was less productive than in Milwaukee. In 1990, he was released by the Angels, retiring shortly thereafter.\n", "Section::::Announcing career.\n", "Schroeder began his post-playing career by appearing as an analyst for a Milwaukee-area baseball television show, \"Baseball Sunday\", in 1994. For the following season, he was asked to be the color commentator for the Milwaukee Brewers' television broadcasts, a position he has held ever since.\n", "In addition to his television duties, Schroeder appeared on WTMJ Radio's \"Talking Brewers\" from 1998 to 2000.\n", "Schroeder also manages the Brewers Fantasy Camp in Maryvale, Phoenix, Arizona, and will often discuss it during broadcasts.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Milwaukee Brewers: Team Broadcasts\n", "BULLET::::- Bill Schroeder at baseball-reference.com\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "César Alierta\n", "César Alierta Izuel (born May 5, 1945) is a Spanish businessman, who was the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Telefónica S.A. from July 26, 2000 until replaced by José María Álvarez-Pallete in 2016. He guided the company through a significant Latin American expansion. Mr. Alierta earned a bachelor's degree in Law at the Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain) in 1967. Three years after his degree, he earned a master's degree in Business Administration at Columbia University in New York, United States.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Mr. Alierta holds a Law degree from the University of Zaragoza and an MBA from Columbia Business School.\n", "BULLET::::- 1970–85: Banco Urquijo (Financial Analyst)\n", "BULLET::::- 1985–96: Beta Capital (Founder & President)\n", "BULLET::::- 1996–99: Tabacalera (CEO)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999–2000: Altadis (Co-Chairman)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000–Marz 2016: Telefónica (CEO & Chairman)\n", "Section::::Main highlights of his presidency at Telefónica.\n", "In September 2005, he received the Global Spanish Entrepreneur award in New York, by the Spain-US Chamber of Commerce. This distinction is an acknowledgement for his job as president of Telefónica, leading the firm to entry into the Dow Jones Global Titans 50 index. In fact, Telefónica is the first Spanish company -and one of the very few in Europe to be part of that index, made of the world's 50 most successful, global and largest companies.\n", "In April 2008, he was named president of the Social Council of the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spanish main open university, with over 100,000 students.\n", "In September 2009 he led one of the main global strategic alliances, putting together Telefónica with Chinese firm China Unicom[1]. Both companies agreed to invest in each other an amount of a billion dollars. The most important part of the cooperation agreement involves research, development and innovation, as well as sharing information on knowledge management and new technologies. This alliance allowed Telefónica to strengthen its position as market leader. It also expanded its client base to over 550 million world-wide, including the clients of its Chinese partner.\n", "In 2009 he was awarded the Tiepolo prize. This award is given by the Madrid-Italy Chamber of Commerce and acknowledges the role of Telefónica as one of the leading Spanish global companies.\n", "Also in 2009, the business association Aragón Exterior (Aragonex) acknowledged him as one of the main Aragonese businessmen with a global reach.\n", "In June 2010, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Council of the Americas in New York, for his contribution to the growth and development in Latin America. He was the first Spaniard, and the first non-American citizen, to be awarded by the institution. The award is presented to those who work for the progress and advancement of the continent (source: Europa Press) (source:EFE)\n", "In June 2010, the President of Telefónica was rated as the best chief executive officer (CEO) of Spain by Thomson Extel Survey 2010.\n", "On September 17, 2010, the City Council awarded a César Alierta Zaragoza with the Gold Medal of the city. The medal will be awarded on October 9 to mark the start of the \"Fiestas del Pilar\".\n", "On 28 September 2010, he joined the Board of the company resulting from the merger between Iberia and British Airways, International Airlines Consolidate Group (IAG). He became, as well, Chairman of the Remuneration Committee and member of the Nomination Committee.\n", "In June 2012 the German Chamber of Commerce for Spain awarded César Alierta with the Hispanic-German Prize to Business Excellence, for having succeeded in placing the company among the world's telecommunication industry leaders, with a very prominent presence in Germany through O2, a subsidiary of Telefonica.\n", "On September 2012, Alierta was awarded the Heraldo Price 2012.\n", "In November 2012, César Alierta was awarded the Excellence of Business Management by the IX Aragon's Business Forum.\n", "On January 2013, Alierta was included among the twelve most prominent Spaniards in 2012 by the Spanish magazine \"Tiempo\".\n", "Section::::Alierta's vision on Communications.\n", "Declarations to the press had been very controversial in Spain, as he suggests charging content providers, application developers and even search engines. Textual declarations include: \"we do everything and they (developers, content providers, search engines...) only have the algorithms\", \"we've opened an opportunity for clever people to generate applications using our communication channels... and we are lucky to own millions of customers that can use them. We will charge for that\", \"Cloud computing means that the intelligence is in the net. And the net is ours\".\n", "Section::::Problems with Justice.\n", "According to The Wall Street Journal: \"A Spanish court found that César Alierta, chairman of Telefónica SA, enriched himself through insider trading before he joined the telecom company, but it acquitted him on the ground that the statute of limitations had run out\".\n", "According to Answers.com: \"The charges stemmed from 1997, when Alierta and his wife had formed an investment company that they later sold to their nephew. The investment company purchased a large number of Tabacalera shares immediately preceding the purchase of Havatampa and the subsequent rise in tobacco prices, both of which led to an increase in the value of Tabacalera shares. In early 1998 the investment company sold these shares at a great profit\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Answers.com\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spanish Minister agrees search companies should pay for network use\" eitb.com (15/02/2010).\n", "BULLET::::- Telefonica's Website\n", "BULLET::::- César Alierta's Official CV on Telefónica Website\n", "BULLET::::- César Alierta named the business leader with the third best corporate reputation in prestigious ranking (Spanish)\n", "BULLET::::- Article on César Alierta and his plans for Telefónica\n", "BULLET::::- César Alierta: Telefónica is the ideal ally for the new \"digital world\"\n", "BULLET::::- News story about Telefónica and its president\n", "BULLET::::- Resume of Cesar Alierta\n", "BULLET::::- Cesar Alierta, one of the most reputated business leaders of Spain\n", "BULLET::::- Telefonica goals proposed by Cesar Alierta\n", "BULLET::::- César Alierta: previsions about telecommunications industry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ideas about the new digital world\" by Cesar Alierta\n", "BULLET::::- César Alierta receives the 'Gold Medal' of the Americas Society\n", "BULLET::::- César Alierta and the merge of Telefónica with Telecom Italy\n", "BULLET::::- Telefónica, headed by Cesar Alierta, and UNED create a CSR program\n", "BULLET::::- Cesar Alierta, among the five most influential global executives\n", "BULLET::::- Cesar Alierta the best CEO in Spain, according to Thomson Extel\n", "BULLET::::- Alierta is confident about the Internet giants helping to finance the networks infrastructure\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "César Alierta Izuel", "Cesar Alierta", "Cesar Alierta Izuel" ] }, "description": "is a Spanish businessman, who has been the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Telefónica S.A.", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q713364", "wikidata_label": "César Alierta", "wikipedia_title": "César Alierta" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kevin Kopelson\n", "Kevin Kopelson (born January 23, 1960), is an American literary critic. He received a B.A. from Yale University, a J.D. from Columbia University, and a Ph.D. from Brown University. Currently, he is Emeritus Professor of English at The University of Iowa.\n", "He is a frequent contributor to the London Review of Books. He writes on topics ranging from fin-de-siècle literature to fashion photography.\n", "Section::::Fields.\n", "Kopelson has published in the fields of sexuality studies, critical theory, cultural studies, and 20th-century literature.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love's Litany: The Writing of Modern Homoerotics\" (Stanford University Press, 1994).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beethoven's Kiss: Pianism, Perversion, and the Mastery of Desire\" (Stanford University Press, 1996).\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Queer Afterlife of Vaslav Nijinsky\" (Stanford University Press, 1997).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Neatness Counts: Essays on the Writer's Desk\" (University of Minnesota Press, 2004).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sedaris\" (University of Minnesota Press, 2007).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Confessions of a Plagiarist: And Other Tales from School\" (Counterpath Press, 2012).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adorno and the Showgirl: Or Late Style\" (2016)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Personal website\n", "BULLET::::- Professional website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Daimanazuru Kenji\n", "Daimanazuru Kenji (born January 16, 1977 as Kenji Omae) is a former sumo wrestler from Kawakami, Yoshino District, Nara, Japan. He began his professional career in 1992, and spent a total of 19 tournaments in the top two divisions, peaking at \"maegashira\" 16 in 2006. He retired at the end of the January 2010 tournament and has chosen to work outside of the Sumo Association.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "He made his professional debut in May 1992, joining Asahiyama stable, then run by the former wrestler Wakafutase. In 1997 his stablemaster died suddenly and for the remainder of his career he was coached by former \"ozeki\" Daiju. He initially fought under his own surname of Omae, before adopting the \"shikona\" of Futasewaka in 1994. He switched to his familiar name of Daimanazuru at the beginning of 2000.\n", "He reached \"sekitori\" status in November 2003, after more than eleven years in the unsalaried divisions, by winning the \"makushita\" tournament championship or \"yusho\" with a perfect 7-0 record. He was the first wrestler from Asahiyama stable to be promoted to \"jūryō\" since the new head coach took over in 1997. He made his \"jūryō\" debut alongside future \"yokozuna\" Hakuho. After two losing scores in January and March 2004 he slipped back to \"makushita\", but he returned to \"jūryō\" in January 2005. He made steady progress, rising slowly up the \"jūryō\" division with a succession of 8-7 scores, which was enough to earn him promotion to the top \"makuuchi\" division for the July 2006 tournament. It had taken him 85 tournaments to reach \"makuuchi\" from his professional debut, the seventh slowest ever. However, his single tournament there saw him win only two bouts, against veterans Buyuzan and Tochisakae, and he was demoted straight back to \"jūryō\".\n", "In September 2007 he suffered an eye injury and had to withdraw on the 4th day, resulting in demotion back to the unsalaried \"makushita\" division. By July 2008 he had fallen to \"Makushita\" 26, the same rung on the ladder as fellow former top division wrestler Takahama. He scored six wins against one loss in that tournament however, and took part in an eight-way playoff for the \"makushita\" championship. He missed out on his third title, eliminated in the semifinal stage by Yamamotoyama. Restricted by a nagging shoulder injury, a series of mediocre performances after that saw him fall to \"Makushita\" 54 for the January 2010 basho, his lowest rank since entering the \"makushita\" division at the end of 1997. Despite recording 4 wins against 3 losses, he announced his retirement after the tournament at the age of 33. He did not fight in enough \"sekitori\" tournaments to qualify for a \"toshiyori\" (elder) position, and will be leaving the sumo world to work in a Tokyo based firm.\n", "Section::::Fighting style.\n", "Daimanazuru had a straightforward fighting style, with around 70% of his wins being either \"yorikiri\" (force out) or \"oshidashi\" (push out). He preferred a \"migi-yotsu\" grip on the \"mawashi\", with his left hand outside and right hand inside his opponent's arms.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "He announced his engagement in May 2006.\n", "Section::::Career record.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Glossary of sumo terms\n", "BULLET::::- List of past sumo wrestlers\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gavino Ledda\n", "Gavino Ledda (; born 30 December 1938) is an author and a scholar of the Italian language and of Sardinian. He is best known for his autobiographical work \"Padre Padrone\" (1975).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Ledda was born in Siligo, in the Province of Sassari, Sardinia, into a poor family of shepherds. Gavino's father made him leave school at the age of six, when he was only in the first year of his primary school education. Bursting into the classroom in the middle of a lesson, Ledda's father justified his position by saying that he needed the boy's help for his agricultural work, as Gavino was his eldest son. In scenes that feature in \"Padre padrone\", he went on to say that school was a luxury that poor shepherds could not afford, and demanded that his son be handed over to him. Although primary education had been compulsory in Italy since the Casati Act of 1859, Ledda's father accused the authorities of wanting to make school compulsory while, according to him: \"\"la povertà, quella è obbligatoria\"\" (\"poverty, that's compulsory\") (quote from \"Padre padrone\").\n", "Having only attended school for a few weeks, Gavino could not yet read or write. His father, to all intents and purposes, had condemned him to illiteracy, in the same way that he had been treated by his own father, who had removed him from school in a similar fashion. Gavino's father promised him that he would be able to study when he was older, taking the elementary school leaving exams — usually taken at the end of five years of primary schooling — as an external candidate.\n", "Ledda's father gradually introduced him to life as a herder, however his father's teachings were always given with a certain amount of brutality, and were often accompanied by beatings. Initially Ledda's father allowed him to live in the village of Siligo together with his mother and his siblings, but he was soon sent to live at the family steading in the isolated Baddevrùstana, in order that he could run it by himself, leaving his father to concentrate on his work in Siligo. Baddevrùstana is only a few kilometres from Siligo, but the only means of transport the family had was a mule, so the journey seemed long to the young Ledda.\n", "Ledda, still a child, had difficulty getting used to living and working alone at Baddevrùstana, and the more intolerant and rebellious he became, the more violent his father's punishments were. On one occasion, for example, Ledda's father tied him behind the mule and dragged him from Siligo to Baddevrùstana. On another occasion, his father chased him with a spiny branch, with which he thrashed him so much that he deformed his son's face. After this punishment, Ledda's father became seriously concerned that he had irreparably damaged his son's health, and his eyes in particular. He took Gavino to Siligo and called a doctor who, despite the explanations put forward by Gavino's parents, realised how the young boy's face was really damaged. The doctor threatened to report Ledda's father if the incident ever reoccurred.\n", "Ledda spent the rest of his childhood and adolescence working under his father in a state of substantial slavery, and often forced to endure excessive amounts of work and stress. During Gavino's adolescent years, his father decided to send the entire family to Baddevrùstana. Gavino's younger brothers also began to work like him.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Emancipation.\n", "Ledda's emancipation from his \"\"padre padrone\"\" (the title of his biographical work has been translated into English as \"\"My Father, My Master\"\") began towards the end of his adolescence, when his father allowed him to take his elementary school exams as he had promised. Around the same period, his father's olive grove was destroyed by frost, and so Gavino and his brothers were denied the prospect of inheriting such valuable property.\n", "Ledda began to develop a passion for learning and a dogged determination to free himself from his life as a poor, illiterate shepherd trapped in a backward environment. First, he planned to emigrate to the Netherlands, but this plan failed. In 1958, he joined the army, signing up for the recruit training programme. When he left Sardinia, he barely knew a word of standard Italian - when he did not know how to respond to the orders of a superior officer, he would get by with \"\"Signorsì!\"\" (\"Yes, Sir!\"). Working and studying day and night, with the help of an officer and of a fellow soldier, Ledda's level of Italian improved considerably. He took his middle school exams as an external candidate, and became a Sergeant Radio Operator at the communications school at Cecchignola, in Rome. In 1962, he left the army and returned to Sardinia to continue his studies.\n", "The fact that Ledda left the army was frowned on by his father and by others in Siligo, who thought that he was overconfident and too ambitious for a boy of his social class, and that he was bound to end up broke. As a sergeant who had passed his middle school exams, he would already have been well respected and admired as a self-made man, but he was already thinking about taking his secondary school exams and then even a university education. Ledda's father argued with him several times, trying to dissuade him from taking his studies further. Nevertheless, he succeeded in passing his middle school exams in 1962. Despite this success, or perhaps because of it, the cruel attitude of the people of Siligo towards Ledda continued.\n", "Eventually, Ledda defied his father openly, claiming his independence. He put across to his father, in no uncertain terms, his world vision, his ideals and his plans, and explained why he no longer wished to be subject to his father's oppression. Thanks to the , the Italian government later granted him a life annuity.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Studies.\n", "Ledda obtained the high school diploma in 1964. He then enrolled at the Sapienza University of Rome and in 1969 obtained a degree in Linguistics. In 1970 he was admitted to Accademia della Crusca with Giacomo Devoto and in 1971 he was nominated assistant professor in Cagliari, Sardinia.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Padre padrone. L'educazione di un pastore\" (novel, 1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lingua di falce\" (novel, 1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le canne, amiche del mare\" (tale, 1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aurum tellus\" (poems,1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I cimenti dell'agnello\" (tales and poems, 1995)\n", "In April 1975, Feltrinelli published his masterpiece \"Padre Padrone\" (My Father, My Master) based on his own life and completed in 1974. The book was awarded with the Premio Viareggio and was published in forty languages.\n", "Based on the book, in 1977 Paolo and Vittorio Taviani directed \"Padre padrone\" (also known as \"Father and Master\") for the Italian television, which won the Palme d'Or prize at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival.\n", "Ledda continues to work as a writer publishing other books, novels, tales and poems. In 1984 he also wrote and directed a movie named \"Ybris\".\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Ernesto Ferrero, \"Il servo pastore all’Università\", \"La Stampa\", 6 juin 1975;\n", "BULLET::::- Tullio De Mauro, \"Due libri all’interno del linguaggio\", «L’Ora», 6 juin 1975;\n", "BULLET::::- Giulio Angioni, \"Il figlio di Abramo\", in \"Il dito alzato\", Palermo, Sellerio, 2012.\n", "BULLET::::- Maria Schäfer: \"Studien zur modernen sardischen Literatur. Die Menschen- und Landschaftsdarstellung bei Grazia Deledda, Salvatore Satta, Giuseppe Dessi und Gavino Ledda\". Dissertation, Universität Saarbrücken 1986;\n", "BULLET::::- Dino Manca, \"Un caso letterario: Padre Padrone di Gavino Ledda\", in D. MANCA, \"Il tempo e la memoria\", Rome, Aracne, 2006, pp. 33–47;\n", "BULLET::::- A. M. Amendola, \"L'isola che sorprende. La narrativa sarda in italiano (1974 - 2006)\", Cagliari, 2007 .\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1496463", "wikidata_label": "Gavino Ledda", "wikipedia_title": "Gavino Ledda" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Latimore (musician)\n", "Benjamin Latimore (born September 7, 1939) known professionally as Latimore, is an American blues and R&B singer, songwriter, and pianist. In 2017, Latimore was inducted in to the Blues Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "He was born in Charleston, Tennessee, and was influenced by country music, his Baptist church choir, and the blues. His first professional experience came as a pianist for various Florida-based groups including Steve Alaimo. He first recorded around 1965 for Henry Stone's Dade record label in Miami, Florida. In the early 1970s, he moved to the Glades label, and had his first major hit in 1973 with a jazzy reworking of T-Bone Walker's \"Stormy Monday\", which reached No. 27 on the R&B chart.\n", "His first national hit was \"If You Were My Woman,\" a gender-modified cover of \"If I Were Your Woman\" (written by Pam Sawyer and Gloria Jones and first popularized by Gladys Knight & the Pips), which reached No. 70 on the R&B chart. His biggest success came in 1974, with \"Let's Straighten It Out\", a No. 1 R&B hit which also reached No. 31 on the US \"\"Billboard\" Hot 100\" chart. He followed it up with more hits, including \"Keep The Home Fire Burnin'\" (No. 5 R&B, 1975) and \"Somethin' 'Bout 'Cha\" (No. 7 R&B, 1976). The hits dissipated in the late 1970s.\n", "Latimore moved to Malaco Records in 1982, releasing seven albums of modern blues music with that label. He briefly left the label in 1994 and released a song for the J-Town label, \"Turning Up The Mood\", before returning to Malaco in 2000 with: \"You're Welcome To Ride\". Next, Latimore recorded an album with Mel Waiters' label, Brittney Records, called \"Latt Is Back\".\n", "Later, Latimore collaborated with Henry Stone on a new record label called LatStone; which released his first new album in six years called: \"Back 'Atcha\".\n", "He has continued to work as a session pianist. He appeared most recently on Joss Stone's albums, \"The Soul Sessions\" (2003) and \"Mind Body & Soul\" (2004), along with fellow Miami music veterans Betty Wright, Timmy Thomas and Willie Hale, and made an appearance in May 2014 on \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\".\n", "In 2017, Latimore was inducted in to the Blues Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The complete Latimore Story at Soul Express\n", "BULLET::::- Latimore's full album discography at Soul Express\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6496167", "wikidata_label": "Latimore", "wikipedia_title": "Latimore (musician)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mercedes Cabrera\n", "Mercedes Cabrera Calvo-Sotelo, GCIH (born 3 December 1951) is a Spanish politician, political scientist, historian, and minister. She is also niece of Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Bustelo, former prime minister and of former foreign minister Fernando Morán Lopez and grandniece of the physicist Blas Cabrera Felipe.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Cabrera holds a PhD in political sciences and sociology from the Complutense University of Madrid and from 1996 onwards she was professor of history of Political Theory and of the social and political movements in the Complutense University.\n", "She is married to Carlos Arenillas, vice-president of the Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV, Spanish National Stock Exchange Commission) and has two children. She has been a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) deputy for the constituency of Madrid since 2004 when she ran second on the party list after Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. She was chosen as chair of the Parliamentary committee on education and science in the Congress of the Deputies. She is a member of the board of governors of the Pablo Iglesias Foundation and president of the Association of Friends of the \"Residencia de Estudiantes\". Also she has been a teacher at the \"Estudio\" School of Madrid. On 7 April 2006 she was named Spanish minister of education and science by Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Position she held until April 2009 when she was substituted by Ángel Gabilondo.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (25 September 2006)\n", "Section::::Published works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The employer's association before the Second Republic. Organizations and strategy (1931–1936)\". Publishing Century XXI. 1983..\n", "BULLET::::- \"The power of the industrialists. Policy and economy in contemporary Spain\" (1875–2000) Publishing Taurus. 2002. .\n", "BULLET::::- \"With light and stenographers: Parliament in the Restoration (1913–1923)\". Taurus Editorial. 1998. .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The industry, the press and the policy: Nicholas Maria de Urgoiti (1869–1951)\". Publishing Alliance. 1994. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Personal file in Congress\n", "BULLET::::- USC News\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jon Condo\n", "Jonathan Condo (born August 26, 1981) is an American football long snapper who is currently a free agent. He played college football for the University of Maryland and was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He then spent 12 seasons with the Oakland Raiders, with whom he was selected for the Pro Bowl twice.\n", "Section::::High school career.\n", "Condo played high school football at Philipsburg-Osceola Area High School. There he was an All-State linebacker. He also played as a running back and punter. He participated in the Big 33 Football Classic and still holds many of school's football records.\n", "He was an All-State selection in baseball, as a catcher on the P-O baseball squad, and in his senior year he won the PIAA Wrestling AAA classification 275 lb weight limit championship. He finished the year with only one blemish on his record.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Condo attended the University of Maryland, where he played for the Maryland Terrapins football team. He became the team's long snapper as a sophomore and also served as a backup defensive end.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.\n", "Condo was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after 2005 NFL Draft. Although he made the team as the long snapper over Jeff Robinson and played in the first three games, the team decided to waive him because he was struggling with errant snaps.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.\n", "On January 19, 2006, he was signed to a futures contract by the New England Patriots. He was released on August 21.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.\n", "On November 29, 2006, he was signed by the Oakland Raiders to their practice squad and would become the team's long snapper the next year.\n", "Condo was an exclusive rights free agent in 2008, but the Raiders re-signed him. On October 19, in a game against the New York Jets, the Raiders were forced to punt on a 3 and out. Condo directly snapped the ball to outside linebacker Jon Alston, who ran it for 22 yards on a fake punt play. He was added to the Pro Bowl for 2010 after kicker Sebastian Janikowski made 33 field goals and punter Shane Lechler posted a 47.0 average.\n", "On July 27, 2011, the Oakland Raiders re-signed Condo to a three-year deal. He was again selected to play in the 2012 Pro Bowl. He joined teammates punter Shane Lechler, kicker Sebastian Janikowski, and defensive lineman Richard Seymour.\n", "On September 10, 2012, Condo left a game against the San Diego Chargers with a concussion. In his absence, the backup long snapper, Travis Goethel, botched two snaps and had another punt blocked. The Raiders went on to lose the game 22-14, and much of the blame was put on the special teams' miscues.\n", "On August 4, 2013, Condo signed a three-year contract extension with the Oakland Raiders. On March 20, 2017, he re-signed with the Raiders following the expiration of that extension. \n", "On March 20, 2017, Condo re-signed with the Raiders.\n", "On March 14, 2018, Condo was not re-signed by the Raiders, and became a free agent.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.\n", "On December 4, 2018, Condo was signed by the Atlanta Falcons after an injury to Josh Harris.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Atlanta Falcons bio\n", "BULLET::::- Maryland Terrapins bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American football player, center, long snapper", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3809856", "wikidata_label": "Jon Condo", "wikipedia_title": "Jon Condo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Patricia L. Herbold\n", "Patricia Louise Herbold (born 1940) is a chemist, former city mayor, and the former United States Ambassador to the Republic of Singapore.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Ambassador Herbold was born in and grew up in Cincinnati, Ohio. She received a B.A. in chemistry from Edgecliff College (now part of Xavier University) in Cincinnati in 1962, graduating cum laude. She later received a J.D. law degree from the Northern Kentucky University Salmon P. Chase College of Law in 1977, graduating second in her class.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Chemistry.\n", "Ambassador Herbold initially worked for the federal government as an analytical chemist dealing with water pollution. She later served as Chief of the Data Processing Unit of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Lake Erie Program Office.\n", "Section::::Career.:Law.\n", "After working in pollution control, Herbold began a career as an attorney. She was a prosecutor from 1978 to 1979. Later, she was Associate Regional Counsel for Prudential Insurance of America from 1979 to 1988. For two years from 1988 to 1990, she was the General Counsel of Bank One. She was an attorney with the Cincinnati law firm of Taft, Stettinius & Hollister from 1990 to 1994.\n", "Section::::Career.:Local government.\n", "Ambassador Herbold was a member of the City Council of Montgomery, Ohio from 1983 to 1986. She was mayor of the city beginning in 1986.\n", "She moved to Washington state in 1995 when her husband, Robert Herbold became Executive Vice\n", "President and Chief Operating Officer of Microsoft Corporation in 1994, where he worked until 2003.\n", "Ambassador Herbold was appointed to be a Commissioner on the Washington State Gambling Commission from 1997 to 2000.\n", "She was elected Chairman of the King County Republican Party in December 2002 and served one term before being appointed Ambassador.\n", "Section::::Career.:Ambassador to the Republic of Singapore.\n", "In 2005, Ambassador Herbold was appointed Ambassador of the United States of America to the Republic of Singapore. Soon after her appointment, she presented her credentials to President S. R. Nathan in a ceremony at Istana.\n", "During the devastation of New Orleans during and after Hurricane Katrina, Singapore sent the largest military forces and aviation assets to participate in the rescue and rebuilding of the city. Singapore sent more rescue personnel and helicopters to the United States than any other country. \n", "In addition to representing the United States, Ambassador Herbold also participated in local events. \n", "On May 18, 2006, she commemorated the return of the Revere Bell to the National Museum of Singapore.\n", "She regularly did volunteer work with children in Singapore. \n", "In 2009, she vacated the post when there was a new U.S. President. She was succeeded by David Adelman.\n", "Section::::Charitable efforts.\n", "Prior to being accredited to Singapore, Ambassador Herbold was a member of the President’s 21st Century Workforce Council, on the Board of St. Joseph Orphanage of Cincinnati, the Seattle Art Museum, and the Performing Arts Center Eastside in Bellevue, Washington.\n", "Ambassador Herbold and her husband have supported cancer research. They gave a US$1.5 million\n", "(Singapore $2.5 million) gift to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center to establish the Herbold Computational Biology Program.\n", "Section::::Charitable efforts.:Environmental conservation.\n", "Ambassador Herbold has worked with Long Live the Kings, a non-profit organization dedicated to the restoration of wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "Ambassador Herbold was the first recipient of the annual Scholar of Life Award of St. Joseph Orphanage and was inducted into the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans in April, 2014.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Ambassador Herbold and her husband, Robert J. Herbold., have three grown children, Donna, Gregory, and Jim, who has ties to Singapore having previously worked for the Infocomm Development Agency.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- U.S. Embassy in Singapore biography\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7145682", "wikidata_label": "Patricia L. Herbold", "wikipedia_title": "Patricia L. Herbold" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jens Keller\n", "Jens Keller (; born 24 November 1970) is a German football manager who last managed FC Ingolstadt and former defender.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Keller has played professionally for VfB Stuttgart, TSV 1860 München, VfL Wolfsburg, 1. FC Köln and Eintracht Frankfurt.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:VfB Stuttgart.\n", "On 13 October 2010, Keller became interim manager of VfB Stuttgart until a permanent appointment had been found. He was replaced by Bruno Labbadia after two months in charge of the team on 12 December 2010. He finished with a record of five wins, three draws, and five losses.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:FC Schalke 04.\n", "On 16 December 2012, Keller was promoted from his position as the U17 coach to be the new head coach. His contract for Schalke 04 was set to last until the end of the season. On 10 May 2013, Keller's contract with Schalke 04 was extended for two more seasons.\n", "After only two wins in 10 matches in the 2014–15 season, Keller was sacked on 7 October 2014 and succeeded by Roberto Di Matteo as head coach. He finished with a record of 36 wins, 16 draws, and 24 losses.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:Union Berlin.\n", "On 11 April 2016, Keller was announced as the new manager of 2. Bundesliga side Union Berlin for the start of their 2016–17 campaign. His contract goes to 30 June 2018.\n", "On 4 December 2017, Keller was sacked and replaced by André Hofschneider. He finished with a record of 27 wins, 12 draws, and 15 losses.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:FC Ingolstadt.\n", "He was appointed as the new head coach of FC Ingolstadt on 2 December 2018. He was sacked on 2 April 2019.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jens Keller's Fussballwelt\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German footballer and manager", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q63028", "wikidata_label": "Jens Keller", "wikipedia_title": "Jens Keller" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Laurent Tirard\n", "Laurent Tirard (born 18 February 1967) is a French film director and screenwriter.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Laurent Tirard grew up admiring American films, such as those by Steven Spielberg. He studied film making at New York University, worked as a script reader for Warner Bros. studios, then became a journalist and worked for the French film magazine \"Studio\" for six years.\n", "There, he conducted a series of interviews on film making which have been published as a book under the title \"Moviemakers' Master Class: Private Lessons from the World's Foremost Directors.\" From Woody Allen to David Cronenberg, the Coen brothers to Lars Von Trier, all film directors run up against the same essential concerns: how to direct actors, for example, or whether to pre-plan camera angles. In interviewing these and 16 other notable filmmakers, Tirard found notable affinities between seemingly dissimilar directors. The book has also been published in France, Canada, England, Italy, Spain and Brazil.\n", "In 1997, he left the magazine and began writing scripts for film and television, while directing two short films, in 1999 and 2000. He wrote and directed his first feature, \"The Story of My Life\", in 2004, co-wrote the hugely successful \"Prête-moi ta main (How to Get Married and Stay Single)\" for Alain Chabat in 2005, then wrote and directed his second film, \"Molière\", the following year. \"Molière\" was entered into the 29th Moscow International Film Festival.\n", "He directed the film adaptation of the popular French children's book \"Le petit Nicolas\": \"Little Nicholas\" in 2009 and its sequel \"Nicholas on Holiday\" in 2014.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gregorio Leti\n", "Gregorio Leti (1630–1701) was an Italian historian and satirist from Milan, who sometimes published under the pseudonym Abbe Gualdi, L'abbé Gualdi, or Gualdus known for his works about the Catholic Church, especially the papacy. All of his publications were listed on the \"Index Librorum Prohibitorum\".\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "The nephew of the Bishop of Acquapendente in Umbria, Leti was educated in a Jesuit school, but later became a Protestant. He resided in the court of Louis XIV of France and in 1680 that of Charles II of England, who commissioned him to write a history of England. Leti had access to the library of the Earl of Anglesey, which numbered over 5,000 volumes, as well as that of Bishop Gilbert Burnet. He wrote the first ever proper life of Elizabeth I of England, which includes many romantic embellishments about her youth and her mother, Anne Boleyn. Nevertheless, he may have used documents he found in the English libraries. Leti was also elected a member of the Royal Society.\n", "After the publication of a collection of anecdotes which offended Charles II, \"Il Teatro Britannico\", Leti fled England in 1683 for Amsterdam, where he became the city historiographer in 1685. He died in Amsterdam in 1701.\n", "Leti's biography of Pope Sixtus V has been translated into many languages, and contains an anecdote similar to the infamous \"pound of flesh\" from William Shakespeare's \"The Merchant of Venice\". The \"Catholic Encyclopedia\" calls Leti \"mendacious and inexact\" and is also critical of works described as derivative of Leti's \"anti-papal histories.\" Mosheim, a Lutheran church historian, called Leti \"inaccurate and unfaithful.\" According to Thomas Trollope, \"his inexactitude as an historian is notorious.\" Even secular writers have characterised his biography of Sixtus V as \"resting on very slight authority.\" Among his critics, Leti is sometimes referred to as the \"Varillas of Italy.\"\n", "Leti was the father-in-law of the scholar and theologian Jean Leclerc.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- 1666. \"Histoire de Donna Olimpia Maldachini\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1667. \"Il Nipotismo di Roma, o vero relatione delle ragioni che muovono i Pontefici all' aggrandimento de' Nipoti\" (\"Papal Nepotism, or the True Relation of the Reasons Which Impel the Popes to make their Nephews Powerful\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1668. \"Il Cardinalissimo di Santa Chiesa\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1668 Il Pvttanisno Romano, à Vero, Conclave Generale delle Puttane della Corte From the Collections at the Library of Congress\n", "BULLET::::- 1671. \"Le visioni politiche sopra gli interessi più reconditi di tutti i principi e repubbliche della Cristianità\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1672 \"L'Europa Gelosa\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1682. \"La Vita della Regina Elizabetta\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1685. \"L'histoire de la vie du Pape Sixte Cinquième\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1685. \"Il ceremoniale historico e politico, opera utilissima a tutti gli Ambasciatori\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1686. \"Historia Genevrena\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1693. \"Historia overo Vita di Elisabetta, Regina d'Inghilterra\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1697. \"Critique historique, politique, morale, économique, & comique sur les lotteries\".\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Krivatsy, Nati. 1982. \"Bibliography of the Works of Gregorio Leti\". Oak Knoll Books New Castle. 8 vols.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian historian", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1154640", "wikidata_label": "Gregorio Leti", "wikipedia_title": "Gregorio Leti" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Nobel\n", "Robert Hjalmar Nobel (; ; August 4, 1829 – August 7, 1896) was the oldest son of Immanuel Nobel and his wife Caroline Andrietta Ahlsell, and the brother of Ludvig and Alfred Nobel.\n", "He was working for his brother Ludvig when he bought an interest in an oil refinery in Baku, Azerbaijan in 1876. He and his brother started Branobel, which was an important early oil company that controlled a large amount of Russian output.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swedish businessman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1398286", "wikidata_label": "Robert Nobel", "wikipedia_title": "Robert Nobel" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mohammad Nosrati\n", "Mohammad Nosrati (, born January 10, 1982 in Karaj, Iran) is an Iranian Football player. He currently plays for Oxin Alborz in the Azadegan League.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Pas Tehran.\n", "Nosrati started his career at Aboomoslem, he left the club to join PAS in 2001. He was one of many valuable players of Pas Tehran, finishing the 2003–04 season as Iran Pro League champions.\n", "There had been some notable interest shown in him from outside Iran—most notably he was officially linked to 2003 Croatian champions, Dinamo Zagreb, but rejected the offer citing that he wanted to play in a better European league. He dispelled speculation of which European team he would sign with when he signed a three-year extension with Pas in 2005. He also played in AFC Champions League for Pas. After Pas Tehran was disqualified, Nosrati left the club and did not join the newly formed Pas Hamedan.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Persepolis.\n", "On February 9, 2007 it was said Nosrati signed with Belgian League outfit R.E. Mouscron on a 5-month contract after a successful trial and passing medical tests, however the deal was not completed as terms and conditions could not be agreed on.\n", "He moved to Persepolis in August 2007 and won the league in his first and only season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Al-Nasr and Tractor.\n", "In 2008, he moved to Al-Nasr in the United Arab Emirates and joined Luka Bonačić's team. He played in most of the matches for Al-Nasr but it was reported that he was unhappy in the United Arab Emirates and wanted to move back to Persepolis. He finally joined newly promoted Iran Pro League club Tractor. Nosrati moved back to his old club in the UAE Al-Nasr in late January 2010. He moved back to Tractor in summer of 2010 and stayed there for a season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Persepolis.\n", "He signed a contract with Persepolis on 27 June 2011. He was indefinitely suspended by the Iranian football federation for \"immoral acts\" after he squeezed his teammate Sheis Rezaei's buttocks during a goal celebration. His suspension was come to end on 26 December 2011. After his suspension he became the regular player for the team again but was named in transfer list after the end of the season and was transfer to his former club Tractor.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tractor.\n", "At Tractor he was one of the key players of the team which became the runners-up in the league for the first time in the club's history. He also helped the club win the Hazfi Cup in his second season at the club.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Paykan.\n", "On 19 June 2014, Nosrati joined Paykan.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Club career statistics.\n", "BULLET::::- Assist Goals\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Nosrati made his debut for Iran in 2002 in a game against Jordan and since that moment has had a somewhat stable role in the squad. Already labeled a talented youngster before that debut, he has consistently made a balanced and overall good impression. After being one of the Asian Games 2002 gold medal winners, he was marked as a fixed defender in the national team despite being only 20 years old at the time. He was in irans squad in 2004 Asian Cup and scored an important goal against Oman in group stages in 92nd munute. He also won the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship with Team Melli.\n", "Nosrati is also a very clever header of the ball and has scored several goals using this attribute. His most famous header came in a World Cup 2006 qualification game in Iran's 1-0 victory against Bahrain, making Nosrati the player who sealed Iran's qualification. He was among Iran's final squad for World Cup 2006.\n", "He also played in 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification and after a long injury played in 2007 Asian Cup.He played in 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification and 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification for Team Melli.He continued to be one of the regular players in 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification.He played in West Asian Football Federation Championship 2010 and 2011 Asian Cup.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Pas Tehran\n", "BULLET::::- Iran Pro League (1): 2002–03 (Runner-up), 2003–04, 2005–06 (Runner-up)\n", "BULLET::::- Persepolis\n", "BULLET::::- Iran Pro League (1): 2007–08\n", "BULLET::::- Tractor\n", "BULLET::::- Iran Pro League: 2012–13 (Runner-up)\n", "BULLET::::- Hazfi Cup (1): 2013–14\n", "BULLET::::- Country\n", "BULLET::::- Asian Games Gold Medal (1): 2002\n", "BULLET::::- West Asian Football Federation Championship (1): 2004\n", "BULLET::::- AFC/OFC Cup Challenge (1): 2003\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mohammad Nosrati at PersianLeague.com\n", "BULLET::::- Mohammad Nosrati at TeamMelli.com\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Khanevadeye Sabz magazine\n", "BULLET::::- RSSSF archive of Ali Karimi's international appearances\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jack Dangermond\n", "Jack Dangermond (born 1945) is an American billionaire businessman and environmental scientist. In 1969, he co-founded with his wife Laura the Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), a privately held geographic information systems (GIS) software company.\n", "Dangermond is the company's president, and works at its headquarters in Redlands, California. Dangermond founded Esri to perform land use analysis; however, its focus evolved into GIS software development, highlighted by the release of ARC/INFO in the early 1980s; the development and marketing of ARC/INFO positioned Esri with the dominant market share among GIS software developers. Today, Esri is the largest GIS software developer in the world and its flagship product, ArcGIS, traces its heritage to Dangermond's initial efforts in developing ARC/INFO.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Jack Dangermond was born in 1945, and grew up in Redlands, California, the son of Dutch immigrants. His parents owned a plant nursery in Redlands. Dangermond attended Redlands High School.\n", "Dangermond completed his undergraduate work at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), studying landscape architecture and environmental science. He then earned a Master of Architecture degree in Urban Planning from the University of Minnesota, and a Master of Landscape Architecture degree from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design GSD in 1969. His early work in the school's Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis (LCGSA) led directly to the development of Esri's ARC/INFO GIS software. He has been awarded 13 honorary doctoral degrees.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.\n", "In December 2017, Jack and Laura Dangermond donated $165 million to establish the Jack and Laura Dangermond Preserve on the Pacific coast—the largest ever gift to the Nature Conservancy.\n", "Jack and Laura Dangermond have signed The Giving Pledge.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "Dangermond has had a strong impact on the development of GIS methodologies, the GIS software market, GIS technology research and related analytical methods. He has received many awards reflecting the influence of his work, including: \n", "BULLET::::- Officier in de Orde van Oranje Nassau\n", "BULLET::::- Horwood Distinguished Service Award of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association in 1988\n", "BULLET::::- John Wesley Powell Award of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1996\n", "BULLET::::- Anderson Medal of the Association of American Geographers in 1998\n", "BULLET::::- Cullum Geographical Medal of the American Geographical Society in 1999\n", "BULLET::::- EDUCAUSE Medal of EduCause\n", "BULLET::::- Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal of the International Cartographic Association in 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Minnesota in 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- Alexander Graham Bell Medal of the National Geographic Society in 2010, together with Roger Tomlinson.\n", "BULLET::::- Fellow of the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science in 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Audubon Medal of the National Audubon Society in 2015\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Cultivating His Plants, and His Company, The New York Times, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Fact-Checking 'Corner Office', The Atlantic, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- A Sense of Where You Are, Forbes.com, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Mapmaker Follows His Own Path (PDF), Financial Times, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- The Passion and the Perseverance to Succeed, The Washington Post, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Computerworld Interview Q&A: Esri's Jack Dangermond on Cloud, Big Data and Apple-vs-Google Map Wars (July 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- New York Times Corner Office Cultivating His Plants, and His Company (July 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- Investor's Business Daily article Jack Dangermond's Digital Mapping Lays It All Out (August 2009)\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Dangermond, Esri President – Biographical information on Esri's Web site\n", "BULLET::::- Biography – Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (CSISS) Advisory Board members\n", "BULLET::::- Dangermond talks about various topics on the Ralph Nader Radio Hour\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mohammad Alavi (footballer)\n", "Seyed Mohammad Alavi (, born 29 January 1982 in Kashan, Iran) is an Iranian retired footballer and football manager. He manages Esteghlal Khuzestan in Persian Gulf Pro League. He usually played in the defensive midfield position.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "A product of the football rich province of Khuzestan and the young team of Foolad, he was a pivotal player within this young team and his consistency and solid defending was one of the factors for the success of his club in becoming the champions of the IPL 2004/05. He played for the club in Iran's Premier League till its relegation to the lower division, Azadegan League, in 2007. He also played for Foolad in the 2006 AFC Champions League group stage.\n", "He moved to Pas and stayed there for a season. He moved to Persepolis and stayed for few months where he only played 2 games and had no spot in the team because of excellent performances by Karim Bagheri and Maziar Zare and moved for back to Pas for 6 months loan. He moved back to Foolad in summer 2009.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Club Career Statistics.\n", "Last Update 4 May 2011 \n", "BULLET::::- Assist Goals\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Section::::International career.:Under-23 national team.\n", "Alavi stormed on the national scene after his header goal against China in Azadi Stadium which assured Iran Under-23 team 3 points in the anticipated revival of the teams chances in the 2004 Olympic qualifying matches. Although Alavi was selected by then coach Mohammad Mayeli Kohan in the roster of the U23 team, he was not given much playing time. After Hossein Faraki was appointed as the new coach, Alavi was given more playing time in all the remaining matches. Apart from his goal against China, Alavi played well in all the remaining matches under Faraki although it was a step too late as Iran did not manage to dislodge the Koreans from clinching the qualification to Athens.\n", "Section::::International career.:Senior national team.\n", "In the 2004 Asian Cup, Alavi scored a goal in Iran's controversial loss to China in the semifinals of the tournament held in China 2004. The goal kept Iran's hopes alive, as they were forced to play one man down due to a red card, but China progressed to the final match at the end by penalty shoot-outs.\n", "Alavi was usually a substitute player within the national team and was not part of the World Cup squad.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Persian Gulf Cup\n", "BULLET::::- 2003–04 with Foolad\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Eduardo Rodríguez\n", "Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé (born March 2, 1956) is a Bolivian judge. During the 2005 political crisis in Bolivia, he briefly assumed the Presidency. Prior to that, he was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Born in Cochabamba in 1956, Rodríguez is a lawyer and holds a master's degree in public administration. He studied at Colegio San Agustín; later he studied law at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in Cochabamba and obtained his Master of Public Administration at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.\n", "Rodríguez is an ambassador to the International Court of Justice.\n", "Section::::Events of 2005.\n", "In 2005, after weeks of civil unrest led by Evo Morales, former president Carlos Mesa offered his resignation to Congress. Hormando Vaca Diez and Mario Cossío, who were presidents of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, respectively, were forced by protestors to decline the post. Rodríguez, as head of the judiciary and fourth in the line of succession, became the country's new president on June 10, 2005; he was inaugurated with the constitutional mandate to call elections within one year's time.\n", "Rodríguez's time in office ended with the inauguration of Evo Morales in January 2006, following the victory of Morales in the presidential election of the previous month.\n", "Section::::Events of 2005.:Treason charges.\n", "Under the Morales administration, Rodriguez has been charged with treason following the decommissioning of missiles during his term in office. Bolivia bought about 30 HN-5 shoulder-launched missiles from China in 1993 or 1998. By 2005 they had become obsolete and Rodriguez made the decision to destroy them; he says he did not know the United States would be the ones to be given the missiles for destruction. Before taking office, Morales charged that the transfer amounted to putting the country \"under foreign domination.\"\n", "He was charged with treason in 2006, which carries a 30-year prison term. He has since been cleared of all charges.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Presidents of Bolivia\n", "BULLET::::- History of Bolivia\n", "BULLET::::- Politics of Bolivia\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official web site of the president of Bolivia\n", "BULLET::::- Biography by CIDOB\n", "BULLET::::- New Bolivia leader promises poll (BBC News, 10 June 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Bolivia's peacemaker seeks brighter future, BBC News, 27 July 2005\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara\n", "Khan Bahadur Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara CIE, OBE, ISO, KPM, JP, IP () (24 November 1877 – 28 March 1941) was the first Indian to become the Deputy Commissioner of Police of the Mumbai Police in 1928. He was in charge of the Crime Branch division and was noted for his intelligence network. A decorated officer, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), Companion of the Indian Empire (CIE) and awarded the King's Police Medal. Petigara was also awarded the Imperial Service Order. He was called by the honorific title \"Khan Bahadur\". He joined the police force as a sub-inspector at the CID (Criminal Investigations Department), and gradually rose through the ranks. In 1928, he was promoted to the Indian Police Service rank, one that very few Indians achieved in those days.\n", "Among his accomplishments was his role in foiling an attempt by Indian freedom activist Manabendra Nath Roy in toppling the government. Despite being a staunch loyalist of the British Indian government, he was respected by Indian freedom fighters. When Mahatma Gandhi applied for a passport in 1931 to attend the second Round Table Conference in London, Petigara was cited as one of his references. He retired from the police force in 1936.\n", "On 1940-06-08 a statue of him was erected for the \"valuable services rendered to the city\". The statue is located near Metro Adlabs in South Mumbai. He died on 28 March 1941.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Petigara was born on 24 November 1877 to Jamshedji Nusserwanji Petigara and Dhunbhaiji Bastavalla. He did his schooling in Surat in Gujarat, and later Bombay (now Mumbai). He was married to Avambai, the daughter of Jehangirshaw Ardeshir Taleyarkhan. They had one son. He was also the estate manager of Prince Aly Khan at Aga Khan building in Dalal Street in Mumbai. He died on 28 March 1941 after undergoing an operation.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photo of his felicitation\n", "BULLET::::- Figureheads\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ning Baizura\n", "Ning Baizura binti Sheikh Hamzah (born 28 June 1975), better known by her stage name Ning Baizura, is a Malaysian pop and R&B singer, who sings in Malay, English, Japanese, Italian, French, Mandarin and Cantonese.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "She was born in Kajang, Malaysia from parents of Arab, Malay, Dutch and Javanese ancestry. She is an alumni of Convent Kajang Secondary School.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Ning crossed into the commercial scene in 1992 and became a recording artiste under various international labels, including (Sony, BMG, AMS Records Japan and Warner Music Group. From September 2008, she has recorded songs in the genres of pop, soul and R&B for her own music label, HappeNings Records. Her discography includes ten full studio albums (three of which are full English albums), as well as numerous compilations. Ning has also won various music industry awards and prizes, and has performed in the UK, Italy, France, China, Indonesia, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Monte Carlo, Monaco, Switzerland and the United States.\n", "Ning is best known for her live stage performances. She is an actress and has had roles in musicals, ten major films, short films and several tele-movies. Most significant of her roles is her critically acclaimed performance in the short film 'Malaikat Di Jendela' (Angel by My Window), directed by Osman Ali. She played a role of a midwife ostracised from her village because her husband had died of HIV. This film was entered into several film festivals in Cannes, Rotterdam and Singapore.\n", "In 2006, Ning set up her own recording company, Artiste United Records (AUR). Her stable of artistes are her protégés, Nicolette Palikat or 'Nikki' from Malaysian Idol Season 1) and Siti Surianie Julkarim (Yanie) (from Mentor Season 1), as well as Ahmad Nubhan Ahamad (Nubhan) from Akademi Fantasia, Season 6. Meanwhile, her latest English album 'EastToWest' was released in Malaysia on 10 March 2008.\n", "She worked with Yasmin Ahmad in the controversial movie Muallaf (The Convert). It won several international awards in Europe including The Berlin Film Fest and Singapore Film Fest.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Ning Baizura is married to Omar Sharif Christopher Layton Dalton. He is the director of Asia Pacific consultant at Landmark Graphics Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. They were married at Masjid Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, Bangsar, on January 31, 2008. The marriage was solemnised by Ning's father, Sheikh Hamza Sheikh Mohamed. About 100 people attended the ceremony, including Ning's mother; Satilah Abdullah, Omar's parents; Maureen and Colin Dalton, Omar's adoptive mother; Datin Sri Farida Hashim and her husband, Datuk Seri Dr. Ibrahim Saad, Omar's brother; Mark Dalton, fellow artists and media reporters.\n", "The bersanding (reception) was attended by 5,000 people at martrade exhibition centre.\n", "Ning's husband, Omar, has two children from a previous marriage. The couple has a son, Ryan.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Album.\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 – Dekat Padamu (Sony Music)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 – Ning (Sony Music)\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 – Teguh (BMG)\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 – Ke Sayup Bintang (BMG)\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 – Always (BMG)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 – Pujaan Ku (BMG)\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 – Natural Woman (AMS Records,Japan)\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 – Selagi Ada... (Warner)\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 – Erti Petermuan (Warner)\n", "BULLET::::1. Awan Yang Terpilu\n", "BULLET::::2. Erti Pertemuan (Feat Jay Jay)\n", "BULLET::::3. Bukan Sebarangan\n", "BULLET::::4. Bebaskan\n", "BULLET::::5. Takdir\n", "BULLET::::6. Menu Minggu Ini\n", "BULLET::::7. Senang Tari (Feat Alia Elkine)\n", "BULLET::::8. Bersama\n", "BULLET::::9. Ini Yang Dikata Cinta\n", "BULLET::::10. Dikau\n", "BULLET::::11. Breathe Again\n", "BULLET::::12. Kepulangan Yang Terindah\n", "BULLET::::13. Bebaskan (Quiet Storm Remix)\n", "BULLET::::14. Bebaskan (Classic Club Remix)\n", "BULLET::::15. Awan Terpilu (minus One)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 – 3113 (Greatest Hits Compilation)(Warner & SonyBMG)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 – Drama (Featuring Nikki & Yanie) CD Single (Warner Music)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 – EastToWest\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 – 3 Suara (with Jaclyn Victor & Shila Amzah)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 – Dewa\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 – Kekal\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Theatre.\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 – The Storyteller\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 – SHOUT! The Mod Musical\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1991 – Voice of Asia\n", "BULLET::::- 1991 – Best Artiste Development Award\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 – AIM Awards: Best New Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 — AIM Awards: Album of the Year (Dekat Padamu)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 — Anugerah Juara Lagu: Best Song – Ballad Category (Curiga)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 — AIM Awards: Best Pop Album (Ning)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 — Anugerah Juara Lagu: Best Song – Pop/Rock Category (Kau & Aku), award as lyricist\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 — Anugerah ERA: Choice Female Vocalist\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 — AIM Awards: Song of The Year (Selagi Ada Cinta)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 — AIM Awards: Best Album Cover (Erti Pertemuan)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 — AIM Awards: Best Music Video (Awan Yang Terpilu)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 — AIM Awards: Song of The Year (Awan Yang Terpilu)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 — AIM Awards: Best Pop Album (Erti Pertemuan)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 — VOIZE Favourite Local Act Award\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 — Cosmopolitan Malaysia magazine’s Fun, Fearless and Fabulous (FFF) Award 2008 – Singer category\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 — Anugerah Planet Muzik: Best Duo/Group (award for '3 Suara' with Jaclyn Victor and Shila Hamzah)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 — AIM Awards: Best Vocal Performance In A Song Duo/Group – (Beribu Sesalan, award for '3 Suara' with Jaclyn Victor and Shila Hamzah)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 — Anugerah Juara Lagu: Best Song (Runner-up) – (Beribu Sesalan, award for '3 Suara' with Jaclyn Victor and Shila Hamzah)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 — Anugerah Bintang Popular Berita Harian: Most Popular Duo/Group (award for '3 Suara' with Jaclyn Victor and Shila Hamzah)\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 — Brandlaureate Awards: Country Branding award\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 — Global Leadership Awards: Excellence is Entertainment award\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 — Global Branding Awards: Global Fashion Icon\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 — Anugerah Personaliti Industri & Usahawan Malaysia: Malaysia Music Icon award\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 — McMillan Woods Global Awards Night: Jazz Diva of the Year\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lloyd Nolan\n", "Lloyd Benedict Nolan (August 11, 1902 – September 27, 1985) was an American film and television actor. Among his many roles, Nolan is remembered for originating the role of private investigator Michael Shayne in a series of 1940s B movies.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Nolan was born in San Francisco, California, the youngest of three children of Margaret, who was of Irish descent, and James Nolan, an Irish immigrant who was a shoe manufacturer. He attended Santa Clara Preparatory School and Stanford University, flunking out of Stanford as a freshman \"because I never got around to attending any other class but dramatics.\" His parents disapproved of his choice of a career in acting, preferring that he join his father's shoe business, \"one of the most solvent commercial firms in San Francisco.\"\n", "Nolan served in the United States Merchant Marine before joining the Dennis Players theatrical troupe in Cape Cod. He began his career on stage and was subsequently lured to Hollywood, where he played mainly doctors, private detectives, and policemen in many film roles.\n", "Section::::Film career.\n", "Nolan's obituary in the \"Los Angeles Times\" contained the evaluation, \"Nolan was to both critics and audiences the veteran actor who works often and well regardless of his material.\" Although Nolan's acting was often praised by critics, he was, for the most part, relegated to B pictures. Despite this, Nolan co-starred with a number of well-known actresses, among them Mae West, Dorothy McGuire, and former Metropolitan Opera mezzo-soprano Gladys Swarthout. Under contract to Paramount and 20th Century Fox studios, he essayed starring roles in the late '30s and early-to-mid '40s and appeared as the title character in the Michael Shayne detective series. Raymond Chandler's novel \"The High Window\" was adapted from a Philip Marlowe adventure for the seventh film in the Michael Shayne series, \"Time to Kill\" (1942); the film was remade five years later as \"The Brasher Doubloon\", truer to Chandler's original story, with George Montgomery as Marlowe.\n", "Most of Nolan's films were light entertainment with an emphasis on action. His most famous include \"Atlantic Adventure\", costarring Nancy Carroll; \"Ebb Tide\"; \"Wells Fargo\"; \"Every Day's a Holiday\", starring Mae West; \"Bataan\"; and \"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn\", with Dorothy McGuire and James Dunn. He also gave a strong performance in the 1957 film \"Peyton Place\" with Lana Turner.\n", "Nolan also contributed solid and key character parts in numerous other films. One, \"The House on 92nd Street\", was a startling revelation to audiences in 1945. It was a conflation of several true incidents of attempted sabotage by the Nazi regime (incidents which the FBI was able to thwart during World War II), and many scenes were filmed on location in New York City, unusual at the time. Nolan portrayed FBI Agent Briggs, and actual FBI employees interacted with Nolan throughout the film; he reprised the role in a subsequent 1948 movie, \"The Street with No Name\".\n", "One of the last of his many military roles was playing an admiral at the start of what proved to be Howard Hughes' favorite film, \"Ice Station Zebra\".\n", "Section::::Other endeavors.\n", "Later in Nolan's career, he returned to the stage and appeared on television to great acclaim in \"The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial\", for which he received a 1955 Emmy award for portraying Captain Queeg, the role made famous by Humphrey Bogart. Nolan also made guest appearances on television shows, including NBC's \"The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford\", \"The Bing Crosby Show\", a sitcom on ABC and the Emmy-winning NBC anthology series \"The Barbara Stanwyck Show\".\n", "Nolan appeared three times on NBC's \"Laramie\" Western series, as sheriff Tully Hatch in the episode \"The Star Trail (1959), as outlaw Matt Dyer in the episode \"Deadly Is the Night\" (1961) and then as former Union Army General George Barton in the episode \"War Hero\" (1962). On December 8, 1960, Nolan was cast as Dr. Elisha Pittman, in \"Knife of Hate\" on \"Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre\". In the story line, Dr. Pittman removed one of the legs of Jack Hoyt (Robert Harland) after Hoyt sustained a gunshot wound from which infection was developing. Hoyt wants to marry Susan Pittman (Susan Oliver), but her father is at first unyielding on the matter.\n", "Nolan starred in \"The Outer Limits\" episode \"Soldier\" written by Harlan Ellison. He appeared in the NBC Western \"Bonanza\" as LaDuke, a New Orleans detective. In 1967, Strother Martin and he guest-starred in the episode \"A Mighty Hunter Before the Lord\" of NBC's \"The Road West\" series, starring Barry Sullivan. Also in 1967, Nolan was a guest star in the popular Western TV series \"The Virginian\", in the episode \"The Masquerade\" and in the first episode of Mannix.\n", "Nolan co-starred from 1968 to 1971 in the pioneering NBC series \"Julia\", with Diahann Carroll, who was the first African American to star in her own television series.\n", "One of his last appearances was a guest spot as himself in the 1984 episode \"Cast in Steele\" on the TV detective series \"Remington Steele\".\n", "On February 8, 1960, Nolan received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in the television industry, at 1752 Vine Street.\n", "In his later years, Nolan appeared in commercials for Polident.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Nolan married his first wife Mell Efrid in 1933. They had a daughter, Melinda, and a son, Jay, who died in an accident in 1969, aged 25. The couple remained married until Mell's death in 1981. In 1983, Nolan married his second wife Virginia Dabney, whom he remained with until his death.\n", "Nolan was a lifelong Republican.\n", "In 1964, Nolan spoke at the \"Project Prayer\" rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The gathering, which was hosted by Anthony Eisley, a star of ABC's \"Hawaiian Eye\" series, sought to flood the United States Congress with letters in support of mandatory school prayer, following two decisions in 1962 and 1963 of the United States Supreme Court which struck down mandatory school prayer as conflicting with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.\n", "Joining Nolan and Eisley at the rally were Walter Brennan, Rhonda Fleming, Dale Evans, Pat Boone, and Gloria Swanson. At the rally, Nolan asked, \"Do we permit ourselves to be turned into a godless people, or do we preserve America as one nation under God?\" Eisley and Fleming added that John Wayne, Ronald Reagan, Roy Rogers, Mary Pickford, Jane Russell, Ginger Rogers, and Pat Buttram would also have attended the rally had their schedules not been in conflict. \"Project Prayer\" was ultimately unsuccessful in its campaign to keep public prayer in public schools. \n", "Nolan founded the Jay Nolan Autistic Center (now known as Jay Nolan Community Services) in honor of his son, Jay, who had autism, and was chairman of the annual Save Autistic Children Telethon.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "A long-time cigar and pipe smoker, Nolan died of lung cancer on September 27, 1985, at his home in Brentwood, California; he was 83. He is interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles, California.\n", "Section::::Complete filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"G Men\" (1935) as Hugh Farrell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stolen Harmony\" (1935) as Chesty Burrage\n", "BULLET::::- \"Atlantic Adventure\" (1935) as Dan Miller\n", "BULLET::::- \"She Couldn't Take It\" (1935) as Tex\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Way Ticket\" (1935) as Jerry\n", "BULLET::::- \"You May Be Next\" (1936) as Neil Bennett\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady of Secrets\" (1936) as Michael\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Brown Eyes\" (1936) as Russ Cortig\n", "BULLET::::- \"Devil's Squadron\" (1936) as Dana Kirk\n", "BULLET::::- \"Counterfeit\" (1936) as Capper Stevens\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Texas Rangers\" (1936) as Sam 'Polka Dot' McGee\n", "BULLET::::- \"15 Maiden Lane\" (1936) as Det. Sgt. Walsh\n", "BULLET::::- \"Internes Can't Take Money\" (1937) as Hanlon\n", "BULLET::::- \"King of Gamblers\" (1937) as Jim Adams\n", "BULLET::::- \"Exclusive\" (1937) as Charles Gillette\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ebb Tide\" (1937) as Attwater\n", "BULLET::::- \"Every Day's a Holiday\" (1937) as John Quade\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wells Fargo\" (1937) as Dal Slade\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dangerous to Know\" (1938) as Inspector Brandon\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tip-Off Girls\" (1938) as Bob Anders\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hunted Men\" (1938) as Joe Albany\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prison Farm\" (1938) as Larry Harrison\n", "BULLET::::- \"King of Alcatraz\" (1938) as Raymond Grayson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ambush\" - Tony Andrews (1939) as Tony Andrews\n", "BULLET::::- \"St. Louis Blues\" (1939) as Dave Geurney\n", "BULLET::::- \"Undercover Doctor\" (1939) as Robert Anders\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Magnificent Fraud\" (1939) as Sam Barr\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Wouldn't Talk\" (1940) as Joe Monday\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House Across the Bay\" (1940) as Slant\n", "BULLET::::- \"Johnny Apollo\" (1940) as Mickey Dwyer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gangs of Chicago\" (1940) as Matthew J. 'Matty' Burns\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man I Married\" (1940) as Kenneth Delane\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pier 13\" (1940) as Detective Danny Dolan\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Golden Fleecing\" (1940) as Gus Fender\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charter Pilot\" (1940) as King Morgan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Michael Shayne, Private Detective\" (1940) as Michael Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Behind the News\" (1940) as Stuart Woodrow\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mr. Dynamite\" (1941) as Tommy N. Thornton ('Mr. Dynamite')\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sleepers West\" (1941) as Michael Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dressed to Kill\" (1941) as Michael Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Buy Me That Town\" (1941) as Rickey Deane\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blues In The Night\" (1941) as Del Davis\n", "BULLET::::- \"Steel Against the Sky\" (1941) as Rocky Evans\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blue, White and Perfect\" (1942) as Michael Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Wouldn't Die\" (1942) as Michael Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"It Happened in Flatbush\" (1942) as Frank 'Butterfingers' Maguire\n", "BULLET::::- \"Just Off Broadway\" (1942) as Michael Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Apache Trail\" (1942) as Trigger Bill Folliard\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manila Calling\" (1942) as Lucky Matthew\n", "BULLET::::- \"Time to Kill\" (1942) as Michael Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bataan\" (1943) as Corp. Barney Todd\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don't Be a Sucker\" (1943 short) as Commentator\n", "BULLET::::- \"Guadalcanal Diary\" (1943) as Sgt. Hook Malone\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resisting Enemy Interrogation\" (1944) as USAF Debriefing Officer / Narrator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn\" (1945) as Officer McShane\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circumstantial Evidence\" (1945) as Sam Lords\n", "BULLET::::- \"Captain Eddie\" (1945) as Lt. Jim Whittaker\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House on 92nd Street\" (1945) as Agent George A. Briggs\n", "BULLET::::- \"Somewhere in the Night\" (1946) as Police Lt. Donald Kendall\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Smart People\" (1946) as Bob Simms\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady in the Lake\" (1947) as Lt. DeGarmot\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wild Harvest\" (1947) as Kink\n", "BULLET::::- \"Green Grass of Wyoming\" (1948) as Rob McLaughlin\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Street with No Name\" (1948) as Insp. George A. Briggs\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sun Comes Up\" (1949) as Thomas I. Chandler\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bad Boy\" (1949) as Marshall Brown\n", "BULLET::::- \"Easy Living\" (1949) as Lenahan\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lemon Drop Kid\" (1951) as Oxford Charlie\n", "BULLET::::- \"Island in the Sky\" (1953) as Captain Stutz\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crazylegs\" (1953) as Win Brockmeyer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Hunt\" (1956) as Woodfoot\n", "BULLET::::- \"Santiago\" (1956) as Clay Pike\n", "BULLET::::- \"Toward the Unknown\" (1956) as Brig. Gen. Bill Banner\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seven Waves Away\" (1957) as Frank Kelly\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Hatful of Rain\" (1957) as John Pope, Sr\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peyton Place\" (1957) as Dr. Swain\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ah, Wilderness!\" (1959 TV movie) as Nat Miller\n", "BULLET::::- \"Portrait in Black\" (1960) as Matthew S. Cabot\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Girl of the Night\" (1960) as Dr. Mitchell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Susan Slade\" (1961) as Roger Slade\n", "BULLET::::- \"We Joined the Navy\" (1962) as Vice Admiral Ryan\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Girl Hunters\" (1963) as Federal Agent Arthur Rickerby\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circus World\" (1964) as Cap Carson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Never Too Late\" (1965) as Mayor Crane\n", "BULLET::::- \"An American Dream\" (1966) as Barney Kelly\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wings of Fire\" (1967 TV movie) as Max Clarity\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Double Man\" (1967) as Edwards\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sergeant Ryker\" (1968) as Gen. Amos Bailey\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ice Station Zebra\" (1968) as Admiral Garvey\n", "BULLET::::- \"Airport\" (1970) as Harry Standish\n", "BULLET::::- \"Isn't It Shocking?\" (1973, TV Movie) as Jesse Chapin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Earthquake\" (1974) as Dr. Vance\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sky's the Limit\" (1975) as Cornwall\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Abduction of Saint Anne\" (1975, TV Movie) as Carl Gentry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flight to Holocaust\" (1977, TV Movie) as Wilton Bender\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fire!\" (1977, TV Movie) as Doc Bennett\n", "BULLET::::- \"The November Plan\" (1977, TV Movie) as Gen. Smedley Butler\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover\" (1977) as Attorney General Harlan Stone\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mask of Alexander Cross\" (1977, TV Movie) as Strickland\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Boys Are Good Boys\" (1978) as Security Officer Dan Mountgomery\n", "BULLET::::- \"Valentine\" (1979, TV Movie) as Brother Joe\n", "BULLET::::- \"Galyon\" (1980) as Willard Morgan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adam's House\" (1983, TV Movie) as Frank Gallagher\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prince Jack\" (1985) as Joe Kennedy\n", "BULLET::::- \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\" (1984, TV Movie) as Monsignor Donoghue\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hannah and Her Sisters\" (1986) as Evan (final film role)\n", "Section::::Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin Kane\" (1951–1952) as Martin Kane\n", "BULLET::::- \"Special Agent 7\" (1959) 25 episodes as Special Agent Philip Conroy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" (1959) in \"The Hunter Malloy Story\" as Hunter Malloy\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Untouchables\" (1959) as George 'Bugs' Moran\n", "BULLET::::- \"Laramie\" (1959–1962) in \"The Star Trail\" as Sheriff Tully Hatch, \"Deadly Is the Night\" as Matt Dyer, \"War Hero\" as General George Barton\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bonanza\" (1960) as Inspector Charles Leduque\n", "BULLET::::- \"Outlaws\" (1962) as Buck Breeson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Virginian\" (1963–1967) in \"It Takes a Big Man\" as Wade Anders, \"The Payment\" as Abe Clayton, \"The Masquerade\" as Tom Foster\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Outer Limits\" (1964) in \"Soldier\"\" as Tom Kagan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Daniel Boone\" (1965) as Ben Hanks\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mannix\" (1967) as Sam Dubrio\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Spy\" (1968) as Manion\n", "BULLET::::- \"Julia\" (1968–1971) as Dr. Morton Chegley\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"McCloud\" (1973) as Elroy Jenkins\n", "BULLET::::- \"The F.B.I.\" (1973) as Judge Harper\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Magician\" (1974) as Charles Keegan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color\" (1975) as Cornwall\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lincoln\" (1975 miniseries) as William H. Seward\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ellery Queen\" (1976) as Doctor Sanford\n", "BULLET::::- \"McMillan & Wife\" (1977) as Horace Sherwin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Police Woman\" (1977) as Q. Waldo Mims\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries\" (1978) as Professor Anton Hendricks\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Waltons\" (1978) as Cyrus Guthrie\n", "BULLET::::- \"Quincy, M.E.\" (1978) as Dr. Schumann\n", "BULLET::::- \"$weepstake$\" (1979) as Dr. Warnecke\n", "BULLET::::- \"Archie Bunker's Place\" (1981) as Judge Sean McGuire\n", "BULLET::::- \"Remington Steele\" (1984) as Lloyd Nolan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murder, She Wrote\" (1985) as Julian Tenley\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "\"Lloyd Nolan: An Actor's Life With Meaning,\" by Joel Blumberg and Sandra Grabman. BearManor Media, Albany, 2010. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Lloyd Nolan photos and links\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lloyd B. Nolan", "Lloyd Benedict Nolan" ] }, "description": "American actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q280666", "wikidata_label": "Lloyd Nolan", "wikipedia_title": "Lloyd Nolan" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Do (singer)\n", "Dominique Rijpma Van Hulst is a Dutch singer known by her stage name Do. She is best known for singing the vocals of \"Heaven,\" DJ Sammy's worldwide top 10 hit in 2002-2003, a cover of the 1980s hit of the same name by Bryan Adams. She has released two albums.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Dominique Rijpma van Hulst was born in 1981 in Valkenswaard, Netherlands. Her father is Willem-Jan van Hulst, a popular tennis coach. At age fifteen, she planned to compete in Wimbledon, but an injury ended her tennis career.\n", "Her first musical performance was in café Old Dutch in Valkenswaard, which led to a record label deal with Sony Music BMG.\n", "Section::::Music.\n", "Before she even released a single, she was a supporting act for the tour of 5ive and Montell Jordan in the Netherlands.\n", "The first single Do released was the song \"Real Good\". Although the music video was played a lot on the Dutch music channel TMF, it was not a hit song in the Netherlands. Later in an interview, she says that \"\"It wasn't my sound, and I hated the video. Thankfully it wasn't a hit, 'cause I don't want people to remember me from that song\"\".\n", "After that, Do collaborated with DJ Sammy and Yanou, who is also her producer. The song was a cover of Bryan Adams song Heaven. It became an international hit. It reached the number one spot in the United Kingdom and was a Top ten hit in several countries. A candlelight remix version was made with a slower, piano instrumental. During this time, she had some problems with the credits of the song. Everywhere she went, she was asked if she was DJ Sammy because the song (in accordance with most dance songs) was credited to DJ Sammy, and she was the main focus in the video. Her candlelight version of \"Heaven\" is also used for the ending sequence of the TV series \"Cold Case\", 1st-season episode 8 'Fly Away'.\n", "Section::::Music.:\"Do\".\n", "Do's self-titled debut, \"Do\", was released in 2004, and reached No. three in the Netherlands. The first single from the album, \"Voorbij\", a duet with Marco Borsato, reached number one. She also had top ten hits in the Netherlands with her next two singles, \"Love Is Killing Me\" (which reached the No. six) and \"Angel By My Side\" (which reached No. ten). A specially recorded version of \"Angel By My Side\" was used as the title song for the 2004 Dutch film \"Ellis in Glamourland\".\n", "The fourth single was planned to be a cover of the Cyndi Lauper song \"I Don't Want To Be Your Friend\". The plan fell through - Do's management did not get the rights to release it as a single.\n", "The album received the golden status (40,000 copies) in the Netherlands just before Christmas. Although Do's former international success with \"Heaven\", her album was not released in other countries, the reasons are unknown. To end the year, she recorded a Christmas song with Trijntje Oosterhuis on the order of Sky Radio. It was called \"Everyday Is Christmas\". Due to the airplay it reached No. seven in the Dutch Top 40.\n", "After the tsunami disaster in Indonesia, Do joined several Dutch artists to record a song for the victims of the tsunami. The song, \"Als Je Iets #### Doen\" (If You Can Do Something), reached No. 1 in the Netherlands and stayed there for several weeks. All of the profits from the song went to the victims of the tsunami disaster.\n", "She has also made a few film appearances, including doing the voice of \"Cappy\" in the Dutch-spoken version of the multimillion-dollar film, \"Robots\". Other accomplishments include being the only female artist to have two different versions of the same song, \"Heaven\", on Billboard charts at the same time, peaking at No. 8.\n", "Section::::Music.:\"Follow Me\".\n", "Do's second album, \"Follow Me\" was released in the Netherlands on June 19, 2006. The first single was also called \"Follow Me\". The song was written by Bryan Adams and had already been recorded by Melanie C in 1999. The single peaked at No. 39 in the Dutch Top 40 but did better in the Megacharts Top 50, peaking at No. 17. The album debuted in the Dutch Megacharts Album Top 100 at No. 8 and peaked there for two weeks. The album contains 12 songs. The album meant a lot to Do, whose friend worked on the album with her before passing away.\n", "The second single from \"Follow Me\" was \"Beautiful Thing\". This song did better in the charts than \"Follow Me\" and it peaked at No. 23. It stayed in the Top 40 for 9 weeks. The video for \"Beautiful Thing\" was shot in Bonaire just like the third single of the album \"Sending Me Roses\" which was only released as a digital track. The two videos form a story.\n", "In 2006, Do did a tour called \"Follow Me\" theater tour.\n", "The fourth single from the album was \"I Will\". It was released in February 2007. The song was re-recorded in Sweden. However, no video was made and the song failed to chart.\n", "Do has also had a Dutch EP, entitled \"Zingen in het Donker\". (Singing in the Darkness.) The self-titled song was recorded in 4 different languages. (Dutch, English, German and French.) The proceeds were sent to a charity for Domestic Violence victims.\n", "On 20 December 2009, Do premiered a new song, called \"Nobody But Me\", which was said to be off her upcoming album. Dominique Rijpma van Hulst stated the album was going to be released around March 2010; however, it has yet to be released.\n", "In 2010, Dominique Rijpma van Hulst released an LP version of \"Zingen in het Donker\". (Singing in the Darkness) It had a very limited release in Europe, and only available on the European iTunes Store. The album contains 10 tracks from DO, and unlike her previous albums, \"Zingen in her Donker\" is completely in Dutch. The first single is titled after the name of the album.\n", "Section::::Music.:Cinderella.\n", "From November 2007 to March 2008 Do starred in \"Assepoester\", a Dutch version of \"Cinderella\", as the title character. The production was held at the Efteling Theatre, a theatre in the Efteling amusement park in the Netherlands. It was Do's first live theatrical performance.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "On 7, July 2007, Do married Marc Verschoor in Barcelona. The couple divorced in 2010 but reconciled in 2012. She gave birth to a son on January 2, 2014. Do posed nude in and was featured on the cover of the January 2009 issue of the Dutch edition of \"Playboy\".\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Singles.\n", "BULLET::::- \"All Official Dutch Top 40 Chart Positions can be found at Do's official site.\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Dominique Rijpma van Hulst", "Dominique van Hulst" ] }, "description": "Dutch singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q508626", "wikidata_label": "Do", "wikipedia_title": "Do (singer)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ling Tan\n", "Tan Mang Ling (born 9 October 1974 in Kuala Lumpur), usually credited as Ling Tan, is a Malaysian model of Chinese descent, based in New York City. The first supermodel from Southeast Asia, she participated in hundreds of fashion shows and has been captured by top fashion photographers such as Richard Avedon, who photographed Tan for the Pirelli Calendar in 1997.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Tan was born and raised in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and is of Chinese ancestry. She has a younger sister who is also a model. Her father was a taxi driver and her mother a seamstress. She was educated in a Chinese school and speaks four varieties of Chinese as well as Malay and English. Tan also studied art and design before beginning her career as a model.\n", "Section::::Discovered and career beginnings.\n", "Her career started when she participated in a local competition, the Asian Model Search contest, in Malaysia, where she won first place in the Malaysian section. She then went on to become the first runner up in the international finals of the Asian Model Search contest in 1994.\n", "Her first big break came when she was discovered at a small fashion show while waiting for a friend in a hotel lobby, by an advertising executive. Tan then appeared in an ad campaign for Tiger Beer. These commercials propelled Tan to success and she became the hottest model in Malaysia. European and American designers showing their collections in Malaysia were impressed with Tan’s talent and encouraged her to move to New York City.\n", "Section::::Success and acting debut.\n", "Tan has been seen in hundreds of shows in New York, London, Milan, Rome and Paris. According to Fashion Model Directory, she appeared in over 30 shows in Fall 1997/Winter 1998 and Spring/Summer 1998.\n", "Tan's first catwalk show was Zang Toi's Spring/ Summer 1995 show in November 1994. Tan has worked with many top designers, including Giambattista Valli, Elie Saab, Karl Lagerfeld, Yves Saint Laurent, Tom Ford, Emporio Armani, Donna Karan, and Chanel. She has also been photographed by leading fashion photographers including Irving Penn, Mario Testino, Peter Lindbergh, and Richard Avedon, who photographed Tan for the Pirelli calendar in 1997.\n", "Tan has appeared on the covers and editorial pages of top fashion magazines. She was the subject of a twelve-page feature story in the prestigious \"Italian Vogue\" and a spread in \"Vogue US\" and \"Vogue China\". She also appeared on the covers of \"Vogue Germany\" in November 1998, \"Vogue Korea\" in April 1999 and now defunct \"Vogue Singapore\" in 1996. She appeared in \"Prestige Magazines\" Malaysian edition alongside Malaysian shoe designer, Jimmy Choo.\n", "Tan has appeared in advertising campaigns, such as Ann Taylor’s 50th Anniversary “50 Women”, Banana Republic online ad campaign in Spring 2009, Bergdorf Goodman, Bloomingdale's Holiday ad campaign in 2007, Old Navy Perfect Summer Ad in Summer 2008, and Yves Saint Laurent. Tan has worked on the small screen, appearing in television commercials for Emporio Armani fragrances, FORD Car, La Poste (France’s postal service) and Pantene Hair Color. She was also featured in George Michael’s music video for his hit song \"Fast Love\".\n", "She has been the subject of a biography featured on CNN’s Style Network with Elsa Klensch, and has appeared on the HBO series, Sex and The City and the CBS series, Blue Bloods.\n", "After a long hiatus from the runway, Tan walked for the Givenchy Fall/Winter 2010 show in Paris and did a video for Polo Ralph Lauren for the Fall 2010 campaign. In 2011, Tan along with Yasmin Warsame, Elsa Benítez, and Jacquetta Wheeler, was the face of L'Oreal Code Breaker Winter 2010 and Spring 2011 campaign. Ling Tan and her younger sister, Ein Tan, appeared together on the covers of Harper's Bazaar Malaysia and Harper's Bazaar Singapore. In 2014, Tan appeared as special guest in the final episode of Asia's Next Top Model Cycle 2 and 3rd episode of Asia's Next Top Model Cycle 5.\n", "Section::::Agencies.\n", "Tan has signed with The Model CoOp in New York City, and Innovative Artists Talent And Literary Agency, also in New York. She has also signed with Elite Paris, Elite Toronto, Munich Models and UNO Models in Barcelona. She used to be signed with IMG and Wilhelmina Models in New York.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Chinese in New York City\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ling Tan at Models.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Malaysian model", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4118659", "wikidata_label": "Ling Tan", "wikipedia_title": "Ling Tan" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Milan Nedić\n", "Milan Nedić (; 2 September 1878 – 4 February 1946) was a Serbian general and politician who served as the Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Yugoslav Army, Minister of War in the Royal Yugoslav Government. During World War II, he collaborated with the Germans and served as the Prime Minister of a puppet government in the German occupied territory of Serbia.\n", "After the war, the Yugoslav communist authorities imprisoned him. In 1946, they reported that he had committed suicide by jumping out of a window.\n", "Section::::Early life and military career.\n", "Milan Nedić was born in the Belgrade suburb of Grocka on 2 September 1878 to Đorđe and Pelagia Nedić. His father was a local district chief and his mother was a teacher from a village near Mount Kosmaj. She was the granddaughter of Nikola Mihailović, who was mentioned in the writings of poet Sima Milutinović Sarajlija and was an ally of Serbian revolutionary leader Karađorđe. The Nedić family was originally from the village of Zaoka, near Lazarevac. It traced its origins to two brothers, Damjan and Gligorije, who defended the Čokešina Monastery from the Turks during the Serbian Revolution. The family received its name from Nedić's great-grandmother, Neda, who was a member of the Vasojevići tribe in Montenegro.\n", "Nedić finished gymnasium in Kragujevac in 1895 and entered the lower level of the Military Academy in Belgrade that year. In 1904, he completed the upper level of the academy, then the General Staff preparatory, and was commissioned into the Serbian Army. In 1910, he was promoted to the rank of major. He fought with the Serbian Army during the Balkan Wars, and received multiple decorations for bravery. In 1913, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He served with the Serbian Army during World War I and was involved in rearguard actions during its retreat through Albania in the winter of 1915. That year, he was promoted to the rank of colonel. At 38, he was the youngest colonel in the Serbian General Staff. He was appointed ordnance officer to King Peter in 1916. Towards the end of the war, Nedić was given command of an infantry brigade of the Timok Division.\n", "Section::::Royal Yugoslav Army.\n", "Nedić remained a brigade commander within the Timok Division until the end of 1918 and served as the 3rd Army chief of staff. Beginning in 1919, he also served as the \"de facto\" head of the 4th Army District in Croatia because its nominal commander, General Božidar Janković, was old and infirm. Nedić's cousin, Dimitrije Ljotić, and their mutual friend Stanislav Krakov, also served in the 4th Army District and were commanded by Nedić. When the Royal Yugoslav Army (, VKJ) was formed in 1919 he was absorbed into the army at the same rank. He was promoted to \"Divizijski đeneral\" in 1923, and subsequently commanded a division then was Secretary-General of the Committee of National Defence. In 1930, Nedić was promoted to the rank of \"Armiski đeneral\", and assumed command of the 3rd Army in Skoplje. Nedić was appointed Chief of the General Staff in June 1934, and held this position until the following year, when he became the third member of the Military Council, probably because of his strained relations with the Minister for the Army and Navy, Petar Živković. At the time, British diplomatic staff observed that he was \"somewhat slow-thinking and obstinate\". On 13 August 1939, Nedić was appointed Minister of the Army and Navy as part of the Cvetković–Maček Agreement. Ljotić later assisted the \"SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt\" (Reich Security Central Office, RSHA) in establishing contacts with him. He also exploited the connections he had with Nedić to ensure that the banned Zbor-published journal \"Bilten\" (Bulletin) was distributed to members of the VKJ. The journal was published illegally in a military printing house and distributed throughout Yugoslavia by military couriers.\n", "Because of his disapproval of a potential participation in the war against Adolf Hitler's Germany, Nedić was dismissed on 6 November 1940 by regent Paul. This was most likely out of unease with Nazi Germany's ally, Fascist Italy which at the time harboured the Croatian extreme nationalist Ustashe leader Ante Pavelić in exile in Rome, and because of the rhetoric of some Italian fascists in the past such as the late Gabriele D'Annunzio, who were violently opposed to a Yugoslav state. Nedić welcomed the coup of 1941 which deposed the pro-Axis regime, and fought for Yugoslavia in the German-led Axis invasion that followed.\n", "Section::::Royal Yugoslav Army.:Occupied Serbia.\n", "Wehrmacht commander Heinrich Danckelmann decided to entrust Nedić with the administration of German-occupied Serbia in order to pacify Serb resistance. Not long before, Nedić had lost his only son and pregnant daughter in law in a munitions explosion in Smederevo, in which several thousands died. He accepted the post of the prime minister in the government called the Government of National Salvation, on 29 August 1941.\n", "On 1 September 1941 Nedić made a speech on Radio Belgrade in which he declared the intent of his administration to \"save the core of the Serbian people\" occupied and surrounded by Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Independent State of Croatia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albanians and Bosnian Muslims by accepting the occupation of Germany in the area of Sumadija, Drina Valley, Pomoravlje and Banat. He also spoke against organizing resistance to the occupying forces, because there was a German rule that 50 Serbs were to be murdered for each wounded German soldier and 100 for each killed soldier. In addition, at least 300,000 Serbs were forcefully taken to German camps. His state's propaganda was funded by Germany and promoted anti-Semitism and anti-communism, particularly linking these up with anti-masonry.\n", "The puppet government under Nedić accepted many refugees mostly of Serbian descent. The German occupiers held no respect for his authority or Serbs, and during the war over 300,000 people died in Serbia of war-related causes in German reprisals, which as described above demanded 100 killed Serbs for each killed German soldier, as in the Kragujevac massacre. In August 1942, the German occupiers proclaimed Serbia \"Judenfrei\" (\"clean of Jews\"). Nedić also secretly diverted money and arms from his government to the Chetniks.\n", "On 4 October 1944, with the successes of the Yugoslav Partisans and their onslaught on Belgrade, Nedić's puppet government was disbanded, and on 6 October Nedić fled from Belgrade to Kitzbühel, Austria (then annexed to Germany) where he took refuge with the occupying British. On 1 January 1946 the British forces handed him over to the Yugoslav Partisans.\n", "He was incarcerated in Belgrade on a charge of treason. On 5 February, the newspapers reported that Milan Nedić had committed suicide by jumping out of a window while the guards were not looking.\n", "Recently, Miodrag Mladenović, a former officer with of the Yugoslavian OZNA, said that on 4 February 1946, he received an order to pick up a dead body at Zmaj Jovina street, where the prison was located at the time. When he arrived there, the body was already wrapped in a blanket and \"rigor mortis\" had already set in. Following the orders given to him, he took the body to the cemetery where it was buried in an unusually deep grave. He never attempted to see the face of the person that he was carrying, but the day after he read in the news that Milan Nedić had committed suicide by jumping through the prison window at Zmaj Jovina street.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Nedić's portrait was included among those of Serbian prime ministers in the building of the Government of Serbia. In 2008, the Minister of Interior and Deputy PM Ivica Dačić removed the portrait after neo-Nazi marches were announced in the country.\n", "Higher Serbian Court in Belgrade, Serbia rejected an application to rehabilitate quisling Prime Minister of occupied Serbia during World War II, Milan Nedić.\n", "The Court took the decision on 11 July 2018.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Controversies and propaganda about role of Nedić towards Serbian Jews and massacres of Serbs.\n", "In 1941 in Kragujevac and Kraljevo during Milan Nedić puppet government Germany's military presence in Serbia was strengthened and there was more then one mass shooting of civilians when more then 5 thousand people most of them Serbs where killed during same puppet Nedić government that has claimed to protect Serbs from German killings. Events are known as Kragujevac massacre and Kraljevo massacre.\n", "During rehabilitation trial historian Dimitrijevic claimed based on Archive documents that was investigated Nedić has was not directly involved in any prosecuting and shooting of Jews as that was primary task of German occupation forces. Jews where marked in documents and some of them are where hidden under Serbian names in order to avoid terrible fate by Germans. \n", "But according to some others during the Milošević era, while not providing evidence in source for such claims, Serbian history was falsified to obscure the role Serbian collaborators Milan Nedić and Dimitrije Ljotić played in cleansing Serbia's Jewish community, killing them in the country or deporting them to Eastern European concentration camps. In 1995, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts published a volume entitled \"100 Outstanding Serbs\", and included Nedić on the list. The minor Serbian Liberal Party attempted to promote his rehabilitation as an anti-Nazi who did his best in an impossible situation, sparking controversy in Serbia.\n", "Other opinions claims that it was Nedić role in order to protect Serbs from further executions in NDH and by Germans in Serbia to provide some reprisal toward Jews and that was mostly done with confiscating and selling Jews property after they were executed by Germans who were not interested to buy homes and lands of Jews in Serbia and prior that to give list of Jews to Germans.\n", "As one of biggest reasons for killing about 11,000 Jews in Serbia by Germans, Jewish reporter, author of many books about Jews in Serbia, historian and president of Jew community Belgrade, Jaša Almuli claims that it was reprisal for resistance against Germans in occupied Serbia and that Jews where killed for same reasons as Serbs in order to fulfill Hitlers quota towards Serbs and Serbia - for one wounded soldier kill 50 and for dead German soldier kill 100 people. For that reason together with Serbs and gypsies about 5000 Jews was shot. German SS general Harald Turner was main culprit behind shooting Jews in occupied Serbia\n", "Harald Turner gave following statement in 1942:\n", "Already some months ago, I shot dead all the Jews I could get my hands on in this area, concentrated all the Jewish women and children in a camp and with the help of the SD got my hands on a \"delousing van,\" that in about 14 days to 4 weeks will have brought about the definitive clearing out of the camp...\" \"Dr. Harold Turner's letter to Karl Wolff, dated April 11, 1942.\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Serbian general and politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q167443", "wikidata_label": "Milan Nedić", "wikipedia_title": "Milan Nedić" }

{ "end": [ 64, 53, 51, 64, 43, 57, 54, 61, 95, 72, 69, 62, 52, 63, 55 ], "href": [ "Elvandia%20Story", "Soul%20Hunter%20%28anime%29", "Fushigi%20Yuugi", "Mahoraba", "Yakusoku%20no%20Basho%20e", "Kaleido%20Star", "Gakuen%20Toushi%20Valanoir", "Rave%20Master", "Soul%20Hunter%20%28anime%29", "Mon%20Colle%20Knights", "Mon%20Colle%20Knights", "Revive%20~Sosei~", "Soul%20Hunter%20%28anime%29", "High%20School%20Aura%20Buster", "Kiko-chan%20Smile" ], "paragraph_id": [ 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29 ], "start": [ 50, 31, 38, 42, 24, 45, 32, 40, 73, 42, 39, 48, 30, 40, 40 ], "text": [ "Elvandia Story", "Senkaiden Houshin Engi", "Fushigi Yuugi", "Mahoraba Heartful days", "Yakusoku no Basho e", "Kaleido Star", "Gakuen Toushi Valanoir", "GROOVE ADVENTURE RAVE", "Senkaiden Houshin Engi", "Rokumon Tengai Moncolle Knight", "Rokumon Tengai Moncolle Knight", "Revive ~Sosei~", "Senkaiden Houshin Engi", "High School Aura Buster", "Kiko-chan Smile" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Chihiro Yonekura\n", "Section::::History.\n", "While Yonekura was attending university, she sent off several demonstration tapes to recording companies. She was scouted out, and received the opportunity to do the opening song \"Arashi no Naka de Kagayaite\" for the anime \",\" as well as the ending song, \"10 Years After\". She debuted with a single containing both, which was successful. That same year she released three other singles and an album. Yonekura quickly gained a large fan base, and many shows selected her songs for opening and ending themes. She has now been singing and touring for 10 years. To celebrate her success, she released an album in 2005 entitled \"Cheers\".\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Singles.\n", "BULLET::::- 2011-02-23: Naked Soul (TOPGUN x Chihiro Yonekura) (PSP/Wii game \"SD Gundam G Generation World\" Opening)\n", "BULLET::::- 2010-12-22: Seize the Days (Online game \"Emil Chronicle Online\" 5th anniversary song)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008-02-28: Home\n", "BULLET::::- 2007-03-14: Lion no Tsubasa (PS2 game Elvandia Story Theme song)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006-06-21: Aozora to Kimi e\n", "BULLET::::- 2006-01-12: ALIVE (Senkaiden Houshin Engi image song)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005-07-06: Towa no Hana (Fushigi Yuugi Genbu Kaiten Gaiden: Kagami no Fujo PS2 Opening & Ending)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005-02-23: Boku no Speed de (Mahoraba Heartful days Ending theme)\n", "BULLET::::- 2004-01-15: Hoshi ni Naru made\n", "BULLET::::- 2003-07-24: Yakusoku no Basho e (Kaleido Star theme song)\n", "BULLET::::- 2003-01-22: Omoide ga Ippai\n", "BULLET::::- 2002-09-25: Bridge (Gakuen Toushi Valanoir Opening & Ending)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002-08-22: Natsu no Owari no Hanabi\n", "BULLET::::- 2002-01-30: Hidamari o Tsurete\n", "BULLET::::- 2001-10-31: Butterfly Kiss (GROOVE ADVENTURE RAVE Opening Theme)\n", "BULLET::::- 2001-07-25: Little Soldier (Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 8 Image song)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000-08-23: Hi no Ataru Basho / c/w WILL (acoustic version) (Senkaiden Houshin Engi character song Self-Cover)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000-07-26: Return to myself( Rokumon Tengai Moncolle Knight Opening & Ending 2)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000-02-02: Just Fly Away (Rokumon Tengai Moncolle Knight Opening & Ending 1)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999-09-16: FEEL ME (Dreamcast game Revive ~Sosei~ Theme song)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999-08-25: WILL (Senkaiden Houshin Engi Opening theme)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999-01-08: Birth of light (High School Aura Buster OVA Theme song)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-07-23: Eien no Tobira (: Miller's Report OVA Theme song)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-02-04: Strawberry Fields\n", "BULLET::::- 1997-05-21: Yukai na Kodou (Kiko-chan Smile Theme song)\n", "BULLET::::- 1997-02-21: Mirai no Futari ni ( Insert song)\n", "BULLET::::- 1996-12-05: Yakusoku\n", "BULLET::::- 1996-10-23: Orangeiro no Kiss o Ageyou\n", "BULLET::::- 1996-06-21: Believe ~anata dake utsushitai~\n", "BULLET::::- 1996-01-24: Arashi no Naka de Kagayaite ( Opening & Ending)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Albums.\n", "BULLET::::- 2011-03-16: Nakeru Anison\n", "BULLET::::- 2010-12-08: Voyager (15th Anniversary Best Album)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009-09-30: Departure\n", "BULLET::::- 2008-06-25: Ever After (anime cover album)\n", "BULLET::::- 2007-04-25: Kaleidoscope\n", "BULLET::::- 2006-02-08: Fairwings\n", "BULLET::::- 2005-02-23: Cheers\n", "BULLET::::- 2004-05-26: BEST OF CHIHIROX\n", "BULLET::::- 2004-02-26: azure\n", "BULLET::::- 2003-02-26: Spring ~start on a journey~\n", "BULLET::::- 2002-03-13: jam\n", "BULLET::::- 2001-02-21: Little Voice\n", "BULLET::::- 2000-10-25: apples\n", "BULLET::::- 1999-11-03: Colours\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-08-21: always\n", "BULLET::::- 1997-06-21: Transistor Glamour\n", "BULLET::::- 1996-07-05: Believe\n", "Section::::Discography.:Other.\n", "BULLET::::- Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team OST 2, Miller's Report\n", "BULLET::::- Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team OST 1\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Japanese singer-songwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q840501", "wikidata_label": "Chihiro Yonekura", "wikipedia_title": "Chihiro Yonekura" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joachim Vadian\n", "Joachim Vadian (November 29, 1484 – April 6, 1551), born as Joachim von Watt, was a Swiss humanist, scholar, mayor and reformer in St. Gallen.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Vadian was born in St. Gallen into a family of wealthy and influential linen merchants. After having gone to school in St. Gallen, he moved to Vienna at the end of 1501, where he took up studies at faculty of arts the university, in particular under Conrad Celtis and Matthias Qualle.\n", "In Vienna, he changed his name to \"Joachimus Vadianus\"; like so many other humanists, he preferred a Latin name to express his admiration for the classic masters. He evaded the outbreak of the bubonic plague of 1506/07 by moving to Villach where he worked as a teacher and studied music. A study trip through northern Italy brought him to Trent, Venice, and Padua, where he met the Irish scholar Mauritius Hibernicus.\n", "In 1509 completed his studies with the degree of Master of Arts and returned for a short while to St. Gallen, where he studied the scriptures in the library of the abbey of St. Gall. He returned to Vienna, where he had some success as a writer. From 1512 on, he held the chair of poetry at the university of Vienna—he had gained some reputation as the author of Latin poems. In 1513, he visited Buda, and the following year, he was named \"poeta laureatus\" by emperor Maximilian I. In 1516, he was even named a Dean of the University of Vienna.\n", "In the following years, Vadian studied medicine and sciences, in particular geography and history under Georg Tannstetter, called Collimitius. In 1517, he was graduated as a doctor of medicine, and subsequently moved back to his hometown, St. Gallen. On that voyage, he visited many of his humanist acquaintances in Leipzig, Breslau, and Kraków. In 1518, he climbed the Pilatus mountain near Lucerne, the first documented ascent to its top.\n", "In St. Gall, he was appointed city physician and on August 18, 1519, he married Martha Grebel, the sister of Conrad Grebel who would later become a leading figure of the Anabaptist movement. In 1521, he succeeded his father Leonhard, who had died on 20th December 1520, as a member of the city council. The beginning of the Reformation in Switzerland (he was a friend of Huldrych Zwingli) made him, who had never had a theological schooling, study ecclesiastic texts. From 1522 on, he sided with the new, reformed interpretation and henceforth was its most important proponent in St. Gallen. When he was elected mayor of the city in 1526, he led the conversion of St. Gallen to Protestantism, and managed to maintain that new state even after the victory of the Catholic cantons in the Second war of Kappel. Vadian wrote several theological texts after 1522, helping disseminate the reformatory views.\n", "He died in St. Gallen. In his testament, he donated his large private library to the city. His collection became the nucleus of the cantonal library of St. Gallen, which is named \"\"Vadiana\"\".\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- Vadian: \"De poetica et carminis ratione liber\", Vienna 1518. A comprehensive work on the history of literature.\n", "Modern critical edition with German translation in 3 vols: \"Joachim Vadianus, De Poetica\" by Peter Schäffer (Humanistische Bibliothek, Reihe II: Texte, 21, I-III). Wilhelm Fink, Munich 1973-1977, vol. 1 ; vol. 2 ; vol. 3 \n", "BULLET::::- Vadian: \"Grosse Chronik der Äbte des Klosters St. Gallen\", St. Gallen 1529. A history of the abbots of the abbey of St. Gallen.\n", "BULLET::::- Vadian: \"Epitome trium terrae partium, Asiae, Africae et Europae...\", Zurich 1534. A world atlas (one of the first to include America).\n", "BULLET::::- Vadian: \"Aphorismorum de consideratione eucharistiae libri VI\", St. Gallen 1535. A theological treatise arguing for the reformed interpretation of the eucharist as a symbolism.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Gordon, Bruce, \"The Swiss Reformation\", 1994, , pp. 326–7\n", "BULLET::::- Jehle, M. & Jehle, F.: \"Vadian der Reformator\", ch. 4 in \"Kleine St. Galler Reformationsgeschichte\", St. Gallen, 1977. . In German.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Vadiana.\n", "BULLET::::- Description of Vadian's world atlas.\n", "BULLET::::- A genealogy; Joachim Vadianus appears in generation 14.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Joachim Vadianus" ] }, "description": "Swiss humanist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q116098", "wikidata_label": "Joachim Vadian", "wikipedia_title": "Joachim Vadian" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Brendan Smyth (politician)\n", "Brendan Michael Smyth (born 27 July 1959) is a former Australian politician, who was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Brindabella for the Liberal Party from 1998 until 2016. From 2002 to 2006 Smyth was the ACT Leader of the Opposition and served briefly as the Deputy Chief Minister during 2000 and 2001. He has held the ACT portfolios Urban Services, Business, Tourism and the Arts, and Police and Emergency Services.\n", "Prior to his election to the ACT Legislative Assembly he served briefly as the Member for Canberra in the Australian House of Representatives, also representing the Liberals.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Smyth was born in Sydney and moved to Canberra in May 1969. He worked at the National Library of Australia until 1995 when, representing the Liberal Party, he contested the 1995 by-election for the House of Representatives seat of Canberra. Normally a safe Labor seat, its previous member Ros Kelly had left under a cloud, having been forced to resign her ministry a year earlier over the sports rorts affair, and Smyth received a 16.1% swing to claim the seat.\n", "At the Australian federal election on 2 March 1996, Smyth contested the new federal House of Representatives seat of Namadgi, essentially the southern portion of his old seat, even though it had been drawn with a notional Labor majority of 10.9 percent. He was defeated by Labor's Annette Ellis. To date, he is the last non-Labor member to represent an ACT-based seat.\n", "He subsequently shifted to territory politics, winning election to the Legislative Assembly in the 1998 election representing the Tuggeranong-based multimember electorate of Brindabella. He was the Opposition Leader for the ACT Liberal Party in the 2004 ACT elections, but lost the election.\n", "Smyth resigned from the ACT Legislative Assembly on 15 July 2016, to take up a newly created government position as Commissioner for International Engagement for the ACT. The ensuing casual vacancy was filled by conducting a countback of votes at the 2012 ACT election.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Humphries Ministry\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Canberra Liberals People: Brendan Smyth\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johan Ludwig Lund\n", "Johan Ludwig Gebhard Lund (primarily known as J. L. Lund), (16 October 1777 – 3 March 1867), Danish painter, was born in Kiel, Duchy of Holstein, to master painter Hans Giewert Lund and his wife Maria Magdalena Christina Bremer. An adherent of romanticism, he is known for his history paintings.\n", "Section::::Training as artist.\n", "He came to Copenhagen to train as an artist, and in 1797, at the age of 22, he started his studies at the Royal Danish Academy of Art (\"Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi\") with the support of Johan Frederik Clemens, acclaimed royal engraver and influential member of the Academy. He came quickly into contact with the rich and powerful of that time, which had a decided influence on his artistic development. He studied under neoclassicist Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard at the Academy from 1797–1799, and taught drawing privately during his student years. He received the Academy’s small silver medallion in 1798 and the large silver medallion in 1799, but never competed for the gold medallion.\n", "Section::::Student travels.\n", "He was friends with Caspar David Friedrich, another student at the Academy and likeminded fellow-romanticist, and traveled with him to Dresden, Germany in 1799 to continue his studies at the Dresden Academy. From there he went on to Paris, where he studied under Jacques-Louis David from 16 September 1800 to April 1802. During this time, he also took excursions to Switzerland and Lake Maggiore (August–October 1801).\n", "He went on to Italy in 1802, first to Florence and then to Rome, where he lived from 1802 to 1810. In Florence he was deeply affected by the religious art prior to Raphael’s time. He was part of the expatriate colony of Danish and German artists and scientists in Italy, which included Friederike Brun, Charlotte Humboldt, Georg Zoëga and Bertel Thorvaldsen. Cultured, talented and sociable, he secured himself many important contacts during this time, including those within the Danish royal house.\n", "From 1804 to 1807, he received stipends from the Academy, inclusive a travel allowance to support his stay in Italy, between 1804 and 1806.\n", "During that time and also years later during a subsequent stay in Rome, he associated himself with the German painters known as the Nazarenes, a group of romantic painters headed by Johann Friedrich Overbeck and Peter Cornelius. He studied with them the early Italian style of painting, which was then considered primitive.\n", "In 1803 and 1804 he painted a large picture, \"\"Andromache i Afmagt ved Synet af Hectors mishandlede Lig\"\" (\"Andromache, Powerless at the Sight of Hector’s Maligned Corpse\") which was seized by English pirates in 1807 on its voyage to Denmark. It was during the Napoleonic Wars when England and Denmark were enemies. This painting is now in the Danish Ambassador’s residence in Rome. A companion piece painted between 1807 and 1811, \"\"Pyrrhus og Andromache ved Hectors Grav\"\" (\"Pyrrhus and Andromache at Hector’s Grave\"), was contributed to the Danish Royal Painting Collection, now the Danish National Gallery (\"Statens Museum for Kunst\"), by Baron Schubart, General Consul in Livorno.\n", "These paintings helped establish himself as an idealistic and romantic painter, in contrast to rival neoclassicist Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg’s realistic approach to the visual arts. The two artists represented, for many years,opposing viewpoints and cultural ideals in the Danish art scene.\n", "Section::::Academic career.\n", "In 1809 he began attempts to secure the Academy professorship vacated by his former teacher Abildgaard upon his death in 1806. He returned to Denmark in 1810 along with Frederikke Brun in order to more actively pursue the teaching position.\n", "He began exhibiting at Charlottenborg in 1812 and exhibited there routinely until 1861. The Academy also invited him to apply for membership in 1812. He submitted the painting \"\"Habor og Signe\"\" (Hagbard and Signy) for consideration, and he was accepted into the Academy in 1814. While his Nordic-themed painting received praise, it was not displayed in the large painting gallery. While he received the Academy's endorsement to become member, he did not receive their recommendation to become either royal history painter or professor.\n", "The Academy, considering not only Lund’s bid for the position, but also that of his rival Eckersberg as well as that of Christian Gotlieb Kratzenstein-Stub, wished to postpone a decision until Eckersberg returned home from his student travels. Lund lost his patience with these delays and traveled back to Rome where he lived from 1816 to 1819. He had now decided to establish himself as an altar painter, and as a member of the Nazarenes.\n", "In 1818 with support from Prince Christian Frederik, he was finally named professor at the Academy along with Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg. Kratzenstein-Stub ceased being under consideration upon his death in 1816.\n", "He then returned to Copenhagen accompanied by Bertel Thorvaldsen in 1819, and married Augusta Lorentzen, daughter of the organist, Johan Henrich Lorentzen, and his wife, Frederikke Vilhelmine Lintrup, on 24 December 1820.\n", "The hiring of the two counterparts to the School of Model Painting brought new vitality to the Academy. But while Eckersberg’s star and realism were on the ascent, and he would come to be remembered as the father of the Golden Age of Danish Painting, Lund’s star and romanticism were primarily on the descent.\n", "But during his 42 years at the Academy Lund had a strong influence on his many students. He encouraged them to study 17th century Dutch landscape art, which could be readily seen in Copenhagen. His Romantic approach to art was greatly appreciated by a group of young landscape painters who were younger than Eckersberg’s pupils; they aimed to produce evocative landscapes in reaction to Eckersberg’s precise depictions of nature. This trend culminated in the large-scale landscapes of the Nationalist Romantic style, His closest students include historical painter Ditlev Blunck, and landscape painters Johan Thomas Lundbye, Dankvart Dreyer, P.C. Skovgaard, and Vilhelm Kyhn.\n", "He served as Treasurer of the Academy 1821-1832 and again 1854-1866. He stopped teaching in 1861, and was eventually titled \"etatsråd\" (state advisor or council). He was never named to the highest post at the Academy, Director of the Academy, unlike Eckersberg, his old rival, who served in that capacity from 1827 to 1829.\n", "He had a cheerful and positive personality and was fresh and full of life to the age of 89. He died of natural causes without any sign of sickness during his sleep.\n", "Lund kept his international orientation throughout his life in contrast to the growing nationalism and regionalism in the arts. He continued to keep his contacts in Germany and Italy.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "His main works were historical paintings with historical, mythological and biblical themes, such as the five large paintings at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, which depicted Denmark’s various cultural time periods. These include \"\"Christendommens indførelse i Danmark\"\" (\"Christianity’s Introduction in Denmark\") painted in 1827, until then the largest oil painting to have been painted in Denmark. Again his assignment was matched by a comparable one given to Eckersberg. in which he painted the Oldenborg royal family line in eight large pictures, presumably to replace those painted by Abildgaard and destroyed in the fire of 1794.\n", "The other painting in Lund’s series are \"\"Nordisk offerscene fra den Odinske periode\"\" (\"Nordic Sacrificial Scene from the Period of Odin\") painted in 1831, \"\"Solens tilbedelse\"\" (\"Worship of the Sun\") painted in 1834, \"\"Procession ved Kristi Legemsfest fra den katolske tid i Danmark\"\" (\"Corpus Christi Procession from Denmark’s Catholic Period\") painted in 1834, and \"\"'Luthersk gudstjeneste\"\" (\"Lutheran Church Service\") painted in 1843.\n", "Lund’s and Eckersberg’s paintings survived the fire at Christiansborg in 1884.\n", "He is also well known for his altarpieces and paintings of religious themes, which were influenced by his admiration for such Renaissance painters as Fra Angelico, Perugino and Raphael.\n", "His small landscapes also received favour from art historian, critic and advocate of a national art movement, Niels Lauritz Høyen. He painted few portraits. He designed the main curtain of the Royal Theatre (\"Det kongelige teater\") with a view of the Acropolis in 1828, which still hangs to this day. A preliminary sketch of the project is in the Theatre Museum. The Royal Theatre owns other artpieces of his.\n", "Early Italian art, his contact with the Nazarenes, fellow countryman and expatriate Bertel Thorvaldsen, and for romanticism’s ideals, all left an indelible influence on his artistic production.\n", "The Royal Library houses a collection of his letters, inclusive correspondence with younger artists that bears witness to his influence on them.\n", "He is portrayed as an old man in a painting by one of his students, Professor August Schiøtt, a prodigious portraitist. This portrait, considered one of his best, led to Schiott’s membership in the Academy in 1854.\n", "Lund’s works appear in various Danish art museums, including the Danish National Gallery (\"Statens Museum for Kunst\"). His works are also in the collections of several Danish castles, as well as religious works to be found at various Danish churches.\n", "He was an educated, cultured and diligent man and artist, with good contacts. He left a lasting impression by his many monumental paintings still widely on display, and by the effect he had on a generation of artists due to his long professorship at the Academy.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- KID Kunst Index Danmark (\"Art Index Denmark\")\n", "BULLET::::- Danish Biographical Encyclopedia (\"\"Dansk biografisk Leksikion\"\")\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Danish painters\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "J.L. Lund", "Johan Ludvig Lund", "Johan Ludvig Gebhard Lund", "Johan Ludwig Gebhard Lund" ] }, "description": "Danish painter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3365727", "wikidata_label": "Johan Ludwig Lund", "wikipedia_title": "Johan Ludwig Lund" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Teun A. van Dijk\n", "Teun Adrianus van Dijk (born May 7, 1943 in Naaldwijk, the Netherlands), is a scholar in the fields of text linguistics, discourse analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).\n", "With Walter Kintsch he contributed to the development of the psychology of text processing. Since the 1980s his work in CDA focused especially on the study of the discursive reproduction of racism by what he calls the 'symbolic elites' (politicians, journalists, scholars, writers), the study of news in the press, and on the theories of ideology, context and knowledge.\n", "He founded six international journals: \"Poetics\", \"Text\" (now called \"Text & Talk\"), \"Discourse & Society\", \"Discourse Studies\", \"Discourse & Communication\" and the internet journal in Spanish \"Discurso & Sociedad\", of which he still edits the last four.\n", "Teun A. van Dijk was a professor of discourse studies at the University of Amsterdam from 1968 until 2004, and since 1999 he has taught at the Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona. He has widely lectured internationally, especially in Latin America.\n", "Section::::Selected bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Some aspects of text grammars. A Study in theoretical poetics and linguistics\". The Hague: Mouton, 1972.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Text and context. Explorations in the semantics and pragmatics of discourse\". London: Longman, 1977.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macrostructures. An interdisciplinary study of global structures in discourse, interaction, and cognition\". Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Studies in the pragmatics of discourse\". The Hague/Berlin: Mouton, 1981.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prejudice in discourse\". Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1984.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Communicating Racism. Ethnic Prejudice in Thought and Talk\". Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987.\n", "BULLET::::- \"News as Discourse\". Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988.\n", "BULLET::::- \"News Analysis. Case studies of international and national news in the press\". Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Racism and the Press\". London: Routledge, 1991.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elite discourse and racism\". Newbury Park, CA: SAGE, 1993.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach\". London: Sage, 1998.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Racism and Discourse in Spain and Latin America\". Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discourse and Context. A sociocognitive approach.\" Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Society and Discourse. How social contexts control text and talk.\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discourse and Power. Contributions to Critical Discourse Studies.\" Houndsmills: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discourse and Knowledge. A sociocognitive approach.\" Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strategies of Discourse Comprehension\". with Walter Kintsch. New York: Academic Press, 1983.\n", "Section::::Selected bibliography.:Edited books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pragmatics of language and literature\". Amsterdam: North Holland, 1976.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Handbook of Discourse Analysis\". 4 vols. London: Academic Press, 1985.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discourse and communication\". Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1985.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discourse Studies. A multidisciplinary introduction\". 2 vols. London: Sage, 1997. Second, one-volume edition, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discourse Studies.\" 5 vols. Sage Benchmark Series. New Delhi: Sage, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discourse and Discrimination\". With Geneva Smitherman-Donaldson. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1988.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Racism at the Top. Parliamentary Discourses on Ethnic Issues in Six European Countries\". With Ruth Wodak. Klagenfurt: Drava Verlag, 2000.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Communicating Ideologies. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Language, Discourse and Social Practice\". With Martin Pütz and JoAnne Neff-van Aertselaer. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Racism and Discourse in Latin America.\" Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2009.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Personal website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Dutch linguist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q704638", "wikidata_label": "Teun A. van Dijk", "wikipedia_title": "Teun A. van Dijk" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alan Moorehead\n", "Alan McCrae Moorehead, (22 July 1910 – 29 September 1983) was a war correspondent and author of popular histories, most notably two books on the nineteenth-century exploration of the Nile, \"The White Nile\" (1960) and \"The Blue Nile\" (1962). Australian-born, he lived in England, and Italy, from 1937.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Alan Moorehead was born in Melbourne, Australia. He was educated at Scotch College, with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Melbourne. He travelled to England in 1937 and became a renowned foreign correspondent for the London \"Daily Express\". Writer, world traveller, biographer, essayist, journalist, Moorehead was one of the most successful writers in English of his day. He married Lucy Milner, who at the \"Daily Express\" in 1937 \"presided over a women's page free of the patronising sentimentality which marked much writing for women at the time\".\n", "During World War II he won an international reputation for his coverage of campaigns in the Middle East and Asia, the Mediterranean and Northwest Europe. He was twice mentioned in despatches and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. According to the critic Clive James, \"Moorehead was there for the battles and the conferences through North Africa, Italy and Normandy all the way to the end. The hefty but unputdownable \"African Trilogy\", still in print today, is perhaps the best example of Moorehead's characteristic virtue as a war correspondent: he could widen the local story to include its global implications.\" And James further affirmed, \"His copy was world-famous at the time and has stayed good; he was a far better reporter on combat than his friend Ernest Hemingway.\" Moorehead's 1946 biography of Montgomery also remains well considered – \"Moorehead was well able to see – as Wilmot calamitously didn't – that Eisenhower was Montgomery's superior in character and judgment.\"\n", "In 1956, his book \"Gallipoli\" about the Allies' disastrous First World War campaign at Gallipoli, received almost unprecedented critical acclaim (though it was later criticised by the British Gallipoli historian Robert Rhodes James as \"deeply flawed and grievously over-praised\"). In England, the book won the \"Sunday Times\" thousand-pound award and gold medal was the first recipient of the Duff Cooper Memorial Award. The presentation of the latter was made by Sir Winston Churchill on 28 November 1956.\n", "In 1966, Moorehead and his wife, younger son and daughter (Caroline Moorehead) made what became for him the first of an annual series of visits to Australia. There he had completed a television script for his manuscript \"Darwin and the Beagle\", but tragedy struck before the book was published. That December, suffering from headaches, he went into London's Westminster Hospital for an angiogram which precipitated a major stroke. It was followed by an operation, in which brain damage occurred, affecting the communicating nerves. At 56, Moorehead, one of the great communicators of his time, could neither speak, read, nor write.\n", "Through his talented wife Lucy, however, his writing voice went on. \"Darwin and the Beagle\" was brought out as a beautifully illustrated book in 1969 and in 1972, she gathered together her husband's scattered autobiographical essays and published them as \"A Late Education\". Moorehead died in London in 1983, and is buried at Hampstead Cemetery, Fortune Green.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "His professional and personal correspondence — diaries, magazine and journal essays, press cuttings, book serialisations, reviews of his works, the background notes, drafts and proofs of his writings, and material relating to his unpublished writings — have been preserved. During the 1960s, two major American universities pressed Moorehead to deposit his private papers as a core of their collections of contemporary writers. Instead, in 1971, Alan and Lucy Moorehead brought his papers to Australia to present them in person to the National Library.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mediterranean Front\" (Hamish Hamilton, 1941; McGraw, 1942) A journal of his experiences during the first year of WW II while General Wavell was in command, mostly in the Western Desert of North Africa.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Year of Battle\" (Hamish Hamilton, 1943) & (Harper, 1943) as \"Don't Blame the Generals\". A journal of his experiences, while General Claude Auchinleck was in command, during the second year of WW II, mostly in the Western Desert of North Africa.\n", "BULLET::::- \" The End in Africa\" (Harper, 1943) A journal of his experiences, while General Montgomery was in command, during the third year of WW II, mostly in the Western Desert of North Africa.\n", "BULLET::::- \"African Trilogy\" (Hamish Hamilton & Harper, 1945). A compendium of the above three books, \"Mediterranean Front\", \"A Year of Battle\" and \"The End in Africa\". Abridged edition \"The Desert War\" (Hamish Hamilton, 1965), published in America as \"The March to Tunis:The North African War: 1940–1943\" (Harper, 1967).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eclipse\" (1946), Hamish Hamilton. A journal of his experiences, starting at the northern shore of Sicily, just before the Allies first set foot on the mainland at the southern tip of Italy in September 1943, through the Salerno and Anzio landings, then passing to the Normandy landings, Operation Market Garden, the Rhine crossing, and the final downfall of the Nazi empire. (Abridged edition, 1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Montgomery: A Biography\" (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rage of the Vulture\" (1948). A novel set in Kashmir in 1947 amid an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen which Moorehead had reported for the 'Observer'.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Villa Diana\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Traitors: The Double Life of Fuchs, Pontecorvo, and Nunn May\" (1952) (Revised edition 1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rum Jungle\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Summer Night\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winston Churchill in Trial and Triumph\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gallipoli\" (1956) (new edition 1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Russian Revolution\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Room in The Ark\" (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The White Nile\" (Hamish Hamilton, 1960; revised and illustrated edition, 1971). Abridged illustrated edition, as \"The Story of the White Nile\" (Harper & Row, 1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Churchill: A Pictorial Biography\" (Viking, 1960); \"Churchill and his World: A Pictorial Biography\" (Thames & Hudson, 1965; Revised edition)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Blue Nile\" (Hamish Hamilton, 1962; revised and illustrated edition, 1972). Abridged illustrated edition, as \"The Story of the Blue Nile\" (Harper & Row, 1966)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cooper's Creek\" (1963), about the Burke and Wills expedition across Australia\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840\" (1966; Revised, illustrated edition, 1987), Harper & Row\n", "BULLET::::- \"Darwin and the Beagle\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Late Education: Episodes in a Life\" (1970), autobiography, and his friendship with Alexander Clifford during the Spanish Civil War and World War II\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Contributions to \"The New Yorker\".\n", "\"Incomplete – to be updated\"\n", "Section::::Further reading and related links.\n", "BULLET::::- Tom Pocock. \"Alan Moorehead\". London: The Bodley Head, 1990.\n", "BULLET::::- Richard Knott. \"The Trio.\" The History Press, 2015.\n", "BULLET::::- Moyal, Ann Mozley. (2005). \"Alan Moorehead: A Rediscovery.\" Canberra: National Library of Australia.\n", "BULLET::::- Pollinger Ltd., Estate manager\n", "BULLET::::- McCamish, Thornton. (2016). \"Our Man Elsewhere: In Search of Alan Moorehead.\" Carlton: Schwartz Publishing Pty Ltd.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian journalist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q922484", "wikidata_label": "Alan Moorehead", "wikipedia_title": "Alan Moorehead" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Larry Christiansen\n", "Larry M. Christiansen (born June 27, 1956) is an American chess player of Danish ancestry. He was awarded the title Grandmaster by FIDE in 1977. Christiansen was the U.S. champion in 1980, 1983, and 2002. He competed in the FIDE World Championship in 1998 and 2002, and in the FIDE World Cup in 2013.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Christiansen grew up in Riverside, California, United States. In 1971, he became the first junior high school student to win the National High School Championship. He went on to win three invitational U.S. Junior Championships in 1973, 1974, and 1975. In 1977, at age 21, he became a grandmaster without first having been an international master. Christiansen tied for first place with Anatoly Karpov at Linares 1981. He won the 2001 Canadian Open Chess Championship. He also won Curaçao 2008 and the Bermuda Open 2011.\n", "Christiansen played on the United States teams in the Chess Olympiad in 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1996 and 2002. He won the team silver medal in 1990 and the team bronze in 1982, 1984, 1986 and 1996.\n", "Christiansen describes his playing style as \"aggressive-tactical\" and he lists his favorite opening as the Sämisch King's Indian.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- Christiansen, Larry (2000). \"Storming the Barricades\". Gambit Publications. .\n", "BULLET::::- Christiansen, Larry (2004). \"Rocking the Ramparts\". Batsford.\n", "Section::::Notable games.\n", "BULLET::::- Larry Christiansen vs. \"Chessmaster 9000\" (September 2002), annotated at GameKnot:\n", "BULLET::::- Game 1, Game 2, Game 3, Game 4\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Deep Blue (chess computer)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Larry Mark Christiansen chess games at 365Chess.com\n", "BULLET::::- worldchessnetwork.com\n", "BULLET::::- biography\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Otokichi\n", ", also known as Yamamoto Otokichi and later known as John Matthew Ottoson (1818 – January 1867), was a Japanese castaway originally from the area of Onoura near modern-day Mihama, on the west coast of the Chita Peninsula in Aichi Prefecture.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Otokichi was from Mihama, Aichi Prefecture. In 1832, at age 14, he served as a crew member on a rice transport ship bound for Edo, the \"Hojunmaru\" (宝順丸), in length with a cargo of 150 tons and a crew of 14. The ship left on October 11, 1832, but was caught in a storm and blown off-course far out in the Pacific Ocean.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Drift to America.\n", "The ship, without a mast or a rudder, was carried across the northern Pacific Ocean by currents. It drifted for 14 months, during which the crew lived on desalinated seawater and on the rice of their cargo. Several crew members died of scurvy; only three survived by the time they made landfall at Cape Alava, the westernmost point of Washington's Olympic Peninsula, in 1834. The three survivors were Iwakichi, 29; Kyukichi, 16; and Otokichi, then 15.\n", "The three castaways were looked after and briefly enslaved by the Makah Indian tribe. They were later handed over to John McLoughlin, the Chief Factor (agent) for the Columbia District at the Hudson's Bay Company.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Travel to Europe.\n", "McLoughlin, envisioning an opportunity to use the castaways to open trade with Japan, sent the trio to London on the \"Eagle\" to try to convince the Crown of his plan. They reached London in 1835, probably the first Japanese to do so since Christopher and Cosmas in the 16th century.\n", "The British Government ultimately denied interest in the enterprise, and the castaways were instead dispatched to Macau on board the \"General Palmer\", so that they could be returned to their home country.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Macau and attempt to return to Japan.\n", "Once in Macau, Otokichi, Kyukichi and Iwakichi were welcomed by Karl Gutzlaff, a German missionary and Chinese translator for the British Government. Gutzlaff, who had views on evangelizing Japan, enthusiastically learned the Japanese language from the trio, and with their help managed to make a translation of the Gospel of John into Japanese. The trio was joined in Macau by four more castaways from Kumamoto Prefecture in Kyūshū, who had been shipwrecked on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.\n", "An opportunity to return them to Japan appeared when the American trader Charles W. King offered to take them back to Japan, again with the hope of establishing trade relations with the country. In July 1837, the seven castaways left with Charles W. King on board the \"Morrison\" to Uraga at the entrance of Edo Bay. There the ship was fired on repeatedly, and King was not able to accomplish his objective to establish diplomatic contact. He then went to Kagoshima, but again met with cannon fire, and finally decided to abandon his efforts and go back to Canton. The castaways resigned themselves to a life in exile. Returning to Japan was problematic, for this was during Japan's period of isolation when leaving the country was an offense that was punishable by death.\n", "Section::::Biography.:New life abroad.\n", "Unable to return to Japan, the castaways started a new life in Macau. They seem to have worked as translators for the British trade legation and British missionaries.\n", "Otokichi is next recorded to have been working for the British trading company Dent & Co. in Shanghai in 1843. He apparently also worked as a crewman on American ships, and worked at helping Japanese castaways to return to Japan on board Chinese or Dutch ships, the only ones allowed to visit the country. He also engaged in business on his own behalf.\n", "Otokichi married a Scotswoman in Macao who later died of illness. His second wife, Louisa Belder, was half-German and half-Malay, living in Singapore, with whom he had a son and three daughters. He became a naturalized British subject, taking the name John Matthew Ottoson. \"Ottoson\" is said to have been a transliteration of \"Oto-san\" (literally \"Mr. Oto\"), a respectful nickname used by his Japanese friends.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Return to Japan.\n", "Otokichi is known to have returned to Japan twice, first as a translator on board HMS \"Mariner\", which entered Uraga Port in 1849 to conduct a topographical survey. To avoid problems with Japanese authorities, he disguised himself as Chinese, and said that he had learned Japanese from his father, allegedly a businessman who had worked in relation with Nagasaki.\n", "The second time, Otokichi went to Japan under his British name \"Ottoson\", in September 1854. He was a member of the British fleet under Admiral James Stirling. The fleet docked at Nagasaki and negotiated and signed the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty on October 14. On that occasion, Otokichi met with many Japanese, including Fukuzawa Yukichi. He was apparently offered permission to live in Japan, but he chose to return to his family in Shanghai.\n", "Toward the end of his life, Otokichi moved from Shanghai to Singapore, his wife's native island, where he became the first known Japanese resident of Singapore. The British had compensated him generously for his contribution to the treaty with Japan, and had done well in business deals in Shanghai. He apparently rented a luxurious colonial house on Orchard Road, which is where he died at the age of 49, in 1867. Otokichi was buried at the Japanese Cemetery of Singapore. Half of his remains were returned to his hometown of Mihama in Japan on February 20, 2005.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "The story of the \"Hojunmaru\" castaways was adapted as the feature film \"Kairei\" in 1983. Despite starring country singer Johnny Cash as John McLoughlin, and having a reported budget of US$4,000,000, the film was not a commercial success.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Nakahama Manjirō, another castaway, who went to America 10 years later.\n", "BULLET::::- Hasekura Tsunenaga, who went to Europe through Mexico on a diplomatic mission in 1614, on the Japanese galleon San Juan Bautista.\n", "BULLET::::- Tanaka Shōsuke visited the Americas 1610\n", "BULLET::::- William Adams (sailor), English pilot of Dutch fleet who settled in Japan 1600.\n", "BULLET::::- Christopher and Cosmas, first Japanese to visit England in 1591\n", "BULLET::::- Ranald MacDonald, first native-English speaker to teach English in Japan\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Life of Otokichi\n", "BULLET::::- Friends of MacDonald official website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John Matthew Ottoson", "Lin Ah Tao" ] }, "description": "Japanese castaway", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3124345", "wikidata_label": "Otokichi", "wikipedia_title": "Otokichi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gilberto Simoni\n", "Gilberto Simoni (born 25 August 1971 in Palù di Giovo, Trentino) is an Italian former professional road bicycle racer, most recently for . Simoni is twice winner of the Giro d'Italia cycling race (2001 and 2003 editions). Simoni might have won a third Giro, but in 2002 he tested positive for cocaine and was withdrawn from the race by his Saeco team – he was later cleared of any doping violation by the Italian Cycling Federation. Simoni is a native of Palu di Giovo, and was considered a climbing specialist. His final race as a professional road cyclist was the 2010 Giro d'Italia, which he finished in 69th place overall, 2:40:14 behind another two-time winner Ivan Basso.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Simoni was born in Palù di Giovo, in Trentino, and began competing as an amateur with the goal of someday winning the Giro d'Italia. Simoni confirmed his potential in 1993, when he won both the amateur version of the Giro d'Italia (known as the Baby Giro) and the Italian Road Cycling Championship. Prior to his retirement in 2010, Simoni would reveal to the Italian newspaper \"La Gazzetta dello Sport\" that the Giro was the one race that attracted him to cycling and which motivated him as a professional. \"It was the Giro that brought me to cycling when I was a child\", he said. \"It triggered my dreams.\"\n", "Simoni turned professional in 1994 with the team, but suffered through an inauspicious rookie season, having to cope with the deaths of both his father and older brother. It was only three years later in 1997 that Simoni won his first professional race, a stage of the Giro del Trentino, while riding for the team of sports director Giancarlo Ferretti.\n", "1998 was another disappointing season for Simoni, and his results sheet was barren after a year spent with the team. He briefly quit cycling and worked as a bicycle mechanic for 1984 Giro d'Italia winner Francesco Moser. However, a resurgent Simoni joined the team in 1999 and finished a surprising third on the general classification of that year's Giro d'Italia. In a race that saw another mercurial Italian climber thrown off the Giro for doping (Marco Pantani), Simoni was criticized in some sectors of the press for claiming a podium finish without having earned the placing. But he proved his critics wrong by winning a stage in the Tour de Suisse and again finishing on the final podium.\n", "Section::::First Giro d'Italia victory, 2001.\n", "The 2000 season started well for Simoni: he'd transferred to the top-ranked team of two-time Giro d'Italia winner Giuseppe Saronni and went on to again finish on the podium of the Giro d'Italia. Simoni cemented his reputation as a climbing specialist by winning the dramatic Alto de El Angliru stage of that year's Vuelta a España.\n", "Simoni started the 2001 Giro d'Italia as Lampre's undisputed leader and hope for the general classification, which he won with a comfortable margin.\n", "Section::::Second Giro d'Italia victory, 2003.\n", "Following his Giro victory Simoni moved to the team with the goal of repeating his Giro success of the previous year. However, traces of cocaine were found in his blood and he was disqualified despite his protestations of innocence. It was later determined that the cocaine in his blood came from candies that his aunt had bought for him from Peru.\n", "In 2003, the Saeco team came to the Giro d'Italia with the sole purpose of supporting Simoni. After competing with a resurgent Stefano Garzelli, Yaroslav Popovych and Marco Pantani in the high mountains in a hailstorm, Simoni achieved his second Giro d'Italia victory. His pursuit was documented in the film \"The Quest\".\n", "Following his successful performance in the Giro, he set his aims on the Tour de France and in several interviews challenged the incumbent Lance Armstrong to a battle in the mountains. His performance was lacking, although he was able to gain a stage win.\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "Simoni failed to defend his title in the 2004 Giro d'Italia with the emergence of his teammate Damiano Cunego. After some public dispute, Simoni reconciled with Cunego and agreed to continue on the same team, which became . In the 2005 Giro d'Italia the team took advantage of the publicity and played up the rivalry between Simoni and Cunego, boasting their strength for the Giro. The early part of the Giro saw Cunego lose significant time in the early mountain stages – he was later diagnosed with Epstein-Barr viral infection – firmly establishing Simoni as the team leader for the Giro. However, Simoni failed to dislodge Paolo Savoldelli in the last mountain stage, even with an epic performance which saw him and Danilo Di Luca work together to gain time on Savoldelli. Suffering from cramps, he also failed to win that stage.\n", "Simoni was slated to join Giancarlo Ferretti's Sony-Ericsson team, which was supposed to be the continuation of the Fassa Bortolo team. However, it later turned out that Ferretti had fallen victim to a fraud, and the team did not in fact exist. After a strong performance in which he finished second in the Giro di Lombardia (which was won by Cunego in the previous edition), Simoni signed a contract to join .\n", "On the urging of his frame sponsor, Scott USA, Simoni began competing in mountain bike marathon events during the 2006 off-season for road bicycle racing. He quickly garnered impressive results by winning the Italian National Championship for Mountain Bike Marathon.\n", "Simoni was embroiled in public row with fellow Italian Ivan Basso of . Simoni alleged that Basso offered him a stage win in the 2006 Giro d'Italia into Aprica five kilometers from the finish after the two cyclists had broken away from the main field. Basso has denied any such offer, and went on to win the stage by 77 seconds. Simoni retracted his accusations several days later.\n", "In dramatic fashion, with Leonardo Piepoli's support he won the epic stage 17 to Monte Zoncolan in the 2007 Giro d'Italia.\n", "After a lengthy search for a team for 2010, that included negotiations with his previous team as well as with and , Simoni re-joined his former Lampre \"squadra\", rechristened as . The 2010 Giro d'Italia was the final race of his career. He finished 69th overall, 2:40:14 behind two-time winner and compatriot Ivan Basso. Simoni was characteristically frank about his last bid for glory, which poignantly saw him beaten in the sprint for the Cima Coppi KOM prize by the Swiss Johann Tschopp, at the summit of the Passo di Gavia in the penultimate Giro stage. Mobbed at the finish line by Italian media looking for one final quote from a rider who rarely hesitated to speak his mind, Simoni mused:\n", "\"Perhaps if I'd played more of a bluffing game, I might have had something left for the finish but never mind. That's bike racing. I'm just glad the Giro is over. I've had enough now.\"\n", "The Trentinese explained that his curtain call did not go as planned, though he still claimed to have enjoyed closing-out his storied career by finishing a three-week Grand Tour, one of the most challenging events for an endurance road cyclist:\n", "\"I've known it was time to retire for awhile It's been on my mind for the last two years. I knew this Giro was my last race. I've been a professional for 17 years, and it really is time to quit. I honestly thought I'd go better than I did in this Giro. I knew I couldn't win it like in 2003 or 2007 (Monte Zoncolan stage), but I didn't expect to suffer so much and for so long during the three weeks. It's been a strange goodbye. I've ridden the Giro almost as an outsider, without the pressure to win and do well. It's hurt but I've been able to enjoy it. Before the finish today, the whole thing flashed before my eyes.\"\n", "Section::::Retirement.\n", "Cycling columnist Samuel Abt of the \"International Herald Tribune\" described Simoni as \"an inspiration to all retirees who wonder what they will do now with so much time on their hands.\" He pointed out that \"instead of taking up golf or lurking at home and watching television\", the first thing Simoni did \"after saying goodbye to the workplace [was] rejoin it.\"\n", "But after finally calling it quits on a professional career that included nearly 600 classified results in UCI-sanctioned events, Simoni was vague concerning his plans for his life after cycling, though he hinted at not being in a rush or under any economic or psychological pressure to immediately engage in a new venture. Prior to the 2010 Giro's final stage, Simoni declared his intention to slow down the pace of decision-making in his life: \"I don't want to think about my future just yet,\" he said. \"I won't need to rush things anymore. I won't need to race against time. I can take my time and enjoy the rest of my life.\"\n", "Section::::Career achievements.\n", "Section::::Career achievements.:Major results.\n", "BULLET::::- 1999\n", "BULLET::::- 2000\n", "BULLET::::- 2001\n", "BULLET::::- 2002\n", "BULLET::::- 2003\n", "BULLET::::- 2004\n", "BULLET::::- 2005\n", "BULLET::::- 2006\n", "BULLET::::- 2007\n", "BULLET::::- 2009\n", "Section::::Career achievements.:Grand Tour general classification results timeline.\n", "DNF=Did not finish\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of doping cases in cycling\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "road bicycle racer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q252436", "wikidata_label": "Gilberto Simoni", "wikipedia_title": "Gilberto Simoni" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yeshayahu Leibowitz\n", "Yeshayahu Leibowitz (; 29 January 1903 – 18 August 1994) was an Israeli Orthodox Jewish public intellectual and polymath. He was professor of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and neurophysiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, as well as a prolific writer on Jewish thought and western philosophy. He was known for his outspoken views on ethics, religion, and politics. Leibowitz cautioned that the state of Israel and Zionism had become more sacred than Jewish humanist values and controversially went on to describe Israeli conduct in the occupied Palestinian territories as \"Judeo-Nazi\" in nature, while warning of the dehumanizing effect of the occupation on the victims and the oppressors.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Yeshayahu Leibowitz was born in Riga, Russian Empire (now in Latvia) in 1903, to a religious Zionist family. His father was a lumber trader, and his cousin was future chess grandmaster Aron Nimzowitsch. In 1919, he studied chemistry and philosophy at the University of Berlin. After completing his doctorate in 1924, he went on to study biochemistry and medicine, receiving an MD in 1934 from the University of Basel.\n", "He immigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1935, and settled in Jerusalem. Leibowitz was married to Greta, with whom he had six children. Leibowitz had six children. \n", "His son, Elia, was chairman of the Tel Aviv University astrophysics department, and the longest-serving director of the Wise Observatory. Another son, Uri, was a professor of medicine at Hadassah University Medical Center.\n", "His daughter, Yiska, is a district prosecutor. His sister, Nechama Leibowitz, was a world-famous biblical scholar. Leibowitz was active until his last day. He died in his sleep on 18 August 1994. Shamai Leibowitz is one of his grandchildren.\n", "Section::::Academic and literary career.\n", "Leibowitz joined the faculty of mathematics and natural science of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1936. He became a professor of biochemistry in 1941, and was promoted to the position of senior professor of organic chemistry and neurology in 1952. He taught at the Hebrew University for nearly six decades, lecturing in biochemistry, neurophysiology, philosophy, and the history of science.\n", "Leibowitz served as the editor of the \"Encyclopaedia Hebraica\" in its early stages. Apart from his innumerable articles and essays, Leibowitz authored a wide range of books on philosophy, human values, Jewish thought, the teachings of Maimonides, and politics. Many of his lectures and discourses, including those given as part of the \"Broadcast University\" project run by Israeli Army Radio, were subsequently compiled and printed in book form. Leibowitz was a prolific letter-writer, and his advice or comment was sought out widely. A first collection of his letters (in Hebrew) was published posthumously.\n", "Section::::Religious philosophy.\n", "Leibowitz was an Orthodox Jew who held controversial views on the subject of \"halakha\", or Jewish law. He wrote that the sole purpose of religious commandments was to obey God, and not to receive any kind of reward in this world or the world to come. He maintained that the reasons for religious commandments were beyond man's understanding, as well as irrelevant, and any attempt to attribute emotional significance to the performance of \"mitzvot\" was misguided and akin to idolatry.\n", "The essence of Leibowitz's religious outlook is that a person's faith is his commitment to obey God, meaning God's commandments, and this has nothing to do with a person's image of God. This must be so because Leibowitz thought that God cannot be described, that God's understanding is not man's understanding, and thus, all the questions asked of God are out of place. Leibowitz claimed that a person's decision to believe in God (in other words: to obey him) defines or describes that person, not God.\n", "One result of this approach is that faith, which is a personal commitment to obey God, cannot be challenged by the usual philosophical problem of evil or by historical events that seemingly contradict a divine presence. When someone told Leibowitz that he stopped believing in God after the Holocaust, Leibowitz answered, \"Then you never believed in God\". If a person stops believing after an awful event, it shows that he only obeyed God because he thought he understood God's plan, or because he expected to see a reward. But \"for Leibowitz, religious belief is not an explanation of life, nature, or history, or a promise of a future in this world or another, but a demand\".\n", "Leibowitz believed in the separation of state and religion. and held that mixing the two corrupted faith. He condemned the veneration of Jewish shrines, cynically referring to the Western Wall as the \"Discotel\" (a play on the words \"discothèque\" and \"Kotel\", a transliterated Hebrew word which literally means \"wall\", but capitalized refers to the Western Wall).\n", "In contrast to his strict views on some matters, he was liberal on others. On the subject of homosexuality, for example, Leibowitz believed that despite the ban on homosexual relations in Judaism, homosexuals should do their best to remain observant Jews.\n", "Section::::Views and opinions.\n", "Even before the founding of Israel, Leibowitz was an adamant supporter of a separation between religious institutions and the state – he even personally asked this of David Ben-Gurion. In the 1949 Knesset elections he headed the United List of Religious Workers, which failed to win a seat.\n", "He became progressively critical of government policy following the 1953 Qibya massacre. In his later philosophy, he denied that the state of Israel had any Jewish religious significance, and became an outspoken defender of the complete separation between religion and state. He was among the first Israeli intellectuals to state immediately after the 1967 Six-Day War that if occupation continued, this would lead to the decline in moral stature.\n", "In a 1968 essay titled \"The Territories\", Leibowitz postulated a hellish future:\n", "The Arabs would be the working people and the Jews the administrators, inspectors, officials, and police—mainly secret police. A state ruling a hostile population of 1.5 to 2 million foreigners would necessarily become a secret-police state, with all that this implies for education, free speech and democratic institutions. The corruption characteristic of every colonial regime would also prevail in the State of Israel. The administration would suppress Arab insurgency on the one hand and acquire Arab Quislings on the other. There is also good reason to fear that the Israel Defense Forces, which has been until now a people's army, would, as a result of being transformed into an army of occupation, degenerate, and its commanders, who will have become military governors, resemble their colleagues in other nations.\n", "In an interview in Haaretz newspaper, Carlo Strenger, who knew Leibowitz personally, stated: \"Because of his provocativeness, it's easy to miss Leibowitz’s profound moral seriousness and the great relevance of his thought today. He is often pigeonholed as belonging to the extreme left, which is a mistake. Leibowitz, never willing to bow to collective pressure, was the most unlikely of combinations: On the one hand he was a libertarian, an extreme form of classical liberalism, and believed that human beings should be free to determine their way of life without any state interference. On the other hand, he was an ultra-Orthodox Jew who insisted that the state and religion must be separated completely to avoid corrupting each other.\"\n", "Leibowitz repeatedly called for Israelis to refuse to serve in the occupied territories, and warned that Israel was turning its soldiers in to \"Judeo-Nazis\", writing that if \"the law . . . can allow the use of torture as a way of getting confessions out of prisoners, then this testifies to a Nazi mentality.\"\n", "Section::::Awards and recognition.\n", "In 1993, he was selected for the Israel Prize. Before the award ceremony, Leibowitz was invited to speak to the Israel Council for Israeli–Palestinian Peace, where his controversial remarks calling upon Israeli soldiers to refuse orders triggered outrage (and Yitzhak Rabin had threatened to boycott the ceremony). The jury convened to discuss the possibility of withdrawing the prize, but Leibowitz himself announced that he would refuse to accept it, because he did not want to create antagonism when receiving the prize.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Yeshayahu Leibowitz (Hebrew)\n", "BULLET::::- Yeshayahu Leibowitz (English)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carme Laura Gil\n", "Carme Laura Gil i Miró (born 1935 in Benissanet, Tarragona) is a Spanish professor and politician. She was Catalonia's Minister of Education from 1999 to 2003. She has degrees in Classical Philology and Pedagogy and she is also a University professor.\n", "During the 1981–1994 period, she served as General Director of \"Batxillerat\", Teachers and Education Centers as well as Scholarship Planning in the government of Catalonia. Between 1994 and 1996, she set up the Museum of the History of Catalonia (Museu d'Història de Catalunya).\n", "In 1996, she was elected as deputy in the Congress for Barcelona. She is nowadays a member of the National Board of CDC.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marta Cid\n", "Marta Cid i Pañella (born July 29, 1960) was Minister of Education of Catalonia from 20 February 2004 until 12 May 2006.\n", "Section::::Education and professional background.\n", "Marta Cid i Pañella received a Bachelor's degree in Psychology, a Graduation in Teaching and a Postdegree in Speech therapy from the UB. She taught basic education between 1982 and 1987, and worked as a speech therapist in the Special Educational School and Occupational Factory (APASA) between 1987 and 2000.\n", "Section::::Civic background.\n", "She founded the Amposta Handball Club, a sport she played until 1984. She also cofounded the Against Transfer Coordinator, and has collaborated with several organizations and cultural associations of Amposta.\n", "She cowrote \"PHN: la raó d’Estat contra l’Ebre i la Terra\" (PHN: State reason against the Ebre and the Land) in 2003.\n", "Section::::Political background.\n", "Marta Cid enrolled in ERC in 1978, where she held several charges. She chaired the Amposta-located section, the Montsià Local Federation and the Terres de l'Ebre division.\n", "She has been head of the Tarragona electoral list for the Spanish Congress twice, and member of the list for the Catalan Parliament in 1995. She also chaired the ERC's National Council.\n", "Section::::Institutional background.\n", "She has been Councillor in Amposta Town Council (1993 to March 2004), Regional Councillor in Montsià (1997–2001) and First Vicepresident of the Montsià Local Federation (1999–2001).\n", "In 2000, she was elected in Tarragona for a seat in the Spanish Senate by the ERC party, integrated in the \"Entesa Catalana de Progrés\" (Catalan Agreement of Progress). She resigned in November 2003 because she was elected as a deputy in the Catalan Parliament elections. After she was elected Minister of Education of the Generalitat de Catalunya (substituting Josep Bargalló i Valls), February 2004, she resigned as deputy in April 2004.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Spanish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4893335", "wikidata_label": "Marta Cid i Pañella", "wikipedia_title": "Marta Cid" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Melvin Franklin\n", "David Melvin English (October 12, 1942 – February 23, 1995) better known by the stage name Melvin Franklin, or his nickname \"Blue\", was an American bass singer. Franklin was best known for his role as a founding member of Motown singing group The Temptations from 1960 to 1994.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "David English was born in Montgomery, Alabama to Rose English, a teenage mother from nearby Mobile. His biological father was the preacher of the English family's church in Mobile; he impregnated her through non-consensual relations. Following David's birth, Rose English married Willard Franklin and moved to Detroit, her grandmother insisting young David be left behind in her care. David English finally moved to Detroit with his mother and stepfather in 1952 at age ten.\n", "Taking on his stepfather's surname for his stage name as a teenager, David English—now Melvin Franklin—was a member of a number of local singing groups in Detroit, including The Voice Masters with Lamont Dozier and David Ruffin, and frequently performed with Richard Street. Franklin often referred to Street and Ruffin as his \"cousins\".\n", "In 1958, a classmate of Franklin's at Northwestern High School (Michigan), Otis Williams, invited Franklin to join his singing group, Otis Williams and the Siberians. Franklin joined the group as its bass singer, and remained with Williams and Elbridge Bryant when they, Paul Williams, and Eddie Kendricks formed \"The Elgins\" in late 1960. In March 1961, the Elgins signed with Motown Records under a new name; The Temptations. He had a fondness for the color blue, and so he was nicknamed \"Blue\" by fellow singers. According to Otis Williams, Franklin romantically pursued Supremes singer Mary Wilson at one point.\n", "Otis and Melvin were the only founding Temptations who never left the group. One of the most famous bass singers in music over his long career, Franklin's deep vocals became one of the group's signature trademarks. Franklin sang a handful of featured leads with the group as well, including the songs \"I Truly, Truly Believe\" (\"The Temptations Wish It Would Rain\", 1968), \"Silent Night\" (\"Give Love At Christmas\", 1980), \"The Prophet\" (\"A Song for You\", 1975), and his signature live performance number, \"Ol' Man River\". Franklin was usually called upon to deliver ad-libs, harmony vocals, and, during the psychedelic soul era, notable sections of the main verses. His line from The Temptations' 1970 #3 hit \"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)\", \"and the band played on\", became Franklin's trademark.\n", "Section::::Health problems and death.\n", "In the late 1960s, Melvin was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, the symptoms of which he combated with cortisone so that he could continue performing. The constant use of cortisone left his immune system open to other infections and health problems; as a result Melvin developed diabetes in the early 1980s and later contracted necrotizing fasciitis. In 1978 he was shot in the hand and in the leg while trying to stop a man from stealing his car in Los Angeles. The incident prevented Franklin from participating in the Temptations' upcoming tour of Poland, which at the time was still behind the Iron Curtain.\n", "On February 15, 1995, after a series of seizures, Melvin collapsed into a coma and remained unconscious until his death on February 23, 1995. He left behind five children (David English Jr. (deceased), Davette English, Nicqueos English, Arkellian Arreaga, and Felica English). His mother Rose Franklin died in March 2013.\n", "He is entombed at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California in Courts of Remembrance, C-3571, outer south-east wall.\n", "Section::::Other work and honors.\n", "In addition to singing, Franklin also worked as a voice actor. In 1984, he provided the voice for the character of \"Wheels\" in the animated series \"Pole Position.\" He also appeared in the movie Sky Bandits in 1986.\n", "In 1989, Franklin was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Temptations.\n", "On August 17, 2013, in Cleveland, Ohio, Melvin Franklin was inducted into the Official R&B Music Hall of Fame along with The Temptations. On February 9, 2013, his wife received the lifetime achievement award on his behalf.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "In 1998, NBC aired \"The Temptations\", a four-hour television miniseries based upon an autobiographical book by Otis Williams. Franklin was portrayed by actor D. B. Woodside.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Melvin Franklin in-depth interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' October 1992 (reprinted February 2009)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1386098", "wikidata_label": "Melvin Franklin", "wikipedia_title": "Melvin Franklin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wendy Williams\n", "Wendy Joan Williams Hunter (born July 18, 1964) is an American television and radio presenter, businesswoman, writer, actress, fashion designer, and media personality. She has hosted the nationally syndicated television talk show \"The Wendy Williams Show\" since 2008.\n", "Prior to television, Williams was a radio DJ and host and quickly became known in New York as a \"shock jockette\". She gained notoriety for her on-air spats with celebrities and was the subject of the 2006 VH1 reality TV series \"The Wendy Williams Experience\" which broadcast events surrounding her radio show. She was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2009.\n", "She has written a \"New York Times\" best-selling autobiography and six other books, and has created product lines including a fashion line, a jewelry collection and a wig line. On her 50th birthday, the council of Asbury Park, New Jersey renamed the street on which she grew up \n", "\"Wendy Williams Way.\"\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Williams was born on July 18, 1964 in Asbury Park, New Jersey. She is the second of three children born to Shirley and Thomas Williams. At age 5, she moved with her family to the Wayside section of Ocean Township, New Jersey. Williams graduated from Ocean Township High School, and from 1982 to 1986 she attended Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, where she graduated with a Bachelor's of Science degree in communications and was a DJ for the college radio station, WRBB.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Radio.\n", "Williams began her career working for WVIS in the United States Virgin Islands. Less than a year later, she obtained an afternoon position at Washington, D.C.-based station WOL. Williams commuted between DC and Queens, New York, to work an overnight weekend shift at WQHT.\n", "In 1989, Williams began at urban contemporary WRKS (now WEPN-FM) in New York City as a substitute disc jockey. WRKS hired her full-time for its morning show. A year later, Williams moved to an afternoon drive-time shift, eventually winning the \"Billboard\" Award for \"Best On-Air Radio Personality\" in 1993. In December 1994, Emmis Broadcasting purchased WRKS and switched Williams to the company's other New York property, hip-hop formatted WQHT (\"Hot 97\"), as WRKS was reformatted into an urban adult contemporary outlet. She was fired from Hot 97 in 1998.\n", "Williams was hired by a Philadelphia urban station, WUSL (\"Power 99FM\"). Her husband, Kevin Hunter, became her agent. She was very open about her personal life on air, discussing her miscarriages, breast enhancement surgery and former drug addiction. She helped the station move from 14th place in the ratings to 2nd.\n", "Williams has stated that Bill Cosby attempted to get her fired in 1991 and 1992. She also believes that Cosby is guilty of sexual assault.\n", "In 2001, Williams returned to the New York airwaves when WBLS hired her full-time for a syndicated 2–6 p.m. time slot. Williams' friend, MC Spice of Boston, offered his voiceover services to the show, often adding short rap verses tailored specifically for Williams' show. \"The New York Times\" stated that her \"show works best when its elements – confessional paired with snarkiness – are conflated,\" and cited a 2003 interview with Whitney Houston as an example. During the highly publicized interview that \"went haywire\" and included \"a lot of bleeped language\", Williams \"asked [Houston], insistently, about her drug and spending habits\".\n", "By 2008, she was syndicated in Redondo Beach, California; Shreveport, Louisiana; Wilmington, Delaware; Toledo, Ohio; Columbia, South Carolina; Emporia, Virginia; Lake Charles, Louisiana; Tyler, Texas; and Alexandria, Louisiana, among other markets.\n", "Williams left her radio show in 2009 to focus on her television program and spend more time with her family. She was also inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Career.:\"The Wendy Williams Show\".\n", "In 2008, Debmar-Mercury offered Williams a six-week television trial of her own talk show. On July 14, 2008, Williams debuted her daytime talk show, \"The Wendy Williams Show\", in four cities during the summer of 2008. During the tryout, \"The New York Times\" snarkily remarked that the show created a \"breakthrough in daytime\" by introducing the genre of the \"backtalk show.\".\n", "After a successful run, Fox signed a deal with Debmar-Mercury to broadcast the show nationally on their stations beginning in July 2009. In addition, BET picked up cable rights to broadcast the show at night. In 2010, BET started airing the show internationally in 54 countries through BET International.\n", "Williams has received multiple nominations at the Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host and the show itself was for Outstanding Talk Show/Entertainment. The show attracts 2.4 million daily viewers on average, with Williams trading off daily with Ellen DeGeneres as the number one female host on daytime television.\n", "\"The Wendy Williams Show\" has been renewed through the 2019–20 television season on the Fox Television Stations.The renewal will keep \"Wendy\" on air through its 11th season. During the November 2015 sweeps period, the talk show finished either No. 1 or 2 in the key demo of women 25-54 in 55% of the U.S. and 20 of the top-25 markets.\n", "Williams had not missed a show until February 2018, when she took one week off; however, on February 21, 2018, Williams announced that her show would be on three weeks' hiatus due to her complications with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism.\n", "In January 2019, a statement from the Williams Hunter family revealed that Williams had been hospitalized due to complications from Graves' disease and that her return to the show would be delayed indefinitely as a result. Guest hosts such as Nick Cannon filled in for Wendy during her absence; she returned on March 4, 2019.\n", "Section::::Career.:Other television appearances.\n", "Williams has made appearances in the television series \"Martin\" (1992) and in the soap opera \"One Life to Live\" (2011).\n", "Williams filled in for Jodi Applegate on WNYW's morning television show, \"Good Day New York\" (2007), and hosted a game show for GSN called \"Love Triangle\" (2011) for which she and her husband Kevin Hunter served as executive producers.\n", "Williams played a judge on the Lifetime network show \"Drop Dead Diva\" (2011) and served as a guest judge on \"The Face\" (2013). She was also a contestant, paired with pro Tony Dovolani on season 12 of \"Dancing with the Stars\" (2011); she was eliminated second.\n", "In February 2013, it was announced that Williams and her husband and manager, Kevin, were launching a reality television production company, Wendy Williams Productions. that will produce unscripted content, including reality television and game shows. Williams was an executive producer on the show \"Celebrities Undercover\" (2014).\n", "Williams also executive produced the Lifetime biopic \"\", which premiered on November 15, 2014. In September 2015, the documentary series \"Death By Gossip with Wendy Williams\" premiered on the Investigation Discovery channel, both hosted and produced by Williams.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film.\n", "Williams appeared in the film adaptation of Steve Harvey's book, \"Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man\", titled \"Think Like a Man\" (2012), and its sequel, \"Think Like a Man Too\" (2014).\n", "In 2012, it was announced Williams would enter into a \"production alliance\" with producers Suzanne de Passe and Madison Jones to create movies and television shows aimed at multicultural audiences. These projects will appear under the heading \"Wendy Williams presents\" and their first project will be VH1 adaptation of a Star Jones novel.\n", "Section::::Career.:Theater.\n", "In 2013, Williams was cast to play the role of Matron \"Mama\" Morton on the Broadway musical \"Chicago\".. She began her tenure on July 2 and finished her seven-week run on August 11, 2013. Her preparations for the musical were documented in the TV Guide docuseries \"Wendy Williams: How You Doin', Broadway?!\", which was produced by her own production company, Wendy Williams Productions.\n", "Section::::Career.:Stand-up comedy.\n", "Before Wendy turned 50, stand-up comedy was on her bucket list. In 2014, Lipshtick called Williams to participate in their first all-female-based comedy series at the Venetian in Las Vegas. Williams made her sold-out comedy debut on July 11, 2014. Williams' comedy tour was called \"The Sit-down Comedy Tour.\" Williams returned to Lipshtick on October 31, 2014, and November 1, 2014, after she made a sold-out debut in July.\n", "Williams hosted her \"How You Laughin'\" Comedy Series at NJPAC on November 15, 2014, featuring Luenell, Jonathan Martin, Pat Brown, Hadiyah Robinson, and Meme Simpson. In 2015, Williams announced a 12-city comedy tour called \"The Wendy Williams Sit Down Tour: Too Real For Stand-Up.\" In 2019, Williams hosted the \"Wendy Williams & Friends: For the Record... Umm Hmmm!\" US comedy tour featuring performances from various comedians.\n", "Section::::Business.\n", "Section::::Business.:HSN clothing line.\n", "By partnering with the Home Shopping Network (HSN), Williams debuted a line of dresses, pants, sweaters and skirts fit for the everyday woman. Her HSN Clothing line debuted on March 28, 2015. Williams told viewers on her talk show that according to HSN, the debut was their most watched premiere since the onset of the program. The Wendy Williams line is sold exclusively at HSN.\n", "Section::::Business.:Adorn.\n", "Williams sells a line of jewelry products on the home shopping network, QVC, called \"Adorn by Wendy Williams\".\n", "Williams and her husband, Kevin Hunter, commissioned the China-based manufacturing firm Max Harvest International Holdings to make 12,140 pairs of shoes bearing the logo of her brand, Adorn. The owners of Max Harvest International Holdings were said to have gone into hiding after the owner of the shoe factory who made the shoes kidnapped one of their managers and held the man prisoner for two weeks before releasing him, and Williams' failure to pay was cited the reason, reported by the New York \"Daily News\". The manager and his wife retained lawyer Staci Riordan of Los Angeles. Their representative says they've been in negotiations for several months in order to reach a settlement. Williams declined to comment on the matter.\n", "Section::::Business.:Endorsements.\n", "Williams was a spokesperson for Georges Veselle champagne. She posed for PETA's \"I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur\" advert campaign in 2012.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In her autobiography, \"Wendy's Got the Heat\", she uses the pseudonym Robert Morris III to refer to her first husband, whom she describes as a salesperson. They were separated after five months, followed by a year-and-a-half of divorce proceedings. On November 30, 1997, Williams married her second husband, Kevin Hunter. Their son, Kevin Hunter Jr., was born in 2000. Williams is a Christian and has stated that she prays before every show. On March 19, 2019, Williams announced she is living in a sober house due to her past cocaine addiction. Her husband and son were the only two who knew about it before the show aired. On April 11, 2019, Williams' representative confirmed she had filed for divorce from Hunter.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Lawsuit.\n", "In 2008, Nicole Spence, talent booker for \"The Wendy Williams Experience\", filed papers with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission suing Williams. Spence claimed Williams' husband Kevin demanded sex from Spence on many occasions and created a hostile work environment by threatening and assaulting his wife on company premises. On June 11, 2008, Spence filed a sexual-harassment lawsuit against Williams, Hunter, and Inner City Broadcasting Corporation in federal court in Manhattan. Both Williams and Hunter deny the charges. The case was dismissed with prejudice on October 22, 2008.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "Williams is a seven-time \"New York Times\" best-seller and has published several books, including:\n", "Section::::Books.:Non-fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wendy's Got the Heat\" (2003), coauthored with Karen Hunter Atria; 1st edition (August 5, 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wendy Williams Experience\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ask Wendy: Straight-Up Advice for All the Drama in Your Life\" (2013)\n", "Section::::Books.:Fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Drama Is Her Middle Name: The Ritz Harper Chronicles\", Vol. 1 (2006), coauthored with Karen Hunter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Is the Bitch Dead, Or What?: The Ritz Harper Chronicles, Book 2\" (2007), coauthored with Karen Hunter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ritz Harper Goes to Hollywood! (Ritz Harper Chronicles)\" (2009), coauthored with Zondra Hughes\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hold Me in Contempt: A Romance\" (2014)\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "BULLET::::- Radio Personality of the Year awards from \"Billboard\", \"Black Radio Exclusive\", and \"Radio & Records\" industry magazines\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: named to the National Radio Hall of Fame\n", "BULLET::::- Hosted the 2013 Soul Train Awards Red Carpet\n", "BULLET::::- Hosted the 2014 Soul Train Awards in Las Vegas, which aired on November 30, 2014.\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for The 42nd & 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Talk Show/Entertainment and Outstanding Talk Show Host.\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for The 44th & 46th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Talk Show Host.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wendy Williams Show\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American television personality and radio host", "enwikiquote_title": "Wendy Williams", "wikidata_id": "Q618233", "wikidata_label": "Wendy Williams", "wikipedia_title": "Wendy Williams" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jure Francetić\n", "Jure Francetić (3 July 1912 – 27/28 December 1942) was a Croatian Ustaša Commissioner for the Bosnia and Herzegovina regions of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II, and commander of the 1st Ustaše Regiment of the Ustaše Militia, later known as the Black Legion. In both roles he was responsible for the massacre of Bosnian Serbs and Jews. A member of Ante Pavelić's inner circle, he was considered by many Ustaše as a possible successor to Pavelić as Poglavnik (leader) of the NDH. He died of wounds inflicted when he was captured by Partisans near Slunj in the Kordun region when his aircraft crash-landed there in late December 1942.\n", "Section::::Early life prior to formation of NDH.\n", "Francetić was born in Otočac in the mountainous Lika region of modern-day central Croatia on 3 July 1912. After high school where he was influenced by nationalist teachers, he went to study law at the University of Zagreb, where he joined the Ustaša movement and abandoned his studies. Soon after, he was exiled from Zagreb for five years as a result of his anti-Yugoslav political activities. He stayed in Otočac for a short time before emigrating to Italy in March 1933, where he took the Ustaša oath in the Borgotaro camp on 24 April 1933. He spent the next four years in Austria, Italy and Hungary. In Hungary he joined the Ustaša camp at Jankapuszta under the nom de guerre \"Laszlo\", became deputy commander of the camp, and developed into a fanatical Ustaša.\n", "After the assassination of King Alexander, Francetić was interned on Sardinia by Mussolini at the request of the Yugoslav government. After a general declaration of amnesty in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Francetić returned to Croatia in November 1937, but was immediately arrested and exiled to his hometown. The next year Francetić returned to Zagreb hoping to complete his study of law but was forced to complete his military service instead. His nationalist activities included greeting all the inhabitants of Otočac with the slogan \"Long live Ante Pavelić! Long live the Independent State of Croatia!\". In late 1940 he was arrested in Zagreb due to a congratulatory telegraph to Dr Jozef Tiso, president of the newly formed Slovak Republic, signed by a number of Croat nationalists. He was again exiled to his native Otočac. After delivering an inflammatory nationalistic speech at a local school's New Year's celebration in Otočac on 12 January 1941, he escaped to Germany to avoid arrest.\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Commissioner for Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n", "After the establishment of the NDH on 10 April 1941, Francetić was appointed as the chief Ustaša delegate in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the role of strengthening the Ustaša regime there. He arrived in Sarajevo on 24 April 1941 with Marshal Slavko Kvaternik, around 800 Ustaša militia, and 300 Ustaša police to establish formal control. Francetić effectively became the most powerful political leader in Sarajevo, and established a reputation for ruthlessness in dealing with Serbs and Jews. Francetić's Ustashe took control over the local administration by dismissing all civil servants and teachers belonging to the category of \"\"Srbijanci\"\", as well as Jews. Killings, arrests, and deportation of Serbs and Jews was a regular duty of Francetić's henchmen—based and justified by the official Ustashe policy which demanded the total extermination of Jews and the murder (1/3) and/or expulsion (1/3) and/or forced conversion to Roman Catholicism by Orthodox Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1/3). \"On 23 July 1941 the headquarters of the NDH Ustasha police sent an order to the heads of all regions, including Francetić, to begin with the arrest and transportation of Jews, Serbs and communists to the Gospić concentration camp.\n", "In September 1942, Francetić was removed from his role as the chief government delegate in Bosnia, probably to address the concerns of the Muslims of Bosnia about the atrocities perpetrated by the Ustaše over the last eighteen months.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Black Legion.\n", "In August 1941, Ustaša militia under (then Major) Francetić's command were deployed to eastern Herzegovina in order to counter the uprising there.\n", "The 1st Ustaša Regiment () was raised by Francetić and Ante Vokić in Sarajevo in September 1941. When the original commander of the regiment was killed, Francetić took over command, and the regiment grew quickly and gained a reputation for fanaticism and violence. Raised for service in eastern Bosnia, by December it had been dubbed the 'Black Legion' () after adopting a black uniform. It was feared for its fanatical morale and fighting qualities, but also for the atrocities it committed against the Bosnian Serb population. It soon grew to a strength of between 1000–1500 men.\n", "In the winter of 1941–1942, the Black Legion carried out massacres in both Prijedor in the north-west of Bosnia and also in the Romanija mountains north-east of Sarajevo. In the latter massacres, they killed thousands of defenceless Bosnian Serb civilians and threw their bodies into the Drina river. Francetić was rumoured to have ordered the killing of more than 3000 of those massacred in these operations.\n", "Francetić earned his only military education and officer rank while serving the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Army. He became a non-commissioned officer in the rank of sergeant. Regarding Francetić's military experience and knowledge, Eugen Dido Kvaternik wrote: \"He did not have basic military knowledge and military education, nor did he have any talent for basic military organization.\" After establishment of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941 Francetić and 10 others organized the Black Legion. Francetić became the leader of the Black Legion and earned the rank of colonel in the Ustaša army. Kvaternik believed Francetić \"a born guerrilla and a son of our mountainous Herzegovina\", which was sufficient reason to elevate him to military leader in Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n", "Commencing on 31 March 1942, and against German wishes, Francetić launched an independent offensive against the Partisans and Chetniks in eastern Bosnia. The Black Legion quickly captured Drinjača, Vlasenica, Bratunac and Srebrenica from the Partisans and defeated larger Chetnik forces led by Major Jezdimir Dangić.\n", "Francetić also led the Black Legion during the joint German-Italian-Ustaša offensive Operation Trio in eastern Bosnia in April to June 1942, and according to the overall commander, General Bader, the Black Legion \"significantly aided the success of the joint offensive\". In May, the Black Legion massacred about 890 Serbs and Jews from Vlasenica after raping women and girls.\n", "Justification for the slaughter of Bosnian Serbs and Jews Francetić found in \"the propaganda of 'the Jewish communist hydra' had succeeded in misleading a majority of the Serb Orthodox population in eastern Bosnia into committing 'criminal acts against the state' the 'most drastic means' would have to be employed against them.\"\n", "Francetić personally arrested and interrogated prominent Serbian and Jewish leaders, and ordered the murders of some of them. Francetić turned his own Sarajevo apartment into a prison kitchen/laundry room. The Ustashe's savagery against Serbs and dissidents reportedly prompted the German command to demand that Francetić, as the commander of the 1st Brigade Black Legion, be dismissed. Pavelić refused, promoting Francetić to commander of all Ustashe field formations.\n", "Section::::World War II.:Death.\n", "Francetić died on either 27 or 28 December 1942, aged 30. While flying to Gospić on 22 December, his plane was downed by Yugoslav Partisans near the village of Močile, near Slunj, which was a Partisan-held area. Both he and his pilot were immediately captured by local villagers. Severely wounded, Francetić was taken to NOVJ General Staff Hospital where Partisan surgeons attempted to save his life in order to exchange him for inmates of Ustaše camps and prisons, but failed.\n", "Ustashe authorities were so concerned about the effect of his death would have on supporters of their movement that the news of his death was delayed until the beginning of March 1943. Official announcement of his death came on March 31, 1943, and Ustashe declared eight days of official mourning.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "The Croatian Defence Forces () (HOS) was the military arm of the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP) from 1991 to 1992 during the first stages of the Yugoslav wars. The 13th (Tomislavgrad) and 19th (Gospić) battalions of the HOS were given the title 'Jure Francetić' in his memory. In May 1993, one of the formations of the Croatian Defence Council (, HVO) operating in the Zenica region of Bosnia and Herzegovina was called the \"Jure Francetić\" Brigade.\n", "A memorial plaque to Francetić was raised in Slunj in June 2000 by the Association of War Veterans (\"Hrvatski domobran\"). Four years later, in late 2004, the Croatian government ordered the removal of the memorial plaque. In January 2005, in the outskirts of Split, another memorial to Francetić and Mile Budak was built by unknown persons.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Evo zore, evo dana\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Croatian Ustasha leader", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q662552", "wikidata_label": "Jure Francetić", "wikipedia_title": "Jure Francetić" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ljubo Miloš\n", "Ljubomir \"Ljubo\" Miloš (25 February 1919 – 20 August 1948) was a Croatian public official who was a member of the Ustashe of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II. He served as commandant of the Jasenovac concentration camp on several occasions and was responsible for various atrocities committed there during the war. He fled Yugoslavia in May 1945 and sought refuge in Austria. In 1947, he returned to Yugoslavia with the intention of starting an anti-communist uprising. He was soon arrested by Yugoslav authorities and charged with war crimes. Miloš was found guilty on all counts and hanged in August 1948.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Miloš was born in Bosanski Šamac on 25 February 1919. He attended primary school in Orašje and Bosanski Brod and finished secondary school in Subotica. He stayed in Subotica and worked as a municipal clerk.\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. The country was then dismembered and the extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was appointed \"Poglavnik\" (leader) of an Ustaše-led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the ). The NDH combined almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia into an \"Italian-German quasi-protectorate\". NDH authorities, led by the Ustaše militia, subsequently implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Romani population living within the borders of the new state.\n", "Miloš arrived in Zagreb in June 1941 and met with his first cousin, Ustaše commander Vjekoslav Luburić. Luburić made him his right-hand man and used his influence to get Miloš a position within the Ustaše Supervisory Service (, UNS), which ran the Jasenovac concentration camp. In October, Miloš was named camp commander and promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant. Miloš was personally responsible for the safety of Croatian politician Vladko Maček during his imprisonment, from 15 October 1941 to 15 March 1942. Maček seeing Miloš, before going to bed, always made the sign of the cross, asked him if he \"feared God's punishment\" for the atrocities he committed in the camp. Miloš replied, \"Say nothing to me. I know I will burn in hell for what I have done. But I will burn for Croatia.\"\n", "Miloš was transferred to the Đakovo concentration camp in early 1942, but returned to Jasenovac and reassumed the position of camp commander in the spring. He seemed to compete with the other commanding officers in the camp to see who could torture and kill the most inmates. Miloš often dressed in a white robe and pretended to be a doctor in front of sick inmates. He would sometimes take those applying to be hospitalized, line them up against a wall and slit their throats with a slaughtering knife. He seemed \"very proud\" of this \"ritual slaughter of the [Jews]...\". Witness Milan Flumiani recalled:\n", "[As] soon as the seventeen of us arrived at Jasenovac, Ustaše beat us with rifle butts and took us to the Brick Factory, where Ljubo Miloš had already lined up two groups, while we arrived as a special third group. Maričić asked Ljubo Miloš, \"who should I aim at first?\", and Miloš replied, \"where there’s more of them\", and both of them pointed automatic rifles at the 40 men from the first two groups and shot them all. After that, he asked the first man from our group why he came here, and when that man replied that he was guilty of being born a Serb, he shot him on the spot. Then he picked out Laufer, a lawyer from Zagreb, and asked him what he was, and when he replied, he called him out like this — \"I like lawyers very much, come closer\" — and killed him right away. Then he found out that a third man was a doctor from Zagreb, and he ordered him to examine the first two men and to establish whether they were dead. When the doctor confirmed that they were, he turned to the fourth man and when he found out that he too was a doctor, he \"forgave\" the whole group.\n", "Miloš also raised a wolfhound and trained it to assault inmates. During the summer of 1942, he travelled to Italy to complete a law enforcement course in Turin, but returned to the NDH after only ten days. In September, he returned to Jasenovac and assumed the role of assistant-camp commander. Troops under Miloš's command raided several villages near Jasenovac in October 1942, looted countless homes, arrested hundreds of Serb peasants and deported them to the camps. NDH authorities learned about the raids shortly after and arrested Miloš. He was not imprisoned long, as Luburić ordered his release on 23 December 1942. In January 1943, Miloš joined the Croatian Home Guard (\"Hrvatsko domobranstvo\") and was stationed in Mostar. He returned to Zagreb in April 1943, where he remained until spring the following year. In September, he was named commander of Lepoglava prison.\n", "Section::::Capture and death.\n", "By the end of World War II, Miloš had attained the rank of Major. He fled Yugoslavia at the beginning of May 1945, and withdrew through Austria to Allied-controlled northern Italy with help from the Roman Catholic church. He soon returned to Austria and established links with Croatian émigrés there. He illegally crossed the Yugoslav–Hungarian border in 1947 with the intention of infiltrating Croatia with anti-communist guerrillas known as Crusaders (\"križari\"). Miloš was arrested by Yugoslav authorities on 20 July 1947, charged with war crimes and tried the following year. During his trial, he confessed to killing Jasenovac inmates and testified that the Ustaše had drawn up plans for the extermination of Serbs long before 1941. Miloš was found guilty on all counts on 20 August 1948 and sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of the People's Republic of Croatia. He was hanged in Zagreb the same day.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Fascist war criminal", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2916545", "wikidata_label": "Ljubo Miloš", "wikipedia_title": "Ljubo Miloš" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Julia Livia\n", "Julia Livia (c.7–43 AD), sometimes referred to as Julia Drusi Caesaris filia (Julia, daughter of Drusus Caesar), was the daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla, and granddaughter of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. She was also a first cousin of the emperor Caligula, and niece of the emperor Claudius.\n", "Section::::Chronology.\n", "Julia was born in the later year's of the reign of her adoptive great-grandfather, Emperor Augustus, and was the daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar (a grandson of Augustus wife Livia Drusilla through her son Tiberius) and Livilla (a granddaughter of Augustus wife Livia Drusilla through her son Nero Claudius Drusus, and a granddaughter of Mark Antony through his daughter Antonia Minor). At the time of Augustus' death in AD 14, Julia, who was in early childhood, fell ill. Before he died, the aged emperor had asked his wife Livia whether Julia had recovered. \n", "Upon the death of Augustus, Julia's paternal grandfather Tiberius succeeded him as Rome's second Emperor. It was during her grandfather's rule, when she was around the age of 16, that Julia married her cousin Nero Caesar (the son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder). The marriage appears to have been an unhappy one, and fell victim to the machinations of the notorious palace guardsman Sejanus, who exploited his intimacy with Julia's mother Livilla to scheme against Germanicus’ family. In the words of Tacitus, \n", "Later in 29, owing to the intrigues of Sejanus, and at the insistence of Tiberius, Nero and Agrippina were accused of treason. Nero was declared a public enemy by the Senate and taken away in chains in a closed litter. Nero was incarcerated on the island of Pontia (Ponza). The following year he was executed or driven to suicide. Cassius Dio records that Julia was now engaged to Sejanus, but this claim appears to be contradicted by Tacitus, whose authority is to be preferred. Sejanus was condemned and executed on Tiberius’ orders on 18 October 31. His lover, Julia’s mother Livilla, died around the same time (probably starved by her own mother: Julia’s grandmother Antonia, or committed suicide).\n", "In 33, Julia married Gaius Rubellius Blandus, a man from an equestrian background. Despite that Blandus had been consul suffect in 18, the match was considered a disaster; Tacitus includes the event in a list of \"the many sorrows which saddened Rome\", which otherwise consisted of deaths of different influential people. Their children were Gaius Rubellius Plautus and a daughter Rubellia Bassa who married a maternal uncle of the future Roman Emperor Nerva. Juvenal, in Satire VIII.39, suggests another son, also named Gaius Rubellius Blandus. An inscription suggests Julia may also have been the mother of Rubellius Drusus, a child who died before the age of three.\n", "Around 43, an agent of the Roman Emperor Claudius' wife, Empress Valeria Messalina, had falsely charged Julia with incest and immorality. The Emperor, her uncle Claudius, without securing any defence for his niece, had her executed 'by the sword' (\"Octavia\" 944-6: \"\"ferro... caesa est\"\"). She may have anticipated execution by taking her own life. Her distant relative Pomponia Graecina remained in mourning for 40 years in open defiance of the Emperor, yet was unpunished. Julia was executed around the same time as her second cousin Julia Livilla, the daughter of Germanicus and sister of the former Emperor Caligula.\n", "Section::::Robert Graves.\n", "In Robert Graves' novels \"I, Claudius\" and \"Claudius the God\" Julia was known as \"Helen the Glutton\". Graves did this as comic relief in the novels, but in reality she did not have a reputation for gluttony.\n", "In the 1976 television adaptation she was played by Karin Foley. It unhistorically has her mother attempting to poison her to prevent Sejanus from marrying her, but it is not explicit about whether she died as a result, so glossing over her fate under Claudius.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Biography.\n", "BULLET::::- (edd.), \"Prosopographia Imperii Romani\", 3 vol., Berlin, 1897-1898. (PIR)\n", "BULLET::::- (edd.), \"Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III\", Berlin, 1933 - . (PIR)\n", "BULLET::::- Raepsaet-Charlier M.-Th., \"Prosopographie des femmes de l'ordre sénatorial (Ier-IIe siècles),\" 2 vol., Louvain, 1987, 360 ff; 633 ff.\n", "BULLET::::- Lightman, Marjorie & Lightman, Benjamin. \"Biographical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Women.\" New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2000.\n", "BULLET::::- Levick, Barbara, \"Claudius\". Yale University Press, New Haven, 1990.\n", "BULLET::::- Barrett, Anthony A., \"Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Roman Empire.\" Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996.\n", "Section::::References.:Portraiture.\n", "BULLET::::- Jucker, Hans & Willers, Dietrich (Hrsg.), \"Gesichter. Griechische und römische Bildnisse aus Schweizer Besitz,\" Bern 1982, 92-93.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Julia Drusi Caesaris filia", "Julia Drusi Caesaris filia Livia", "Julia Caesaris filia", "Claudia Livia Julia Caesaris" ] }, "description": "daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q266030", "wikidata_label": "Julia Livia", "wikipedia_title": "Julia Livia" }