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We opened our school to provide superior quality education and care at affordable fees. Being parents ourselves, we felt the need for a unique daycare which offers more, without parents having to pay more. We opened with 4 children and a year later we have moved to a larger premises to accommodate our ever growing number. We take care of children from birth to age 6 and also offer aftercare services to primary school learners. What makes us different: - Our fees are affordable and all inclusive - We focus on learning through play in a loving and secure environment - We have longer operating hours - We never close over school holidays For a daycare with a difference, contact us. It is our believe that children should not just be cared for but cared for in a secure environment where they can play and are educated.

Follow UT Dallas: Frank Feagans Frank Feagans has been promoted to vice president for information technology and chief information officer at UT Dallas. Previously an associate vice president for information technology, Feagans has 35 years of experience in IT. He reports to President Richard C. Benson and is responsible for the overall leadership of the Office of Information Technology, which includes infrastructure services, enterprise application services, networking and telecommunication services, and technology customer services. Feagans replaces David Crain, who in August accepted the position of associate vice chancellor for shared information services for The University of Texas System. Brian Dourty has been serving on an interim basis. “Brian has shown strong dedication the past several months, and I thank him for his excellent service during this period of transition,” Benson said. Benson noted there were several talented applicants with diverse backgrounds and experiences, and he admired the individual qualities each finalist had to offer and their desire to serve the UT Dallas community. Feagans’ mission for the Office of Information Technology is to provide innovative, collaborative and valuable IT services that support the University’s strategic goals. “I want the office to be the IT partner of choice that students, faculty and staff seek out in order to assist the University in advancing research, raising student success, enhancing learning, improving productivity, expanding collaboration and attracting world-class talent,” he said. Feagans joined UT Dallas in 2015 as the director of research computing shared services. In early 2016, he became the associate vice president of enterprise applications and research computing services. “I want the office to be the IT partner of choice that students, faculty and staff seek out in order to assist the University in advancing research, raising student success, enhancing learning, improving productivity, expanding collaboration and attracting world-class talent.” In 2016, Feagans oversaw the installment of the first local shared high-performance computing cluster at UT Dallas — appropriately named Ganymede after the largest moon of Jupiter and in the solar system. Feagans has led all aspects of IT, including application development, research, architecture, infrastructure, operations, project management and client services. Prior to UT Dallas, Feagans was a senior IT leader at the University of Arizona. During his four years there, Feagans led IT’s role in implementing innovative learning spaces and hybrid learning in classrooms. Before entering higher education, he worked in private industry IT leadership roles, including 11 years with McDonald’s Corp., four years with McDonald’s global supply chain integrator, and two years with U.S. Cellular. A native of Illinois, he earned a master’s degree in computer science and a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering from the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. Feagans serves as a regular guest instructor at the University of Arizona’s Eller College of Management, teaching business ethics. Benson said information technology will play a key role in the future success across all aspects of the campus. “The VPIT/CIO is charged with providing strategic vision and leadership to meet the information technology demands of a Tier One institution,” Benson said. “Frank will serve as a valued member of the University’s executive leadership team, working in partnership with administrators, deans, vice presidents, faculty, staff and students, the UT System, and our community partners and supporters to advance our mission. “I look forward to Frank’s leadership in promoting a strong sense of teamwork and cooperation across the UT Dallas community that will enable future growth and success in research computing as well as operational business needs.”

Q: Role hierarchy with users reporting to different managers I am trying to create a role hierarchy according to this requirement: We have three roles: Sales Manager, Executive Manager and Sales Rep Sales Manager and Executive Manager are at the same level. Both don't report to anybody Exceutive Manager has users Tom, Mery and Anne Sales Manager has only the user Patrick Sales rep A reports to Tom, Mary and Anne Sales rep B reports to only Tom and Mary Sales rep C reports to Tom and Patrick What would be the best way to create a role hierarchy according to this requirement as you have the following cases?: Sales reps can report to different users in the Executive Manager hierarchy Sales reps can report to different users who are in different roles as in point 7. They don't use territories or divisions. I am a little confused about the term "reports to". For me this is like saying "he or she is my manager". I can not find the way to create a role hierarchy with these requirements. Any tips will be appreciated. A: Role Hierarchy is not your HR org-chart. It is solely for the purpose of enabling record access. The person a user reports to should be noted in the Manager field on the User object. If you want to create security where people can only access records owned by people below them in a hierarchy, then use Role Hierarchy. If you want to show a manager, then use the manager field (and probably Title to show each person's job title). And if you want people to have visibility across the Role Hierarchy, then create custom sharing rules to expose, say, Sales Rep C's records with Patrick even though Tom sits above C in the Role Hierarchy. I don't know why Sales Rep A reports to three people - that's very uncommon in a company to have more than one manager, and this may require a very custom solution involving groups, but it's best not to go there if you don't have to. So bottom line: Find the one person each user reports to, and put that in the Manager field. For record sharing, use the Role Hierarchy with sharing rules if necessary.

'War and peace' concern president, not Dems, says Snow Whether Sen. Barack Obama, D-Ill., has one reporter following him or a hundred is irrelevant to President Bush, according to a spokesman. Les Kinsolving, WND’s correspondent at the White House, asked spokesman Tony Snow about Washington Post reports that during a visit to New Hampshire, Obama was trailed by “a huge media hoard” of more than 100. “Does the president, as head of the GOP, believe that Sen. Hillary Clinton is seriously concerned about this Barack boom?” Kinsolving asked. Barack Obama “Again, the president, I think – as I’ve tried to make clear, the president is worried about matters of global war and peace, and he’ll allow the Democrats to conduct their own primary business when that process does, in fact, begin in earnest,” Snow said. A report in Time noted that “Obama-mania” landed in New Hampshire, the site of the first presidential primary, over the weekend. A fundraiser intended for 500 people sold more than 1,500 tickets and 700 came to another event. “He was so inspiring,” Sarah Blodget told the magazine after a book signing in Portsmouth. “He had me on the verge of tears. No politician has been this eloquent and this personable in years.” The magazine quoted “people who have spoken to him” as saying he’s weighing family considerations as well as practical matters like money in deciding whether to attempt to challenge Hillary Clinton for the next Democratic presidential nomination. The magazine noted there’s little actually known about Obama. “Obama is perhaps the only presidential candidate who could get invited to major events by both conservative pastor Rick Warren and the liberal group MoveOn.org…” Kinsolving also asked about the reaction from the president after his father, former President George H.W. Bush, attended the swearing-in of new Mexican President Felipe Calderon, an event that featured whistles, catcalls, fightfights, screamed insults and pushing matches. “No reaction to that,” Snow said. In Mexico, supporters of challenger Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador have accused Calderon of stealing the election in July. Lopez Obrador has refused to recognized those election results and has claimed he actually is the legitimate president of Mexico. Tell us what question you would like to hear the president answer, at Forums.WND.com.

“I would not re-look at that,” Samson said. “I still report to an owner, but were it up to me I would not give a no-trade clause. It just hampers you too much and you don’t know what’s going to happen. I don’t think we’re having any problem signing free agents because of what happened in 2012. If we offer more years or more money, people will come to play and frankly a tie will go to Miami for many of the players. It’s such a great ballpark and a great place to live. “The problem with no-trade clauses, they never are to the benefit of the team, ever, and they don’t make much sense to me.” Of course, the Giancarlo Stanton contract issue came up again as well. Stanton is arbitration-eligible for the first time this offseason. Within the last couple of weeks, General Manager Dan Jennings told Bowden on MLB Network Radio Stanton was not available. Samson wasn’t as definitive. “We look at the Cardinals who didn’t re-sign Albert Pujols and they just won the pennant,” Samson said. “You really have to think about your team, your payroll. You have to think about how it’s going to work going forward and what percentage of your payroll will one player have or who you want to sign because there are always more players. “It’s a complicated question, but we love Giancarlo and we don’t have to worry about it right now. He’s on our team. If here in Orlando all of a sudden someone comes with an offer Mike and Dan can’t refuse, anybody can get traded. That’s the point of having no no-trade clauses, but I would say it’s very unlikely that he will get dealt.” President of Baseball Operations Michael Hill last week said discussions about when to approach Stanton with a multi-year offer were ongoing.

Q: c# when use a type ,will its constructor be called Like public string _name, when compile this code,will type string's constructor be called A: No, but if you need to call a string constructor, you could use this: _name = new string(...); You must replace the "..." with valid parameters. If you don't know, which parameter are necessary, look at this page.

Q: Make Highchart use a specific targeted time zone I'm using highchart to display data along a time x axis. The data are relative to a specific location on the globe so I need to make HightChart display the time of this location. Which is neither UTC nor the local browser time zone. I already seen the UTC setting, to make use of UTC or browser's local time : Highcharts.setOptions({ global: { useUTC: true } }); And I already think of applying a delay according to my targeted time zone in the label formatter. but it's slightly more complicated : how to manage manually the summer / winter time switch in any targeted country etc Maybe if there is a way to set the time zone in a javascript date object to use a getLocalString() with a specific time zone ? :/ Any idea on how to do this ? A: Possible solution is to use UTC in Highcharts, then if you know what time-zone you want to display you know already offset. Then simply in all formatters (xAxis, tooltip, etc.) add offset to display proper date.

MapQuest gets new look, features for iOS 7 users With Google and Apple locked in an epic battle to win the maps wars, many forget that there are other decent mapping services for iOS. One such service is MapQuest, the tried-and-true mapping solution that has been around for years and years. Today the company updated its MapQuest app for iOS 7 adding a sleek new interface and several feature enhancements including route bookmarking and, my favorite, a status bar that displays your full route statistics, including where you are along the journey and the time and distance left to reach your destination. Apple and Google should adopt this feature. Here's a full rundown of all the new features in MapQuest 4.0: Beautifully redesigned for iOS7, version 4.0 incorporates the useful features you need into precise vector maps to help you get where you need to go. Version 4.0 boasts: • Exquisite, eye-catching map styling – Our map now offers sharper detail and is much easier to read • Traffic conditions on route – Your route turns red (heavy) or yellow (some brake lights) to keep you informed of live traffic conditions • Custom home/work bookmarking – Bookmark your home and work addresses so no matter where you are, you can find your way to either at the push of a button • Road alerts – Get alerted to toll roads and seasonal road closures on your route • Sharing – Keep friends and family in the loop by sharing your location • Audio mute capabilities – Select the audio mute option to turn off voice-guided directions while enjoying music or making a phone call • Advanced search capabilities – Locate your destination faster when you search It should be noted that MapQuest 4.0 requires iOS 7, so if you haven't upgraded yet or have an iOS device that will not support iOS 7, you will not be able to upgrade to MapQuest 4.0. MapQuest 4.0 is a free download and offers an in-app purchase for US$3.99 that gets rid of the ads the app features.

Lake Manitoba Lake Manitoba is Canada's thirteenth largest lake (4,624 km2) and the world's 33rd largest freshwater lake. It is in central North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba, which is named after the lake. It is located about 75 km northwest of the province's capital, Winnipeg, at . History The lake, its shores populated by the Assiniboine and Cree, was made known to Europeans by La Vérendrye in the mid-1730s. He and his sons travelled from Fort La Reine through this lake to explore the Saskatchewan River and its environs. Forts were established on both the Saskatchewan and Cedar Lake. It also was part of the route of the fur trade to Hudson Bay. The name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning "straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit", a toponym referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of the lake. These narrows were an area that the spirit could be heard. What exactly was heard, and in what exact location, seems to be a mystery. The lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. The short-lived Republic of Manitobah and its successor the province of Manitoba both take their name from this lake. Manipogo For many years there have been claims that a monster similar to Scotland's Loch Ness Monster and British Columbia's Ogopogo lives in the lake. It has been named Manipogo. Sightings of this serpent like sea monster have been going on since roughly 1908. Geography The irregularly shaped lake, about 200 km long, is the smallest of a group of three large lakes, the other two being Lake Winnipeg (the largest) and Lake Winnipegosis, which are found on the floor of the prehistoric Glacial Lake Agassiz. The lake is subdivided into two connected but distinctly different basins: a small, irregular-shaped north basin and a much larger south basin. It is part of the watershed of the Nelson River and Hudson Bay. The southern tip of the lake, 24 km north of Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, ends in the Delta Marsh, an important staging ground for migrating birds. Communities on the lake include Fairford, Steep Rock, St. Laurent, and Sandy Bay. Tributaries and outflows The lake is primarily fed by Lake Winnipegosis to its northwest via the Waterhen River, with an average annual contribution of . The Whitemud River and local overland flow average about . Precipitation contributes about . From 1970 to 2003 the Portage Diversion has contributed an average annual volume of from the Assiniboine River. Lake Manitoba drains northeast into Lake Winnipeg through the Fairford River to Lake St. Martin and then to the Dauphin River. The average annual river outflow is . Average evaporation is per year. Most of the water inflow is from the Waterhen River (42% of the inflow) and from precipitation directly on the lake's surface (40%), while nearly 50% of the outflow is by evaporation. This explains its hyposaline nature. Water control dam Severe flooding around the lake led to the excavation of an improved outlet channel between 1899 and 1901. In 1933 following dry years in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Province constructed a concrete control dam across the Fairford River immediately downstream of the channel. A new dam was constructed in 1961. The new structure is operated to try to control levels between above sea level. Flood in 2011 Due to above average snowfall over the winter of 2010-2011, and above average precipitation in the spring over the Lake Manitoba watershed, forecasted water levels on Lake Manitoba called for levels above the regulated upper range of above sea level and around the flood stage of above sea level. With the added inflows of the Portage Diversion due to high water levels on the Assiniboine River and its tributaries, of up to of water the lake peaked at above sea level on July 21. On May 31, 2011 when the lake was already very high, , strong winds from the north and the north-west of 70 km/h gusting to 90 km/h caused major damage to beaches and communities on the south basin of the lake including Twin Lakes Beach, St. Laurent, St. Ambroise, Delta Beach, Lynch Point, Big Point, and large areas of farmland. Historical floods Unlike a river which can rise and recede relatively quickly, large lakes like Lake Manitoba require months or even years for lake levels to rise and fall. Below are the flood years on record in which Lake Manitoba was above flood stage, as defined by Manitoba Infrastructure and Transportation (MIT), of 814 feet ASL. However, beginning around a level of 813 feet ASL, localized flooding of agricultural land around the lake can occur. In 1881-82 lake levels were not recorded. However, given the topography around Lake Manitoba, a level of 817 feet ASL would be required to cause the lake to drain back into the Assiniboine River, which occurred in both 1881 and 1882. Also, a flow of 14,835 cfs was recorded on the Fairford River in 1881, long before significant channel improvements were made. Based on a rating curve for flows on the Fairford River during this period, the flows correlate with a lake level as high as 817.5 feet ASL. Furthermore, in his 1890 study entitled "Report of Exploration of the Glacial Lake Agassiz in Manitoba", Warren Upham states that Lake Manitoba rose approximately 8 feet above its lowest level, which records show to be around 810 feet ASL, suggesting a peak of 818 feet ASL. Lake Levels did not begin to be recorded until 1914. However, in 1913 a flow rate of 11,500 cfs on the Fairford River was recorded, which based on a rating curve for flows during this period would correspond with a lake level of greater than 816 feet ASL. On May 31, 2011, during a major wind event, Lake Manitoba was measured at 820.37 feet ASL at Twin Lakes Beach. As a result of the high water level with wind set-up and wave action, significant damage occurred along the south basin of Lake Manitoba. The 2011 peak flood level is the wind-eliminated peak lake level. Fishing Lake Manitoba is one of the three main lakes in Manitoba's $30-million annual commercial fishing industry. The main marketable fish species caught on Lake Manitoba has changed from whitefish in the late 19th century to walleye, sauger and yellow perch today. There has been a large increase in rough fish like carp. Tullibee catch remains high, although it is not considered a commercial species. The total recorded catch of the commercial winter fishery on the lake has declined from annually in the late 1940s to less than in 2002. Gallery See also List of lakes of Manitoba Twin Lakes Beach, Manitoba Delta Marsh References External links Modern sedimentology and hydrology of Lake Manitoba Lake Manitoba Stewardship Board Category:Lakes of Manitoba Category:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts

December 5: Via Campesina International Food Sovereignty Day to Cool Down the Earth STOP THE 1% FROM PROFITING FROM POLLUTION! LIFT UP COMMUNITY SOLUTIONS THAT COOL THE PLANET! GGJ and La Vía Campesina are calling on all members and allies to mobilize on Saturday, December 3 under the banner of “1000 DURBANS FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE! STOP THE 1% FROM PROFITING FROM POLLUTION, LIFT UP COMMUNITY SOLUTIONS THAT COOL THE PLANET!” Continue reading → With its six caravans, La Via Campesina and its allies will propose alternatives to the climate crisis and to the lack of responsible agreement between governements. The caravans will stop at various places of peasant, social and environmental struggles, as well as at the world alternative Forum and for a large demonstration taking place in Cancun as well as in the rest of the world, on December 7th. (Ciudad de México, November 28th) «The sixth Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 16) is already seen as a failure that will affect the future of humanity, as its only result will be to strenghthen the intention of TNCs to divert money away from the climate crisis» stated Alberto Gomez from La Via Campesina international coordination. [Cochabamba, 20 April, 2010] This morning Itelvina Masioli, a Brazilian leader of the international peasant movement La Via Campesina, spoke at the inauguration of the People’s World Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth. Bolivian President Evo Morales was the keynote speaker to the crowd of several thousand. The conference, organized by the Bolivian government after countries failed to agree on a plan to stop climate change in Copenhagen last December, is being held from April 19 thru 22. Its goal is to amplify the voices of those who were not heard in Copenhagen. “We are here together with President Evo Morales to play an active role in this grand global mobilization in Defense of Mother Earth,” said Masioli. “Our planet is in danger, and if our planet is in danger, then life is in danger.” (Cochabamba, April 17 2010) Peasants women and men from farmers organisations throughout the world, members of La Via Campesina, celebrate the 17th of April as the International Day of Peasant Struggle, and reaffirm their vow to intensify the mobilization for the rights of peasants everywhere. To commemorate this date, delegates representing distinct countries, beginning at 11am, in the Plaza 14th of September, in Cochabamba, Bolivia, with the proposal that this date not be forgotten, and so that the struggle of peasants becomes stronger. With delegates from throughout the world, the women and the men of La Via Campesina Bolivia commemorate the anniversary of the massacre of 19 peasants that fell struggling for access to land, in the state of Pará, Brazil in 1996. On April 17 1997, after three months of protest for the defense of Mother Earth and for the cultivation of the coca leaf in Bolivia, seven indigenous peasants, including a child and its mother, were massacred. In Cochabamba, thousands of peasants from throughout the world are gathering at the beginning of the week to participate in the Peoples’ Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, invited by President Evo Morales. More than 300 members of La Via Campesina fom around the world will be participating. According to the organizers of the conference, more than 7,500 people have already registered for the conference. Additionally, about 3,000 peasants from La Via Campesina Bolivia are leaving their communities in order to defend peasant agriculture and climate justice. Cochabamba, April 17 2010: Peasants, women and men from farmers organisations throughout the world, members of La Via Campesina, celebrate the 17th of April as the International Day of Peasant Struggle, and reaffirm their vow to intensify the mobilization for the rights of peasants everywhere. To commemorate this date, delegates representing distinct countries, beginning at 11am, in the Plaza 14th of September, in Cochabamba, Bolivia, with the proposal that this date not be forgotten, and so that the struggle of peasants becomes stronger. With delegates from throughout the world, the women and the men of La Via Campesina Bolivia commemorate the anniversary of the massacre of 19 peasants that fell struggling for access to land, in the state of Pará, Brazil in 1996. On April 17 1997, after three months of protest for the defense of Mother Earth and for the cultivation of the coca leaf in Bolivia, seven indigenous peasants, including a child and its mother, were massacred. In Cochabamba, thousands of peasants from throughout the world are gathering at the beginning of the week to participate in the Peoples’ Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, invited by President Evo Morales. More than 300 members of La Via Campesina fom around the world will be participating. According to the organizers of the conference, more than 7,500 people have already registered for the conference. Additionally, about 3,000 peasants from La Via Campesina Bolivia are leaving their communities in order to defend peasant agriculture and climate justice. The International Peasant’s Movement La Via Campesina invites the media to a candle light vigil and symbolic action tomorrow 10 December 2009 at 6pm at Gammeltorv – Nytorv (Copenhagen city center). Farmers from around the world are affected by climate change – droughts and floods are destroying their land and crops . But these farmers are also extremely seriously affected by the false solutions currently negotiated at the UNFCCC: carbon trading, land evictions in the name of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation), agrofuels, climate-ready genetically modified seeds… Peasants and small farmers from Asia, Africa, America and Europe will light candles and stage a symbolic action to kick off their mobilizations in Copenhagen. La Via Campesina is an international movement which brings together millions of peasants, small producers, landless people, agricultural workers and rural women and youth around the world. Our movement is made up of 150 member organisations active in 70 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas.

steps: - task: NodeTool@0 inputs: versionSpec: $(node_version) displayName: 'Install Node.js' - bash: | yarn yarn run build ls -lhR bin ls -lhR lib displayName: 'Install and build' - script: | cd packages/pkg-tests yarn displayName: 'Install the acceptance tests' - script: | cd packages/pkg-tests yarn jest yarn --reporters=default --reporters=jest-junit displayName: 'Run the acceptance tests' - task: PublishTestResults@2 inputs: testResultsFiles: '**/junit.xml' testRunTitle: $(os_name) Node $(node_version) displayName: 'Publishing the test results' condition: always()

772 N.W.2d 268 (2009) IN RE Z.M. No. 09-0289. Court of Appeals of Iowa. July 2, 2009. Decision without published opinion. Affirmed.

Make music faster A cloud based browser organizes content into 3 levels: Product Lines, Kits, and Loops. Search by keyword or tags, hear audio previews in your session’s key and tempo, download only what you want directly inside your plugin. Plus, a dedicated section for your own loops. No need to search websites or folders. A cloud browser organizes content into 3 levels: Product Lines, Kits, and Loops. Everything just works. Search by keyword or tags, hear audio previews in your session's key and tempo, download only what you want directly inside your plugin.

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Unfortunately its not my feeder, it's set up at the wetlands trust in the woodlands area. I used to have a bird feeder and table in the garden until the next door nightmares brought in a bird murdering moggy. Now putting food out for the birds here is tantamount to baiting the trap. (Actually, I do love cats and certainly can't blame the cats for just doing what comes naturally to them. ) The difference between fiction and reality? Fiction has to make sense. Very nice Dug. Zooming in shouldn't affect the graininess, unless you are cropping or increasing the exposure levels in post processing. It might be your camera is using a high ISO setting if you are shooting in auto mode. If you set the max ISO to the 400 mark, you should be able to eliminate much of the noise, or shoot on a slow shutter speed with the camera braced. We're expecting some snow down here tomorrow so I might try and get a shot or two before it gets walked over (assuming it settles, that is, and I can pull myself out of my nice warm bed). The difference between fiction and reality? Fiction has to make sense. Penners it a bridge camera not a DSLR if I have the name right ,there is only zoom and a couple of other bits you can do I cropped the 2nd one and it was shot in auto mode maybe it was just the light with the mist that made it look that way. Thanks for the info anyway. He willnae tak' a drink! I think he's deid! , on the other hand though A Midgie in yir hand is worth twa up yir kilt.

# SIP Trace Plugin * [Name](#name) * [Description](#description) * [Dependant Plugins](#dependant-plugins) * [Configuration Values](#configuration-values) * [API Functions](#api-functions) * [Callback Functions](#callback-functions) * [Examples](#examples) ## Name ### `nksip_trace` ## Description This plugin allows to trace sent and received SIP messages to console or disk. You can start tracing any specific Service, and for any IP or a specific set of IPs. See the `nksip_trace` option [bellow](#configuration-values). ## Dependant Plugins None ## Configuration Values ### Service configuration values Option|Default|Description ---|---|--- sip_trace|-|Configures tracing for this Service (see bellow) You can use the following options for `nksip_trace`: * `{sip_trace, console}`: Tracing for all IPs will be sent to the console * `{sip_trace, File::string()}`: Tracing will be sent to this file * `{sip_trace, {console, IpSpec::list()}}`: Trace to console, but only for this IPs (see bellow) * `{sip_trace, {File::string(), IpSpec::list()}}`: Trace to file, but only for this IPs (see bellow) IpSpec can be an IP (like `"10.0.0.1"`), list of IPs (like `["10.0.0.1", "10.0.0.2"]`) or a regular expression or list of regular expressions (like `["10.0.0.1", "^11.*"]`) Tracing will be much faster if you don't use IP filtering. ## API functions ### get_all/0 ```erlang get_all() -> [{App::nksip:srv_name(), File::console|binary(), IpList::all|[binary()]}]. ``` Get all Services currently tracing messages. ### start/0 ```erlang start() -> [{nksip:srv_name(), ok|{error, term()}}]. ``` Equivalent to `start(AppId, console, all)` for all started Services. ### start/1 ```erlang start(App::nksip:srv_id()|nksip:srv_name()) -> ok | {error, term()}. ``` Equivalent to `start(AppId, console, all)` for a started Service. ### start/2 ```erlang start(App::nksip:srv_id()|nksip:srv_name(), File::file()) -> ok | {error, term()}. ``` Equivalent to `start(AppId, File, all)` for a started Service. ### start/3 ```erlang start(nksip:srv_id()|nksip:srv_id(), file(), ip_list()) -> ok | {error, term()}. ``` Configures a Service to start tracing SIP messages. Under the hood, it calls `nksip:update/2` to modify the Service configuration and include the corresponding `nksip_trace` option. ### stop/0 ```erlang stop() -> ok. ``` Stop all tracing processes, closing all open files. ### stop/1 ```erlang stop(App::nksip:srv_id()|nksip:srv_name()) -> ok | {error, term()}. ``` Stop tracing in a specific Service, closing trace file if it is opened. ### print/1 ```erlang print(Msg::nksip:request()|nksip:response()) -> ok. ``` Pretty-print a `nksip:request()` or `nksip:response()`. ### print/2 ```erlang print(Tag::string()|binary(), Msg::nksip:request()|nksip:response()) -> ok. ``` Pretty-print a `nksip:request()` or `nksip:response()` with a Tag. ## Examples ```erlang nksip_trace:start("my_app", "/tmp/1.trace", ["10.0.0.1", "^11.*"]). ``` or using the Service configuration file: ```erlang nksip:start("my_app", nksip_callbacks, [], [ {plugins, [nksip_trace]}, {sip_trace, {"/tmp/1.trace", ["10.0.0.1", "^11.*"]}}]). ``` removing the trace: ```erlang nksip:update("my_app", [{plugins, []}]). ```

[Breast reconstruction with free flap of gracilis]. Breast reconstruction with free flap of gracilis has been described since 2004. The procedure consists in harvesting a flap made of the gracilis muscle and a transverse cutaneous paddle originating from the internal root of the thigh. The pedicle of the flap is the main pedicle of the gracilis muscle. After weaning, the vessels are anastomosed to the internal thoracic artery and vein. The modeling of the breast is done by folding the cut points in front of the muscle to obtain the shape of a cone. This surgical technique allows the realization of autologous breast reconstructions of small to medium size, immediate or delayed, unilateral or bilateral.

Along with Misty Knight, who appeared in comics the same year (1975), Storm (Ororo Munroe) is one of the first female black comic book superheroes. While the character has a messy history sometimes, as the result of mostly being written by white men throughout a majority of her existence, she is still, along with Black Panther, one of the most important black characters. Which is why her live-action counterparts have been some of the most hotly debated casting choices. Halle Berry was cast as Storm in the first X-Men film and if you speak to any black person about that choice, even ones who didn’t care about comics, they will tell you it was because Halle was the black female celebrity at the time. She’d just come from winning a Golden Globe and an Emmy for Introducing Dorothy Dandridge, and it catapulted her onto the national stage. So in 2000, she was the perfect choice for a mainstream studio. Angela Bassett was originally up for the role, but she declined, much to the chagrin of people everywhere (and this makes her casting in Black Panther extra delicious). Storm in the X-Men films is basically a non-entity. She is boring, dull, and uninteresting, which isn’t the fault of Halle Berry—but Berry also didn’t bring anything to the role. So when it came out that they were going to be recasting Storm for Age of Apocolypse, people were excited to see Storm done again and done right. For a lot of people, this meant having Storm be a darker-skinned black woman. As we discussed yesterday, calling out colorism in Hollywood, and the choices being made, doesn’t mean we are calling out or dismissing the black experiences of mixed-race or lighter-skinned black women. However, it means being aware that there are biases in place. Halle Berry is a mixed-race woman (white mother/black father), and the actress chosen to take up the mantle of playing a younger Storm was 26-year-old Alexandra Shipp, who is also mixed-race (white mother/black father). While this made sense because Shipp was supposed to be playing a young version of Berry’s Storm in whatever weird time-warp sense this whole X-Men Universe is, people were disappointed. While Storm’s complexion has changed over the years and depending on the artist, recent versions have made it clear that she is on the darker side complexion wise. Somewhere between Gabrielle Union and Lupita if you need a reference. As Storm is one of the most powerful and most desirable women in the Marvel Universe (list of people crushing on Storm includes Wolverine, Magneto, Thor, Loki, and Doctor Doom), to have her be dark-skinned in a society that created phrases like “you’re pretty for a dark girl” would be unbelievably powerful . So now that Disney has control of Fox, people have already been thinking about ways to bring Storm and Thor together for much lightening play (please, please, please) and that led to a conflict between people on Twitter, and Shipp. I woild LOVE this! Bring it on 💪🏾 https://t.co/KKVRaKfJ8I — Alexandra Shipp (@AlexShipppp) December 14, 2017 Well said my dear friend 👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾 https://t.co/rJl2xGhUdu — Alexandra Shipp (@AlexShipppp) December 14, 2017 Agreed. But why go after an actor? What good does that bring?Wouldn’t talking to one and getting them to see your side without offending them work better? Take it up with someone who can do something!Cuz I’m never turning down a role to make other ppl feel comfortable EVER. https://t.co/U25bUHSpZf — Alexandra Shipp (@AlexShipppp) December 14, 2017 You wanna know what I’ve found interesting? That 90% of the racism I’ve experienced in my lifetime has been at the hands of fellow black people. It’s crazy! Why do this? Why tell a woman she’s not enough because YOU THINK SO?? — Alexandra Shipp (@AlexShipppp) December 14, 2017 You guys act like i dont want every skin tone represented on TV smh who would ever want that? This conversation about Storm is so stupid, I’m out. Y’all don’t know me and probably never will. If i lose my job to another actress, i hope it’s for her talent and grace, not her skin. — Alexandra Shipp (@AlexShipppp) December 14, 2017 Now, I understand Shipp’s anger about being called out for being “racially ambiguous,” because she most certainly is not and neither is Halle, but the frustration isn’t directed at Shipp. It is directed a society that takes one of the few positive black female African characters, and lightens her constantly. Black comic book fans have been fighting to maintain Storm’s blackness for decades, and deserve to be recognized. We cannot pretend that there aren’t perceptional differences between African-Americans and black Africans—and that there isn’t a reason that a majority of the female black stars we have today are lighter-skinned or mixed-race women. Again, that isn’t the fault of the actresses, but if they dismiss all conversation around the issue as hate, then nothing can be done. I recognize that Shipp is young, and an actress, and she is not going to stop her career, which is just now picking up, and turn down roles because of colorism. However, that doesn’t make the conversation about Storm stupid. It is not stupid to want one of the most important, most powerful, and most beloved black female characters to be dark-skinned. Especially when she is. Black Panther can’t be the only place where a range of blackness is shown in comic book movies. (image: Fox) Want more stories like this? Become a subscriber and support the site! —The Mary Sue has a strict comment policy that forbids, but is not limited to, personal insults toward anyone, hate speech, and trolling.— Have a tip we should know? [email protected]

SEMA Member News - July/August 2009 An Interview With Outgoing Street Performance Council Chairman Eric Breslow Technology has changed the way the automotive specialty-equipment market functions and has affected every member of SEMA. The Internet Symposium is designed to walk even novice members through the mysteries and pitfalls of the Internet. The Street Performance Council (SPC) has gone through some significant changes during the tenure of outgoing Chairman Eric Breslow. Several new programs and events have been added, including the SEMA Internet Symposium, an SPC reception during the SEMA Show, and a number of consumer and jobber focus panels. Changing the council name from Sport-Compact Council to Street Performance Council was among the most dramatic. We recently spoke with Breslow about how the council has morphed over the past few years. SEMA Member News: What brought about the SPC’s name change? Eric Breslow: As the niche matured into a mainstream product group, the traditional definition of a “sport compact” car became blurred. Was a Dodge Neon a sport-compact car? How about a Mustang GT? The same manufacturers and jobbers selling Honda parts were also selling products for those models. The name Sport-Compact Council simply didn’t illustrate who our group is. Street Performance Council does in its true and descriptive nature. Our members are the supply chain that manufactures, distributes and markets street-performance parts. Our new name allows us to expand our membership and not be classified as just one specific thing. The larger member base also increases our leverage within SEMA to continue to bring the most innovative and cutting-edge benefits to our membership. SMN: What was the idea behind the Internet Symposium? EB: As most people are now aware, technology has changed the way our market functions. Whether it be the way consumers find information about products, forum discussions, eCommerce, consolidation of the retailer and subsequent margins and new ways of cataloging data, the Internet has affected every single member of SEMA. The Internet Symposium was designed to walk even our most novice members through the mysteries and pitfalls of the Internet. Using top education providers, we answer questions that are industry relevant and help members enhance their online presence. It is a program that is designed by members for members, with only production support from the association. This peer-to-peer approach ensures that our content stays relevant and has maximum value to the membership. SMN: Why have a reception during the SEMA Show? EB: The cornerstone of SEMA is networking. Our reception allows us to recognize industry companies and individuals with our annual SPC awards and gives members a chance to meet their peers in a fresh and contemporary lounge setting. Again designed completely by SPC volunteers, the reception gears itself to our younger demographic. SMN: What is the purpose of the focus panels? EB: The focus panels are an amazing and under-utilized concept. For individual members to put on focus groups would cost thousands of dollars. In this scenario, we travel to large events and invite consumers to sit with manufacturers. Both sets of participants have handheld computers with which they answer various questions and then compare their answers at the end of the session. It’s always amazing how few times the manufacturers can “guess” what the consumers will say. This kind of real-time interaction gives marketing directors a chance to redirect campaigns to be more relevant for the market. SMN: In closing, looking back at your time as chair, what do you feel was your greatest accomplishment? EB: Several years ago, we had a council that was heavily focused on one project: racers against street racing. That project later became part of the bigger SEMA charitable organization and left the SPC with no significant member benefits. When I ran for the chair position, it was to get in and make sure that if SEMA members joined our council and paid the dues, they got a return on that investment. That’s all that was important to me. Not only have we met that goal, but by changing the name and having exceptional volunteers on our Select Committee, we have a secure, long-term direction and will continue that momentum for years to come. It was a very fulfilling experience.

Just organizing some past work on tumblr that Iv’e posted through instagram before. So I decided to show some avatar love with some of the personal pixel animations I did re-creating the Korra open.

Alexander Krivets Alexander Yeliseyevich Krivets (September 12, 1919 – January 27, 1992) was a Hero of the Soviet Union and a participant in the Soviet partisan movement during World War II. Biography Alexander Krivets was born on September 12, 1919 in the village of Pisky, in what today is the Bobrovytsia Raion of the Chernihiv Oblast. He was enrolled in the local elementary and middle school in 1927. In 1934, following the completion of his studies, he enrolled in the year-long preparatory courses at the USSR Ministry of Food Production's Bila Tserkva Agricultural Institute of Sugar Production (Russian: Белоцерковский сельскохозяйственный институт сахарной промышленности), where from 1935 to 1940 he would attend classes in the school's agronomy department (Diploma No. 309596). In 1936, he became a trade-union member and a member of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (VLKSM). Finishing his studies at the institute in 1940, he then followed the call of the VLKSM's central committee and volunteered, as a Komsomol member with a higher education, to study at the Moscow Red Star Military College of Aviation Technology (Russian: Московское Военное Краснозвёздное авиационное техническое училище). There, his focus was on the use of air-navigation equipment in military planes, and he graduated with distinction in 1941, qualifying as an aircraft technician and receiving the title of Sergeant. Being a top student, he was given the right of choosing where to serve, and was sent to the 254th aviation regiment of the 36th aviation division, where he was to be a squadron technician and to work with the planes’ air-navigation equipment. In August 1941, the regiment's commander, P. M. Petrov, officially granted Krivets the military title of Technician-Lieutenant (Russian: техник-лейтенант) – he would later be granted the title of Captain in 1944 (Military ID GI No. 116300). The division was based in Kiev, but the regiment was soon deployed to the airfield by the village of Vil’shanka, in the Vasylkiv Raion of the Kiev Oblast. It was deployed many times thereafter (to Vasylkiv, Brovary, Semypolky, and Boryspil), and with the front's approach was rebased close to the city of Yahotyn, in the Kiev Oblast. It was there that, as part of the Southwestern Front, the regiment found itself caught in the great encirclement of Kiev, with the regiment headquarters and its archives destroyed as a result. Attempts to escape the encirclement were unsuccessful. In November 1941, Krivets was able to make it out and reach Pisky, where in the December of the same year there was created an anti-fascist underground organization to prepare for open, armed partisan warfare in the Nova Basan’ Raion (now Bobrovytsia). The organization consisted of 35 people and was led by I. A. Golovko, with Krivets acting as his deputy. By March 1942, the group completed its collection and organization of weapons, ammunition, messengers, and secret meeting places, and in the November of that year was given the name “the Shchors detachment”. Krivets was elected as the detachment's commander during its general assembly, with I. Golovko and I. Sidorenko chosen as the commissioner and headquarters chief, respectively. According to the German war archives, the partisan group started actively carrying out military operations in the beginning of July 1942. In its attempts to destroy the detachment, the Wehrmacht would organize a series of large-scale roundups with the use of both ground and air forces. According to the reports delivered to the operational-rear commander of Army Group South by the forces of the SD , SS , gendarmerie , and various garrison command centers: “It is becoming more and more evident that the bands in the region to the north of Kiev benefit from military organization. The 213th Security Division (Wehrmacht) is currently using a strengthened battalion to carry out an operation in the Nova Basan’ region, after which, from July 27 on, there will follow a joint action on the part of the 213th Rear-Security Division and the Hungarian 8th Rear-Security Army in the region to the northeast of Kobyzhcha. Krivets had been arrested in March 1942. Two days later, he would be taken out under police escort to be delivered to the Gestapo, but would be rescued by his comrades while en route. On July 15, 1942, the following report was delivered to the operational-rear commander of Army Group South: “The partisans are in Pisky, 10 kilometers northwest of Nova Basan’, in the Chernihiv Oblast. Six armed partisans burst in on the starosta in Pisky... One member of the police was injured, another one killed. The partisans escaped. The gendarmerie of Bobrovytsia was able to establish their surnames. Their family members were arrested. The investigation is ongoing.” Under the direction of the regional mayor, I. L. Dyachenko, who also headed the police in Nova Basan’ and Pisky, the partisans’ relatives were arrested for having connections to and aiding the partisan detachment, and were then executed. Among them were Krivets's father and sixteen-year-old brother (according to the Bobrovytsia regional archives, the father and brother were not executed but sent to work in Germany). The partisans’ attempts to capture the mayor were not successful. Later that year, he disappeared without a trace. The detachment grew quickly. By the end of 1942, it already counted 117 members (according to data from the archives, however, the detachment only had 35-40 members as of January 1, 1943). According to the German reports (File 232, p. 28): “June 1943. The northern part of the operative region of the Pereyaslav local command center is under strengthened offensives from two partisan detachments. Presumably, they have connections to Kohan’s motorized band[3], part of which is located beyond the operational-rear region under and north of Nova Basan’.” “Army Group Centre does not have the strength and means to destroy this band in joint effort with the forces of the operational-rear region.” “Kohan’s motorized detachment, which carries out some of its actions in regions north of the Nova Basan’ settlement and outside Army Group South's operational zone, is delivering all-out attacks on the garrison command centers with the use of vehicles that they have, through persistent raids, seized from our rear units.” According to the commander of the partisan detachment formation in the Kiev Oblast, I. F. Cheburnov – the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU) central committee’s authorized representative on the occupied territory – the Shchors detachment acted heroically throughout 1943, all the way up to its joining with the subdivisions of the Red Army in the September of that year. Information regarding the military and political work of the detachment are available in the detachment’s own records, which were verified and stored in the CPU central committee’s Ukrainian Partisan Movement Headquarters, Russian: Украинский штаб партизанского движения) and Marx-Lenin Institute archives. A significant portion of the partisans (approximately 200 fighters) received government awards for their courage and valor in the battle against the German fascist invaders. With a decree effective from January 4, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR would issue to Krivets, the detachment’s commander, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, presenting him with the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union) and the Gold Star, for his “exemplary execution of commanding duties against the enemy’s rear in the battle against the German fascist invaders, bravery and heroism, and major contributions to the development of the partisan movement in Ukraine.” On August 21, 1943, the USSR Council of People's Commissars (SNK, Russian: Совет народных комиссаров) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's (CPSU) central committee issued a resolution “with regard to certain measures related to the restoration of the national economy in regions liberated from the German occupation”. As a result, in the beginning of 1944, Krivets – under the orders of the CPU central committee – was sent as a specialist with a higher education in the field of sugar production to assist with the restoration of a Smila sugar refinery, where he was appointed as the director. Later, he would serve as the director of the sugar refineries in Horodyshche-Pustovarivs’ke and Talne. He would also, from 1950 on, serve as the deputy head of the Ukrainian SSR’s Main Directorate of Sugar Production (Russian: Главное Управление сахарной промышленности УССР) and, after the directorate’s reform, would serve continuously from 1953 to 1980 as the deputy manager of the Kiev beet sugar trust – serving as the trust’s chief agronomist, manager, and, following the reorganization of the trust into an association, the general director of the Kiev Sahprom (Russian: Сахпром) association. From 1982, he would work as a senior researcher at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Sugar Beet (Russian: Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт сахарной свёклы). In 1945, Krivets was a delegate to the first World Federation of Democratic Youth, held in London, where he was the flag bearer for the Ukrainian SSR during the opening ceremony in the Royal Albert Hall. He was a member of the Communist Party from 1945, and would be elected to serve as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR. For many years, he would be elected both as an alternate and a member of the Kiev Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and as a member of the Kiev Oblast Soviet of People’s Deputies (Russian: Киевский областной совет народных депутатов). He successfully defended his dissertation and in 1974 was awarded the Candidate of Sciences in Economics by the USSR Council of Ministers’ Higher Attestation Commission (Diploma of Economics No. 000588). He would publish a total of ten academic works. In 1973, he published his memoirs in a novel titled Via Crimson Roads (Russian: «Багряными дорогами»), written in Ukrainian and published by the Ukrainian Political Literature Press (Russian: Политиздат Украины). Stripping and Return of the Hero of the Soviet Union title In 1978, the Moscow writer Arkadiy Yakovlevich Sahnin invited Krivets for a meeting, having introduced himself as a special correspondent of the newspaper Pravda. The meeting took place in July in the Kiev hotel “Teatralnaya” (Russian: «Театральная»), where Sahnin informed that there were insistent demands from comrades in the CPSU central committee apparatus to have I. L. Dyachenko's (see above) image rehabilitated – namely, they wanted him declared as having been one of the members of the partisan underground. The pressure stemmed from his influential relatives, whose advancement up the career ladder was being hindered by his past connections with the occupational forces. In 1979 and 1980, articles published in Literaturnaya Gazeta exposed Krivets's reportedly false claims about the actions of the partisan detachment. Soon, the CPSU central committee's Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (KPK) received a phone call from the general secretary, after which Krivets was summoned to a KPK meeting. The commission would investigate the relevant documents and collect information about Krivets from eyewitnesses and other members of the partisan movement. Consequently, he was expelled from the Party, with the decree to strip Krivets of the Hero of the Soviet Union title and the Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, First Class signed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR a few days later (effective February 28, 1980). The battle for the honor of the Shchors detachment partisans, dead and alive, went on for over a decade. In the end, a group of former partisans turned to the People's Court (Soviet Union) of Moscow's Sokolnicheskiy district – in accordance with the defendants’ place of residence – to take legal action against Sahnin and the editorial board of Literaturnaya Gazeta. The court accepted the accusations, found them to be just, and obligated Literaturnaya Gazeta to openly refute the previous articles. On September 15, 1991, the newspaper informed its readers, in its “Rights and Morals” (Russian: «Мораль и право») section, that what was presented in the articles of 1979 and 1980 did not match reality. The author of the articles and the newspaper's editorial board presented their apologies. Under the decree issued by the president of the USSR and effective on July 16, 1991, the Presidium's decree of February 28, 1980 stripping Krivets of the Hero of the Soviet Union title was annulled. On August 29, the head of the secretariat of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (ZSU), the chairman of the ZSU Presidium's Commission of Government Awards (Russian: Комиссии Президиума ВС Украины по государственным наградам), N. G. Homenko, handed to Krivets the Order of Lenin, the Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, First Class, the Gold Star, the Hero of the Soviet Union certificate and booklet, and his booklet of awards. Krivets died on January 27, 1992. He was buried with military rites in the Baikove Cemetery. Legacy In the memorial complex “The National Museum of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” (Russian: «Национальный музей истории Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945 годов») in Kiev, there is an exhibition with a stand dedicated to “Alexander Yeliseyevich Krivets, Hero of the Soviet Union”. Awards • Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union (1944) • Order of Lenin (1944) • Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, First Class (1945) • Order of the Badge of Honour (thrice – 1958, 1966, 1973) • Certificate of Honor from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR (Russian: Почётная грамота Президиума Верховного Совета УССР) (1969) • Order of the October Revolution (1971) • Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War" (Russian: Медаль «Партизану Отечественной войны»), First Class (1944) • Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (Russian: Медаль «За победу над Германией») (1945) • “Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War” Medal (Russian: Медаль «За доблестный труд в Великой Отечественной войне») (1946) • Medal "For the Defence of Kiev" (Russian: Медаль «За оборону Киева») (1964) • “Twenty Year Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War” Medal (Russian: Медаль «20 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне») (1965) • Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" (Russian: Медаль «50 лет Вооружённых Сил СССР») (1968) • Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (Russian: Медаль «В ознаменование 100-летия со дня рождения Владимира Ильича Ленина») (1970) • “Twenty-Five Year Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War” Medal (Russian: Медаль «25 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне») (1970) • “Thirty Year Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” Medal (Russian: Медаль «30 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.») (1975) • USSR VDNH Silver Medal (twice – 1967, 1970) • USSR VDNH Gold Medal (1974) • “Top Performer in the USSR Ministry of Food Production’s Socialist emulation” Badge (Russian: Знак «Отличник Социалистического соревнования МПП СССР») (twice – 1973, 1975) • “Udarnik of the Ninth Five-Year Plan” Badge (Russian: Знак «Ударник 9-й пятилетки») (1975) References • T. A. Strokach, Naš pozyvnyj – svoboda. Politvydav Ukrayiny, 1975. • M. Kanjuka, “The stolen star” (Russian: «Украденная Звезда»), Kto vinovat, No. 12, 1991. • “Nahorody poverneno”, message from Ukrinform, Sil's'ki visti, August 30, 1991. • M. Tkachenko, “The truth won" (Pravda vostorzhestvuvala), Desnjans'ka Pravda, September 3, 1991. • M. Kanjuka, “The stolen star” (Russian: «Украденная Звезда»), Nezavisimost, September 23, 1998. • I. Vetrov, “In the tough years too we preserve our honor” (Russian: «И в трудные годы честь храним»), Rabochee slovo, November 7, 1991. • V. Vezhnyn, “The stolen star”, Chreščatyk, November 14, 1991. • A. Tovkač, “This is the way to the truth (Takyj šljach do pravdy)”, Trudova slava, December 10, 1991. • S. Chernyak, “Letter to the chief editor”, Kto vinovat, No. 1, 1992. • A. Burlyga, Memories of a Friend (Russian: «Память о друге») (memoirs). Moscow, May 1995. Category:1919 births Category:1992 deaths

Monday, December 17, 2012 For more than a half century, Luis La Rosa and Harry Henry have left their homes before dawn each workday in the communist-run city of Guantánamo, where old American cars rumble past posters of the Castro brothers in a Cold War time warp, climbed into taxis and traveled to the U.S. military base at Guantánamo Bay, where troops shop at a Wal-Mart-like store and eat at McDonald's and Subway. The commute takes less than an hour but spans two worlds and a heavily guarded border fence. Now it is coming to an end. La Rosa, a 79-year-old welder who works at the base's motor pool, and Henry, an 82-year-old office worker, are retiring at the end of the month. They were honored Friday at a retirement ceremony. The close friends, who have a kind of celebrity status on the base, are the last of what were once hundreds of Cubans commuting daily to work at this isolated U.S. military installation. For them, it is a bittersweet moment - a severing of one of the last real links between Cuba and the U.S. Navy base that has been an unwelcome presence on the island for generations.

25User Rating: 2 out of 5 Review title of Agent One18 A busted, imbalanced game, with potential Has some genuine potential, but borderline unplayable at times, in its current state. As a survivor, it tends to be an uphill battle, since you can have enemies and traps spawn directly on you. If the Mastermind player knows what they're doing in the slightest, they can easily exploit the game, and make it virtually impossible for Survivors to get through. If the Mastermind uses a tyrant, more often than not, Survivors should and do phone it in, because, while the tyrant is only a timed usage B.O.W., it can't be damaged, stunned, or killed; when one knows how to use it, it more or less is a game-ender. With more variety (which there will be, in the full release), and some mechanical tweaks, this has the potential to be an enjoyable game. Unfortunately, what's available right now, is a broken, often frustrating mess.

. . . student loan defaults have overtaken those for all other types of debt. America’s total student loan debt is now nearly $1.2 trillion. One reason the burden is difficult to pay off, Fed researchers wrote: “Student debt is not dischargeable in bankruptcy like other types of debt … Delinquent or defaulted student loans can stagnate on borrowers’ credit reports.” The number of student borrowers almost doubled over ten years. The surge is fueled by more people borrowing — and borrowing larger amounts. The number of borrowers rose 92 percent between 2004 and 2014, according to the Fed researchers. The average student loan balance grew 74 percent. ——— Danielle Paquette, “Americans are having more trouble paying off their student debt than their houses”, Washington Post, February 19, 2015. … Primarily because of the recent growth in enrollment in the program, projected long-term revenues from the federal direct student loan portfolio were reduced by almost $22 billion compared with the best guess from the previous year…. That’s a big quasi-bailout, increasing the deficit nearly 5 percent. The White House budget office was unaware of any larger re-estimates since the current scoring rules for credit programs went into effect in 1992. As a January Politico Magazine feature on the government’s unusual credit portfolio reported, the Federal Housing Administration has stuck more than $75 billion worth of similar re-estimates onto Uncle Sam’s tab over the last two decades, most of them after the recent housing bust led to a cascade of FHA-backed mortgage defaults. But it’s never had a one-year shortfall quite as drastic as this. Borrowers are made out to be innocent victims of “circumstances beyond their control”. Regardless of which accounting method is used, the federal government is expecting to write off billions of dollars in future student loan balances under the program in order to reward public service employment and protect borrowers from economic circumstances beyond their control. Eventually both private lenders and the government will be on the hook. The government has already moved to ease some loan terms. It will need to find more, especially for those snookered into paying for degrees worthless in the job market. The private loans, meanwhile, will simply blow up. We may as well start figuring now how graduates, taxpayers, lenders, and schools will split the bill. Taxpayers just took on $22 billion, and there’s probably more to come. It’s borrowers with the smallest balances that are most likely to default on their student loans. College dropouts are more likely to default. … One likely explanation, offered by the New York Fed researchers, is that many Americans with small loan balances are dropouts. They may have attended school for a semester or two without getting a degree. They often don’t end up with the decent-paying job that a college education is supposed to bring, and thus lack the income to repay their debt. Another possibility is that low-balance borrowers attained credentials such as certificates that don’t lead to the kind of jobs and salaries that a bachelor’s degree does. A larger loan balance usually indicates a graduate degree, a credential that generally correlates with a higher salary. By contrast, many borrowers with large loan balances are people who graduated from master’s programs and professional schools—doctors, lawyers—who typically end up with generous salaries. (We said typical, not always. There are plenty of struggling lawyers.) High earners disproportionately take advantage of income-based repayment programs that shift part of their loan burden to taxpayers. So while they have the biggest debts, they’re getting the actual returns on their investment and thus are in position to repay their loans. They also may be the most likely to enroll in income-based repayment programs, which many academics say disproportionately benefit high earners. The “real problem” that needs urgent attention is K-12 education, but President Obama proposes “to spend money on preschool or community college instead of substantive reform of K-12″. Do Kids Need ‘College’ Because High Schools Aren’t Doing Their Job? Mandating “free” thirteenth and fourteenth grades via community college should make one wonder what is going wrong in tenth through twelfth grade that makes two more years of de facto public school now necessary. Only increasing opportunity can reduce poverty. More “free” preschool or thirteenth grade only serves as palliative care for those in poverty. These programs don’t spark real change, as demonstrated from studies from Obama’s own administration. It’s a tacit admission from Democrats that their goal is not to eliminate poverty but to paper over it with politically charged policy. In fact, what would animate the Democratic Party if poverty were significantly reduced? They much prefer the self-satisfaction of saying they care without ever having to produce results. If no one were poor, whom would they have to feel superior to? That’s the problem Democrats won’t be addressing any time soon and it’s the one that deserves this nation’s attention. Institutionalizing children earlier and longer won’t lead to more creativity and innovation, which are the real stimulus of economic growth. Real-world experiences—whether it play when young or entry-level jobs when they’re teens—are being taken off the table while politicians mandate more isolation and testing within the confines of public school. Don’t fall for the bait and switch. It’s time to tackle the real challenge that we are already paying too much for universal education and getting diminishing returns. Even though Head Start produces no long-term benefits, Obama pushes for more of the same. His recent idea of “free” community college only emphasises the failure of our existing K-12 system to produce competent graduates. … More “free” preschool or thirteenth grade only serves as palliative care for those in poverty. These programs don’t spark real change, as demonstrated from studies from Obama’s own administration…. Otto offers only vague ideas for alternative solutions: more real world experiences in the form of less structured child care and entry-level jobs for teens. Those may be helpful, in theory at least. Actually implementing them successfully is a whole other challenge. Poor single parents are not easily trained to properly nurture their children and jobs are not instantly created by government dictum. But if Otto’s ideas are not the best solutions, then “free” preschool and college certainly also fail the test for the best use of taxpayer money. ——— Amy Otto, “President Obama Pushes Pre-K And ‘Free’ College Because He’s Got Jack For K-12″, The Federalist, January 23, 2015. Students who took out big loans for graduate school and those with higher incomes stand the most to gain financially under President Obama’s expansion of the federal government’s loan forgiveness program. Lawyers, doctors and other highly trained professionals who utilized federal loans throughout their post-high school education could walk away with most or all of their graduate school debt forgiven by the federal government under the program, say experts. Graduate students usually get their money’s worth. … Almost regardless of undergraduate major, a graduate degree boosts earning power even further, according to the Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce. … It asked graduates how they were doing across five different metrics, including financially, physically and socially. Eleven percent of graduates of public universities and private universities said they were “thriving” across all five. Twelve percent of graduates of U.S. News & World Report’s top 100 schools were thriving, essentially the same as the rest. But student loans can cripple well-being. The biggest predictor of whether a graduate wasn’t thriving was whether he or she had student loans. Fourteen percent of those without any debt said they were thriving, compared to 2 percent of those with more than $40,000 of debt. You can’t draw iron-clad conclusions from that, but those figures should be worrisome all the same for anyone thinking about taking on student loans. Takeaway lessons: Going into debt to attend your “dream” school may be detrimental to your well-being. Private school may not be worth the extra money. ADDED: These are the five elements of well-being that were measured in the Gallup survey: Purpose Well-Being: Liking what you do each day and being motivated to achieve your goals Social Well-Being: Having strong and supportive relationships and love in your life One of the slow-rolling and under-reported government debacles is the rising amount of student-loan debt that is guaranteed by taxpayers and will never be repaid. Thanks to the federal takeover of the student-loan market in 2010, the Education Department now stands behind more than $1 trillion in outstanding debt. Less well known is how the same federal government that has promoted and subsidized this debt is also scheming to make sure it doesn’t have to be repaid. Income-based repayment programs are one way for borrowers to shift responsibility over to taxpayers. So-called income-based repayment programs reduce a borrower’s monthly payments and then forgive the remaining principal after a period of years. Graduates who choose the nonprofit and government jobs favored by the President can have their loans forgiven entirely after 10 years. The Obama administration greatly expanded benefits under income-based repayment plans in recent years and has launched efforts to promote them. Enrollments are growing rapidly and now stand at an all-time high. Some 24% of Federal Direct Loan Program balances ($115 billion) that have come due are enrolled in the two most generous plans, Income-Based Repayment and Pay As You Earn. That is up from 14% a little more than a year ago. The number of borrowers using the plans has doubled over that time, to 2.2 million. At the same time, default rates are trending upward. This at a time when the economy is supposedly improving. Student loans are promoted for everyone, regardless of qualifications. And loans are being made easier “not to repay”. This all makes sense, however, when you realize that the student-loan program has been designed to achieve two political goals: Loans should be available to any student, at any school, pursuing any credential; and student debt is bad and burdensome, so it should be easy for borrowers not to repay. Based on these goals, the program is performing quite well for students and the institutions whose coffers swell under such loose lending standards. Loan issuance has grown rapidly in recent years while repayment rates have declined steadily. From the perspective of the taxpayers who must ultimately finance these liabilities, however, the federal student-loan program is performing badly and steadily getting worse. Use and availability of income-based repayment (IBR) schemes, which set repayment expectations at a set percentage of the student borrower’s post-college income, will dramatically increase in 2015. This is because policymakers have narrowly defined the student debt problem as a problem of student borrowers struggling to keep up with payments (i.e., avoid default). Therefore, setting payments at a more affordable level would seem to resolve the problems student debt creates…. William Elliott III Founding Director of the Assets and Education Initiative at the University of Kansas, School of Social Welfare and an expert on student debt Students and parents often find the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to be a little intimidating. The form asks more than 100 questions about family finances and demographic details. The FAFSA is slightly more complicated than the typical federal income tax return. Officially, the form should take less than an hour to complete, but most parents don’t have advanced degrees in economics. Some parents want help completing the FAFSA, because they worry that making a mistake on the FAFSA will affect their ability to pay for college, ruining their child’s life forever. Temple University, a large, public college in urban Philadelphia ranked 121 on the US News list of National Universities, offers automatic merit scholarships based solely on grades and test scores. The most generous award is the President’s Scholars, which offers full tuition plus $8,000 in stipends for approved “study abroad, research, internships or other summer academic activities”. Freshmen qualify with the following criteria: High-school GPA ≥ 3.8 SAT CR + Math ≥ 1420 ACT Composite score ≥ 32 Four other scholarships are available, as outlined in the table below. About 40% of entering freshmen receive academic scholarships, and any student with a GPA of at least 3.0 and SAT score of 1150 will receive some level of merit aid. 2015 fall tuition and fees for a 12-hour semester at Temple University are $14,130 for Pennsylvania residents and $24,350 for out-of-state residents. President Barack Obama on Thursday proposed offering free community college nationwide, in effect extending government-funded education from kindergarten through a two-year degree. Federal costs are estimated to be about $6 billion per year, with states picking up some of the tab. Federal funds for the plan would go only to community-college programs the White House deems effective as determined by whether most students graduate and find employment or transfer to four-year schools. Students also would be required to attend at least half time, maintain a 2.5 grade-point average and “make steady progress” to remain eligible. Community college, in effect, would be universal the way high school is. This approach could make the program more popular, as Social Security and Medicare have strong political constituencies in part because all elderly Americans receive them. Will “Free tuition” automatically improve community colleges’ often dismal rates of student success? Federal data show that at two-year colleges, 31 percent of first-time, full-time students graduate within three years. The implicit assumption of free-tuition plans is that the main reason students don’t finish community college is the cost of tuition. Not, say, the fact that somewhere around 50-60 percent of community college students are not college-ready, or that many community colleges are not designed with student success in mind. Color me skeptical that a federally-funded free option will solve all of these problems. To be clear: research shows that tuition prices and grant aid do influence enrollment rates, and we’re learning more about how they influence student success. But the notion that making college free will mechanically improve student outcomes is naïve. Take community colleges in California, where students pay the lowest published tuition in the nation ($1,429 this year). Attendance is essentially free to many students who qualify for Pell Grants. In a 2012 analysis, I found that retention and completion rates across California’s community colleges were above the national average. But completion rates were even higher at two-year colleges in Wisconsin and North Dakota, where tuition is two to three times as high and Pell Grant recipients make up a larger percentage of enrollments than in California. A free option would almost certainly boost enrollment rates. But these cross-state outcomes do suggest that pushing tuition to zero may not be a silver-bullet solution to lackluster student success. … Even if students pass such remedial classes, research shows they’re less likely to graduate than their peers who start directly in college-level classes. Instead of paying for remedial classes that won’t improve the odds of graduating from college, maybe it would be better to focus more effective efforts on finding ways to produce more high school graduates who are college and career ready. ——— Douglas Belkin, Byron Tau, & Colleen McCain Nelson, “Obama Calls for Two Years of Free Community College for All Students”, Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2015. Perry Bacon Jr., “Inside Obama’s Proposal to Make Community College Free and Universal”, NBC News, January 9, 2015. Andrew P. Kelly, “Four reasons to be skeptical about Obama’s free community college proposal”, Forbes, January 9, 2015.

Lana Rose Tee Dress 100% cotton. Unlined. Burnout fabric. Neckline and back cut-outs. Side seam slits. STWA-WD80. CM9024. A California brand with its roots in the bohemian lifestyle, Stillwater, seeks to appeal to the cool girl in all of us. The lines director and fashion industry vet, Lisa Popp, injects elements of simplicity by utilizing a neutral palate in many of the brands designs to nod at a minimalist existence. Stillwater not only exercises mindfulness by way of design, but also through production through recycled materials and sustainable practices.

Best restaurant finding apps for iPhone: Explore different foods all over the world! If you're looking for the best iPhone apps to help you discover amazing cuisine no matter where you are in the world, you've come to the right place! Our iPhones are quickly becoming an easy way to find pretty much anything, and food is no exception. Not only can you book restaurant reservations with Siri, thanks to App Store apps, you can also find amazing places to eat in all corners of the world. No matter was kind of taste you have when it comes to food, these are the absolute best iPhone apps to help you find amazing restaurants almost anywhere! Foursquare Foursquare can help you find pretty much anything and restaurants are one of its specialities. No matter what kind of food you want and no matter where you are, you're bound to find places all around you along with tips from locals. Some places even have menus and prices available as well so you know what to expect before you even get there. I've found countless menu recommendations via Foursquare and also managed to avoid places thanks to the help of locals. The new version of Foursquare also factors in your tastes when providing suggestions, which makes it even faster to find food in a pinch. For an insider perspective on tons of restaurants all over the world, don't leave home without Foursquare. Yelp Yelp offers over 50 million reviews on restaurants and businesses all over the world. Odds are you'll find some of your personal friends on Yelp as well. You can sort restaurants by type, search for specific cuisines, and much more. Once you find a place you're interested in, just like Foursquare, you can typically browse menus and view price ranges right within the app. Many restaurants also offer the ability to make reservations right through Yelp. If you want some of the most trusted restaurant reviews along with info on other types of businesses, check out Yelp. OpenTable OpenTable is a must have if you live in the US, Canada, or Mexico. Not only can you view reviews, menus, and make reservations at over 20,000 different restaurants, you can also book your reservations with the help of Siri. Just tell Siri, or use the OpenTable app, how many people are in your party and when you need a table. Your iPhone and OpenTable can take care of the rest. When it comes to booking reservations quickly, it doesn't get much better than OpenTable. Urbanspoon Urbanspoon not only helps you find different kinds of cuisine, but lets you read reviews and restaurant guides and reviews from people just like you as well as acclaimed food critics. Currently Urbanspoon can help you find restaurants across the US, in Canada, and in select places in Europe such as Britain, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. You can also make reservations directly in Urbanspoon via OpenTable, Dimmi, and BookTable. For a versatile restaurant discovery app that offers reviews and guides from critics as well as locals, you want Urbanspoon. Gogobot Gogobot is one of my favorite travel guide apps partially because it's great at serving up restaurants and other places to eat that I probably wouldn't have found otherwise. I can see reviews, view photos, and more based on my location. For those that like to plan, you can of course search for eats anywhere in the world. You've also got an all-in-on app that not only gives suggestions of what to eat, but where to stay and what attractions are worth seeings. For a travel guide in your pocket that also knows a lot about food, don't forget to load up Gogobot.

The Most Amazing High School Football Circus Catch You’ll See Today Here's what you're about to watch: During a game against Needham's St. Sebastian's School, Kohler managed to hold on to this incredible touchdown catch in double coverage. A clown on a unicycle couldn't have juggled it any better.

Kosher chicken shortage, steep price hikes following closure of one of Canada's two suppliers Kosher chicken shortage, steep price hikes following closure of one of Canada's two suppliers Canadian kosher chicken consumers are facing shortages and steep price hikes following the closure of one of the country’s two suppliers, as efforts get under way to foster new providers. The owner of Toronto-based Chai Poultry closed operations in May, and sold the company’s licence to purchase fowl to a halal processing plant. Now, with only Montreal-based Marvid Poultry left to supply kosher chicken, religious Jews are concerned the trend will continue as the High Holidays approach. “There is certainly less supply, I think that consumers are noticing that,” said Richard Rabkin, spokesman for the Kashruth Council of Canada, the largest kosher certification agency in the country. “Usually economic theory dictates that less supply leads to increases in prices so I think that has indeed been the case,” he said. Chai Poultry owner Charles Weinberg said he spent five years searching for someone to buy his 25-year-old business, which stopped turning a profit about two years ago. Finally, in May, with no buyer in sight, Mr. Weinberg announced his retirement and sold his chicken quota to Milton, Ont.-based Sargent Farms. [related_link] “I’m not proud but I had to make a decision to retire as you get older. I have family, grandchildren,” said Mr. Weinberg. “I don’t want anyone thinking this was done because I wanted to put the community in this position; that’s why I gave the community five years.” Marvid owner Moishe Freidman told the National Post consumers wouldn’t face price hikes or supply shortages and that his factory is prepared to meet the expanded demand, raising the slaughter of about 40,000 chickens in a single shift to 200,000. It’s not panning out that way, says the Kashruth Council, which issued a notice to consumers stating its concern regarding “the supply and selection of kosher poultry in Canada.” Mr. Rabkin said his organization is looking to work with community stakeholders to support any entrepreneurs who want to get into the kosher slaughter trade. Kosher consumers and distributors in Ontario say they are already seeing the impact of having only one supplier but would only speak under the condition of anonymity, fearing negative repercussions within the insular Orthodox community. One woman, a 64-year-old high school teacher in Toronto, contacted the Kashruth Council after a recent trip to Costco showed there were no kosher chickens in stock. “I saw there wasn’t a chicken to be had in the place, I didn’t remember that situation ever occurring before,” she said. She went to grocery chain Metro, only to discover prices had ballooned. “I had never, ever seen a kosher chicken for $18. And that’s when I panicked.” Before, she said, she would spend between $9 and $12 for a regular sized chicken. (In general, kosher meat can cost up to 40% more than regular poultry.) “It wasn’t huge by any stretch of the imagination, I said this is ridiculous, this must be because the competition is so slim now.” The Chicken Board of Ontario is considering stepping in to see if it can do anything to encourage new players into the market, but the head of its national counterpart is wary of the industry’s future. Mike Dungate, director of the Chicken Farmers of Canada, says 95% of kosher chicken buyers are in Toronto and Montreal. He speculates that slaughterhouses are closing due to a lack of demand. “There’s a lot of processors in the country that just don’t do kosher poultry. It’s truly not that big of a market. If it got bigger the market would evolve to provide that choice,” said Mr. Dungate, adding that the turndown is not exclusive to Canadian markets. Several major American kosher slaughterhouses specializing in fowl have ended operations in recent years. A 2012 report on the specialty food market by the ministry of agriculture showed that the North American kosher food market grew 15% year-over-year in the past decade, with roughly $200-billion in kosher certified food products sold annually to approximately 15 million customers. Most of that growth stems from the prepared foods market. Kosher fowl makes up a relatively small portion of the $6-billion Canadian poultry industry and it appears to be shrinking. It’s difficult to pinpoint exactly what caused the contraction in the kosher chicken market: Mr. Weinberg declined to say exactly why his company became unprofitable. One possible explanation, suggested by a halal certification agency, is that the kosher market is sagging because Muslim consumers have their own suppliers and are no longer propping it up. “Muslims are allowed to eat kosher meat. There was a lot of demand in the past to use kosher but now they’re using halal,” said Abdulla Ali, the secretary general of Islamic Society of North America. Mr. Weinberg doesn’t buy that argument, along with other kosher experts consulted. “That’s ridiculous,” he said. “There are many reasons why a company stops being able to compete.”

The Awesomer is reader-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more. Logan Zillmer’s Photography Perhaps wanting to escape his “very ordinary” Midwest landscape, Logan Zillmer’s surreal images transform mundane scenes by placing a single striking aberration or repeating a minor one. Learn more about him at My Modern Met.

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Category Archives: Living Delafield The following is the real estate market activity for the last thirty days in Waukesha County Real Estate . Waukesha County Real Estate is great. The following MLS information is for 10/27/2014 to 11/27/2014 In the Waukesha County Real … Continue reading → The following is a real estate market report for the activity for the last thirty days in Delafield Wisconsin Real estate. Delafield Wisconsin Real Estate is outstanding, and Delafield Wisconsin is a great place to live. The following MLS information is … Continue reading → There is a melody that is normal in life; each individual has a defined sense of rhythm and yet, at times, we make a decision to get off the beaten path of life and in our minds create unique melodic daily overtures … Continue reading → The following is a real estate market report for the activity for the last thirty days in Delafield Wisconsin Real estate. Delafield Wisconsin Real Estate is outstanding, and Delafield Wisconsin is a great place to live. The following MLS information is … Continue reading → Living on a Lake, especially Lake Nagawicka is truly something that brings enjoy from the time you get up, until you go to bed. It’s the sunrises and pontoon rides around the lake enjoying sunsets, or if you are a little … Continue reading → Driving along the roads one sees the corn being sold out of the back of trucks. The many pumpkin stands are prevalent in the Waukesha County Real Estate market. Indian corn everywhere, apple cider for sale, lots of fall produce … Continue reading → Buying and selling Real Estate in Waukesha County Wisconsin and being one of the Waukesha County Real Estate agents working in Waukesha County Real Estate has evolved to be a lot more avenues and responsibilities than it did in 1985. … Continue reading →

George Soros set to invest in cryptocurrency, report says Nathan Bomey | USA TODAY Show Caption Hide Caption Betting big on Bitcoin may have backfired Here’s how much you could have lost. George Soros has apparently had a change of heart about cryptocurrency after previously bashing it. The billionaire investor's family fund is set to begin investing in virtual currency, according to a Bloomberg report Friday. Soros Fund Management investor Adam Fisher reportedly received approval to make the move into cryptocurrencies but hasn't yet authorized an investment. The move comes after Soros told journalists in January at the World Economic Forum that "cryptocurrency is a typical bubble" and "it is not a currency," according to the Financial Times. He also said cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin could offer corrupt foreign rulers to "build a nest egg abroad" to hide assets. Frenetic trading activity and public interest caused the price of Bitcoin to soar to above $19,000 in December, but it's since plunged to below $7,000. More: Bitcoin, other digital currencies suffer another big drop as risks rise More: Bitcoin plunges on regulator caution to investors about 'potentially unlawful' platforms More: Bitcoin bubble could be a billion-dollar problem for banks Follow USA TODAY reporter Nathan Bomey on Twitter @NathanBomey.

Article Tools Santa Barbara prosecutors say it’s still “too early” to say what impact Proposition 36 ​— ​the statewide initiative passed last November granting early release to eligible repeat offenders sentenced to life under the state’s Three-Strikes law ​— ​has had despite a new study showing only 2 percent of those released have re-offended. That study, prepared by the NAACP and the Stanford University Law School Three Strikes Project, concluded that only two percent of the third-strikers released under the terms of Prop. 36 had re-offended after 4.4 months. That compares to a 16 percent re-offense rate for non-third-strikers released for the same period of time. Senior prosecuting attorney Hilary Dozer said the program has been in effect such a short time that no meaningful results can be obtained. Statewide, 1,000 inmates ​— ​only those with nonviolent and nonserious third strikes are eligible ​— ​have been released under Prop. 36 with another 2,000 early-release applications still pending. Dozer said figures for Santa Barbara County could not be assembled by press deadline, but he said in southern Santa Barbara County none of the third-strikers have re-offended. Dozer cautioned that most inmates released thus far have been among the least violent based on their prior criminal records and behavior in state prison. Those pending, he said, have more checkered records. Statewide, only 2 percent of inmates seeking early release have been denied. In Santa Barbara, Dozer said South County prosecutors unsuccessfully opposed the release of five. He noted that county prosecutors have sought to inject the mental records of the petitioning inmates into judicial deliberations but with mixed results. Typically, mental records are deemed privileged and confidential. Judge Brian Hill has admitted such records in cases assigned to him, while Judge Jean Dandona has refused to allow them. The authors of the study ​— ​who led the charge to pass Prop. 36 ​— ​concluded there was a dangerous dearth of reentry services to help released third-strikers adjust to life on the outside. Of the 2 percent who have re-offended, the study found that the majority involved minor misdemeanors.

--- abstract: 'Chaotic dynamics with sensitive dependence on initial conditions may result in exponential decay of correlation functions. We show that for one-dimensional interval maps the corresponding quantities, that is, Lyapunov exponents and exponential decay rates, are related. For piecewise linear expanding Markov maps observed via piecewise analytic functions we provide explicit bounds of the decay rate in terms of the Lyapunov exponent. In addition, we comment on similar relations for general piecewise smooth expanding maps.' address: 'School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK' author: - 'Julia Slipantschuk, Oscar F. Bandtlow and Wolfram Just' title: On the relation between Lyapunov exponents and exponential decay of correlations --- Introduction {#sec:1} ============ Chaotic motion accounts on the one hand for the well-known phenomenon of sensitive dependence on initial conditions, that is, exponentially fast divergence of nearby orbits, and on the other hand for the phenomenon of decay of correlations or mixing. Both properties are intimately related with the observation that even low-dimensional chaotic systems share common features with random processes. This intuitive picture has been used as a basis to address some of the fundamental questions arising in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics [@Kryl:79; @Kubo_Sci86; @FaIsVu_PLA90]. In fact, it is a simple exercise to show that topological mixing implies sensitive dependence on initial conditions. At the measure-theoretical level, however, relating Lyapunov exponents, the quantitative measures for sensitive dependence on initial conditions, to decay rates of correlation functions is a more involved task. For instance, it is easy to construct simple maps with finite Lyapunov exponent and arbitrarily small correlation decay (see, for example, a Markov model described in [@Just_PLA90]). Thus, at a quantitative level it is tempting to explore in some detail in which way the rate of correlation decay is linked with Lyapunov exponents, as both quantities are supposed to have a common origin. In more general terms and from a wider perspective this topic can be viewed as belonging to the realm of fluctuation dissipation relations for nonequilibrium dynamics, where one cause, the underlying detailed dynamical structure, is responsible for the approach to the stationary state, that is, for the decay of correlations, but, at the same time, is responsible for fluctuation properties at a microscopic level, or in our context for the sensitive dependence of initial conditions and a positive Lyapunov exponent. Furthermore, any relation between decay of correlations and Lyapunov exponents is of great practical interest, as the measurement of Lyapunov exponents, unlike the rate of correlation decay, is notoriously difficult to determine in real world experiments [@Abar:96; @KaSc:97]. In [@Spro:96] it was even suggested to take correlation decay rates as a meaningful approximation for Lyapunov exponents. The problem we want to address can be illustrated by a very basic textbook example, probably considered for the first time more than two decades ago [@BaHeMePo_PRA88]. Consider a linear full branch map (see [Figure \[fig:1\]]{}) on the unit interval $I=[0,1]$, that is, a map $f:I\rightarrow I$ having a finite partition of $I$ into closed intervals $I_k$ with pairwise disjoint interior such that (i) for each $k$, we have $f(I_k)=I$, and (ii) $f$ has constant slope $\gamma_k$ on each $I_k$. The physical invariant measure is given by the Lebesgue measure and the Lyapunov exponent with respect to this measure can be expressed in terms of the slopes $$\label{aa} \Lambda = \sum_k |I_k| \ln|\gamma_k|,$$ with $|I_k|=1/|\gamma_k|$ denoting the size of the interval $I_k$. The exponential rate of decay for correlation functions is determined by the negative logarithm of the second largest eigenvalue in modulus of the associated Perron-Frobenius operator. In this setting it is well known (see, for example, [@MoSoOs_PTP81]) that eigenfunctions of the Perron-Frobenius operator are given by polynomials and that the corresponding eigenvalues $\nu_m$ can be expressed as $$\label{ab} \nu_m = \sum_k \frac{1}{|\gamma_k|} \frac{1}{\gamma_k^{m}} = \sum_k |I_k| \frac{1}{\gamma_k^{m}} \,\qquad (m \geq 0),$$ with largest eigenvalue $\lambda_0=\nu_0=1$ and the subleading eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ being the second largest in modulus, $|\lambda_1| = \max\{|\nu_1|,\nu_2\}$. Thus, correlation functions of sufficiently smooth observables decay typically at an exponential rate $\alpha=-\ln|\lambda_1|$. Since $|\lambda_1|\geq \nu_2>0$ we obtain an upper bound for the decay rate $\alpha \leq -\ln \nu_2$ which can now be related to the Lyapunov exponent . If we apply Jensen’s inequality to the convex function $\varphi(x)=-\ln (x)$ we end up with $$\label{ac} \alpha \leq -\ln \sum_k |I_k| \frac{1}{\gamma_k^{2}} \leq \sum_k |I_k| (-\ln \frac{1}{\gamma_k^{2}}) = 2 \Lambda \, .$$ The estimate of the decay rate in has been based on $\nu_2$ which contains positive terms only, even if the slopes have different signs. As a result the upper bound is given by twice the Lyapunov exponent. If all slopes have the same sign, say $\gamma_k>1$, then $\nu_1$ determines the subleading eigenvalue and the Lyapunov exponent itself yields an upper bound for the decay rate, that is, $\alpha \leq \Lambda$. ![Diagrammatic view of a linear full branch map. \[fig:1\]](fullbranch.eps){width=".30\textwidth"} In this article we will address the question to which extent this simple reasoning can be generalised to a larger class of systems. From a mathematical perspective there is a considerable amount of literature on the existence of invariant measures of one-dimensional maps, the corresponding Lyapunov exponent, estimates for the spectra of the associated Perron-Frobenius operator, and a possible relation between Lyapunov exponents and the decay of correlation functions [@CoEc_JSP04]. Expansiveness of the underlying map $f:I\to I$ is to some extent the key ingredient to establish a physical measure $\mu$, that is, an invariant measure which asymptotically characterises a large set of orbits, or in formal terms an invariant ergodic probability measure which is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesque measure (see, for example, [@Live_AM95; @Kell_IJBC99; @Bala:00; @BrLuSt_ASENS03]). The Lyapunov exponent for a Lebesque typical point $x\in I$ is given by $$\label{eq:Lyapunov} \Lambda = \int_I \ln|f'(x)| d\mu = \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \ln{|(f^n)^{\prime}(x)|.}$$ Regarding decay rates for correlation functions, a substantial part of the problem consists in giving the notion of the rate of correlation decay a proper meaning (see, for example, [@CoEc_JSP04]). With the standard definition of a correlation function for two observables $\varphi$ and $\psi$, $$\label{CorrelFunc} C_{\varphi,\psi}(n) = \int_I{\varphi(f^n(x)) \psi(x) d\mu} - \int_I{\varphi(x) d\mu} \int_I{\psi(x) d\mu},$$ the exponential decay rate $\alpha_{\varphi,\psi}$ governing the asymptotic behaviour of the correlation function may be formally introduced by $$\label{decaycorr} \alpha_{\varphi,\psi}= \sup\{s:\limsup_{n\rightarrow \infty} |\exp(sn) C_{\varphi,\psi}(n)|<\infty\} \, .$$ The rate $\alpha_{\varphi,\psi}$ is sensitive to the choice of $\varphi$ and $\psi$ and can be made arbitrarily small or large by special choices for the observables [@CraCa_PHYD83]. However, it is possible to define a rate of decay with respect to “typical” observables from some linear space $\mathcal{H}$ $$\label{decayrate} \alpha_{\mathcal{H}} = \inf\{\alpha_{\varphi,\psi} : \varphi,\psi \in {\mathcal{H}}\} \, .$$ We will call this quantity the [*mixing rate*]{}. Note that this rate still depends, for instance, on the degree of smoothness shared by the observables in ${\mathcal H}$. One approach for determining bounds on the mixing rate $\alpha_{\mathcal{H}}$ relies on reformulating in terms of the Perron-Frobenius operator. The rate $\alpha_{\mathcal{H}}$ is then determined by the subleading eigenvalue or by the essential spectral radius of the Perron-Frobenius operator. The desired relation between the Lyapunov exponent and the mixing rate expressed in then becomes a lower bound for the subleading eigenvalue. There is a considerable body of literature on upper bounds for spectral values (see, for example, [@Live_AM95; @Kell_IJBC99; @BrLuSt_ASENS03]) providing useful tools to establish ergodic properties of dynamical systems. However, to the best of our knowledge hardly any nontrivial lower bounds exist (see, however, [@Naud_AnnHP09], where an exponential lower bound for correlation functions of suspension semiflows is given). The main tool to establish the desired inequality consists in studying the properties of the generalised Perron-Frobenius operator $\mathcal{L}_{\beta}$ with potential $-\beta \ln|f^{\prime}|,$ $$\label{eq:RPF} (\mathcal{L}_{\beta} h)(x) = \sum_{y \in f^{-1}(x)} \frac{h(y)}{|f^{\prime}(y)|^{\beta}} \, .$$ For $\beta=1$ this expression reduces to the Perron-Frobenius operator which has leading eigenvalue one. The subleading eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ (or the essential spectral radius, if no subleading eigenvalue exists) determines the mixing rate $\alpha_{\mathcal{H}}=-\ln|\lambda_1|$. In addition, the derivative of the largest eigenvalue $\nu_0(\beta)$ of with respect to $\beta$, that is, the derivative of the topological pressure, determines the Lyapunov exponent (see, for example, [@BoRa_PD87] for a basic exposition). Finally, the required estimate follows from the convexity of the topological pressure and gives a lower bound for the subleading eigenvalue of the Perron-Frobenius operator. The main challenge is, of course, to put these ideas into practice. Restricting to piecewise linear Markov maps considerably reduces the need to worry about mathematical subtleties, as the operator $\mathcal{L}_\beta$ admits finite-dimensional matrix representations when considering observables consisting of piecewise analytic functions. Thus, at a computational level all technical details reduce to straightforward matrix manipulations (see [Section \[sec:2\]]{}), allowing us to keep the presentation elementary and, at the same time, making the underlying ideas transparent. To keep the presentation self-contained basic properties of piecewise linear Markov maps together with properties of $\mathcal{L}_\beta$ are summarised in the Appendix. In [Section \[sec:3\]]{} we are addressing the question whether the bounds presented in [Section \[sec:2\]]{} hold for general (non-linear) expanding Markov maps. We have compelling evidence that the estimate breaks down if analytic observables are considered (see also [@ChPaRu_PRL90]), but the validity of our proposition can be restored if observables of bounded variation are considered. Piecewise linear Markov maps {#sec:2} ============================ Let us consider a topologically mixing piecewise linear expanding Markov map $f:I\rightarrow I$ with respect to the partition $\mathcal{P}=\{I_1,\ldots I_N\}$ of the interval $I$ (see Definition \[defn:MarkovMap\] for a formal account). Denote by $f_k:=f_{I_{k}}$ the $k$-th branch of $f$. A nice property of such maps is that the corresponding transfer operators have finite matrix representations. In fact, the space of piecewise polynomial functions of degree less than $M$, that is, the space of functions of the form $x\mapsto \sum_{k=1}^N \sum_{m=0}^M a_{k m} x^m \chi_{k}(x)$, where $\chi_k$ is the characteristic function of the interval $I_k$, is an $\mathcal{L}_{\beta}$-invariant subspace. While it appears to be difficult to trace the earliest reference for this result, to the best of our knowledge the first experimentally relevant application appeared in the context of power spectra for intermittent dynamics (see [@MoSoOs_PTP81; @SoYoOkMo_JSP84]). Now, in the natural basis of piecewise monomials, the operator $\mathcal{L}_{\beta}$ restricted to the invariant subspace mentioned above is represented by the $(M+1)^N\times (M+1)^N $ block upper triangular matrix $$\label{blockmatrix} \left( \begin{array}{cccc} T^{(00)}(\beta) & \quad T^{(01)}(\beta) & \quad \ldots & T^{(0M)}(\beta) \\ 0 & \quad T^{(11)}(\beta) & \quad \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & \ddots & \quad \ddots & \quad T^{(M-1 M)}(\beta) \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 & \quad T^{(M M)}(\beta) \end{array} \right) \, .$$ A calculation similar to the one used to obtain the matrix representation $T^{(0 0)}(1)$ of $\mathcal{L}_1$ on the space of piecewise constant functions (see, for example, [@BoyaGora:97 p. 176]), shows that the matrix elements of the block matrices $T^{(mn)}(\beta)$ are given in terms of the slopes $\gamma_k$, the intercepts $d_k$ of the branches $f_k$ of the map $f$, and the topological transition matrix $(A_{kl})_{1 \leq k,l\leq N}$ induced by $f$ and $\mathcal{P}$ (see ) as follows: $$\label{melements} T_{kl}^{(mn)}(\beta)= \frac{A_{lk}}{|\gamma_l|^\beta \gamma_l^n}\cdot (-d_l)^{n-m} {n \choose n-m} \, .$$ The eigenvalues are determined by the diagonal blocks $T^{(mm)}(\beta)$ with matrix elements given by the first factor in . Note that since the underlying map is assumed to be topologically mixing, the matrices $T^{(mm)}(\beta)$ are irreducible and aperiodic for even $m$. The Perron-Frobenius Theorem (see, for example, [@Gantmacher:2000 p.53] or [@Lancaster:69 p.536]), now guarantees that $T^{(mm)}(\beta)$ has a simple, positive eigenvalue, larger (in modulus) than all other eigenvalues, which we denote by $\nu_m(\beta)$. Now, $\nu_0(\beta)$ determines the topological pressure, given by $P(\beta)=\ln\nu_0(\beta)$, which has the following well-known properties. \[prop:TopPres\] - $P(1) = 0$; - $P(\beta)$ is a convex function of $\beta$; - $P(\beta)$ is analytic in $\beta$; - $P'(1)=-\Lambda$. These properties have been established for a rather large class of dynamical systems (see, for example, [@Kell:98]). In our context, however, they follow easily from the matrix representation above using elementary methods. As an example, we shall derive property (ii). To simplify notation, we shall denote the first block matrix $T^{(00)}(\beta)$ by $T(\beta)$ for the remainder of the argument. Observing that $P(\beta)=\ln \nu_0(\beta)$ is obtained from $\ln \mbox{Tr} \left((T(\beta))^n\right)/n$ as $n$ tends to infinity, convexity of the topological pressure, that is, $$P(\beta_1 (1-t)+ \beta_2 t) \leq (1-t) P(\beta_1) + t P(\beta_2) \qquad (0\leq t\leq 1),$$ follows from a simple estimate using the Hölder inequality $$\begin{aligned} {}& &\frac{1}{n} \ln \mbox{Tr} \left( (T(\beta_1(1-t)+\beta_2 t))^n \right)\nonumber\\ {}&=& \frac{1}{n} \ln \sum_{l_0,l_1,\ldots, l_{n-1}} T_{l_0 l _1}(\beta_1 (1-t) + \beta_2 t) T_{l_1 l _2}(\beta_1 (1-t) + \beta_2 t) \cdots T_{l_{n-1} l _0} (\beta_1 (1-t) + \beta_2 t) \nonumber \\ {}&=& \frac{1}{n} \ln \sum_{l_0,l_1,\ldots, l_{n-1}} \left(T_{l_0 l _1}(\beta_1)\right)^{1-t} \left(T_{l_0 l _1}(\beta_2)\right)^{t} \cdots \left( T_{l_{n-1} l _0}(\beta_1)\right)^{1-t} \left( T_{l_{n-1} l _0}(\beta_2)\right)^{t} \nonumber \\ {}&\leq& \frac{1}{n} \ln \left( \sum_{l_0,l_1,\ldots, l_{n-1}} T_{l_0 l _1}(\beta_1) \cdots T_{l_{n-1} l _0}(\beta_1) \right)^{1-t} \left(\sum_{l_0,l_1,\ldots l_{n-1}} T_{l_0 l _1}(\beta_2) \cdots T_{l_{n-1} l _0}(\beta_2) \right)^t \nonumber \\ {}&=& (1-t) \frac{1}{n} \ln \mbox{Tr} \left((T(\beta_1))^n\right) + t \frac{1}{n}\ln \mbox{Tr} \left( (T(\beta_2))^n \right)\, .\end{aligned}$$ Here we have used that implies $T_{kl}(\beta_1 +\beta_2)= T_{kl}(\beta_1)T_{kl}(\beta_2)$ as well as $T_{kl}(t \beta)=(T_{kl}(\beta))^t$. The other statements of the lemma can be derived in a similar way, or can be found in standard textbooks on ergodic theory. To establish a relation between the correlation decay, that is, between the eigenvalues of the operator for $\beta=1$, and the Lyapunov exponent, note that the largest eigenvalue of the Perron-Frobenius operator is given by $\nu_0(1)=1$, while $\nu_2(1)$ is a positive eigenvalue, which provides a lower bound for the subleading eigenvalue of $\mathcal{L}_{\beta}$. Thus, on the one hand $$\label{ba} \alpha_\mathcal{H} \leq -\ln \nu_2(1) \, .$$ On the other hand $T^{(22)}(\beta)=T^{(00)}(\beta+2)$ by , which implies $$\label{bb} \nu_2(\beta)=\nu_0(\beta+2) \, .$$ Hence, using the properties of the topological pressure in Lemma \[prop:TopPres\], the relations and yield $$\label{eq:aH_lambda3} \alpha_\mathcal{H} \leq -P(3)\leq (3-1) \Lambda \, .$$ See [Figure \[fig:TopPressure\]]{} for a graphical illustration of this result. ![Schematic representation of the topological pressure $P(\beta)$ and graphical illustration of the estimates (\[eq:aH\_lambda3\]) and (\[eq:aH\_lambda2\]). \[fig:TopPressure\]](topp.eps){width=".70\textwidth"} Note that if all slopes $\gamma_k$ of $f$ have the same sign, then we have $T^{(11)}(\beta) =\mbox{sign}(\gamma_k)T^{(00)}(\beta+1)$. Thus, we can apply the previous arguments to $|\nu_1(1)|$ to obtain the following improved estimate $$\label{eq:aH_lambda2} \alpha_\mathcal{H} \leq -\ln |\nu_1(1)| = -\ln \nu_0(2) = -P(2)\leq (2-1) \Lambda \, .$$ To summarise, we have shown the following. \[thm:main\] Let $f: I \rightarrow I$ denote a topologically mixing piecewise linear expanding Markov map. If $\mathcal{H} = \mathcal{H}(D_R)$ denotes a space of piecewise analytic observables (see Appendix, Definition \[def:Hspace\]) then the mixing rate is bounded in terms of the Lyapunov exponent $\Lambda$ with respect to the piecewise constant invariant density, by $$\label{ineq} \alpha_{\mathcal{H}} \leq 2 \Lambda \, .$$ If all slopes have the same sign the sharper estimate $$\label{sharp} \alpha_{\mathcal{H}} \leq \Lambda$$ holds. The assumption that $f$ be topologically mixing is sufficient but not necessary. Indeed, there exist piecewise linear expanding Markov maps $f$ with the following properties: the map $f$ is not topologically mixing, yet exhibits exponential decay of correlations and the conclusions of Proposition \[thm:main\] hold. The simplest examples for which the bounds are achieved are the tent map ($\alpha_{\mathcal{H}}=2\Lambda$) and the doubling map ($\alpha_{\mathcal{H}}=\Lambda$). It is finally worth mentioning that the condition $P(1)=0$, that is, the absolute continuity of the reference measure with respect to Lebesgue measure, is not essential for Proposition \[thm:main\] to be valid. The conclusions also hold, for instance, for certain Gibbs measures with respect to piecewise constant potentials. Remarks on general expanding Markov maps {#sec:3} ======================================== The setup of piecewise linear Markov maps is rather special. One may thus be tempted to ask whether a result like Proposition \[thm:main\] extends, say, to Markov maps with finite curvature. The previous considerations are based on , a result which has been exploited previously in a slightly more restricted setup [@BaHeMePo_PRA88] to conjecture an exact relation between correlation decay and generalised Lyapunov exponents. It has already been demonstrated that such an identity breaks down for maps with finite curvature [@ChPaRu_PRL90]. This fact, taken on its own, however, does not prevent the validity of a generalisation of Proposition \[thm:main\], making a study of how curvature affects the previous considerations a worthy task. Using an Ulam-like construction any expanding Markov map can be approximated by a piecewise linear map (see, for example, [@BaIsSc_AIHP95]). Let $F:I\rightarrow I$ denote a piecewise expanding, but not necessarily linear Markov map with Markov partition $\{I_1,\ldots,I_N\}$. Using the cylinder sets $U_{i_0,\ldots, i_{n-1}} = \cap_{k=0}^{n-1} F^{-k}(I_{i_k})$ we may introduce a piecewise linear approximation $f_n: I\rightarrow I$ by the following construction. The map $f_n$ linearly interpolates $F$ on each cylinder set, that is, $f_n(U_{i_0,\ldots, i_{n-1}}) = U_{i_1,\ldots, i_{n-1}}$ (see [Figure \[fig:Counterexample\]]{}(a)). It is a straightforward exercise to show that the Lyapunov exponent of $f_n$ tends to the Lyapunov exponent of $F$ (with respect to the absolutely continuous invariant measure) as $n$ tends to infinity. However, the analysis of the mixing rate requires greater care. While Proposition \[thm:main\] is still valid for any order $n$ of the approximation, it is far from obvious whether the proposition is valid for a general expanding map. To illustrate this point we consider a simple example, a family of full branch piecewise Möbius maps $F_c$ defined on $[-1,1],$ $$\label{oscarmap} F_c(x)=\frac{1-2(c+1)|x|}{1+2c|x|} \, .$$ We restrict the parameter to $c \in (-1/4,1/2)$, in order to guarantee expansivity. [Figure \[fig:Counterexample\]]{}(a) depicts the map $F_c$ for $c=-0.22$. The leading part of the spectrum of the corresponding Perron-Frobenius operator considered on the space of analytic observables can be approximated using a spectral approximation method. The basic idea of this method is to approximate $\mathcal{L}_{\beta}$ by an $n\times n$ square matrix $\Pi_n\mathcal{L}_{\beta}\Pi_n$, where $\Pi_n$ denotes the projector that sends a function to its Lagrange-Chebyshev interpolating polynomial of degree $n-1$. This method is easily implemented and, moreover, it is possible to show (see [@Oscar]) that the eigenvalues of $\Pi_n\mathcal{L}_{\beta}\Pi_n$ converge exponentially fast to the eigenvalues of $\mathcal{L}_{\beta}$. Using this method the leading eigenvalues of the Perron-Frobenius operator and their dependence on $c$ are easily obtained (see [Figure \[fig:Counterexample\]]{}(b)). A minimum for the subleading eigenvalue occurs at about $c=-0.11$. The corresponding numerical value reads $\lambda_1 \approx 0.10415 $ resulting in a mixing rate $\alpha_{\mathcal{H}}=-\ln |\lambda_1| \approx 2.2619$. The corresponding Lyapunov exponent (which hardly depends on the parameter $c$) is computed using the numerical approximation of the invariant density. The numerical value is $\Lambda \approx 0.685$ so that the inequality is clearly violated. $ \hspace{-.08\textwidth} \begin{array}{cc} \includegraphics[width=.65\textwidth]{fig3a.eps} & \hspace{-.12\paperwidth} \includegraphics[width=.65\textwidth]{fig3b.eps} \end{array}$ In order to understand why the reasoning at the beginning of this section fails, that is, why an approximation of the map $F_c$ by a piecewise linear Markov map fails to produce the correct mixing rate, let us consider increasingly finer piecewise linear approximations $f_n$ of the map , see [Figure \[fig:Counterexample\]]{}(a). For each map $f_n$ the Perron-Frobenius operator restricted to piecewise polynomial functions has a finite matrix representation (see ). For the remainder of the section we shall only deal with the case $\beta = 1$ and refer to $T(\beta)$ (and $\nu_m(\beta)$) as $T$ (and $\nu_m$). [Figure \[fig:EVs\_Efunctions\]]{}(a) shows the numerical results for the leading eigenvalues of the diagonal block $T^{(11)}$ and $T^{(22)}$, that is, $\nu_{1}$ and $\nu_{2}$, respectively, for increasing level of approximation $n=1,\ldots,6$. For comparison we display the subleading eigenvalue $\nu^{(subl)}_0$ of $T^{(00)}$ as well. For every level $n$ of approximation, $\nu_{2}$ gives the subleading eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ of the Perron-Frobenius operator of the piecewise linear approximation, and these values seem to converge as $n$ tends to infinity. The values and the limit are larger than $\exp(-2\Lambda)$, meaning that the inequality in the Proposition \[thm:main\] is satisfied, as expected. The eigenfunction $u_n:[-1,1]\to \mathbb{R}$ of the corresponding eigenvalue $\nu_{2}$ is a quadratic polynomial on each element of the partition, but it develops an increasing number of discontinuities between different intervals of the increasingly finer partition. These eigenfunctions do not seem to converge to a smooth limit (see [Figure \[fig:EVs\_Efunctions\]]{}(b)). In fact, unlike the invariant density there is no reason why the limit should be smooth. The numerical experiment suggests that we end up with a function of bounded variation. ![Left: (a) Leading eigenvalues $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$ of the corresponding matrix blocks $T^{(11)}$ and $T^{(22)}$ for a piecewise linear approximation of the map with $c=-0.11$, as a function of the level of approximation. The subleading eigenvalue of $T^{(00)}$, $\nu_0^{(subl)}$, is displayed as well. For comparison, $\exp(-\Lambda)$ and $\exp(-2\Lambda)$ are depicted as well. The broken lines are a guide for the eye. Right: (b) Eigenfunction $u_n$ corresponding to $\nu_2$ for $n=1,\ldots,6$ with normalisation $\int_I|u_n(x)|\, dx=1$. For clarity, successive approximations are shifted by $0.5$. The open symbols indicate the discontinuity set of the eigenfunction, i.e., the increasingly finer Markov partition of the piecewise linear approximaton. \[fig:EVs\_Efunctions\]](oscarTent_c001_UlamApprox_EV_edit.eps){width="100.00000%"} It is indeed possible to show and perhaps well known that an estimate like holds for discontinuous observables. For that purpose let us consider the Perron-Frobenius operator $\mathcal{L}_1$ on the space of functions of bounded variation. Recall that a function $f:[-1,1] \to \mathbb{R}$ is of bounded variation if it has finite total variation $\text{var}(f) = \sup \big\{ \sum_{i=1}^{p} |f(x_i)-f(x_{i-1})|:-1\leq x_0\leq \ldots \leq x_p \leq 1 \big \} < \infty$. In this setup, the spectrum of the Perron-Frobenius operator associated with expanding maps has been studied in detail (see [@Kell_CMP84]). In particular, there is an explicit formula for the essential spectral radius given by $$\sigma_{ess} = \lim_{k\to \infty} (\inf \{|(F_c^k)'(x)| : x \in[-1,1] \})^{-1/k} \, .$$ Thus, we have an upper bound for the mixing rate $$\alpha_{BV}\leq -\ln \sigma_{ess}= \lim_{k\to \infty} \frac{1}{k} \ln \inf \{|(F_c^k)'(x)| : x \in[-1,1] \} \,,$$ which yields the following estimate for the Lyapunov exponent: $$\begin{aligned} \Lambda &=& \frac{1}{k} \int_I \ln |(F_c^k)'(x)| \,d\mu\nonumber \\ & \geq& \frac{1}{k} \inf \{\ln|(F_c^k)'(x)| : x \in[-1,1] \} \int_I d \mu\nonumber \\ &=& \frac{1}{k} \ln \inf \{|(F_c^k)'(x)| : x \in[-1,1] \} \,. \end{aligned}$$ Thus, for observables of bounded variation we have the following result. \[bvcor\] Let $f: I \rightarrow I$ be a piecewise monotonic smooth expanding interval map which is mixing with respect to its unique absolutely continuous invariant measure. Then the rate of decay of correlations for functions of bounded variation is bounded by the Lyapunov exponent $$\label{bvest} \alpha_{BV}\leq \Lambda \, .$$ In fact, almost identical statements can be found in [@CoEc_JSP04], for example, Corollary 9.2. Conclusion {#sec:4} ========== There is no simple, straightforward answer to the question about the relation between Lyapunov exponents and mixing rates. On formal grounds one may argue that both quantities probe entirely different and independent aspects of a dynamical system, and that no particular relation should be expected. Lyapunov exponents are determined by properties related to the largest eigenvalue of the Perron-Frobenius operator. By contrast, correlation decay depends crucially on properties of the observables, with mixing rates being related to the subleading part of the spectrum. Thus, abstract operator theory on its own does not seem to provide further insight into the relation between both quantities. Witness, for example, the doubling map viewed as an analytic map on the unit circle. While its Lyapunov exponent is finite, the Perron-Frobenius operator has no nontrivial eigenvalue when considered on the space of analytic functions, that is, correlations of analytic observables decay faster than any exponential (see, e.g., [@Bala:00]). The argument outlined above, however, is a bit too simplistic. In fact, our results on piecewise linear expanding Markov maps observed via piecewise analytic functions or general piecewise smooth expanding maps observed via functions of bounded variation suggest that bounds on the mixing rate in terms of Lyapunov exponents can be derived provided that specific properties of the underlying dynamical system are taken into account. Estimates of this type rely on nontrivial lower bounds for spectra. As such, they are complementary to estimates which are available for proving the existence of spectral gaps, and will thus require completely different approaches. It turns out that the spirit of the result contained in Proposition \[bvcor\] can be understood by considering an observable with a single discontinuity. In order to substantiate this claim we have performed numerical simulations on the map for $c=-0.11$. We have computed the autocorrelation function for the observable $\varphi=\psi=\phi_h$ with $\phi_h(x)=x$ if $|x|<1/2$ and $\phi_h(x)=x-\mbox{sign}(x) h$ if $|x|>1/2$, having a discontinuity of stepsize $h$ at $|x|=1/2$ (see [Figure \[fig:4\]]{}). Choosing $h=0$, the corresponding observable $\phi_h$ is analytic and the correlation decay is seen to follow the subleading eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ of the Perron-Frobenius operator defined on the space of analytic functions (see [Figure \[fig:Counterexample\]]{}(b)). In the discontinuous case corresponding to $h\neq 0$ the short time initial decay of the correlations still follows the pattern of the analytic observable, but the correlation function now develops an exponential tail which obeys . The tail becomes more pronounced if the stepsize increases. In fact, the mixing rate seems to be very close to the Lyapunov exponent. Revisiting the considerations leading to Proposition \[bvcor\], it is tempting to surmise that this coincidence is a consequence of large deviation properties of finite time Lyapunov exponents, since the expression for the essential spectral radius involves an extreme value of a finite time Lyapunov exponent. Thus, the relation between Lyapunov exponents and mixing rates for observables of bounded variation could be viewed to arise from the same mechanism already exploited in [@BaHeMePo_PRA88] for analysing the simple case mentioned in the introduction. ![Normalised autocorrelation function of the discontinuous variable $\phi_h$ with different stepsizes $h$ for the map $F_c$ with $c=-0.11$. The straight lines represent an exponential decay with rate $\ln|\lambda_1|$ and $-\Lambda$. Ergodic averages have been computed as time averages of a series of length $2\times 10^4$ for $5\times 10^8$ uniformly distributed initial conditions, skipping a transient of length $100$. The horizontal dotted line indicates the order of magnitude of statistical errors induced by the finite ensemble size.\[fig:4\]](fig4_new.eps){width=".75\textwidth"} This simple demonstration gives support to the folklore that correlation decay is linked with Lyapunov exponents. Even if a real world phenomenon is sufficiently well-modelled by a smooth dynamical system for which to date no link between correlation decay and Lyapunov exponents can be established, one should keep in mind that modern data processing inevitably involves digital devices, which correspond to discontinuous observations. Therefore, in formal terms observables of bounded variation could be the relevant class for applications and in these cases Proposition \[bvcor\] applies. At an intuitive level it is easy to understand why discontinuous observations result in correlation decay related to Lyapunov exponents. A discontinuous observable is able to distinguish between different “microstates” at a “macroscopic” level, that is, a discontinuous observation is able to distinguish two states at infinitesimal distance. As the distance between two nearby phase space points separated by a discontinuity grows according to the Lyapunov exponent, the sensitivity at the microscale may be transported to the macroscale, that is, it may filter through to the correlation function by a discontinuous observation. In our context the mathematical challenge is to establish a relation between mixing rates and Lyapunov exponents for natural classes of observables, for example, full branch analytic interval maps observed via analytic functions. Besides the need for developing tools to obtain lower bounds for spectra, establishing the relation alluded to above also requires a deeper understanding of which dynamical feature causes the point spectrum of the Perron-Frobenius operator, that is, which signature of the microscopic dynamics survives if viewed via analytic observables. This is reminiscent of coarse-graining approaches in statistical mechanics, for example, the introduction of collective coordinates and quasi-particles. Thus, tackling the mathematical problem above may well shed some light on some of the most fundamental problems in contemporary nonequilibrium statistical physics of complex systems. Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered} ================ W.J. gratefully acknowledges support by EPSRC (grant no. EP/H04812X/1) and DFG (through SFB910), as well as the kind hospitality by Eckehard Sch[ö]{}ll and his group during the stay at TU-Berlin. Appendix: Spectral properties of Markov maps {#sec:Appendix .unnumbered} ============================================ In this section we shall provide a short account of the technical details to make the results of Section \[sec:2\] rigorous. The main thrust of the argument is to define a suitable function space on which the generalised Perron-Frobenius operator is compact. Results of this type for general analytic Markov maps are not new (see, for example, [@ruelle76] or [@mayer84]). The special case of piecewise linear Markov maps discussed below, where a complete determination of the spectrum is possible, is probably well known to specialists in the field. Unfortunately, we are at loss to provide a reference for the results in Proposition \[app:prop2\] below, so we will outline a proof for the convenience of the reader. To set the scene we define what is meant by a piecewise linear Markov map. Before doing so we note that by a [*partition*]{} of a closed interval $I$ we mean a finite collection of closed intervals $\{I_1,\ldots,I_N\}$ with disjoint interiors, that is, $\mbox{int}(I_k)\cap\mbox{int}(I_l)$ for $k\neq l$, such that $\bigcup_{k=1}^NI_k=I$. \[defn:MarkovMap\] An interval map $f:I\rightarrow I$ is said to be a [*Markov map*]{} if there exists a finite partition $\{I_k\}_{k=1}^{N}$ of $I$ such that for any pair $(k,l)$ either $f(\mbox{int}(I_k)) \cap \mbox{int}(I_l) = \emptyset$ or $\mbox{int}(I_l) \subseteq f(\mbox{int}(I_k))$. If this is the case, the corresponding partition will be referred to as a [*Markov partition*]{} and the $N\times N$ matrix $A$ given by $$\label{appeqa} A_{k l}= \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if $\mbox{int}(I_l) \subseteq f(\mbox{int}(I_k))$} \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$ will be called the [*topological transition matrix*]{} of the Markov map $f$. A Markov map $f$ with Markov partition $\{I_k\}_{k=1}^{N}$ is said to be [*expanding*]{} if $|f'(x)|>1$ for all $x\in \mbox{int}(I_k)$. It is said to be [*piecewise linear*]{} if $f'$ is constant on each element of the Markov partition, that is, $f'(x)=\gamma_k$ for all $x\in \mbox{int}(I_k)$. Finally, we call an expanding Markov map with topological transition matrix $A$ [*topologically mixing*]{}[^1] if there is a positive integer $p$ such that each entry of the matrix $A^p$ is strictly positive. In what follows we shall concentrate on topologically mixing piecewise linear expanding Markov maps. Our aim is to define suitable spaces of observables on which the associated [*generalised Perron-Frobenius operator*]{} or [*transfer operator*]{} $$\label{app:eq:RPFapp} (\mathcal{L}_{\beta} h)(x) = \sum_{y \in f^{-1}(x)} \frac{h(y)}{|f^{\prime}(y)|^{\beta}}$$ (see ) is well defined and has nice spectral properties. It turns out that these spaces can be chosen from spaces of functions which are piecewise analytic. In order to define these spaces we require some more notation. \[def:Hspace\] Let $D$ denote an open disk in the complex plane. - We write $H^\infty(D)={\left \{\,{h: D \rightarrow \mathbb{C} }\,:\,{h \mbox{ holomorphic and $\sup_{z \in D}|h(z)|<\infty$}}\,\right \}}$ to denote the space of bounded holomorphic functions on $D$. This is a Banach space when equipped with the norm ${\left\| {h}\right\| _{H^\infty(D)}}=\sup_{z \in D}|h(z)|$. - We use $\mathcal{H}(D)=\bigoplus_{k=1}^N H^\infty(D)$ to denote the space of $N$-tuples $(h_1,\ldots,h_N)$ of bounded holomorphic functions on $D$. This is a Banach space when equipped with the norm ${\left\| {h}\right\| _{\mathcal{H}(D)}}=\max \{ \|h_k\|_{H^\infty(D)} : k=1,\ldots, N\}$. The desired space of observables will now be defined by linking the disk $D$ occurring in the definition above to the dynamical system as follows. Given a piecewise linear expanding Markov map with Markov partition $\{I_k\}_{k=1}^{N}$, let us denote by $\varphi_{kl}: I_k \rightarrow I_l$ the inverse branch of the Markov map from partition element $I_k$ into the partition element $I_l$ as well as its obvious analytic continuation to the complex plane. Observe now that, since the map is expanding, all inverse branches are contractions. We can thus choose two concentric disks $D_r$ and $D_R$ of radius $r>0$ and $R>r$, respectively, such that $$\label{app:eq:adapted} \varphi_{kl}(D_R)\subset D_r \quad \text{for all inverse branches $\varphi_{kl}$}\,.$$ It turns out that ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ is a suitable space of observables for the map, in the sense that the associated transfer operator (\[app:eq:RPFapp\]) is a well defined bounded operator on ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$. This is the content of the following result. \[app:prop1\] Given a piecewise linear expanding Markov map $f$ with topological transition matrix $A$ and inverse branches $\varphi_{kl}$, suppose that the disk $D_R$ is chosen as above. Then, for any real $\beta$, the transfer operator ${\mathcal L}_\beta$ is a well defined bounded operator from ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ into itself and is given by $$\label{app:eq1} \left({\mathcal L}_{\beta} h\right)_{k}(z) =\sum_{l}A_{lk}|\varphi_{kl}'(z)|^\beta h_l(\varphi_{kl}(z)) \, .$$ The representation (\[app:eq1\]) follows from a short calculation using the definition (\[app:eq:RPFapp\]) of ${\mathcal L}_\beta$. Since $|\varphi_{kl}'(z)|^\beta=|\gamma_l|^{-\beta}$ is constant and the disk $D_R$ satisfies (\[app:eq:adapted\]), the operator maps ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ to ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$. In order to see that ${\mathcal L}_\beta: {\mathcal H}(D_R)\to {\mathcal H}(D_R)$ is bounded observe that if $h\in {\mathcal H}(D_R)$ with ${\left\| {h}\right\| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)}}\leq 1$, then $${\left\| {{\mathcal L}_\beta h}\right\| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)}} =\max_{k}{\left\| { ({\mathcal L}_\beta h)_k}\right\| _{{H}^\infty(D_R)}} \leq \max_{k} \sum_{l}A_{lk}|\gamma_l|^{-\beta}<\infty\,.\qedhere$$ The space ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ is not the only suitable space of observables. Restricting to one and the same disk of analyticity for each branch, however, simplifies notation. More general spaces are discussed in [@BaJe_AM08] and [@BJ08]. Next we shall explain why the spectrum of ${\mathcal L}_\beta$ viewed as an operator on ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ is given by the eigenvalues of the diagonal blocks $T^{(mm)}(\beta)$ for $m\in {\mathbb N}_0$ defined in (\[blockmatrix\]). The key ingredient of the proof of this statement is a factorisation of the transfer operator together with an approximation argument. In order to explain the factorisation of the transfer operator we observe that in (\[app:eq1\]) the argument of $h_l$, that is $\varphi_{kl}(z)$, is contained in the smaller disk $D_r$ because of (\[app:eq:adapted\]). We can thus use (\[app:eq1\]) to define the operator on a larger function space, namely ${\mathcal H}(D_r)$. Note that the space is ‘larger’ as analyticity is only required on a smaller disk $D_r \subset D_R$. We shall write $\tilde{\mathcal L}_\beta : {\mathcal H}(D_r) \rightarrow {\mathcal H}(D_R)$ in order to distinguish this lifted operator from the one occurring in Proposition \[app:prop1\]. Note that the arguments in this proposition can be adapted to show that $\tilde{\mathcal L}_\beta$ is a bounded operator. It is tempting to think of ${\mathcal L}_\beta$ and $\tilde{\mathcal L}_\beta$ as being essentially the same, since they are given by the same functional expression. However, as operators the two are different as the latter is defined on a larger domain. Yet, both operators are related by restriction. In order to give a precise formulation of this fact we introduce a bounded embedding operator $\mathcal J$ which maps the smaller space ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ injectively into the larger space ${\mathcal H}(D_r)$. To be precise ${\mathcal J} : {\mathcal H}(D_R) \rightarrow {\mathcal H}(D_r)$ is given by $({\mathcal J} h)_k= Jh_k$, where $J:H^\infty(D_R)\to H^\infty(D_r)$ in turn is given by $(Jh)(z)=h(z)$ for $z\in D_r$. Note that ${\mathcal J}$ looks superficially like the identity. This, however, is misleading as argument and image are considered in different spaces. The relation between ${\mathcal L}_\beta$ and $\tilde{\mathcal L}_\beta$ can now be written as $$\label{app:Lfactor} {\mathcal L}_\beta = \tilde{{\mathcal L}}_\beta {\mathcal J}\,.$$ Note that the factorisation above disentangles the intricacies of the map contained in $\tilde{\mathcal{L}}_\beta$ from its general expansiveness contained in $\mathcal{J}$. We now turn to the approximation argument. For piecewise linear Markov maps the transfer operator is easily seen to map piecewise polynomial functions of degree at most $M$ into piecewise polynomial functions of degree at most $M$. This follows from a straightforward calculation using the fact that the inverse branches are affine functions. In order to exploit this property of the transfer operator further we shall introduce a projection operator defined as follows: given an analytic function $h$ in $H^\infty(D_R)$ and an integer $M$ we use $P_Mh$ to denote the truncated Taylor series expansion $$(P_Mh)(z) =\sum_{k=0}^M \frac{h^{(k)}(z_0)}{k!}(z-z_0)^k\,,$$ where $z_0$ denotes the centre of the disk $D_R$. Clearly, $P_M$ is a projection operator. It turns out that the projections $P_M$ approximate the embedding $J$ for large $M$ in a strong sense. In order to make this statement, the heart of the approximation argument alluded to above, more precise, we observe that, by Cauchy’s Integral Theorem, we have for any $h\in H^\infty(D_R)$ and any $z\in D_r$ $$h(z)-(P_Mh)(z)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_\Gamma\frac{h(\zeta)}{\zeta-z} \frac{(z-z_0)^{M+1}}{(\zeta-z_0)^{M+1}}\,d\zeta\,,$$ where the contour $\Gamma$ is the positively oriented boundary of a disk centred at $z_0$ with radius lying strictly between $r$ and $R$. It follows that the norm of $J-JP_M$ viewed as an operator from $H^\infty(D_R)$ to $H^\infty(D_r)$ satisfies $${\left\| {J-JP_M}\right\| _{H^\infty(D_R)\to H^\infty(D_r)}}\leq \frac{R}{R-r}\left ( \frac{r}{R}\right )^{M+1}\,.$$ In particular, we have $$\label{app:Japprox} \lim_{M\to \infty}{\left\| {J-JP_M}\right\| _{H^\infty(D_R)\to H^\infty(D_r)}}=0\,.$$ In order to extend this result to the space of piecewise analytic functions ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ we introduce the projection operator $\mathcal{P}_M : \mathcal{H}(D_R) \rightarrow \mathcal{H}(D_R)$ by setting $\mathcal{P}_M h = (P_M h_1,\ldots, P_M h_N)$. The analogue of (\[app:Japprox\]) now reads $$\label{app:Jcalapprox} \lim_{M\to \infty}{\left\| {{\mathcal J}-{\mathcal J}{\mathcal P}_M}\right\| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)\to {\mathcal H}(D_r)}}=0\,.$$ We are now able to combine the factorisation (\[app:Lfactor\]) with the approximation result above to prove the main result of this Appendix. \[app:prop2\] Suppose we are given a piecewise linear expanding Markov map $f$ with inverse branches $\varphi_{kl}$ and disks $D_r\subset D_R$ satisfying (\[app:eq:adapted\]). Then, for any real $\beta$, the transfer operator ${\mathcal L}_\beta$ viewed as an operator on ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$ is compact and its non-zero eigenvalues (with multiplicities) are precisely the non-zero eigenvalues of the matrices $T^{(mm)}(\beta)$ with $m\in {\mathbb N}_0$ given in (\[melements\]). We start by recalling that for every $M\geq 0$ the transfer operator ${\mathcal L}_\beta$ leaves the space $\mathcal{P}_M(\mathcal{H}(D_R))$ invariant, that is, ${\mathcal L}_\beta(\mathcal{P}_M(\mathcal{H}(D_R))) \subseteq \mathcal{P}_M(\mathcal{H}(D_R))$. Thus $$({\mathcal I}-\mathcal{P}_M){\mathcal L}_\beta\mathcal{P}_M=0\,,$$ where ${\mathcal I}$ denotes the identity on ${\mathcal H}(D_R)$. Using the above equation and the factorisation (\[app:Lfactor\]) we see that $$\begin{gathered} {\left\| {{\mathcal L}_\beta- \mathcal{P}_M{\mathcal L}_\beta\mathcal{P}_M }\right\| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)}} ={\left\| {{\mathcal L}_\beta(\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{P}_M) }\right\| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)}}\\ ={\| {\tilde{{\mathcal L}}_\beta\mathcal{J}(\mathcal{I}-\mathcal{P}_M) } \| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)}} \leq {\| {\tilde{{\mathcal L}}_\beta} \| _{\mathcal{H}(D_r)\to \mathcal{H}(D_R)}} {\| {\mathcal{J}-\mathcal{J}\mathcal{P}_M } \| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)\to \mathcal{H}(D_r)}}\,,\end{gathered}$$ which, using (\[app:Jcalapprox\]), implies $$\label{app:Lapprox} \lim_{M\to \infty}{\left\| {{\mathcal L}_\beta- \mathcal{P}_M{\mathcal L}_\beta\mathcal{P}_M }\right\| _{{\mathcal H}(D_R)}}=0\,.$$ Since $\mathcal{P}_M{\mathcal L}_\beta\mathcal{P}_M$ is a finite-rank operator for every $M$, the limit above implies that ${\mathcal L}_\beta$ is compact. Clearly, the non-zero eigenvalues of each $\mathcal{P}_M{\mathcal L}_\beta\mathcal{P}_M$ are exactly the non-zero eigenvalues of the block matrices (\[blockmatrix\]). The remaining assertion, namely that the non-zero spectrum of the transfer operator is captured by the non-zero spectra of the finite dimensional matrix representations follows from (\[app:Lapprox\]) together with an abstract spectral approximation result (see [@DS XI.9.5]). Specialising to topologically mixing Markov maps we obtain the following refinement of the above proposition. \[app:cor\] Suppose that the hypotheses of the previous proposition hold. If the Markov map $f$ is also topologically mixing, then ${\mathcal L}_\beta:{\mathcal H}(D_R)\to {\mathcal H}(D_R)$ has a simple positive leading eigenvalue $\nu_0(\beta)$. Moreover, this leading eigenvalue is the Perron eigenvalue of the matrix $T^{(00)}(\beta)$. This follows from the previous proposition together with the observation that for $m\geq 1$ the spectral radius $r(T^{(mm)}(\beta))$ of the matrix $T^{(mm)}(\beta)$ is strictly smaller than the Perron eigenvalue of $T^{(00)}(\beta)$. In order to see this note that for all $m\geq 1$ we have $$|T^{(mm)}_{kl}(\beta)|\leq C T^{(00)}_{kl}(\beta)\,,$$ where $$C=\frac{1}{\inf_l |\gamma_l|}<1\,.$$ A short calculation shows that for each $k\geq 0$ and each $m\geq 1$ we have $${\left\| { \left (T^{(mm)}(\beta) \right )^k }\right\| _{F}}\leq C^k {\left\| { \left (T^{(00)}(\beta) \right )^k }\right\| _{F}}\,,$$ where ${\left\| {\cdot}\right\| _{F}}$ denotes the Frobenius norm. The spectral radius formula now implies that $$r(T^{(mm)}(\beta))\leq C\nu_0(\beta)\,.\qedhere$$ [10]{} H. D. Abarbanel. . Springer, 1997. R. Badii, K. Heinzelmann, P. Meier, and A. Politi. . , 37(4):1323–1328, Feb. 1988. V. Baladi. . World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, Singapore, 2000. 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N. S. Krylov. . Princeton University Press, 1979. R. Kubo. , 233(4761):330–334, July 1986. P. Lancaster. . Academic Press Inc, 1969. C. Liverani. . , 142(2):239–301, 1995. D. H. Mayer. . , 95(1):1–15, 1984. H. Mori, B.-C. So, and T. Ose. . , 66(4):1266–1283, Oct. 1981. F. Naud. . , 10(3):429–451, May 2009. D. Ruelle. . , 34(3):231–242, Oct. 1976. B. C. So, N. Yoshitake, H. Okamoto, and H. Mori. . , 36(3-4):367–400, Aug. 1984. J. C. Sprott. . Oxford University Press, 2001. [^1]: This is a slight abuse of terminology, since its use is usually restricted to continuous maps. However, it serves the same purpose as in the continuous setup as it guarantees the existence of a spectral gap for the corresponding transfer operator (see Corollary \[app:cor\]).

I'm 13 years old, visiting my grandparents, and we're all sitting down to lunch. Today, we're having stew. My uncles are here, my parents, one of my cousins. It is familial bonding at its best: over food. My plate gets passed up the table to my grandmother, who takes it, looks at me, then turns around and fills it with something from behind her. As she passes it back to me she says: "I'm giving you salad because you're getting too fat." My whole family snort into their stew, giggling, bar my mum who pats my arm reassuringly and makes defensive noises. It's a bit mean, I suppose. But she did have a point, I was getting fat and my grandmother is honest to a fault. Like most Romanians. I'm Romanian, you see. Born there but raised in England since I was five; both my parents are Romanian, though when my mum married my English stepfather I took his name. So now I'm a Jones with a muddled English accent – a bit northern to the southerners a bit southern to the northerners. I say "like" too often and have seen every episode of Friends a bajillion times. Until a few years ago I was a relative oddity. There just weren't that many Romanians around. I grew up fielding questions like "is Romania in Africa?" or "don't Romanians live in caravans?" (No, and you're thinking of Romany.) I suppose I liked it, being different. I liked that I could speak another language and had an exotic story to tell. Of course I was teased, but then aren't all kids for one reason or another? And if I ever encountered a "go back to your own country", I'd write the person off as a bigot or a simpleton. Oh how times have changed. In the past year a new story has surfaced nearly every day about gangs of Romanian grannies squatting in public squares, stealing or begging or causing a nuisance. This week the Times ran a piece about a tsunami of criminals rinsing clean the jacket pockets of western Europe then hopping on the next Wizz Air flight back to the homeland to spend the spoils on Samsung tablets. It's as if petty crime didn't exist before six months ago. An insidious sort of hysteria has taken hold and it is open season on Romanians. So I find myself in a strange position because I don't like these criminals, and I think that they deserve to be punished; and yet when I say that, people assume that I'm sanctioning the rubbishing of Romanians. I'm not. It goes back to my grandmother banging that salad down in front of me. She was honest, despite the fact that it might have hurt my feelings – as with most Romanians honesty is a big deal to her. She is also hard-working, thrifty, funny and an excellent cook. She is, again, exactly like most Romanians in her abhorrence of crime and her anger at the minority who are ruining Romania's reputation. In the great Venn diagram of the world there is one circle for Romanians and there is another for criminals. Both circles are vastly bigger than the area they create when they overlap, but it seems like only that relatively small area is of any interest to the media. And so most of the time, I'm just a tiny voice bleating saccharine sentiments about family and honesty and noble immigrants in a shitstorm of press, all determined to tell one story and tar the whole circle with one brush. My grandmother's advice? "Don't bother; no one wants to go to Britain anyway."

ay ani, don't redo anything on that. the majority of the time for me, once i lost the flow of the picture, if i try to go back and redo anything (usually something small like that), i end up fucking it up a lot more. plus the whole thing looks fresh as hell. ay ani, don't redo anything on that. the majority of the time for me, once i lost the flow of the picture, if i try to go back and redo anything (usually something small like that), i end up fucking it up a lot more. plus the whole thing looks fresh as hell. fer sure son that shiits tite leave as is "SIKER THAN AN AIDS INFESTED CHILD MOLESTER" Originally Posted by [phenom5] Rule #301 of the official Graffiti Writer's Manual: Legit blackbooks must be black, have hard-covers and tags all over them. And NO lined paper. Everyone knows lined paper is for pussy's and literature.

Histologic findings of antibody-mediated rejection in ABO blood-group-incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation. The purpose of this study was to characterize the histology of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in ABO blood-group-incompatible (ABOI) kidney transplants as well as on protocol biopsies performed at the time of stable allograft function. Between 5/99 and 1/02, we performed 32 ABOI kidney transplants (13 A2, 19 non-A2 blood-group living donors). Nineteen biopsies were performed for allograft dysfunction, and 127 protocol biopsies were performed 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 days and 3 and 12 months post transplant. Twenty-five of 32 patients have functioning allografts (mean 585 days post transplant). Nine of 32 (28%) developed clinical AMR. Biopsy revealed glomerular thrombi (78%), mesangiolysis (78%), peritubular capillary C4d staining (56%) and neutrophil infiltration (67%), interstitial hemorrhage and necrosis (56%) and arteriolar thrombi (33%). Subclinical AMR was diagnosed by protocol biopsies in four patients. Findings consisted of glomerular thrombi (100%), mesangiolysis (25%), and C4d staining (100%). In late protocol biopsies performed 214-420 days post transplant, mild mesangiolysis was seen in 2/17 (11.7%), and C4d immunostaining was detected in 3/12 (25%). AMR is characterized by glomerular thrombi, mesangiolysis, peritubular capillary neutrophil infiltration interstitial hemorrhage, necrosis, and C4d deposition. Glomerular thrombi appear early in AMR and may appear prior to graft dysfunction.

Pages Monday, September 5, 2011 Last Friday Night Hi girls, I didn't do this mani last Friday night, but last month when I bought OPI Last Friday Night from the Katy Perry collection. My idea was to do a glitter sandwich, but I loved the sparkle so much that I ended up not doing the sandwich at all. So I used Essence Cool and the Gang for the base (2 coats) and finished it with a coat of OPI Last Friday Night. The picture quality isn't optimal, because I took them with my iPhone. Two days later I used a matte top coat on it. I just love matte glitters! This is the result:

4-way stop will enable Transit Buses to enter and exit the Terminal This will enable transit buses to more easily enter and exit the Transit Terminal on 6th Avenue with the increased traffic during this stage of South Railway Street construction. 4-Way Stop signs are posted at this intersection. As a reminder, flashing red lights at intersections also indicate a 4-way stop. Please drive carefully, obeying all traffic signs and lights. All vehicles should yield to pedestrians, giving them time to cross safely at intersections. We thank everyone for your patience and understanding.

PTI’s ‘chaiwala’ MNA brews change in traditional politics RAWALPINDI: Gul Zafar Khan, a Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ticket-holder who clinched victory in NA-41 (Bajaur), is showered with petals and garlands as he returns to a local restaurant where he used to work. Khan is overwhelmed with joy and happiness as he once again makes chai for the people who supported him in his journey. "This is my job and from here I have been appointed as the MNA," he says while speaking to Geo News. The chaiwala couldn’t have imagined in his wildest dreams that he would be elected as member national assembly in a country where tradition has allowed only investors, industrialists and landlords this position. Breaking all stereotypes, he is prepared to take on the responsibility and set the right precedent for people hailing from middle-class backgrounds. The chaiwala couldn’t have imagined in his wildest dreams that he would be elected as member national assembly in a country where tradition has allowed only investors, industrialists and landlords this position. Photo: Geo News screen grab "My target is to bring more children into politics as first there was a restriction on politics and there was FCR [Frontier Crimes Regulation],” he remarks. He adds that he has gotten one chance to solve the problems facing his constituency. Khan shares that his main focus would be to impart education to all, and improve basic institutions. With Khan’s election as MNA it seems as if PTI’s chants of change and ‘Naya Pakistan’ are coming true.

Q: Adjust Canvas Menu Size and Scale in a HoloWorld The following script is supposed to enlarge a UI Canvas menu in the world space, so as the user gets far, the menu grows in size and scale, and as the user approaches it, it shrinks proportionately. We are actually trying to update the height of the menu to the camera's frustum height, so that the menu always takes up exactly the vertical height of the camera's view. Is this the way towards a solution? What are we doing wrong that the new size does not match the cam' frustum height? We have put this script on the HoloLensCamera in out app's scene... public class Adjuster : MonoBehaviour { public RectTransform _rectTransform; private float _ratio; private float _pixPerUnit = 100f; private Vector3 _gazeOrigin; private Vector3 _uiOrigin; private float _frustumHeight; private float _distance; public bool _reSizeCanvas; private Camera _camera; private float _canvasWidth; private float _canvasHeight; private void Start() { if (_reSizeCanvas) { Vector2 initialSize = _rectTransform.sizeDelta; _ratio = _rectTransform.rect.width / _rectTransform.rect.height; } } private void LateUpdate() { _gazeOrigin = transform.position; _uiOrigin = _rectTransform.position; _distance = Vector3.Distance(_gazeOrigin, _uiOrigin); _frustumHeight = 2.0f * _distance * Mathf.Tan( this.GetComponent<Camera>().fieldOfView * 0.5f * Mathf.Deg2Rad ); _rectTransform.sizeDelta = new Vector2(_ratio * _frustumHeight * _pixPerUnit, _frustumHeight * _pixPerUnit); } } A: When applying a ratio to something. That ratio is calculated based on the comparison of two things. In this case u are comparing the distance between u and the menu to a baseline distance between u and the menu. So u need fixed distance to compare your actual distance to. A frustum is literally A cone like shape that the camera spawns (with the tip starting at the camera) and it will render anything that is inside this cone. Its dimensions will always be the same if u don't mess with the camera. If u want to get frustum height involved u need to find out where the object is in that cone. Then find out the dimensions of that slice of the cone. The easiest solution; Leave the frustum height out of this and your solution is very easy; Player gets closer increase scale. Vice Versa

Q: Акселлерометр, Unity 3D Снимаю показания для движения тела в зависимости от наклона устройства Код взял с офф. мануала по Input public float speed; Vector3 dir; // Use this for initialization void Start () { speed = 10.0f; dir = Vector3.zero; } // Update is called once per frame void FixedUpdate () { // пробовал и просто с Update, вроде с физикой лучше использовать Fixed dir.x = Input.acceleration.x; dir.z = Input.acceleration.y; // clamp acceleration vector to the unit sphere //if (dir.sqrMagnitude > 1) //dir.Normalize(); // Make it move 10 meters per second instead of 10 meters per frame... dir *= Time.deltaTime; // Move object transform.Translate(dir * speed); } Всё работает, причем отлично и отзывчиво, но иногда, когда тела касаются друг друга(например игрок касается стенок и скользит некоторое время вдоль них) что то сбивается и одна из осей инвертируется, либо вообще начинает двигаться по вертикали! Прыгает игрок, на котором скрипт. A: Рекомендую вместо transform.Translate() использовать rigidbody.AddForce() Необходимо в Start получать компонент Rigidbody, при помощи метода GetComponent<>() и использовать данный компонент для движения игрока. Демонстративный код: using UnityEngine; [RequireComponent(typeof(Collider))] [RequireComponent(typeof(Rigidbody))] public class AccelerationTest : MonoBehaviour { public float speed = 10f; private new Rigidbody rigidbody; private Vector3 dir = Vector3.zero; private void Start () { rigidbody = GetComponent<Rigidbody>() } private void FixedUpdate () { dir.x = Input.acceleration.x; dir.z = Input.acceleration.y; rigidbody.AddForce(dir * speed, ForceMode.Force); } }

Music and Sound Design specialist My name is Dan and I'm here to promote my skills and a composer and sound design artist. I have a large background in composition and creating sounds through add/sub/gran synthesis, however, I believe my greatest skill is being able to talk with the developers and try to find the right type of mood and feel for the music. I want to to be able to trade ideas and get a deep understanding of the project, which in turn will help me to produce the right type of sound for it. Here are a few examples of pieces I've written to projects and films. I'll be looking forward to working together with you all to create a great game!

Summertime is my favorite time of year. The beach, the sun & lemonade make for a perfect summer. Last year while attending the Taste of LA, I was introduced to the most delicious beverage, Watermelon Lemonade. I will never forget it because I stood in line about 5 times to taste it. Watermelon Lemonade has instantly become my families favorite beverage. It’s a creative and refreshing beverage with a twist to the standard lemonade recipe. The watermelon is also naturally sweet which helps reduce the amount of sugar required for the recipe. The beverage is also a conversation starter! I used a Breville Juice Fountain duo to make the delicious beverage at home. I’m in love with this Home Tech gadget! If you do not have a juicer you can also use a blender to puree the fruit. For this recipe I will use a blender. Do you have a creative lemonade recipe? What is your favorite ingredient? Watermelon Lemonade Ingredients 1 cup white sugar 1 cup water 8 cups cubed seedless watermelon (from about 1/2 medium sized watermelon) 6 cups cold water 1 cup fresh lemon juice (6 -8 lemons) 6 cups ice cubes Directions Place the watermelon into a blender. Cover, and puree until smooth. Strain through a fine mesh sieve. Place the lemons into a blender. Cover and puree until smooth. Stir in 3 cups of cold wate, the lemon juice and stir. Add remaining water and sugar. Divide the ice into 12 glasses, and then top with the lemonade. Gently stir before serving. Buen Provecho!

The Austrian Minister of the Interior and the Mayor of Vienna were among the crowd of several thousand persons who turned out here to welcome a group of 119 Austrian war criminals released by the Soviet authorities from Russian prisons. The repatriated men, in most cases, had been members of Hitler’s Elite Guard, the S.S., and had been convicted of war crimes in Poland and Rumania. A new attempt to show “The Immortal Beloved,” a film produced in Germany by Vet Harlan, producer of the Nazi anti-Semitic film “Jew Sues,” is running into difficulty here with many Groups-both Jewish and non Jewish-once again protesting plans to exhibit the film. Demonstrations have teen threatened by these organizations outside any theater which features the film. Four weeks ago, similar protests caused the cancellation of the Austrian premiere of “The Immortal Beloved” in Vienna.

To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed the entire object, paste this HTML in websiteTo link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed this page, paste this HTML in website An Act to Cut and Clear a Waggon Road to the Settlements on the Cumberland River in the Mero District An Act to authorize the raising a fund, for the purpose of discharging the cost of cutting and clearing a wagon road from south West Point to the settlement on Cumberland River, in Mero district, by lottery. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Governor, Legislative Council, and House of Representatives of the Territory of the United States of America south of the river Ohio, That in order that a sufficient fund may be raised for the purpose above mentioned, that a scheme be authorized for drawing a lottery, to consist of three thousand one hundred tickets; three thousand of which shall be by the managers hereafter named, put into the hands of such discreet persons as they may judge properly qualified for selling the same; or, if they chuse so to do, may be kept in their own hands, and sold by An Act to authorize the raising a fund, for the purpose of discharging the cost of cutting and clearing a wagon road from south West Point to the settlement on Cumberland River, in Mero district, by lottery. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Governor, Legislative Council, and House of Representatives of the Territory of the United States of America south of the river Ohio, That in order that a sufficient fund may be raised for the purpose above mentioned, that a scheme be authorized for drawing a lottery, to consist of three thousand one hundred tickets; three thousand of which shall be by the managers hereafter named, put into the hands of such discreet persons as they may judge properly qualified for selling the same; or, if they chuse so to do, may be kept in their own hands, and sold by While TSLA houses an item, it does not necessarily hold the copyright on the item, nor may it be able to determine if the item is still protected under current copyright law. Users are solely responsible for determining the existence of such instances and for obtaining any other permissions and paying associated fees that may be necessary for the intended use.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a pretreatment kit for saliva for identification and quantitatively determining streptococci mutans, as one of cariogenic bacteria in human saliva, by immunochromatography utilizing an antigen-antibody reaction, and a pretreatment method for saliva using the pretreatment kit for saliva. 2. Description of Conventional Art It has been known that there is close relation between the presence of streptococci mutans and the generation of dental caries in a human mouth, and therefore, the morbidity risk and the current condition of morbidity can be comprehended to provide benefits to quite a number of people if the presence or absence and the amount of streptococci mutans in a human mouth can be conveniently examined. An examination technique utilizing an antigen-antibody reaction in examining has been conventionally carried out. For example, the immunoenzymatic technique, which is a method of identification and quantitatively determining with coloring density using an enzyme, requires a special washing device and complicated and accurate operations for handling an antibody and a sample, and also requires an incubator for carrying out an enzyme reaction. The fluorescent antibody technique, which is a method of specifically staining an antigen that is reacted with an antibody labeled with a fluorescent dye, is not commonly employed since a fluorescent microscope is necessary as a measurement device. Accordingly, various techniques have been proposed for conveniently utilizing an antigen-antibody reaction. Examples thereof include a measurement technique utilizing chromatography (as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,645, 4,855,240, 4,435,504 and 4,980,298, and Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos. JP-A-61-145459 and JP-A-6-160388). The technique is excellent in simpleness because the presence or absence and the amount of an antigen can be measured only by mixing a body fluid thus collected in a test solution containing an antigen to be identified and quantitatively determined, and then instilling in an examination device. The technique is generally referred to as an immunochromatography technique, and the principles of identification and quantitative determination have been disclosed in detail (as shown, for example, in Se-Hwan Peak, Seung-Hwa Lee, Joung-Hawan Cho and Young-Sang Kim, “Development of rapid One-Step immunochromatographic assay, Methods”, vol. 22, p. 53 to 60 (2000)). It seems that identification and quantitative determination of streptococci mutans in the human mouth can be carried out by applying the technique, but it has not been put into practical use because of the following problems. That is, it is necessary that a sample used for the immunochromatography technique pass through a porous membrane by the capillary phenomenon. However, because the major sample applied to the examination of bacteria in the mouth, such as streptococci mutans, is saliva, a high viscosity substance present in saliva, which is referred to as mucin, clogs the pores of the porous membrane. Furthermore, because mucin has such a function that aggregates epithelial attachment cells stripped off from oral mucosa, the pores of the porous membrane are clogged with these substances to inhibit transmission of streptococci mutans. In addition to mucin, there is another problem complicating identification and quantitative determination of streptococci mutans by the immunochromatography technique. That is, the streptococci mutans to be measured is a bacterium having a diameter of about 1 μm solely but often forms a chain with 10 to 20 or more bacteria owing to the nature of streptococci, which may be a factor of inhibiting migration in the porous membrane. Furthermore, the streptococci mutans forms glucan having adherence from sucrose in foods and is often severely aggregated. The chain formation and aggregation of streptococci mutans cause clogging in the porous membrane and also reduce the surface area of the streptococci to affect quantitative determination of the number of antigens present on the surface of the streptococci mutans, which reduces accuracy of the measurement. In the immunochromatography technique, detection of an analytic object is generally carried out by using two antibodies. The first antibody is retained in a porous membrane formed with glass fibers or the like on the side where a sample is dropped, and the antibody is generally labeled with latex particles, gold colloid particles or the like (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a labeled antibody). In the case where the analytic object to be measured is present in the sample, when passing the sample through the porous membrane, the labeled antibody recognizes the analytic object to be measured and is bonded thereto. The composite of the analytic object and the labeled antibody is flowed by capillary phenomenon toward another porous membrane having the second antibody (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a trap antibody) immobilized thereon, for example, in the form of strips, and the complex of the analytic object and the labeled antibody is recognized, trapped and detected as a visible signal (in the form of strips in this case). In the case where the immunochromatography technique is applied to saliva as a sample, however, the composite of a labeled antibody and streptococci mutans is trapped in the membrane retaining the labeled antibody but does not efficiently flow by capillary phenomenon toward the porous membrane having the trap antibody immobilized therein to cause such a problem that the accuracy of the measurement is reduced.

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Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has warned Ukraine he will cut off the country's gas supplies if it siphons fuel from export lines. Mr. Putin made the statement in Moscow following a meeting with Austrian Chancellor Werner Faymann. His warning carries an implicit threat that Europeans this winter could again face shortages of gas they receive from Russia via pipelines that go through Ukraine. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has been discussing energy with European leaders much of this past year. He met with the prime minister of Hungary in May to speed construction of the new South Stream gas pipeline from Russia to Europe, a pipeline that will not transit Ukraine. In October, Mr. Putin discussed the project with his Italian counterpart. Following talks on November 2 with the Danish head of government, Mr. Putin issued a sharp warning that Europe should help pay for deliveries of Russian gas to Ukraine. The Prime Minister says Russia has already paid Ukraine $2.5-billion for transit and urges Europeans to throw in, as he puts it, "a lousy billion". Mr. Putin bluntly comments, "Why have they become so stingy down there? They have money, too. Let them get something out of their pockets." <!-- IMAGE --> Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko says her country paid Russia $500 million for October's gas bill. She also alleges President Viktor Yushchenko blocked payments usually made through the Ukrainian National Bank. Mr. Yushchenko, in turn, has criticized Ms. Tymoshenko for negotiating a gas contract that favors Russia. Both are candidates in a January presidential election. Russian National Energy Security Fund Director Konstantin Simonov agrees with both accusations. He says Ms. Tymoshenko obligated Ukraine to pay for gas it does not use. And Simonov says the Ukrainian president has his eye on the upcoming election. The analyst says President Yushchenko and those close to him are concerned, above all, with their own re-election. Simonov says for them it is clear their only chance to stay in power is to organize a major disruption, and in that regard, a gas war with Russia is an ideal scenario. Meanwhile, Finland and Sweden in early November approved construction of the Nord Stream pipeline in their waters. Nord Stream would also circumvent Ukraine, delivering Russian gas to Northern Europe under the Baltic Sea. But Estonian Defense Minister Jaak Aviksoo accuses Moscow of playing politics. "The decision to have the Nord Stream as well as South Stream bypassing a number of central Eastern European countries is clearly a political decision," said Jaak Aviksoo. "And unfortunately these countries not being consulted feel themselves somehow out in the cold." European countries are also considering construction of yet another pipeline, Nabucco, which is backed by the United States and would circumvent Russia with supplies of Asian or Middle Eastern gas. Harvard University's Marshall Goldman told VOA that Moscow is seeking to prevent such pipeline competition by playing European countries against one another. "We will make a special deal with you, we will give you a discounted price, sign up with us and you will be protected," said Marshall Goldman. "We will not cut you off.' And this kind of leads to disruption in any kind of united front that might otherwise stand off against the Russians." Konstantin Simonov warns that Europe cannot replace the huge volumes pumped by Russia with Nabucco's relatively small annual capacity of 31 billion cubic meters. He also questions the reliability of Nabucco's potential suppliers. Simonov says he wants to ask Nabucco backers if they have been in Turkmenistan. Have they been in Iran or Egypt? Do they not have any reservations that those countries are much more capable of politicizing the energy dialogue [than Russia]? Simonov says he does not think his country is using gas as a political weapon, but has, instead, a different problem - it wants to make lots of money. Simonov cautions that Russia should not be allowed to corner the market on Central Asian gas, which already flows through Russian and Ukrainian pipelines to Europe.

Touring the West Coast of Ireland With Paddywagon Tours There are quite a few tour companies in Ireland, but Paddywagon has the biggest selection of budget options. With bright green buses, plastered with a giant leprechaun smoking a pipe, they tend to stand out a little more than the rest on the roadways. Among a few slogans, Paddywagon markets themselves as “the most fun tour in the world.” Touring the West Coast of Ireland With Paddywagon Tours Following the large TBEX travel blogging conference, Bell and I were invited on a Paddywagon media trip to test out the company. Our small group tour included 11 travel bloggers, accompanied by Paddywagon organizer and filmmaker Zachary Griner. We started by heading west to County Clare and the Burren, near the Cliffs of Moher. After a couple hours driving through the center of Ireland, we stumbled upon a group of donkeys near the road, including a baby, and our driver and guide Mike Coggins, who was seriously fantastic, decided to pull over for photos and ass mingling. The donkeys were surprisingly sociable, though we did have random bits of food that they enjoyed. We were extremely fortunate to have gorgeous sunny weather and after stops at Kinvara castle and lunch in Doolin, we arrived at Ireland’s most visited attraction, the dramatic Cliffs of Moher. With 1 million visitors per year, the cliffs can be a little busy, but as they stretch for 6km, there’s plenty of room for everyone. This was our second visit to the cliffs, and with a 1 and 1/2 hour stop we walked in the opposite direction of our previous trip, when we found ourselves in horrendous weather. This time Bell and I took our time in the sun and enjoyed sitting on the edge and photographing the scenery. This meant we once again didn’t have time to experience the visitor’s center, which features an apparently interesting film of the area. A fellow travel blogger felt 1 and 1/2 hours at the Cliffs was perfect, Bell and I felt an additional 30 minutes would have been more ideal. But there was a lot more to see and quite a bit of distance to cover. From the Cliffs we headed south for our first ever visit to stunning County Kerry, the favorite county of many in Ireland. There was a couple hours of additional driving that also involved a ferry ride across the River Shannon to cut 80km of driving distance. As beautiful as the coastline of County Clare is, the change of scenery in County Kerry is striking, with vastly larger rolling green mountains. As many Irish will tell you, when you see photos of Ireland, they are generally of County Kerry. Our accommodation for the night was in the small village of Annascaul, where Paddywagon owns a bed and breakfast, hostel and adjoining pub that serves dinner. Bell and I were given a private room with ensuite bathroom in the bed and breakfast which was comfortable, quiet and extremely clean. We all ate dinner together at their wonderfully named, Randy Leprechaun pub. Bell and I had chicken wings to start and burgers as mains. The chicken wings were heavily breaded and reminded me of the American chain Hooters (minus service with massive cleavage and tiny orange shorts). But given that the Randy Leprechaun is attached to a hostel and caters to budget travelers, Bell and I felt that the price point on the burger and fries, at €11 ($14.80 USD), could have been a little lower. After dinner, an Irish dancing instructor came by and for just €4 ($5.40 USD), we, along with paying guests, had the option to learn and partake in Irish dancing. Given that I have the coordination of a monkey on ice, I decided to pass and opted to photograph instead. But Bell partook and had an awesome time, and I enjoyed watching her dance and laugh. Everyone that gave it a go really enjoyed it and worked up a sweat in the process. Given that it had been a long day, most of our fellow blogging companions retired early and after the dancing finished, the atmosphere in the pub was a little lacking. This isn’t a high point in tourist season though and we’d suspect that the atmosphere in summer would be much more happening until later For our full day in County Kerry, the Irish weather gods did not grant us the same fortunes as the previous day, as we were inundated with fog and rain. Fortunately, our phenomenal guide and driver Mike adjusted our schedule to suit the weather conditions. There were a few less photo opportunities but Mike knew some gorgeous, lesser known spots that were just stunning. Along the Slea Head drive of Kerry, the early 90’s film ‘Far and Away,’ starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman was filmed. During filming, Cruise took quite a liking to a charming elderly widower named Mary, whom he preferred to enjoy his breakfasts with in her home, rather than the ones provided by the catering van. At 82 years of age, Mary still resides in her home for 6 months of the year and allows visitors to tour her charming living room and flip through photo albums of the making of the film, with several photos of her and a far younger Tom Cruise. The €2 charge also includes access to several incredible bee hives. The incredible former residences of monks date back to the 8th century. If you’re passing through this area during tourist season, definitely swing by Mary’s property, it’s an awesome experience for €2! *Updated July 25th, 2018 Below* Where to Stay in Dublin Before Touring the West Coast of Ireland With Paddywagon Tours? It’s a good idea to book a hotel with free cancellation in advance. Later if prices change and you find a better deal, you can easily cancel your reservation and book another one. Here are hotel and bed and breakfast recommendations for Dublin: Luxury: Shelbourne Hotel is Dublin’s most historic luxury hotel, as several US Presidents and many foreign dignitaries have stayed there. They have a wonderful cocktail lounge and fantastic dining options. Even if you’re not a guest, swing in for high tea and enjoy a lovely view of St. Stephen’s Green. The Merrion Hotel is another excellent luxury choice. This 5 star hotel offers an old world luxury experience in a great location. Mid Range: O’Callaghan is a small chain of centrally located, comfortable hotels with good breakfasts. Trinity College often puts job applicants and guests up in these hotels. We stayed at O’Callaghan St. Stephens Green when Bell interviewed for her post doctoral position at Trinity College and highly recommend it. Budget: ABC House Dublin and Egans House are quintessentially Irish bed and breakfasts a little outside the center of Dublin. They both offer reasonable comfort for those that don’t want to spend a lot to sleep. We spent a week at ABC House Dublin while searching for our apartment when we first moved to Dublin. We stayed at Egans House on a visit to Ireland. Backpacker: Generator Hostel is conveniently located right next to the Jameson Distillery (fun!) and is part of a reputable chain of hostels in Europe that are known for being clean and having a fun atmosphere. Families especially will find the best deals on short term apartment rentals. If you’ve never used Airbnb, sign up here for free and receive $40 credit off your first stay! Want to travel to Ireland for Free? Play the credit card points game to earn free flights with everyday spending. There’s really no catch as long as you’re responsible with credit (being irresponsible is the catch). We take advantage of credit card bonus sign ups and Chase is one of favorite cards for the flexibility. The Chase Sapphire Preferred has no annual fee the first year and offers 50,000 bonus points when you sign up. 50,000 bonus points on Chase rewards is worth about $750 in travel credit. There are no blackouts on flights, meaning that if there are seats you can use your points. You can often even earn airline miles with the free flight this way too! The Chase system is easy to use to cash in the points for free flights and hotels around the world, making it very popular among travel hackers. You can even transfer Chase points to many airline mileage programs at 1:1 ratio. Have questions about planning your trip to Ireland? Email me at [email protected] or leave a comment below and I can assist you! Disclosure: While our 3 day tour was provided free of charge, all photos and opinions expressed here are ours. Also, this article contains some affiliate links. We receive a small commission when you book or sign up through these links and it costs you nothing extra. When it suits you, please use them, as it helps maintain this site! Thanks, yes the scenery is stunning! And a great thing about a tour is that you don’t have to deal with driving on incredibly narrow and daunting roads in counties Clare and Kerry, often in poor weather conditions, yourself. Better to leave it to an experienced driver- Mike even sang Irish songs for us when the driving wasn’t so precarious! 🙂 Hi Alex & Bell! What I’m especially loving about your & the other bloggers’ posts from our Paddywagon tour is that everyone has different angles & remembers different things from our trip. I’m sitting down to write my post now (tho’ I did do an #IGtravelthursday photo post on it already) and I’m certainly going to link to everyone’s posts– they all add up to a great resource for a potential traveller wanting a broad picture of what a Paddywagon tour out west is like. 🙂 Cheers! Hi Susan! Thanks for swinging by and commenting. We’re looking forward to reading your post about the tour! That’s a great idea for you to link to all of our posts on this. Thanks and yes that will be a great resource for readers planning a trip to the west coast of Ireland. Have a good one and cheers to you too! 😀 Hi Jennifer! Yeah we were lucky to have such a nice day in October. They happen sometimes 🙂 And yes you should swing by Ireland some day, there are many breathtakingly beautiful secluded spots to go along with the touristy ones!

‘White glow’ in babies’ eyes a possible cancer warning - The BBC reports that the most common sign of retinoblastoma is a white glow in the pupil of the eye, which can look like a ‘cat’s eye’ in a photograph, especially when there is a ‘red eye’ look in the other. (May 07, 2011)

# Define the files we need to compile. # Anything not in this list will not be compiled into mlpack. set(SOURCES all_dimension_select.hpp decision_tree.hpp decision_tree_impl.hpp all_categorical_split.hpp all_categorical_split_impl.hpp best_binary_numeric_split.hpp best_binary_numeric_split_impl.hpp gini_gain.hpp information_gain.hpp multiple_random_dimension_select.hpp random_dimension_select.hpp ) # Add directory name to sources. set(DIR_SRCS) foreach(file ${SOURCES}) set(DIR_SRCS ${DIR_SRCS} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${file}) endforeach() # Append sources (with directory name) to list of all mlpack sources (used at # the parent scope). set(MLPACK_SRCS ${MLPACK_SRCS} ${DIR_SRCS} PARENT_SCOPE) add_cli_executable(decision_tree) add_python_binding(decision_tree) add_julia_binding(decision_tree) add_go_binding(decision_tree) add_r_binding(decision_tree) add_markdown_docs(decision_tree "cli;python;julia;go;r" "classification")

KANSAS CITY, Kan. ­– Graham Zusi is one of 14 MLS players who have re-signed with their teams since last December using “retention funds.” MLS executive vice president of player relations & competition Todd Durbin revealed to a small group of reporters before Wednesday’s All-Star Game that the league’s so-called “Core Players” initiative has been in place since this past offseason as a mechanism for teams to retain key members of their roster before their contracts expire instead of losing them to foreign leagues. Sporting KC re-signed Zusi in late June to what manager Peter Vermes said was “for all intents and purposes” a Designated Player deal without classifying him as a DP. That was thanks to the extra financial resources of the Core Players initiative, which Durbin explained gives all clubs extra money in their salary budgets that do not count against the cap. With his previous deal set to expire at the end of this season, and with European clubs reportedly interested in the US national teamer, Zusi was “a textbook case” of the type of player the Core Player initiative was meant to target when it was first discussed with MLS teams, according to Durbin. Matt Besler, who re-signed with Sporting KC in December, is another such example. “We think the [clubs’] ownership group should be allowed to spend some amount of money to retain those players,” explained Durbin, “to increase their contract amounts, to not have it count against the salary budget so that we’re able to keep them longer-term and make that investment in those players.’” Besides Zusi and Besler, the other players re-signed by their clubs using the same mechanism are Tony Beltran and Chris Schuler (RSL), Sam Cronin (San Jose), Diego Fagundez (New England), Jhon Kennedy Hurtado (Seattle), George John (FC Dallas), Juninho (LA Galaxy), Gershon Koffie (Vancouver), Dax McCarty (New York), Drew Moor and Marvell Wynne (Colorado) and Chris Pontius (D.C. United). All MLS teams are allotted a set dollar amount to be used as retention funds to apply toward eligible players. The league declined to provide exact eligibility criteria, but it is believed to be defined as younger than a certain age and with a minimum number of minutes played per season. Durbin declined to disclose the exact dollar value, but added that the funds are tradable assets, similar to allocation money.