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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the most exciting and cathartic about this decision is that this appears to be a moment of lucidity where he understands what has happened and is not in thrall of his delusions. He at this point of lucidity makes the decision that he can not live with his crimes and would prefer to lie to his doctor as he knows this will result in his lobotomy.
### Response:
To Live as a Monster
If he accepts his guilt and becomes sane he will become the Monster. His delusions are his brains way of removing this guilt and hiding the fact that he ignored his family, did not act on his wife's mental illness, allowed her to murder their children and then murdered her. By accepting what the doctors are telling him he will need to go on living in the knowledge that he allowed terrible things to happen and did terrible things. The doctors will be able to treat him without a lobotomy but he will be fully aware of the crimes he committed.
To die as a good man
In his delusion he is a good man. He truly believes that he is on the side of law and order and that he is doing right. If he chooses to continue to believe this he will be lobotomised and will no longer have relevant brain function to question what he did or did not do. The death is not literal as the other answer suggests. It is about the fact that if he continues to believe he is this good man he will be lobotomised and effectively "die" believing in this. He will not die in a literal sense until later, but he will do so in the belief he was a good man.
What is most exciting and cathartic about this decision is that this appears to be a moment of lucidity where he understands what has happened and is not in thrall of his delusions. He at this point of lucidity makes the decision that he can not live with his crimes and would prefer to lie to his doctor as he knows this will result in his lobotomy.
By making the statement to his doctor he makes him aware of this also and by virtue of this you could also argue that he is being a good man by electing to be punished as well as the belief in his delusion that he is good.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the difference between "git reset --soft" and "git reset --mixed"?
### Response:
Remember that in ```git``` you have:
* the ```HEAD``` pointer, which tells you what commit you're working on
* the working tree, which represents the state of the files on your system
* the staging area (also called the index), which "stages" changes so that they can later be committed together
> Please include detailed explanations about:
```--hard```, ```--soft``` and ```--merge```;
In increasing order of dangerous-ness:
* ```--soft``` moves ```HEAD``` but doesn't touch the staging area or the working tree.
* ```--mixed``` moves ```HEAD``` and updates the staging area, but not the working tree.
* ```--merge``` moves ```HEAD```, resets the staging area, and tries to move all the changes in your working tree into the new working tree.
* ```--hard``` moves ```HEAD``` and adjusts your staging area and working tree to the new ```HEAD```, throwing away everything.
> concrete use cases and workflows;
* Use ```--soft``` when you want to move to another commit and patch things up without "losing your place". It's pretty rare that you need this.
```
# git reset --soft example
touch foo // Add a file, make some changes.
git add foo //
git commit -m "bad commit message" // Commit... D'oh, that was a mistake!
git reset --soft HEAD^ // Go back one commit and fix things.
git commit -m "good commit" // There, now it's right.
```
--
* Use ```--mixed``` (which is the default) when you want to see what things look like at another commit, but you don't want to lose any changes you already have.
* Use ```--merge``` when you want to move to a new spot but incorporate the changes you already have into that the working tree.
* Use ```--hard``` to wipe everything out and start a fresh slate at the new commit.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
### Response:
Java has static nested classes but it sounds like you're looking for a top-level static class. Java has no way of making a top-level class static but you can simulate a static class like this:
* Declare your class ```final``` - Prevents extension of the class since extending a static class makes no sense
* Make the constructor ```private``` - Prevents instantiation by client code as it makes no sense to instantiate a static class
* Make all the members and functions of the class ```static``` - Since the class cannot be instantiated no instance methods can be called or instance fields accessed
* Note that the compiler will not prevent you from declaring an instance (non-static) member. The issue will only show up if you attempt to call the instance member
Simple example per suggestions from above:
```public class TestMyStaticClass {
public static void main(String []args){
MyStaticClass.setMyStaticMember(5);
System.out.println("Static value: " + MyStaticClass.getMyStaticMember());
System.out.println("Value squared: " + MyStaticClass.squareMyStaticMember());
// MyStaticClass x = new MyStaticClass(); // results in compile time error
}
}
// A top-level Java class mimicking static class behavior
public final class MyStaticClass {
private MyStaticClass () { // private constructor
myStaticMember = 1;
}
private static int myStaticMember;
public static void setMyStaticMember(int val) {
myStaticMember = val;
}
public static int getMyStaticMember() {
return myStaticMember;
}
public static int squareMyStaticMember() {
return myStaticMember * myStaticMember;
}
}
```
What good are static classes? A good use of a static class is in defining one-off, utility and/or library classes where instantiation would not make sense. A great example is the Math class that contains some mathematical constants such as PI and E and simply provides mathematical calculations. Requiring instantiation in such a case would be unnecessary and confusing. See the ```Math``` class and source code. Notice that it is ```final``` and all of its members are ```static```. If Java allowed top-level classes to be declared ```static``` then the Math class would indeed be static.
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] | [
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the "cards speak" rule in casinos?
### Response:
Casinos in the US generally have the "cards speak" rule. That is, when a hand is properly tabled--exposed to everyone at showdown--it is the responsibility of all players, the dealer, floormen, and anyone else present to see that the pot is awarded to the best hand shown, regardless of what the players might say.
Some players object to this rule: they believe that if a player or railbird says "Wait, Bob has a flush", that's unfairly helping a player. But the rule is clear: once the hand is tabled, others have not only the right but the obligation to help ensure the pot is awarded correctly.
There are a couple of caveats: if a player only shows his hand to another player, or to the dealer, or to any other person, without properly tabling it for everyone, that player has no rights yet and those to whom the hand was shown should remain silent to protect other players' properly shown hands. But once the hand is tabled, it's fair game and everyone can and should assist in reading the hands.
Finally, in some cases, if a floorman feels that a player has deliberately overcalled his hand to induce a player with a better hand to fold, he may penalize that player by awarding the pot to someone else, even possibly to a folded hand. Some California lowball clubs even had a rule that a player who remained silent rather than explicitly calling out a pair could be ruled against in this way.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
I have a swap file on my Ubuntu system.
### Response:
These ares the steps to create a swap on a file:
1. Create a large file e.g. with
```sudo mkdir -p /var/cache/swap/ # create a directory that holds the swap file
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/cache/swap/myswap bs=1M count=4096 # for 4 GByte
```
Of course any other method of creating a file of defined size would do.
2. Announce swap to the system
```sudo chmod 0600 /var/cache/swap/myswap # only root should have access
sudo mkswap /var/cache/swap/myswap # format as swap
sudo swapon /var/cache/swap/myswap # announce to system
```
Insert the following line in ```/etc/fstab``` for swap from the next boot:
```/var/cache/swap/myswap none swap sw 0 0
```
Note:
1. In case you have your system files on a SSD you may want to consider to hold your swap file on a hard disk location.
2. You can not use a swap file for hibernation (see Ubuntu SwapFaq)
3. Additional note for Ubuntu >= 17.04: A swap on file ```/swapfile``` is created by default in a new installation (when no swap partition was present). We can manually create a swap partition later if we prefer.
In case we want to replace an existing swap (e.g. partition) with another swap (e.g. on file) we need to remove the old swap with
```sudo swapoff -a # for all
```
Then remove the swap entry from ```/etc/fstab``` or replace it with the new swap respectively.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What was the first phonograph?
### Response:
Many phonographs were able to play multiple records in sequence with a mechanism that would hold one or more records on the turntable, and one or more additional records elevated on the center post.
At the end of one record, the mechanism sensed the tone arm reaching close to the center of the record, and then lifted it, pulled it out beyond the edge of the records. The system then dropped the bottom record of those on the center post, leaving the rest of them. Then the tone arm mechanism moved the tone arm to the outside of the record and lowered it to the record.
The mechanism was pretty ingenious, but it couldn't flip records over. So, to play a long piece, it would play one side of each record until the stack was exhausted. Then it was up to a person to flip the stack to play the opposite sides in sequence.
So, when playing records 1A/1B, 2A/2B, 3A/3B, 4A/4B in such a mechanism, the play order would be 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, (flip), 4B, 3B, 2B, 1B. The "B" sides would go the other way because flipping the whole stack would put them in the opposite order.
Purists would take offense at the idea of letting records drop like that, but it was an irresistible convenience to people who could tolerance slightly quicker wear of their records.
| [
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What are the main objections to a full border wall?
### Response:
It's not clear to me that Democrats are opposed to border-wall construction (your one source suggests they are fine with border walls/fences where necessary), so much as they opposed to some of the plans for full-border walls that have been put forth so far.
Recently, in response to reports that the spending bill would include funding for a border wall, 5 Democratic senators released a letter voicing concerns over the cost, the effectiveness, and the legal issues of constructing it.
We are also concerned with reports that there may be an effort to include funding for a very expensive new wall along the southern border with Mexico and a “deportation force.” According to non-partisan experts, the proposed new border wall could cost as much as $25 million per mile and raises considerable issues that have not been resolved by the Congress or the Department of Homeland Security. First, many experts believe that such a border wall will not work. Second, there is real concern that the Administration, put simply, has no plan to build the border wall. For example, the Administration has not detailed how to 1) use eminent domain and other procedures to acquire land from private landowners and Native American tribes, 2) design the wall, 3) locate the wall, 4) construct the wall, and 5) require Mexico to pay for the wall given the President’s clear and repeated promises that he would force Mexico to do so. Finally, there are objections to the construction of a wall from Democratic and Republican members of Congress that represent border states. Given these and other concerns, we believe it would be inappropriate to insist on the inclusion of such funding in a must-pass appropriations bill that is needed for the Republican majority in control of the Congress to avert a government shutdown so early in President Trump’s Administration.
[...]
Senator Charles Schumer
Senator Richard Durbin
Senator Patty Murray
Senator Debbie Stabenow
Senator Patrick Leahy
Based on this letter, it appears their main objections to a full border wall are currently the cost-benefit ratio and the legal issues of taking land from Americans to build it on; objections that may not be unique to Democrats.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What part of Files.hash as stated above does not cover Files.hash?
### Response:
The com.google.common.hash API offers:
* A unified user-friendly API for all hash functions
* Seedable 32- and 128-bit implementations of murmur3
* md5(), sha1(), sha256(), sha512() adapters, change only one line of code to switch between these, and murmur.
* goodFastHash(int bits), for when you don't care what algorithm you use
* General utilities for HashCode instances, like combineOrdered / combineUnordered
Read the User Guide (IO Explained, Hashing Explained).
For your use-case ```Files.hash()``` computes and returns the digest value for a file.
For example a sha-1 digest calculation (change SHA-1 to MD5 to get MD5 digest)
```HashCode hc = Files.asByteSource(file).hash(Hashing.sha1());
"SHA-1: " + hc.toString();
```
Note that crc32 is much faster than md5, so use crc32 if you do not need a cryptographically secure checksum. Note also that md5 should not be used to store passwords and the like since it is to easy to brute force, for passwords use bcrypt, scrypt or sha-256 instead.
For long term protection with hashes a Merkle signature scheme adds to the security and The Post Quantum Cryptography Study Group sponsored by the European Commission has recommended use of this cryptography for long term protection against quantum computers (ref).
Note that crc32 has a higher collision rate than the others.
What part of Files.hash as stated above does not cover Files.hash ?
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What are the two types of object uses in kotlin?
### Response:
There are two different types of ```object``` uses, expression and declaration.
Object Expression
An object expression can be used when a class needs slight modification, but it's not necessary to create an entirely new subclass for it. Anonymous inner classes are a good example of this.
```button.setOnClickListener(object: View.OnClickListener() {
override fun onClick(view: View) {
// click event
}
})
```
One thing to watch out for is that anonymous inner classes can access variables from the enclosing scope, and these variables do not have to be ```final```. This means that a variable used inside an anonymous inner class that is not considered ```final``` can change value unexpectedly before it is accessed.
Object Declaration
An object declaration is similar to a variable declaration and therefore cannot be used on the right side of an assignment statement. Object declarations are very useful for implementing the Singleton pattern.
```object MySingletonObject {
fun getInstance(): MySingletonObject {
// return single instance of object
}
}
```
And the ```getInstance``` method can then be invoked like this.
```MySingletonObject.getInstance()
```
Companion Object
A companion object is a specific type of object declaration that allows an object to act similar to static objects in other languages (such as Java). Adding ```companion``` to the object declaration allows for adding the "static" functionality to an object even though the actual static concept does not exist in Kotlin. Here's an example of a class with instance methods and companion methods.
```class MyClass {
companion object MyCompanionObject {
fun actsAsStatic() {
// do stuff
}
}
fun instanceMethod() {
// do stuff
}
}
```
Invoking the instance method would look like this.
```var myClass = MyClass()
myClass.instanceMethod()
```
Invoking the companion object method would look like this.
```MyClass.actsAsStatic()
```
See the Kotlin docs for more info.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the bleach cure?
### Response:
Because some self-proclaimed health guru claims that it's good for you to have that disease.
The miracle-virus causes your body to absorb free cosmic energies. Your constantly raising body temperature is proof that it works.
The headache you feel is because your brain is reconfiguring itself to become more effective. When the process is over, you will be far more intelligent. Some of our patients even gained psychic powers.
The vomiting, blood-coughing, explosive diarrhea and the open sores you have all over your body are actually all the poisons your body accumulated over your life which are now leaving your body.
The weakness you feel and the periodical blackouts are also part of the cleansing process. Your body is concentrating all its energy on cleaning you. That's in fact a good sign and shows that it works. Some of us were even able to communicate with alien angel-spirits during these intensive cleaning phases.
All of that is of course bullshit. The infected are simply sick. The guru just claims all those pseudo-scientific benefits exist to get people to pay them ridiculous amounts of money for infecting them with the disease.
Sounds ridiculous? Then you might want to take a look at the community of people drinking bleach.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
Do brain cells migrate?
### Response:
The question is relatively broad and one should take into account that the brain not only consists of neurons, but also glial cells (supportive cells) and pre-mitotic neuronal stem cells. Furthermore, as critical fellow-scientists have indicated, developmental stage is very important, as the developing embryonic brain is very different from the adult brain.
However, after sifting through various publications, the answer to the question is actually remarkably simple: Yes, brain cells migrate.
In the adult brain glial cells migrate in the brain (Klämbt, 2009). Glial cells are involved in a myriad of functions, but a notable example of migrating glial cells are the oligodendrocytes that migrate relative long distances to find their target axons onto which they wrap themselves to form the insulating myelin sheath (Tsai and Miller, 2002).
Neuronal stem cells migrate over long distances in response to injury (Imitola et al., 2004) and they migrate from specific stem-cell locations (e.g., hippocampus and subventricular zone) to other regions (Clarke, 2003).
Post-mitotic, but non-differentiated neurons have been shown to migrate in the adult brain in fish (Scott et al., 2012), and in mammals and non-human primates as well (Sawada et al., 2011).
Not surprisingly, glial cells, stem cells and neurons also migrate during embryonic development. Most notably, post-mitotic neurons destined to fulfill peripheral functions have to migrate over relatively long distances from the neural crest to their target locations (Neuroscience, 2nd ed, Neuronal Migration).
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is a backdoor in cryptography?
A backdoor is a mechanism that allows unauthorized access to a system or data, either intentionally or un
### Response:
There are two somewhat orthogonal concepts in backdooring encryption algorithms:
* The backdoor can be explicit or implicit. An explicit backdoor is one that everybody knows it is there. An implicit backdoor strives at remaining undetected by the algorithm owners. Of course, when there is an explicit backdoor, people tend to avoid the algorithm altogether, so explicit backdoors may hope to work only in the presence of a legal framework that forces implementers to use the backdoored system.
An example of an explicit backdoor is the Clipper chip (which was ultimately abandoned). The backdoor is not really in the algorithm, more in the assembly of algorithms into a protocol, and technically it was an automatic key escrowing method. For an implicit backdoor, see the Dual EC DRBG as a famous example: it worked only as long as nobody was aware that it was backdoored.
* The backdoor's security may be quantifiable, or not. In the case of Dual EC DRBG, the mechanism uses well-trodden mathematical paths: the NSA knew that exploiting the backdoor required knowledge of an internal secret key, based on discrete logarithm (on elliptic curves).
A non-quantifiable security is what happens when you try to push, for instance, a voluntarily flawed algorithm, or one for which you know of a cryptanalytic method that you did not publish. This is a very dangerous game for a spy agency, because you cannot really know whether third parties could find the flaw or not. Such backdooring tends to backfire in the long term.
Interestingly, the NSA tends not to use non-quantifiable backdoors. A good example is DES. At the time it was designed, the NSA believed that it could tackle an upfront 256 exhaustive search, and that nobody else (in particular the Soviets) had the technology and budget for that. The NSA also knew of a novel cryptanalytic method (differential cryptanalysis). So when the NSA intervened in the design of DES, it insisted on shortening the key from 64 to 56 bits (that's addition of a quantifiable backdoor, and it was rather obvious, so quasi-explicit), and also on strengthening the design against differential cryptanalysis. This is a good example about how NSA consciously refrained from a non-quantifiable backdoor. There is only one thing that spy agencies fear more than not being able to spy: it is the idea that other competing spy agencies may also spy.
So a real, good backdoor is one that uses maths to offer quantifiable security against unauthorized usage of the backdoor. It is extremely difficult to have quantifiable security without making the backdoor explicit. The "best in class" in that area is Dual EC DRBG, and even before the Snowden business, cryptographers were already finding it weird and strongly suspected foul play (see the analyses back in 2007, 6 years before Snowden).
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
### Response:
Yes, according to a paper by the American Society for Clinical Nutrition.
> Results: Our review of the 6 studies found the following trends: 1) a very low meat intake was associated with a significant decrease in risk of death in 4 studies, a nonsignificant decrease in risk of death in the fifth study, and virtually no association in the sixth study; 2) 2 of the studies in which a low meat intake significantly decreased mortality risk also indicated that a longer duration (≥ 2 decades) of adherence to this diet contributed to a significant decrease in mortality risk and a significant 3.6-y (95% CI: 1.4, 5.8 y) increase in life expectancy; and 3) the protective effect of a very low meat intake seems to attenuate after the ninth decade. Some of the variation in the survival advantage in vegetarians may have been due to marked differences between studies in adjustment for confounders, the definition of vegetarian, measurement error, age distribution, the healthy volunteer effect, and intake of specific plant foods by the vegetarians.
TL;DR:
* less meat = less risk of death,
* less meat for a longer time = an average of a 3 year longer lifespan + less risk of death,
* after 90 years of no meat it stops decreasing your risk of death.
> Conclusion: Current prospective cohort data from adults in North America and Europe raise the possibility that a lifestyle pattern that includes a very low meat intake is associated with greater longevity.
So yes, scientific research says that vegetarianism could help you live longer, but it primarily decreases your risk of death. (i.e. you might not live to 105, but you probably won't die at 55)
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
How do you get a criminal to confess to a crime?
### Response:
Unless the Youtube Video shows them committing a crime, then no, they couldn't be arrested and tried for a crime. Them saying it, not under oath, is just hearsay that has no evidentiary value unless there is already other evidence they have committed a crime. In that case, its an admission. But there must be other, either circumstantial, or actual physical evidence of a crime.
Past intoxication is not a crime, either. Possession of drugs, if caught with them is. But saying you got high is not.
People have walked into police stations and confessed to murders. But with no evidence, no body, no name of a missing person, they can't even be held after the holding period for investigatory purposes expires.
If the video shows them committing assault, or breaking and entering (there actually are idiots who post this stuff), the video is actual evidence of a crime and it is often used against them. The statements can be used to begin an investigation, but people don't usually confess to anything worth pursuing even an investigation. The fact that someone says they used to do something criminal is not enough. For all you ( meaning anyone ) knows, the statute of limitations has expired because they "pirated games" 10 years ago. Your comment is right on.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the main reason people root phones?
### Response:
In few words, rooting an Android system means overcome the limitations that were imposed over it by the manufacturer. People may want that for different reasons, but the main one is freedom. Having a rooted phone means you've got all the control over your device.
The main reason people root phones is to install a custom ROM. Custom ROMs are often known for improvements in performance and exclusive features that are not present on manufacturer ROMs, like installing apps on sdcard or taking screenshots. Custom ROMS can also become a system update alternative for those devices that were abandoned by their manufacturers. You can see a review of popular ROMS, as an example, here.
Rooting Android also allows you to uninstall stock apps that you don't use or don't want, besides those that violates user's privacy (see CarrierIQ). Another main reason for doing that is to gain more space on internal storage. A rooted device lets you install almost any app that requires root access. Those apps generally aim to do something that would not be possible without that privilege. A lot of useful apps were shown on the previous answer, but you may find a lot more available on Google Play. You can find a list of good apps here.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What are the differences between InputStream and OutputStream?
### Response:
InputStream is used for reading, OutputStream for writing. They are connected as decorators to one another such that you can read/write all different types of data from all different types of sources.
For example, you can write primitive data to a file:
```File file = new File("C:/text.bin");
file.createNewFile();
DataOutputStream stream = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));
stream.writeBoolean(true);
stream.writeInt(1234);
stream.close();
```
To read the written contents:
```File file = new File("C:/text.bin");
DataInputStream stream = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
boolean isTrue = stream.readBoolean();
int value = stream.readInt();
stream.close();
System.out.printlin(isTrue + " " + value);
```
You can use other types of streams to enhance the reading/writing. For example, you can introduce a buffer for efficiency:
```DataInputStream stream = new DataInputStream(
new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file)));
```
You can write other data such as objects:
```MyClass myObject = new MyClass(); // MyClass have to implement Serializable
ObjectOutputStream stream = new ObjectOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("C:/text.obj"));
stream.writeObject(myObject);
stream.close();
```
You can read from other different input sources:
```byte[] test = new byte[] {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 8, 9};
DataInputStream stream = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(test));
int value0 = stream.readInt();
int value1 = stream.readInt();
byte value2 = stream.readByte();
byte value3 = stream.readByte();
stream.close();
System.out.println(value0 + " " + value1 + " " + value2 + " " + value3);
```
For most input streams there is an output stream, also. You can define your own streams to reading/writing special things and there are complex streams for reading complex things (for example there are Streams for reading/writing ZIP format).
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the difference between views in the information
### Response:
The information schema is the slow and sure way: it is standardized and largely portable to other databases that support it. And it will keep working across major versions.
However, views in the information schema often join many tables from the system catalogs to meet a strictly standardized format - many of which are just dead freight most of the time. This makes them slow.
The Postgres developers aren't making promises, but basics (like what is needed here) aren't going to change across major versions.
More detailed assessment:
* Query to output names and data types of a query, table or view
```psql``` (the native command-line interface) takes the fast lane, of course, and queries the source directly. If you start ```psql``` with the parameter ```-E```, the SQL behind backslash commands like ```\d``` is displayed. Or ```\set ECHO_HIDDEN on``` from the psql command line. Starting from there you can build an answer to your question.
Given one table, is it possible to have a list of the names of the columns for this table.
```SELECT attrelid::regclass AS tbl
, attname AS col
, atttypid::regtype AS datatype
-- more attributes?
FROM pg_attribute
WHERE attrelid = 'myschema.mytable'::regclass -- table name optionally schema-qualified
AND attnum > 0
AND NOT attisdropped
ORDER BY attnum;
```
Faster than querying ```information_schema.columns```. Try ```EXPLAIN ANALYZE``` to see for yourself. Still hardly matters for a one-time look-up. But might make a difference if used in a query / function that's repeated many times.
There are also subtle differences in visibility. The following artical has detailed comparison:
* How to check if a table exists in a given schema
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What did the Supreme Court decide in Trump v. Vance?
### Response:
If you are interested in the gory details, please see the full decision in Trump v. Vance. The first half of the linked document contains the Court's majority opinion and the concurring opinion of Justices Kavanaugh and Gorsuch, followed by the separate dissenting opinions of Justices Thomas and Alito.
Based on a quick read, it's apparent that Justice Thomas agrees with the general court's opinion that a sitting President "is not entitled to absolute immunity from issuance of [a] subpoena". Thomas dissents on the grounds that the President "may be entitled to relief against [a subpoena's] enforcement" based on his special status as president. Thomas argues (agreeing with the president) that the case should be vacated and returned to the lower court, so that the President can argue that his duties to the nation take up all of his time and attention and he thus deserves relief from the subpoena.
Justice Alito makes a stronger dissent. While he agrees that a sitting President is not absolutely immune from a state subpoena, he argues that such a subpoena should not be enforced unless it meets a stringent legal test, such that:
* It does not interfere with the President's execution of his duties of office, and
* It carries a weight of urgency — e.g., subpoenaing information related to suspected treason — as a guarantee it is not merely issued to harass.
In the absence of those conditions, in Alito's opinion, the President is only subject to the constitutional process of impeachment and trial in Congress.
So no, neither dissenting Justice suggests that the President is absolutely immune from this kind of subpoena. Instead, they are concerned that the issuance of such subpoenas might negatively impact on the President's ability to perform the duties of the office, and argue that the President might legitimately be granted varying degrees of relief from such legal actions at a court's discretion.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What are the differences between buns and a tin can?
### Response:
There are two differences between your buns and a tin can.
First, your buns were heated to a core temperature of under 100°C. Yes, your oven was probably set way higher, but the water content in your filling prevents it from getting hotter than boiling water. Commercial canning is done in the vicinity of 120-130°C, which is possible because the cans are cooked under pressure. So unlike in a can, most pathogens were destroyed, but not necessarily all of them. For human consumption, that’s perfectly fine as long as the remaining ones don’t get the time-temperature combo to regrow.
Second, a bread dough may be dense (although the aim is usually something different), but by no means airtight. Interestingly, wrapping meat in dense dough was used as preservation method in medieval times - the “ancestor” of today’s pork pies and pastries. But while the hard flour crust (not intended to be eaten originally) did form a protective layer and usually extended the shelf life more or less, it was by no means food safe judged by modern standards - although some pies were stored for months. But your fluffy buns are truly not a protective layer. Which means you should refrigerate your buns, but also that you get to enjoy the whole dish.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
I have a small apartment with limited natural light, can I still grow indoor plants?
### Response:
Indoor gardening is a bit more difficult then the regular outdoor gardening, there are several factors but in most cases it boils down to: Temperature, Humidity, Light, The air in your apartment.
You didn't mention exactly where your dying plants are being placed. Do you have a fan within the apartment? Plants need air whether it is natural or even if it is coming from a fan. What type of lighting is inside the apartment? Are you only using natural light? These are important factors to aide the growth of the plant as well. How is the temperature within the apartment? If you notice a lot of temp ups / downs in the area you are gardening than it is probably worth moving the garden or choosing another spot. With apartments that becomes all the more difficult.
Your plant also probably came from some nice greenhouse, an english gardens, a ray weigands, etc etc...They have plenty of light, they also have plenty of means of water and the temperature well most of this is all outside, so they have the advantage of using mother nature. Your plant needs to adjust to these conditions. You should try to begin to place your plants in a very lit area with as much natural wind / fan as possible, these plants need to breath. If your plants are not conditioned for this type of environment you run the risk that they give up and die.
When potting the plant ensure the actual pot is cleaned up to remove any unnecessary plant diseases from prior plants. Look on the bottom of the actual pot, are you getting drainage? If not drill a hole in the bottom of the pot if you can, if not toss that pot out and get you a pot that has a good amount of drainage. Overwatering plants will destroy them, and without nature (wind, temperature, etc) the water sitting there takes all the longer to dry out.
When it comes to veggies Tomatoes need a ton of sunlight and humidity is great for them as well. Herbs are probably the simpliest to get going but I'm not sure if this is what you are after. Cucumbers and squash don't need as much sunlight as tomatoes.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
How do I check if a customer is logged in Magento 2?
### Response:
It is possible via ```Magento\Framework\App\Http\Context``` or via ```Magento\Customer\Model\Session```. However, the result may be different:
* HTTP context is initialized earlier than the customer session (but it does not matter since both are initialized in action controllers)
* When the ```PageCache``` module is on (probably always on production), keep in mind that as soon as layout generation started, the customer session will be cleared by ```\Magento\PageCache\Model\Layout\DepersonalizePlugin::afterGenerateXml``` on all cacheable pages. It means that if you now check if the customer is logged in via the HTTP context, it will still say 'yes, but customer data will not be available in customer sessions anymore. So double-check is necessary before trying to access data in customer sessions. This can easily happen in the block, while is unlikely in action controller since you are not expected to generate layout manually there, it will be generated after-action controller returns an instance of ```ResultInterface```
To eliminate any risk of described inconsistencies when PageCache is on, consider using customer session if it is already initialized (true for action controllers). Else use the HTTP context.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is ASCII?
### Response:
ASCII has 128 code points, 0 through 127. It can fit in a single 8-bit byte, the values 128 through 255 tended to be used for other characters. With incompatible choices, causing the code page disaster. Text encoded in one code page cannot be read correctly by a program that assumes or guessed at another code page.
Unicode came about to solve this disaster. Version 1 started out with 65536 code points, commonly encoded in 16 bits. Later extended in version 2 to 1.1 million code points. The current version is 6.3, using 110,187 of the available 1.1 million code points. That doesn't fit in 16 bits anymore.
Encoding in 16-bits was common when v2 came around, used by Microsoft and Apple operating systems for example. And language runtimes like Java. The v2 spec came up with a way to map those 1.1 million code points into 16-bits. An encoding called UTF-16, a variable length encoding where one code point can take either 2 or 4 bytes. The original v1 code points take 2 bytes, added ones take 4.
Another variable length encoding that's very common, used in *nix operating systems and tools is UTF-8, a code point can take between 1 and 4 bytes, the original ASCII codes take 1 byte the rest take more. The only non-variable length encoding is UTF-32, takes 4 bytes for a code point. Not often used since it is pretty wasteful. There are other ones, like UTF-1 and UTF-7, widely ignored.
An issue with the UTF-16/32 encodings is that the order of the bytes will depend on the endian-ness of the machine that created the text stream. So add to the mix UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32BE and UTF-32LE.
Having these different encoding choices brings back the code page disaster to some degree, along with heated debates among programmers which UTF choice is "best". Their association with operating system defaults pretty much draws the lines. One counter-measure is the definition of a BOM, the Byte Order Mark, a special codepoint (U+FEFF, zero width space) at the beginning of a text stream that indicates how the rest of the stream is encoded. It indicates both the UTF encoding and the endianess and is neutral to a text rendering engine. Unfortunately it is optional and many programmers claim their right to omit it so accidents are still pretty common.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the purpose of the CSS property "scroll-margin-top"?
### Response:
CSS ```scroll-margin``` and ```scroll-padding```
You might want to have a look at new CSS properties ```scroll-padding``` and ```scroll-margin```. You can use ```scroll-padding``` for the scrolling container (```html``` in this case), and ```scroll-margin``` for the element within the container.
For your example, you would want to add ```scroll-margin-top``` for the element that you want to scroll into view, like this:
```.example {
scroll-margin-top: 10px;
}
```
This affects ```scrollIntoView``` code, like this code:
```const el = document.querySelector(".example");
el.scrollIntoView({block: "start", behavior: "smooth"});
```
This will cause the viewport to scroll to align the top border of the viewport with the top border of the element, but with 10px of additional space. In other words, these properties of the element are taken into account:
* ```padding-top```
* ```border-top```
* ```scroll-margin-top```
* (and not ```margin-top```)
In addition, if the ```html``` element has ```scroll-padding-top``` set, then that is taken into account too.
If you're using a framework like Vue, you might want to make sure that all changes to the DOM are finished before running `scrollIntoView` by using something like `Vue.nextTick(() => el.scrollIntoView())`
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the difference between "de-" and "be-"?
### Response:
We didn’t use de-head because we already had a verb behead by the time we started using de- to create verbs: behead was a verb in Old English, behéafdian.
So behead was already used long before the de- privative prefix came to be used productively in English. That didn’t happen until Modern English with a few productive examples in the 17ᵗʰ century but most coming from the 19ᵗʰ century or after. As Janus mentions in comments, the de- word meaning the same thing, decapitate, was imported in full with the de- already there, from Latin via French, in the 17ᵗʰ century.
There are many different possible senses of be- in verbs; the OED lists six different primary senses with subsenses. This here in behead is one of the rarer ones. Under be- sense 6c, it says that this privative sense of be- used to create behead is an ancient sense that means bereave of:
Forming trans. verbs on substantives used in an instrumental relation; the primary idea being;
* a. To surround, cover, or bedaub with, as in becloud, to put clouds about, cover with clouds, bedew. Thence, by extension,
* b. To affect with in any way, as in benight, beguile, befriend. In both sets there is often an accompanying notion of ‘thoroughly, excessively,’ as in 2.
* c. An ancient application, no longer in living use, was to express the sense of ‘bereave of,’ as in behead, belimb, etc., q.v. Cf. 3, above.
Although 6a and 6b are still productive, 6c no longer is so in the living language. Another Old English verb formed using 6c was belandian, meaning to deprive of one’s land. However, this verb did not survive into Modern English.
El destierro
Apropos de nada, the Spanish equivalent of the obsolete verb beland still very much exists in the verb desterrar, which combines the privative des‑ prefix with the noun tierra meaning land then puts that into an infinitive verb form. This is normally translated as “exile” in English, but sometime as “expel” or as a noun “expulsion”. There is also a substantive version, destierro, is famously found in “Cantar del destierro”, which is the title of the first canto from that most ancient of Castilian epic poems, El Cantar de Mio Cid.
Truly, el Cid was belanded of his lands by the King.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the most significant parameter for selecting an antenna conductor?
### Response:
Considering just electrical properties, the most significant parameter for your selection of antenna conductor is resistance. You want to keep the resistance to a minimum, because when current flows through a resistance, the electrical power is converted to heat, according to Joule heating:
$$ P = I^2 R $$
Any energy you use to make heat is energy you aren't using to make electromagnetic waves.
So first, you should consider the resistivity ($\rho$) of various metals. A lower resistivity means you will need less of a metal to reduce the resistance to an acceptable target. Here's a selection, ordered from lowest to highest resistivity in nano-ohm-meters (nΩm), of some metals you might consider using in an antenna:
* Silver: 15.9
* Copper: 16.8
* Gold: 24.4
* Aluminium: 26.2
* Zinc: 59.0
* Nickel: 69.9
* Iron: 100
* Tin: 109
I'm not going to list stainless steel because there are so many kinds, but generally stainless steels are not great conductors, being over 100 on this scale.
A high resistivity isn't bad in itself, because you can compensate by making the conductor thicker, and end up with the same resistance. Thus, you might think copper is the best choice (ruling out silver due to high cost), but when you start making mechanical and cost considerations, you may find aluminium is better. This is because for a sample of copper and another of aluminium of equal resistance, the aluminium sample will be bigger, but stiffer, lighter, and cheaper.
There's another effect to consider here: with increasing frequency, currents like to flow on the surfaces of conductors. This is called the skin effect. The current flowing only on the skin of a conductor effectively reduces the cross-sectional area, and thus the conductance.
Since most of the RF current is only on the surface, it often makes sense to build antennas from tubing for antennas requiring rigid elements (a 440 MHz Yagi), or copper-clad steel for wire antennas requiring tensile strength (a 40 meter dipole). This saves weight and cost for a negligible increase in loss.
Magnetic permeability is a factor in skin depth. With increasing permeability, the skin depth decreases, increasing loss. Of the metals listed above, only iron and nickel have significantly higher permeability. Iron by a factor of about 5000, and nickel by 100 to 600. You could compensate for the reduced skin depth by increasing the surface area of the conductor, but when you consider cost and mechanics, it usually makes more sense to simply avoid iron and nickel and alloys containing them.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
How do I use a timer in C#?
### Response:
Use a timer with an interval set to 2–3 seconds.
You have three different options to choose from, depending on which type of application you're writing:
* ```System.Timers.Timer```
* ```System.Windows.Forms.Timer```
* ```System.Threading.Timer```
Don't use ```Thread.Sleep``` if your application need to process any inputs on that thread at the same time (WinForms, WPF), as ```Sleep``` will completely lock up the thread and prevent it from processing other messages. Assuming a single-threaded application (as most are), your entire application will stop responding, rather than just delaying an operation as you probably intended. Note that it may be fine to use Sleep in pure console application as there are no "events" to handle or on separate thread (also ```Task.Delay``` is better option).
In addition to timers and ```Sleep``` you can use ```Task.Delay``` which is asynchronous version of ```Sleep``` that does not block thread from processing events (if used properly - don't turn it into infinite sleep with ```.Wait()```).
``` public async void ClickHandler(...)
{
// whatever you need to do before delay goes here
await Task.Delay(2000);
// whatever you need to do after delay.
}
```
The same ```await Task.Delay(2000)``` can be used in a ```Main``` method of a console application if you use C# 7.1 (Async main on MSDN blogs).
Note: delaying operation with ```Sleep``` has benefit of avoiding race conditions that comes from potentially starting multiple operations with timers/```Delay```. Unfortunately freezing UI-based application is not acceptable so you need to think about what will happen if you start multiple delays (i.e. if it is triggered by a button click) - consider disabling such button, or canceling the timer/task or making sure delayed operation can be done multiple times safely.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What units does Michael Crichton use in his books?
### Response:
Crichton used both imperial and metric, depending on the context.
In the course of one paragraph in The Sphere, he managed to use both!
> "Pacific coral grows two-and-a-half centimeters a year, and the object-- whatever it is-- is covered in about five meters of coral. That's a lot of coral. Of course, coral doesn't grow at a depth of a thousand feet, which means that the present shelf collapsed to a lower depth at some point in the past."
When the character (Barnes, a Navy captain) is talking about precise measurements, he uses metric. When he's being more general, he uses imperial.
The main character Norman (a psychologist, not exactly the most mathematically intensive field) uses imperial when thinking to himself.
> He climbed up through the submarine and into a round steel cylinder approximately eight feet in diameter.
But later, when the astrophysicist Ted is giving officialish measurements the titular sphere, he uses metric:
> "This object is a burnished sphere approximately ten meters in a diameter, no solid, and composed of a dense metal alloy."
So the short answer is that Crichton is an American writing American characters for a predominantly American audience. He uses imperial units for clarity, but metric when it would realistically be used.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the use of the content inset in iOS?
### Response:
While jball's answer is an excellent description of content insets, it doesn't answer the question of when to use it. I'll borrow from his diagrams:
``` _|←_cW_→_|_↓_
| |
---------------
|content| ↑
↑ |content| contentInset.top
cH |content|
↓ |content| contentInset.bottom
|content| ↓
---------------
|content|
-------------↑-
```
That's what you get when you do it, but the usefulness of it only shows when you scroll:
``` _|←_cW_→_|_↓_
|content| ← content is still visible
---------------
|content| ↑
↑ |content| contentInset.top
cH |content|
↓ |content| contentInset.bottom
|content| ↓
---------------
_|_______|___
↑
```
That top row of content will still be visible because it's still inside the frame of the scroll view. One way to think of the top offset is "how much to shift the content down the scroll view when we're scrolled all the way to the top"
To see a place where this is actually used, look at the build-in Photos app on the iphone. The Navigation bar and status bar are transparent, and the contents of the scroll view are visible underneath. That's because the scroll view's frame extends out that far. But if it wasn't for the content inset, you would never be able to have the top of the content clear that transparent navigation bar when you go all the way to the top.
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What are the intellectual property rights for a PhD student?
Are there any restrictions on a PhD student using code that they developed during their PhD for a commercial venture?
Are there any blanket prohibitions on a PhD student using code that they developed during their PhD for a commercial venture?
Are there any departments at a university that can help a PhD student with intellectual property agreements?
How can a PhD student find out what intellectual property agreements apply to them?
How can a PhD student get support and networking for a commercial venture?
Are there any startup grants available to PhD students?
Are there any accelerators available to PhD students?
Are there any showcases available to PhD students?
Are there any introductions to investors available to PhD students?
Are there any intellectual property lawyers that PhD students can consult with?
### Response:
I'm not aware of any blanket prohibition, anywhere, that say that you can't use code developed during a PhD for a commercial venture - but most Universities in the US will have some kind of intellectual property agreement in place to state what the process is for doing this. You will need to check with officials at your University to see what agreements you are subject to - but you should go a step farther than this. Specifically, you should see what departments might exist that can actually help you.
In the US at least - and I'm sure many other institutions around the world - there are departments specializing in intellectual property, "knowledge transfer", corporate spin-offs, start-ups, entrepreneurship, etc. These can be a rich source of support and networking, if they are available to you, even if you have intellectual property agreements that assign various rights to the University.
Universities want to earn money for these projects, as I'm sure you do as well, and 100% of $0 is $0. Universities often heavily facilitate the process of converting this work into money, and it is not abnormal for even a place that has heavily restricted intellectual rights assignments agreements to assign use rights and royalty agreements that have zero cost for the first $200,000+ US dollars in income. There are often even startup grants available, accelerators (even if they are not called that - places that provide space and equipment to help starting businesses), introductions to investors, showcases, and more. You won't know until you ask and look for them, as where they are located tends to vary heavily by institution.
For the exact nature of the agreements that apply to you, we can't say; I've seen everything from "the student owns their own work" to "anyone funded assigns all rights and ownership to the University", and I'm sure there are agreements everywhere in between. You are right to check them out in advance of a major decision, but this is so specific that you'll need to talk with multiple people are your specific institution to see what applies to you. You may also need to speak with an outside legal professional (lawyer experienced in this area, etc) to verify, but your local administrators are your best first point of contact to see how things work.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
How does Tor work?
### Response:
Up to at least October 2013 the hidden services work like this:
* A hidden service calculates its key pair (private and public key, asymmetric encryption).
* Then the hidden service picks some relays as its introduction points.
* It tells its public key to those introduction points over Tor circuits.
* After that the hidden-service creates a hidden service descriptor, containing its public key and what its introduction points are.
* The hidden service signs the hidden service descriptor with its private key.
* It then uploads the hidden service descriptor to a distributed hash table (DHT).
* Clients learn the .onion address from a hidden service out-of-band. (e.g. public website) (A $hash.onion is a 16 character name derived from the service's public key.)
* After retrieving the .onion address the client connects to the DHT and asks for that $hash.
* If it exists the client learns about the hidden service's public key and its introduction points.
* The client picks a relay at random to build a circuit to it, to tell it a one-time secret. The picked relay acts as rendezvous point.
* The client creates a introduce message, containing the address of the rendezvous point and the one-time secret, before encrypting the message with the hidden service's public key.
* The client sends its message over a Tor circuit to one of the introduction points, demanding it to be forwarded to the hidden service.
* The hidden service decrypts the introduce message with its private key to learn about the rendezvous point and the one-time secret.
* The hidden service creates a rendezvous message, containing the one-time secret and sends it over a circuit to the rendezvous point.
* The rendezvous point tells the client that a connection was established.
* Client and hidden service talk to each other over this rendezvous point. All traffic is end-to-end encrypted and the rendezvous point just relays it back and forth. Note that each of them, client and hidden service, build a circuit to the rendezvous point; at three hops per circuit this makes six hops in total.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the process of creating a shared folder in Virtual Box?
### Response:
In order to use shared folder functionality few prerequisites need to be met:
* Make sure that Guest Additions are properly installed on the guest OS.
* Users in a guest Ubuntu must be in the group ```vboxsf``` to be able to access shares.
* Define a directory on the host that will be used in the virtual machine using the settings dialogue of Virtual Box.
Depending on host or guest OS the following may also be needed:
* Do not share personal folders like ```/home/username``` or ```My Documents```
* Avoid special characters or empty spaces in the path to the shared folder, especially if the host or VM is a Windows machine
* Use different names for share and mountpoint
* Create a mountpoint on the guest OS (best in your HOME directory).
Testing shared folders functionality can be done by creating a shared directory on the host (e.g. ```C:\myshare```), define this as a shared folder for your guest system in Virtual Box settings (e.g. ```share```), create a mount point in your guest os (e.g. ```mkdir /home/username/host```) and mount this in the guest OS with the command:
```sudo mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1000,gid=1000 share /home/username/host
```
where the option -o makes sure that you will have access to the mount (that will otherwise be owned by root).
For further information on shared folders see also the Virtual Box User Manual.
Files or directories can also be shared over the network by using Samba on the host and the guest.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the difference between an NPC and a Bot?
### Response:
The key distinction is that a Bot represents an automated player; an NPC, by contrast, isn't playing the game at all.
In general, an NPC is a part of the game; a placed object which is designed by the creator and exists to interact with the player. Examples would include vendors, quest givers, or enemies. In some games, (particularly RPG's), the term is also used to refer to characters under the control of, but not generated by the player. They are often distinguished by having distinct personalities and dialog, whereas a ""Player Character"" is meant as more of an extension of the player themselves. Think of the companion party members in the Mass Effect series for an example.
A Bot, by contrast, is essentially a player of the game controlled by a computer. This can be populated within a single instance, as a feature in some games (i.e. AI opponents in a normally multiplayer game), or, in some cases, actually represents a separate instance of the application running on a networked computer and being controlled by some manner of AI script (as is common in many MMO's, much to the dismay of the communities playing the game). The term 'Bot' is also often used to refer to software used to enhance or replace the skills of a human player of the game; for example, an 'Aim-Bot' that handles targeting, or a 'Farming Bot' in an MMO that performs tedious or menial tasks. Such bots are usually (though not always), considered cheating and a violation of the Terms of Service of the game in question.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is GPS?
### Response:
The first thing to know is the communication is one-way. There's a satellite-to-receiver transmission, nothing going in the opposite direction. So your cell phone doesn't have to find the radio power to send a signal all the way to space!
(exceptions: The decommissioned Chinese BeiDou-1 system - and any products where the GPS receiver chip is used alongside a satellite transmitter, like a Cospas-Sarsat emergency locator beacon)
The signal from GPS satellites is very faint - each satellite has to broadcast a signal to about half the planet, powered only by some solar panels! So the broadcast signal is modulated using a 'Gold Code' (in the case of the oldest public GPS signal) where part of the signal transmitted by the satellite is already known by the receiver - the GPS receiver can pick out the signal despite how faint it is, by tracking the cross-correlation between the received and expected signals.
This also means multiple satellites can transmit their signals at the same frequency - so long as they use different gold codes, the receiver can track both signals independently.
Newer GNSS signals replace gold codes with newer techniques - like 'multiplexed binary offset carriers' - which perform better, but do basically the same thing.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
### Response:
Use a `StringWriter` instead of a `StreamWriter`:
```
public static string SerializeObject<T>(this T toSerialize)
{
XmlSerializer xmlSerializer = new XmlSerializer(toSerialize.GetType());
using(StringWriter textWriter = new StringWriter())
{
xmlSerializer.Serialize(textWriter, toSerialize);
return textWriter.ToString();
}
}
```
Note, it is important to use `toSerialize.GetType()` instead of `typeof(T)` in XmlSerializer constructor: if you use the first one the code covers all possible subclasses of `T` (which are valid for the method), while using the latter one will fail when passing a type derived from `T`. There is some example code on Ideone that motivates this statement, with XmlSerializer throwing an `Exception` when `typeof(T)` is used, because you pass an instance of a derived type to a method that calls SerializeObject that is defined in the derived type's base class.
Also, Ideone uses Mono to execute code; the actual `Exception` you would get using the Microsoft .NET runtime has a different `Message` than the one shown on Ideone, but it fails just the same.
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Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
What is the purpose of using ```docker inspect -f``` to retrieve container environment variables?
### Response:
The downside of using ```docker exec``` is that it requires a running container, so ```docker inspect -f``` might be handy if you're unsure a container is running.
Example #1. Output a list of space-separated environment variables in the specified container:
```docker inspect -f \
'{{range $index, $value := .Config.Env}}{{$value}} {{end}}' container_name
```
the output will look like this:
```ENV_VAR1=value1 ENV_VAR2=value2 ENV_VAR3=value3
```
Example #2. Output each env var on new line and ```grep``` the needed items, for example, the mysql container's settings could be retrieved like this:
```docker inspect -f \
'{{range $index, $value := .Config.Env}}{{println $value}}{{end}}' \
container_name | grep MYSQL_
```
will output:
```MYSQL_PASSWORD=secret
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=supersecret
MYSQL_USER=demo
MYSQL_DATABASE=demodb
MYSQL_MAJOR=5.5
MYSQL_VERSION=5.5.52
```
Example #3. Let's modify the example above to get a bash friendly output which can be directly used in your scripts:
```docker inspect -f \
'{{range $index, $value := .Config.Env}}export {{$value}}{{println}}{{end}}' \
container_name | grep MYSQL
```
will output:
```export MYSQL_PASSWORD=secret
export MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=supersecret
export MYSQL_USER=demo
export MYSQL_DATABASE=demodb
export MYSQL_MAJOR=5.5
export MYSQL_VERSION=5.5.52
```
If you want to dive deeper, then go to Go’s text/template package documentation with all the details of the format.
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] | [
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write one and only one response that appropriately completes the request. The response should start with ### Response:
### Instruction:
How do I fix partition troubles on a readable USB flash drive?
### Response:
The command line procedure is not simple, but it is the most likely thing to work.
When re-formatting the "drive" you're actually only formatting a partition on the drive. You need to use the diskpart utility to remove the partitions and create 1 single partition covering the full volume.
```diskpart``` can be a bit dangerous, because if you pick the wrong disk or partition, you can remove data or partitions that are extremely, EXTREMELY important and lose all data on your machine.
Proceed with extreme caution!
Open up a command prompt as administrator (open the start menu, type ```cmd``` and press Enter.)
Type ```diskpart``` and press Enter. You'll end up with a new prompt that looks like this:
```DISKPART>
```
Type
```list disk
```
and you'll get a listing of all drives on your machine.
Type
```select disk #
```
to select a disk, where ```#``` is the number of the disk Windows screw-balled. Usually, the device is disk 1, but it's always best to make sure.
Then type
```list partition
```
to get a listing of all partitions on the disk.
If you're sure you have the right disk/partition, you can then repeat typing
```select partition #
delete partition
```
until all partitions are removed from that drive (you may need to type ```delete partition override``` for protected partitions).
Once the drive is empty, exit diskpart and remove the drive. Wait at least 5 minutes, then re-insert the drive. DO NOT CLICK FORMAT – this will most likely re-create the problem. Instead, enter diskpart again, and select the disk. Then type
```create partition primary
```
Once you have created the partition, exit ```diskpart``` and, in the command promt, type
```diskmgmt.msc
```
This will provide a reliable way to create a FAT32 partition. On the drive you would like to format (NEVER TOUCH DISK 0!), right click and select ```format```. The ```allocation unit size``` option should be default, and the ```File System``` option should be set to ```FAT32```. The format may take a while, depending on the disk size, be patient.
This should fix partition troubles on any readable USB flash drive.
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