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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nHow many actions are depicted in the diagram?\n\nContext:\nMost fossils are preserved by one of five processes outlined below (Figure 1.1): \n\nOptions:\na. 6, b. 4, c. 8, d. 7",
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"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nHow many steps are there to the formation of a stump?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. 6, b. 5, c. 10, d. 7",
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"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nWhich of these are most affected by a storm?\n\nContext:\nMost pollutants enter the air when fossil fuels burn. Some are released when forests burn. Others evaporate into the air. \n\nOptions:\na. Dunes, b. Continental shelf, c. Shoreface, d. Intertidal beach",
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"caption": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nIn a storm beach, what is exposed during the low tide?\n\nContext:\nShores are attractive places to live and vacation. But development at the shore is at risk of damage from waves. Wave erosion threatens many homes and beaches on the ocean. This is especially true during storms, when waves may be much larger than normal. \n\nOptions:\na. High tide, b. Rocks, c. Upper beach, d. Dunes",
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"caption": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nWhere is eroded intertidal beach sediment deposited in a storm weather beach system?\n\nContext:\nEventually, the sediment in ocean water is deposited. Deposition occurs where waves and other ocean motions slow. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited on the beach. This is where waves and other motions are strongest. \n\nOptions:\na. On the dunes, b. On the lower shoreface, c. On the upper beach, d. On the continental shelf",
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"caption": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nIn which step does the cliff collapse?\n\nContext:\nA rock under enough stress will fracture. There may or may not be movement along the fracture. \n\nOptions:\na. 4, b. 2, c. 3, d. 1",
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"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"text": "Question:\nWhich step is the cause of the erosion process shown?\n\nContext:\nSeveral processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. \n\nOptions:\na. Cliff retreats, b. Wave-cut notch, c. Wave-cut platform, d. Original position of cliff",
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"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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"text": "b",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat happens before cliff retreats?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. Wave-cut platform, b. Wave-cut notch, c. Nothing, d. Notch increases and cliff collapses",
"type": "text"
},
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"bytes": null,
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"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": "d",
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"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is located just below the wave-cut notch?\n\nContext:\nTransverse waves called S waves occur during earthquakes. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends transverse waves through underground rocks in all directions away from the disturbance. S waves may travel for hundreds of miles. An S wave is modeled in the Figure 1.3. \n\nOptions:\na. Notch increases and cliff colapses, b. Cliff retreats, c. Origiinal position of cliff, d. Wave-cut platform",
"type": "text"
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6846.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
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"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is the area of water where the river falls called?\n\nContext:\nWater that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. \n\nOptions:\na. river, b. lake, c. Plunge pool, d. waterfallretreats",
"type": "text"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6850.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": "c",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many types of rocks are shown in the diagram?\n\nContext:\nSeveral processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. \n\nOptions:\na. 2, b. 1, c. 4, d. 3",
"type": "text"
},
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6850.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
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"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
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"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
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"content": [
{
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"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat collapses and creates a fall?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. plunge pool, b. overhang, c. pebbles and stones, d. soft rock",
"type": "text"
},
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
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"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
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"text": "b",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhich label points to undercutting?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. 1, b. Top left, c. Bottom middle, d. 3",
"type": "text"
},
{
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6851.png"
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"role": "user"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat forms when a sea cave is eroded through completely?\n\nContext:\nWorking slowly over many years, groundwater travels along small cracks. The water dissolves and carries away the solid rock, gradually enlarging the cracks. Eventually, a cave may form (Figure 1.2). \n\nOptions:\na. Blowhole, b. Arch, c. Stump, d. Stack",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6851.png"
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"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nIn this diagram of Erosion and Deposition by Flowing Water, what is located just below the Headland?\n\nContext:\nWater that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. \n\nOptions:\na. Stump, b. Blowhole, c. Arch, d. Stack",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6851.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
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"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat material is deposited on the slip off slope?\n\nContext:\nFriction is the force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are in contact. There are four types of friction: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. Static, sliding, and rolling friction occur between solid surfaces. Fluid friction occurs in liquids and gases. All four types of friction are described below. \n\nOptions:\na. soil, b. fine material, c. sand and shingle, d. rocks",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhere does the sand deposits?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. In the air, b. In the river, c. In the soil, d. In the cliff",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is deposited on inside of bend?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. Sand and Shingle, b. Current, c. River cliff, d. Slope",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhy is flowing water important agent of corrosion?\n\nContext:\nYou know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it? \n\nOptions:\na. Flowing water can erode rocks and soil, b. it maintains the water, c. it keeps the soil dry, d. it keeps the soil firm",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat happens to rock after weathering?\n\nContext:\nMechanical weathering (also called physical weathering) breaks rock into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces are just like the bigger rock, but smaller. That means the rock has changed physically without changing its composition. The smaller pieces have the same minerals, in just the same proportions as the original rock. \n\nOptions:\na. rain will cause the rock to expand, b. Erosion from rain will cause the sediments to go downhill, c. no effect, d. rain will cement the sediments on the hill surface",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6856.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat causes the sediments to move downhill to another place?\n\nContext:\nSediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited. \n\nOptions:\na. Erosion and transport, b. Weathering, c. Precipitation, d. Condensation",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6856.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat rock formation causes rapids?\n\nContext:\nSeveral processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. \n\nOptions:\na. Soft Rocks, b. Fallen Rocks, c. Overhang, d. Hard Rock",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6857.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhich is the name of the exact point where water falls in a waterfall?\n\nContext:\nLook at the pictures of flowing water in Figure 13.4. A waterfall tumbles down a mountainside. A brook babbles through a forest. A river slowly meanders through a broad valley. What do all these forms of flowing water have in common? They are all streams. \n\nOptions:\na. Overhang, b. Hard rock, c. Steep-sided gorge, d. Plunge pool",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6857.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many ridges of hard rock are shown in this picture?\n\nContext:\nIndex fossils are commonly used to match rock layers in different places. You can see how this works in Figure \n\nOptions:\na. 3, b. 5, c. 2, d. 4",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6857.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow are rapids created?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. overhang, b. fallen rocks, c. Ridges of hard rick create an uneven slope, d. waterfall retreats",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6857.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhich of the bottom labels (numbered from left to right) points to low tide?\n\nContext:\nThe tidal range is the difference between the ocean level at high tide and the ocean level at low tide (Figure 1.2). The tidal range in a location depends on a number of factors, including the slope of the seafloor. Water appears to move a greater distance on a gentle slope than on a steep slope. \n\nOptions:\na. 1, b. 4, c. 2, d. 3",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6862.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
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],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many phases of the tide are there?\n\nContext:\nYou know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it? \n\nOptions:\na. 3, b. 2, c. 4, d. 1",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6862.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nIn this diagram of Erosion and Deposition by Flowing Water, where does the water go through the blow hole?\n\nContext:\nWater that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. \n\nOptions:\na. Arch, b. High Tide, c. Caves, d. Stump Covered at High Tide",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_6862.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is the first stage in the formation of waterfall?\n\nContext:\nMountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure 10.5, a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. \n\nOptions:\na. overhang collapses, b. plunge pool develops, c. undercutting, d. waterfall retreats upstream",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8066.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many formations of a waterfall are there?\n\nContext:\nMountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure 10.5, a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. \n\nOptions:\na. 4, b. 5, c. 3, d. 2",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8066.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is shown in the picture?\n\nContext:\nThe two types of air pollutants are primary pollutants, which enter the atmosphere directly, and secondary pollutants, which form from a chemical reaction. \n\nOptions:\na. Photosynthesis, b. Life Cycle, c. Erosion and Deposition by Flowing Water, d. Solar Heat",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8066.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is located in a plunge pool?\n\nContext:\nWhen hot water gently rises to the surface, it creates a hot spring. A hot spring forms where a crack in the Earth allows water to reach the surface after being heated underground. Many hot springs are used by people as natural hot tubs. Some people believe that hot springs can cure illnesses. Hot springs are found all over the world, even in Antarctica! \n\nOptions:\na. Hard rock, b. A waterfall, c. Fallen rocks, d. Fish",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat prominent feature develops when a waterfall retreats?\n\nContext:\nMountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure 10.5, a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. \n\nOptions:\na. Steep sided gorge, b. fallen focks, c. overhang, d. plunge pool",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat happens when stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock?\n\nContext:\nSeveral processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. \n\nOptions:\na. Erosion occurs., b. A waterfall forms., c. A plunge pool forms, d. A lake forms",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is the part over the plunge pool called?\n\nContext:\nWhen hot water gently rises to the surface, it creates a hot spring. A hot spring forms where a crack in the Earth allows water to reach the surface after being heated underground. Many hot springs are used by people as natural hot tubs. Some people believe that hot springs can cure illnesses. Hot springs are found all over the world, even in Antarctica! \n\nOptions:\na. fallen rocks, b. rapids, c. overhang, d. gorge",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many types of rock are in the picture?\n\nContext:\nWhen rock layers are in the same place, its easy to give them relative ages. But what if rock layers are far apart? What if they are on different continents? What evidence is used to match rock layers in different places? \n\nOptions:\na. 5, b. 4, c. 2, d. 3",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8068.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is under hard rock?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. Water, b. Soft rock, c. Nothing, d. Stream",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8068.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is the empty space behind the falling water in this drawing?\n\nContext:\nFlowing water slows down when it reaches flatter land or flows into a body of still water. What do you think happens then? The water starts dropping the particles it was carrying. As the water slows, it drops the largest particles first. The smallest particles settle out last. \n\nOptions:\na. hard rock, b. undercutting, c. Soft Rock, d. cave",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/erosion_8068.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhich structure marks the greatest distance the glacier advanced?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. Moraine, b. Zone of ablation, c. Snout, d. Zone of accumulation",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
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"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is between the Zone of ablation and Moraine?\n\nContext:\nFreshwater below Earths surface is called groundwater. The water infiltrates, or seeps down into, the ground from the surface. How does this happen? And where does the water go? \n\nOptions:\na. continental glacier, b. glacial till, c. Zone of Accumulation, d. Snout",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many zones are depicted in the diagram?\n\nContext:\nMost fossils are preserved by one of five processes outlined below (Figure 1.1): \n\nOptions:\na. 4, b. 1, c. 3, d. 2",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nThe shape of which area could be caused by melting or an avalanche?\n\nContext:\nGlaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick. \n\nOptions:\na. moraine, b. zone of ablation, c. snout, d. zone of accumulation",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "assistant"
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] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhich part of the diagram is most likely to deposit sediment?\n\nContext:\nSediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited. \n\nOptions:\na. C, b. E, c. A, d. B",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6928.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nThe Compressing Flow is above:\n\nContext:\nAlthough all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, they may differ in their wavelength and frequency. \n\nOptions:\na. The Bergschrund., b. the Accumulation Zone., c. The Crevasses., d. the Extending Flow.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6929.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many zones can you see?\n\nContext:\nMost maps use a grid of lines to help you to find your location. This grid system is called a geographic coordinate system. Using this system you can define your location by two numbers, latitude and longitude. Both numbers are angles between your location, the center of Earth, and a reference line (Figure 2.20). \n\nOptions:\na. 1, b. 2, c. 9, d. 5",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6929.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nIdentify the highest layer.\n\nContext:\nThe three outer layers of the Sun are its atmosphere. \n\nOptions:\na. Floodplai, b. Receding Glacier, c. drumlin, d. esker",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is between the kame and the floodplain?\n\nContext:\nPonds and lakes may get their water from several sources. Some falls directly into them as precipitation. Some enters as runoff and some from streams and rivers. Water leaves ponds and lakes through evaporation and also as outflow. \n\nOptions:\na. drumlin, b. receding glacier, c. terminal moraine, d. esker",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhere do glaciers deposit their sediment?\n\nContext:\nIn regions where summers are long and dry, melting glaciers in mountain regions provide an important source of water for organisms and often for nearby human populations. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: \n\nOptions:\na. ground moraine, b. receding glacier, c. Drumlin, kettles, and esker, d. rock bed",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many parts are shown in the diagram below?\n\nContext:\nMost cars have at least four cylinders connected to the crankshaft. Their pistons move up and down in sequence, one after the other. A powerful car may have eight pistons, and some race cars may have even more. The more cylinders a car engine has, the more powerful its engine can be. \n\nOptions:\na. 5, b. 2, c. 3, d. 9",
"type": "text"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
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"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"text": "d",
"type": "text"
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[
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"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nA thick layer of sediments is left behind by a retreating glacier. What is it known as?\n\nContext:\nSediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited. \n\nOptions:\na. Drumlin., b. Ground moraine., c. Esker., d. Kettles.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
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"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
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"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat are the features of the glacier erosion?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. rock bed is found on top of the glacier, b. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers., c. rock bed does not support the glacier, d. kettles are not part of glacier erosion",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
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"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhere does the snow accumulation happen?\n\nContext:\nYou know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it? \n\nOptions:\na. Ice Shelf, b. Glacier Flow, c. Sea Ice, d. Antarctic Ice Sheet",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6931.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhere does Ice shelf forms?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. Glacier flow, b. Icebergs, c. Continental shelf, d. Grounding line",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6931.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhere in the diagram there's snow accumulation?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. Antarctic Ice Sheet, b. Ice Shelf, c. Glacier Flow, d. Icebergs",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6931.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
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],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhich is located beneath the ice shelf?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. Buoyant melt plume, b. Surface crevasses, c. Icebergs, d. ESA satellite",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6931.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many satellites are in the diagram?\n\nContext:\nSatellites orbit high above the Earth in several ways. Different orbits are important for viewing different things about the planet. \n\nOptions:\na. 2, b. 6, c. 1, d. 4",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6931.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many of these aren't on the mountainous part?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. 5, b. 1, c. 2, d. 3",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6932.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
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"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nSteps of glacier formation.\n\nContext:\nAs glaciers flow, mechanical weathering loosens rock on the valley walls, which falls as debris on the glacier. Glaciers can carry rock of any size, from giant boulders to silt (Figure 1.6). These rocks can be carried for many kilometers for many years. \n\nOptions:\na. 3, b. 6, c. 2, d. 1",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6932.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
] |
[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow do glaciers reach the melting evaporation stage?\n\nContext:\nIn regions where summers are long and dry, melting glaciers in mountain regions provide an important source of water for organisms and often for nearby human populations. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: \n\nOptions:\na. snow - lateral moraine - snout, b. snow - medial moraine - melting, c. snowfall - equilibrium line- medial moraine - snout - melting evaporation, d. snow - snout",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6933.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/groundwater_20096.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 13.12 An aquifer is a layer of saturated porous rock. It lies below the water table. An impermeable layer, such as clay, is below the aquifer.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many parts are there in this picture?\n\nContext:\nAll known matter can be divided into a little more than 100 different substances called elements. \n\nOptions:\na. 9, b. 10, c. 7, d. 8",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6934.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many rock beds are there in the diagram?\n\nContext:\nIndex fossils are commonly used to match rock layers in different places. You can see how this works in Figure \n\nOptions:\na. 2, b. 3, c. 4, d. 1",
"type": "text"
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"caption": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
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"text": "d",
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"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is the zone above the equilibrium line where snow and neve are compresses and turn into glacier ice?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. Accumulation zone, b. Ice front, c. Ablation zone, d. Margin of glacier",
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{
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6935.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
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"type": "image"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
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"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": "a",
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"content": [
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nIdentify the area of a glacier where the removal of snow and ice is greater than the amount replaced.\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. Ablation zone, b. Sediments, c. Accumulation zone, d. Equilibrium line",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6935.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
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"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"image": null,
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"text": "a",
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"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many parts are shown in the diagram below?\n\nContext:\nMost cars have at least four cylinders connected to the crankshaft. Their pistons move up and down in sequence, one after the other. A powerful car may have eight pistons, and some race cars may have even more. The more cylinders a car engine has, the more powerful its engine can be. \n\nOptions:\na. 6, b. 8, c. 5, d. 7",
"type": "text"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6935.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
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"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
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],
"role": "user"
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"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat are all the parts of the glacier above the equilibrium line called?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. accumulation zone, b. ice front, c. sedimentary zone, d. ablation zone",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6935.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"role": "user"
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"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat will form when the glacier melts?\n\nContext:\nGlaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick. \n\nOptions:\na. Zone of Plucking, b. Zone of Abrasion, c. Tarn (lake), d. Headwall",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6937.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat stops the glacial ice from flowing through?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. zone of plucking, b. zone of abrasion, c. terminal moraine, d. tarn",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6937.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is located below the Headwall?\n\nContext:\n1. Distinctive rock formations may be recognizable across large regions (Figure 1.1). \n\nOptions:\na. Terminal Moraine, b. Zone of Abrasion, c. Zone of Plucking, d. Glacial Ice",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6937.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nFrom the diagram, identify the part which refers to a rounded hollow carved in the side of a mountain by a glacier.\n\nContext:\nAs glaciers flow, mechanical weathering loosens rock on the valley walls, which falls as debris on the glacier. Glaciers can carry rock of any size, from giant boulders to silt (Figure 1.6). These rocks can be carried for many kilometers for many years. \n\nOptions:\na. arete, b. cirque, c. truncated spur, d. horn",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6938.png"
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"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "b",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nThe diagram shows valleys that are caused by glacier erosion. What are these valleys called?\n\nContext:\nAs glaciers flow, mechanical weathering loosens rock on the valley walls, which falls as debris on the glacier. Glaciers can carry rock of any size, from giant boulders to silt (Figure 1.6). These rocks can be carried for many kilometers for many years. \n\nOptions:\na. Horn, b. Truncated spur, c. Medial moraine, d. Cirques",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6938.png"
},
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"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat does a glacier insist of?\n\nContext:\nNearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. \n\nOptions:\na. Ice, b. Soil, c. Rock, d. Air",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/glaciers_6938.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhich of those is the older layer?\n\nContext:\nWhen rock layers are in the same place, its easy to give them relative ages. But what if rock layers are far apart? What if they are on different continents? What evidence is used to match rock layers in different places? \n\nOptions:\na. Sedimentary rocks, b. Impermeable rocks, c. Water, d. Trapped fossils",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_6895.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
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"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
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"type": "text"
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"content": [
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"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nFossils need what for fossilization to start?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. Oil, b. Natural Gas, c. Sedimentary rocks, d. Coal",
"type": "text"
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": "c",
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[
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"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nThe soft parts of organisms almost always decompose quickly after death. In which stage of fossil formation does this occur?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. 2, b. 3, c. 4, d. 1",
"type": "text"
},
{
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_6898.png"
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"type": "image"
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{
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"text": "d",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nCan underwater animals decompose?\n\nContext:\nThe ocean is huge but even this body of water is becoming seriously polluted. Climate change also affects the quality of ocean water for living things. \n\nOptions:\na. no, b. sometimes, c. idk, d. yes",
"type": "text"
},
{
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_6898.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
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"type": "image"
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{
"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"content": [
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"image": null,
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"text": "d",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat causes a fossil to be exposed?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. sediments, b. Rock erosion, c. the sun, d. water",
"type": "text"
},
{
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"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_6898.png"
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
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"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"description": "Additional context image"
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"text": "b",
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many stages are there to the formation of a fossil?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. 3, b. 4, c. 2, d. 5",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_6898.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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"content": [
{
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"text": "b",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nIdentify which of the following does not happen to a fish.\n\nContext:\nHow are fish important? Of course, they are used as food ( Figure 1.5). In fact, people all over the world either catch fish in the wild or farm them in much the same way as cattle or chickens. Farming fish is known as aquaculture. Fish are also caught for recreation to display in the home or in a public aquarium. \n\nOptions:\na. It Floats, b. It Dies and sinks to the bottom of the lake, c. The bones become a fossil., d. It rots and only bones are left",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_8084.png"
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"metadata": {
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"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/fossils_6897.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows one way that fossils can form. There are 4 main stages. We see it begins when plants and animals die. They sink to the bottom of the sea. The dead animals become covered by sediment. Over time the pressure from the sediment compresses the dead animals into oil. Oil eventually moves up thru rocks. It then forms a reservoir and the process is complete.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is the process being described in this diagram?\n\nContext:\nMost fossils are preserved by one of five processes outlined below (Figure 1.1): \n\nOptions:\na. Organization, b. Evolution, c. Sedimentation, d. Fossilization",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_8084.png"
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"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/fossils_6897.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows one way that fossils can form. There are 4 main stages. We see it begins when plants and animals die. They sink to the bottom of the sea. The dead animals become covered by sediment. Over time the pressure from the sediment compresses the dead animals into oil. Oil eventually moves up thru rocks. It then forms a reservoir and the process is complete.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat happens after the fish rots?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. Gets covered by mud, b. Sinks, c. Only the bones are left, d. Flyes",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_8084.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/fossils_6897.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows one way that fossils can form. There are 4 main stages. We see it begins when plants and animals die. They sink to the bottom of the sea. The dead animals become covered by sediment. Over time the pressure from the sediment compresses the dead animals into oil. Oil eventually moves up thru rocks. It then forms a reservoir and the process is complete.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nHow many steps of aquatic fossil formation show the image?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. 1, b. 2, c. 5, d. 3",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_8084.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/fossils_6897.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows one way that fossils can form. There are 4 main stages. We see it begins when plants and animals die. They sink to the bottom of the sea. The dead animals become covered by sediment. Over time the pressure from the sediment compresses the dead animals into oil. Oil eventually moves up thru rocks. It then forms a reservoir and the process is complete.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "d",
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat happens right after a fish dies and sink to the bottom of a lake?\n\nContext:\nHow are fish important? Of course, they are used as food ( Figure 1.5). In fact, people all over the world either catch fish in the wild or farm them in much the same way as cattle or chickens. Farming fish is known as aquaculture. Fish are also caught for recreation to display in the home or in a public aquarium. \n\nOptions:\na. The fish rots., b. The fish floats back up., c. The water evaporates., d. Algae feast on the fish.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_8084.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/fossils_6897.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows one way that fossils can form. There are 4 main stages. We see it begins when plants and animals die. They sink to the bottom of the sea. The dead animals become covered by sediment. Over time the pressure from the sediment compresses the dead animals into oil. Oil eventually moves up thru rocks. It then forms a reservoir and the process is complete.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "a",
"type": "text"
}
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"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat happens after the mud hardens in the soil?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. Rock Layers Form, b. Erosion, c. Sediments are deposited, d. Track is made",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_8085.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": null,
"description": "Question-related diagram or image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
"metadata": {
"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"description": "Additional context image"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
}
],
"role": "user"
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{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "c",
"type": "text"
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"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": [
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat does happen after the track is made?\n\nContext:\nDistance is the length of the route between two points. The distance of a race, for example, is the length of the track between the starting and finishing lines. In a 100-meter sprint, that distance is 100 meters. \n\nOptions:\na. Rock layers form., b. Print is exposed by erosion., c. The mud hardens., d. Sediment is deposited.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/MyDrive/tqa_train_val_test/train/question_images/fossils_8085.png"
},
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"caption": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nWhich is the last step of the process?\n\nContext:\nMost fossils are preserved by one of five processes outlined below (Figure 1.1): \n\nOptions:\na. rock layers form, b. mud hardens, c. track is made, d. print is exposed by erosion",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nHow many stages are there in the fossilization process?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. 8, b. 3, c. 5, d. 10",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nWhat would happen if the mud never hardened?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. Nothing would change if the mud didn't harden., b. A print would be made but it would be fuzzy., c. No print would be preserved., d. A print would be made but it would be from a different animal.",
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{
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nWhat is the stage of fossilization that is between the formation of lignite and anthracite?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. peat, b. lignite, c. forrest, d. bituminous and subittuminous coal",
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"caption": "The diagram shows a biome pyramid. It consists of four regions: Arctic region, Subarctic region, Temperate region and Tropical region. The Arctic region consists of Tundra. The Subarctic region consists of Boreal forest. The Temperate region consists of Temperate forest, Grassland, Chapparal, and Desert. The Tropical region consists of Tropical forest, Grassland, and Desert. The temperature and the dryness of a place decide its region. As the temperature increases, there is a change in the different regions. The hottest and driest region is the Desert. The coldest and the driest region is the Tundra. The coldest and the least dry region is the Tropical forest.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
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"text": "Question:\nHow are arthritides formed?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. when birds eat vegetation, b. compression of the soil when the vegetation dies, c. when vegetation is burned, d. when animals eat vegetation",
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"caption": "The diagram shows a biome pyramid. It consists of four regions: Arctic region, Subarctic region, Temperate region and Tropical region. The Arctic region consists of Tundra. The Subarctic region consists of Boreal forest. The Temperate region consists of Temperate forest, Grassland, Chapparal, and Desert. The Tropical region consists of Tropical forest, Grassland, and Desert. The temperature and the dryness of a place decide its region. As the temperature increases, there is a change in the different regions. The hottest and driest region is the Desert. The coldest and the driest region is the Tundra. The coldest and the least dry region is the Tropical forest.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat is formed by the compression of Peat?\n\nContext:\nDifferent factors play into the composition of a magma and the rock it produces. \n\nOptions:\na. Anthracite, b. Vegetation, c. Lignite, d. Coal",
"type": "text"
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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"text": "Question:\nHow many phases does anthracite need to form?\n\nContext:\nCoal is a solid hydrocarbon. Coal is useful as a fuel, especially for generating electricity. \n\nOptions:\na. 4, b. 5, c. 6, d. 3",
"type": "text"
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"caption": "The diagram shows a biome pyramid. It consists of four regions: Arctic region, Subarctic region, Temperate region and Tropical region. The Arctic region consists of Tundra. The Subarctic region consists of Boreal forest. The Temperate region consists of Temperate forest, Grassland, Chapparal, and Desert. The Tropical region consists of Tropical forest, Grassland, and Desert. The temperature and the dryness of a place decide its region. As the temperature increases, there is a change in the different regions. The hottest and driest region is the Desert. The coldest and the driest region is the Tundra. The coldest and the least dry region is the Tropical forest.",
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"text": "As an assistant, your task is to identify the correct answer based on the provided context and respond strictly with the corresponding option letter (e.g., a, b, c, etc) in lowercase. Do not include any additional explanations, clarifications, or text in your response. Your output must consist solely of the single lowercase letter representing the correct option.",
"type": "text"
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{
"image": null,
"metadata": null,
"text": "Question:\nWhat happened 300 million years ago?\n\nContext:\nDespite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? \n\nOptions:\na. the vegetation and forms peat, b. the peat is compressed between sediment layers to form lignite, c. huge forests grew around 300 million years ago covering most of the Earth, d. eventually anthracite forms",
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