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COMPLETE SCHOOL PROJECT TOPICS & MATERIALS : CHAPTERS: Chapter 1-5 DOC FORMAT: MS WORD/PDF 1.1 Background of the Study It is a truism that every organization has in its entirety a combination of people, working together with a view to achieving common organizational goals and objectives. As a matter of fact, sinc e people of various tribes and different age brackets are involved, it becomes obviously clear that administration of human and material resources must also be involved. Administration must exist in any organization set -up for a defined purpose. Accordin g to Nwosu (1980.31), administration generally takes place in the context of organization which means in the context of a planned system of Cooperative effort in which individuals have assigned functions. In other words, local government administration is concerned with the management of the affairs of her areas. One of the major problems that confront urban areas is poor execution of projects in their area, which essentially hinges on how to deployed the available human and material resources to meet the welfare needs of the local populace. However, like in many other third -world countries, local government administration has been described as inefficient and incapable of accomplishing the goals and objectives of the communities under their care. The explanation for this are discerned from: 1. Weak financial base of the local government 2. Influence of politics 3. Lack of effective political leadership 4. Lack of Skilled Personnel 5. Lean motivational packages 6. Financial mismanagement Orewa and Adewumi (1983:99 -100) indicated that even in the early 1950s, during the colonial era that Nigerian Local Governments have been unable to efficiently and effectively perform their statutory functions and this was attributed to lack of financial resources and maladministra tion. This situation eventually led to the take -over of some local government functions by the Federal Government starting from the period of the tier system of local government (1950). This loss of functions which increased with the creation of states in 1967, continued until the far reaching Local Government Reforms of 1976. As a matter of fact, in its bid to make for uniformity in both structure and organization, the 1976 local government reforms in Nigeria made no distinction between small and lar ge local government areas, and also between rural and urban local governments. It only noted differences in their sizes caused by population and individual resources (human and material) and recognized the possibility of dividing one local government uni t into lower tiers called Administrative and Development Areas, etc. But they would not be accorded Federal Governments recognition or fiscal allocation (Reform Guide lines 1976:5). It is actually true that project administration which involves planning and implementation is an after -math of the Pyramidal tradition of bureaucratic organization, which failed to achieve the set objectives at the end of the targeted period of time. So project administration or management emerged as a “Panacea” to the multifarious problems of the traditional bureaucratic organizations. The American Heritage Dictionary defines a project as an undertaking requiring concentrated effect. Harrison (1945) on his own part defines a project as a non -routine, non-repetitive undertakin g normally with discrete time, financially and technical performance goals. From the foregoing, project administration or management must be within both time and estimates, as well as standard specifications. Project administration or project implementa tion strategies starts with planning. But in most local governments in Nigeria implementation precedes planning. This is an aberration with failure as its resultant effects. It is these problems arising from poor or non implementation of projects at the lo cal government level that this study is set to address. 1.2 Statement of the Problem A number of reforms has been put in place in the local government system in Nigeria. The most prominent of all of them being the 1976 reforms. The reason for the refor ms, is that there is problem of non – performance with respect to provision and general low standard of living. The principal aim has been to give local governments definite and precise functions and strategies of implementing the projects which were designe d to promote development at the grassroots. Most public organization have been unable to attain the organizational objectives for which they were set up. Local government structure is not an exception in this case. Constitutionally, local governments are charged with the responsibility of bringing governance closer to the rural dwellers. This appears far from being attained due to frequent fraudulent practices in the country. What is responsible for the dysfunctional of this structure of governance? Is th is shortcoming traceable to the poor funding of the system? However, inefficiency, low productivity and bureaucratic red – tapism are common characteristics of public service especially local governments. Since local governments are unable to satisfy their statutory functions they are seen by many as conveyor belts and draining pipes of government scare resources. They are busy doing something but at the end achieving nothing. They have large workforce and no records of application of extrinsic motivational factors that would make them viable. Despite the fact that the 1976 reform of the local government system by the federal government was very clear on the statutory functions that ought to be executed by the local governments, yet the general public still continued to complain about the unproductiveness of the local government due to various factors. Management of most local governments in Anambra State, of which Idemili North and South Local Governments are no exceptions are finding it difficult to cater for the employees, pay their salaries and promote them as and when due as is done in other establishments of both Federal and State Governments. As a result, there is a luke -worm attitude to duty, low morale, lack of dedication and commitment, low product ivity and other negative work attitudes among the employees of the local government. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The general objective of this study is on effective projects administration in Idemili North and South Local Government. The specific objectives are a. To find out the factors that are impinging on effective projects implementation in the two local government. b. To examine the effect of political interference on the projects and programmes of the local governments. c. To find out factors (intrinsic or extrinsic) that impact on workers performance on projects implementation in the two local government. 1.4 Significance of the Study This study has both empirical and theoretical significances and they are as detailed below: Empirically, the outcome of this research will be of great importance to all the tiers of government in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and employers of labour both in the private and public sector organization. If all things are equal then managers who shall adopt the recommenda tions of the study shall go a long way in checking threats to industrial peace and harmony. The study will also reveal the various ways of enhancing morale, dedication and sense of commitment in the local government system. Theoretically, it will constit ute a contribution in the field of public administration. This would also serve as another source of knowledge in the management of human and material resources of various establishments and organizations. Finally, the study would help the future resear chers who would like to do a research in issues pertaining to local governments in Nigeria. 1.5 Research Questions These research questions guided the study. a. What are the foundation and nature of local government in Nigeria b. What factors are im pinging on effective project implementation in Idemili North and South Local Government c. Does political interference in the projects and programmes of the local governments affect their productivity? d. Which motivational factors (intrinsic or extrinsic) imp act on workers performance on projects implementation in the two local governments? e. How far have the Local Government reforms helped matters? f. What relationship does the factor that led to the collapse of National Assembly have with Nigerian Local Government? 1.6 Research Hypothesis Based on the research questions, the following hypotheses guided the study. 1. Ho:- Irregular or non availability of funds does not affect project implementation in Idemili North and South Local Governments HI:- Irregular or non availability of funds affect project implementation in Idemili North and South Local Government 2. Ho:- Political interference on the projects of the local governments does not undermine the achievement of the projects objectives. Hi:- Political interference on the projects of the local governments undermine the achievement of the projects objectives 3. Ho:- Non-effective external supervision makes workers in these local governments responsive to their duties in projects implementation. Hi:- Non-effective external supervision does not make workers in these local governments responsive to their duties in projects implementation 1.7 Scope and Limitations of Study This study is restricted to six communities in Idemili North and South loca l governments out of the Seventeen Communities of the Local Governments. A certain population of the workers in both local governments were also considered. The communities are Ogidi, Oraukwu, Nkpor, Ojoto, Alor and Oba. As a result of lean finances of t he researcher and unfavourable terrain, it was not possible for consistent visitation of the communities while the research lasts. Due to the education background of rural dwellers, filling of the questionnaire proved to be a major problem to the research er. Consequently, the sample size was slightly affected. Questionnaires were administered to only people with some measure of literacy and residing in the selected areas, so as to achieve reasonable responsiveness. It was also discovered that there was general unwillingness and apathy with which the people of the area viewed at academic work of this nature. Some people were hesitant to freely give out information for this type of research. The above hindrances not withstanding the research were carried ou t successfully. 1.8 Definition of Key Terms Local Government Policy: This involves decision making apparatus that is being used by Local Government in the administration and implementation of its community development projects or plans as appropriate. Community Development: This is a form of development that is restricted to a defined community /rural areas, planned and executed separately or jointly between government officials and the rural/community people. Community development is not very different from other types of development, all of which aim at bringing about an improved conditions and standards. It is always advised that people of the area in which the project is being executed should be involved in decision -making starting from the beginning. Local Government: This is the system of administration of districts by selected representatives of the people who live there. In Nigeria, this is the third tier of government with the ultimate aim of enhancing the development of the rural communities . Rural Areas: These are local government areas that are lacking in many infrastructural amenities like electricity, pipe -borne water, roads and telecommunications, health facilities, educational structures etc. Urban Areas: These are areas that have m ost of essential infrastructural facilities like electricity industries, pipe -borne water, good health services centers like well equipped hospitals etc. Rural – Urban Migration: There is a difference between rural and urban areas in Nigeria, whereas, urb an areas have essential infrastructural facilities rural areas have little or non thus ths drift from rural to urban areas and this christened Rural -urban migration or drift. Poor-Policy Making and Implementation: After enacting a policy, it is incorporated in the financial plan to enable implementation be carried out. However, as a result of omission or commission but more of commission and perverted social values and political over tune, policies are badly conceived and misdirected. Urban-Congestion: Congestion in Nigerian Urban Local Governments, finds its explanation in the congestion of housing, roads, road traffic and space and is directly related to over population and land -use abuses. Over-Population: This is one major human factor of urban environmental problem in Nigeria. It is explained as the unrestricted influx of people to the urban centers beyond the capacity of urban municipal infrastructure to accommodate.

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Why Check Sentence for Grammar? Your grammar and punctuation are vitally important as they control how the reader will interpret what you have written. Get it wrong and they could easily get a different meaning than the one that you were trying to communicate. Using a sentence fragment finder can, therefore, be very important if you want to make the right impression with your work. Our fragment sentence fixer can help you to ensure that all issues with your sentence structure are identified and corrected. Finding those issues if you proofread your own work can be long-winded and often not particularly effective. Most of us miss even glaring errors within our own writing. This is why using an automated run on sentence detector can be so much better. The software will always find what it is programmed to find and will never get tired or become distracted. With our software to find grammar errors, you can be sure that you will get much better results with your writing. Complete Sentence Vs Incomplete Sentence There are two things that must be present for a sentence to be complete. These are the subject and the predicate or verb. The subject is the person, thing or even place that the sentence is written about. The predicate is the action that is taken within the sentence. Both must be present for it to be a complete sentence. For example: “The dog sat.” While this may be short it is still a complete sentence as it contains the subject (Dog) and the predicate (Sat.) An incomplete sentence, otherwise known as a fragment is missing one or both of the subject and predicate. Without these, it is a fragment and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Examples of Incomplete Vs Complete Sentences The following are some examples of incomplete or fragment sentences followed by their corrections: Ran to the bar. | Steve ran to the bar. | Went into the store. | She went into the store. | Ate too much pie. | Georgie ate too much pie. | A very fat dog. | A very fat dog ate all of the food. | The room full of dieters. | The room full of dieters listened intently. | The opera singer from Milan. | The opera singer from Milan broke the glass. | How Can You Detect Incomplete Sentences? Finding sentence fragments is not easy. We will often overlook them as we will use them commonly in everyday speech. So often we are desensitized to their use; even though they are incorrect in written English. The following are different ways that you can find incomplete sentences in your writing: - Take each sentence in turn and ask yourself who is the subject. - Look at each sentence and see if it has a verb within it. - Read your writing aloud and listen to what is said with care. - Ask a friend to read through your writing to look for issues. - Use is this a fragment checker to review your writing. How to Correct Sentence Structure You can use our free sentence structure checker to identify and correct sentences that are incorrectly put together. However, it is still better if you understand what the issues are and how they are fixed. The following are examples of different structural errors and how they are fixed: Issue | Example | Fix | Run on or fused sentence | The dog went into the wood it found a place to hide behind the big oak. | The dog went into the wood. It found a place to hide behind the big oak. | Fragment | Flew very high and fast. | The hawk flew very high and fast. | Passive voice use | The car was crashed into the tree by Steve. | Steve crashed the car into the tree. | Missing comma after an introductory word | But the sentence fragment detector will do a great job. | But, the sentence fragment detector will do a great job. | How Does Our Sentence Fragment Finder Help Students and Other Writers? Using our is this a sentence fragment checker provides you with far more than just the ability to find fragments. The tool will “check my sentence structure” for a whole host of different grammatical and punctuation issues. It checks your writing against more than 400 separate writing rules and will highlight any areas in which you may have failed to follow those rules. Our professional sentence fragment app provides you with a highly effective tool that works on all forms of documentation. It is suitable for professional writers, students, job seekers and business people to ensure that your writing will be of the right standard for your audience. It is simple to use and is capable of finding many issues as well as helping you to improve your vocabulary and avoid plagiarism. Regular use will help you to get better results from all of your work as well as aiding you in improving your writing.

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Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. What is a film? What are the different types of films? What are some of the major film festivals? What awards are given for films? film, series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and continuous movement. A popular form of mass media, film is a remarkably effective medium for conveying drama and evoking emotion. The art of motion pictures is exceedingly complex, requiring contributions from nearly all the other arts as well as countless technical skills (for example, in sound recording, photography, and optics). Emerging at the end of the 19th century, this new art form became one of the most popular and influential media of the 20th century and beyond. See also "the history of film." As a commercial venture, offering fictional narratives to large audiences in theatres, film was quickly recognized as perhaps the first truly mass form of entertainment. Without losing its broad appeal, the medium also developed as a means of artistic expression in such areas as acting, directing, screenwriting, cinematography, costume and set design, and music. Essential characteristics of film In its short history, the art of motion pictures has frequently undergone changes that seemed fundamental, such as those resulting from the introduction of sound. It exists today in styles that differ significantly from country to country and in forms as diverse as the documentary created by one person with a handheld camera and the multimillion-dollar epic involving hundreds of performers and technicians. A number of factors immediately come to mind in connection with the film experience. For one thing, there is something mildly hypnotic about the illusion of movement that holds the attention and may even lower critical resistance. The accuracy of the film image is compelling because it is made by a nonhuman, scientific process. In addition, the motion picture gives what has been called a strong sense of being present; the film image always appears to be in the present tense. There is also the concrete nature of film; it appears to show actual people and things. No less important than any of the above are the conditions under which the motion picture ideally is seen, where everything helps to dominate the spectators. They are taken from their everyday environment, partially isolated from others, and comfortably seated in a dark auditorium. The darkness concentrates their attention and prevents comparison of the image on the screen with surrounding objects or people. For a while, spectators live in the world the motion picture unfolds before them. Still, the escape into the world of the film is not complete. Only rarely does the audience react as if the events on the screen are real—for instance, by ducking before an onrushing locomotive in a special three-dimensional effect. Moreover, such effects are considered to be a relatively low form of the art of motion pictures. Much more often, viewers expect a film to be truer to certain unwritten conventions than to the real world. Although spectators may sometimes expect exact realism in details of dress or locale, just as often they expect the film to escape from the real world and make them exercise their imagination, a demand made by great works of art in all forms. The sense of reality most films strive for results from a set of codes, or rules, that are implicitly accepted by viewers and confirmed through habitual filmgoing. The use of brownish lighting, filters, and props, for example, has come to signify the past in films about American life in the early 20th century (as in The Godfather and Days of Heaven ). The brownish tinge that is associated with such films is a visual code intended to evoke a viewer’s perceptions of an earlier era, when photographs were printed in sepia, or brown, tones. Storytelling codes are even more conspicuous in their manipulation of actual reality to achieve an effect of reality. Audiences are prepared to skip over huge expanses of time in order to reach the dramatic moments of a story. La battaglia di Algeri (1966; The Battle of Algiers), for example, begins in a torture chamber where a captured Algerian rebel has just given away the location of his cohorts. In a matter of seconds that location is attacked, and the drive of the search-and-destroy mission pushes the audience to believe in the fantastic speed and precision of the operation. Furthermore, the audience readily accepts shots from impossible points of view if other aspects of the film signal the shot as real. For example, the rebels in The Battle of Algiers are shown inside a walled-up hiding place, yet this unrealistic view seems authentic because the film’s grainy photography plays on the spectator’s unconscious association of poor black-and-white images with newsreels. Fidelity in the reproduction of details is much less important than the appeal made by the story to an emotional response, an appeal based on innate characteristics of the motion-picture medium. These essential characteristics can be divided into those that pertain primarily to the motion-picture image, those that pertain to motion pictures as a unique medium for works of art, and those that derive from the experience of viewing motion pictures.

https://www.britannica.com/art/motion-picture

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Why we're more like our fathers than our mothers: Scientists discover we 'use' more male inherited genes - We inherit equal amounts of genetic mutations from both our parents - But scientists found we 'use' more mutations from our father's genes - These gene mutations make us who we are and not another person - Findings could help explain development of disease and find treatments Many a woman fears at a certain point in life she is turning into her mother. But new research has revealed that in terms of genetics, most people are actually more similar to their father. Although we inherit equal amounts of genetic mutations from our parents, we actually 'use' more of the DNA that we inherit from our fathers, scientists found. These genetic mutations make us who we are - and finding out whether we inherit variants from one parent or another is crucial for the development of diseases - and treatments to diseases like cancer, heart disease and diabetes. In terms of genetics, most people are more similar to their father than their mother, scientists have found For example, if we inherited the gene for a disease from our mother, this may mean it might not be expressed as strongly as if it was inherited from our father. The study's lead author, Professor Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena, from University of North Carolina School of Medicine, said the research was the first to show that mammals are more genetically similar to their fathers than mothers. He said: 'This is an exceptional new research finding that opens the door to an entirely new area of exploration in human genetics.' 'We know there are 95 genes that are subject to this parent-of-origin effect. 'They're called imprinted genes, and they can play roles in diseases, depending on whether the genetic mutation came from the father or the mother. 'Now we've found that in addition to them, there are thousands of other genes that have a novel parent-of-origin effect.' These genetic mutations handed down from parents show up in many common but complex diseases that involve many genes, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, schizophrenia, obesity and cancers. For the study, researchers selected three different species of mice with different genes. They were descended from a sub-species of mice that evolved on different continents. These mice were bred to create nine different types of offspring. Each strain of these offspring was used as both a father and mother to another generation of mice. When these mice reached adulthood, the researchers measured expression of genes in four different kinds of tissue. This included including RNA sequencing technology, which is able to identify gene expression in the brain. They then quantified how much genetic information was inherited from the mother and the father for every single gene in the mouse's DNA. Although we inherit equal amounts of genetic mutations from our parents we actually 'use' more of the DNA we inherit from our fathers They discovered an imbalance in the offspring which made their brain gene significantly more like their father's. This means that genes could have different consequences depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or father, scientists said. 'This expression level is dependent on the mother or the father,' Professor Pardo-Manuel de Villena said. 'We now know that mammals express more genetic variance from the father. So imagine that a certain kind of mutation is bad. 'If inherited from the mother, the gene wouldn't be expressed as much as it would be if it were inherited from the father. 'So, the same bad mutation would have different consequences in disease if it were inherited from the mother or from the father.' The findings are published in the journal Nature Genetics. Most watched News videos - Football icon David Beckham attends Sven-Goran Eriksson's funeral - Storm Boris rampages through central and eastern Europe - Smoke from Halen Môn smokery causes dispute with Anglesey Sea Zoo - River rages through Polish town as Storm Boris wreaks havoc - David Lammy complains of no taxpayer budget for Starmer's clothes - James Cleverly calls Starmer 'hypocritical' over wife's clothes donor - Lifeboat rescues 55 migrants as Channel crossing turns deadly - Voters respond to Trump claiming migrants are 'eating pets' in Ohio - Furious Taylor Swift fan lashes out at Kamala Harris endorsement - JLo's first husband on what it was like being married to the star - JLo's first husband reveals the truth on being married to the star - Melania Trump promotes memoir with video on Constitutional rights

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2977710/People-genetically-

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During ancient times, the amazing temples in Egypt stood as magnificent testaments to the elegance of civilization and the spiritual devotion of its people. Today, these awe-inspiring structures continue to captivate visitors from around the world with their architectural brilliance and historical significance. The first Egyptian temples were constructed in the style of reed houses sometime around the middle of the 4th millennium BC. The final Egyptian temple to be built was at Philae, which was abandoned in the sixth century AD. It should come as no surprise that there are many distinct types of ancient Egyptian temples on this list, as they have developed over a very long period. A trip to Egypt wouldn’t be complete without seeing at least one of these temples. Follow me carefully as we explore the top 10 amazing temples in Egypt, each a testament to the enduring legacy of this remarkable civilization. Top Amazing Temples in Egypt 1. The Temple of Karnak The construction of the Karnak Temple, one of the amazing temples in Egypt, spanned an incredible two millennia, from 2055 BC to 100 AD. Three gods of ancient Egypt, Amun-Re, Mut, and Montu, were honored with a shrine at Karnak. Furthermore, the main temple structure was the biggest religious site ever constructed. Its Hypostyle Hall is the most striking feature. Karnak’s hypostyle hall is enormous and is made up of pillars with a roof on top. It is a sixteen-row structure with 134 columns. Just this portion occupied 54,000 square feet (16,459 meters). One of the largest ancient remains in the world, Karnak Temple, is best experienced with the help of a guide. 2. The Temple of Abu Simbel Among the most amazing temples in Egypt is Abu Simbel. Originally constructed on lower terrain along the Nile River, the Abu Simbel Temple is now located on Lake Nassar, close to the Sudanese border. To prevent the ruins from being buried beneath Lake Nassar, a massive project to relocate them to higher ground was started in the 1960s with the construction of the Aswan Dam. They’re secure and sound where they are right now. Standing sentry over the lake’s edges are four 20-meter monuments that depict Ramesses II. Three of the statues, which date back to roughly 1265 BC, are still in comparatively good condition for an ancient Egyptian temple. To witness these monuments up close and personal, you can take a tour from Luxor or Aswan, 3. The Temple of Luxor Founded in 1400 BC during the New Kingdom, the Luxor Temple is one of the most amazing temples in Egypt, situated on the eastern bank of the Nile in the ancient city of Thebes. Amun, Mut, and Chons were the three Egyptian gods honored in this temple. The focal point of Opet, the most significant celebration of Thebes, was the temple. Along the avenue of sphinxes that connects the two temples, the sculptures of the three Gods were escorted from the temple of Amun in Karnak to the temple of Luxor during the annual celebration. Luxor is now the most popular vacation destination in Upper Egypt, serving as the beginning or conclusion point for numerous Nile cruises. 4. Habu Medinet Despite not being the most well-known amazing temples in Egypt, the second-largest prehistoric temple in Egypt is well-known for its sculptures of Ramses III. Medinet Habu’s structure is nonetheless quite remarkable. It is situated on the West Bank of Luxor. On this location, Hatshepsut and Tutmosis III, two pharaohs, erected a modest temple to Amun. The largest extant monument in Medinet Habu, Ramesses III’s funerary temple, was constructed next to their temple. Then, Ramesses III encircled both buildings with an enormous wall made of mud bricks that housed dwellings, workshops, and storehouses. 5. Edfu Temple One of the best-preserved ancient Egyptian temples is the Temple of Edfu, which is situated on the west bank of the Nile and is devoted to the falcon god Horus. The building was started in 237 BC and completed in 57 BC by Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos, the father of the renowned Cleopatra. The fact that this temple still has a roof makes visiting it much more interesting than just exploring the ruins of an old temple. This majestic complex, adorned with towering pylons and ornately carved reliefs, offers visitors a glimpse into the religious practices and ceremonies of ancient Egypt. From the grand entrance to the inner sanctuaries, the Temple of Edfu is among the amazing temples in Egypt, a testament to the enduring legacy of Egypt’s pharaonic past. 6. Kom Ombo Temple The ancient Temple of Kom Ombo, which is situated on the Nile River, is devoted to two distinct gods. Dedicated to the crocodile god Sobek and the falcon god Horus, One of the earliest gods in ancient Egypt was Horus the Elder. The Crocodile god of the Nile. Ptolemy VI Philometor founded the real temple at the beginning of the second century BC. The Temple of Kom Ombo is two temples because everything in it is replicated along the main axis. There are two courts, two colonnades, two hypostyle halls, two sanctuaries, and two entrances. Visitors explore these amazing temples in Egypt as they stroll through their hallowed grounds, which provide them with insight into the antiquated customs and beliefs that once flourished along the banks of the Nile. 7. Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple One of the most amazing temples in Egypt was the Hatshepsut funerary temple, which is situated close to the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank of the Nile. Queen Hatshepsut’s burial tomb, which dates back to 1458 BC, is located in the Valley of the Kings, which is also home to the mortuary temples of the ancient Pharaohs. Egypt was thousands of years ahead of its time. One of its most prosperous pharaohs, Hatshepsut, was a female ruler. She had 21 years in power. It is an amazing sight, and reputedly one of the most spectacularly positioned temples in the world. The Hatshepsut Mortuary Temple features three tiers that lead out onto the desert and is built into the side of a sizable cliff. This land was once covered in a thick layer of flora, but it is now dry. The land is nonetheless impressive despite being desolate. The way the enormous cliffs frame it makes it appear even more menacing. 8. Temples of Philae The goddess Isis’s cult was centered on the island of Philae. The first temple on the island was built by native pharaohs during the 30th dynasty. This temple complex is devoted to the goddess Isis, who was regarded as the heavenly mother and protector of ancient Egypt and is nestled on the scenic island of Philae. The Temple of Philae retains its enchanting allure, with its graceful colonnades, towering pylons, and intricate reliefs paying homage to the goddess of magic and fertility. Built-in 100 AD by the Roman Emperor Trajan, Trajan’s Kiosk most likely functioned as a river entry to the bigger temple dedicated to Isis. Both sites are among the amazing temples in Egypt. To prevent the temple and other island sites from being destroyed by the rising waters of the Nile as a result of the building of the Aswan High Dam, UNESCO moved them to the island of Agilika in the 1960s. Philae’s island is now submerged under Lake Nasser. 9. Seti I Temple The tomb of Pharaoh Seti I is one of the amazing temples in Egypt, located near Abydos on the west bank of the Nile. It is known as the Temple of Seti I. Built near the conclusion of Seti’s reign, the ancient temple may have been finished by his son Ramesses the Great following his death in 1279 BC. The Abydos King List is kept at the temple. This is a chronological list of the seventy-six ancient Egyptian dynastic pharaohs, starting with Menes, the ruler who is credited with starting the First Dynasty and ending with Seti’s father, Ramesses I. 10. Memnon’s Colossi The Colossi of Memnon are two enormous stone statues that were constructed in 1350 BC and show Pharaoh Amenhotep III sitting. The Colossi’s initial role was to guard the entrance to the mortuary temple of Amenhotep, where the god was worshipped both before and after his death. Except for the two statues, one of the amazing temples in Egypt has nearly vanished from existence. The features above the waists of both statues are essentially unrecognizable due to their extensive destruction. Facts about Egyptian Temples Though the ancient Egyptians believed these temples to be the homes of the gods, the Pharaohs used them for worship. Priests performed temple rites, but religion was not what it is today. The truth was that the King was more powerful than any religion, and priests did what he said. The Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom were the divisions of Egypt’s kingdoms. The New Kingdom, which ruled over ancient Egypt from 1570 to 1070 BC, was its most wealthy period. Many of the temples were constructed during this time. For the Pharaohs of the New Kingdom, the Valley of the Kings was constructed. The Old Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Pyramid Period, lasted from 2575 BC to 2150 BC. The construction of the Giza Pyramids took place during this period. Read Also: Top 10 Airlines in the US for 2024 FAQs About Amazing Temples of Egypt 1. Can I visit these temples as a tourist? Yes, all of these temples are open to tourists, and guided tours are available to enhance your experience. 2. Are there entry fees for visiting these temples? Yes, there are entry fees for most of these temples, which may vary depending on the site and your nationality. 3. What is the best time of year to visit Egypt’s temples? The best time to visit Egypt’s temples is during the cooler months of October to April, avoiding the scorching heat of the summer months. 4. Are there any special events or festivals held at these temples? While some temples may host special events or festivals, such as the annual Opet Festival at Karnak, it’s best to check with local authorities or tour operators for updated information. 5. Can I take photographs inside these temples? Yes, photography is generally allowed inside the temples, but flash photography may be prohibited in certain areas to preserve the ancient artworks and inscriptions. The amazing temples in Egypt serve as enduring testaments to the creativity, design, and spirituality of this extraordinary civilization. They can be found everywhere, every stone at these historic locations reveals a different aspect of Egypt’s eternal legacy, transporting tourists back in time to a time of pharaohs and gods.

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Traditionally the age at which individuals could come together in a sexual union was something either for the family to decide or a matter of tribal custom. Probably in most cases this coincided with the onset of MENARCHE in girls and the appearance of pubic hair in boys, that is, between twelve and fourteen, but the boundaries remained fluid. In much of classical Greece this was true of both same- and opposite-sex relationships. In Republican Rome, marriage and the age of consent were initially private matters between the families involved. Not until the time of Augustus in the first century C.E. did the state begin to intervene. Marriage then legally became a two-step process, a betrothal which involved an enforceable agreement between the heads of two households, and then marriage itself. Women who were not yet of age could be betrothed with the consent of their fathers, but the woman herself had to consent to marriage. The Roman tradition influenced peoples and cultures with whom it had come in contact. In the Islamic tradition following Muhammad, betrothal could take place earlier than PUBERTY, perhaps as early as seven, but the marriage was not supposed to be consummated until the girl menstruated and was of age. In medieval Europe, Gratian, the influential founder of Canon law in the twelfth century, accepted the traditional age of puberty for marriage (between 12 and 14) but he also said consent was "meaningful" if the children were older than seven. Some authorities said consent could take place earlier. Such a marriage would be permanent as long as neither party sought annulment before reaching puberty (12 for girls and 14 for boys) or if they had already consummated the marriage. Even if the husband had technically raped his wife before she reached puberty, the marriage was regarded as consummated. It was this policy which was carried over into English common law, and although consent was necessary, force and influence or persuasion seemed to have been permissible elements. Similarly Gratian's ideas about age became part of European civil law. The age of consent in both English and continental law seemed to be particularly elastic when property was involved or family alliances were at stake. For example in 1564, a three year old named John was married to a two year old named Jane in the Bishop's Court in Chester, England. Though Shakespeare set his Romeo and Juliet in Verona, the fact that Juliet was thirteen probably reflects the reality in England. Her mother, who was twenty-six, calls her almost an old maid. The American colonies followed the English tradition but the law could at best be called a guide. For example in Virginia in 1689, Mary Hathaway was only nine when she was married to William Williams. We know of her case only because two years later she sued for divorce, and was released from the covenant she had made because the marriage had not been consummated. Interestingly, historian Holly Brewer, who discovered the case, speculated that if William had raped Mary, she probably would not have been given the divorce. The only reliable data on age at marriage in England in the early modern period comes from Inquisitions Post Mortem which involved only those who died and left property. It appears that the more complete the records, the more likely it is to discover young marriages. Judges honored marriages based on mutual consent at age younger than seven, in spite of what Gratian had said, and there are recorded marriages of two and three year olds. The seventeenth-century lawyer Henry Swinburne distinguished between the marriages of those under seven and those between seven and puberty. He wrote that those under seven who had said their vows had to ratify it afterwards by giving kisses and embraces, by lying together, by exchanging gifts or tokens, or by calling each other husband or wife. A contemporary, Philip Stubbes, wrote that in sixteenth-century East Anglia, infants still in swaddling clothes were married. The most influential legal text of the seventeenth century in England, that of Sir Edward Coke, made it clear that the marriage of girls under twelve was normal, and the age at which a girl who was a wife was eligible for a dower from her husband's estate was nine even though her husband be only four years old. The age of consent was more variable than a summary of the law seems to imply. Peter Laslett, for example, used available statistics to argue marriage and child bearing in the late teens was not common in England and marriage at twelve was virtually unknown. The problem is that his statistics might well be skewed because in England only a small portion of marriages were registered, and even on these registrations it is difficult to tell if they recorded first or second or later marriages. A second marriage by a man in his late fifties or a woman in her early thirties skews the data. Not all marriage records even bother to record the participants' ages. Unrecorded are marriages without parental consent and private weddings and the quality of data varies from region to region. For example in the parish of Middlesex County, Virginia, there is a record of fourteen-year-old Sarah Halfhide marrying twenty-one-year-old Richard Perrot. Only in the last sentence of the register does it indicate that she was a widow. Did the compiler read that far? We simply do not know what her age at first marriage was, or even if it had been consummated. Of the ninety-eight girls on the ten-year register, three probably married at age eight, one at twelve, one at thirteen, and two at fourteen. Historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have sometimes been reluctant to accept data regarding young ages of marriage, holding instead that the recorded age was a misreading by a later copier of the records. Natalie Davis, whose book The Return of Martin Guerre became a movie, made her heroine, Bertrande, much older than the nine-to ten-year old girl she was when she married her missing husband. In the nineteenth century France issued the Napoleonic Code and many other countries, following France's example, began revising their laws. The Napoleonic Code, however, had not changed the age of consent, which remained at thirteen. When historian Magnus Hirschfeld surveyed the age of consent of some fifty countries (mostly in Europe and the Americas) at the beginning of the twentieth century, the age of consent was twelve in fifteen countries, thirteen in seven, fourteen in five, fifteen in four, and sixteen in five. In the remaining countries it remained unclear. In England and the United States, feminist agitation in the late nineteenth century called attention to the young age of consent and called for changes in the law. By the 1920s the age of consent, a state issue in the United States, was raised in every state and ranged from fourteen to eighteen, with most states settling on sixteen or eighteen. In the last part of the twentieth century the U.S. public once again took note of age of consent issues. Although sometimes it is not possible to identify a single age of consent since the statutory age varies with the age of the defendant and with the particular sexual activity, in the United States as of 2000 the age at which a person may engage in any sexual conduct permitted to adults within a particular state ranges between fourteen to eighteen. In the vast majority of states the age is either fifteen or sixteen. Most states set the minimum age for marriage without parental approval at eighteen, and there are elaborate provisions governing which parent must give consent and who qualifies as a custodial parent or guardian when marriage under eighteen takes place. There are occasional contradictions since some states will allow a minor to marry with parental permission at an age when the minor cannot engage in legal sexual activity, while others allow a minor to engage in sexual activity years before he or she can marry without parental approval. Amundsen, D.W., and C. J. Diers. 1969. "The Age of Menarche in Classical Greece and Rome." Human Biology 41: 125-132. Balsdon, J. P. V. D. 1962. Roman Women: Their History and Habits. London: The Bodley Head. Brundage, James. 1987. Law, Sex, and Society in Christian Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bullough, Vern L. 1976. Sexual Variance in Society and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bullough, Vern L. 1981. "Age at Menarche: A Misunderstanding." Science 213: 365-366. Coke, Edward. 1719. The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, 11th edition. London. Davis, Natalie. 1983. The Return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Friedlander, L. 1913. Roman Life and Manners Under the Early Empire. London: Gough. Furnivall, Frederick J. 1897. Child Marriages, Divorces, and Ratification in the Diocese of Chester, A.D. 1561-6. London: Early English Text Society. Hirschfeld, Magnus. 2000. The Homosexuality of Men and Women. Trans. Michael Lombardi-Nash. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. Lacey, W. K. 1968. The Family in Classical Greece. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Laslett, Peter. 1984. The World We Have Lost: Further Explored. New York: Scribner. Percy, William A. 1996. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Posner, Richard A. and Katharine B. Silbaugh. 1996. A Guide to America's Sex Laws. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Post, G.B. 1974. "Another Demographic Use of Inquisitions Post Mortem." Journal of the Society of Archivists 5: 110-114. Stubbes, Philip. 1965 . Anatomie of Abuses in Ailgna [Anglia]. Vaduz: Kraus Reprint. Westermarck, Edward. 1922. The History of Human Marriage, 5th edition. 3 vols. New York: Allerton. VERN L. BULLOUGH

http://www.faqs.org/childhood/A-Ar/Age-of-Consent.html

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When we consider essential skills that kids need to succeed on their academic pathway, we mainly think of basic attains: speaking, reading, writing, counting and so on. Many parents believe that creativity is an intrinsic ability of certain people with unusual talents. In fact, this is not the case – creativity have nothing to do with artistic or musical talents. It is a way of thinking and expressing ourselves. It is about discovering and inventing new things, which motivates us to be imaginative and inventive. Kids are inborn innovators with vivid imagination and a unique manner of self-expression. From a very early age, children exercise the capacity to challenge, question and discover. In pursuit of new ideas, they keep their minds and hearts open, experiment with ideas and build connections. Kids have the ability see things in a new perspective, catch a problem that nobody can think it even exists and arrive at an unusual, yet effective decision to solve it. Every child is born creative and imaginative, but this capacity can be restrained, if kids have no space to behave imaginatively and release their creative energy. They need opportunities and materials that give creative experiences. Creative activities for kids are endless. The more varied and multifaceted experiences kids have, the wider range of creative expression they gain in their early years. The Importance of Creativity for Child’s Development Encouraging children to try out new things and ideas is a crucial factor in their intellectual, physical and emotional growth. Everything kids experience and explore about themselves influences their further development. • Physical development Various arts and crafts are ways for children to encourage movement, develop fine motor skills, control and coordination. When children manipulate tools and explore constructing and assembling, they are unconsciously involved in physical interaction with the world. They use senses to learn about the environment and connect with things they already know. For example, while painting or paper coloring, kids get to know how to hold and control a paintbrush and define their preferences to use the right (or the left) hand. • Emotional development Younger kids can use various arts and tools to express their thoughts they are not yet able to share verbally. In this way, creative arts can help children release their feeling by putting them on a specific piece of artwork. Such activities also let children feel proud of their achievements and get mastery of the environment, when they craft something. On top of that, kids gain confidence in their capacities and raise self-esteem. • Intellectual development At a basic level, they develop concentration and the abilities to measure and sort things. To make sense of the world around them, kids ask themselves some basic questions and get engaged in activities that foster understanding of some basic concepts. As children grow older, they learn to develop critical thinking and problem solving. In this respect, the creative curriculum for preschool teaches young learners to consider alternatives, analyze them and decide how to apply them in the appropriate context. • Social development Being together in a creative environment, children learn to share and interact with each other. These are basic aspects of social learning. Singing, dancing and drama acting imply development of indispensable social skills, such as communication, sympathy and respect. Arts and Crafts to Foster Creativity in Children • Visual arts Younger kids enjoy experimenting with paints, dough, clay, glue and paper to draw basic figures and shapes. Such visual arts as drawing, painting and constructing are closely related to children’s visual perception and cognitive processing. As children develop artistically and obtain visual art skills, they develop their mastery from combining simple shapes and figures to conscious modelling. In fact, children can experiment with playdough, but produce nothing special. It is important for a child to know that what he or she has tailored is great – even if it is just a line on the paper. There can be no bad experience in children’s creative work. They explore the world in a unique way – everything they have created is worth being a piece of art. Music learning is an indispensable part of creative curriculum for preschool. Children’s love of music is intrinsic. They enjoy singing and listening to melodic songs with repetitions and rhythms. Singing helps children feel the difference between slow and fast, loud and soft. During music classes, they get acquainted with musical instruments and develop understanding how the sound is produced and how it changes (depending on a musical instrument). Through musical creative activities for kids, young learners learn self-control and concentration as well as build a sense of teamwork. Children are always active, and dance activities are a good way to transform their never ceasing energy into something creative and rhythmic. Dance movements help kids develop imagination and gross motor skills, as they shake and wave around to the music. Extra value to children’s dance experience can be provided with materials like ribbons and streamers, scarves and wristbands. Children enjoy drama activities as a form of self-expression, especially when they reach the elementary school age. At this development stage, kids have solid imaginative capacities and they are ready to take part in small drama plays. Preschoolers usually use songs and stories as a cornerstone for their drama play. Either as active participants or spectators, performing arts help children increase imagination and make sense of the world as such. Children can also get engaged in pretend play activities, which imply acting out stories with playful experimentation of ideas and emotions. Children’s creativity is in Culled from Kids Collective

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It’s uncommon to hear of a lady who has more than one husband. A form of polygamy known as polyandry occurs when a woman simultaneously marries two or more men. For instance, fraternal polyandry, in which two or more brothers are married to the same wife and the wife has equal “sexual access” to them, is a practice among Tibetans in Nepal, portions of China, and parts of northern India. Below is a list of the five recognized nations that have tribes that practice polyandry. There are tribes in Nigeria that permit polyandry, despite the practice being mostly uncommon there. The Irigwe people of Northern Nigeria have a custom of giving women multiple husbands, or “co-husbands.” In Nigeria, the Irigwe people practiced co-marriage until their council decided to forbid it in 1968. Before then, women frequently changed residences and had many spouses; the children’s paternity was determined by the husband whose residence the lady was residing in at the time. Numerous tribes practice polyandry throughout India. While polyandry is common among Paharis in some areas of North India, particularly in the Jaunsarbawar district, a minority of Kinnauri residents justify and engage in polyandry. They feel obligated to uphold the custom since they are descended from the Pachi Pandavas (five brothers who married Draupadi, a woman who was the daughter of King Panchala), five brothers. In addition to them, polyandry is also practiced by the Toda tribe of the Nilgris, the Najanad Vellala of Travancore, and several Nair caste systems in South India. 13% of the 753 Tibetan families surveyed by Tibet University in 1988 engaged in polyandry. Kenyans saw polyandry in August 2013 when two men decided to marry the same woman they both adored. Notably, polyandry is not expressly prohibited under Kenyan law, and those who engage in it are not subject to punishment. Additionally, there have been instances of polyandry among the Kenyan Massai people. Fraternal polyandry is a frequent practice among the populations of Tibet, Nepal, parts of China, and India. Its foundation is the idea that a kid can have more than one father, and that when two or more brothers marry the same woman, they typically all have equal access to her sexily. If the family is destitute and unable to distribute their property among the children of several fathers, the practice is encouraged. Therefore, they marry the same woman to maintain their large homes and little farmlands. 5. South America Tribes in South America also engaged in polyandry; the Bororo did so, and up to 70% of Amazonian civilizations may have accepted the idea of multiple fatherhood. Fraternal polyandry is another practiced by the Tupi-Kawahib.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/5-places-where-women-married-more-

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New malaria vaccine is world-changing, say scientists A malaria vaccine with "world-changing" potential has been developed by scientists at the University of Oxford. The team expect it to be rolled out next year after trials showed up to 80% protection against the deadly disease. Crucially, say the scientists, their vaccine is cheap and they already have a deal to manufacture more than 100 million doses a year. The charity Malaria No More said recent progress meant children dying from malaria could end "in our lifetimes". It has taken more than a century to develop effective vaccines as the malaria parasite, which is spread by mosquitoes, is spectacularly complex and elusive. It is a constantly moving target, shifting forms inside the body, which make it hard to immunise against. Last year, the World Health Organization gave the historic go-ahead for the first vaccine - developed by pharmaceutical giant GSK - to be used in Africa. However, the Oxford team claim their approach is more effective and can be manufactured on a far greater scale. Trial results from 409 children in Nanoro, Burkina Faso, have been published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases. It shows three initial doses followed by a booster a year later gives up to 80% protection. "We think these data are the best data yet in the field with any malaria vaccine," said Prof Adrian Hill, director of the Jenner Institute at the university. The team will start the process of getting their vaccine approved in the next few weeks, but a final decision will hinge on the results of a larger trial of 4,800 children due before the end of the year. The world's largest vaccine manufacturer - the Serum Institute of India - is already lined up to make more than 100 million doses a year. Prof Hill said the vaccine - called R21 - could be made for "a few dollars" and "we really could be looking at a very substantial reduction in that horrendous burden of malaria". He added: "We hope that this will be deployed and available and saving lives, certainly by the end of next year." Malaria has been one of the biggest scourges on humanity for millennia and mostly kills babies and infants. The disease still kills more than 400,000 people a year even after dramatic progress with bed nets, insecticides and drugs. This malaria vaccine is the 14th that Prof Katie Ewer has worked on at Oxford as "this is not like Covid where we have seven vaccines straight away that will work... it's much, much harder". She told the BBC it was "incredibly gratifying" to get this far and "the potential achievement that this vaccine could have if it's rolled out could be really world-changing". Why so effective? The currently approved vaccine - made by GSK - shares similarities with the one developed in Oxford. Both target the first stage of the parasite's lifecycle by intercepting it before it gets to the liver and establishes a foothold in the body. The vaccines are built using a combination of proteins from the malaria parasite and the hepatitis B virus, but Oxford's version has a higher proportion of malaria proteins. The team think this helps the immune system to focus on malaria rather than the hepatitis. The success of the GSK vaccine has partly paved the way for Oxford to be optimistic of having their vaccine out next year - such as by assessing how feasible a vaccination programme in Africa would be. It is hard to give a direct comparison of the two vaccines. GSK's has gone through large real world trials whereas Oxford's data may appear more effective due to being given just ahead of the peak malaria season in Burkina Faso. Prof Azra Ghani, chair in infectious disease epidemiology at Imperial College London, said the trial results were "very welcome", but warned it would take money to get vaccines in arms. "Without this investment, we risk losing the gains that have been made over the last decades and witnessing a rising tide of malaria resurgence," Prof Ghani said. Gareth Jenkins, from the charity Malaria No More UK said: "Today's R21 vaccine results from Oxford's renowned Jenner Institute are another encouraging signal that, with the right support, the world could end child deaths from malaria in our lifetimes." Follow James on Twitter.

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Trig Identities – Trigonometry is an imperative part of mathematics which manages connections or relationship between the lengths and angles of triangles. It is a significant old idea and was first utilized in the third century BC. This part of science is connected with planar right-triangles (or the right-triangles in a two-dimensional plane with one angle equivalent to 90 degrees). Students are educated about trigonometric identities or properties in school and it a critical piece of a more elevated amount of science. So, to enable you to comprehend and become familiar with every single trig character we have clarified here every one of the ideas of trigonometry. As a student, you would locate the trig Identities Worksheet we have given here valuable. So, you can download and print the trig identities PDF and use it whenever to solve the questions related to trigonometric. Despite the fact that trigonometry does not have any immediate application its application in our everyday lives can’t be disregarded. It is a vital part of numerous zones of studies and ventures. Its most regular application is to gauge the stature of a building, mountain, or a tall article at a separation. The main two data required to discover the tallness is the point of rising and separation from the article. There are some different branches where trigonometry has contributed monstrously in its development and advancement. A portion of its fields of use are mentioned below In music: It can be utilized to create music carefully, through PC. In-Aviation: It is of imperative significance to lead an airplane in the right direction. For example, if the airspeed and the angle of the jets are known, it very well may be utilized to decide the heading of the aircraft. In criminology – Trigonometry can likewise be utilized in criminology where it is utilized to ascertain different essential determinants of a wrongdoing scene, for example, the direction of a shot, how a victim object falls, and so forth. Mathematics or Arithmetic Calculations: Trigonometry is a standout amongst the most essential parts of science, without which some other imperative branches couldn’t have existed. For instance, analytics is absolutely founded on trigonometry and polynomial math. Trig identities or Trigonometric identities are actually the mathematics equations which are comprised of trigonometric functions. And these trig identities are valid for any estimation of the variable put. There are numerous trigonometric identities which are determined by the essential trigonometric functions for instance sin, cos, tan, and so forth. The most fundamental trigonometric function is the Pythagorean Trigonometric Identities, which is gotten from the Pythagoras Theorem. It is utilized to decide the trigonometric function or values by applying the Pythagoras Theorem. So, it encourages us to decide the connection among lines and angles in a right-calculated triangle. The other vital trigonometric characters are Hyperbolic trig identities, half-point trig characters, opposite trig characters, and so forth. You can easily explore multiple trig identities on this website. In math’s world, trigonometry is the mixture if geometry and calculations. While studying the trigonometry branch, you must find the connection between the sides of the triangles and their angles. Did you ever notice the ‘tri’ in a triangle as well as in the branch trigonometry? Try not to mix up both terms. Trigonometry isn’t just about triangles! Numerous shapes can be broken into different triangles, so your insight into trigonometry can assist you with numerous different shapes. Trigonometry utilizes equations to help you with making the idea of unknown estimations of the edges and angles of triangles in trigonometry. Trigonometry is an essential branch of mathematics that occupy with all sort if triangles and their measurements. The branch also describes the secure connection between the angle and length of the triangles. There are a tremendous number of uses of trigonometry and its formulas. For instance, the procedure of triangulation is utilized in Geography to quantify the separation between tourist spots; in Astronomy, to measure the distance between starts and used in satellite routing systems. When we start learning about the trigonometric formulas, we first have to consider the right angle triangle. It allows us to understand the equations and their functions efficiently. Well, we all know that in the triangle, we have three sides in particular. The three sides of the right angle triangle are Hypotenuse, Adjacent side (Height), and Opposite side (Perpendicular). The longest side of the triangle is known as the hypotenuse, and the side inverse to the point is called perpendicular. The side where both hypotenuse and perpendicular are resting together is known as the adjacent side. There are fundamentally six trigonometry ratios utilized for finding the components in Trigonometry. They are called trigonometric ratios or functions. The six trigonometric ratios are sine, cosine, secant, and their reciprocals are cosecant, tangent, and cotangent, respectively. If we use the right angle triangle as a kind of perspective, then, the trigonometric ratios derived as: - sin θ = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse - cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse - sec θ = Hypotenuse/Adjacent Side - tan θ = Opposite Side/Adjacent Side - cosec θ = Hypotenuse/Opposite Side - cot θ = Adjacent Side/Opposite Side The Reciprocal Identities of the right angle triangle are given as: - cosec θ = 1/sin θ - cot θ = 1/tan θ - sec θ = 1/cos θ - cos θ = 1/sec θ - sin θ = 1/cosec θ - tan θ = 1/cot θ Based on the right-angle triangle, we will further share each trigonometry ratio’s values at different angles. Angles (In degree) | 0° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° | 180° | 270° | 360° | Sin | 0 | 1/2 | 1/√2 | √3/2 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0 | Cos | 1 | √3/2 | 1/√2 | 1/2 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 1 | Tan | 0 | 1/√3 | 1 | √3 | ∞ | 0 | ∞ | 0 | Cot | ∞ | √3 | 1 | 1/√3 | 0 | ∞ | 0 | ∞ | Csc | ∞ | 2 | √2 | 2/√3 | 1 | ∞ | -1 | ∞ | Sec | 1 | 2/√3 | √2 | 2 | ∞ | -1 | ∞ | 1 | Do you know that all six trigonometric formulas are further divided into major systems known as Trigonometric Identities and Trigonometric Ratios? Well, these two major systems show the different concepts of these formulas. Also, we will check how they both are different from each other. The tri identities are valid for all triangle estimated factors. The Trigonometric Ratio speaks about the connection between the estimation of the edges and the length of the side of the right-angle triangle. The six tri formulas are useful for the understudies in taking care of issues dependent on these equations or any trigonometric application. Alongside these, trigonometric functions help us to determine the trigonometric formulas, which are found out in the assessment. We additionally give the essential trigonometric formulas table that offers the connection of every single trigonometric capacity alongside their standard worth. These trigonometric formulae are useful in deciding the area, range, and estimation of each trigonometric function. By shifting the claims of further trigonometric ratios using specific points, changing the signs, or using correlative trigonometric functions will allow you to express specific outcomes at any level. We have mentioned some examples of shifts in the below table. - A full turn or period is also known as 360° or 2π radian. It may allow the unit circle to get the fixed ratio and the limited time for which the three main trigonometric ratios repeat their qualities in a specific period. - A half-turn or half period is also known as 180° or π radian. It is the time of tan(x) = sin(x)/cos(x) and can be seen from these trigonometric capacities. - With full period 2π, a large portion of ratios changes the indication of their qualities. Altogether, they change the sign by any odd numerous of π with k a subjective whole number. Any even various of π is obviously only a full period, and a regressive move significantly a period is equivalent to a retrogressive move by one full period in addition to one move forward considerably a period. The shift of one quarter period | The shift of one half period | The shift of the full period | Period | Sin | cosθ | -sinθ | sinθ | Cos | -sinθ | -cosθ | cosθ | Tan | -cotθ | tanθ | tanθ | Csc | secθ | -cscθ | cscθ | sec | -cscθ | -secθ | secθ | cot | -tanθ | cotθ | cotθ | A quarter turn, or 90°, or π/2 radian is a half-period move for tan(x) and cot(x) with period π (180°), yielding the capacity benefit of applying the corresponding capacity to the un-shifted contention. With the contention to their quarter’s values, you can select any odd number with equation (2k + 1) π/2 in the half time frame. With all trigonometric functions, a circle first quarter likewise moves to a full or half quarter period. A move by a quarter period isn’t secured by a half period. It can be disintegrated in a number of periods, give or take a one-quarter period. The terms of communicating these products are (4k ± 1) π/2. The reverse movements by one-quarter period are reflected in the table beneath. Once more, these movements yield work esteems, utilizing the particular reciprocal capacity applied to the un-shifted contention. Moving the contentions of tan(x) and cot(x) by their quarter period (π/4) doesn’t yield such basic outcomes. Let’s assume that you are making a treehouse. You place a large ladder against the tree trunk at the top side. You must feel that it is too tall for you to climb the tree. So you need first to calculate the tree trunk height to evaluate that. So is there any appropriate way to measure the tree trunk height? If you already know the angle of the ladder and judge how far the trunk is placed, you can figure out the exact height of the truck with the help of trigonometry. You may get the fundamental importance of trigonometry with this example. Further, we will move to the actual meaning of this mathematics branch. Did you realize that trigonometry began as an approach to examining planets and stars? Quite a while prior, individuals believed that the planets and stars rotated around the Earth. We know the specific inverse is valid. Stars have a fixed situation in the sky, and the Earth and different planets rotate around the Sun. To contemplate this development, a space expert named Hipparchus understood that you could interface the Earth with different planets or stars with the nonexistent right (triangles with a point formed like a corner). What’s more, trigonometry was conceived! Hipparchus is known as the grandfather of math’s branch Trigonometry. - Their application is in different fields like oceanography, seismology, meteorology, physical sciences, stargazing, acoustics, route, hardware, etc. - It is additionally useful to gauge the stature of the mountain, discover the separation of long streams, and so forth. - The term and its functions are a bit popular in astronomy and satellite applications. - It plays a huge role in medical sectors and engineering. One of the most important things to know about trigonometry is its vocabulary and important functions. Although it has three main functions, you will explore a great set of vocabulary. It is a kind of secret code, and before going to use, then you need to know about their names and meanings. Trigonometry is the most extensive branch that uses a great set of words that describe triangle parts differently. Some of the important vocabulary and their functions are: RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE: It is a part of a triangle that has a right angle with a straight line. The angel with a straight line is denoted by 90 degrees. The interesting fact is that a triangle has only one right angle. The standard trigonometric proportions must be utilized on a 90-degree angle of all triangles. The longest side of the triangle is known as hypotenuse. It is the side that is opposite to the right angle. For instance, for the triangle on the right, the hypotenuse is side c. THE OPPOSITE OF AN EDGE: The contrary side of an edge is the side that doesn’t meet with the vertex of the edge. For instance, the side is something contrary to angle A in the triangle to one side. It is the side that crosses the vertex of the edge yet isn’t the hypotenuse. For instance, side b is adjoining angle A in the triangle to one side. There are three main ratios of trigonometry Sine, Cosine, and tangent. The trigonometric proportions of a triangle are also known functions of trigonometry. Let us perceive how are these proportions or capacities, assessed on account of a 90 degree. Further, we will check what the functions and reciprocals of these three main ratios are. These are six important trigonometric functions that have different abbreviations and relationships with the right angle of the triangle. Functions name | Their abbreviations | Relationship with their right-angle triangle | Sine | Sin | Opposite side / Hypotenuse | Cosine | Cos | Adjacent side / Hypotenuse | Tangent | Tan | Opposite side / Adjacent side | Cosecant | Cosec | Hypotenuse / Opposite side | Secant | Sec | Hypotenuse / Adjacent side | Cotangent | cot | Adjacent side / Opposite side | The three essential angles in trigonometry are sine, tangent, and cosine. In view of these three functions, the other three capacities that are cotangent, secant, and cosecant are determined. All the trigonometrically ideas depend on these three formulas. Subsequently, to comprehend trigonometry further, we have to learn first these three functions and their individual formulas. Let’s suppose that θ is the edge in a right-angle triangle, at that point. - Sin θ = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse - Tan θ = Perpendicular/Base - Cos θ = Base/Hypotenuse - The opposite is the side inverse to the point θ of the right angle. - The base is the contiguous side to the angle edge θ. - The hypotenuse is the side inverse to the right point of the angle. The trigonometry points which are generally utilized in trigonometry issues are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The trigonometric proportions, for example, sine, cosine, and digression of these points, are anything but difficult to remember. We will likewise show the table where all the proportions and their separate point’s qualities are referenced. To discover these edges, we need to draw a right-calculated triangle, in which one of the intense points will be the relating trigonometry edge. These edges will be characterized as the proportion related to it. For instance, in a right-angle triangle: - Sin θ = Perpendicular/Hypotenuse or on the other hand θ = sin-1 (Perpendicular/Hypotenuse) - θ = tan-1 (Perpendicular/Base) - θ = cos-1 (Base/Hypotenuse) In science, the identities of trigonometric are those equalities that include all the primary functions. The identities are valid for all factors where the two sides of the equality are characterized. Geometrically, these are the significant identities, including some aspects of at least one edge. They are depended on the triangle identities, which are characters conceivably including edges yet additionally including side lengths or different lengths of a triangle. These trigonometry identities are helpful at whatever point when the expression involves all functions which need to be simplified. A significant application is the incorporation of non-trigonometric functions. It is a typical procedure that includes first utilizing the preferred rule. After that, the substitution rule applied to all functions simplifies the results that are subsequent vital with all trigonometric identities. Lets simply this in mathematics the word “Identity” is a condition that is in every case remain true. These can be “inconsequentially” true, similar to “x = x”. For example, the Pythagorean Theorem’s “a2 + b2 = c2” always remains true for right triangles. There are heaps of trigonometric identities present; however, coming up next are the ones you’re destined to see and use in all ways. For all diameter circles and curved shapes, the trigonometry identities will remain the same. Not only at right-angle triangles, but the trigonometric functions are also applicable on all sorts of angles range from 0 to 360°. If you want to understand the functions that work in all angle quadrants, it is perfect to think about the triangles in a circle and their values. Let’s consider the Circle what is divided into four quadrants with equal diameter. The center point of Circle is regarded as a Cartesian arrangement of (0, 0). At the center point, the value of X is 0. Same as that, the value of Y,= is also 0. These values remain constant on the origin point. Thus any place under the beneath of the middle point has a y value that is estimated under 0 or may go in negative counts. Trig proportion is consistently complementary of some “non-co” proportion. You can use these functions and identities that will allow you to keep level records. To evaluate the axis values, cosecant goes with the sine, and the secant goes with the cosine values. Following, we state the Pythagorean Identities. - Sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) = 1 - 1 + cot2 (t) = csc2 (t) - tan2 (t) + 1 = sec2 (t) Note that the three Pythagorean Identities most importantly include figuring out and the number 1. First you have to see the Pythagorean Theorem for th understaidn of their relationship. The edge is t, the “inverse” side is sin (t) = y, the “nearby” side is cos (t) = x, and the hypotenuse is 1. We have extra characters identified with the status of the trigonometry ratios: - Sin (– t) = – sin (t) - Tan (– t) = – tan (t) - cos(– t) = cos(t) Notice specifically that tangent and sin are two popular functions of trigonometry. You need to be symmetric about the circle origin, while cosine is a function. Double angle identities | sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x) | cos(2x) = cos2(x) – sin2(x) = 1 – 2 sin2(x) = 2 cos2(x) – 1 | With the use of trigonometry functions and identities, you can derive the half-angle identities easily. To conclude this, you have to first prove the identities. Proving the identities of trigonometry alludes to indicating that the personality is in every case valid, regardless of what sort of value of theta (θ) is utilized. The value needs to remain constant for all estimations of xx. We can’t just substitute in a couple of xx estimations to “show” that they are equivalent. It is conceivable that the two sides are equal to a few qualities, and we may feel that we have an identity with true value. Rather, we need to utilize sensible strides to show that one side of the tri equation can be changed to the opposite side of the trigonometry equation. Now and again, we will work independently on each side of the triangle. To prove the identities, you need to first familiar with all trigonometric identities. You have to first remember the Pythagorean identities and all related tri functions. There is a wide range of approaches to demonstrate each identity easily. Here are a few suggestions that you need to follow to prove all trigonometry identities: - Keep the focus on the sides of the triangle that are complicated to resolve. Try to simplify the identity and rearrange it. - Replace every single trigonometric operation with the use of sin and cos functions where needed. - Identify all simple algebraic operations like considering, growing, distributive property, and fractions. It will allow you to simplify the trigonometry identity. - You can use the different trigonometric identities and keep an eye out for the Pythagorean functions. - Keep an eye on the opposite side of the equations, and work towards it. - Now consider the “trigonometric conjugate” to prove it. Trigonometry identities are supposed to be the most significant and important scientific relationship at any point. The point when we start to consider the applications where exact separations are significant, it is obvious that there are handfuls, route for maritime and flying frameworks, space science, satellite frameworks, geological overviews and maps, basic building, visual computerization and different Technology generated applications found utilizes their identities and expressions.

https://trigidentities.info

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Stroke is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced. This condition can lead to brain damage, disability, or even death. While some factors such as age, family history, and previous medical conditions can increase the risk of stroke, lifestyle choices, including diet, play a crucial role. Certain foods are known to increase the risk of stroke when consumed in excess. Here are some of them: Excess consumption of salt is one of the leading causes of high blood pressure, which is a significant risk factor for stroke. A diet high in salt causes the body to retain water, which increases blood pressure and puts a strain on the blood vessels. The American Heart Association recommends consuming no more than 2,300 milligrams of salt per day, and ideally, no more than 1,500 milligrams per day. 2. Processed and red meat Processed meats such as sausages, bacon, and deli meats are high in saturated and trans fats, which can lead to a buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of stroke. Red meat is also high in saturated fat and cholesterol, which can lead to high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. It is recommended to limit consumption of these foods and choose lean protein sources such as chicken, fish, and beans. Excess consumption of sugar can lead to weight gain, diabetes, and high blood pressure, all of which increase the risk of stroke. Sugary drinks such as soda and fruit juice are especially harmful as they contain high amounts of sugar and no nutritional value. It is recommended to limit consumption of added sugars and choose whole fruits instead of fruit juice. 4. Fried foods Fried foods such as fried chicken, french fries, and fried snacks are high in trans fats and saturated fats, which can increase cholesterol levels and clog the arteries. This can lead to atherosclerosis and increase the risk of stroke. It is recommended to limit consumption of these foods and choose healthier cooking methods such as grilling, baking, or broiling. Excess consumption of alcohol can lead to high blood pressure, which is a significant risk factor for stroke. It can also lead to an irregular heartbeat, which increases the risk of blood clots and stroke. The American Heart Association recommends limiting alcohol consumption to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, tea, and some soft drinks. While moderate caffeine consumption has been shown to have some health benefits, excessive consumption can lead to high blood pressure and irregular heartbeat, both of which increase the risk of stroke. It is recommended to limit caffeine consumption to 400 milligrams per day, which is roughly equivalent to 4 cups of coffee. 7. Saturated and trans fats Saturated and trans fats are found in foods such as butter, cheese, fatty meats, and baked goods. These fats can increase cholesterol levels and clog the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of stroke. It is recommended to limit consumption of these foods and choose healthier fats such as olive oil, avocado, and nuts. 8. Fast food Fast food is typically high in calories, sodium, and saturated and trans fats, all of which can increase the risk of stroke. It is recommended to limit consumption of fast food and choose healthier options such as grilled chicken or a salad. In conclusion, excess consumption of certain foods can increase the risk of stroke. It is important to maintain a healthy diet and limit the intake of salt, processed and red meat, sugar, fried foods, alcohol, caffeine, saturated and trans fats, and fast food. By making healthier food choices, you can reduce your risk

https://medicalcaremedia.com/foods-that-can-cause-stroke-if-

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Social media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. The variety of stand-alone and built-in social media services currently available introduces challenges of definition; however, there are some common features. These include: Social media are interactive Web 2.0 Internet-based applications. User-generated content, such as text posts or comments, digital photos or videos, and data generated through all online interactions are the lifeblood of social media. Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the social media organisation. Social media facilitate the development of online social networks by connecting a user’s profile with those of other individuals or groups. Social media use web-based technologies,desktop computers and mobile technologies (e.g. smartphones and tablet computers) to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals, communities and organisations can share, co-create, discuss and modify user-generated content or pre-made content posted online. They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between businesses, organisations, communities and individuals. Social media changes the way individuals and large organisations communicate. These changes are the focus of the emerging field of technoself studies. In America, a survey reports that 84 per cent of adolescents in the country have a Facebook account. Over 60 per cent of 13 to 17-year-olds have at least one profile on social media, with many spending more than two hours a day on social networking sites. According to Nielsen, Internet users continue to spend more time on social media sites than on any other type of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media sites in the United States across Personal Computers as well as on mobile devices increased by 99 per cent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 66 billion minutes in July 2011. For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building a reputation and bring in career opportunities and monetary income. Social media differ from paper-based or traditional electronic media such as TV broadcasting in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy and permanence. Social media operate in a Dialogic transmission system (many sources to many receivers). This is in contrast to the traditional media, which operate under a monologic transmission model (one source to many receivers), such as a newspaper, which is delivered to many subscribers. Some of the most popular social media websites are Baidu Tieba, Facebook (and its associated Facebook Messenger), Gab, Google+,Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Reddit,Snapchat, Tumblr, Twitter, Viber, WeChat,Weibo, WhatsApp, and YouTube. These social media websites have more than 100,000,000 registered users. All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH. Contact: [email protected]

https://punchng.com/social-media-

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A large crack, stretching several kilometres, made a sudden appearance recently in south-western Kenya. The tear, which continues to grow, caused part of the Nairobi-Narok highway to collapse and was accompanied by seismic activity in the area. The Earth is an ever-changing planet, even though in some respects change might be almost unnoticeable to us. Plate tectonics is a good example of this. But every now and again something dramatic happens and leads to renewed questions about the African continent splitting in two. The Earth’s lithosphere (formed by the crust and the upper part of the mantle) is broken up into a number of tectonic plates. These plates are not static, but move relative to each other at varying speeds, “gliding” over a viscous asthenosphere. Exactly what mechanism or mechanisms are behind their movement is still debated, but are likely to include convection currents within the asthenosphere and the forces generated at the boundaries between plates. These forces do not simply move the plates around, they can also cause plates to rupture, forming a rift and potentially leading to the creation of new plate boundaries. The East African Rift system is an example of where this is currently happening. The East African Rift Valley stretches over 3,000km from the Gulf of Aden in the north towards Zimbabwe in the south, splitting the African plate into two unequal parts: the Somali and Nubian plates. Activity along the eastern branch of the rift valley, running along Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania, became evident when the large crack suddenly appeared in south-western Kenya. When the lithosphere is subject to a horizontal extensional force it will stretch, becoming thinner. Eventually, it will rupture, leading to the formation of a rift valley. Great Rift Valley, Tanzania. This process is accompanied by surface manifestations along the rift valley in the form of volcanism and seismic activity. Rifts are the initial stage of a continental break-up and, if successful, can lead to the formation of a new ocean basin. An example of a place on Earth where this has happened is the South Atlantic ocean, which resulted from the break up of South America and Africa around 138m years ago – ever noticed how their coastlines match like pieces of the same puzzle?. Continental rifting requires the existence of extensional forces great enough to break the lithosphere. The East African Rift is described as an active type of rift, in which the source of these stresses lies in the circulation of the underlying mantle. Beneath this rift, the rise of a large mantle plume is doming the lithosphere upwards, causing it to weaken as a result of the increase in temperature, undergo stretching and breaking by faulting. Evidence for the existence of this hotter-than-normal mantle plume has been found in geophysical data and is often referred to as the “African Superswell”. This superplume is not only a widely-accepted source of the pull-apart forces that are resulting in the formation of the rift valley but has also been used to explain the anomalously high topography of the Southern and Eastern African Plateaus. Rifts exhibit a very distinctive topography, characterised by a series of fault-bounded depressions surrounded by higher terrain. In the East African system, a series of aligned rift valleys separated from each other by large bounding faults can be clearly seen from space. Topography of the Rift Valley. James Wood and Alex Guth, Michigan Technological University. Basemap: Space Shuttle radar topography image by NASA Not all of these fractures formed at the same time, but followed a sequence starting in the Afar region in northern Ethiopia at around 30m years ago and propagating southwards towards Zimbabwe at a mean rate of between 2.5-5cm a year. Although most of the time rifting is unnoticeable to us, the formation of new faults, fissures and cracks or renewed movement along old faults as the Nubian and Somali plates continue moving apart can result in earthquakes. However, in East Africa most of this seismicity is spread over a wide zone across the rift valley and is of relatively small magnitude. Volcanism running alongside is a further surface manifestation of the ongoing process of continental break up and the proximity of the hot molten asthenosphere to the surface. The East African Rift is unique in that it allows us to observe different stages of rifting along its length. To the south, where the rift is young, extension rates are low and faulting occurs over a wide area. Volcanism and seismicity are limited. Towards the Afar region, however, the entire rift valley floor is covered with volcanic rocks. This suggests that, in this area, the lithosphere has thinned almost to the point of complete break up. When this happens, a new ocean will begin forming by the solidification of magma in the space created by the broken-up plates. Eventually, over a period of tens of millions of years, seafloor spreading will progress along the entire length of the rift. The ocean will flood in and, as a result, the African continent will become smaller and there will be a large island in the Indian Ocean composed of parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, including the Horn of Africa. Dramatic events, such as sudden motorway-splitting faults or large catastrophic earthquakes may give continental rifting a sense of urgency but, most of the time, it goes about splitting Africa without anybody even noticing.

https://qz.com/1244443/scientists-now-have-evidence-africa-is-physically-

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In our fast-paced and demanding world, sleep often takes a backseat to our daily responsibilities. We may sacrifice a few hours of shut-eye to meet deadlines, socialize, or binge-watch our favorite shows. However, what many fail to realize is that neglecting sleep can have a profound impact on our overall health and well-being. In this blog post, we will explore the crucial connection between sleep and health, shedding light on the importance of a good night’s rest for our physical, mental, and emotional well-being. 1. Physical Health Adequate sleep is vital for the proper functioning of our body’s systems, including the immune, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. During sleep, our body repairs and regenerates tissues, strengthens the immune system, and regulates hormones responsible for metabolism and appetite control. Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to various health issues, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and a weakened immune system. 2. Mental Health Sleep plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal mental health. Sufficient sleep allows our brains to process emotions, consolidate memories, and recharge for the next day. Lack of sleep can contribute to mood swings, increased stress levels, anxiety, and even depression. Moreover, sleep deprivation can impair cognitive function, affecting memory, attention, concentration, and decision-making abilities. Getting enough sleep is essential for maintaining a healthy and resilient mind. 3. Emotional Well-being Sleep and emotions are intricately connected. Sleep deprivation can make us more emotionally reactive. It leads to increased irritability, impulsivity, and a reduced ability to cope with stress. Moreover, a lack of sleep can exacerbate symptoms of mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression. It may even contribute to the development of certain psychiatric conditions. Prioritizing quality sleep can help regulate emotions, improve emotional stability, and enhance overall emotional well-being. 4. Performance and Productivity Sleep is the ultimate secret to peak performance and productivity. When one well-rested, our attention span, creativity, problem-solving skills, and overall cognitive function improve significantly. On the contrary, sleep deprivation impairs focus, reaction time, memory recall, and decision-making abilities. This leads to reduced productivity and performance in various aspects of life, including work, academics, and daily tasks. Prioritizing sleep can boost efficiency and ensure that we perform at our best. 5. Weight Management Sleep plays a significant role in regulating appetite and metabolism. When we are sleep-deprived, our body produces more ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates hunger, while suppressing leptin, a hormone that signals fullness. This imbalance can lead to increased cravings for high-calorie foods and overeating, ultimately contributing to weight gain and obesity. 6. Immune Function Adequate sleep is essential for a robust immune system. During sleep, the body produces cytokines, proteins that help fight infections and inflammation. Lack of sleep can weaken the immune system, making us more susceptible to illnesses such as the common cold, flu, and even chronic conditions. Prioritizing sleep can enhance immune function and help ward off diseases. 7. Cardiovascular Health Chronic sleep deprivation has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. Insufficient sleep can elevate blood pressure, increase the risk of heart disease, and contribute to the development of conditions like hypertension and stroke. Prioritizing quality sleep can help maintain a healthy heart and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. 8. Hormonal Balance Sleep is closely linked to the regulation of various hormones in our body. Hormones like cortisol (the stress hormone), insulin (regulates blood sugar levels), and growth hormones are influenced by the quality and quantity of our sleep. Disruptions in these hormone levels due to inadequate sleep can lead to imbalances and potentially increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes and hormonal disorders. There is evidence suggesting that individuals who consistently get enough quality sleep tend to live longer and have better overall health outcomes. By prioritizing sleep, we can potentially reduce the risk of chronic diseases and age-related health issues, leading to a higher quality of life and increased longevity. Lack of sleep can have severe consequences for safety, both for ourselves and others. Sleep deprivation impairs motor coordination, reaction time, and judgment, increasing the risk of accidents and injuries, particularly when driving or operating machinery. Prioritizing sleep is crucial for ensuring our own safety and the safety of those around us. Understanding the profound connection between sleep and health is paramount for maintaining a balanced and healthy lifestyle. From physical well-being to mental health, emotional stability, performance, weight management, immune function, cardiovascular health, hormonal balance, longevity, and safety, sleep plays a crucial role in every aspect of our lives. By recognizing the importance of sleep and making it a priority, we can unlock its incredible benefits, promote optimal health, and enjoy a more vibrant and fulfilling existence. So, let us embrace the power of sleep and make it an essential part of our daily routine.

https://log.ng/health/the-connection-between-sleep-and-

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Most people consider the age of 50 to be the beginning of their senior years. This is because by this age, most people’s organs have begun to deteriorate and their skin has begun to wrinkle and appear older than it is. However, there are four things you should never do in your fifties. 1. Try not to be overly concerned. There should be legitimate concern about elderly stress. Researchers have linked stress to a variety of mental and physical health problems. Numerous studies have shown that stress raises blood pressure and causes other physiological changes that make people more susceptible to cardiovascular disease. 2. Avoid doing anything that would cause anyone to wake up in the middle of the night. Sleeping and relaxing are critical, especially for wages. There is mounting evidence that stress reduction and relaxation techniques benefit seniors. This is the best course of action for their health. 3. Replace unhealthy eating habits with healthy ones. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be consumed instead of unhealthy foods such as fast food and artificial snacks. 4. Avoid being a couch potato. Most elderly people, particularly those in poor health, can benefit from increasing their daily activity level. Inactivity has been linked to poor health outcomes in studies, so this is most likely the cause. Sedentary behavior is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, brain-related diseases, dementia, and stroke.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/if-you-are-above-55-years-avoid-

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In 1921, Amodu Tijani also known as Chief Oluwa of Lagos along with Nigerian nationalist Herbert Macaulay took British colonialists to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London over a case of stolen land. The Yoruba chief charged that the British had no authority to take control over indigenous Nigerian lands. Thus, he requested that the ownership of the land returned to Nigeria and that the rightful owners be thoroughly compensated. Not much is known about the background of Amodu Tijani or Chief Oluwa except that he hailed from the Esezi ruling house, as iterated by Joseph Asagba. He was also a devout Muslim, hence his name Amodu Tijani. The Kingdom of Okpe was formulated in the 17th century and is located in Delta State, Nigeria. The Okpe Kingdom had four sons, Orhue, Orhoro, Evwreke and Esezi. The first king produced was H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje of Okpe circa 1770 to 1779. The Okpe ruling house operates on a rotational basis, which means each house supplies a leader at the appointed time to ensure fairness and peace. Shifting gears, Chief Oluwa’s assertion was found to be factual. He and additional chiefs were ruled as being unconditional owners of their lands. This was a monumental case in that it gave Africans back their power and also exhibited that an African could stand against European forces and win. This ensured that Chief Oluwa would maintain control over the series of lands he owned. To add insult to injury, the various Chiefs that ruled over various Nigerian lands were referred to as “nigger chiefs,” as documented by the Encyclopedia of African History. Chief Oluwa and his family received 22,500 pounds or what would now be considered $29,220 as compensation for the stolen land. Chief Oluwa, in turn, paid Macaulay 2,083 pounds or $2,706 for his assistance. It is speculated that Chief Oluwa also offered Macaulay land at Apapa and he declined, as reported by The Nation Online Nigeria. One local newspaper remarked, “today, the dictum that ‘the white men Government make no mistake’ has been exploded and proved to be erroneous and untrue.” The Chief was lauded by several West African leaders for his significant win. “Chief Oluwa received congratulatory messages from African leaders and learned elites at every port of call on the West African coast, from Freetown in Sierra Leone to Sekondi and Accra in the Gold Coast. Forty thousand people turned out to at a ceremony to welcome victorious Chief Oluwa and his entourage when they arrived on the Lagos shore on the morning of 25th August 1921.” In the Treaty of Cession signed by Chief Oluwa’s predecessor, King Docemo, originally named Donsumu in 1861, it stated that he had given away vast amounts of lands to colonialists via the Queen of England, though the language in the agreement was disguised with ambiguous language that didn’t clearly outline the terms of the treaty. Nigerian law stated, “Land belongs to the community, the village or the family, never to the individual. All the members of the community, village or family have an equal right to the land, but in every case the Chief or Headman of the community or village, or head of the family, has charge of the land, and in loose mode of speech is sometimes called the owner. He is to some extent in the position of a trustee, and as such holds the land for the use of the community or family. He has control of it, and any member who wants a piece of it to cultivate or build a house upon, goes to him for it. But the land so given still remains the property of the community or family. He cannot make any important disposition of the land without consulting the elders of the community or family, and their consent must in all cases be given before a grant can be made to a stranger.” Furthermore, Chief Oluwa stated that, “Docemo had neither “feudal authority” and “seigniorial rights” over his chiefs, nor absolute right over the land held in trust by them,” as documented by Trip Down Memory Lane. In addition, Chief Oluwa was also a nationalist. He assisted in forming the National Council of British West Africa, (NCBWA). This organization spearheaded the involvement of Africans in African affairs thus giving them the rights to be instrumental in the decision making process.

https://face2faceafrica.com/article/this-nigerian-chief-reclaimed-

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A basic characteristic of God’s nature is faithfulness. The Bible clearly describes God as faithful (Deut 32vs4 NIV; Hosea 11vs12). This simply implies that faithfulness is an essential part of God’s character. Therefore, you cannot separate God from faithfulness, because both are inseparable. GOD’S FAITHFULNESS DEFINED It is imperative, at this point, that we define our term, “faithfulness “. Faithfulness is defined as : the certainty that what has been promised or is expected will be done. Therefore, God’s faithfulness is the certainty that God will do as he has promised or is expected of Him in accordance with His word. A BIBLICAL ILLUSTRATION As should be expected, the bible is replete with accounts of God’s faithfulness in demonstration. However, we shall refer to just one out of several. The account of Elijah and the widow of Zarephath is a case in point. The story is set in the context of God’s judgement of drought and famine on Israel, resulting from Ahab’s and his wife’s idolatrous worship. Following a face to face encounter, during which, Prophet Elijah pronounced the above-mentioned judgement on Ahab’s kingdom, God directed Elijah to hide by the Brook Cherith(1Ki 17.2-16). He was to drink from the brook and be fed by ravens, who brought him bread and meat in the morning and evening. However, with the passage of time, the brook dried up for lack of rainfall. One may, at this point, wonder if God could not have kept the brook from drying up, in spite of the drought, since He had instructed Elijah to drink from it. God could, if He had wanted to, but He didn’t. God’s ways are not man’s ways(Isa 55:8,9). In this instance, He had other plans, which included a widow, whose condition, God wanted to change. Therefore, He instructed Elijah to, “arise and go to Zarephath, which belongs to Sidon, and dwell there”(vs9). God’s reason for the change in location for Elijah is clearly stated in the same verse, in the following words, “See I have commanded a widow there to provide for you”. Elijah obeyed God’s word and went to Zarephath. At the gate of the city, he met a widow who was gathering sticks. He called out to her to kindly get him some water in a cup to drink. She obliged, but while on her way, Elijah further requested for some bread. At this, she solemnly explained her dire condition to him. She was gathering the sticks to prepare the last meal she and her son would eat before they died. It was then that Elijah proclaimed God’s promises of provision, sustenance and care for her, conditioned, however, on obedience. She was required not to fear, to make a small cake from the little she had, first for Elijah and only then, for herself and her son(vs13). The widow did as commanded, and in turn, God ensured that she, Elijah and her household ate for many days, because, in keeping with His word, “The bin of flour was not used up, nor did the jar of oil run dry”(vs16). The foregoing has been carefully related to provide a Biblical basis for the analysis of God’s faithfulness as well as man’s privilege to rest secure on it. THE NATURE OF GOD’S FAITHFULNESS God’s faithfulness is unchanging and enduring, as we can learn from the account above. What this means is that God’s faithfulness is a constant(Psa89vs2;100vs5 NIV ). This quality of God’s faithfulness is what precludes the need to wonder if God will be true to His word under certain circumstances. Though the brook to which God had sent Elijah for sustenance had dried up, indicating a change in conditions, God’s provision for him continued through another channel. The change in the situation of the brook, did not alter the faithfulness of God. God will always be true to His faithful nature, whether on the mountain or in the valley(1Ki 20.23). Secondly, God’s faithfulness is perfect and wholistic(Isa 25.1NIV). No one can improve on the faithfulness of God. Similarly, God’s faithfulness covers every aspect of human life. God planned every important detail of man’s existence. Nothing was left to chance(Jer 29.11NIV). This is because God cares for every part of the human makeup: spirit, soul and body(1Th 5.23,24), and in His omniscience, has taken into account all that mankind, generally and individually will need for successful living on earth. Faithfulness as a virtue, is a great asset to a man or woman who possesses it, as well as to whatever segment of society he or she interacts with at any point in time. However, human faithfulness, as commendable as it is, suffers from the limitations of time, space and the vagaries of life. The point is that human beings are both fallen and fallible creatures and therefore incapable of perfect faithfulness. The best of men is still a man, and as such subject to the possibility of improving over time. In other words, human beings can get better at being faithful, but not God. God is already as faithful as He can be, no more no less. Finally, mankind’s unbelief cannot nullify God’s faithfulness(Rom 3.3). This means that God will remain faithful, whether we believe Him or not. God will always be true to His character, therefore, no man’s lack of faith can make void His integrity. Even if the widow of Zarephath had refused to believe and obey God’s word, that would not have nullified the authenticity and efficacy of the promise. However, she would have suffered a great loss. No person, thing or situation can prove God a liar. Indeed, it is as Romans 3.4 says, “…let God be true and every man a liar…” KEYS TO RESTING ON GOD’S FAITHFULNESS The first key to resting on the faithfulness of God, as the widow of Zarephath found out, is to resist fear, steadfastly. That was why the first thing Elijah said to her, after she had narrated her plight, was,”Do not fear…”. Elijah knew fear was capable of hindering her from receiving the provision God had faithfully and graciously made available for her. Fear is Satan’s age-old weapon against humanity. He deployed it against Eve in garden of Eden(Gen 3.1). He attempted unsuccessfully to use it to derail Jesus(Matt 4.1-10). You and I are no exception to this tactic of the devil. Therefore resist him, steadfast in the faith(1peter 5.8,9). Secondly, to rest on God’s faithfulness requires that you acknowledge, appreciate and use what you have at the moment, first in service to God and only then in service to mankind. God will not play second fiddle to anyone or anything. This is indicated by Elijah’s next instruction to the widow, namely:”…make me a small cake from it first. …”(1Ki 17.13). The widow was to honour God first and foremost with what she already had,no matter how seemingly insignificant it was. God does not instruct us to give Him first out of what we have because He is in need, but because we are in need and only He can supply us adequately and satisfactorily(Phil 4.19). Remember, Elijah was doing fine before God decided that he should relocate to Zarephath for the sake of the widow in question. Hence, never pass up an opportunity to honour God with your resources first. However, this is possible only if you have yielded yourself to Him, as the Corinthians Christians had done(2cor 8.5). Finally, you rest on God’s faithfulness by faithfully using what is left of what you have, in service to yourself in particular, and humanity in general, while expectantly waiting for God to make good His word. We see this principle indicated in the following words:”…and afterwards make some for YOURSELF and SON”.(1Ki 17.13). It is usually in the course of the demonstration of trust in God’s word, that His faithfulness is seen in manifestation. The widow’s experience when she followed the instruction quoted above, proves this point. Your individual needs are just as important to God as the needs of the human race generally. Therefore do not feel guilty about what God blesses you with, just ensure that you remember to love your neighbour as yourself. Then, joyfully, you will find that God fits the definition of faithfulness in its highest and most excellent sense. Shallom. Add a CommentGreat content! Super high-quality! Keep it up! 🙂 Thanks and remain blessed. Am really touched by your teaching sir, thank you. You are welcome, to God be the glory, remain blessed. I’m not sure where you’re getting your information, but great topic.

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This special guide aims to provide essential insights and practical tips to help individuals understand the consumer credit and how they can successfully apply for the scheme. Consumer credit, also known as consumer debt, plays a significant role in the financial lives of individuals across the globe. It encompasses a wide range of financial products designed to facilitate purchases of goods and services. However, before we go fully into the world of consumer credit, it’s important to have a solid understanding of its various aspects. Types of Consumer Credit 1. Installment Credit - Installment credit involves receiving a lump sum of money that is then repaid over a predetermined period through regular, equal installments. - Commonly used for significant purchases such as appliances, cars, or furniture. - Offers lower interest rates compared to revolving credit due to the presence of collateral. 2. Revolving Credit - Exemplified by credit cards, revolving credit provides an open-ended loan that can be reused indefinitely, up to the maximum limit. - Users make minimum monthly payments, and the credit line remains open, accumulating interest on the remaining balance. - Tends to have higher interest rates due to its lack of collateral. How Consumer Credit Works Consumer credit reflects a portion of an individual’s spending on goods and services, encompassing both necessities and discretionary purchases. Economists closely monitor consumer credit use as an indicator of economic growth or contraction. Responsible borrowing can boost the economy, while reduced spending signals financial concerns and potential economic contraction. Impact on Credit Score Both installment and revolving credit can influence an individual’s credit score. Timely payments on installment loans contribute positively to credit history, while irresponsible use of revolving credit (like credit cards) can lead to a decline in credit scores. Examples of Consumer Credit Consumer credit covers various financial products, including: - Credit cards - Car loans - Personal loans - Student loans - Mobile home loans - Home improvement loans Responsible Management of Consumer Credit Remember, responsible management of consumer credit is essential for maintaining good financial stability. Keeping track of expenses, making timely payments, and avoiding excessive debt accumulation are key practices to ensure a healthy financial future. Things to Note About Consumer Credit - It’s a Loan, Not a Grant: Consumer credit is a form of borrowing that must be repaid, typically with interest. It is not free money but a financial obligation. - Authority to Deduct Payments: Lenders have the authority to automatically deduct loan payments from your account if you fail to repay as agreed upon in the terms and conditions. - Plan for Loan Utilization: Before applying for consumer credit, it’s essential to have a clear plan for how you will utilize the funds. Responsible planning ensures that the loan serves its intended purpose and contributes to your financial goals. - Large Loan Amounts: Consumer credit loans are typically offered in large amounts, often starting from N500,000 and above. It’s crucial to borrow only what you need and can afford to repay comfortably. - Form of Disbursement: Depending on the type of loan applied for, funds may not be given directly to you. Instead, the lender may purchase commodities or fulfill your specific requirements directly. Understanding the disbursement method is key when applying for consumer credit. - Accuracy in Information: When filling out loan applications, ensure that all information provided is accurate and up-to-date. Inaccurate information may lead to your application being rejected or delayed. How to Apply for the Consumer Credit Application for consumer credit can be conveniently done online by visiting the official Nigerian Consumer Credit Corporation portal at https://credicorp-register.ng/apply. Expert Advice -Responsible Spending and Consumer Credit As regards to the newly launched Consumer Credit Scheme, we wish to address a vital aspect of financial health which is responsible spending. Consumer credit is a powerful tool that, when used wisely, can enhance your quality of life. However, it is a good thing to approach this resource with prudence and foresight. 1. Live Within Your Means - Create and stick to a budget that reflects your income and essential expenses. - This will help you avoid overspending and falling into debt traps. b. Needs vs. Wants - Distinguish between what you need and what you desire. - Prioritize spending on necessities before indulging in luxuries. 2. Understand the Terms a. Interest Rates - Be aware of the interest rates and how they compound over time. - Even small purchases can become expensive if not paid off promptly. b. Repayment Schedule - Familiarize yourself with the repayment terms. - Late payments can lead to penalties and negatively impact your credit score 3. Avoid Impulse Purchases a. Reflect Before You Buy - Take a moment to consider if a purchase is essential. - Delaying gratification can often lead to better financial decisions. - Compare prices and look for deals. - Don’t rush into buying something without ensuring you’re getting the best value for your money. 4. Plan for the Future - Allocate a portion of your income to savings. - This creates a safety net for unexpected expenses and reduces the need to rely on credit. - Consider investing in assets that appreciate over time, providing you with long-term financial security. 5. Seek Financial Education a. Knowledge is Power - Educate yourself on financial management. - Many organizations offer free resources to help you make informed decisions. b. Professional Advice - If you’re unsure about how to manage your credit, seek advice from a financial advisor. Mastering consumer credit involves understanding its nuances, applying responsibly, and planning for successful financial outcomes. By adhering to key principles and utilizing accessible online application processes, individuals can make use of the consumer credit with confidence and secure their financial well-being. 1 thought on “Consumer Credit: Meaning, Expert Advice & Application Link” Yes it’s very interesting and I wish to be involved.

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The English Language is one of the most popular languages of the world, no doubt. The English Language is the first of the three most widely spoken West Germanic languages with around 360 to 400 million native speakers; the two others are German and Dutch. It has more words than most comparable world languages. The best newspapers in the world are written in English. The estimated percentage of email messages in English varies between 60% and 85%. English is officially spoken in over 80 countries. But with all these linguistic accolades heaped on English, it is one language which is full of eccentricities, idiosyncrasies, weirdness, oddities and unbelievable peculiarities. This is why I titled this post: The Eccentric Nature of the English Language. Enjoy the read. I have some posers for you at the end. Do well to kindly send me your comments. Table of Contents The Greatest Language of all Time The English language is, perhaps, one of the greatest language of all time. Hear what Mario Pei, in the preface to the Living Webster Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the English Language which he titled A Historical Sketch of the English Language, has to say about English: English is The Greatest Language of the World. Of some three thousand existing languages, large and small, English is second only to Chinese in number of speakers. It has well over 300 million native speakers, plus probably as many more who handle it in pidgin fashion or as an acquired tongue. It enjoys the widest distribution of any language on earth, appearing in numerous countries on every continent as an official tongue and unofficially in many more over half of the world’s scientific publications, books, newspapers and magazines are entirely or partly in English. In international congresses and gatherings, English is used more often than any other tongue. More than half of the world’s radio and television programs are in English and it is the language most commonly used in the world’s airways and seaways. Why English is irregular The English language is a language governed by rules and systems, yet it is the greatest defaulter from its rules. See the post ‘What is Grammar?’ The remarkable, yet eccentric and sometimes bewildering, nature of English can be demonstrated in the sentences below. Consider the following, paying attention to the words in bold font: - The bandage was wound around the wound. - The farm was used to produce produce. - The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse. - We must polish the Polish furniture. - He could lead if he would get the lead out. - The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert. - Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present. - A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum. - When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes. - I did not object to the object. - The insurance was invalid for the invalid. - There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row. - They were too close to the door to close it. - The buck does funny things when the does are present. - A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line. - To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow. - The wind was too strong to wind the sail. - Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear. - I had to subject the subject to a series of tests. - How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend? I believe you what you have just read amused you, didn’t it? Okay. You would have noticed that some of the highlighted words have same spellings and sounded alike while some, though with same spellings, have different pronunciations with different meanings. What do we call words that have those attributes? I believe you want to know. Then read Homophones, Homographs and Homonyms. I am not yet done with the highlighted words; did you notice that they belong to different Parts of Speech? Some are nouns, others are verbs while some are adjectives! Let us go on with the discussion. The Eccentric Nature of the English Language Let us face it: English is a crazy language! Wow! That was a pungent assertion. Why would the English describe something as eggplant when there is no egg in it? Can you imagine? There is no ham in hamburger; neither will you find apple and pine in pineapple. It is unbelievable that England did not invent English muffins neither did France invent French fries. Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads (the pancreas or the thymus gland of an animal) which aren’t sweet, are meat. We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig. Roles of Morphemes In English word formation process, morphemes, both free and bound morphemes help us to derive new words and inflect our words. The bound morpheme ‘er’, suggests ‘someone who does something’. But in the eccentric nature of English, why do writers write but fingers do not fing, grocers do not groce and hammers do not ham? A person who teaches is a teacher; a person who drives, a driver; why do we not call a person who cooks, a cooker and a person who prays, a prayer? If the plural of the noun tooth is teeth, then it stands to reason that the plural form of booth should be beeth and not booths! Similarly, if the plural of foot is feet, why then is the plural form of root roots and not reet? We say one goose, two geese. So, we should just be fine with saying one moose, two meese! Oddities in English Is it not irrational that one can make amends but not one amend? When one has a bunch of odds and ends and gets rid of all but one of them, what does one call it? If teachers taught, why didn’t preachers praught? We know a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Sometimes I think we should commit all the English speakers, especially the native ones, to an asylum for the verbally insane. In what language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Which language ships by truck and sends cargo by ship? For goodness’ sake, in what language do people have noses that run and feet that smell? Those people must have been created upside down! In English, a slim chance and a fat chance are the same; but a wise man and a wise guy are clear opposites! You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which one’s house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which, an alarm goes off by going on. People invented English, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race, which, of course, is not a race at all. That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible!!! Incongruities in English I can imagine what you are thinking now having read the Peculiarities and Idiosyncrasies and Oddities of the English Language! But you have not yet read more absurdities and incongruities in English. Let us look at more illogicalities mostly in the form of questions… - Have you ever wondered why we disbar lawyers and defrock clergymen but never delight electricians, denote musicians, derange cowboys, depose models, debark tree surgeons and depress dry-cleaners? - Doctors call what they do PRACTICE! Is this not scary? - Can you categorically say whether a man with no arms and who has a gun is armed? - When people take photographs, the photographer will ask them to say ‘cheese’! But can you tell me what cheese says when it takes a picture? - Can I tell you why cannibals will not dare eat clowns? It is because they taste funny! - If we call people from Poland, Poles, why do we not refer to people from Holland as Holes? - Fitness Trainers encourage us to jog so that we can lose weight; but we are not sure if we jogged backward, we would gain weight! - Do you know that expecting the unexpected makes the unexpected become the expected! - If you try to fail and succeed, which one have you really done? - We all know that money does not grow on the tree; but why do banks have branches! - If a pig loses its voice, has it not become disgruntled? I am sure you have answers to all these questions without answers; pardon me! Kindly mail me your answers in the comments section. Identify the Parts of Speech of the Highlighted Words: - He stole into England and there he stole. - Place the food at the centre of the centre table, please. - We had to shoot the bear because couldn’t bear it any longer. - To score a goal is his goal. - We made no sale before we set sail. - I do not mean to be mean. Source: Why English is Irregular from JOLAN platform. The author expanded and embellished the post. 1 thought on “The Eccentric Nature of the English Language” This is awesome

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Here we will learn SQLite tutorial with examples. In SQLite tutorial, we covered topics like sqlite installation, sqlite joins, sqlite functions, sqlite triggers, sqlite views, etc. for beginners and experienced with examples. SQLite can be considered as a “lighter” version of other complex RDBMS (Oracle etc.), where its DB engine is configured for independent processing (in-process library), i.e. a server-less, self-contained, zero-configuration and transactional. It is generally embedded into any of the end programs or applications, unlike other RDBMS, where the client-server DB engine is configured. The storage is locally stored on a single disk file, reading and writing are performed on the disk file directly. In SQLite tutorial, we covered topics from basic to advanced level, those are SQLite tutorial is targeted for beginners as well as experienced people who are having a basic knowledge of RDMBS and Databases. In SQLite tutorial, we covered all the topics from basic to advanced level and it will give a clear idea to use SQLite DB in applications with examples. Before proceeding with the SQLite tutorial, you should have some basic knowledge on database programming and RDBMS then it will be effortless for you to understand SQLite topics.

https://www.tutlane.com/tutorial/sqlite

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What are the principles of financial management? Financial management is the process of using money efficiently, transparently, and effectively by following some principles, rules, or standards. Applying these principles of finances to a business can increase the company’s growth and when applied to your personal life can lead to self-improvement and help in wealth creation. What is good financial management? Other characteristics of good financial management include: - planning, budgeting, and revisiting your expenditures. - proper use of your money (or in the case of a firm, the proper use of funds available) - proper recording of transactions in the balance sheet or any other financial statement in a way that any accountant can understand clearly. What are the 10 guiding principles in financial management? Guiding principles in financial management - Organize and track all your finances - Spend less, save more - Understand the time value of money - Spend on income-producing assets - Self-improvement and education - Risk is a core principle in financial management - Diversify your income sources - Know the tax implications of every investment - Prepare for unforeseen circumstances - Take the right insurance plan - Principle of cash flow in financial management Organize and track all your finances For you to manage your finances better, you must learn how to organize your spending and income in order to know what you spend more money on and what brings in more money. This is an important step in wealth creation. It is essential that you keep track of the use of credit cards, car loans, and brokerage accounts. When you are about to use a credit card, ask yourself the value you would derive from what you are about to purchase; would it help you achieve your financial goals? can your purchase increase your income? are you investing in growth or research? When you keep records of what you do with credit cards, it helps you to know the items you need to cut down on their spending and where to channel more funding on. You can make use of budgeting software to achieve the goal. Spend less, save more One of the behaviors that prevent people from achieving their financial goals is lifestyle inflation. When you earn more, there is the internal desire to live a better life immediately. When you act like this, you may never achieve any financial goal. The best principle to apply in this case is to spend less. When you spend less than your income, you can save more and use your savings for investments. If an opportunity presents itself, you can use your savings to invest in such an opportunity. If you spend more than you earn, you become indebted and instead of investing, you would be faced with debt repayment. For a company, only use funds that are necessary and invest in opportunities that would increase the revenue. A firm with good financial management practices should look for opportunities for growth and increasing revenue; this can only be achieved when the company spends less than its total revenue. Understand the time value of money The time value of money is the principle that says money has a higher value today than it will in the future. This is because we’ll need the money to purchase items in the future. If you have to wait for the money to make decisions, it will take you a long time to achieve your financial goals. This can be applied in business; when a customer pays for goods immediately, the company can use the money to purchase any needed item or even invest more. When money is not received immediately, you can miss out on some opportunities while waiting to receive such money. This can be applied to financial management to guide what type of investment a company would want to make. Investments that take longer to start bringing income should not be a priority if there are other investments that can bring in the same amount of income in a shorter time. Imagine making an investment that ties down your funds making it impossible to take on a better investment opportunity that is available at the moment. What the time value of money entails is that your money should not be idle, rather it should be invested in something that brings more money with time. The time value of money does not in any way negate the importance of savings. When you save, your intention should be to accumulate enough money to invest in a good business or opportunity rather than spending the money. While the time value of money is against the notion of saving money as a means of getting rich. The time value of money shows money invested now is better than money being kept idle. For example, if you want to buy a car that is worth $20,000, you would have to work for 10 years to earn that amount of money. However, if you wanted to borrow the same amount of money from a bank and pay it back over time, the bank would charge you interest on the money. This is because the bank believes that it will be more profitable for them to lend this money out than to keep it in their account. You are tying down the bank’s money over a period of time; the bank would have used the money for something that would have generated more revenue. In order to get value for its money, the bank now charges you interest. Failure to understand this concept leads to poor financial management because your money may lose its value when not channeled into the right investment vehicle. Spend on income-producing assets Another good principle of financial management is using your money on income-producing assets. If you must spend, then your priority should be on assets that can generate more revenue. Taking on debts for buying liabilities is poor financial management. Self-improvement and education If you are reading this to improve your financial knowledge and help you make good decisions in terms of finances, then this is a good principle of financial management. Always read and update your financial knowledge. Through this, you can find new investment opportunities, learn from the mistakes of others, and get to know what works from the experience of other people. You can improve yourself through courses, reading online articles, reading books, and seminars and conferences. Risk is a core principle in financial management In financial management, the risk is the possibility of loss. Risk can come in different forms, such as credit risk, market risk, and investment risk. Most financial managers try to minimize the amount of risk their organizations face. They do this by choosing investments that have a low risk of losing money and hedging their bets against possible swings in the market. It is important to know that every investment has some level of risk; the higher the returns, the more the risk. The concept of risk and the returns from taking on the core principles of financial management. It can be measured in two ways: direct and indirect. Direct risk is when the investment is affected by external factors such as market volatility or rates of return. Indirect risk is when the investment is affected by internal factors such as company performance, debt levels, and competitive pressures. Financial managers must weigh both direct and indirect risks to determine which investments are most appropriate for their business. For example, a company that operates in a volatile industry may be more sensitive to direct risks, such as market fluctuations, while a company that does not operate in a highly volatile industry may be less risk-averse and tolerant of indirect risks, such as company debt levels. Risk in financial management should be considered in terms of probability, severity, and impact. Financial managers need to identify which risks are less severe and have less impact on the company when a loss arises from investments and causes financial impairment. Diversify your income sources One of the most important principles of financial management is income diversification. It is essential to invest in a variety of different assets so that you are not put at risk if one asset diminishes in value. This means that your investments should be spread out among a variety of different assets so that if one sector crashes, the overall portfolio won’t suffer as much. In addition to assuring that your portfolio isn’t overly dependent on any one type of asset, diversification also protects against volatile markets. It is important to find creative ways of income diversification. Everyone has a special skill that can be converted into a money-making opportunity. However, one should not limit diversification to investments alone as it is also applicable to borrowing. You should keep in mind that the target is to ensure the minimum cost of borrowing and financing and gain maximum reward for your investments. This then bounces back to making decisions about risk and return. This diversification aims to make the overall monetary risk remain affordable. Know the tax implications of every investment One of the most common financial mistakes that people make is to rule out the issue of tax. When you think about it, taxes are actually part of every business transaction. If you sell something for $100, you have to pay taxes on that sale. The same goes for when you make a purchase: if you spend $100 on something, the seller has to report that income to the IRS. So it’s important to keep the tax in mind when making any financial decisions. In managing your finances, it is good to know the tax implications of every investment that you make and also make provisions for tools that can help you to organize and manage tax filings. Prepare for unforeseen circumstances When it comes to managing your finances, it is important to be prepared for any eventuality because unforeseen circumstances are inevitable. This means having a plan for how you will react if your income falls short or if you are faced with an unexpected expense. It is also important to set aside money each month so that you have funds available when you need them. Taking these steps will help you stay on track and manage your money responsibly. One way to do this is to have a plan for every possible financial situation. This includes preparing for lost income, unexpected medical costs, natural disasters, changes in government policies, sickness, fire outbreaks, accidents, being laid off from work, repairs, and more. You should also keep track of your expenses so that you can make informed decisions about where to allocate your resources should these things arise. Have an insurance plan Since we now know that unforeseen circumstances can occur in business and in our personal life; it is good to have an insurance plan to mitigate the effects of uncertainties. Therefore, an insurance plan should be one of the factors to consider when managing your finances. This will help you get reimbursed in the event that something happens and your funds are unavailable. Furthermore, having insurance will protect your assets in the event that something goes wrong. Principle of cash flow in financial management Cash is an asset that can be moved easily. If you learn how to manage your cash flow, it will help you make better financial decisions. The cash flow pattern can affect the financial decisions of an organization. The more the amount of cash flowing in, the bolder the company makes decisions. If the amount of cash flowing out is more than the cash flowing in, then the company needs to reevaluate the reasons why there is more spending than income. If the reason for the spending is for investments or research which can increase the value of the company and also increase revenue in the future, then it is a good principle to apply. But when the reason for spending is for liabilities rather than assets, then that is a bad financial management principle. Therefore, the pattern of cash flows is one influencing factor in financial decisions and should be monitored to help make better decisions. 3 fundamental principles of financial management From the preceding sections, we can deduce that financial management is a complex process that requires careful consideration of all aspects of your finances. Of all the guiding principles of financial management, let’s take a look at the 3 principles that are fundamental. Save more, spend less, and be careful of debts One of the most important principles of financial management is to save money. When you put money aside each month, you are building up a financial reserve that can be used when you need it. Another principle of financial management is to make sure that you are spending your money wisely. When you are using your money, you are investing it in something that will provide you with value in the future. Finally, always keep an eye on your debt levels. Overly heavy debt burdens can lead to difficult financial problems in the future. Make sure that you are taking advantage of available credit options and avoiding high-interest loans. Investment and diversification One of the most important principles of financial management is to invest your money. This means putting your money into things that will provide you with a return on investment (ROI). When you invest your money, you are hoping to get a higher return than what you paid for the investment. This is why it is important to research the different types of investments available to you. You should also be sure to invest in things that will make sense for your goals and financial situation. One of the best ways to achieve a high ROI on your investments is to diversify them. This means investing in different types of assets so that you are not too concentrated on any one type of investment. By spreading your investment across many different types of assets, you are more likely to achieve a high return on your money. Diversification is an important principle of financial management because it is essential to spread your investments among different types of securities to minimize risk. For example, if you invest all of your money in stocks, you are more likely to experience a loss if the stock market crashes. By investing in bonds and other types of securities, you reduce your overall risk exposure. Finally, always be mindful of your expenses when investing. Knowing how much money you are spending each month will help you keep track of how much money you have left over to invest. This will help you make smart financial decisions that will improve your chances of achieving a high ROI on your investments. The power of compounding One of the most important principles of financial management is compounding. This is the phenomenon by which an investment earns more money over time because the initial investment is multiplied by itself multiple times. For example, if you invest $10,000 in a stock that doubles in value every year, your original $10,000 investment would be worth $20,400 after four years. If the stock continued to increase at this rate, your investments would be worth far more than $10,000 after only eight years! This is why it is important to invest money gradually over time so that your total return on your investments is the highest possible. By following these fundamental principles of financial management, you’ll be able to manage your finances better and improve your overall financial stability. Importance of the principles of financial management Principles of financial management are important for two reasons. The first reason is that they provide a framework for making sound investment decisions. If a business operates within the confines of a set of principles, it can make better choices about how to allocate its resources and manage its risks. Another benefit of applying the principles of financial management is that they form the basis for enforcing financial controls in a business. By understanding their own principles, businesses can work to protect themselves from unethical practices by their employees and other stakeholders. What are the 6 principles of finance? There are three fundamental principles of financial management that you should always keep in mind when working with your money. These principles are budgeting, investing, and debt repayment. Understanding and following these principles will help you make the most informed decisions about how to spend your money and protect yourself from potential financial problems down the road.

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These devices are typically found by the roadside or on the pavement. Have you ever wondered what they are used for? They are constructed and placed by the roadside or inside or outside a building, parking area, industrial area, etc. They are placed in these places so that fire-fighters can plug their hose to them in order to get water supply in the event of a fire outbreak. The fire hydrant is necessary because fire trucks tank can run out of water in their tanks, or they might not have enough water in their tanks to extinguish a fire. So when they run out of water, they can plug their hose to a hydrant and continue fighting the fire. Firefighters usually have to use a special pentagonal wrench to remove the valve covers on a fire hydrant. Once the covers are removed, firefighters can attach hoses to the valves. They then open a valve that allows water to flow through the hydrant into the hoses. So where does the water come from? Most of the time, the water comes from a public or private water source in the neighbourhood. For instance, the water from a fire hydrant by roadsides in Lagos is supplied by the Lagos State Water Corporation. In most part of the world, it is an offence to park by a fire-hydrant. Because, in case of emergency, a car parked by a hydrant might hinder its use by a fire-fighting team. Does that law exist in our traffic laws in Nigeria?

https://autojosh.com/fire-hydrant-what-is-this-device-found-by-the-road-side-

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In today's digital age, the creation of images has seen a significant transformation due to advancements in artificial intelligence (AI). Now more than ever, AI-powered image generators are revolutionizing how we produce visuals, from simple photos to complex logos. One of the leading technologies in this field is Dall-E, a sophisticated system that generates highly detailed images. The realm of image generation powered by AI is vast and multifaceted. At its core, these systems use deep learning algorithms to analyze and replicate visual data. This process allows AI to create generated images that closely resemble real-world photographs or artistic designs. The technology behind these systems is incredibly advanced, leveraging massive datasets to learn and reproduce a wide array of visual styles and elements. AI image generators also excel at converting text into visuals. By inputting descriptive text, users can generate images that closely match their descriptions. This capability opens up new avenues for creativity, as individuals can now bring their ideas to life with just a few words. Whether it's creating logos, stock photos, or custom artwork, the possibilities are endless. The impact of AI on image generation is profound. It democratizes the creation of visuals, allowing anyone with an idea to produce compelling images without needing extensive technical skills. This not only accelerates the creative process but also broadens the scope of what can be achieved in visual content creation. Stable Diffusion stands out as a powerful tool in the world of AI-driven image generation. Its unique ability to produce highly detailed and realistic images sets it apart from other image generators. This technology works by diffusing noise through multiple layers, effectively "polishing" it until a coherent image emerges. One of the most significant advantages of Stable Diffusion is its versatility. It can generate a wide range of visuals, from simple photos to complex logos and artwork. This makes it an essential tool for various industries, including graphic design, marketing, and entertainment. For instance, designers can use it to create high-quality images for advertising campaigns, while artists can explore new creative possibilities without the constraints of traditional media. Another key feature of Stable Diffusion is its ability to produce visuals based on text prompts. This functionality allows users to describe what they want to see and let the AI do the rest. The results are often astonishing, with the generated images accurately reflecting the input text. This capability is particularly useful for creating customized graphics, where specific details are crucial. Moreover, Stable Diffusion ensures that the generated images are not just visually appealing but also contextually relevant. By understanding the nuances of text descriptions, it can produce visuals that are both meaningful and aesthetically pleasing. This is especially important for applications where visual accuracy is paramount, such as in branding and logo design. The implications of Stable Diffusion extend beyond mere image creation. It represents a shift towards more intuitive and accessible design processes. By simplifying the creation of quality images, it empowers individuals and businesses to produce professional-grade visuals without needing extensive technical expertise. This democratization of image generation is poised to transform the landscape of graphic design and visual content creation. The applications of AI image generators like Dall-E are vast and varied, spanning multiple industries. These tools are revolutionizing how we create and interact with visuals, offering new possibilities for innovation and efficiency. From marketing to entertainment, the impact of AI-driven image generation is far-reaching. In the realm of marketing, AI image generators are invaluable. Marketers can now quickly and easily create high-quality images for campaigns, advertisements, and social media content. By inputting a few descriptive words, they can generate visuals that perfectly align with their brand's message and aesthetic. This not only saves time but also ensures consistency across various marketing materials. Additionally, AI-generated images can be tailored to specific audiences, enhancing the effectiveness of marketing strategies. The entertainment industry also benefits significantly from AI image generators. Filmmakers, game developers, and animators can use these tools to create highly detailed and realistic visuals. For instance, in the gaming industry, AI can generate intricate backgrounds and character designs, enhancing the overall gaming experience. Similarly, filmmakers can use AI to create visual effects and animations that would be time-consuming and costly to produce manually. In graphic design, AI image generators are transforming the creative process. Designers can now experiment with various styles and concepts without the need for extensive manual effort. This allows for greater creativity and innovation, as designers can quickly iterate on ideas and refine their designs. Whether it's creating logos, posters, or website graphics, AI tools provide designers with a powerful resource to enhance their work. The e-commerce sector is also leveraging AI image generators to improve product visuals and customer experience. Online retailers can use AI to create quality images of their products, showcasing them from various angles and in different settings. This helps customers make informed purchasing decisions and enhances the overall shopping experience. Finally, AI image generators have significant implications for the world of art. Artists can use these tools to explore new creative avenues and push the boundaries of traditional art forms. By generating custom artwork based on text descriptions, artists can bring their ideas to life in ways that were previously unimaginable. This fusion of technology and art is opening up new horizons for artistic expression and creativity. As we look to the future, the potential of AI-driven image generators continues to expand. These tools are set to become even more sophisticated, offering greater precision, versatility, and usability. However, with these advancements come important considerations that need to be addressed. One of the key areas of development is improving the realism and accuracy of generated images. While current technologies like Stable Diffusion produce high-quality images, there is always room for improvement. Future iterations of AI image generators will likely focus on enhancing the fine details and nuances of visuals, making them indistinguishable from real-world images. Another important consideration is the ethical implications of AI image generation. As these tools become more powerful, there is a growing need to ensure that they are used responsibly. This includes addressing issues such as copyright infringement, misinformation, and the potential misuse of AI-generated visuals. Establishing guidelines and best practices for the ethical use of AI in image generation will be crucial in navigating these challenges. Furthermore, the accessibility and democratization of image generation will continue to evolve. As AI technologies become more user-friendly, a broader range of individuals and businesses will be able to harness their capabilities. This will democratize the creative process, allowing more people to produce professional-grade visuals without needing extensive technical expertise. In conclusion, AI-driven image generation is transforming the way we create and interact with visuals. Technologies like Stable Diffusion are leading the charge, offering powerful tools for generating highly detailed and quality images. As these technologies continue to evolve, they will unlock new possibilities for creativity and innovation across various industries. However, it is essential to navigate the ethical considerations and ensure that these tools are used responsibly. By doing so, we can harness the full potential of AI image generators and shape the future of visual content creation. AI-powered image generation is revolutionizing the way we create visuals, offering unprecedented capabilities and possibilities. Tools like Stable Diffusion stand at the forefront of this transformation, producing highly detailed and quality images that cater to various needs. From marketing and entertainment to graphic design and art, the applications of AI image generators are vast and impactful. The future of AI-driven image generation looks promising, with continuous advancements enhancing the realism, versatility, and accessibility of these tools. However, it is imperative to address the ethical considerations associated with their use to ensure that they are utilized responsibly and beneficially. As we embrace these technologies, we can look forward to a future where the boundaries of visual content creation are expanded, enabling greater creativity and innovation. Whether you are a graphic designer, marketer, artist, or simply someone with a creative idea, AI image generators like Dall-E provide a powerful resource to bring your visions to life.

https://www.myimagegpt.com/

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It is widely known that research process has been used main to solve problems, and this has helped the society grow particularly in recent times with the advent of modern technology. However, this article is written to point out some research elements that will help every researcher make decision. It’s possible that the facts and information you have just represent one side of the problem. Data and information may be biased in two ways: by accident and by design. Any part of the research process, from defining the topic to conducting the study to collecting data to analyzing and interpreting those data to presenting the results, may include bias. Because of the inherent biases in our own research, we often struggle to recognize and avoid it. The ability to recognize and, if feasible, mitigate bias during research is emphasized throughout this session. Editing and recording: Observational stage recording, collation, and analysis may introduce recording, transcribing, and editing mistakes. Hire a Project Writer at https://mzwriters.com/sample-page/hire-professional-writer/ There is a risk that the information and data chosen are not relevant to the task at hand. Depending on the nature of the choices at hand, information may constitute data to certain decision-makers. If any one of the steps in the process takes too long, the data won’t reach the right people in time for them to utilize it to make decisions. Analysis and Interpretation Analyzing and interpreting data may provide their own unique challenges, such as when an unsuitable method of analysis is used, which then leads to erroneous conclusions. With these explanations made in this article, we can begin to define some of the characteristics necessary for knowledge to be of value in making decisions.

https://mzwriters.com/sample-page/hire-

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Always wear a helmet when riding a bike. It is for your own good. Wearing a helmet protects your head in the event of a fall. So, ensure to always protect your head by wearing a helmet. 2. Do a Quick Bicycle Test Before you start a ride, check your brakes and your wheels. Make sure that “quick release” wheels are properly secured. Check to see if your bicycle is properly adjusted. Also, check to see if your saddle is in a comfortable position. 3. Don’t Get Distracted While riding, do not listen to music or talk on the phone. Stay focused. Keep your attention on the road ahead of you. Always look out for likely obstruction in order to avoid them. Abide by the traffic light rules, especially the ones that are specific to bicycle riding. Bicycle riding is not exempted from traffic rules. Do not jump red lights. Jumping the traffic light can confuse motorists in the active lane. Their reaction can pose a risk to you. 5. Don’t Cycle on sidewalks or pavement Riding on sidewalks can be hazardous to pedestrians walking on them. Only ride on them if the pavement is a designated cycle path. 6. Wear brightly-coloured or reflective cloth Use bright or reflective clothing when cycling. This is necessary especially in places with busy vehicular activities. Night time and in bad weather conditions are also situations when wearing bright or reflective clothing is important. 7. Stay Visible Stay within the line of vision of other vehicle drivers. Ride in a position where you can see and be seen. If they can see you, they are less likely to hit you. 8. Use Lights When Biking At Night Use light at night or when riding in low-light conditions. It make the condition of the road ahead of you easily seen. It also makes approaching vehicles to see you. 9. Use Hand Signals Use hand signals to let drivers and other bicyclists know where you are going. 10. Look And Make Eye Contact Do not assume drivers will stop, especially at junctions. Look and make eye contact then you know they have seen you. 11. Ride In The Direction Of Traffic Go with the flow. Ensure to always ride in the direction of traffic. 12. Don’t weave in and out of traffic Act like a car. Drivers are used to the patterns of other drivers. Do not weave in and out of traffic. The more predictably you ride, the safer you are. Check for traffic. Be conscious of other vehicles around you. 13. Use your bell Not all pedestrians can see you. Ring your bell to inform them of your presence. 14. Watch out for car doors Car doors that open suddenly is one of the most common hazards that motorcyclists face. These situations are difficult to anticipate. The only way to avoid driving into a door that opens suddenly is to assume that every single door in your path will open. So, always leave a door-sized space when passing any stopped car—not just parked ones.

https://autojosh.com/14-safety-tips-

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University education plays a vital role in building one’s life. That’s true! But, it also helps shape society to some extent. Think of it as a potent tool that goes beyond one’s personal gains. It influences economic and social growth, innovation, and cultural development. University learning has a major role in shaping society. From economic to social interaction, it offers a lot. Moreover, do you want to learn more about its role in the world? Look below. Here are ways it contributes to society. They include: It is one of the potential perks of university learning. Wondering how? Well, here is how they contribute to this. Learning creates a skilled workplace that fosters productivity. Furthermore, pupils earn higher as compared to those who have no college degrees. It increases their consumer spending. Thus, leading to economic growth. Additionally, it equips one with the skills needed to drive success in the workplace. Furthermore, it is vital in fields like healthcare, education, business, etc. Moreover, university offers innovation chances. They create a safe place where research can thrive. Thus, it contributes to economic growth. Learning stands as a powerful tool in enhancing social networks. It allows one to expand their social circle and meet industry experts. Here is how it plays its role: University learning breaks the poverty cycle for pupils. That’s right! One has opportunities to find high-paying jobs. Schools aim to maintain quality. Hence, they offer financial aid to those who can’t afford fees. This levels the field. Moreover, it ensures talented ones get a chance to achieve success. The best university assignment help Dubai is for those who find it hard to study, they offer their aid. Their aim is to ensure one can reach their potential. One engages in civic duties like voting. It helps them play their part in the public’s success. Learning plays a role in cultural development. Pupils from diverse cultures learn under one roof. It allows them to interact with one another. Furthermore, it creates a sense of sensitivity. One recognizes other cultures. Thus they also learn how to respect them. Also, one gains a different insight. Schools organize events bringing people together from worldwide. It enhances one’s experience. Moreover, it allows them to thrive. It also boosts critical thinking. One learns to question, analyze, and provide solutions. Additionally, they appreciate other’s ideas, leading to a better environment. Also, schools engage in community services. They talk about social issues, help others, and promote responsibility. University also contributes to health and well-being. Wondering how? In various ways. Let’s look at them. They include: Schools work to create new treatment and health policies. Furthermore, it contributes to public health. Also, learners are more aware of how to create a better lifestyle. Hence, they engage in care. Thus, reduces the healthcare burden. Additionally, schools recognize the value of mental health. Hence, they provide aid to learners. From pupil support to mental facilities, they ensure one is in good health. Moreover, they create awareness on this topic. How can we forget about this one? It offers environmental support. You guys must be thinking how. They contribute to the research work. Here is how: They conduct research on energy sources and practices. Moreover it aids in climate change problems. Additionally, it creates awareness of global issues. Also, universities develop programs related to a livable environment. University learning extends beyond the borders. That’s right! It has a global impact. Pupils learn how to take up leadership roles. They also learn how to work with diverse people. Additionally, it allows them to answer global challenges such as poverty, inequality, etc. Also, they collaborate with others on an international level. It creates a cross-cultural understanding. University plays a vital role in society’s progress. It benefits us in ways we can’t imagine. From economic to social it affects all factors. Additionally, it helps create a better world. It ensures people from different cultures can come together. They learn, share, and develop understanding. Hence, investing in learning not only benefits learners. Also it impacts the future of a society. Thus this is all you need to know on this topic. Leave a Reply

https://essaywritingservices.ae/blog/how-

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The United Nations Children’s Fund has tasked the Nigerian government to develop and implement strategies to control Pneumonia and its resultant high rate of death among under-fives in the country. This is as the agency reports that the infection claimed the lives of an estimated 162,000 Nigerian children in 2018 alone and accounted for 19% of overall child deaths in the same year. According to a recent global analysis, Pneumonia is reported to have claimed the lives of more than 800,000 children under the age of five last year or one child every 39 seconds. Nigerian children contributed the highest number of this index at 443 deaths every day or 18 deaths every hour. A statement by the acting UNICEF Representative in Nigeria, Pernille Ironside said Pneumonia was the biggest killer of children under-five in 2017. ‘‘Most global child pneumonia deaths occurred among children under the age of two, and almost 153,000 within the first month of life, more children under the age of five die from the disease than from any other infection.’’. “Pneumonia is a deadly disease and takes so many children’s lives, even though this is mostly preventable, yet, this killer disease has been largely forgotten on the global and national health agendas. We can and must change this’’ To mark the 2019 World Pneumonia Day, UNICEF in collaboration with six leading health and children’s organisations are now asking world leaders to make funding available to tackle the global infectious disease. According to UNICEF, increased investment is critical to fight against the globally neglected infection ravaging children. ‘‘Funding for pneumonia lags far behind other diseases. Only 3% of current global infectious disease research spending is allocated to pneumonia, despite the disease-causing 15% of deaths in children under the age of five’’. “Only through cost-effective protective, preventative and treatment interventions delivered to where children are – including especially the most vulnerable and hardest-to-reach – will be able to save hundreds of thousands of lives in Nigeria.” Just like many other diseases, Nigeria is ranked as one of the four countries contributing to more than half of the global burden of Pneumonia at 162,000 deaths annually, with India at 127,000, Pakistan 58,000, the Democratic Republic of Congo (40,000) and Ethiopia (32,000). But Nigeria’s case may become more difficult as the biggest risk factors for child pneumonia deaths are malnutrition, indoor air pollution from the use of solid fuels, and outdoor air pollution. Caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi, Pneumonia leaves children fighting for breath as their lungs fill with pus and fluid. Children with immune systems weakened by other infections like HIV and those living in areas with unsafe water are at far greater risk. Pneumonia according to experts is preventable with vaccines, and easily treated with low-cost antibiotics if properly diagnosed, unfortunately, tens of millions of children are still going unvaccinated, one in three with symptoms do not receive essential medical care. Children with severe cases of pneumonia may also require oxygen treatment, which is rarely available in the poorest countries. UNICEF says only 3% of current global infectious disease research spending is allocated to pneumonia, despite the disease-causing 15% of deaths in children. But the agency insists that through cost-effective, preventative and treatment interventions delivered to where children are – including especially the most vulnerable and hardest-to-reach places, will Nigeria be able to save hundreds of thousands of its young ones.

https://emergencydigest.com/2019/11/12/nigerian-children-pneumonia/

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Developing websites accessible to everyone, including individuals with disabilities, is vital. Web accessibility testing ensures that websites and web apps are usable for everyone. This blog delves into the types of web accessibility testing, the tools available, and more. What is Web Accessibility Testing? Web accessibility testing evaluates a website or web application to ensure it can be used effectively by people with a wide range of disabilities. This practice is essential for creating an inclusive digital environment where everyone can access web content. Key Aspects of Web Accessibility Testing Inclusive Design Principles The testing process involves assessing the website against inclusive design principles. These principles aim to create user interfaces that are usable by as many people as possible, regardless of their abilities or disabilities. A crucial component of web accessibility testing is involving real users with disabilities. This user-centered approach helps identify barriers that are not apparent through automated or manual testing alone. Real user feedback provides invaluable insights into how users interact with the website and highlights improvement areas. Web accessibility testing is not a one-time task but an ongoing process. As websites are updated and new content is added, continuous testing and monitoring are necessary to maintain and improve accessibility. This involves integrating accessibility testing into the development lifecycle, using automated tools for regular checks, and periodically conducting comprehensive audits. Benefits of Web Accessibility Testing - Legal Compliance: Ensures adherence to laws and regulations related to accessibility like the (ADA) and the European Union's Web Accessibility Directive. - Enhanced User Experience: This improves the user experience for all users, including those with disabilities, leading to higher satisfaction and engagement. - Expanded Audience: Makes web content accessible to a broader audience, including millions of people with disabilities. - SEO Advantages: Improves search engine optimization, as many accessibility practices align with SEO best practices, such as providing alt text for images and maintaining a logical heading structure. Types of Web Accessibility Testing Ensuring web accessibility involves various testing methodologies to address different aspects of accessibility. Below are the primary types of web accessibility testing: Manual testing is a hands-on approach where testers simulate user interactions to identify accessibility issues. It includes: Many users with disabilities rely on keyboards for navigation. Testers must ensure that all interactive elements are accessible via the keyboard. This involves checking the following: - Focus Indicators: Ensuring the focus is visible as users navigate the page. - Tab Order: Verifying that the tab order is logical and follows the visual flow of the page. Screen Reader Testing Screen readers convert digital text into speech, helping visually impaired users. Testing with screen readers like JAWS, NVDA, and VoiceOver includes: - Content Readability: Ensuring all content is read in a meaningful and logical order. - Alternative Text: Checking that all images and non-text content have appropriate alt text. Automated tools can quickly scan websites for common accessibility issues, efficiently catching many errors. However, these tools cannot replace manual testing; they complement it. Automated testing can identify issues like: - Missing Alt Text: Images without descriptive text. - Improper Heading Structure: Headings not following a hierarchical order. - Aria Attributes: Misused or missing ARIA attributes. Functional testing ensures that all interactive elements and features work correctly for users with disabilities. This includes: Forms are critical for user interactions, from sign-ups to checkouts. Testing should include: - Label Association: Ensuring that each form field is correctly labeled. - Error Identification: Verifying that error messages are clear and accessible. Interactive components like menus, sliders, and buttons must be accessible. Testing involves: - Focus Management: Ensuring that focus moves logically between interactive elements. - Role and State Information: Verifying elements have appropriate roles and states (e.g., ARIA roles). User testing involves real users with disabilities to provide insights that automated and manual testing might miss. This approach includes: - Recruiting Users: Engaging users with various disabilities, including visual, auditory, cognitive, and motor impairments. - Observing Interactions: Watching users interact with the site to identify usability issues. Website Accessibility Checklist Ensuring website accessibility is crucial for providing an inclusive experience to all users, including those with disabilities. Here’s a comprehensive checklist to help you assess the accessibility of your website: - Provide alt text for all non-text content, such as images, icons, and multimedia. - Ensure captions are available for videos and audio content. - Ensure you can access all functionalities via the keyboard. - Focus indicators should be visible when navigating using the keyboard. Screen Reader Compatibility: - Use proper heading structures (H1, H2, H3) to organize content logically. - Ensure screen readers announce dynamic content updates. - Verify that the text has sufficient contrast with the background to be easily readable. - Avoid using only color to convey information. - Ensure you can resize text up to 200% without losing functionality. - Use relative units like ems or percentages for font sizes rather than pixels. Forms and Labels: - Provide clear and descriptive labels for all form fields. - Include error messages that are easily understandable and positioned near the related form elements. What To Test For Website Accessibility Testing for website accessibility involves checking various elements of the website effectively. Here’s what to focus on during your accessibility testing: Semantic HTML Usage: - Ensure that your website uses semantic HTML elements (e.g., ) for proper structure. - Check that ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) landmarks are correctly implemented where necessary. - Test the entire website using only the keyboard to ensure all interactive elements are accessible. - Verify that users can navigate menus, forms, and interactive elements without a mouse. Screen Reader Testing: - Use screen readers to test how content is announced and navigated. - Ensure that all interactive elements are properly labeled and accessible. Color Contrast and Visual Design: - Utilize tools to check that color contrast ratios meet the WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) standards. - Test different color blindness simulators to ensure the website is accessible. - Test that form elements are accessible, with proper labels and instructions. - Ensure that users are notified of errors and can correct them without confusion. Tools for Web Accessibility Testing Choosing the right tools for web accessibility testing involves meeting the required standards and providing a seamless experience for all users. Below is a detailed look at some of the most effective tools available for web accessibility testing: 1. WAVE (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool) WAVE is a suite of tools developed by WebAIM that helps authors make their web content more accessible to individuals with disabilities. It provides visual feedback by injecting icons and indicators into your page. Key features include: - Visual Feedback: WAVE overlays icons and indicators directly on your webpage, showing where accessibility issues are present. - Integration: Available as a browser extension for Chrome and Firefox, making it easy to test and debug your web pages during development. Axe is an open-source accessibility testing tool created by Deque Systems. It integrates seamlessly with browsers and development tools, allowing developers to test their web applications for accessibility issues. Key features include: - Developer-Friendly: Designed for developers, it integrates with various development environments, including Chrome DevTools and Selenium. - Comprehensive Rules: Axe uses a comprehensive set of rules based on WCAG 2.1 guidelines, ensuring thorough testing. Lighthouse is an automated tool from Google that improves the quality of web pages. It includes audits for performance, accessibility, progressive web apps, SEO, and more. Key features include: - Accessibility Audits: Lighthouse runs a series of accessibility audits and provides a score out of 100, along with detailed recommendations for improvement. - Integration with Chrome DevTools: It can be accessed directly from Chrome DevTools, making it convenient for developers. Tenon is an accessibility testing tool designed to provide detailed feedback on accessibility issues and recommendations for fixing them. It supports continuous integration and can be easily integrated into the development workflow. Key features include: - API Integration: Tenon provides an API that can be integrated into various development and testing workflows. - Detailed Error Reports: It offers comprehensive reports that detail specific issues and guide how to resolve them. Pa11y is a free and open-source accessibility testing tool that can run automated tests on web pages. It is simple and easy to use, making it accessible to developers. Key features include: - Automated Testing: Pa11y can automatically check web pages for accessibility issues. - Flexible Configuration: Users can configure Pa11y to run tests based on specific accessibility standards and guidelines. 6. Accessibility Insights Accessibility Insights is a tool from Microsoft designed to find and fix accessibility issues. It offers automated and manual testing capabilities. Key features include: - FastPass: A quick automated check that identifies common accessibility issues. - Assessment: A comprehensive manual test that provides detailed instructions for assessing accessibility. Silktide is a comprehensive web accessibility testing tool that provides detailed insights into the accessibility of your website. It covers a wide range of accessibility checks and provides actionable recommendations. Key features include: - Full-Site Audits: Silktide can audit entire websites, identifying accessibility issues across all pages. - Ongoing Monitoring: Silktide offers ongoing monitoring to ensure that your website remains accessible over time. SortSite is an accessibility testing tool that thoroughly analyzes your website's accessibility, usability, and SEO. It is designed to be easy to use and integrates with various development workflows. Key features include: - Integration with Development Tools: It can be integrated with various development tools, making it easy to include accessibility testing in your development process. - Detailed Reports: The tool provides detailed reports highlighting issues and guiding how to fix them. 9. Siteimprove Accessibility Checker Siteimprove offers an accessibility checker that provides detailed insights into your website's accessibility. It is designed to help organizations ensure compliance with accessibility standards. Key features include: - Automated Checks: The tool runs automated checks to identify common accessibility issues. - Guidance and Recommendations: It provides clear recommendations for fixing accessibility issues. AChecker is an open-source web accessibility evaluation tool that allows users to evaluate their web pages for accessibility compliance. Key features include: - Detailed Reporting: AChecker provides detailed reports that highlight accessibility issues. - Open Source: Being open-source allows for customization and integration into various workflows. By utilizing these tools, organizations can conduct thorough web accessibility testing and ensure their websites are accessible. How the HeadSpin Platform Can Help The HeadSpin Platform offers tools and services to assist organizations in their web accessibility testing efforts. By leveraging advanced technology and a robust testing framework, HeadSpin ensures that your website meets the highest accessibility standards, providing an inclusive experience for all users. Here's how the HeadSpin Platform can make a significant difference: Key Features of HeadSpin Platform for Web Accessibility Testing Real User Testing One of the standout features of the HeadSpin Platform is its ability to facilitate testing with real users, including those with disabilities. By engaging real users in testing, HeadSpin provides valuable insights into your website's usability and accessibility. This user-centric approach helps identify issues that automated tools may miss, ensuring a more comprehensive assessment. Accessibility is closely linked with performance. A slow or unresponsive website can hinder the user experience for everyone, especially users with disabilities. HeadSpin provides detailed performance insights, highlighting areas where performance issues may affect accessibility. This information allows developers to make necessary optimizations, ensuring the website is fast and accessible. HeadSpin offers continuous monitoring capabilities, enabling organizations to track their website's accessibility compliance over time. This continuous oversight ensures that new updates or changes do not introduce new accessibility issues. With regular reports and alerts, organizations can stay proactive in maintaining web accessibility. The HeadSpin Platform provides detailed and comprehensive reports on accessibility testing results. These include actionable insights and ideas for fixing identified issues. The clear and concise reporting helps development teams understand their website's accessibility landscape and prioritize fixes based on severity and impact. Web accessibility testing is essential for creating inclusive web experiences that cater to users of all abilities. By understanding the types and tools, organizations can ensure their websites comply with accessibility standards and provide a positive user experience. The HeadSpin Platform offers robust solutions to help organizations achieve their accessibility goals, making it an invaluable resource for web accessibility. Q1. How can I involve users with disabilities in the testing process? Ans: To involve users with disabilities in the testing process, you can reach out to disability organizations, use online platforms to recruit testers or work with accessibility consultants who can provide insights and feedback from users with disabilities. Q2. How often should web accessibility testing be conducted? Ans: Web accessibility testing should be conducted regularly, especially during major website updates or redesigns. Continuous monitoring and periodic audits can help ensure ongoing compliance with accessibility standards. Q3. Can automated tools alone ensure complete web accessibility? Ans: No, automated tools cannot ensure complete web accessibility. While they can identify many common issues, manual and user testing are necessary to catch issues that automated tools might miss.

https://www.headspin.io/blog/insights-into-accessibility-testing

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Sweet! Inhaling SUGAR can help fight lung infections by stimulating white blood cells - Scientists at Manchester University said macrophages in lungs need glucose - Stimulating cells with more sugar might help the immune system fight infection - They said the sugar would reduce the risk of bronchial infections and pneumonia Inhaling sugar could be a way to tackle lung infections, research suggests. Scientists made the discovery while investigating white blood cells called macrophages, which remove harmful organisms from the immune system. The Manchester University team said macrophages in the lungs need the right level of glucose to function properly. Stimulating the cells with more sugar might help the immune system fight off bronchial infections responsible for coughing fits and pneumonia, they say in the journal Nature Immunology. Scientists made the discovery while investigating white blood cells called macrophages, which remove harmful organisms from the immune system Most watched News videos - Smoke from Halen Môn smokery causes dispute with Anglesey Sea Zoo - Young thugs wield samurai sword in knife attack on Southend street - David Lammy complains of no taxpayer budget for Starmer's clothes - Lifeboat rescues 55 migrants as Channel crossing turns deadly - Disgraced presenter Huw Edwards arrives at court for sentencing - James Cleverly calls Starmer 'hypocritical' over wife's clothes donor - River rages through Polish town as Storm Boris wreaks havoc - Voters respond to Trump claiming migrants are 'eating pets' in Ohio - Furious Taylor Swift fan lashes out at Kamala Harris endorsement - JLo's first husband on what it was like being married to the star - JLo's first husband reveals the truth on being married to the star - Melania Trump promotes memoir with video on Constitutional rights

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6875287/Sweet-Inhaling-SUGAR-

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What are beta-amyloids and what effect do they have on the brain? For this article, let’s take a comprehensive look at a phenomenon purportedly linked to cognitive disorders. What Are Amyloids? Simply put, amyloids are aggregates of proteins that have a fibrillar morphology and typically measure anywhere between 7 and 13 nanometers in diameter. Based on a wealth of studies conducted over many years, amyloids are thought to contribute in some way to the onset of diseases, mostly affecting the brain. Some researchers feel that amyloids may be linked to amyloidosis and certain neurodegenerative diseases that are said to cause cognitive decline. Although time and time again, studies imply that amyloid pathologies may contribute to the development of cognitive disorders, there is no solid evidence to support this claim. It is currently the subject of intense research. At the time of this article’s publication, more than three dozen proteins are thought to form amyloid in pathology. They are all related, to some degree, to a number of diseases. Such proteins include the following: - ABri peptide - ADan peptide - Apolipoprotein C-II - Apolipoprotein C-III - Atrial natriuretic factor - Beta-2 microglobulin - C-terminal fragments of TGFBI/Keratoepithelin - C-terminally extended Apolipoprotein AII - Fibrinogen alpha chain - Huntingtin exon 1 - IAPP (Amylin) - Immunoglobulin heavy chains - Immunoglobulin light chains - Lactadherin / Medin - Lactotransferrin / Lactoferrin - Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT-2) - Microtubule-associated protein tau - N-terminal fragments of Apolipoprotein AI - N-terminal fragments of Apolipoprotein AIV - N-terminally truncated Cystatin C - Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein - Proteins S100A8/A9 - Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C (SP-C) - Semenogelin-1 (SGI) - Serum amyloid A protein - β amyloid peptide (Aβ) via Amyloid precursor protein What Are Beta-Amyloids? Beta-amyloids are a metabolic waste product that can accumulate in the intercellular fluid of the brain. Some experts assume that an accumulation of beta amyloid is related to a decline in brain function and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In patients with Alzheimer’s, beta-amyloid aggregates to form amyloid plaques, which interfere with the communication between neurons or brain cells. When beta-amyloid protein fragments accumulate, amyloid plaques are produced. When the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is degraded, beta-amyloid is formed. APP has 771 amino acids and is broken down by two enzymes to generate beta-amyloid. Amyloid pathology generally involves the 36–43 amino acid peptides that make up the majority of the amyloid plaques observed in the brains of patients with cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer’s. The peptides are produced from the amyloid precursor protein, which is broken down by beta and gamma secretases to form Aβ in a cholesterol-dependent process and substrate presentation. Aβ molecules may assemble into flexible, soluble oligomers that can exist in a variety of forms. It is currently suspected that some misfolded oligomers might drive other Aβ molecules to adopt the same misfolded oligomeric state, resulting in a chain reaction resembling a prion infection. Nerve cells are toxic to oligomers. Tau protein, the other protein theoretically involved in AD, also produces misfolded oligomers like prions, and there is some evidence that misfolded Aβ can stimulate tau to misfold. The Theory of Amyloids According to some researchers, soluble oligomeric forms of the peptide may have a role in the onset of Alzheimer’s. As per common belief, Aβ oligomers are the most toxic. Many genetic, cell biology, biochemical, and animal studies agree with the idea that Aβ plays a significant part in the pathogenesis of neurogenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s. The majority of researchers agree with the “amyloid hypothesis” that plaques are responsible for the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s, although it has not been completely proven. An alternate theory holds that amyloid oligomers, not plaques, are the cause of the illness. The amyloid hypothesis is seemingly intriguing because the gene for the amyloid beta precursor APP is situated on chromosome 21, and by age 40, individuals with trisomy 21, often known as Down syndrome, who have an extra gene copy display Alzheimer’s problems. The hypothesis alludes to the cytotoxicity of mature aggregated amyloid fibrils, which are thought to be the toxic form of the protein responsible for altering the calcium ion homeostasis of the cell and initiating mortality. This notion is reinforced by the finding that higher levels of a type of beta amyloid protein known to form fibrils quicker in vitro correlate with earlier onset and more severe cognitive impairment in animal models and with the diagnosis of AD in people. However, mechanisms for the induced calcium influx or alternate cytotoxic processes proposed by mature fibrils are not immediately evident. Amyloids and Alzheimer’s Disease As emphasized throughout this article, amyloid pathology is hypothesized by some experts to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Some researchers believe tau protein, and not amyloid beta, may be the cause of Alzheimer’s symptoms. The brain is widely believed to shrink to a certain extent as part of the healthy aging process. However, neurons are not damaged in enormous numbers. When a patient suffers from Alzheimer’s disease, however, enormous neuronal malfunction and widespread neuronal damage ensue. Thus, the loss of neuronal connections in the brain has an effect on memory and other cognitive functions. It is believed that Alzheimer’s disease initially affects neural connections involved in memory functions. Then, other regions of the brain, such as the cerebral cortex, are impacted, resulting in difficulties with language, reasoning, and social interaction. Over time, the illness progresses to other regions of the brain, causing the incapacity to live and function without assistance. Alzheimer’s disease has a considerable mortality rate. Chronic Inflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease According to studies, chronic inflammation may be the source of the accumulation of glial cells that are intended to keep the brain clear of debris. The function of microglia in a healthy person is to eliminate waste and toxins. In individuals with neurological illnesses such as Alzheimer’s, however, microglia do not remove waste and debris. Additionally, it does not eliminate protein residues such as beta-amyloid plaques. The instability of microglia is presently the focus of intensive study. Experts have recently turned to amyloidogenesis in an effort to develop therapeutic pharmaceutical approaches. According to a study published in the journal Biology, such therapeutic initiatives would require the capacity to block β-sheet formation; prevent fibrillogenesis; dissolve Aβ aggregates into non-toxic species; destabilize Aβ oligomers; and accelerate the conversion of Aβ oligomers to Aβ aggregates. More research into amyloids is warranted, however. Even though amyloids are believed to be a major contributor to the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, the reduction of Aβ-peptide production has not yielded encouraging results in clinical trials. Alzheimer’s disease, one of the most studied illnesses of recent times, remains incurable as of the release of this publication.

https://www.mentaldaily.com/article/2022/07/what-is-

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artificial insemination, the introduction of semen into the vagina or cervix of a female by any method other than sexual intercourse. The procedure is widely used in animal breeding and is used in humans when a male is sterile or impotent or when a couple suffers from unexplained infertility (when the cause of infertility cannot be identified). Impregnation of a woman through artificial insemination may also be used by women or men in same-sex partnerships who wish to produce children of their own. Artificial insemination in animals The first successful experiment with artificial insemination in animals was performed by Italian physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who in 1780, while investigating animal reproduction, developed a technique for artificial insemination in dogs. This approach was refined in the 1930s in Russia, and the subsequent development of methods for the cryopreservation (preservation through freezing) of semen led to the widespread use of artificial insemination in animals. The chief advantage of artificial insemination is that the desirable characteristics of a bull or other male livestock animal can be passed on more quickly and to more progeny than if that animal is mated with females in a natural fashion. Ten thousand or more calves have been produced annually from a single bull through the use of artificial insemination. In the actual procedure used, semen is obtained from a male animal and, after being diluted, is deep-frozen, after which it can be stored for long periods of time without losing its fertility. For use, the semen is thawed and then introduced into the genital tract of a female animal. Artificial insemination has been used to facilitate the reproductive success and conservation of threatened or endangered animals. Examples of wild animals that have been successfully impregnated through artificial insemination include big cats (e.g., the tiger, the puma, the cheetah, and the clouded leopard), the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), and the onager (Equus onager). Artificial insemination in humans The first recorded experiment with artificial insemination in humans occurred in the late 1700s, when Scottish-born surgeon John Hunter impregnated a women with her husband’s sperm, resulting in a successful pregnancy. In 1884 American physician William Pancoast performed a modified artificial insemination procedure when he injected sperm from a donor into a woman who was under anesthesia. The woman, who was married, gave birth to a baby nine months later and did not know that she had been impregnated with donor sperm. Her husband, whom Pancoast determined was infertile, later found out about the procedure from Pancoast. Today artificial insemination in humans is considered a form of assisted reproductive technology. Women impregnated in this way are physically capable of conceiving and bearing children, though they are unable to conceive through sexual intercourse, usually because their husband is sterile or impotent. Fresh semen is obtained from the husband (if he is impotent) or from some other male donor (if the husband is sterile) and is introduced by a syringe into the woman’s vagina or cervix during the middle of her menstrual cycle. The semen can also have been previously frozen and stored in a sperm bank. The technique is reasonably successful in achieving conception and pregnancy. This article was most recently revised and updated by Robert Lewis.

https://www.britannica.com/science/artificial-insemination

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Moremi Ajasoro, a 12th-century Yoruba queen from the Yorubaland region of modern-day southwestern Nigeria, played a significant role in the history of her people. Originally from Offa and married to King Oduduwa of Ile-Ife, Moremi became a citizen of the city through her marriage. The city of Ile-Ife faced constant attacks from the Ugbo tribe, known as the “Forest people,” who kidnapped women and children. To liberate her people, Moremi sought guidance from the goddess of the river at Esimirin river. She made a daring plan to allow herself to be captured by the Ugbo people and then escaped to reveal the secrets of the tribe’s army to the Yoruba people. With this information, the Yorubas were able to defeat the Ugbo tribe in battle. After the war, Moremi returned to her husband in Ile-Ife, King Oranmiyan, who reinstated her as his queen. To fulfill her pledge to the river goddess, Moremi sacrificed her only son, Oluorogbo. Moremi’s bravery and sacrifice have solidified her place in Yoruba history as a symbol of courage and leadership. Leave a Reply

https://spectatorsng.com/the-

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Jesus: Expert discusses 'missing years' found in 'lost gospels' The religious text tells the story of Jesus Christ’s birth through the gospels of Luke and Matthew. Almost 2,000 years ago an angel named Gabriel is said to have appeared to Mary and told her she would have a son, Jesus, who would be the Son of God. Mary and her husband-to-be, Joseph, made the journey to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born in a stable after the pair struggled to find a place to stay. Some time later, three 'Wise Men', or magi, from eastern countries saw a star in the sky that signalled the birth of a new king. They are said to have travelled to Judea, the region around Jerusalem and Bethlehem, to worship Jesus, the new king, but little detail is provided on who they actually were. Catholic priest and author Dwight Longenecker has long sought to learn more about the mysterious visit and whether he could unravel their true identity. He said: “To determine who the Wise Men really were, we first have to unpack the story as most people understand it. “The story Matthew tells has few details, but the details we have come to accept were added in the first three centuries of the Church. “Gnostic writers of the day were similar to New Age believers today. They were enchanted by magic, esoteric theories and the occult. “The Gnostics wrote expanded accounts of the birth of Jesus that highlighted the miraculous element and the exotic origins of the Wise Men.” Mr Longenecker went on to lay out the obstacles he faced in tracing the story. He added: “As the centre of Christianity shifted north and west to Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome, Matthew’s indication that the Wise Men came ‘from the East’ suggested that they came from Persia. “Before long, the full-blown version of the story was circulating. Soothsayers and stargazers — kings from Persia, India, and Africa — followed a magical star across the desert sands on camels, finally arriving after a long and perilous journey to worship the infant Christ. “The problem is that very little of that version of the story is in Matthew’s Gospel. “Matthew doesn’t say they are kings. He doesn’t number them as three. He doesn’t say they rode camels. He doesn’t say they followed a magical star, and he doesn’t say they went on a long journey. "He simply writes, ‘Wise men came from the East’. “They saw his star. They came to the court of Herod the Great. They brought gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.” Antarctica: Scientists make breakthrough over dinosaur-extinction [VIDEO] NASA asteroid revelation: Space rock 'threatens' Earth – researcher [ANALYSIS] Asteroid tsunami: Why scientist offered dire warning to US coast [COMMENT] The author explained how he searched the Bible looking for “clues about the identity of the Wise Men”. And he found a passage in Isaiah 60 that would become critical to his theory. It reads: “For the riches of the sea shall be poured out before you, the wealth of nations shall come to you. “Caravans of camels shall cover you, dromedaries of Midian and Ephah, all from Sheba shall come bearing gold and frankincense, and heralding the praises of the Lord. “All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered for you, the rams of Nebaioth shall serve your needs.” Mr Longenecker detailed how he made a breakthrough. He added: “With a bit of digging I discovered that Midian, Ephah, Kedar, and Nebaioth were all locations or the names of tribes from northwestern Arabia. “Starting there I discovered that during the time of Jesus’ birth that territory was occupied by the kingdom of Nabatea. “The Nabateans had close links with Herod the Great. Furthermore, their religion was rooted in astrology, and like many peoples from the time, they were looking for a messiah. “Details fell together in an amazing way to unlock the secret that the Wise Men were indeed historical figures." The author then put forward his case for the real identity of the Three Wise Men. He continued in January: “Just at the time of Jesus’ birth the Nabatean king, Aretas IV, had a strong motivation to send diplomats to the court of Herod with rich gifts. Secret Lives Of Jesus: Expert says birth story ‘rewritten’ “Learning of the birth of a new king of the Jews by studying the stars, they set out on their historic journey. “Coming from the neighbouring kingdom, it was not very far, but it was significant because they were not only diplomats bearing peace offerings. “They were Wise Men on a spiritual quest to find their true king and the source of true wisdom.” But there have been a number of theories over the real identity of the Three Wise Men over the year thanks to lack of description given in the Gospel of Matthew. The phrase "from the east,” translates to "from the rising [of the Sun],” and is the only information Matthew provides about the region from which they came. The Parthian Empire, centred in Persia, stretched from eastern Syria to the fringes of India, so tracking down the three men becomes near impossible

https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1376675/christmas-day-

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Developing and testing a new vaccine typically takes at least 12 to 18 months. However, just over 10 months after the genetic sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was published, two pharmaceutical companies applied for FDA emergency use authorization of vaccines that appear to be highly effective against the virus. Both vaccines are made from messenger RNA, the molecule that cells naturally use to carry DNA’s instructions to cells’ protein-building machinery. A vaccine based on mRNA has never been approved by the FDA before. However, many years of research have gone into RNA vaccines, which is one reason why scientists were able to start testing such vaccines against Covid-19 so quickly. Once the viral sequences were revealed in January, it took just days for pharmaceutical companies Moderna and Pfizer, along with its German partner BioNTech, to generate mRNA vaccine candidates. “What’s particularly unique to mRNA is the ability to rapidly generate vaccines against new diseases. That I think is one of the most exciting stories behind this technology,” says Daniel Anderson, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT and a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science. Most traditional vaccines consist of either killed or weakened forms of a virus or bacterium. These provoke an immune response that allows the body to fight off the actual pathogen later on. Instead of delivering a virus or a viral protein, RNA vaccines deliver genetic information that allows the body’s own cells to produce a viral protein. Synthetic mRNA that encodes a viral protein can borrow this machinery to produce many copies of the protein. These proteins stimulate the immune system to mount a response, without posing any risk of infection. A key advantage of mRNA is that it is very easy to synthesize once researchers know the sequence of the viral protein they want to target. Most vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 provoke an immune response that targets the coronavirus spike protein, which is found on the surface of the virus and gives the virus its characteristic spiky shape. Messenger RNA vaccines encode segments of the spike protein, and those mRNA sequences are much easier to generate in the lab than the spike protein itself. “With traditional vaccines, you have to do a lot of development. You need a big factory to make the protein, or the virus, and it takes a long time to grow them,” says Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT, a member of the Koch Institute, and one of the founders of Moderna. “The beauty of mRNA is that you don’t need that. If you inject nanoencapsulated mRNA into a person, it goes into the cells, and then the body is your factory. The body takes care of everything else from there.” Langer has spent decades developing novel ways to deliver medicines, including therapeutic nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. In the 1970s, he published the first study showing that it was possible to encapsulate nucleic acids, as well as other large molecules, in tiny particles and deliver them into the body. (Work by MIT Institute Professor Phillip Sharp and others on RNA splicing, which also laid groundwork for today’s mRNA vaccines, began in the ’70s as well.) “It was very controversial at the time,” Langer recalls. “Everybody told us it was impossible, and my first nine grants were rejected. I spent about two years working on it, and I found over 200 ways to get it to not work. But then eventually I did find a way to get it to work.” That paper, which appeared in Nature in 1976, showed that tiny particles made of synthetic polymers could safely carry and slowly release large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Later, Langer and others showed that when polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to the surface of nanoparticles, they could last in the body for much longer, instead of being destroyed almost immediately. In subsequent years, Langer, Anderson, and others have developed fatty molecules called lipid nanoparticles that are also very effective at delivering nucleic acids. These carriers protect RNA from being broken down in the body and help to ferry it through cell membranes. Both the Moderna and Pfizer RNA vaccines are carried by lipid nanoparticles with PEG. “Messenger RNA is a large hydrophilic molecule. It doesn’t naturally enter cells by itself, and so these vaccines are wrapped up in nanoparticles that facilitate their delivery inside of cells. This allows the RNA to be delivered inside of cells, and then translated into proteins,” Anderson says. In 2018, the FDA approved the first lipid nanoparticle carrier for RNA, which was developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals to deliver a type of RNA called siRNA. Unlike mRNA, siRNA silences its target genes, which can benefit patients by turning off mutated genes that cause disease. One drawback to mRNA vaccines is that they can break down at high temperatures, which is why the current vaccines are stored at such cold temperatures. Pfizer’s SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has to be stored at -70 degrees Celsius (-94 degrees Fahrenheit), and the Moderna vaccine at -20 C (-4 F). One way to make RNA vaccines more stable, Anderson points out, is to add stabilizers and remove water from the vaccine through a process called lyophilization, which has been shown to allow some mRNA vaccines to be stored in a refrigerator instead of a freezer. The striking effectiveness of both of these Covid-19 vaccines in phase 3 clinical trials (roughly 95 percent) offers hope that not only will those vaccines help to end the current pandemic, but also that in the future, RNA vaccines may help in the fight against other diseases such as HIV and cancer, Anderson says. “People in the field, including myself, saw a lot of promise in the technology, but you don’t really know until you get human data. So to see that level of protection, not just with the Pfizer vaccine but also with Moderna, really validates the potential of the technology — not only for Covid, but also for all these other diseases that people are working on,” he says. “I think it’s an important moment for the field.”

https://news.mit.edu/2020/rna-vaccines-explained-covid-19-1211

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Tips to Improve Speech Clarity in Adults Tips to Improve Speech Clarity in Adults Improve Speech Clarity in Adults, Speaking clearly helps to convey our thoughts and ideas. Clear speech also helps in establishing social relationships. Speech clarity in adults can be affected by a number of conditions in adults, such as Dysarthria, Facial Paralysis or Paresis, Misarticulation, Weakness of Oral Structures, First Language influence, Hearing loss and also untreated childhood speech/language conditions. How to improve speech clarity in adults Clarity of speech becomes even more important in adulthood due to many other aspects. For instance, if a person’s speech is not clear it may affect his career, it may attract extra attention in social environments and that may make one feel uncomfortable and/ or embarrassing at times. Expert help is a must to improve the voice clarity. Here are some of the tips that can be followed at home to improve the quality of speech. Make sure you have a good breath support: Good breathing is essential to have good speech. Regular practice of breathing exercises has significant benefits on improving the speech clarity. Take a deep breath and exhale slowly by stretching it as long as you can. Also, make sure that you take a deep breath before you start speaking. Keep your mouth empty: Excess saliva in mouth makes speech to be heard as wet or gurgly. Make sure you swallow saliva completely and keep your mouth empty. Maintain good posture: Stand/ sit straight, do not shrug your shoulders, avoid tension in neck region. This will directly impact the way you breath, making your breath shorter and can manifest as poor control over exhalation. This results in poor clarity of speech. Make sure you say all sounds of a word: Leaving out the sounds in a word/ phrase makes it difficult for others to understand you. Sometimes, the first and last sound of the word fades away making the speech sound poor. Therefore make sure, you make an attempt to say all the sounds in word/ phrase, even if you take a little extra time to speak. Use shorter sentences: When there is poor breath support and/ weakness of oral structures, speaking in sentences becomes hard. Use short phrases, focus more on content words thereby giving importance to the meaning conveyed in a message. Maintaining the appropriate speed of talking is another essential part of maintaining good clarity of speech. So, slow down, say each word clearly. If you find it difficult speak slow, slightly tap your thigh (or tap thumb and index finger) and say a word i.e. one tap – one word is a good way of maintaining appropriate speed of talking. Use a mirror: Speak in front of a mirror, pay attention to the word you are saying, how your oral structures are moving, how your mouth appears when you say particular sounds/ words. Keep this in mind when you speak elsewhere. Record and Play: Record your own speech and play it back. Listen where you find it difficult to understand, which words were not clear or which words are heard fine/ different. Practice those words again, slow down if you were speaking too fast, increase your volume if you were speaking too soft. Monitor yourself. Learn the ways of pronouncing each sound: Speech Language therapy will focus on similar Mouth Exercises For Clear Speech and techniques to improve speech clarity. There are certain ways each sound should be articulated. Focusing attention to articulate sounds will significantly improve the speech clarity. Ask all your queries and for help with your speech therapist regularly. Practice regularly and use techniques efficiently: Training and/ or strengthening the muscle does not happen in a day or two. It requires regular practice for longer duration. Are you looking for Speech Clarity tips for your child? Learnt techniques such as speaking out all words, taking good breath etc. need to be incorporated regularly while talking to make speech sound better. Some alternate tricks to communicate effectively : - Do not multitask: While talking, do not use phone or focus on some other work that you have to do. By dividing the attention, there are chances you may miss out on some of the techniques or sounds to articulate well. Use good body language: Give good eye to eye contact, use appropriate gesture using hands, head nods or facial expression. These can substitute for the words you have uttered with poor voice clarity. When you give good eye to eye contact and speak confidently, people generally tend to ignore the clarity issues you have, rather they will focus on message you are conveying. Say it out: Yes! When required, say it out that you have difficulty speaking or difficulty saying certain sounds that may sound different than others say. People will help you by paying good attention to your speech, try guessing the words as per speaking scenario (rather than simply asking you to repeat) or they may fill up the missing words in your speech. Saying it first will lessen your burden/ tension of what others will think, it may make your talk/ presentations go smooth. As I have mentioned earlier, expert opinion and personalised intervention has greater impact on the clarity of speech. Practicing and following these techniques along with your regular speech therapy would give better results. Do consult us at the earliest and get greater benefits. Please feel free to ask any queries in comment section below. Do share with your beloved ones to help them. Subscribe to our weekly tips. For more ideas check out our other blogs Leave a Comment only conversation is not important. It is clearly speaking essential . Hi i born and brought up in karnataka…. I would like to take therapy in kannada language.. Is it possible Hello Umesh, Yes we provide therapy in Kannada. Please call or whatsapp us 9760226001 or you can share your number here and we will contact you.

https://1specialplace.com/2019/04/09/tips-to-improve-

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The covid-19 pandemic is among the greatest disease outbreak the world has ever known in history. As infectious as it is, it has killed thousands of people globally. In recent times, there have been cases of events involving infectious diseases such as Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) – The first occurrence of this viral disease happened in 1976 in a village near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. And after that, the world recorded the second outbreak of the Ebola virus Disease in 2014 in South Sudan of Africa. We have Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This is caused by a coronavirus called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV). It has symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Then, we have the Norovirus illness which is foodborne and occurring in the US. And it causes diarrhoea and gastroenteritis among people of all ages. Severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS); Very fatal and were identified in China in 2002 and believed to be caused by a virus but the specific agents are yet to be identified. We have Swine influenza virus-although a respiratory disease of pigs. It had a resemblance to the human influenza virus. And then, Tuberculosis (TB) and it’s the second most common cause of death globally. Let’s see how Covid-19 spreads. And then we can say out the 19 things an employer can do to protect the workers from being infected. Covid-19: How does it spread? Covid-19 is a coronavirus disease that started in the year 2019. The virus is called SARS-COV-2. It causes dry cough, shortness of breath and general pains and in some people, it causes a headache, spitting of blood and diarrhoea. Some people may even be asymptomatic, and they will have no symptoms in them. - Mostly spread from person to person who is in close contact with each other. Any distance that is less than 2 meters apart from each other can encourage the spread of Covid-19. - It can spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person. This could be from their coughs and sneezing. An individual coming into contact with the droplets can contract the coronavirus. - A touch from an infected person to a non-infected individual can transmit the virus through the person’s hand. And that person, in turn, touches any of these body parts; the mouth, ears or eyes or nose. Now that we have seen the mode of coronavirus -Covid 19 spreads. Below are 19 things an employer can do to protect the workers from contracting Covid-19 in the workplace. 1. Develop a plan. The employer needs to develop a plan on how to reduce the impact of Covid-19 in the workplace. The plan has to consider the workers, the visitors, the business, the customers, and the public. Just like the way we have other plans on-site for example, an emergency response plan. In that manner, the employer can design and implement an infectious disease preparedness and response plan (IDPR). For those employers that have a plan for other infectious diseases before the Covid-19 Pandemic. They can make the necessary changes and update Covid-19 in it. 2. Write a policy directed toward Covid-19. The employer can develop policies such as the NO handshake policy, Social distance policy, and make sure it is pasted at every corner of the workplace. And communicated to workers effectively. This will enable the workers to avoid shaking hands and maintaining social distancing. And it does not end there, safety officers have to monitor and make sure that workers follow the rules and disciplinary actions to follow against violators. 3. Enforcement of handwashing and use of sanitisers. Employers have to provide handwashing facilities in the workplace. And also ensure that the workers are given regular hand-washing breaks during work. Those that can’t provide handwashing facilities, have to provide hand sanitisers and ensure that it contains over 60 per cent alcohol. Any hand sanitiser with less than 60 per cent alcohol content is highly not recommended to be effective against the coronavirus. The handwashing facilities shall be placed in strategic places within the reach of every worker in the workplace. 4. Observe social distancing. Employers should ensure they encourage social distancing in the workplace. Every worker should give each other more than a 2-meter distance at any time in the workplace. They can place safety signs and posters to communicate at the workplace so that all can see them. 5. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE). It’s the responsibility of an employer to provide PPE in the workplace. PPE for example gloves, eye goggles, facemasks, respirators, etc. They have to ensure that it’s made available to workers at all times. And also monitor its usage. Some workers may refuse to wear their PPE at all times or they may choose to wear it incorrectly. For these, the employer has to monitor the workers and enforce the proper use of personal protective equipment at the workers’ disposal. Damaged PPE has to be replaced and disposed of properly to encourage good housekeeping. The employer has to provide education to workers on preventing Covid-19. And it should be job-specific because not all workers have the same level of exposure to their job. There can be arrangements for refresher training to keep the worker abreast of new information. When carrying out the training, ensure that the competent person who is certified to train and designated to use PPE and to perform emergency procedures handles the activity. The trained workers have to be evaluated to validate the effectiveness of the training. 7. Provide emergency responders. Emergency responders will help to respond to any emergencies resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic in the workplace. The various contacts of the emergency personnel have to be placed on notice boards for all to see. Those workers working away from fixed locations should be monitored by these responders in case of any emergency. Equipment for them to work has to be provided for example stretchers, face masks, Alcohol-based hand sanitisers, etc. 8. Proper ventilation. Installation of air handling systems by the employer at various locations will encourage good ventilation a And properly inspect the system to make sure they are in good condition. 9. Installing physical barriers. This will help to contain the virus and ward off people from accessing infectious areas and from contracting the coronavirus through sneezing. For example, plastic sneeze guards. 10. Providing an isolation room. This is majorly for healthcare workers such as medical doctors and nurses who are liable to conduct aerosol-generating procedures on patients. Operations on known and suspected Covid-19 patients have to be performed in the isolation room. And for post-mortem activities, an isolation room must be used or any other similar room like autopsy suite. 11. Stay at home if you’re sick. The employer has to keep telling the workers to abide by this simple rule of staying at home when they are sick. They could introduce a temperature check with an infrared thermometer in every work shift to detect any worker that is running a high temperature. 12. Discourage food handling and sharing of food and other items. Any opportunity that will encourage people to share food in the workplace has to stop. Proper food handling in the canteen will prevent contamination of the food. And avoid sharing items in the workplace and not just on food. Items like phones, tools, equipment, offices, etc 13. Staggering of workers and encouraging work from home. There is a need to limit the number of workers that come to work. Those workers that can work from home can do so from home. Employers can stagger the workers. Not all will be available at the same time in the workplace. Some have to stay at home and make themselves available when the need arises from the office. 14. Disinfecting of regularly touched areas. Regular disinfecting of areas most likely to have frequent touches. Areas like doorknobs, hand tools, steering, etc 15. Reporting of diseases and illnesses. Employers have to provide a framework where workers are open to reporting health and safety issues on-site. Not just on reporting a disease 16. Defer large meetings or do them in smaller groups. When a meeting will involve gathering a lot of workers together, the employer has to defer it or do it in a smaller group of four or five persons. This will further encourage social distancing in the workplace. 17. Competent Occupational Health and Safety Officers. Some company operates without the presence of a health and safety officer. And this is a very wrong practice. The employer should know that the responsibility lies on them to provide a safe place of work. And this entails employing a health and safety officer to take care of the health and safety roles and responsibilities effectively. The health and safety officer must be competent enough on the job. 18. Reduce business travel. Employers have to reduce any activities that will make their workers spend much of their time on the road. These journeys can expose such a worker to the health risk of the Covid-19 pandemic. The employer has to ensure that there is proper housekeeping in the workplace. Good housekeeping practices such as disinfecting surfaces, cleaning offices and equipment, and arrangement of materials in their proper place. Employers have a lot to do at this time of the Covid-19 pandemic. Greater responsibility lies on them to provide a safe working environment for their employees at work. Workers can’t carry out the responsibility of an employer effectively as this may involve a huge cost to them, for example in the procurement of PPE. Therefore, employers at this time have to step up their game in this fight to prevent and protect workers from COVID 19 in the workplace. Onyeka Emma is a QHSE Professional with more than 10 years of experience in occupational health and safety, which spans many industries such as construction, beverage, oil and gas, etc. He has many health and safety certifications, including NEBOSH IGC, ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, and ISO 45001:2018 Lead auditor certificate. A member of IOSH, ISPON, and Nigeria Red Cross Society. He is interested in business, entrepreneurship, Speaking, and motivating people to do better for themselves. He enjoys leisure with a good motivational book. Thank you alot for your commendation Much needed article Thank you for the recommendation Thank you. so glad you learnt from it. Thank you, So glad you benefited from the information

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- 1 September 2020 - 4305 words When writing an essay, a student should take the time to consider the best title. Basically, such a label should reflect a particular content of a paper with a single idea expressed in a thesis statement, being a critical component. In this case, there are several rules and strategies that students should consider when titling their works. Moreover, these rules include using an academic tone by avoiding jargon and abbreviations, keeping a caption simple and straight to the point, writing a label in bold, and avoiding capitalizing or italicizing a heading. In turn, other strategies include brainstorming and discussing ideas about a paper’s heading with a friend, colleague, or mentor. Hence, students need to learn how to title an essay to make it interesting for readers. Titling is a critical step in essay writing that students must master if they are to produce an excellent document. In this case, a person should give an essay a title to provide a clear indication of its topic and to engage a reader’s interest. By definition, a title is a word or phrase that people provide at the beginning of their texts, such as an essay, article, report, chapter, or other work. In this case, a particular purpose of titling an essay is to provide a target audience with an idea about an entire content of a document. Moreover, a paper’s heading is important because it identifies a specific subject matter, captures a reader’s attention, and determines a particular tone and substance of an entire writing activity. Sometimes, a title has a subtitle, whose function is to amplify a message expressed in a specific heading. Based on this definition, an author must use a caption when writing any document targeted at a specific or even general audience, such as essays, theses, dissertations, books, and journal articles that must have a topic. What Is an Essay Title and Its Purpose According to its definition, an essay title in writing is a brief and clear phrase or sentence that covers a main idea or focus of a paper. For example, the main purpose of writing an essay title is to inform readers about a paper’s topic and pique their interest, offering a preview of what to expect (Hopkins & Reid, 2024). In this case, a well-chosen heading not only provides a glimpse into a paper’s subject matter but also sets a particular tone, hinting at the writing style and perspective. Furthermore, for any author, a good caption acts as a guiding framework, helping to maintain focus and coherence throughout a writing process (Henderson, 2014). Overall, an essay header is an essential element that guides both a writer and a reader through a paper’s content, ensuring clarity and focus throughout an entire text. In turn, the length of an essay title depends on academic levels and topic complexities, while general guidelines are: - Length: 1-7 words - Comment: Essay titles at the high school level are usually straightforward and concise. - Examples: “The Impact of World War II” or “Climate Change Effects” - Length: 5-10 words - Comment: College essay titles are often more descriptive and can include more detail. - Examples: “The Role of Social Media in Modern Marketing” or “Exploring Shakespeare’s Influence on Literature” - Length: 7-12 words - Comment: At the university level, titles might be more specific and complex. - Examples: “The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare” or “Analyzing the Economic Impact of Renewable Energy Policies” - Length: 10-15 words - Comment: Master’s thesis titles are usually more detailed and can be longer. - Examples: “A Comparative Study of Leadership Styles in Non-Profit Organizations” or “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders.” - Length: 12-20 words - Comment: Ph.D. dissertation titles are often the most detailed and specific, and they aim to capture am actual essence of an entire research and its scope. - Examples: “Investigating the Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Cancer Progression and Treatment Response” or “A Longitudinal Analysis of Climate Policy Development and Its Impact on Global Emissions” Type | Focus | Example | Descriptive | Provides a clear description of an essay’s topic. | The Impact of Social Media on Modern Communication | Question | Poses a question that an entire paper will answer. | How Does Climate Change Affect Global Agriculture? | Quotation | Uses a quotation to highlight a composition’s theme. | “All the World’s a Stage”: Shakespeare’s Influence | Declarative | States a fact or argument that will be discussed. | Technology Is Transforming Education | Compound | Combines two related ideas or aspects. | Exploring Renewable Energy: Benefits and Challenges | Metaphorical | Uses a metaphor to represent a paper’s theme. | The Melting Pot: Cultural Integration in America | Contrast | Highlights a comparison or contrast. | War and Peace: The Duality of Human Nature | Numbered | Lists a number of points or strategies. | Five Key Strategies for Effective Time Management | Cause and Effect | Focuses on causes and their effects. | The Causes and Effects of Urbanization | Problem and Solution | Suggests solutions to a problem. | Tackling Global Poverty: Innovative Approaches | Main Title | A primary focus of an essay, concise and specific. | The Impact of Social Media | Colon | Used to separate a main title from a subtitle. | : | Subtitle | Provides additional detail, context, or a specific angle on a chosen topic. | How Platforms Shape Public Opinion | Note: An essay title is important because it provides a concise summary of a paper’s content, captures a reader’s attention, and sets a particular tone for writing a paper. Typically, an essay title is not italicized, and it is usually written in plain text or bolded, depending on formatting guidelines. For example, a standard title should be concise, ideally between 5 to 10 words, clearly conveying a main topic of a paper (Henderson, 2014). Moreover, a title can be a question because it can engage potential readers and catch their curiosity about a paper’s content. When creating an essay title, people should consider clarity, specificity, relevance to a paper’s content, and an ability to engage a reader’s interest. Finally, to start an essay title, people begin with a clear, concise phrase that captures a main topic and focus of their papers. Steps on How to Write an Essay’s Title When writing any academic text, students observe specific writing conventions to make their work impressive and credible. Basically, some of these rules include formatting and following a detailed outline. Moreover, to write an essay title, people ensure it is clear, concise, and reflective of a paper’s main topic and focus, often using keywords to highlight key aspects (Bowman & Kinnan, 2018). Although there is no particular rule that guides on labeling of academic texts, students must learn how to construct a topic for their papers. When labeliing an essay, authors must consider an intended audience and a particular content of their papers. In other words, people need to create a title or rethink it after completing a paper. During a process of perfecting an essay, they should confirm that a topic is relevant to a particular content and specific or general audience. In turn, some examples of essay title starters are: - The Impact of [Subject] on [Specific Aspect] in [Context] - Exploring the [Specific Topic]: [Specific Aspect or Question] - Understanding the [Phenomenon]: [Specific Aspect or Question] - How [Subject] Affects [Specific Group or Context]: [Specific Aspect] - The Role of [Subject] in [Specific Field]: [Specific Aspect or Contribution] - The Future of [Subject] in [Specific Context]: [Specific Predictions or Trends] - Challenges in [Specific Field or Context]: [Specific Issue or Problem] - The Evolution of [Subject]: [Specific Period or Context] - The Importance of [Subject] for [Specific Purpose or Group] - A Study of [Specific Subject] in [Context]: [Specific Findings or Conclusions] Step 1: Skeleton of an Essay Title As mentioned in the previous section, a title can be a word or a phrase, which can stand alone or have a subtitle. Like a particular content that follows an outline, a heading should have a structure that is not necessarily visible like an introduction-body-conclusion outline (Starkey, 2024). Moreover, a standard structure of an essay title denotes the impact that it has on the audience and involves a catchy hook, topic keywords, and focus keywords. In this case, an essay title should generally be a single concise sentence for clarity and impact. Then, a primary goal of a catchy hook is to get a reader’s attention. For example, a title is an element that introduces an essay to a target audience, and a good paper should have a hook that grabs a reader’s attention immediately (Hopkins & Reid, 2024). In turn, topic keywords help an essay to answer a “What?” question that a target audience may have when reading written works. On the other hand, focus keywords answer “When?” or “Where?” questions too. Hence, to title an essay, people develop a clear, engaging, and informative phrase that encapsulates an actual essence of their paper’s content and purpose. Step 2: Altering a Paper’s Caption for Different Purposes When titling an essay, students must consider a specific structure described above to make a topic impactful on an audience. In this case, the main idea for an essay title is to provide a clear and engaging summary of a paper’s main topic and focus, capturing a reader’s interest (Krausman & Cox, 2020). Basically, three components described above — a catchy hook, topic keywords, and focus keywords — indicate a general outline of an essay caption. Moreover, students should learn how to tailor headings of their work to a particular content and specific needs of a target audience. Further on, such needs include having a paper that lacks jargon and is straight to a single point. Besides, people can alter a good caption to meet these requirements. Ideally, it is a discipline area that determines a writing approach that a person should take when titling an essay. For example, when writing about “climate change,” a student uses a different catchy hook, topic keywords, and focus keywords (Henderson, 2014). However, in all contexts, a primary goal is the same: to grab a reader’s attention immediately to make them interested in reading an entire paper. As a result, to make a good title, people ensure it is clear, well-structured, and engaging, accurately reflecting a main topic and purpose of their content. Basic Outline and Template Standard papers have a template or essay structure that students should follow every time they have an essay writing assignment. Basically, template components enable learners to emphasize three main features of a paper’s topic described above. In essence, a body part is longer compared to introduction and conclusion sections because students have to elaborate on a single topic or idea expressed in a heading. Hence, a simple template structure of an essay looks like: II. Body Paragraphs Content in Each Section As indicated, three sections of an essay enable writers to emphasize three features of a title — a catchy hook, topic keywords, and focus keywords. In this case, to put a title in an essay, people place it at the top of a first page, centered and in the same font and size as the rest of a paper’s text, without any additional formatting, like italics or underlining. Then, an introduction part is where authors introduce their topics and provide background information (West et al., 2019). Basically, a particular highlight of this section is a thesis, a statement that defines a specific purpose of a whole text. Further on, a body is a section where students elaborate on a single idea expressed in a chosen topic and exemplified by a thesis statement (West et al., 2019). Here, scholars should use several paragraphs to emphasize discussed themes expressed in an introduction part. In turn, a conclusion section allows authors to summarize their texts (West et al., 2019). Here, students restate a thesis, summarize main points, and make a concluding remark. Writing an Introduction Section - Provide background information. - Create a thesis. Writing a Body Section - Use several paragraphs. - Use a chosen topic and concluding sentences in each paragraph. - Use supporting facts. - Observe a Sandwich Rule. Writing a Conclusion Section - Restate a central thesis. - Summarize key points as captured in a main text. - Do not introduce new information. - Provide a concluding remark. Rules for Titling an Essay - Title an entire document. Before writing or after writing an essay, a student should title their work by using a word or phrase. - Title every section of a text. When writing a paper, a student should create interesting headings and subheadings to give a main text (body) an identity. - A header must express a text’s central theme. Authors must choose a label that summarizes a whole composition. - Use capitalization as necessary. Scholars must use a title case when labeling an essay. Basically, it means capitalizing a first letter of every word in a caption. In turn, students must not capitalize pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. - Write a title in bold. People should write a title in bold for purposes of emphasis. - Do not underline or italicize a title. Authors should avoid underlining or italicizing a title because this aspect might lead to overemphasis. - Review a title after completing a first draft. After completing a first draft, students should read and reread their work to ensure any mistakes are noted and corrected. These mistakes include formatting errors, spelling mistakes, and grammatical errors, such as missing or wrong punctuation. It is during this stage that they should review a heading to ensure it aligns with a central message (a main argument) of a text. They should confirm a label is catchy enough to grab a reader’s attention immediately and arouse their interest to read an entire paper. - Include a subtitle for a long label. Authors should shorten headings of their essays by including a subtitle. Here, they should use a colon after a title and then indicate a subtitle. - Avoid jargon or slang when titling an essay. A person should maintain formal language when titling their work. In turn, the use of jargon or slang is a turn-off for many readers, especially those conversant with academic writing conventions. - Put a title on a title page. When writing any composition, a student should indicate a title on a title page – a first page that precedes a paper’s introduction. Moreover, headings and subheadings should appear from an introduction to a conclusion. - Title an essay after finishing writing an entire text. Writers should consider captions of their work after completing a first draft. At this time, students know a particular structure of their papers and specific content in each section. Moreover, they understand how an entire paper emphasizes a central theme captured in a thesis statement. With this understanding, it becomes easy to create a topic that reflects a central message of a whole text. - Emphasize on an academic tone. When labeling an essay, people should maintain an academic tone that permeates an entire document. In this case, language or words they use must be strict, informative, and persuasive. However, it must also be catchy and warm to arouse a reader’s interest. - Highlight several keywords. Using keywords or phrases in an essay title optimizes a writer’s work. Basically, this strategy that bloggers use to make their works attract higher online traffic. Moreover, writers should use the same technique to attract an attention of their audience, whether it is an instructor or a college admissions board. In turn, students must ensure keywords are strict to the point. - Follow an expert’s opinion. For writing any paper, students should consider a formula expressed by academic experts. Basically, when titling their essays, people should start with creative introductory words followed by a line that directly states a particular purpose of a paper. - Identify a quote that corresponds to an essay’s central idea or one of its themes. When titling a paper, a person can identify a quote that emphasizes a thesis or one of the central themes of a paper and use it to create a heading. - Rewrite a title of a famous book, movie, or album. When labeling a text, students can take a title of a well-known work, such as a book or movie, and rewrite it to make it reflect their works. Moreover, a central message of an entire text must align with themes expressed in such a work, whether it is a book, movie, or album. As a result, this approach makes a title catchy, which is right in the eyes and minds of a target audience. - Answer What, Who, When, or Where questions. One way of making a title of an essay is to take an inquiry approach. In this case, writers must create a caption that answers “What?,” “Who?,” “When?,” or “Where?” questions. Besides, it is another strategy for making a title catchy and straight to the point. - Talk it out. When creating a title for an essay, a student can discuss ideas with a friend or mentor. Basically, this approach is effective when it comes to labeling a paper that is informative or argumentative. - Brainstorm. When reviewing a first draft, authors can write down some of the ideas they get about a topic of their works. From such a list, students can judge the best heading for their works based on a specific content and a central message. - Free write. Scholars can write down topics and start writing their papers. Basically, this approach means that authors begin with the topic and let ideas come into their heads about what to write. Moreover, this writing approach is suitable for personal narratives but not essays that require research, such as informative papers. Examples of Essay Titles Child or Spouse Abuse When writing a paper about domestic violence, a person can use “Child Abuse” or “Spousal Abuse” as a topic. In this case, authors would spend their time narrating how children or spouses are primary victims of domestic violence in society. To make a title catchy, they can include a subtitle that describes a particular kind of abuse, such as sexual violence or emotional abuse. Suffering is a broad topic. When writing a sociology essay, a writer can use “Poverty” to show how a lack of the means to afford basic life amenities creates suffering for a majority of people in developing countries. Here, students can choose a community, country, or region as their target and capture it in the heading. Moreover, people arouse a reader’s interest, seeking to understand more about that environment and how poverty leads to suffering. When writing on themes of beauty, a person can use “Plastic Surgery” to denote an extent to which individuals are willing to go to look “beautiful.” Here, students can select a demographic population, such as celebrities, and show how many people have undergone surgical procedures to alter their physical appearances. Besides, writers can elaborate on how this tradition is a basis of celebrity culture where fans see their idols as role models in body sections of their papers. When writing on themes of emotional health, students can use “Stress” to emphasize an adversity of emotional strain. Here, authors can link stressful circumstances to adverse health outcomes, such as anxiety and depression. When writing on subjects of personal discipline, authors can use “Procrastination” to denote counterproductive habits. In this case, students can provide a personal anecdote of an instance when procrastination affected an area of their life and use that story as a basis for discouraging a habit. When writing about politics, a person can use “Illegal Immigration” to exemplify issues that have become politically sensitive in recent years. Moreover, students can highlight some complications of applying for refugee or asylum status as a reason for growing numbers of illegal immigrants in America and European countries. When writing an essay on mental health, students can use “Racism.” In this case, the term “Racism” becomes a significant theme of a paper expressed in a caption, and a writer’s mission is to link it with mental health. Furthermore, authors can show how experiences of racism have affected an overall mental health of African Americans and other minority groups residing in the United States. When writing a paper about culture, a writer can use “Tattoos” to indicate a recent trend of people getting tattoos on their bodies. In this case, students can try to link a particular pop culture to this trend. When writing a composition about the abortion debate, a person can use “Teen Pregnancy” to support or oppose calls for a particular legalization of abortion. Moreover, if authors support the legalization of abortion, they can show how teen pregnancy jeopardizes the lives of millions of young girls who become pregnant unintentionally. As such, abortion would grant them an opportunity to complete their education. On the other hand, if writers oppose the legalization of abortion, they can argue that young girls can give birth and still go back to school. Finally, students can mention a specific foster care program and its benefits to those who are not ready to become responsible parents. When writing about public policy, students can use “Homelessness” to write about how governments have failed in their solemn duty of providing housing to citizens. In this case, authors can pick a city with high numbers of homeless people and use it as an example of a failure by legislators to pass essential laws and policies. What to Include Element | Description | Example | Main Topic | A primary subject or theme of an essay. | The Impact of Social Media | Specific Aspect | A specific angle or aspect of a main topic. | on Political Campaigns | Context | A particular setting or environment related to a specific topic. | in the Digital Age | Descriptive Adjectives | Words that describe a topic’s nature. | The Ethical Implications | Key Terms | Important concepts or keywords related to a chosen topic. | Human Decisions | Questions | A question format to provoke curiosity | How Do People Choose Friends? | Quotations | A relevant quote to highlight a specific theme. | “To Be or Not to Be”: Exploring Hamlet | Comparative Aspect | A comparison or contrast between elements. | Traditional vs. Digital Marketing Strategies | Numbers | A number to outline key points or structure | Ten Strategies for Effective Cooking | Outcomes/Effects | Specific results or consequences related to a topic. | The Impact of Human Activities on Local Ecosystems | - Being Too Vague: Fails to provide specific information about an essay’s focus, leaving a reader unclear about a topic. - Being Too Long: Overly complicated and wordy titles can be difficult to read and understand. - Being Too Short: Lacks detail and specificity, making it too broad to convey a paper’s main point. - Using Ambiguous Language: Unclear or vague terms can confuse a reader about a composition’s actual subject. - Lack of Keywords: Missing important terms related to a paper’s content can reduce its relevance. - Using Jargon or Writing Complex Words: Specialized or overly complex language can confuse readers. - Being Too Informal: Casual or colloquial language may not be appropriate for academic or formal writing contexts. - Including Personal Pronouns: Personal pronouns can make a heading seem subjective rather than objective and authoritative. - Using Clichés or Overused Phrases: Overused expressions can make a caption seem unoriginal. - Not Reflecting an Essay’s Content: Misleading heeadings that do not accurately represent a paper’s content can misinform readers. Essay writing is an essential academic exercise for students, as it provides opportunities for perfecting critical thinking skills. More importantly, it helps students to put into use what they have learned in a semester or calendar year. Then, one of the most vital aspects of academic writing is titling an essay. Ideally, it is a heading that provides readers with an idea of what a paper is all about. As such, writers of academic papers need to learn basic rules and strategies of titling an essay. Hence, the following tips are vital: - pick a theme from a draft and use it to create a title; - let a caption answer What, Who, When, or Where questions; - use an academic tone by avoiding jargon and abbreviations; - keep a label simple and straight to the point; - write a title in bold; - avoid capitalizing or italicizing a heading; - use a label in every section of a paper. Bowman, D., & Kinnan, S. (2018). Creating effective titles for your scientific publications. VideoGIE, 3(9), 260–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vgie.2018.07.009 Henderson, J. R. (2014). How to decode essay titles: Making sense of essay questions at University. Books That Explain. Hopkins, D., & Reid, T. (2024). The academic skills handbook: Your guide to success in writing, thinking and communicating at university. SAGE Publications. Krausman, P. R., & Cox, A. S. (2020). Writing an effective title. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 84(6), 1029–1031. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21881 Starkey, D. (2024). Academic writing now with readings: A brief guide for busy students. Broadview Press. West, H., Malcolm, G., Keywood, S., & Hill, J. (2019). Writing a successful essay. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 43(4), 609–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1655720

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Python is widely praised. According to a stack overflow survey, Python is the 3rd most loved language after Rust and TypeScript. What makes this programming language successful and adored by engineers worldwide? In the article, there are described Python's key benefits to answer this question. In contrast to its pluses, we also outline some of the disadvantages of using Python. - Advantages of Using Python - Simple syntax - Asynchronous development - Rich libraries - An extensive list of third-party integrations - It is great for data science apps - It is ideal for large projects - It’s open source technology with large community - Disadvantages of using Python - Not suitable for mobile development and games - Slow execution speed - High memory consumption - Get expertise for your project Advantages of Using Python Python has remarkably easier syntax compared with other programming languages. With less punctuation and symbols in Python the code is shorter and clearer and completely understandable even for those who are beginners in the technology. Simple syntax also makes the language easy-to-learn. If you compare Python with Java, Python is a dynamic language. In contrast with static Java, engineers do not have to provide a type while declaring the array and can put whatever they want in it. Asynchronous development can be more difficult than linear programming, but it improves application performance and enhances responsiveness. Asynchronous means parallel programming at which several tasks can be processed simultaneously. Python multiprocessing allows for solving CPU-bound tasks. If there is a need to make a system execute several things at a given time, Python will manage that perfectly. Imagine the app has to connect to 6 databases and perform matrix transformations. Multiprocessing will help each task run on its own CPU and at the same time reduce time of execution making it efficient. Python offers a comprehensive standard library which is a collection of more than 200 core modules. There, python developers can find and manage documentation, databases, web browsers, unit testing. It is huge and provides many facilities for engineers to reuse the code and include it in their projects. Engineers can also install useful packages from the Python Package Index (PyPI). A list of additional Python libraries is enormous. In general, there are 137 thousands ready libraries that help engineers a lot and save them from writing code from scratch. The majority of the libraries in Python deal with data analytics, data mining, automation and design solutions. The most popular are: An extensive list of third-party integrations Python allows numerous third-party integrations. If you want to integrate your app with such solutions as Twilio for messaging and voice services or Stripe for payments. To implement necessary API functionality Python provides API frameworks: - Django Rest Framework - API Star - Flask RESTful It is great for data science apps Python is easy to use for quantitative and analytical programming. There are great opportunities in using python for machine learning and artificial intelligence. Python is rich in ready-made functional libraries and sustainable frameworks – Flask, Django as the most popular ones. With extensive lists of possibilities and clear code Python allows building large web applications for diverse spheres of application. The technology is also great for building AI and ML applications. Artificial intelligence is critical in car building and implementing cruise controls for example. It is also critical for sales predicting and analytics, fintech applications with voice payments system. The majority of companies which deliver their product with integrated AI systems rely on Python. Machine Learning scientists use Python for sentiment analysis systems and NLP (natural language processing tools). You can add image or text analytics, language detection into the project and completely rely on python capabilities. Some of the most popular libraries in Python are Seaborn, Pytorch, TensorFlow, and Scikit Learn. Python is a highly scalable and fast language which offers a lot of flexibility in solving data issues. The first step of data analytics is data structuring with which Python copes very well. Imagine having an excel file with data in numerous rows and columns. To derive insights on data type it would take you pretty much time. However, with libraries like Pandas and Numpy, it is possible to conduct computational tasks quickly due to parallel processing. The next case is when you have to extract more data. For this, you can install Scrapy and BeautifulSoup to automate data collection from the Internet. Then, comes data visualization. Representing data in graphics, charts and other formats can as well be made with Python code. Python is well-equipped to perform machine learning which involves complex mathematical computations like probability and matrix functions. It is ideal for large projects Python is an object-oriented programming language and supports structured and functional programming styles. This means Python can find its application almost anywhere. Taking into account its rich library and ease, Python also wins with its scalability. Most data mining, automation and big data platforms rely on python. With Python, you can build web frameworks and web apps, GUI-based desktop applications, and enterprise applications. It’s open source technology with large community Python is open source. It has a large community which has been evolving all these years. Python developers share and contribute to the development of technology. There are around 7 million developers who code in Python. Engineers love Python for code readability, fast troubleshooting and many possibilities it offers for engineers, possibility of integration with other libraries particularly in handling large data issues. Disadvantages of using Python Not suitable for mobile development and games Python is excellent for desktop and web server-side applications. Unfortunately, Python does not suit mobile and game development because of memory consumption and speed. For mobile applications there are such winning technologies as React Native and Flutter for iOS and Android development from a single code base. Slow execution speed Python development is a little bit slower if compared with Java, C# or C/C++. Interpreted code is a reason for slower code. Languages with compilation to native code take less time for running. However, the difference in speed between Python and other named languages is not that critical. Python is fast enough for software development. It’s a high-level and general purpose language with advantages definitely outweighing Python cons if it concerns choosing python for a web project or not. High memory consumption Python consumes a lot of memory and memory issues may arise when there is a large amount of objects active in RAM. In large projects engineers have to deal with memory leaks and memory usage issues. However, if done wisely everything can be fixed by reducing the size of objects and diagnosing memory leaks. Get some info on the comparison of .net and python here! Get expertise for your project If you are interested in developing web applications which are definitely going to be long-term projects, you can once again review Python development. It’s an ideal choice for you if your project deals with data and has to be scalable. Despite disadvantages, which indeed each and every programming language has, Python is one the world’s best languages. Companies like Netflix, Facebook, Spotify, Dropbox, Google use Python for their websites. Consult our experts to learn whether Python suits your project.

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The power behind locomotives has been revolutionized by electrical components, enhancing their capacity, control, and efficiency. These locomotive parts and components form an intricate system that is responsible for locomotive operations. The traction motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, while the control systems manage the speed and functions of the locomotive. Transformers regulate the voltage and power distribution, while batteries provide backup power and support auxiliary systems. Wiring and connectors establish a reliable electrical connection, and protective devices are implemented to ensure system integrity. All of these locomotive contactors & electrical parts, such as the locomotive contactor and line contactor in locomotive contribute to the overall power and operations of the locomotive, making it vital to understand the role and significance of these locomotive parts name. Introduction to Locomotive Electrical Systems Understanding the fundamentals of locomotive electrical systems is essential for any railway technician. Electricity is an integral part of modern locomotives, providing power to many vital systems. To understand how electricity is used in locomotives, it is important to learn about the overview of locomotive electrical systems, the role of electrical parts, and the components of a typical locomotive electrical system. Overview of Locomotive Electrical Systems Building on the previous section, the subsequent section will provide an overview of locomotive electrical systems. From the basic components of a locomotive electrical system to the role of electrical parts, understanding how locomotives operate is essential in maintaining the safety and efficiency of operations. The locomotive electrical system is a complex network of electrical parts that power and control the various systems of a locomotive. These components enable the locomotive to draw power from the main power source or from an auxiliary power source. It also helps the locomotive to move along the track and adjust the speed according to the conditions. The primary components of the locomotive electrical system include generators, motors, control systems, regulators, inverters, and transformers. Generators are responsible for generating and supplying the power to the locomotive while motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to propel the locomotive. Control systems provide the necessary instructions to the locomotive to control the speed, direction, and brake system. Regulators are responsible for controlling the voltage and current level of the electrical system while inverters convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Transformers are used to step-up or step-down the voltage in the locomotive’s electrical system. The locomotive electrical system is essential in ensuring a safe and efficient operation of the locomotive. By understanding the components and operation of the system, maintenance personnel can identify potential issues and take the necessary steps to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the locomotive. The Role of Electrical Parts in Locomotives Now that an overview of locomotive electrical systems has been presented, it is important to understand the role of electrical parts in locomotives. Electrical parts can be thought of as the foundation of a locomotive, as they provide the power and control necessary for the smooth operation of the vehicle. They are responsible for controlling the speed, direction, lighting, and other functions. Electric parts also play an important role in safety, as they ensure that the locomotive is operating in a safe and reliable manner. To understand the role of electrical parts in locomotives, it is important to understand the different types of components that make up a typical locomotive electrical system. These components include: motors, generators, rectifiers, controllers, transformers, and wiring. Each of these components plays an important role in the operation of the locomotive, and understanding their roles is essential for proper maintenance and upkeep. The motors are the primary source of power for the locomotive. They provide the force that moves the wheels and other parts of the locomotive. Generators are responsible for converting mechanical energy from the motors into electrical energy. Rectifiers are used to convert alternating current (AC) from the generator into direct current (DC) that is used to power the motors and other systems. Controllers are responsible for regulating the power output of the motors and other components. Transformers are used to step down electrical voltages to the correct levels for use in the locomotive. Finally, wiring is used to connect the various components of the locomotive together and provide a safe and reliable connection. These components are essential for the safe and reliable operation of the locomotive. Without them, the locomotive would not be able to move or function properly. It is important to understand the roles of electrical parts in locomotives in order to maintain them properly and ensure that they are functioning correctly. This knowledge will help to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the locomotive. Components of a Typical Locomotive Electrical System The air crackles with anticipation as the engine comes to life, emitting a low hum that gradually increases in intensity. It is a marvel of engineering, and its success relies on the careful integration of components of the locomotive electrical system. This system allows the engine to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the vehicle, and it is composed of several components. Electric motors are the primary source of power for a locomotive. These motors are connected to the axle through a series of gears, allowing the engine to generate torque to move the vehicle. Electric motors require a certain amount of electrical current to operate, so the system must include devices to regulate the flow of electricity. Generators produce the electricity that powers the motors. Generators are typically connected to the axle and spin as the locomotive moves, thus producing the necessary electricity. Generators must be connected to the engine to provide a steady flow of electricity, and the engine must be regulated to ensure that the generators produce the right amount of electricity. Control systems are responsible for regulating the flow of electricity and the speed of the locomotive. Control systems are composed of several components, including relays, switches, and circuit breakers. The relays control the flow of electricity, while the switches and circuit breakers regulate the speed of the locomotive. The components of the locomotive electrical system work together to provide the engine with the necessary power to move the vehicle. By regulating the flow of electricity and the speed of the locomotive, these components help ensure that the engine runs smoothly and efficiently. The power of locomotives lies in their batteries. From Nickel Cadmium to Lithium-ion, a variety of battery types are used in locomotives to store and deliver energy. This energy can be used to power the locomotive for extended periods of time without needing to refuel. Furthermore, battery-powered locomotives are an eco-friendly alternative, providing a number of benefits to the environment. Battery Types Used in Locomotives Moving on from the electrical systems within locomotives, the topic of locomotive batteries is an essential component of a successful locomotive. There are various types of batteries used in locomotives, each providing unique benefits and drawbacks. Lead-acid batteries are the most common type of battery used in locomotives. This type of battery has deep cycles and is able to hold a charge for longer periods of time, making them ideal for the onboard power supply of the locomotive. Lead-acid batteries are also capable of withstanding extreme temperatures, making them a reliable and cost-effective option. Lithium-ion batteries are the newest type of battery used in locomotives, and they boast many advantages. They are lightweight, compact, and able to store more energy than lead-acid batteries, making them more suitable for powering the locomotive. Furthermore, lithium-ion batteries have a longer life cycle compared to lead-acid batteries, which helps to reduce maintenance costs. Finally, nickel-cadmium batteries are also used in locomotives, though not as commonly as lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries are able to produce higher voltages than lead-acid batteries and are ideal for applications that require high voltage power. However, they are more expensive than lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, and require more maintenance due to their shorter life cycle. In conclusion, the type of battery used in locomotives depends on the application and the desired outcome. Lead-acid batteries are the most common, but lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium batteries offer unique advantages that may be preferable for certain applications. How Locomotive Batteries Store and Deliver Energy The power of locomotives is generated from a combination of mechanical and electrical energy, and the power of locomotive batteries lies in their ability to store and deliver this energy. In order to better understand how locomotive batteries store and deliver energy, it is important to understand the different types of batteries used in locomotives. The most common types of batteries used in locomotives are lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are lightweight and compact, making them an ideal choice for locomotive applications. They are capable of storing and delivering large amounts of energy and can last for up to 10 years. Lead-acid batteries, on the other hand, are heavier and more cumbersome than their lithium-ion counterparts. They are also more affordable and can store and deliver energy for longer periods of time. Regardless of the type of battery used, how locomotive batteries store and deliver energy is the same. When the battery is charged, electrons are transferred from the battery to the locomotive’s electrical system. This electrical energy is then used to power the locomotive’s various components, such as the engine, lighting, and brakes. When the battery is discharged, the electrons are transferred back to the battery, storing the energy until it is needed again. The use of locomotive batteries is advantageous for a variety of reasons. Battery-powered locomotives are able to move freely without the need for overhead power lines, allowing them to operate in areas where overhead power is unavailable or impossible. Additionally, batteries are able to provide a steady and reliable source of energy, eliminating the need for frequent stops and starts. Finally, battery-powered locomotives are more efficient and cost-effective than traditional diesel locomotives. The power of locomotive batteries lies in their ability to store and deliver energy to the locomotive’s electrical system. By understanding how locomotive batteries store and deliver energy, we can better appreciate the advantages that battery-powered locomotives offer. Benefits of Battery-Powered Locomotives As railway technology continues to progress, the use of battery-powered locomotives is becoming increasingly popular. Battery-powered locomotives offer many benefits that make them an attractive option for operators. In this section, the focus will be on the benefits of battery-powered locomotives. One of the primary advantages of battery-powered locomotives is their reduced emissions. Battery-powered locomotives do not produce any emissions while in operation, as they rely solely on electricity for power. This means that they can be operated without contributing to air pollution, allowing for a cleaner and healthier environment. Furthermore, battery-powered locomotives are often designed to be more energy efficient than traditional diesel-powered locomotives, which can lead to significant cost savings. Battery-powered locomotives are also more reliable than their diesel-powered counterparts. This is because they do not require as much maintenance due to their reliance on electricity instead of diesel fuel. This means that they are less likely to experience breakdowns, which can lead to fewer delays and improved operational efficiency. Additionally, battery-powered locomotives are quieter than traditional diesel-powered locomotives, which can make them more suitable for use in urban areas. Battery-powered locomotives also offer improved safety features. Many battery-powered locomotives are equipped with advanced safety systems that can detect potential hazards before they become a problem. This can help to prevent accidents and improve the overall safety of rail operations, which is beneficial for both operators and passengers. Overall, battery-powered locomotives offer many advantages that make them an attractive option for operators. From reduced emissions and greater reliability to improved safety and cost savings, battery-powered locomotives provide numerous benefits that make them an ideal choice for railway operators. Locomotives require an immense amount of power to operate, which is why generators are essential components. There are several types of generators used in locomotives, each supplying its own set of advantages. Generators create power for locomotives through a variety of different ways, such as converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. The benefits of generator-powered locomotives are numerous, including increased efficiency and a reduced environmental impact. Types of Generators Used in Locomotives Moving on from batteries, generators are another important component of locomotives. Generators serve to create the power necessary for locomotives to run, and there are a few different types of generators used in locomotives. The most common type of generator used in locomotives is the electric generator. This type of generator produces electricity by using magnets and by spinning a coil of wire inside the magnetic field. This spinning of the coil creates a flow of electrons, which then creates electricity. This electricity is then used to power the locomotive. Another type of generator used in locomotives is an alternator. Alternators work similarly to electric generators, but they use a different type of magnet. Alternators also create a flow of electrons which produces electricity, but they are typically more efficient than electric generators. The last type of generator used in locomotives is a micro-hydro generator. This type of generator uses water pressure to create electricity. These generators are typically used in remote areas, and they are a relatively new technology. Micro-hydro generators can be used to power both locomotives and other machines. Generators are an essential component of locomotives, and there are a few different types of generators used in locomotives. Electric generators, alternators, and micro-hydro generators are all used to create the power necessary for locomotives to run. How Generators Create Power for Locomotives Making the transition from batteries to generators, it’s important to understand how generators are able to create power for locomotives. Generators, which are typically powered by diesel engines, are able to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. This is done by using the magnetism of an armature in order to produce a current. The generator consists of two main components: the stator and the rotor. The stator is stationary and consists of a series of windings of copper wire that are wound around a metal frame. These windings create a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the rotor is a collection of magnets that turn within the stator. When the rotor turns, it creates a rotating magnetic field that induces a current in the stator. This current then passes through a set of wires to the load, which is the locomotive. The process of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy requires the use of a voltage regulator. This device regulates the output voltage of the generator by controlling the rotor speed. In order to maintain a steady output voltage, the regulator will adjust the rotor speed when the load on the locomotive changes. This ensures that the electrical power supplied to the locomotive remains consistent and reliable. The generator-powered locomotive has several advantages over a locomotive powered by batteries. Generators are able to provide a more consistent and reliable power source, allowing for smoother operation of the locomotive. Generators are also more efficient, meaning they require less energy to produce the same amount of power. Finally, generators are able to provide a larger power output than batteries, meaning they can power larger locomotives. Benefits of Generator-Powered Locomotives Having discussed the different types of generators used in locomotives, as well as how these generators create power, it is important to then consider the advantages of utilizing generators as the primary power source for these powerful machines. The primary benefit of generator-powered locomotives is the increased efficiency and decreased environmental impact when compared to traditional methods. Electricity generation is more efficient than burning fuel, meaning that generator-powered locomotives can travel farther on the same amount of fuel. This efficiency also translates into lower emissions of pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, making it a healthier choice for the environment. Another benefit of generator-powered locomotives is the improved safety it provides. Since electricity is the primary power source, it eliminates the risk of fuel explosions or fires, which can be catastrophic if they occur. Additionally, since there is no need for frequent refueling, it reduces the amount of time the locomotive is idle and therefore reduces the risk of accidents. Finally, generator-powered locomotives provide increased reliability and convenience. Electric motors require less maintenance than internal combustion engines and therefore have fewer breakdowns. Additionally, the ease of refueling with electricity means that locomotives can travel longer distances without needing to stop for fuel. This can save time and money for the railroad company, as well as providing a more reliable service to passengers. In conclusion, generator-powered locomotives provide a number of advantages over traditional methods, including increased efficiency and environmental friendliness, improved safety, and increased reliability and convenience. These benefits make it an attractive option for those looking to modernize their locomotive fleet. The locomotive motor is a complex machine composed of a variety of components. Types of motors used in locomotives can range from simple DC motors to complex AC induction motors. These motors allow locomotives to convert electrical energy into mechanical work, powering the wheels of the train and providing the necessary thrust and torque to move the vehicle. The benefits of motor-powered locomotives include improved fuel efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and increased safety. Types of Motors Used in Locomotives The generators discussed in the previous section transform mechanical energy into electrical energy, but what happens when electrical energy needs to be transformed into mechanical energy? This is where locomotive motors come in. Types of Motors Used in Locomotives are a critical component of the locomotive’s power system. The most common type of motors used in locomotives are DC Motors. A DC Motor is an electromagnetic device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work. It consists of two main components: a stator and a rotor. The stator is the stationary part of the motor and contains a set of windings that generate a magnetic field when energized. The rotor is the rotating part of the motor and contains a set of rotor conductors. When a voltage is applied to the stator, the magnetic field generated by the stator interacts with the rotor. This interaction causes the rotor to rotate, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. The second type of motor used in locomotives is the AC Motor. An AC Motor is a type of electric motor that operates on alternating current. It is similar to a DC Motor in that it consists of a stator and a rotor, with the stator generating the magnetic field that interacts with the rotor. However, the stator in an AC Motor is designed to generate an alternating magnetic field, which causes the rotor to rotate at a much higher speed than a DC Motor. The third type of motor used in locomotives is the Synchonous Motor. A Synchonous Motor is a type of AC Motor that operates at a constant speed, regardless of the load. It consists of a stator and a rotor, with the stator generating a magnetic field that is synchronized with the rotor. As the rotor rotates, it generates an alternating current that is fed back to the stator, allowing the motor to maintain a constant speed. By using these types of motors, locomotives are able to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and propel the train forward. In addition to providing power to the locomotive, these motors also provide other benefits, such as increased efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and improved reliability. How Motors Convert Electrical Energy Into Mechanical Work Having discussed the various types of generators used in locomotives, it is now time to explore how motors convert electrical energy into mechanical work. Motors are the opposite of generators. Where generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. This conversion of energy is what powers the locomotive forward. The most common type of motor used in locomotives is an asynchronous induction motor. This motor works by converting electrical energy into mechanical torque. This is done through the use of a rotating magnetic field created by the motor’s stator. This magnetic field interacts with the rotor, which is connected to the locomotive’s axles, to rotate it. As the rotor rotates, it powers the axles which move the locomotive forward. Asynchronous induction motors are ideal for locomotives because they are capable of providing a high torque output at low speed. This makes them perfect for powering the large and heavy locomotives. Additionally, these motors can be easily controlled by varying the frequency of the current being supplied to them. This allows the motors to easily match the speed of the locomotive which further increases efficiency. Finally, asynchronous induction motors are also relatively cheap and easy to maintain. This makes them a cost-effective option for powering locomotives. In sum, asynchronous induction motors are the motor of choice for powering locomotives due to their ability to provide a high torque output, ease of control, and low maintenance costs. Benefits of Motor-Powered Locomotives The advantages of locomotives powered by electrical motors are numerous. The most obvious is the high efficiency of the motors, which translates to increased fuel savings. By converting electrical energy into mechanical work, motors provide greater torque, allowing locomotives to pull heavier loads than those powered by steam. This increased power also results in improved acceleration, allowing locomotives to reach their destination faster. Additionally, the use of electrical motors requires less maintenance than traditional steam-powered engines, leading to fewer delays and improved reliability. The elimination of steam and exhaust emissions is another important benefit of using motors to power locomotives. By running on electricity, locomotives do not produce any pollutants, reducing their environmental impact. This makes them much more sustainable than traditional steam-powered engines, which can cause air pollution and contribute to global warming. Furthermore, electric motors are quieter than traditional steam engines, creating a more pleasant environment for passengers and those living near railway tracks. The use of electrical motors also offers improved safety. Since motors do not require open flames or hot surfaces, they reduce the risk of fire and explosions. Additionally, due to their high efficiency, electric motors can be run at lower speeds, minimizing the risk of derailment. Furthermore, electric motors are much lighter than steam-powered engines, reducing the wear and tear on the tracks and decreasing the likelihood of accidents. Finally, electric motors provide greater flexibility for locomotive design. They can be easily incorporated into existing locomotives, allowing them to be adapted to different terrain and conditions. Furthermore, they can be used in combination with other power sources, such as batteries or regenerative braking, allowing for greater control and efficiency. With their numerous advantages, it is clear that electric motors are the way of the future for locomotives. Locomotive Traction Control Systems The locomotive traction control system is an important component of modern railway operations, providing greater control to the locomotive and improved efficiency of rail operations. It is a complex system which involves a variety of control systems, sensors, and other components. To understand how locomotive traction control systems work and the associated benefits, let’s first take an overview of the system and then explore how they help locomotives and the associated benefits. Overview of Traction Control Systems The roar of the locomotive engine is a powerful reminder of the past, but the future of locomotive technology requires the implementation of sophisticated traction control systems. By taking into account the physics of locomotive motion, traction control systems provide unprecedented control of locomotive performance. In this section, we will provide an overview of traction control systems and their role in the locomotive industry. The first step in understanding traction control systems is to recognize the complexities of locomotion. From the immense amount of energy required to move the train to the force of the track, locomotives must be able to receive and respond to a variety of environmental inputs. Traction control systems take into account these inputs and provide a comprehensive control system that can optimize locomotive performance. At the core of traction control systems is the use of both mechanical and electrical components. Mechanical components are used to detect changes in the speed of the locomotive, while electrical components monitor the power output of the engine. By combining these two systems, traction control systems can provide a wide range of control options, from speed control to torque control. Traction control systems also provide additional benefits to locomotive operators. By using an adaptive control system, the traction control system can automatically respond to changes in environment and optimize the performance of the locomotive. This allows locomotives to handle a variety of scenarios with greater control and efficiency. Furthermore, traction control systems are designed to be highly reliable, reducing the risk of breakdowns and delays due to mechanical failure. In summary, traction control systems provide a comprehensive control system for locomotive operators. By combining mechanical and electrical components, traction control systems can provide precise control of locomotive performance. Additionally, traction control systems provide an adaptive response that allows for increased efficiency and reliability. As the locomotive industry moves into the future, traction control systems will continue to be an integral part of locomotive technology. How Traction Control Systems Help Locomotives The power of locomotive motors is undeniable, but it’s only as effective as the system that controls it. Traction control systems provide the necessary regulation to ensure that locomotives can reach their full potential. Traction control systems are designed to optimize locomotive performance and efficiency. These systems allow locomotives to draw the maximum amount of power from their motors, while operating safely and reliably. The system works by monitoring and adjusting the amount of force applied to the rail, and by controlling the speed and acceleration of the locomotive. This system helps ensure that the locomotive is able to reach its desired speed without experiencing any slip or skid. Traction control systems can also detect when there is a change in the rail’s surface, and it can adjust the force applied accordingly. This ensures that the locomotive can maintain its desired speed and acceleration, and that it does not experience any unexpected jerks or sudden stops. The system can also detect when a locomotive is running on a track with limited or uneven traction. In these cases, the traction control system can adjust the speed and force applied to the rail to ensure that the locomotive maintains its desired speed and acceleration. This ensures that the locomotive can operate safely and reliably. Traction control systems are essential for ensuring that locomotives can reach their full potential and operate safely and reliably. By monitoring and adjusting the force applied to the rail, these systems ensure that locomotives can safely reach their desired speed and acceleration, no matter what the track conditions may be. Benefits of Traction Control Systems Switching gears, let us explore the benefits of traction control systems for locomotives. Traction control systems are essential for locomotives to optimize their performance and increase their efficiency of energy utilization. With the use of traction control systems, locomotives are able to benefit from improved acceleration, smoother deceleration, and better adhesion to the track. These systems are also designed to reduce the amount of wear and tear on the locomotives, as they use less energy to maintain the same speed as before. By reducing the amount of energy required to keep the locomotive moving, the engine can be better cooled and maintained, leading to improved performance and less frequent need for repairs. Additionally, these systems are designed to help reduce the emissions of the locomotives, making them run cleaner and more efficiently. The most important benefit of traction control systems is the improved safety that they provide. By improving the locomotive’s ability to brake and accelerate, the risk of an accident is greatly reduced, as an unexpected stop or movement of a train can be quickly corrected with the help of these systems. The ability to keep the locomotives in control even in difficult conditions, such as those caused by snow, ice, or rain, is also a great advantage of the traction control systems. Ultimately, traction control systems are essential for locomotives to optimize their performance and increase their efficiency of energy utilization. With the use of these systems, locomotives are able to benefit from improved acceleration, smoother deceleration, reduced wear and tear, cleaner emissions, and improved safety. Locomotive Electrical Circuitry The modern locomotive is a complex system of electrical circuitry, designed to power and improve its performance. This overview will explore the electrical components and their benefits in locomotive design. In particular, we’ll examine how electrical circuits can improve locomotive performance, and the benefits of electrical circuitry in locomotives. Overview of Locomotive Electrical Circuits Building on the advancements of locomotive traction control systems, locomotive electrical circuitry is a further refinement that can significantly improve the performance of locomotives. An overview of locomotive electrical circuits reveals the ways that these circuits can improve the operation of locomotives and the benefits they bring. The basic components of locomotive electrical circuits include the motor control circuits, the power supply circuits, the communication circuits, and the load circuits. These components interact with each other to allow the locomotive to function properly. The motor control circuits control the speed and direction of the locomotive, the power supply circuits provide the power for the locomotive, the communication circuits provide a means of communication between the locomotive and the control systems, and the load circuits regulate the load on the locomotive. All these components work together to ensure the locomotive is functioning properly. The primary purpose of the locomotive electrical circuits is to provide the necessary power to the locomotive and to ensure that the locomotive is operating safely. The power supply circuits provide the power to the locomotive and the motor control circuits control the speed and direction of the locomotive. The communication circuits provide communication between the locomotive and the control systems, and the load circuits regulate the load on the locomotive. All these components work together to ensure the locomotive is operating safely and efficiently. The most important components of locomotive electrical circuits are the power supply circuits and the motor control circuits. The power supply circuits provide the power to the locomotive and the motor control circuits control the speed and direction of the locomotive. Without these components, the locomotive would not be able to move. The communication circuits and the load circuits are also important components of locomotive electrical circuits. They provide a means of communication between the locomotive and the control systems and regulate the load on the locomotive, respectively. All these components work together to ensure the locomotive is operating safely and efficiently. How Electrical Circuits Can Improve Locomotive Performance Having explored the fundamentals of locomotive traction control systems, it is now time to delve into the world of locomotive electrical circuitry. Electrical circuitry in locomotives can be incredibly complex, but it provides an array of benefits when it comes to improving locomotive performance. The primary way in which electrical circuitry can enhance locomotive performance is by providing a reliable source of power. Modern locomotives are powered by a combination of electricity and diesel. The locomotive’s electrical system provides the power that is needed to start the engine, operate the brakes, and power the lights and other equipment. By providing a reliable source of power, the locomotive’s performance is improved. Another way in which electrical circuitry can improve locomotive performance is by increasing efficiency. Modern locomotives are equipped with electrical systems that are designed to be more efficient than their predecessors. By utilizing electricity more efficiently, the locomotive is able to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This results in a more efficient locomotive that is better for the environment. Finally, electrical circuitry can also improve locomotive performance by providing improved safety features. Electrical systems in modern locomotives are designed to be more reliable and offer additional safety features. This includes features such as advanced brake systems, automated speed control, and improved lighting. All of these features help to make locomotives safer and more reliable. In conclusion, electrical circuitry is essential to improving locomotive performance. By providing a reliable source of power, increasing efficiency, and offering improved safety features, electrical circuitry can greatly enhance locomotive performance. Benefits of Electrical Circuitry in Locomotives The benefits of incorporating electrical circuitry in locomotives cannot be understated. Electrical circuitry provides superior control and power distribution, which can greatly enhance the performance of the locomotive. There are many advantages to using electrical circuitry in locomotives, including improved safety, increased efficiency, and enhanced reliability. One of the most significant benefits of electrical circuitry in locomotives is improved safety. Incorporating electrical circuitry into locomotives allows for increased monitoring of multiple systems, which helps to ensure that all components are operating correctly. Sensors can detect issues with the various systems, alerting the operator to any potential problems. This can help prevent accidents and malfunctions, resulting in improved safety for both the locomotive and its passengers. Another advantage of electrical circuitry in locomotives is increased efficiency. By utilizing electrical circuitry, the locomotive can be operated at optimal performance levels, reducing the amount of wasted energy. This can result in more efficient operation, resulting in reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, electrical circuitry can help reduce the amount of maintenance required, as components can be monitored remotely and replaced before they become a problem. Finally, incorporating electrical circuitry into locomotives can provide enhanced reliability. With the use of advanced monitoring systems, components can be quickly identified and replaced when needed. This can help prevent downtime and ensure that the locomotive is operating at its peak performance. Additionally, electrical circuitry can help reduce the number of potential breakdowns, making the locomotive more reliable for long-term use. In conclusion, the benefits of incorporating electrical circuitry into locomotives are undeniable. This technology provides improved safety, increased efficiency, and enhanced reliability, making it an invaluable asset for any locomotive operator. By utilizing this technology, locomotives can operate at their peak performance, helping to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, and ensuring the safety of its passengers. Locomotive Signal Systems Understanding how locomotive signal systems work is essential for controlling and optimizing locomotive movements. These systems provide a combination of visibility, communication, and control capabilities that ensure safe and efficient operations. To gain a better understanding of locomotive signal systems, let’s take a look at an overview, how they help control locomotive movements, and the benefits they provide. Overview of Locomotive Signal Systems Having now discussed the intricacies of locomotive electrical circuitry, it is time to move onto the realm of locomotive signal systems. Signal systems are vital components of any functioning railway, as they provide the framework for the safe and efficient control of locomotive movements. An overview of locomotive signal systems is presented here to provide an understanding of the key components that make up these systems and how they help control locomotive movements. At the core of any locomotive signal system is the signal. This is an indication of the permission for a train to proceed, and generally consists of a combination of light signals, horns and flags. Depending on the type of signal, these can indicate the direction a train should take or the speed that should be maintained. The signals are placed along the track, and will usually be placed no more than a few hundred metres apart. In addition to signals, there are various other components of a signal system, such as track circuits and interlockings. Track circuits are used to detect when a train is passing, and are used to provide a safe distance between two trains. Interlockings are used to ensure that a signal cannot be changed until the route ahead is clear, and are often used at railway junctions to prevent collisions. Signal systems also rely on signal boxes, which are used to operate and control the signals and other components. Signal boxes are unmanned and will contain a number of levers and buttons that are used to control the signals. Signal boxes also have monitors that allow engineers to monitor the tracks and ensure that the signals are working correctly. The combination of signals, track circuits, interlockings and signal boxes makes up the core components of a locomotive signal system. By understanding how these components work together, we can begin to understand how signal systems help to control locomotive movements. How Signal Systems Help Control Locomotive Movements _Moving forward, locomotive signal systems provide the necessary guidance and control for locomotives to traverse the rails safely. These systems are designed to detect the presence of a train in the area and to ensure that the train remains in a safe operating condition._ _Signal systems are a crucial part of the overall locomotive control system. They are used to inform the engineer of the train’s operating condition, such as speed, direction, and braking. They also indicate when it is safe for the train to proceed, as well as when the engineer must reduce the speed or stop the train._ _The signal systems help the engineer to control the locomotive by providing visual and audio warnings. For example, a red signal may indicate that the train should stop, while a green signal may indicate that the train can proceed. Additionally, an audible warning may be issued if a train is approaching a section of track that is blocked or if the speed needs to be reduced._ _The signal systems also provide information to the engineer on the current track layout. This includes information on track switches, crossovers, and other track features that the engineer needs to be aware of to safely operate the train._ Benefits of Locomotive Signal Systems Having discussed the overview of locomotive signal systems and how they help control locomotive movements, a key advantage of having such a system in place is that it facilitates safer and more efficient train operations. With the help of these systems, the risk of collisions between trains is substantially reduced, as the signals provide the necessary guidance for locomotives to operate in a coordinated manner. Additionally, the signals provide a safe and secure means of communication between the control center and the train operators. The robustness of locomotive signal systems is one of the major benefits that it offers. The systems are designed to withstand the extreme weather conditions that are common in many parts of the world. Furthermore, the systems are equipped with fail-safe mechanisms that can detect any potential problems and alert the appropriate personnel of the situation. This ensures that the signal systems are constantly operating at peak efficiency with minimal chances of any breakdowns. Another benefit of locomotive signal systems is that they provide greater flexibility when it comes to the route that the train is supposed to take. The signals provide the necessary guidance for the train to take the most efficient route, while also ensuring that the train stays within the confines of the designated tracks. This helps to maximize the efficiency of the operation and minimize the amount of time required for the train to reach its destination. Finally, the automation of locomotive signal systems provides a greater level of accuracy and reliability to the operation. The signal systems are designed to be able to detect any potential problems and alert the appropriate personnel of the situation. Furthermore, the automation of these systems ensures that the train is always running on the designated tracks, thus providing a much safer operation. From small sensors to sophisticated microprocessors, locomotive electronics are essential to ensuring a safe and efficient journey. Such electronics provide the ability to control locomotive performance, enabling engineers to monitor and adjust systems like fuel consumption, braking, and speed. Furthermore, electronics are used to maintain a high level of safety, allowing operators to quickly and easily identify mechanical issues. Types of Electronics Used in Locomotives As railroads continue to modernize, the need for sophisticated electronics in locomotives is growing. Train engineers now have the ability to monitor and control the performance of their locomotives with the help of a variety of electronics. In this section, we will explore the different types of electronics used in locomotives, how they help to control locomotive performance, and the benefits of using these electronics. At the heart of locomotive electronics are the microprocessors. These computers, often called ECUs (electronic control units), are responsible for running the locomotives’ control systems and are used to manage the engine, brakes, and other locomotive components. The microprocessors collect data from the various sensors located throughout the locomotive and use this data to make decisions about how the locomotive should be operated. Communication systems are also used in locomotives to enable the engineer to communicate with other locomotives and with the dispatchers. These systems allow the engineer to send and receive messages, and to coordinate their movements with other locomotives in the area. Communication systems are also used to monitor the status of the locomotive and to alert the engineer when something is not working as it should. Finally, navigation systems are used to help the engineer find the right route and to keep the locomotive on track. Navigation systems use GPS and other sensors to provide the engineer with information about the terrain, obstacles, and other potential dangers. Navigation systems can even provide information on the speed, direction, and location of the locomotive, allowing the engineer to make adjustments to ensure the locomotive is running safely and efficiently. These are just a few of the types of electronics used in locomotives to help control locomotive performance. By utilizing these electronics, locomotive engineers can ensure that their locomotives are running safely and at peak performance, resulting in improved operational efficiency and overall performance. How Electronics Help Control Locomotive Performance Having discussed the various types of electronics used in locomotives, it is now worthwhile to explore how these electronics help control locomotive performance. Electronic systems have become increasingly important in the operation of modern locomotives, and they can be used to monitor and maintain the performance of a locomotive in a variety of ways. From a safety perspective, sophisticated electronic systems can be used to detect irregularities in the operation of a locomotive, such as overheating, overspeed, or other issues. This allows operators to take corrective action before a more serious problem develops. Additionally, electronic systems can be used to perform routine checks on the locomotive, such as monitoring the performance of its brakes and traction systems. From a maintenance perspective, electronic systems can be used to monitor the performance of a locomotive over time. As the locomotive operates, sensors can collect and store information about its performance, which can then be used to diagnose and troubleshoot any problems that may arise. Additionally, electronic systems can be used to schedule and track maintenance, ensuring that the locomotive is always running at its optimal performance. Finally, electronic systems can also be used for optimization purposes. By collecting data on the performance of the locomotive over time, operators can identify areas where improvements can be made to its operation. This can involve both minor adjustments, such as adjusting engine timing to improve fuel efficiency, or more major changes, such as upgrading components of the locomotive to increase its performance. In any case, electronic systems provide an invaluable tool for monitoring and optimizing the performance of a locomotive. Benefits of Locomotive Electronics The introduction of electronics to locomotives has revolutionized the way they are operated and maintained. Beyond the new capabilities offered by these modern technologies, locomotives are now safer and more efficient than ever before. Moving away from the traditional mechanical systems of the past, the benefits of locomotive electronics are numerous. One of the primary advantages of using electronics in locomotives is its ability to monitor and analyze performance metrics. Using sensors and data logging systems, information about the locomotive’s operation is collected and analyzed, allowing operators to make informed decisions about its performance. This can help identify potential problems before they become serious, saving time and money in the long run. Another benefit of locomotive electronics is the improved safety they provide. By monitoring engine speed, temperature, and other factors, risks are minimized, increasing the safety of the operation. Additionally, by providing better control of the locomotive, the chances of derailment and other accidents are reduced. Finally, the use of electronics in locomotives has improved their operational efficiency. By monitoring performance, operators can identify areas of improvement and increase fuel efficiency. This can lead to significant cost savings, as well as reduced emissions. In short, the use of electronics in locomotives provides a number of valuable benefits. From improved safety and efficiency, to better performance monitoring and analysis, the advantages of locomotive electronics are clear. By taking advantage of these modern technologies, operators can ensure their locomotives are performing at their best. Locomotive Monitoring Systems The overview of locomotive monitoring systems focuses on understanding the components of the system and how they work together to improve locomotive performance. The system’s components can be used to diagnose faults and provide real-time updates on the locomotive’s condition. In addition, how monitoring systems help improve locomotive performance is explored by examining the ways the systems can monitor and analyze machine data, detect faults, and optimize locomotive operation. Finally, the benefits of locomotive monitoring systems are highlighted by exploring how they can reduce downtime, enhance safety, and increase efficiency. Overview of Locomotive Monitoring Systems The locomotive industry is constantly evolving, with modern technology providing more efficient and effective solutions to improve locomotive performance. One of these solutions is the use of locomotive monitoring systems. These systems provide an overview of locomotive performance, enabling operators to make informed decisions that can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their operations. Locomotive monitoring systems offer real-time data collection, analysis, and reporting. This allows operators to stay abreast of the locomotive’s condition, as well as its performance. By providing detailed information on the state of the locomotive, operators can make informed decisions regarding maintenance and operational requirements, ensuring the locomotive is running efficiently. These systems can be used to monitor the locomotive’s fuel efficiency, speed, and other parameters. Operators can also use locomotive monitoring systems to detect problems before they become serious, reducing the risk of costly repairs or breakdowns. Additionally, the data collected can be used to develop strategies for further improving efficiency, such as fuel-saving strategies or route optimization. The use of locomotive monitoring systems not only helps operators maintain the locomotive’s performance, but can also reduce operational costs. By monitoring the locomotive’s performance, operators can identify areas where efficiency can be improved, leading to lower fuel costs and fewer repairs. Furthermore, the data collected can be used to develop strategies for further optimization, allowing operators to maximize their locomotive’s efficiency. How Monitoring Systems Help Improve Locomotive Performance Transitioning from the discussion of locomotive electronics, the development of locomotive monitoring systems has been a major step forward in efficiently managing and optimizing the performance of locomotives. Locomotive monitoring systems provide invaluable insight into the performance of a locomotive, allowing operators to make informed decisions that can drastically improve the performance of their locomotives. The introduction of monitoring systems has been a game-changer for locomotive performance. By collecting data from the locomotive, operators can detect and diagnose any issues quickly and efficiently. Through the data collected, operators can analyze the performance of the locomotive and make decisions to optimize the performance of the locomotive. This data can be used to identify any problems with the locomotive, such as power fluctuations, overheating, or any other performance issues. By addressing these issues, the performance of the locomotive can be improved. Another benefit of monitoring systems is their ability to identify recurring issues and provide preventive maintenance. By tracking the performance of the locomotive, operators can identify any recurring issues and address them before they become larger problems. The data collected by monitoring systems can also be used to develop a preventive maintenance plan which can help the operator plan for any potential maintenance issues in the future. This provides operators with the information they need to make informed decisions about the maintenance of their locomotives, resulting in improved performance and fewer unexpected maintenance issues. Monitoring systems also provide operators with the ability to make adjustments to the locomotive in real-time. This increases the responsiveness of the locomotive and allows the operator to make adjustments to the locomotive on the fly. This helps the operator optimize the performance of the locomotive in real-time, resulting in improved performance and smoother operation. Overall, monitoring systems provide operators with the ability to track and optimize the performance of their locomotives, resulting in improved performance and fewer maintenance issues. By providing operators with access to data and real-time adjustments, monitoring systems revolutionize the way locomotives are operated, resulting in improved performance and efficiency. Benefits of Locomotive Monitoring Systems Having established the capabilities of locomotive monitoring systems, it is worth examining the benefits of implementing such technology. From cost savings to improved safety, the advantages of locomotive monitoring systems are numerous. The primary benefit of utilizing locomotive monitoring systems is cost savings. By monitoring the performance of locomotives, engineers and managers can identify and address problems quickly, in turn avoiding costly repairs and downtime. Additionally, data collected from monitors can be used to optimize the locomotive operation, leading to improved fuel efficiency and lower operating costs. Another advantage of implementing locomotive monitoring systems is improved safety. Monitoring systems provide data which can be used to detect failing components and potential safety hazards. Furthermore, they can detect potential issues with track conditions, such as broken rails, which can help prevent derailments. Finally, locomotive monitoring systems can also help to enhance customer experience. Enhanced locomotive performance can lead to a smoother ride for passengers and freight, and monitoring systems can also aid in reducing delays. Ultimately, this can lead to improved customer satisfaction and loyalty. In sum, locomotive monitoring systems offer a range of benefits; from cost savings to improved safety and customer experience. As such, they are becoming increasingly popular in the rail industry. Locomotive Diagnostic Systems By utilizing sophisticated locomotive diagnostic systems, it is possible to obtain a detailed overview of the locomotive’s performance and detect any potential issues. Such systems can then be used to identify problems quickly and accurately, allowing preventive maintenance and repairs to be implemented. The benefits of these systems are significant, as they can reduce costly unplanned repair costs and minimize downtime. Overview of Locomotive Diagnostic Systems Taking locomotive maintenance to the next level, locomotive diagnostic systems provide an additional layer of protection for the locomotive and the safety of its passengers. An overview of locomotive diagnostic systems reveals the ways in which these systems can help identify potential problems before they become major issues. Locomotive diagnostic systems are advanced computerized systems that use a series of sensors and data-logging devices to monitor the performance of the locomotive in real-time. These systems monitor the various components of the locomotive and store the data in a central computer system. This data is then used to analyze the performance of the locomotive, identify potential issues, and recommend corrective action. The primary purpose of locomotive diagnostic systems is to identify potential problems before they become major issues. The data collected by these systems can be used to identify areas of concern, such as fuel efficiency, engine performance, and brake system performance. By identifying these areas of concern, the locomotive diagnostic system can help to prevent major issues from occurring in the future. The data collected by locomotive diagnostic systems can also be used to help improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the locomotive. By analyzing the data and making adjustments to the locomotive’s performance, the locomotive can be made more efficient and reliable. This can help to reduce operating costs and improve the overall safety of the locomotive. In summary, locomotive diagnostic systems provide an invaluable tool for ensuring the safety of passengers and the integrity of the locomotive. By collecting and analyzing data from various components of the locomotive, these systems can help to identify potential issues before they become major issues, which can help to reduce operating costs and improve the overall safety of the locomotive. How Diagnostic Systems Help Identify Locomotive Problems Locomotive diagnostic systems provide a comprehensive method for identifying problems with a locomotive. By monitoring a range of parameters, they can detect when something is amiss and alert the operator to take action. This is especially important in helping to prevent costly breakdowns, as well as ensuring the locomotive is operating at peak efficiency. The most effective diagnostic systems are able to monitor a variety of different parameters in real-time. This includes parameters such as fuel levels, engine temperature, oil levels, and other performance indicators. By identifying any discrepancies, the system can produce an alert immediately. This helps operators to spot potential problems before they become more serious. In addition to monitoring the various parameters of the locomotive, the diagnostic system can also provide detailed analysis of any irregularities. This helps operators to pinpoint the exact location of a fault and determine what action needs to be taken to resolve the issue. By having this detailed information, operators are able to make more informed decisions and can take the necessary steps to rectify the problem quickly. Finally, these diagnostic systems can provide valuable data which can be used to identify trends and potentially prevent future problems. By tracking performance over time, the system can detect any patterns which might indicate an oncoming issue. This helps operators to take preemptive action and reduce the risk of any future problems. Overall, locomotive diagnostic systems provide a comprehensive and invaluable tool for identifying potential problems with a locomotive. By monitoring a variety of parameters in real-time and providing detailed analysis of any irregularities, they are essential in helping to keep locomotives running smoothly and efficiently. Benefits of Locomotive Diagnostic Systems Having an understanding of the overview and how locomotive diagnostic systems help identify problems, it is important to consider the benefits of these systems. Locomotive diagnostic systems are designed to provide multiple advantages to railway companies to ensure the highest level of safety and efficiency. The primary benefit of locomotive diagnostic systems is their ability to detect and diagnose any issues with the locomotive and its components in real-time.These systems can receive data from multiple sensors and analyse the data to identify anomalies or potential problems faster than any human. This can help prevent major problems from occurring and potentially causing major safety risks. The data collected by the diagnostic systems can also be used to track and monitor the performance of the locomotive. This can help railway companies to understand how the locomotive is performing and to identify any potential issues that may arise. This data can also be used to identify the most efficient routes, optimize locomotive maintenance, and improve the overall efficiency of the railway system. Finally, locomotive diagnostic systems are highly reliable and can be used in any environment. These systems can be easily installed and configured, and can be used in any type of railway system. This makes them ideal for any railway company looking to improve the safety and efficiency of their fleet. In conclusion, the benefits of locomotive diagnostic systems are numerous. They provide real-time data analysis, improved safety, and increased efficiency, making them an invaluable asset to any railway company. The power behind locomotives is an intricate system of electrical parts, ranging from batteries to generators to traction control systems. These components work together to power the locomotive, as well as monitor and diagnose any issues that may arise. Locomotives have a complex array of electrical circuitry, signal systems, and electronics that are essential for their operation. The role of electrical parts in the locomotive is critical for its efficient and safe operation. Their importance cannot be overstated, as they provide the power and control that keep it running. Without these parts, locomotives would be unable to provide the transportation services that help keep the world moving. One Reply to “The Power Behind Locomotives: Exploring Electrical Parts and Their Role” […] heart of rail systems, rely on complex electrical parts to function seamlessly. In this article on locomotive electrical parts Mikura International, we delve into the key components, advancements, and the company’s […]

https://mikurainternational.com/locomotives-electrical-

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Writing in the second person narrative means speaking to the audience from the perspective of a second person (other than yourself). What this means is that the writing will have a conversational feel to it, like you are interacting or speaking directly to another person. Because of the conversational feel of second person narrative, this style is used less often in novels and short stories. Conversely, it is one of the most commonly used perspectives in songs and poetry. However, it is in business and technical writing that the second person narrative really shines. Give Me a You! When writing in the second person narrative, it is all about the pronoun “you.” First, let’s cover the word “you” from a grammatical perspective. “You” is a really flexible pronoun. Generally, pronouns are either subjective (i.e., subject of the sentence), or objective (i.e., the object of the sentence). Here are a couple of examples: You light up my life. Here, “you” is clearly the subject of the sentence where “life” is the object. I can’t live without you. However in this sentence, “I” is the subject and “you” is the object. Sounds like “you” is also the object of someone’s affections. (Let’s hear it for love!) Also, unlike most pronouns, “you” can be either singular or plural. You take the trash out. I love all of you. As you can see, “you” is singular in the first sentence and plural in the second. That is one flexible pronoun! Isn’t It Romantic? One great thing about the second person narrative is that it draws the reader or listener into the dialogue. It’s inclusive. It makes the reader a part of the action. Second person narrative does a better job of this than first person and a much better job than the third person. Let’s look at poetry for example. You are my heart and my life. Gives you goosebumps, doesn’t it? You are the object of this affection so you feel like you’re part of that relationship. Now let’s change the sentence to a first-person narrative. I see you as my heart and my life. See? Not as many goosebumps. It’s a little more formal because it is coming from another person’s perspective. It is still romantic but the sentiment loses some power. How about third-person perspective? He saw her as his heart and his life. Yeah, there are no goosies at all in this one. And if they are, it is from a distance. The action is happening to someone else, and while the reader may feel empathy and warm fuzzies for whoever the “her” in the sentence is, they still feel like they are on the outside looking in. Nothing is directed toward the reader so it’s not as personal. If you think about it, the same could be said for music. How many love songs have been written to “you”? I don’t know for certain, but I’d guess the number is in the millions! And that is because—by writing the song about “you”—it puts the listener in the position of the one being loved, so they tend to feel it more. They can relate to the song as if a person (probably someone they know) is singing the song to them. Examples of Second Person Narrative Business correspondence is generally a combination of first person and second person narrative. The use of this combination allows for a more personal touch when communicating. Take a look at this example email and notice the many first and second person pronouns used (which means that it is written in a first and second person narrative). I have spoken to the other supervisors and I think we need to address your ideas about the Christmas party. 1) We feel that a dunking booth would be inappropriate for the grand ballroom we have rented. 2) There is no such thing as a Santa Clown. It gave us the willies just thinking about it. 3) We feel that your suggestion of an entire ceiling made of mistletoe would discourage our female employees from attending. 4) Even though I anticipated the answer, I still checked and the grand ballroom most definitely does not allow Christmas bonfires indoors. I thank you for your ideas – although human resources is having trouble finding any record of your employment with us. With great concern, Jim Myers, Supervisor Technical documentation is definitely better off using second person narrative and the pronoun “you,” since it is largely about conveying instructions. You should always remove the nut from the bolt before removing the washer. It will enhance the life of your bolt. Now let’s try it in the third person: They suggested always removing the nut from the bolt before removing the washer. They felt it would enhance the life of his or her bolt. Once again, the second person narrative clearly wins out because it makes the reader feel like the author is talking directly to them. Of course, presentations and speeches would be flat-out silly if they were done in the third person instead of first and second person narrative. First and Second Person: “I would like to raise a toast to my cousin and his new bride. I am sure you will make each other happy even though you live in two separate states.” “The presenter would like to raise a toast to his cousin and his new bride. He is sure they will make each other happy even though they live in two separate states.” Once again, it gives the presentation a completely different feel. It is impersonal, mechanical, and would likely result in the groom cutting his cousin off from the bar for the rest of the night. Combining First and Second Person Narratives Of course, there are uses for a combination of first and second person narrative when writing on a more personal level. The primary use would be personal letters. Much like emails, personal correspondence relies heavily on the first and second person narrative to give the reader a feeling of closeness with the writer. I planted a garlic garden today. I hope the neighbours won’t complain when the wind blows in their direction. Now the letter switches to second person narrative because it goes from telling the personal story of the writer, to speaking to or asking about the reader. You were in my thoughts as I bit into that first, fresh piece of garlic. Yours was always the best I’ve ever tasted. So it made me wonder, “How does your garden grow, Mary?” Second Person Narrative vs. Third Person Narrative Let’s talk about writing in the third person for a minute, as a means of distinguishing second from third person narrative. The third person narrative takes the point of view of a third party that generally is on the outside of a story, looking in or narrating the events as they unfold. As you can guess, it uses third person pronouns like he, she, or them. This is important to note because third-person narrative is generally reserved for storytelling and novels. It shows a dispassionate or somewhat omniscient view of the events that are being shared. Now, that being said, writing in the third person can be used in business communications. However, it should be used only when you wish to convey a much less personal feel to your communication. Hopefully, all of this helps you to understand second person narrative and point of view. If you have any questions or comments, feel free to jot down a note in the comments section below. Culled from Magoosh

https://thereadywriters.com/professional-writing-how-to-ace-

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When Brazil’s national statistics institute IBGE carried out its most recent national census in 2010, the results were unexpected. For the first time ever, more than half of the population – 54 percent, to be exact – identified as either black or brown/mixed. Labels used in the census to describe race haven’t evolved much over time. In 2010, Brazilians could choose only between black, white, brown/mixed, indigenous, or, for its inhabitants with East-Asian heritage, yellow (yikes). In fact, this isn’t so different from the first census conducted by IBGE in 1872, offering the options of ‘black’, ‘white’, brown/mixed (‘pardo’), or indigenous (‘caboclo’). The “race” segment of the Brazilian census is based on self-assigned skin color instead of ethnicity. Thanks to Brazil’s complicated history of miscegenation with indigenous people, Europeans, and Africans, it’s pretty difficult for many Brazilians to trace their heritage. But in 1976, when IBGE researchers asked the country’s citizens to describe their skin color for themselves, they ended up with more than they bargained for. Between them, the thousands of Brazilians surveyed gave the researchers a list of 136 different colors, ranging from “coffee,” “cinnamon” and “honey” to “toasted,” “singed” and even “wheat.” For all of our diversity, the 2010 census’s results still came as a surprise for many Brazilians. Modern inequality correlates strongly with race in Brazil, so for more than half of the population to identify as black – and therefore more likely to face disadvantage – was nothing short of a revelation for many Brazilians. Experts believe that what actually changed was not the number of Black Brazilians, but the number of those self-identifying as Black due to recent surges in Afro-Brazilian educational and cultural movements. Race and social class are political Rio de Janeiro was the largest slave port in the Americas, and 40 percent of all slaves forcibly shipped from Africa were moved through Brazilian ports. An estimated 4 million African slaves passed through Brazil – that’s ten times higher than the number reaching the U.S., according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. Under international pressure, in 1888 Brazil became the last country in the Western world to abolish slavery. But the country’s political class, manipulated by coffee oligarchs who benefitted from the system, merely outlawed the practice of slavery rather than establishing policies that would guarantee civil rights for emancipated slaves. Yet even then, Afro-Brazilians weren’t granted civil rights, which made it nearly impossible to find employment or housing. Consequently, race and social class have become closely linked. An 1895 oil painting by artist Modesto Brocos reveals contemporary attitudes, showing a mixed-race mother cradling a white baby. Next to her, a black grandmother lifts her hands in praise to the heavens for a grandson who will not be a slave. Titled A Redenção de Cam (‘The Redemption of Canaan’), Brocos’ work references a story from the Book of Genesis in which Canaan and his descendants are cursed to be ‘servants of servants’. Meanwhile, as with many other countries in the early 20th century, Brazil’s leaders also experimented with eugenics. Believing that whites were superior, officials set about building policies that would “whiten” the country. Policies encouraged miscegenation, hoping to produce results like those depicted in Brocos’ work. Brazil also actively courted immigrants from countries like Germany, Switzerland, and Poland, allowing them to build isolated communities that replicated their own culture, all while forbidding African immigration. The remnants of these societies exist today, for example with the former German settlement Pomerode where residents still speak both Portuguese and German. Brazil’s unabashed white nationalism also saw the founding of Americana in the 1860s, where white U.S. Southerners fled to found their own Confederate town after losing the Civil War. This town still exists today, and residents continue to celebrate their Confederate heritage. Deliberate political ignorance fuels modern inequality Pervasive inequality has survived over time, perpetuated by a consistent lack of representation at the top of Brazil’s central power structures. White Brazilians continue to occupy an overwhelming majority of positions of power, accounting for approximately three-quarters of our political figures and 82 percent of the country’s richest 1 percent. Meanwhile, although 54 percent of the population now identify as Black, they make up only a handful of politicians, judges and academics. The number of Black and mixed Brazilians occupying high-paying jobs in fields such as medicine and dentistry also remains shockingly low. Brazil’s relationship to slavery is the root cause of this inequality. Wilful political ignorance of civil rights meant that policies were not adopted to help Afro-Brazilians find employment. When the government failed to provide Afro-Brazilians with the homes it promised in return for their participation in the War of Independence, many just built their own. These became favelas, low-income housing communities on the outskirts of urban centers across Brazil, named after a desert plant that can grow in difficult terrain. This lack of provisions meant that social mobility was far more difficult for Afro-Brazilians, and the effects of this trickle remain to the present day. Currently, just 12.8 percent of black Brazilians have received higher education. Brazilians of African descent are also more likely to have precarious living situations, for example, a lack of basic sanitation. Although the percentage of Afro-Brazilians with basic sanitation did increase by 11 percentage points to 55.3 percent between 2005 and 2015, that number is still far below the percentage of whites who have access to sanitation (71.9 percent). Today, Black Brazilians remain with less access to quality education and healthcare than their white counterparts. Some policies have been put into place in an attempt to loosen the links between race, class, and inequality and create more social mobility. Affirmative action-style quotas exist at the country’s top universities, as well as for some public job sectors. These haven’t been without controversy or difficulty, however – for example, many white Brazilians claim African heritage, either in the form of Black grandparents or a shared colonial past. But Brazilians whose color is more visible claim that the white-passing Brazilians don’t actually experience the same routine forms of discrimination. Quotas are yielding some progress, but still need some technicalities ironed out. In the meantime, Brazilian society still needs to have an important conversation about privilege, social mobility, and race.

https://brazilian.report/guide-to-brazil/2017/10/15/race-brazil-racism/

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It’s finally time to wish your favorite leapling a happy birthday. Saturday, February 29, 2020 is a Leap Day, that one extra day we add to the calendar approximately every four years. You might be wondering, ‘Why do we need Leap Day? What’s the history behind this peculiarity on the calendar?’ Two UT Austin experts are here to explain. So, why do we have Leap Day? It all comes down to the fact that a year really isn’t 365 days long. In reality, the amount of time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun is closer to 365.242199 days. So, calendars all over the world add an extra day almost every four years to keep our calendar and the seasons aligned. Without them, winter could end up in June, or it could be 95 degrees during winter break. But, there’s a catch. By adding one extra day to every fourth year, we get an average of 365.25 days per year. That’s close, but not exactly the actual number of days in a year (365.242199). So how did we correct even further? The answer to that lies in the ancient history of Leap Year. What is the history of Leap Year? According to Tom Palaima, a classics professor at the University of Texas at Austin, the practice of adding periods of time to a year so it reflects variations in lunar and solar cycles dates back to ancient civilizations. The Athenian calendar, which was used in the 6th, 5th and 4th centuries B.C., had twelve lunar months. However, a calendar with twelve observable lunar months doesn’t coincide with one solar year and its seasons, which made it difficult to perform seasonal religious rites. This led to inserting or ‘intercalating’ an extra month periodically to realign lunar and solar years. As measurements became more precise through time, months added became days added to make things almost precise, Palaima said. However, Leap Years in the way we know them today didn’t come about till much later — 45 B.C. during the time of the Roman Empire under Julius Caesar to be exact. “In order to counteract political manipulation of corrective days, thus extending or shortening time in office of political favorites or rivals, Julius Caesar devised what we call the Julian calendar that added days to the ends of months to keep lunar and solar years from becoming too misaligned,” Palaima said. “A leap day was to occur every fourth year on February 24.” Now, this system would work if a solar year were exactly 365.25 days, but 365.242199 is slightly less than that, and over time that small difference adds up. By 1582, that discrepancy added up to about 10 days. So, to further correct our calendar, Pope Gregory XIII created the Gregorian calendar and established Feb. 29 as Leap Day, according to Keely Finkelstein, an astronomy professor at UT Austin. “On the Gregorian calendar, to make up for that discrepancy, century years that are not evenly divisible by 400 aren’t leap years,” Finkelstein said. “So, to be a Leap Year, century years have to be divisible by both 100 and four.” So, 1800 and 1900 were not leap years, but 2000 was. It turns out there isn’t a perfect answer to this question. “There really is no compelling reason for February… to have been the month picked on to be shorter than the later standard 30 and 31-day months, but it was and still is,” Palaima said. What is the mystery of September 1752? Changes to calendars over time didn’t happen magically. Each adjustment is a man-made change. As such, different countries adopted the Gregorian calendar at different times. For a while, Great Britain was a hold out. However in 1752, after an act of Parliament made the switch official, Britons went to bed on September 2 and woke up on September 14. “In 1750 the Calendar Act mandated that Great Britain and its colonies adopt the Gregorian calendar,” Palaima said. “By this time the two calendars were eleven days out of synch. In order to solve this, what would have been September 3, 1752 on the Julian calendar became September 14, 1752. People not only missed their birthdays, but common people thought their lives had been sped up and thereby shortened by eleven days.”

https://news.utexas.edu/2020/02/29/why-do-we-have-a-leap-year-two-ut-

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If any group of people qualifies for the term “lost tribe” it is the Sentinelese. Like other Andaman island natives, they have managed to live for thousands of years near one of the most ancient sea routes while avoiding any influence from outside civilizations. Situated in the bay of Bengal, the Andaman islands have been known to outsiders since ancient times. Andaman islanders respond with intense hostility at any attempt of outside contact, hurling arrows and stones at any unlucky visitor approaching their shores. Early Arab and Persian documents report that Andaman islands were inhabited by cannibals – an exaggeration probably originating from the ferocity of attacks with which these travelers were greeted. Later Indian and European explorers steered clear off these islands to avoid the hostile inhabitants. Things began to change during British colonial rule in India and Burma. The first permanent European settlement, a penal colony, was established in late 1700s on Great Andaman. One by one, local tribes slowly broke their isolation, the latest being the Jarawa, who established the first peaceful contact with the Indian government only in 1997. The Sentinelese, the inhabitants of small North Sentinel island, are the only remaining tribe in the Andaman chain to maintain their isolation. Since 1967 Indian authorities have attempted to make peaceful contact with the Sentinelese under the auspices of anthropological research. These “contact expeditions” consisted of a series of visits in which gifts such as coconuts were left on the shores, in an attempt to coax the Sentinelese out of their customary hostility to outsiders. Almost all of these attempts were greeted with showers of arrows and stone. In 2006, Sentinelese archers killed two fishermen who were fishing illegally within range of the island, and drove off the helicopter that was sent to retrieve their bodies with a hail of arrows. The current policy of the Indian government is to leave the islanders alone. There are currently no planned attempts to contact the Sentinelese and access to North Sentinel island is strictly forbidden. All knowledge about the Sentinelese is derived either by observation from a distance or from comparison with other Andamanise tribes. They are classified as Negritos, a loosely connected group of peoples inhabiting isolated regions in South East Asia, who exhibit physical characteristics more commonly found in Africans, such as very dark skin tone and peppercorn hair. The Sentinelese themselves appear however to be markedly taller on average than other Andamanese peoples. Sentinelese wear no clothes, but wear leaves, fiber strings or similar material as decorations. Headbands made from vines appear to be fashionable items among men. There are no signs of agriculture on the island. Although most of their tools and weapons are made from stone and animal bones, the tribe seems to make use of metal fragments that end up washed on their shore. The population of North Sentinel island is estimated at 250 individuals. After the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, there was a fear that the Sentinelese may have been wiped out, however they appear to have survived the event relatively unscathed. Know Before You Go Unauthorized access to North Sentinel island is strictly forbidden. Any contact not initiated by Sentinelese themselves is also not allowed. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook

http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/sentinelese

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Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis vs Meiosis Meiosis and Mitosis describe cell division in eukaryotic cells when the chromosome separates. In mitosis chromosomes separates and form into two identical sets of daughter nuclei, and it is followed by cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm). Basically, in mitosis the mother cell divides into two daughter cells which are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. Phases of mitosis include: 1. Interface -where cell prepares for cell division and it also includes three other phases such as G1 (growth), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap) 2. Prophase ‘“ formation of centrosomes, condensation of chromatin 3. Prometaphase- degradation of the nuclear membrane, attachment of microtubules to kinetochores 4. Metaphase- alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate 5. Early anaphase- shortening of kinetochore microtubules 6. Telophase- de-condensation of chromosomes and surrounded by nuclear membranes, formation of cleavage furrow. 7. Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm Meiosis is a reductional cell division where the number of chromosomes is divided into half. Gametes formations occur in animal cell and meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction which occurs in eukaryotes. Meiosis influence stable sexual reproduction by halving of ploidy or chromosome count. Without meiosis the fertilization would result in zygote with twice the number of the parent. Phases of meiosis include: 1. Meiosis I ‘“ separation of homologous chromosomes and production of two haploid cells (23 chromosomes, N in humans) 2. Prophase I ‘“ pairing of homologous chromosome pair and recombination (crossing over) occurs 3. Metaphase I – Homologous pairs move along the metaphase plate, kinetochore microtubules from both centrioles attach to the homologous chromosomes align along an equatorial plane. 4. Anaphase I – shortening of microtubules, pulling of chromosomes toward opposing poles, forming two haploid sets 5. Telophase I – arrival of chromosomes to the poles with each daughter cell containing half the number of chromosomes 6. Meiosis II – second part of the meiotic process with the production of four haploid cells from the two haploid cells Mitosis ‘“ separation of chromosomes into two identical sets of daughter cells Meiosis- reductional cell division and the number of chromosomes is divided into half; it is essential for sexual reproduction, and therefore it occurs in eukaryotes Search DifferenceBetween.net : Email This Post : If you like this article or our site. Please spread the word. Share it with your friends/family. - Difference Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Difference Between - Difference Between Cytokinesis and Mitosis | Difference Between | Cytokinesis vs Mitosis - Difference Between Gymnosperms and Ferns | Difference Between | Gymnosperms vs Ferns what happen to anaphase when reacting I still don’t get it 😛 I REALLY GOT A LOT OF HELP AFTER READING THIS INFORMATION.BEFORE THIS I AM NOT ABLE TO MAKE DIFFRENCE B/W CELL DIVISION Yeah me tooo I like It!… Its a big help for a student like me, thanks a lot! I agree with you, Its a big help it was cool but too long cuz i don;t like to read I’m korean but it’s easy to understand!! Thanks! this website is really very good for all students like me,which is helpful to make d/ff . its like awesome………….. Tank you better if side by side definition would have been given this was really helpful am so appreciative It’s not my first time to visit this web page, i am browsing this site dailly and take pleasant facts from here every day. It is best for study

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Learn to creative graphics for websites, print Media, publishing, digital advertisements with Pixxel Arts Graphic Design Course. - Hands-on training using latest tools & techniques - Learn to create High multimedia content for Promotional Campaigns, Print, Publishing, TV ads, advertisements & visually appealing websites, etc. - Learn graphic designing, animation, web scripting etc to get interactive websites. - Work with Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and Adobe Indesign etc. - Specialization & creating portfolio in the area of your interest - Industry Expert faculty teaching - Adobe Photoshop - Adobe Illustrator - Adobe Indesign Design professionals produce designs, symbols, illustrations & photography for use in print & electronic publications and Internet publishing industries. Graphics & web designers get jobs in: - Advertising agencies - Graphic design studios - Print & publishing houses (like newspapers, magazines, etc.) - Television & media companies - E-learning companies - Graphic Designer - Web Designer - Layout Designer - UI Designer Duration : 3 Months "Graphic Design is Art that Gets Results" Graphic design is art with a purpose. It involves a creative and systematic plan to solve a problem or achieve certain objectives, with the use of images, symbols or even words. It is visual communication and the aesthetic expression of concepts and ideas using various graphic elements and tools. There are four main components of Graphic design – Color Theory, Composition and Layout, Perspective and Typography. Elements of Graphic Design Graphic design can use image-based designs involving photos, illustrations, logos and symbols, type-based designs, or a combination of both techniques. These designs can include various combinations of the following elements. Lines: Straight, curved, wavy, thick, thin - when it comes to lines, the possibilities are limitless. Lines allow designers to divide a space or separate content in a layout. They can also be used to guide the eyes of the viewer, or make other elements follow a strategic path for added findability, to get the viewer easily from point A to point B. Shapes: Shapes offer a variety of ways to fill spaces creatively, to support text and other forms of content, and to balance a design. Shapes can be created out of nothing, using white space to give a design structure and clarity. Color: Color, or the absence of color, is an important element of any design. With a solid understanding of color theory, designers can amazingly influence a design and a brand, seamlessly integrating color boldly or with brilliant subtlety. Type: Type can transform a message from mere text to a work of art. Different fonts, combined with customized alignments, spacing, size, and color, can add power to the point you are communicating to the world. Texture: Even a smooth and glossy advertisement can seem tangible with texture. It gives a sense of a tactile surface through its visual appearance and adds a sense of depth, enhanced by selection of appropriate paper and material. Tools of Graphic Design Professional designers possess a creative mind with an artistic inclination, and so much more. Keen observation skills and analytical thinking are essential tools for graphic design, before they dig into their physical tool kit and touch pen to paper or stylus to tablet. Designers employ a variety of methods to combine art and technology to communicate a particular message and create an impressive visual. Sketchpads: A traditional tool used to sketch out ideas; it is the quickest way to jot down the rough designs, which designers can develop further using other tools and technologies. Computers: Computers now occupy an essential place in every designer's tool kit. Hardware such as tablets allow designers to expand their creative freedom and maintain that sketchpad feel. Software: Technology has opened new doors for realizing creative vision. Specialized software such as Illustrator, In Design, Corel Draw and Photoshop can help to create illustrations, enhance photographs, stylize text, and synergize all of the pieces in incredible layouts. Graphic Design communicates your brand and message visually with impressive business logos, enchanting brochures, newsletters with impact, and stunning posters. Let a professional graphic designers turn your dreams and ideas into realistic revelations. Pixxel arts will make you as a professional Graphic Designers through our Graphic Designing Course in Hyderabad.

http://pixxelarts.com/graphicdesigncourse.html

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The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was the deadliest pandemic in world history, infecting some 500 million people across the globe—roughly one-third of the population—and causing up to 50 million deaths, including some 675,000 deaths in the United States alone. The disease, caused by a new variant of the influenza virus, was spread in part by troop movements during World War I. Though the flu pandemic hit much of Europe during the war, news reports from Spain weren’t subject to wartime censorship, so the misnomer “Spanish flu” entered common usage. With no vaccines or effective treatments, the pandemic caused massive social disruption: Schools, theaters, churches and businesses were forced to close, citizens were ordered to wear masks and bodies piled up in makeshift morgues before the virus ended its deadly worldwide march in early 1920. What Is the Flu? Influenza, or flu, is a virus that attacks the respiratory system. The flu virus is highly contagious: When an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks, respiratory droplets are generated and transmitted into the air, and can then can be inhaled by anyone nearby. Additionally, a person who touches something with the virus on it and then touches his or her mouth, eyes or nose can become infected. Flu outbreaks happen every year and vary in severity, depending in part on what type of virus is spreading. (Flu viruses can rapidly mutate.) In the United States, “flu season” generally runs from late fall into spring. In a typical year, more than 200,000 Americans are hospitalized for flu-related complications, and over the past three decades, there have been some 3,000 to 49,000 flu-related U.S. deaths annually, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Young children, people over age 65, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions, such as asthma, diabetes or heart disease, face a higher risk of flu-related complications, including pneumonia, ear and sinus infections and bronchitis. A flu pandemic, such as the one in 1918, occurs when an especially virulent new influenza strain for which there’s little or no immunity appears and spreads quickly from person to person around the globe. Spanish Flu Symptoms The first wave of the 1918 pandemic occurred in the spring and was generally mild. The sick, who experienced such typical flu symptoms as chills, fever and fatigue, usually recovered after several days, and the number of reported deaths was low. However, a second, highly contagious wave of influenza appeared with a vengeance in the fall of that same year. Victims died within hours or days of developing symptoms, their skin turning blue and their lungs filling with fluid that caused them to suffocate. In just one year, 1918, the average life expectancy in America plummeted by a dozen years. What Caused the Spanish Flu? It’s unknown exactly where the particular strain of influenza that caused the pandemic came from; however, the 1918 flu was first observed in Europe, America and areas of Asia before spreading to almost every other part of the planet within a matter of months. Despite the fact that the 1918 flu wasn’t isolated to one place, it became known around the world as the Spanish flu, as Spain was hit hard by the disease and was not subject to the wartime news blackouts that affected other European countries. (Even Spain's king, Alfonso XIII, reportedly contracted the flu.) One unusual aspect of the 1918 flu was that it struck down many previously healthy, young people—a group normally resistant to this type of infectious illness—including a number of World War I servicemen. In fact, more U.S. soldiers died from the 1918 flu than were killed in battle during the war. Forty percent of the U.S. Navy was hit with the flu, while 36 percent of the Army became ill, and troops moving around the world in crowded ships and trains helped to spread the killer virus. Although the death toll attributed to the Spanish flu is often estimated at 20 million to 50 million victims worldwide, other estimates run as high as 100 million victims—around 3 percent of the world’s population. The exact numbers are impossible to know due to a lack of medical record-keeping in many places. What is known, however, is that few locations were immune to the 1918 flu—in America, victims ranged from residents of major cities to those of remote Alaskan communities. Even President Woodrow Wilson reportedly contracted the flu in early 1919 while negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I. Why Was The Spanish Flu Called The Spanish Flu? The Spanish Flu did not originate in Spain, though news coverage of it did. During World War I, Spain was a neutral country with free media that covered the outbreak from the start, first reporting on it in Madrid in late May of 1918. Meanwhile, Allied countries and the Central Powers had wartime censors who covered up news of the flu to keep morale high. Because Spanish news sources were the only ones reporting on the flu, many believed it originated there (the Spanish, meanwhile, believed the virus came from France and called it the “French Flu.”) Where Did The Spanish Flu Come From? Scientists still do not know for sure where the Spanish Flu originated, though theories point to France, China, Britain, or the United States, where the first known case was reported at Camp Funston in Fort Riley, Kansas, on March 11, 1918. Some believe infected soldiers spread the disease to other military camps across the country, then brought it overseas. In March 1918, 84,000 American soldiers headed across the Atlantic and were followed by 118,000 more the following month. Fighting the Spanish Flu When the 1918 flu hit, doctors and scientists were unsure what caused it or how to treat it. Unlike today, there were no effective vaccines or antivirals, drugs that treat the flu. (The first licensed flu vaccine appeared in America in the 1940s. By the following decade, vaccine manufacturers could routinely produce vaccines that would help control and prevent future pandemics.) Complicating matters was the fact that World War I had left parts of America with a shortage of physicians and other health workers. And of the available medical personnel in the U.S., many came down with the flu themselves. Additionally, hospitals in some areas were so overloaded with flu patients that schools, private homes and other buildings had to be converted into makeshift hospitals, some of which were staffed by medical students. Officials in some communities imposed quarantines, ordered citizens to wear masks and shut down public places, including schools, churches and theaters. People were advised to avoid shaking hands and to stay indoors, libraries put a halt on lending books and regulations were passed banning spitting. According to The New York Times, during the pandemic, Boy Scouts in New York City approached people they’d seen spitting on the street and gave them cards that read: “You are in violation of the Sanitary Code.” Aspirin Poisoning and the Flu With no cure for the flu, many doctors prescribed medication that they felt would alleviate symptoms… including aspirin, which had been trademarked by Bayer in 1899—a patent that expired in 1917, meaning new companies were able to produce the drug during the Spanish Flu epidemic. Before the spike in deaths attributed to the Spanish Flu in 1918, the U.S. Surgeon General, Navy and the Journal of the American Medical Association had all recommended the use of aspirin. Medical professionals advised patients to take up to 30 grams per day, a dose now known to be toxic. (For comparison’s sake, the medical consensus today is that doses above four grams are unsafe.) Symptoms of aspirin poisoning include hyperventilation and pulmonary edema, or the buildup of fluid in the lungs, and it’s now believed that many of the October deaths were actually caused or hastened by aspirin poisoning. The Flu Takes Heavy Toll on Society The flu took a heavy human toll, wiping out entire families and leaving countless widows and orphans in its wake. Funeral parlors were overwhelmed and bodies piled up. Many people had to dig graves for their own family members. The flu was also detrimental to the economy. In the United States, businesses were forced to shut down because so many employees were sick. Basic services such as mail delivery and garbage collection were hindered due to flu-stricken workers. In some places there weren’t enough farm workers to harvest crops. Even state and local health departments closed for business, hampering efforts to chronicle the spread of the 1918 flu and provide the public with answers about it. How U.S. Cities Tried to Stop The 1918 Flu Pandemic A devastating second wave of the Spanish Flu hit American shores in the summer of 1918, as returning soldiers infected with the disease spread it to the general population—especially in densely-crowded cities. Without a vaccine or approved treatment plan, it fell to local mayors and healthy officials to improvise plans to safeguard the safety of their citizens. With pressure to appear patriotic during wartime and with a censored media downplaying the disease’s spread, many made tragic decisions. Philadelphia’s response was too little, too late. Dr. Wilmer Krusen, director of Public Health and Charities for the city, insisted mounting fatalities were not the “Spanish flu,” but rather just the normal flu. So on September 28, the city went forward with a Liberty Loan parade attended by tens of thousands of Philadelphians, spreading the disease like wildfire. In just 10 days, over 1,000 Philadelphians were dead, with another 200,000 sick. Only then did the city close saloons and theaters. By March 1919, over 15,000 citizens of Philadelphia had lost their lives. St. Louis, Missouri, was different: Schools and movie theaters closed and public gatherings were banned. Consequently, the peak mortality rate in St. Louis was just one-eighth of Philadelphia’s death rate during the peak of the pandemic. Citizens in San Francisco were fined $5—a significant sum at the time—if they were caught in public without masks and charged with disturbing the peace. Spanish Flu Pandemic Ends By the summer of 1919, the flu pandemic came to an end, as those that were infected either died or developed immunity. Almost 90 years later, in 2008, researchers announced they’d discovered what made the 1918 flu so deadly: A group of three genes enabled the virus to weaken a victim’s bronchial tubes and lungs and clear the way for bacterial pneumonia. Since 1918, there have been several other influenza pandemics, although none as deadly. A flu pandemic from 1957 to 1958 killed around 2 million people worldwide, including some 70,000 people in the United States, and a pandemic from 1968 to 1969 killed approximately 1 million people, including some 34,000 Americans. More than 12,000 Americans perished during the H1N1 (or “swine flu”) pandemic that occurred from 2009 to 2010. The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in December 2019, spread around the world before an effective COVID-19 vaccine was made available in December 2020. By May of 2023, when the World Health Organization declared an end to the global coronavirus emergency, almost 7 million people had died of COVID-19. Each of these modern day pandemics brings renewed interest in and attention to the Spanish Flu, or “forgotten pandemic,” so-named because its spread was overshadowed by the deadliness of World War I and covered up by news blackouts and poor record-keeping. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality, 1918–1919 Pharmacology, Pathology, and Historic Evidence. Clinical Infectious Diseases. In 1918 Pandemic, Another Possible Killer: Aspirin. The New York Times. How the Horrific 1918 Flu Spread Across America. Smithsonian Magazine. What the Spanish Flu Debacle Can Teach Us About Coronavirus. Politico. WHO declares end to Covid global health emergency. NBC News. COVID-19 Dashboard. WHO.

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/1918-flu-pandemic

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- SQLite Tutorial - SQLite - Home - SQLite - Overview - SQLite - Installation - SQLite - Commands - SQLite - Syntax - SQLite - Data Type - SQLite - CREATE Database - SQLite - ATTACH Database - SQLite - DETACH Database - SQLite - CREATE Table - SQLite - DROP Table - SQLite - INSERT Query - SQLite - SELECT Query - SQLite - Operators - SQLite - Expressions - SQLite - WHERE Clause - SQLite - AND & OR Clauses - SQLite - UPDATE Query - SQLite - DELETE Query - SQLite - LIKE Clause - SQLite - GLOB Clause - SQLite - LIMIT Clause - SQLite - ORDER By Clause - SQLite - GROUP By Clause - SQLite - HAVING Clause - SQLite - DISTINCT Keyword - Advanced SQLite - SQLite - PRAGMA - SQLite - Constraints - SQLite - JOINS - SQLite - UNIONS Clause - SQLite - NULL Values - SQLite - ALIAS Syntax - SQLite - Triggers - SQLite - Indexes - SQLite - INDEXED By Clause - SQLite - ALTER Command - SQLite - TRUNCATE Command - SQLite - Views - SQLite - Transactions - SQLite - Subqueries - SQLite - AUTOINCREMENT - SQLite - Injection - SQLite - EXPLAIN - SQLite - VACUUM - SQLite - Date & Time - SQLite - Useful Functions SQLite is a software library that implements a self-contained, serverless, zero-configuration, transactional SQL database engine. SQLite is the most widely deployed SQL database engine in the world. The source code for SQLite is in the public domain. This tutorial will give you a quick start with SQLite and make you comfortable with SQLite programming. This tutorial has been prepared for beginners to help them understand the basic-to-advanced concepts related to SQLite Database Engine. Before you start practicing various types of examples given in this reference, we assume that you are already aware about what is a database, especially RDBMS and what is a computer programming language. Frequently Asked Questions about SQLite There are some very Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ) about SQLite, this section tries to answer them briefly. SQLite is a database management system used to store and manage data in a structured format. It is often used in applications that need to save data locally on a device or computer, such as mobile apps, desktop software, and embedded systems. SQLite allows developers to create databases, organize data into tables, and perform operations like inserting, updating, and querying data. You should use SQLite because it is easy to use and does not require a separate server to run. It is perfect for applications that need to store data locally on a device, like mobile apps or desktop software. SQLite is also fast and reliable, making it a good choice for projects where simplicity and efficiency are important. Plus, since it is self-contained, you can easily distribute SQLite databases with your application without worrying about additional setup for users. SQLite requires minimal maintenance compared to other database management systems. Since it is self-contained and doesn't require a separate server, you don't need to worry about installing updates or managing server configurations. However, regular backups of your SQLite databases are recommended to prevent data loss in case of accidents or errors. Additionally, you may need to periodically optimize your databases to improve performance, especially if they become large or complex. SQLite databases can become locked to prevent multiple processes from simultaneously making changes that could conflict with each other. When a process accesses an SQLite database, it acquires a lock to ensure exclusive access to the database while performing operations like writing data or executing transactions. This locking mechanism helps maintain data integrity and prevents data corruption by ensuring that only one process can modify the database at a time. Once the process completes its operations, it releases the lock, allowing other processes to access the database. SQLite is a type of relational database management system (RDBMS). It allows users to store, manage, and retrieve data in a structured format organized into tables with rows and columns. Users can define relationships between different tables, perform queries to retrieve specific data, and execute transactions to ensure data integrity. SQLite is written in the C programming language. This means that the core functionality of SQLite, including its engine for managing databases, is implemented using C code. However, SQLite provides interfaces for many programming languages, allowing developers to interact with SQLite databases using languages like Python, Java, C++, and more. Yes, SQLite is open source, which means its source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. This openness allows developers to inspect SQLite's code, contribute improvements, and use it in their projects without restrictions. SQLite is known for its speed and efficiency in handling database operations. It is designed to be lightweight and optimized for quick access to data, making it fast for reading and writing data. Because SQLite is self-contained and doesn't require a separate server, there is minimal overhead in communication, resulting in faster response times for database queries and transactions. SQLite was invented by D. Richard Hipp. He created SQLite to provide a simple, lightweight, and efficient database solution that could be embedded into software applications without requiring a separate server. Hipp designed SQLite to be fast, reliable, and easy to use, making it suitable for a wide range of projects and environments. The time it takes to learn SQLite can vary depending on your familiarity with databases and SQL (Structured Query Language). If you are completely new to databases, it might take a few days to understand the basics of SQLite and how to perform common operations like creating tables, inserting data, and querying information. With consistent practice and experimentation, you can become proficient in SQLite within a few weeks or months. However, mastering more advanced features and optimizing database performance could take longer and might require additional learning and experience. The latest version of SQLite is 3.36.0. However, it is important to note that new versions may have been released. SQLite developers regularly release updates to improve performance, fix bugs, and add new features. To find the most current version of SQLite, you can visit the official SQLite website or check the release notes on their GitHub repository. This enables you to create web applications that use SQLite databases without needing a server-side database management system. However, it is important to note that browser-based SQLite implementations may have limitations compared to using SQLite in a traditional server environment. SQLite is popular for several reasons. They are as follows − Simplicity − It is easy to set up and use, making it accessible to developers of all skill levels. Portability − SQLite databases are self-contained files that can be easily shared and transferred between different systems, making it convenient for use in various environments. No Server Required − Unlike traditional database management systems, SQLite does not require a separate server to run, reducing setup complexity and resource requirements. Efficiency − SQLite is lightweight and optimized for performance, allowing for fast data access and manipulation, even in resource-constrained environments. Flexibility − It supports a wide range of SQL features and data types, making it suitable for a variety of applications, from mobile apps to desktop software to embedded systems. SQLite databases are stored as single files on your computer or device. When you create a SQLite database, it is saved as a single file with a .sqlite or .db extension. This file contains all the tables, rows, and other database objects you've defined, as well as the data you have inserted into the database. You can move, copy, or share SQLite database files just like any other file on your computer. To connect to SQLite, you need to use a programming language that supports SQLite and provides libraries or modules for interacting with SQLite databases − Install SQLite − First, you need to ensure SQLite is installed on your system. Most systems come with SQLite pre-installed, but if not, you can download and install it from the official SQLite website. Choose a Programming Language − Decide which programming language you want to use to interact with SQLite. Popular choices include Python, Java, C/C++, and many others. Install SQLite Library or Module − Install the SQLite library or module for your chosen programming language. These libraries/modules provide functions or classes to interact with SQLite databases. Connect to the Database − Use the functions or methods provided by the SQLite library/module to connect to your SQLite database. Generally, you will need to specify the path to your SQLite database file when establishing the connection. Perform Operations − Once connected, you can execute SQL queries, insert, update, delete data, and perform other database operations using the functions or methods provided by the SQLite library/module. SQLite is like a small, lightweight tool for managing data in simple applications. It struggles with lots of users accessing data at once and isn't great for huge amounts of information. It is best for small projects where simplicity is more important than handling lots of data or users.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sqlite/

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USB versions and speed standards refer to the generation and the speed at which data can be transferred through the USB port or cable. The first version is the USB 1.0. It was released in 1996 and it is ancient by modern standards. It is very slow, with data transmission speeds of just 1.5 Mbps. You will hardly find any device using this version of USB today. If you do, that device is most likely in a museum. Due to its shortcomings, a minor upgrade called the USB 1.1 was released in 1998. USB 1.1 had speeds of up to 12Mbps and performed better than the 1.0. Recommended: UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB) IN SMARTPHONES In 2001, the second USB version called USB 2.0 (High Speed) was released. USB 2.0 is still the version used on many smartphones today. USB 2.0 had three-speed tiers. It transmitted data at 1.5Mbps (low speed) for low-powered peripherals like wired keyboards, mice, etc. 12Mbps (Full speed) was used for printers, photocopiers, flash drives, phones, etc. 480 Mbps (High speed) was mostly used for data transfer. USB 2.0 introduced many modern USB norms, including support for Mini and Micro USB cables, USB OTG, USB hubs, and more. It is the slowest speed of USB still used today. You’ll find it used on cheap flash drives, devices like mice and keyboards, and similar. Most phones and computers today use USB 2.0 ports. USB 3.0 (Super speed) is the current standard for USB speeds. It was introduced in 2011. It is much faster than USB 2.0 and thus recommended for devices like external hard drives. USB 3.0 runs at a blazing 5Gbps. In 2014 and 2017, USB 3.1 and 3.2 (Superspeed+) were released as updates to the standard 3.0 and they were even much faster. You can typically identify a USB 3. x port or connector by its blue coloring. Many USB 3.0 ports also have an SS symbol (which stands for Super Speed). Most new computers have at least one USB 3 port, and all good-quality flash drives use this standard. Recommended: USB OTG AND USB HUBS USB 4.0 (Superspeed+ and Thunderbolt 3) was released last year (2019) and it transfers data at double the speed of USB 3.2. USB 4.0 transfers data at 40Gbits per second. It can only be found on high-end PCs, laptops, and smartphones (probably). The latest PlayStation 5 also ships with USB 4.0. Below are the various USB versions and speed standards in tabular form. INSIDE A USB CABLE If you cut a USB cable open, you will find 4 wires that are color-coded according to their functions. This information should come in handy when fiddling with cables especially when trying to swap heads or on other DIY stuff. One more thing, all USB cords are not equal. Some USB cords are faster than others when charging or sending data. Make sure to check before purchasing. This brings us to the end of this blog post. If you found it enlightening, kindly leave a comment below and share this post. Thank you so much for reading to the end, I’ll see you in my next blog post Please leave a comment if you have any difficulty and remember to: Subscribe to our YouTube channel Follow on Facebook Join our Telegram community Follow us on Instagram Check out the Clubhouse as well We remain Inquisitive Universe Woah! I’m really loving the template/theme of this blog. It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of the time, it’s difficult to get that “perfect balance” between superb usability and visual appeal. I must say that you’ve done a fantastic job with this. Additionally, the blog loads extremely quick for me on Internet explorer. Outstanding Blog! Loving the information on this web site, you have done outstanding job on the posts. Thank you very much! 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https://inquisitiveuniverse.com/2020/10/08/usb-versions-and-speed-

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What is pediatric ophthalmology? Any problem associated with eyes in children is called Paediatric ophthalmology. Problems like difficulty in vision, blocking tear ducts, cataracts and difficulty in reading. Sometimes the child is born with an eye defect when it is called Congenital. Common eyes problems in children and their treatment 1. Cataracts: - Pediatric cataracts are a condition in which the natural lens of the eye of a child becomes opaque. Child has blurred vision and needs urgent treatment to restore good vision which may be immediate surgery. 2. Glaucoma: - Congenital glaucoma is the birth eye defect that can cause damage to the optic nerves. The child has difficulty in opening the eyes in light( photophobia) and watering. Treatment is medicines or surgery and your surgeon is the best person to guide you. 3. Amblyopia (lazy eye): - Amblyopia or lazy eye is a condition where the vision of one or bothe eye is poor and does not improve to 100% with glasses. This condition can be treated using glasses, eye patches and eye drops. 4. Strabismus or Squint: - Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes point in different direction and are not able to align properly with each other. If the problem is not detected or treated timely then it can lead to amblyopia. This problem must be treated at early age by eye patches, glasses, exercise and eye drops. 5. Pink Eye: - Pink eyes are a condition when the eye of a child gets red due to infection, irritation and allergy. It can cause itchiness, watery eyes and sticky discharge. In a newborn it is very important to treat it early to avoid any serious complications. 6. Epiphora: - Epiphora is a condition in which a child gets watery eyes and excess tearing. It could be due to blockage of tear ducts, infection or allergy. It is important to treat it early as blocked tear duct because tears are not able to clean the eye and cause infection in the eye. 7. Droopy eyelids (ptosis):-In this condition the eyelids do not open as much as they should be. This happens due to the weakness in eye muscles that open in eyelid. 8. Far sightedness: - In this condition the child is unable to see the close objects clearly. This is the common problem in children. They are suggested to wear glasses. Eye diseases in children have to be treated early to prevent serious vision problems in future A Centre of Excellence in Eye Care for 37 years, Bharti Eye Foundation was conceptualised and nurtured by Dr. S. Bharti in 1985. The hospital has been accredited for patient safety and quality of care by the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers (NABH) , a constituent Board of Quality Council of India. All super-speciality eye treatment services and investigations are available under one roof. Week-Days: | 9am - 6pm | Sunday: | CLOSED | Copyright © 2022 · All Rights Reserved Bharti Eye Foundation

https://bhartieyefoundation.in/pediatric-ophthalmology.html

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An sign of overall health and wellness, a healthy heart is widely valued. Having a strong heart is obviously crucial to live a long and fruitful life. Therefore, doctors and other medical professionals constantly emphasise the importance of a balanced diet and regular physical activity. A balanced lifestyle includes a heart-healthy diet and regular exercise. If you want to know how healthy your heart is, consider the following. Examine your own and the ones you care about to see if they exhibit any of the following symptoms: 1. Rapid recuperation from illness You may have a heart condition if your resting heart rate quickly returns to normal following intense physical activity. The capacity for physical activity is another indicator of a healthy heart. It’s not a problem if you don’t get hurt when playing games or working out. 2. The average rate of breathing If you’re breathing in and out normally, your heart is healthy too. A weak heart increases the risk of respiratory problems. One of the signs of a healthy heart is shortness of breath after exertion, such as after climbing or walking. By monitoring your heart rate, you can ensure that your cardiovascular system is healthy and meeting your body’s oxygen demands. 3. having sufficient vitality and strength Chronic weariness is a common sign of heart disease. After all, if you can still enjoy yourself after a full day at the office, you probably have a healthy heart. If your heart is healthy, your body will receive the adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to support your busy schedule. 4. A regular heartbeat Studies indicate that a heart rate of 72 beats per minute is optimal for good health. However, a normal heart rate ranges from 70 to 80 beats per minute in people with healthy hearts. If you regularly exercise, your heart rate can drop to the 40s. The rate at which your heart beats can be estimated by feeling your pulse. 5. A normal blood pressure It is wise to monitor one’s blood pressure regularly. A blood pressure level of 120 over 80 is considered normal. According to _research_, these two figures indicate your arterial pressure (120) and heart muscle relaxation (80). A heart attack or stroke could occur if your blood pressure is 130 over 80 or higher.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/signs-that-that-indicates-your-heart-is-working-

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The concept of marriage as seen in historical jurisprudence is a complex phenomenon which cannot be confined to one single principle, idea or notion. It is considered to be a combination of several principles, ideas and notions that a perfect logical set of rules cannot be derived from. The essence of marriage is that it is a union of two individuals and it is a social institution. The ‘wedlock’ which has been part of human civilization from time unknown has evolved to have set rules in the form of various laws that govern the marriages all over the world. The concept of Divorce also has unfolded along the way and has become social fact of our generation. When there is lawful dissolution of legal ties established at marriage, in the form of divorce the marriage is said to be dissolved. Divorce which may also be called as ‘dissolution of marriage’ is legal way of separation of spouses in a way other than through the death of one of the spouses so that the parties s are free to remarry immediately or after a certain period of time. Traditionally human society was not in favor of divorce and hence had stable legal bonds established by marriage. However the evolution of societal norms has enhanced the expectations of spouses from each other, which when not fulfilled give rise to the conflicts. The conflicts become incorrigible; disharmony ensues, impacting the mental health, behavioral patterns, financial instability, work life and quality of life. Identifying the point at which marital cords are losing the harmony affecting one’s holistic well-being becomes an important step. With exemplary experience of interacting with innumerable numbers of couples facing the disharmony in their marital lives, we understand the emotional burden and societal pressure that one goes through when they are in a cusp of separation. Divorce becomes necessary when the marriage has completely broken down and formal continuance of the marital bond itself is a source of misery. Depending on whether one of the spouses or both in consensus initiating the divorce proceedings leads to two kinds of divorce, Mutual and Contested. In other words “No fault divorce” where there is no mudslinging on each other. Both the spouses have agreed to part ways and have agreed to settle their financial liabilities, divide their assets, child custody and support is agreed upon and payment of maintenance/ alimony is planned out. There are no grounds required to file for divorce by mutual consent. However there are pre-conditions that need to be satisfied a) Existence of a legal marriage as per the applicable law. b) Both the parties lived together as husband and wife. Couldn’t continue to live together, hence they separated. c) Lapse of 1 year from the date of marriage is mandatory under Section 14 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and Section 29 of Special Marriage Act, 1954 d) Separation of the spouses for a minimum period of 1 year is necessary to file the application. Section 13B of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Section 28 of Special Marriage Act, 1954 mandates this condition. Under section 10A of Divorce Act, 1869 the lapse 2 years was mandated for Christians, however the High Court of Karnataka has reduced it to 1 year as decided in Shiv Kumar v Union of India on 3 Feb 2014, AIR 2014 Karnataka 73, 2014 to make this provision in parity with other laws. Separation of spouses imply either they are residing separately or residing under one roof but do not share common household, financially independent and responsibilities are not interdependent. Also Read: – Christian Divorce Lawyers in Bangalore These conditions can be illustrated with an example; Mr. X & Mrs. Y got married on 01.01.2020, lived together as husband and wife for a few days and on 10.01.2020 started to live separately. The date on divorce can be filed is 11.01.2021 or later. e) If both the parties have consented to the fact that reconciliation and cohabitation is not possible. f) Six months of waiting period after filing the joint petition is provided in the law, which is also called as cooling off period to enable parties to get back to each other in cases of a hasty decision taken at the heat of the moment. However the court has discretionary powers to waive off the cooling period in genuine cases. The Supreme Court in the case of Amardeep Singh v Harveen Kaur AIR 2017 SUPREME COURT 4417, 2017 (8) referring to the option of divorce by mutual consent stated that “The object of the provision is to enable the parties to dissolve a marriage by consent if the marriage has irretrievably broken down and to enable them to rehabilitate them as per available options. The amendment was inspired by the thought that forcible perpetuation of status of matrimony between unwilling partners did not serve any purpose. The object of the cooling off the period was to safeguard against a hurried decision if there was otherwise possibility of differences being reconciled. The object was not to perpetuate a purposeless marriage or to prolong the agony of the parties when there was no chance of reconciliation. Though every effort has to be made to save a marriage, if there are no chances of reunion and there are chances of fresh rehabilitation, the Court should not be powerless in enabling the parties to have a better option.” This is a “Fault Divorce”, where one of the spouses files a petition seeking dissolution of marriage stating the grounds for her/his prayer before the court. The grounds for seeking divorce are specified in the Act applicable based on the religion and Act under which parties’ marriage was solemnized. Irrespective of the different laws that come in play, the grounds are more or less similar across them. One of the spouses initiates the divorce proceeding, by filing a petition and the other spouse’s consent is not required at that time. On the other hand as the proceedings progress, there may be a consensus reached to agree upon certain terms and conditions in order to settle the issues between them. The dissolution of lawful wedlock requires legal steps to be adhered to. These requirements call for a divorce lawyer’s professional service to make sure that one goes through the procedure as per law and ease the burden at the difficult time. Jurisdiction of the Court (Where can one file a Divorce case?) The divorce petition is to be presented to the district court, which includes Family Court within the local limits of whose ordinary original civil jurisdiction, i) The marriage was solemnized, or ii) The respondent at the time of the presentation of the petition, resides, or iii) The parties to the marriage last resided together; or iv) In case petitioner is wife, where she resides at the time of presentation of the suit; or v) The petitioner is residing at the time of the presentation of the petition, in a case where the respondent is at that time, residing outside the territories to which this Act extends, or has not been heard of as being alive for a period of seven years or more by those persons who would naturally have heard of him if he were alive. This intricate step of understanding the jurisdiction where your case required to be filed can be rest on your divorce lawyer. Consult our best divorce lawyers if you are in limbo. Analogous provisions of law: Also Read: – Hindu Divorce Lawyers in Bangalore STEP 1: Choosing the lawyer Being a country of many religions and citizens falling under different laws when it comes to marriage, divorce, child custody, succession and such other matters, it may be grueling to understand the provisions of law. Your divorce lawyer has knowledge and understanding of the law to guide you on this. It is essential that you choose an experienced and skillful advocate who is acclimatized to the courts in the local area of jurisdiction and are well versed with the local language and practices. STEP 2: Consultation with the lawyer Fixing an appointment with the a divorce lawyers is your next step. Note down your doubts and questions that you may have regarding intended divorce, as a preparation. You and your spouse can choose one advocate or 2 separate advocates to represent you both in the court. When it comes to mutual consent divorce all the terms and conditions of separation must be spoken, discussed and agreed upon by both the spouses. Guidance on arriving at consensus can be sought from your divorce lawyer. STEP 3: Documents Documents such as Address Proof of both the parties, Marriage Certificate, Marriage Invitation Card, Marriage Photograph, Child’s Birth Certificate if any and any other document that may be necessary for the facts mentioned in the petition. STEP 4: Joint Petition A joint petition is prepared by the advocate mentioning the details provided by you. You and your spouse will be asked to inscribe your signatures after reading through the petition and accompanying affidavit/s. The duly signed petition is then filed in the court of jurisdiction by the advocates along with the necessary documents. STEP 5: Waiting period Once the case is filed for mutual consent divorce, the court following the provisions of law gives a date after six months for the next motion. This period is called as waiting period or cooling off period and it is given to the parties to see if any reconciliation possible between them. However court has the power to waive off this period if there are reasons to believe that the marriage is broken down irretrievably. An effective argument on your behalf by your counsel (advocate/ lawyer) may help in getting this period waived off. STEP 6: Hearing & Mediation On the scheduled date either after 6 months or in case waiting period is waived off the earlier date which will be informed to you by your lawyer, both the spouses must be present in the court. Prior to this all the issues related to division or transfer of property and other assets, responsibility assigned for liabilities, child custody & support, amount of maintenance and alimony and any other issue that the parties are concerned about has to be decided and settled amicably by the parties. A mediator talks to both the parties to confirm that there is no chance of reconciliation. With the mediator’s report your file moves back to the court. The Judge may ask few questions based on the facts mentioned in the petition and in the mediation report, to which parties have to answer. Your lawyer will guide through the entire process and be present with you. STEP 7: Divorce Decree After the final hearing on the same day or the day after, Judge issues the divorce decree, an order that ends your marriage lawfully. Parties’ presence is required for this stage also. Later your lawyer and the team complete the necessary paper works and informs you when the copy of the final judgment is available, which can be collected from our office. STEP 8: After the judgment There is no option for appeal in case of mutual consent divorce. Only in case of any issue related to child custody or property division which was not addressed earlier or any conflict arises further regarding maintenance or alimony, there can be a fresh suit. To avoid this, it is advised to take professional services of a divorce lawyer. Divorce is one of the most emotionally taxing challenges humans face. In India, it comes with the added burden of various cultural, societal, and familial factors. Fortunately, there is more awareness around it. But there are still a lot of raw emotions involved. Many couples reach a mutual understanding that their marriage has completely fallen apart and file for divorce. Such a divorce is known as “Mutual Consent Divorce”. It is relatively simpler and less traumatizing than a long-drawn contested divorce case. Mutual Divorce is also called as “No Fault Divorce” where spouses do not have to sling mud at each other or in other words no blame game and no accusations made at each other. The grounds mentioned in the statutes are not applicable here. Divorce by mutual consent is also recognized as a ground for dissolution of marriage under different statutory provisions such as The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, Dissolution of Marriage Act 1939, and the Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 and Divorce Act, 1869 for Christians and to govern inter-religion marriages, Special Marriage Act, 1954. As per the legal provisions stipulated by the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, both spouses possess the right to seek the dissolution of their marriage through a decree of divorce, as mentioned in Section 13B. Complementing this, Section 28 of the Special Marriage Act of 1954 and Section 10A of the Divorce Act of 1869 also extend the avenue of divorce by mutual consent. Choosing a mutual divorce has the following benefits: Better for Emotional Well-being Less Time Consuming Better for Family Maintain Privacy and Control If you and your spouse are on good terms despite deciding to separate, it may leave you wondering whether you need professional legal guidance to aid the divorce proceedings. Well, in our experience, most cases do need professional guidance, and here’s why: We all know divorce is a very stressful time in any individual’s life. In India, it gets more complicated due to our families being involved too. The process of getting a divorce involves handling court communication, gathering information, and making sure that all the deadlines are met. Thus, hiring legal experts is going to take that burden off of you and help you focus on healing. By hiring a legal expert, you can gain a better understanding of laws regarding divorce in India. A lawyer can help you understand your rights and duties. They can help you make decisions regarding the division of property, assets, and debts, as well as make sure that all the necessary paperwork is properly prepared and filed on time. We all know divorce is a very stressful time in any individual’s life. In India, it gets more complicated due to our families being involved too. The process of getting a divorce involves handling court communication, gathering information, and making sure that all the deadlines are met. With the guidance and support from your lawyer, you can make informed decisions to protect your interests to the best. Even in cases where you and your spouse have agreed to all the terms of divorce, you may need to be present in court. You’ll need a lawyer to represent yourself in this scenario. Understanding the process & procedure followed in the busy court could be impossible if there's no one to represent you. The legal system is very complex for a commoner to navigate. An experienced divorce lawyer can help you in handling all the legal paperwork, and court communication, and meet all deadlines. For a lawyer who visits the court and handles the cases on a daily basis, it isn't difficult to keep updated with the dates of hearing and updates on the court routines. As mentioned above, navigating the legal system is not easy for a commoner. Even a minor error in documentation or missing a deadline can cause major delays in your divorce proceedings. The first step towards initiating a mutual divorce is to carefully draft and file a joint petition at the family court. This joint petition is to be signed by both spouses. Subsequent to filing if necessary and on application, the mandatory six months cooling off period may be condoned by the Honorable Court. In Mediation and Negotiations, an amicable settlement agreement is drawn up and entered into by the parties that would incorporate fair terms for both spouses, regarding permanent alimony, maintenance, child’s custody - maintenance, settlement of property / assets and return of articles. The next step in divorce proceedings is for both parties to appear before the Honorable judge in family court in person or through Power of Attorney Holder. Divorce is a period of emotional turmoil for any individual and also potentially life-altering decisions.

https://divorcebylaw.com/mutual-divorce-lawyer-in-

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For numerous reasons, Egypt is a fascinating country. In terms of history, it's one of the richest countries in the world and there is no shortage of places to visit to experience that wealth. Egypt thrived for thousands of years as an independent nation whose culture was famous for great human advances in every area of knowledge, from the arts and sciences to technology and religion. The great monuments, which Egypt is still celebrated for today, reflect the depth and grandeur of Egyptian culture, which influenced so many ancient civilisations, including Greece and Rome. Today, researchers and archaeologists continue to find artefacts in Egypt. Here is a list of 6 of the most incredible discoveries made in Egypt to date: 1. The Tomb of Tutankhamun If you thought those movies and TV series about mummies were nothing but feigned, Tutankhamun's tomb will most likely make you question your opinion. This Egyptian national treasure is considered the most famous archaeological discovery to date. The tomb was found in November 1922 by British Egyptologist Howard Carter. After careful examination, Carter's team found that the king's body was covered in three gold coffins, with the innermost filled with treasures and Tutankhamun's death mask. Rumour has it that when the tomb was opened, a curse was unleashed. It is widely claimed that many people associated with the opening of the tomb soon fell victim to the curse, dying in mysterious circumstances. The legend gained traction because a few of the people who were involved in finding the tomb did, in fact, die not long after it was opened. 2. The Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone dates back to 196 BC and is considered to be the single-most important conduit of understanding between the modern world and ancient Egypt. Inscribed on it is an injunction by a panel of priests who allowed 13-year-old Ptolemy V to rule over Egypt. However, that's not all... The stone was discovered in July 1799, one year after the French had arrived in Egypt. When Napoleon's scientific team discovered it, the only known language out of those three was Greek. With the help of the stone, scientists were able to decipher the two other languages. The British government put the stone on display at the British Museum in London. In the past, Egyptians have continuously asked for its return. 3. The Temples of Abu Simbel The construction of the temple began around 1279-13 BC, in an attempt to strengthen the status of Egyptian religion in Nubia. Over the years, the temple, known as "Temple of Ramesses, beloved by Amun" was neglected and completely covered in sand. Every year, numerous Egyptians gather before sunrise to observe the stream of light gradually sneaking through the stone and illuminating the statuettes of Ramses, Ra, and Amun in the central chamber. This popular event is known as "The Sun Festival". 4. The Khufu Ship The Khufu Ship is a relic discovered by Egyptian archaeologist Kamal El Mallakh in 1954. It was hidden, along with other "grave goods" Egyptians collected at the time for use in the afterlife. The vessel was reconstructed using cedar wood from Lebanon and is currently displayed in the Giza Solar Boat Museum. Khufu's ship is one of the oldest, largest, and best-preserved vessels from antiquity. It measures 43.6 meters (143 ft) long and 5.9 m (19.5 ft) wide. 5. The Cairo Manuscript This long-forgotten manuscript was donated to the Museum of Cairo in 2015. The document was shared several times among multiple museums and eventually returned to Egypt's capital city in pieces. After delicately reconstructing it, archaeologists realized that it was, in fact, a 4000-year-old manuscript that detailed religious spells and contained colorful images of supernatural and holy entities. 6. The Plague of Cyprian Between 1997 and 2012, at the funerary complex of Harwa and Akhimenru (modern day Luxor), a team of archaeologists found the remains of several dead bodies. The human remains that archaeologists found at the site were covered with a thick layer of lime, used historically as a disinfectant. The bodies were burned by the ancient Egyptians to prevent the blight from spreading. Additional inspection proved that the victims died so rapidly that they didn't even receive proper burial rites.

https://stepfeed.com/6-of-egypt-s-

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History shows that the cross was used centuries before Christ. For example, in the British Museum is a statue of the Assyrian king Samsi-Vul, son of Shalmaneser. Around his neck is an almost perfect Maltese cross. On an accompanying figure, that of Ashur-nasir-pal, is a similar cross. The ancient Greek goddess Diana is pictured with a cross over her head, in much the same way the "Virgin Mary" is represented by many medieval artists. Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, is often pictured wearing a headdress adorned with crosses. Different types of crosses were used in Mexico centuries before the Spaniards arrived. The Egyptians used cross symbols in abundance, as did the Hindus. The surprising thing is that the "Christian" use of the cross did not begin until the time of Constantine, three centuries after Christ. Archaeologists have not found any Christian use of the symbol before that time. According to one writer (W. E. Vine, Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, article "Cross"), the cross as a "Christian" symbol was taken directly from the pagans. The New Testament does not specifically describe the instrument upon which Christ died, though Acts 5:30; 10:39; and 13:28-29 refer to it as a "tree." The Greek word xulon, translated "tree" in these verses, can mean a stick, club, tree, stake, or other wooden articles.

http://www.cgg.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Library.sr/CT/BQA/k/161/What-

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The profession of pawnbroking, which has roots in ancient civilizations, has shown to be a resilient and flexible institution throughout history. Pawnbrokers have always been crucial in facilitating financial transactions and providing those in need with a means of subsistence, from their polished storefronts in contemporary urban centers to the bustling marketplaces of Mesopotamia. This article delves into the complex network of pawnbroking by examining its history, evolution, and modern practices. Origins and the Initial Era of History Pawnbroking’s history extends over 3,000 years to ancient China, a time when trade relied heavily on it. People in these prehistoric communities were able to access much-needed liquidity without having to sell their valuable possessions because they could use them as collateral for speedy loans. Ancient Greece and Rome had vibrant Agora and forum marketplaces, where pawnbrokers were active. This practice soon spread to other countries. Europe during the Renaissance and Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, pawnbroking in Europe underwent a transformation that led to the establishment of pawn shops as a staple in expanding urban centers. In exchange for treasures, these companies provided loans to merchants, peasants, and even the monarchy. This was an essential service for individuals from all walks of life. Because they facilitated trade over long distances, swapped currencies, and acted as money changers and lenders, pawnbrokers were vital to the medieval economy. Beyond the Industrial Revolution Pawn shops spread quickly throughout Europe and North America during the Industrial Revolution, driven by the continent’s fast economic growth and urbanization. This represented a crucial turning point in the history of pawnbroking. Pawnbrokers were financial lifelines for innumerable people struggling with poverty and economic insecurity in the busy cities of the 19th century. Pawnbrokers modified their business methods to suit the evolving needs of their clientele as industrialization changed society. They now provide loans secured by a wide range of goods, such as tools, musical instruments, jewelry, and electronics. Contemporary Procedures and Law Even with a more controlled and standardized method, pawnbroking is still a significant part of the financial landscape in the current era. Pawn shops nowadays function under a legal and regulatory framework that is intended to safeguard lenders and borrowers alike, guaranteeing honest and open dealings. Pawnbrokers use technology to expedite their business processes; clients can obtain loans using digital platforms in a timely and easy manner. The history of pawnbroking, from its humble origins in prehistoric societies to its current status as a regulated industry, demonstrates its tenacity and continued applicability. In the past, pawnbrokers have served as the foundation of their communities by providing necessary financial services to individuals in need. It is quite likely that pawnbroking will keep evolving and changing in the future, maintaining its status as a cornerstone of the global economy for many more generations.

https://www.authortalking.com/the-development-of-pawnbrokers-from-

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The Constitution of the State of Israel Daniel J. Elazar Although Israel does not have a single complete constitutional document, in its forty-five years of statehood the Jewish state has developed an operative constitution of its own, embodied in a set of written texts that reflect the political system on which the state is based, its social content, and an expanding constitutional tradition. Those texts were properly promulgated by the representatives of the people and recognized as constitutional by Israel's Supreme Court. The texts are collected and presented here for what they are -- Israel's operative constitution that determines the basic operations of the Israeli polity, the basic rules of governance enforced by those empowered to execute and enforce the law and, as such, interpreted by the courts as a constitution. Political Compact and Covenant The constitutional character of a civil society is not based on the existence of a written constitution alone. Both as a new society in the modern sense and as the heir to Jewish political principles, Israel was founded on the basis of a political compact that is both a social contract through which its citizens have established the terms of civil peace upon which their polity rests and a covenant that morally connects Israelis to a set of shared political principles and aspirations. Israel's declaration of independence is precisely that kind of political compact. The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, as it is officially known, represents the consensual basis upon which the state rests. In essence, it is Israel's founding covenant. As indicated by the range of signatures appended to it, it was proclaimed as the expression of a wall-to-wall consensus which extended beyond the Zionist movement to include the Communists and the ultra-Orthodox non-Zionists of Agudat Israel. Precisely drafted to assure the support of all parties to Israel's founding, it combines Jewish national aspirations and universal human rights, religious and secular sensibilities, Zionist needs and the political ends of modern democracy. As such, it was and is a consensus-building document.1 As a synthesizing document, the Declaration's phrasing reflects the problems of reaching consensus, also building into the polity's foundations the fundamental tensions whose resolution anew by each generation for that generation constitute major tasks of Israeli politics. For example, there was the well-known controversy over whether or not there should be a reference to God in the text. For the secularist, anti-religious left that was still very powerful in 1948, any mention of Divine providence was anathema. For religious Jews and those perhaps not so personally observant but still anchored within the framework of Jewish tradition, the proclamation of the reestablishment of the Jewish state could not appear without such a reference. The compromise worked out was built around the inclusion of Tzur Israel (Rock of Israel), a phrase traditionally used as a euphemism for God, yet vague enough to allow for various interpretations. Since then, the tension between secular and religious has taken various turns but it remains fundamental to almost every aspect of Israeli politics. "Written" and "Unwritten" Constitutions The Israeli experience can be instructive with regard to the nature of constitutionalism. By and large, modern political science has emphasized the distinction between written and unwritten constitutions as basic to the understanding of constitutionalism, citing the American constitution as the prime example of the former and the British constitution as the prime example of the latter. That distinction has come under increasing criticism in recent years. Political scientists have pointed out that the American constitutional document cannot be understood on the basis of the plain text alone but only as it has been interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States and in light of various conventions and usages that have grown up in the course of two hundred years. Similarly, the "unwritten" British constitution is built around a series of fundamental documents (from the Magna Carta to the reform of the House of Lords after World War II) as hallowed in their way as their American counterpart.2 A more proper distinction to be made is between constitutions-as-fundamental law and constitutions-as-convention or custom. This understanding is based on the fact that in the largest sense, every constitution possesses both written and unwritten elements, the difference being whether the whole is considered to be fundamental law or simply a reflection of the underlying conventions and customs of the civil society it serves. Thus, in the American constitutional system, the conventions surrounding the Electoral College that morally bind presidential electors to follow the decision of the majority of the voters in their respective states are considered by Americans to be a matter of fundamental law, even though they are merely custom. For the British, on the other hand, convention or custom is considered to be much stronger than "mere" law, since law can be changed by Parliament, while a sitting Parliament would have to be very bold indeed to change a basic convention or custom. This difference is well embodied in the difference between Edmond Burke and John Adams, two eighteenth century contemporaries whose constitutional commentaries have become classics. Burke's constitutionalism was based on the appreciation for ancient usage while Adams' was based upon a belief in fundamental law and the necessity to build a constitution in harmony with it.3 New societies, like the United States, in general, tend to emphasize fundamental law rather than custom or usage precisely because they are new societies. Since customary usage is not available to them, they have to enact laws and legitimize them by linking them to fundamental law. New states serving old societies, like postrevolutionary France, reject customary usage as inconsistent with their efforts to build something new. At most they are willing to incorporate elements of the customs that cannot be ignored in the hope of neutralizing or transforming them politically. Israel has been unable to adopt a constitution full blown, not because it does not share the new society understanding of constitution as fundamental law, but because of a conflict over what constitutes fundamental law within Israeli society. Many religious Jews hold that the only real constitution for a Jewish state is the Torah and the Jewish law (halakhah) that flows from it. They not only see no need for a modern secular constitution, but even see in such a document a threat to the supremacy of the Torah and the constitutional tradition associated with it that has developed over thousands of years to serve the Jewish people in their land and in the diaspora.4 Their opposition is sometimes interpreted as the opposition of traditionalists to modernism or as a struggle between supporters of convention and custom versus supporters of a written constitution as law. This would be a serious misreading of the situation. The most traditionally Orthodox Jews are as convinced that their constitution, the Torah, is law and not custom or convention, as the most ardent supporters of a modern written constitution. Whatever one's opinion about the appropriateness of the Torah as the constitution of a modern state, it is impossible to ignore the fact that it was considered the constitution of ancient Israel and so treated by the Jewish people in the past.5 Jewish political culture does not recognize constitutions derived from convention; conventions and customs are important and, indeed, may attain the status of law for some purposes, but they are derived from a constitutional base and are not replacements for law. Quite to the contrary, the Jewish people as the first new society back in biblical times is strongly committed to the principle of fundamental law and the idea of constitution-alism derived from it. Which Constitutional Model? The world's modern constitutions can be classified according to five basic con-stitutional models: (1) the constitution as frame of government; (2) the constitution as code; (3) the constitution as revolutionary manifesto; (4) the constitution as political ideal; and (5) the constitution as a modern adaptation of an ancient traditional constitution.6 The Constitution as Frame of Government: As a frame of government, the constitution delineates the basic structure, institutions, and procedures of the polity as neatly as possible. It is only explicit in connection with those elements which must be made explicit in order for the constitution to frame a government; specific details are left to ordinary legislation enacted within the constitutional framework. Such constitutions frame governments and not states because they serve civil soocieties where there is no conception of the state as a reified entity. Written constitutions of this model often are devices for organizing new societies founded in new territories, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. The Constitution as Code: This model is characteristic of the Western European states whose constitutions are state codes designed to cope with an established order and established pre-existing constituencies, not to speak of a pre-existing state. As the word "code" signifies, they are long, detailed, highly specific and rigid. The constitutions of Austria and the German Federal Republic are classic examples of that highly rigid model, but so for that matter is the 1978 Spanish Constitution, introduced after Franco's death as the basis for the introduction of a more liberal regime in that country. The frame of government model works best in political systems where there exists basic consensus with regard to the character of the polity, while the constitution as code model reflects the reality of polities in which the character of the regime itself is sufficiently problematic for even small changes in its authority, powers, or functions to require explicit consent. The Constitution as Revolutionary Manifesto: The third model, once most common in the Socialist (Communist) states, is designed for the comprehensive revolutionary reconstruction of an established civil society, based upon the achievement of a social revolution of the most fundamental kind, with all of its political manifestations and impact. This is a constitution designed to root out the old order in its entirety. These constitutions often exclude certain "counter-revolutionary" or "corrupted" groups or classes from participation in the body politic as much as to define the rights, roles, and responsibilities of those who are entitled to participate. Moreover, the central feature of every Communist constitution is the concentration of power in the hands of the organized revolutionary cadres. Indeed, the constitution is not only used to establish the myth of the revolution but as an instrument for fostering that myth and enhancing the power of the revolutionary cadres to make the revolution in the name of the myth. The Constitution as Political Ideal: This model was pioneered by the Latin American countries in the nineteenth century and is most closely identified with the Third World. It combines an expression of what its citizens believe the regime should be with a basic structure of authority that enables the current powerholders to rule with a measure of legitimacy. The former is presented without any serious expectation that the polity or regime will achieve that constitutional ideal, and the latter in anticipation of periodic change as rulers change, usually through revolution or coup. Those states seem to be constantly changing their constitutions in their entirety. In fact, while each constitution is presented as new, usually there is a great continuity of basic articles from one document to the next, combined with changes in specifics to reflect each new regime. This model bears some superficial resemblance to the Communist model, but it has a political rather than a social revolutionary intent. In essence, such constitutions are designed to present an ideal picture of the institutional framework of the proper polity while simultaneously reflecting the character of actual power systems and the specifics of rule by the current powerholders. The Constitution as a Modern Adaptation of an Ancient Traditional Constitution: Polities utilizing this model have a deeply-rooted commitment to what can only be characterized as an ancient and continuing constitutional tradition, rooted in their history and culture or religion, or both. The commitment usually finds expression in what is conveniently referred to as an "unwritten constitution," which often encompasses a collection of documents of constitutional import, each of which marks (or purports to mark) an adaptation of the great tradition to changed circumstances. The British Constitution is the most widely recognized example of this model. Except for the brief interregnum of the English Civil War, its piecemeal constitutional development has been uninterrupted at least since the Norman Conquest and perhaps even before, if William the Conqueror's claims to the throne are recognized. The only time there has been constitution-writing in the United Kingdom or any of its constituent countries has been in connection with some strong necessity to clarify or adapt what are viewed as ancient principles, as in the case of the Magna Carta (1215), the 1689 Bill of Rights connected with the Glorious Revolution, and the 1832 Reform Act; or to establish new relationships among its constituent countries as in the case of the Act of Union between England and Scotland (1707) or the reconstitution of Ireland in the 1920s. Indeed, when this element has been lacking, efforts to change the British Constitution in a formal a way have generally failed. This was true most recently in the attempted devolution of legislative powers to Scotland and Wales. At all times, constitutional change has been achieved through ordinary legislative procedures endowed by convention with constitutional status. Israel's Emergent Constitution Israel should be considered another example of this model. Israel is, in fact, formally committed to the adoption of a written constitution. The first Knesset was elected as a constituent assembly and spent considerable time debating whether or not to write a constitution. The body was deadlocked as the religious parties opposed the idea of a constitution other than the Torah, while the left-wing socialists were equally opposed because they knew that any constitution that would emerge would not embrace their Marxian vision of what the new state should be.7 In a classic speech, David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first prime minister, moved that preparation of a comprehensive constitution be set aside in favor of piecemeal development through enacting Basic Laws as consensus was achieved about each subject, that together would ultimately form a constitution. His argument was presented in the spirit of prudence which has animated the Zionist enterprise at crucial moments, hence it offered good reasons for doing so (if not necessarily the real ones). He suggested that polities need written constitutions for two reasons -- either to link constituent units in a federal system or to republicanize absolutism. Since Israel was not a federal state and the Jewish people has always been republican, Israel did not need to write a constitution on the spot.8 The proposal for piecemeal writing of the constitution was accepted so every Knesset is also a constituent assembly that can enact Basic Laws, usually by a modest special majority of 61, namely, half plus one of its total membership. The Knesset deals with Basic Laws and other constitutional matters through a standing Constitutional, Legislative and Judicial Committee. Basic Laws constitutionalizing its legislative, executive and judicial organs, the presidency, human rights, the state's economy and lands, civil-military relations, and the status of Jerusalem, have been enacted since the early 1950s. Israel's Declaration of Independence has been given quasi-constitutional status by the courts in lieu of a formal bill of rights, since it specifies the basic principles of the regime, while unsettled issues such as local government and its status and powers vis-a-vis the state, or highly controversial ones such as the relationship between religion and state, have been left in abeyance.9 Beyond the Basic Laws, other legislation has constitutional implications and is so treated. Thus the Knesset has constitutionalized the definition of who is a Jew for immigration and registration purposes through the Law of Return. Its resolution of that issue is periodically called into question and has been given stronger constitutional status through court interpretation and through the reluctance of the Knesset itself to change what it has done even when pressed hard to do so. Similarly, the evolving relationship between Israel and the Jewish people has been constitutionalized through a covenant negotiated with the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency, and enacted as legislation by the Knesset (see Table 1). That covenant, concluded between the Government of Israel and the World Zionist Execu-tive in its role at that time as the directorate of the Jewish Agency, allocated functions between the two bodies and made it clear that the Agency was not a state institution but a national one (that is, one that belongs to the whole Jewish people). This covenant was supplemented by a joint declaration in 1960 which specified that "the State of Israel sees itself as the creation of the Jewish People in total, and expects efforts from the ZWF's (Zionist World Federation) side to reach the unity of the nation for the State...."10 Subsequent agreements have transferred other functions to the state and have altered the structure of the Agency to make it more representative of the Jewish people as a whole, but the basic constitutional framework remains the foundation of the federal pattern which Israel and its diaspora partners are fostering as a means of unifying world Jewry. ISRAEL'S CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK - Declaration of Independence (1948) - Legislation of Constitutional Import 2.1 Law of Return (1950) (as amended) 2.2 World Zionist Organization -- Jewish Agency (Status) Law (Covenant Between State of Israel and World Zionist Organization/Jewish Agency for Israel) (1952, amended 1971) - Basic Laws 3.1 The Knesset (1958) 3.2 Israel Lands (1960) 3.3 The President of the State (1964) 3.4 The Government (1968) 3.5 The State Economy (1975) 3.6 Israel Defense Forces (1976) 3.7 Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (1980) 3.8 The Judicature Law (1984) 3.9 The State Comptroller (1988) 3.10 Human Dignity and Freedom (1992) 3.11 Freedom of Occupation (1992) In the Israeli case, direct consideration of the ancient Jewish constitution is disguised through presumably neutral rhetoric because of the conflict between those who seek a religious grounding for the Jewish state and those who want the state to be strictly secular -- the accepted slogan is "a state of hok (civil law), not a state of halakhah."11 Most Israelis view their state as a regime properly based on civil rather than religious law, but believe it only proper that the Knesset has specified in law that the state's legal system should be based on traditional Jewish legal-constitutional principles, which include a full civil code, to the extent possible. Thus, in 1980, after extensive negotiation and debate, the Knesset enacted legislation shifting the basis of Israeli law from English Common Law to the "principles of freedom, justice, equity, and peace of the heritage of Israel."12 The wording is a compromise formula designed to accommodate Israel's linkage to one of the great legal traditions of the world, one whose standards of justice and equity and legal principles designed to implement those standards are widely regarded quite apart from their religious significance, yet conciliate those who fear any steps that might lead to recognition of halakhah as binding law in the Jewish state.13 In 1992, as part of its package of constitutional changes, the Twelfth Knesset enacted two Basic Laws: Securing Human Dignity and Freedom, and Freedom of Occupation (see the report by Uriel Lynn in this publication). Included in the first was a clause specifying that Israel was both a Jewish and a democratic state, constitution-alizing both principles and implicitly the tensions between them in some spheres. The laws also provided for judicial review of Knesset legislation and government regulation in light of the provisions of those two laws, a major formal step forward in the recognition of what had become a de facto reality, namely that the Israel Supreme Court has claimed for itself the right of judicial review over Knesset legislation and actions. Following this mold, Israel's Declaration of Independence serves as a bridge between the idea of an ancient traditional constitution still possessing a certain validity and a modern frame of government. At most, however, this model is only implicit to the Israeli situation since there are strong voices in Israel who would reject such an interpretation, albeit with ambivalences of their own. One of the characteristics of this model is the inclusion among its constitutional documents of Basic Laws which relate to specific ancient traditions. Almost all the documents of the British Constitution do just that, as do two of the Basic Laws of Israel, those relating to state lands and Jerusalem, plus parts of three others: the Knesset, the President of the State, and the State Economy. The three great texts of Israel's founding -- the Declaration of Independence, the Law of Return, and the covenant linking Israel and the WZO/Jewish Agency -- speak directly to the issues of the ancient traditional constitution. Unlike most parliamentary systems, Israel's Supreme Court has come to play an important and expanding role in the development of the state's constitutional law. The Court has taken the task of constitutional interpretation and is pressing it to the farthest possible limits with the consent, active or tacit, of the Israeli public and acquiescence of the state's other governmental institutions. This is in keeping with Jewish political culture that has always placed a high value on courts and judges as arbiters of the law. The Court's role is further enhanced by the range of constitutional issues confronting Israel because of its unique character as a Jewish state. Table 2 summarizes the major concerns of Israeli constitutional law. THE CONCERNS OF ISRAELI CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I. The Foundations of the State A. The constitutional force of the Declaration of Independence B. Continuity of pre-state legislation C. The territorial integrity and boundaries of the state (Basic Law: Jerusalem, enacted 1980) D. Official languages and their use II. Basic Constitutional Principles A. Israel as a Jewish state (Declaration of Independence; Law of Return, enacted 1950) B. Religion and the state - 1. Personal status - 2. Organization and constitutional position of religious communities - 3. Religious freedom C. Citizenship, nationality and immigration (Law of Return) D. The rule of law (Declaration of Independence) - 1. Law enforcement and observance - 2. Equality before the law - 3. Equality of the sexes - 4. Rights of individuals in dealing with public authorities E. Separation of powers - 1. Independent judiciary (Basic Law: The Judicature, enacted 1984) - 2. Delegation of rule-making powers to the administration - 3. Jurisdiction of the administration - 4. Administrative immunities F. Basic Laws - 1. Enactment - 2. Constitutional status III. Basic Political Institutions - 1. Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset, enacted 1958) - 2. Local authorities B. The Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset) - 1. Organization - 2. Rights and obligations of members - 3. As a legislative body - 4. As overseer of the activities of the government C. The Government (Basic Law: The Government, enacted 1968) - 1. Formation and dissolution - 2. Responsibilities - 3. Authority - 4. Prerogative - 5. Powers D. The Presidency (Basic Law: The President of the State, enacted 1964) - 1. Election - 2. Authority and powers E. Local Government IV. Other State Institutions A. Israel Defense Forces (Basic Law: Israel Defense Forces, enacted 1976) B. State Comptroller (Basic Law: State Comptroller, enacted 1988) C. Lands (Basic Law: Israel Lands, enacted 1960) - 1. State lands - 2. National lands - 3. Private lands V. The State Economy (Basic Law: The State Economy, enacted 1975) VI. The State and National Institutions - A. The Jewish Agency and the Zionist World Federation (World Zionist Organization�Jewish Agency (Status) Law, enacted 1952, amended 1971). - B. Specialized national institutions - 1. Keren Hayesod - 2. Israel lands and the Jewish National Fund (Basic Law: Israel Lands, enacted 1960) - 3. Hebrew University Source: Adapted, with modifications and additions, from Amnon Rubinstein, HaMishpat Hakonstitutionali shel Medinat Yisrael (The Constitutional Law of the State of Israel), 4th ed., 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Schocken, 1992) (Hebrew); and Yehoshua Freudenheim, Government in Israel. Taken together, the eleven Basic Laws properly enacted by the Knesset and the amendments to them constitute a constitution by most standards. In comprehensiveness, they are not inferior to the original American Constitution of 1787 before the addition of the first ten amendments (the Bill of Rights) after ratification of the original document. If collectively they are not as long as the European constitutions-as-codes, Israel, as a new state serving a new society, does not need that kind of constitutional detail. Moreover, the other three acts of constitutional standing provide for protection of rights and express Israel's raison d'etre and vision. What is Lacking? What then is lacking? Several elements: some form of popular ratification, greater entrenchment of the Basic Laws as constitutional laws (i.e., a more demanding process of adoption and amendment), and a sense on the part of the Israeli public that all of this adds up to a "real" constitution. Beyond that, there are those who are unhappy with the contents of Israel's present constitution -- who want a different electoral system, or a fully presidential rather than parliamental government, or a single comprehensive bill of rights, or want a halakhic state. Whatever the reason, they find it convenient to dismiss what exists in the hopes of getting something more to their liking. Consequently, in line with the implicit political theory under which the state operates, the Basic Laws that have been enacted have continued to be called "Basic Laws" and to be treated individually. They had never even been bound together for use in Israel until the publication of the first edition of this work in 1988, much less referred to as a "constitution." Constitutional Change in the Twelfth Knesset A second great burst of constitutional activity came in 1992 in the actions of the Likud-led Twelfth Knesset. Spearheaded by Uriel Lynn, the chairman of the Committee on Constitution, Law and Judiciary, with his allies in the Knesset, David Libai of Labor who is now Minister of Justice, Amnon Rubinstein of Shinui (now Meretz), Israel's leading constitutional authority and now also a government minister, and Yoash Tsiddon of Tzomet, secured the enactment of the direct election of the chief executive, the two Basic Laws on rights, a rise in the number of votes needed to cross the threshold for a party to elect its first candidate for the Knesset, and a series of other constitutional changes. Israel had not seen the like of the Twelfth Knesset's activity since the founding of the state. Included in this pamphlet is the summary of a report by M.K. Lynn on the work of his committee as part of the updating of this collection. The Art and Science of Constitutional Design Constitution-making, properly considered, brings us back to the essence of the political. However much extra-political forces may influence particular constitution- making situations or constitutional acts, ultimately both involve directly political expressions, involvements and choices. In that sense, the dynamics of constitution- making has to do with questions of what Vincent Ostrom has termed "constitutional choice.14 Constitutional choice is more art than science. There are scientific principles involved in the making of constitutions, as the fathers of the United States Constitution of 1787 demonstrated in their reliance on the "new science of politics," which had discovered such vital principles of republican regimes as separation of powers, federalism, and the institution of the presidency.15 But the combination of those elements and their adaptation to the constituency to be served is an art. It is an even greater art to bring the constituency to endow the constitution with legitimacy. Constitutional legitimacy involves consent. It is certainly not a commitment that can be coerced -- however much people can be coerced into obedience to a particular regime. Consensual legitimacy is utterly necessary for a constitution to have real meaning and to last. The very fact that, while rule can be imposed by force, constitutions can only exist as meaningful instruments by consent, is another demonstration of how constitution-making is the preeminent political act. A constitution is also a political artifact.16 That is why the making of constitutions combines science and art. The crafting of a constitution involves the identification of basic scientific principles of constitutional design and the technologies which are derived from them, which a proper constitutional artisan or groups of artisans can bring together to exercise the art and craft of constitution-making. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs has undertaken the publication of the complete constitution of the State of Israel to date to make the citizens of Israel aware of the constitution they have. Only with that awareness can they judge whether it is adequate or not. No doubt some will be pleased with the product, others will see it and decide to seek incremental additional improvement, and still others will be more firmly convinced that drastic changes are needed. Whatever their opinion, reading and reviewing the constitution that exists is a prerequisite for any further steps in constitutional design they might care to take. One word regarding the translation of the Basic Laws: until 1985 the Israel Ministry of Justice provided authorized or official translations of the Basic Laws. Since then they have not done so, so new Basic Laws and amendments to existing ones, while they have the best possible translation, are not authorized in the same way as their earlier counterparts. There seems to be widespread feeling that in Israel's fifth decade a state-wide constitutional debate is in order. While a founding covenant should stand as long as the polity it serves, the social contract that gives the covenant practical meaning inevitably is renegotiated in every generation. In Jewish tradition, forty years is the outside limit of a generation. Moreover, we are already engaged in the renegotiation, like it or not. What remains is the opportunity to raise the deliberations surrounding that renegotiation to a proper level. That is what constitutionalism is all about. 1. These themes are treated more extensively in Daniel J. Elazar, Israel: Building a New Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986). On the Declaration of Independence, see Horace M. Kallen, Utopians at Bay (New York: Theodor Herzl Foundation, 1958). Kallen was the first to single out a number of the themes in the Declaration of Independence which deserve careful examination for what they say about the consensus upon which Israel is based and the definition of the state's vocation. He was the first to view the Declaration as expressing Israel's turning away from "Europe's religio-cultural" tradition toward a restoration of an "authentic image of the people of Israel." His comparison of the Declaration with the Torah and the American Declaration of Independence is particularly useful for understanding the similarities and differences between the two new societies. For a history of the drafting of the Declaration and its impact, see Yigal Aricha, "Megillat HaAtzmaot -- Chazon ve-Metziot" (Declaration of Independence -- Vision and Reality), unpublished paper, Bar-Ilan University, 1983 (Hebrew). Today school children in Israel are beginning to study the Declaration from similar perspectives, as described in Aricha. 2. Keith G. Banting and Richard Simeon, eds., The Politics of Constitutional Change in Industrial Nations (Toronto and London: Macmillan, 1986); Ivo Duchacek, Power Maps (Santa Barbara, Calif.: A.B.C.-Clio, 1973); Carl J. Friedrich, "Constitutions and Constitutionalism," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), Vol. 3, pp. 318-326; Carl J. Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy (Boston: Ginn, 1950); Charles H. MacIlwain, Constitutionalism, Ancient and Modern (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1940); Kenneth L. Wheare, Modern Constitutions (London: Oxford University Press, 1951). 3. John Adams, "A Defense of the Constitution of Government of the United States of America" (1780), and Edmond Burke, "Speech to the Electors of Bristol" (1774). 4. On the Torah as constitution and halakhah as constitutional law as they affect Israel, see Ervin Birnbaum, The Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel (Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1970); Menachem Elon, "The Sources and Nature of Jewish Law and Its Application in the State of Israel" Israel Law Review 3 (1968), pp. 88-126, 416-457; Y. Gershoni, "The Torah of Israel and the State," Tradition 12, 3-4 (1972), pp. 25-34; "Jewish Law in the State of Israel," in Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 36 (1974); and Norman L. Zucker, The Coming Crisis in Israel (Cambrige, Mass.: MIT Press, 1973). 5. Cf., inter alia, Josephus Flavius, The Antiquities of the Jews. 6. Daniel J. Elazar, "Constitution-Making: The Pre-Eminently Political Act," in Banting and Simeon, pp. 232-248. 7. Cf. Emanuel Rackman, Israel's Emerging Constitution 1948-1951 (New York: Colombia University Press, 1955); J. Albert, "Constitutional Adjudication without a Constitution: The Case of Israel," Harvard Law Review (1969), 82:1245-1265; Daniel J. Elazar, "A Time of Constitutional Milestones in the History of Israel," Jerusalem Letter/Viewpoints, no. 34 (June 12, 1984); Eli Likhovski, "Can the Knesset Adopt a Constitution Which Will Be the 'Supreme Law of the Land,'" Israel Law Review 4 (1969), pp. 61-69; and Meir Shamgar, "On the Written Constitution," Israel Law Review, Vol. 9, no. 4 (October 1974). 8. David Ben-Gurion, "Laws or a Constitution," in Rebirth and Destiny of Israel, edited and translated from Hebrew under the supervision of Mordecai Nurock (New York: Philosophical Library, 1954), pp. 363-379. 9. Amnon Rubinstein, HaMishpat Hakonstitutionali shel Medinat Yisrael (The Constitutional Law of the State of Israel) (Jerusalem: Schocken, 1992, 4th edition) (Hebrew). 10. As quoted in S.N. Eisenstadt, Israeli Society (New York: Basic Books, 1968). 11. S.Z. Abramov, Perpetual Dilemma: Jewish Religion in the Jewish State (Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1976); Birnbaum, op. cit.; S. Ginossar, "Who Is a Jew; A Better Law? The Law of Return (Amendment no. 2) 1970," Israel Law Review 5 (1970), pp. 264-267; S. Rosenne, "The Israel Nationality Law 5712-1972 and the Law of Return 5710-1950," Journal du Droit International, Vol. 81 (1954):5; Amnon Rubinstein, "Who's a Jew and Other Woes," Encounter (March 1971), pp. 84-93; M. Shava, "Comment on the Law of Return (Amendment No. 2) 5730-1970," Tel Aviv University Studies in Law (1977):140; and Z. Terlo, "The Immigration Laws of Israel -- Some Future Problems," Public Administration in Israel and Abroad 1967, Vol. 7, p. 24. 12. The Foundations of Justice Act (1980). The phrase "the heritage of Israel" is a standard Hebrew expression for Jewish tradition. 13. For religious Zionists, the Torah is perceived to have constitutional import and provides a larger constitutional grounding for the frame of government that is emerging out of the Israeli constitutional process. Since the Torah does not specify any particular regime, it is relatively easy for them to accept Israel's freedom in constitutional design on that level. Indeed, leading religious Zionist rabbis such as Rabbi Judah Amital hold that halakhically the laws of Israel are binding on its citizens even though not formally based on the Torah because they fall within the category of mishpat hamelukhah (literally: the law of the kingdom), a category that has existed parallel to the Torah since the days of the Prophet Samuel and King Saul 3,000 years ago. For a comprehensive analysis of mishpat hamelukhah, see Shimon Federbush, Mishpat Hamelukhah BeYisrael (Jerusalem: Mosad Harav Kook, 1952) (Hebrew). 14. Cf., inter alia, Vincent Ostrom, The Political Theory of a Compound Republic (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987). 15. Martin Diamond, The Democratic Republic (Chicago: Rand McNally 1966); Daniel J. Elazar, "Constitution-Making: The Pre-Eminently Political Act," in Banting and Simeon; Andrew McLaughlin, The Foundations of American Constitutionalism (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Publications, 1961), and Confederation and the Constitution, 1783-1789 (New York: Collier Books, 1962). 16. Ostrom, op. cit. * * * * * The Principal Constitutional Laws Passed by the Twelfth Knesset Through the Efforts of the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee Excerpted from a Summary by Uriel Lynn, Committee Chairman At the outset of the term of the Twelfth Knesset, the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee set out its central legislative goals. While it could have covered a broad variety of topics, it was thought that better results would be achieved by focusing on several basic targets. The central goals were: improving the democratic system and the system of government; securing basic human and civil rights of the individual; combating crime; improving efficiency of the court system, the rabbinical courts, and the offices of execution; improving norms of behavior in business; and improving joint property relations between residents of condominiums. To attain these goals, the committee, in the course of its work, found it necessary at times to abandon established principles and formulate new concepts. 1. Improving the Democratic System and the System of Government in Israel Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel, there has been dissatisfaction with and criticism of the democratic system of government as practiced in Israel. Recently we have witnessed considerable erosion of the public's confidence in the democratic system, as constant concessions to parties and party interests were being made at the expense of the general public. Government instability and malfunctioning exact a tremendous toll on the state. The committee decided to make a concentrated and methodical effort to change the democratic structure and practice of government in Israel. In this area the committee attained its most significant achievements. Legislation that was prepared in the committee and approved by the plenum of the Knesset is based on more than seven years of concentrated effort. At first, most of the efforts were directed toward changing the system of electing the Knesset from the proportional system to a constituency system. This attempt failed, as did the attempt to change the system of electing the Knesset in a manner similar to the system practiced in West Germany, wherein half of the parliament members are elected in electoral districts, and the remainder from nationwide lists. As a result, the committee reached the conclusion that no change could be made at this time in the proportional system. At this stage the emphasis was shifted and reforms were instituted relating to the number of factions in the Knesset, stability of the factions, ethical practices within the parties, and direct election of the prime minister. It could be said that each and every one of the laws that were passed constitutes an achievement in itself. All of them together certainly constitute a wide-ranging reform -- for the first time since the formation of the democratic system in the first years of the state. Principal Features of the Laws: a) Abuse of the confidence given Knesset members by voters of the party electing them A private bill was passed to prevent the manifestations of shifting factions in exchange for benefits (known in Israel as "Kalanterism"). The law in fact abrogates the Knesset member's right to quit his faction and move to another faction in exchange for benefits. The law prohibits guarantees of future Knesset membership, appointment to government office, and receipt of party financing. Splitting two-member Knesset factions is prohibited as well. [Basic Law: The Knesset (Amendment No. 12)]. b) Raising the Threshold Percentage Raising the threshold of the percentage of voters needed to gain a seat in the Knesset from one percent to one and a half percent is the only significant increase in the threshold percentage since the establishment of the state. In the elections to the Thirteenth Knesset, a party needed to obtain about 40,000 votes in order to clear the threshold. As a result, the number of Knesset factions was cut in half. [Knesset Elections Law (Amendment No. 23), 5752-1991]. c) Appeals of Election Results Appeals of election results will no longer be heard by the Knesset Committee, which by its very nature is a political body, but rather by a District Court sitting in special composition. [Knesset Elections Law (Amendment No. 19), 5749-1989]. d) Basic Law: The Government -- Direct Election of the Prime Minister This is the most comprehensive law ever adopted by the Knesset for changing the system of government in Israel. The law sets out the manner of electing the prime minister, ensuing from his being elected directly by the people, and reinforces the Knesset's powers in areas such as emergency regulations, summoning ministers to appear before Knesset committees, supervision of subsidiary legislation, and dismissal of ministers. The law goes into force starting with election to the Fourteenth Knesset. [Basic Law: The Government]. e) Political Parties Law For the first time in Israeli legislation, the law sets forth a definition of a political party. The law defines a party as a separate legal entity, charges it with duties of registering, submitting articles of association, establishing institutions, places it under the review of the State Comptroller, and charges it with observing ethical conduct in its internal affairs. [Political Parties Law, 5752-1992]. f) Preventing Improper Influence on the Voters An amendment of the Election Law was passed prohibiting the use of religious vows, excommunications, and oaths intended to influence the manner in which the voter casts his ballot. [Knesset Elections Law (Amendment No. 24), 5752-1991]. g) Ministerial Committee for Security This amendment obligates the government to establish the Ministerial Committee for Security and a special professional advisory team. [Basic Law: The Government (Amendment No. 5)]. h) Dismissing a Deputy Minister The prime minister has been granted the authority to dismiss a deputy minister. Previously the prime minister had the power to dismiss a minister, but not his deputy. [Basic Law: The Government (Amendment No. 7)]. i) Political Activity by State Employees Two new prohibitions were enacted regarding political activity by state employees. Those serving in the four highest grades of the civil service are now required to resign from the electoral bodies of political parties. State employees and salaried employees of government firms are prohibited from personally voting in the bodies choosing party candidates for the Knesset and the Government. [Civil Service Law (Restricting Political Party Activity and Funds Collection) (Amendment No. 2), 5750-1990]. 2. Securing Civil Rights For quite some time, various proposals have been placed before the Knesset for enacting a Basic Law that would secure civil rights in a manner embodied in constitutions of other countries. Earlier approaches to this subject did not give sufficient consideration to the political realities of Israel. At the initiative of M.K. Amnon Rubinstein, the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee changed the conceptual basis for its deliberations on the subject. Instead of trying to enact a Basic Law which secures all civil rights, it decided to adopt a gradualistic approach, attacking the central issues one after the other. Passage of these Basic Laws was achieved by virtually total cooperation with representatives of the religious parties. It could fairly be said that in this sphere as well, the committee has attained accomplishments of a truly revolutionary nature. The importance of these Basic Laws lies not only in their content, but also in their nature. It has been expressly established in principle that a right incorporated in a Basic Law can be abrogated only through equivalent legislation and only for a worthy purpose. With the passage of the laws listed below, it could be said that, together with all the existing Basic Laws, Israel has a written constitution, although more needs to be done in order to complete it. Principal Features of the Laws: a) Human Dignity and Freedom A Basic Law securing basic human rights of the individual, the law incorporates the core of a bill of rights to recognize the existence of basic rights, such as the right to life, body, property and dignity. It also states that a person is entitled to the protection of the state for these rights. The law defines the right to personal freedoms, including entering and leaving Israel, the right to individuality and privacy, a person's right to private property, and protection against searches of his body and private effects. An ordinary law cannot contravene the provisions of this Basic Law except for a worthy purpose and in a manner conforming the values of the State of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. [Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom]. b) Freedom of Occupation This is a Basic Law which recognizes the individual's freedom to choose an occupation as a basic right and imposes restrictions on the terms determined by the authorities for licensing occupations. The basic principle is embodying freedom of occupation in a Basic Law which enjoys a preferred status over ordinary laws. An authority wishing to set out restrictions on conducting a business or engaging in a profession can do so only through legislation or regulations. Limitations on such rights can be enacted for a worthy purpose only. The courts will be the final arbiters of whether a restriction serves a worthy purpose. Conditioning the conduct of a business or engaging in a profession only upon obtaining a permit, which are the most common ways in which the state authorities entangle the business sector, can be effected only according to a law and for the reasons embodied in the Basic Law, which are the protection of public health, public peace or safety, state security, and public morals. The law imposes a special obligation on state authorities to respect the provisions of this law. A two-year transition period has been established before the law takes full effect to enable the necessary modifications in the present situation. [Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation]. The law redefines the right of self-defense -- a right which in other countries is generally embodied in their constitutions. In Israel it is commonly included in the Penal Law. A person is entitled to act in self-defense in order to repel illegal attack which endanger his life, freedom, body, property or dignity. A new principle was established granting the courts authority, under special circumstances, to reduce the mandatory punishment prescribed by law. [Penal Law (Amendment No. 37), 5752-1992]. d) Preventing Environmental Hazards The law establishes the individual's right to protect his legitimate interests from environmental hazards. The law also enables legal action in this matter by a group of residents with a common interest. Associations whose principal purpose is environmental protection can also take action. Until now, the protection of the individual or a group of citizens was entirely dependent on the good will of the state authorities. Anyone who has been harmed, or is about to be harmed by an environmental hazard is entitled to petition for a court order enjoining anyone causing the hazard to desist from the activity producing the environmental hazard and to take all necessary action in order that the hazard cease or not recur. The court must take into account the balance of interest prior to issuing the order. For example, should the environmental hazard be caused by existing large industrial enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the extent of the investment and the economic damage that will be caused, as against the damage being caused by the public. [Prevention of Environmental Hazards Law (Civil Claims), 5752-1992]. e) Return of Abducted Children The law creates a legal tool for speedy procedure in the event of child abduction and removal from Israel by one of the parents. The principle it establishes is that an abducted child is to be returned at once, that is, returning the situation to its former state in any case where a child is abducted and transferred from one country to another. In conformance with the law, a central authority will be established in order to initiate action for the return of abducted children and for cooperating with the corresponding authorities in other countries in order to achieve this goal. The central Israel authority is the Attorney General. The financial costs involved in the legal procedures will be borne by the state. [Hague Convention Law (Return of Abducted Children), 5751-1992]. f) Elimination of Censorship of Plays The committee instituted suspension of the censorship for a two-year trial period and at its end canceled censorship of plays entirely. [Law for Suspending the Validity of the Public Plays Ordinance (Control), 5749-1989 and Penal Law (Amendment No. 35), 5751-1991]. g) Release on Bail The law eases the procedure for release on bail. This amendment sets out far-reaching changes in all arrangements relating to the release of suspects on bail without need of bringing them to court, in all cases where the procedure can by completed in the police station. [Amendment to the Criminal Procedures Law (Arrest and Search) (No. 5), 5750-1989].

https://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles/const-intro-93.htm

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Plantains are the less-sweet, starchier equivalent to the banana. Plantains are an extremely important staple food for people in tropical countries like Nigeria and Ghana. Unlike bananas, plantains are almost always cooked before eating. In fact, they taste pretty awful raw. Apart from the physical differences, there are other few important nutritional differences between ripe and unripe plantain, there are also many health benefits you’ll be getting from eating unripe plantain. Differences Between Unripe (Green) Plantain and Ripe Plantain Unripe Plantain | Ripe Plantain | Unripe plantain contains more Micronutrient | Micronutrient loss happens as plantain ages | Unripe plantain Contains probiotics | Ripe plantain contains little to no probiotics | Low glycemic index (Good or diabetics) (Makes it take longer to digest) | High glycemic index (Bad for diabetics) (Makes it easier to digest). | May cause bloating and gas due to high resistant starch | Most of the starch has been converted to simple sugar and has lower resistance starch | Low sugar content (So, good for people suffering from Type 2 diabetes) | High sugar content (So, Not good for people suffering from Type 2 diabetes) | Low antioxidant | Higher levels of antioxidants (antioxidant levels increase with the age of the Plantain) | Health Benefits of Unripe Plantain It promotes cardiovascular health Unripe plantain contains some amount of serotonin which dilates the arteries, improves blood flow, and reduces homocystine (a condition that causes coronary artery disease and stroke). You may have a shortage of serotonin if you have a sad depressed mood, low energy, negative thoughts, feel tense and irritable, crave sweets, and have a reduced interest in sex. Other serotonin-related disorders include depression. Serotonin is thought to play an important role in the regulation of mood, appetite, and blood pressure. The richness of unripe plantain in potassium makes it heart-friendly by preventing heart attack and hypertension through controlling heart rate and blood pressure in our body and cell. Also, its fiber content is great for reducing cholesterols level which reduces the risk of developing any heart disease. Boost Nervous and immune systems It presence of vitamin B6 in unripe plantain is a major factor. In your body, B6 is involved in more than 150 enzyme reactions. These help your body process the protein, carbs, and fat you eat. B6 is also closely linked with the functions of your nervous and immune systems. More recently, it’s been found that B6 has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Unripe Plantain is good for weight loss and Diabetes Unripe plantain is relatively low in carbohydrates, with high fiber content, essential vitamins, and minerals. When consumed with lots of vegetable soup and chicken, it makes a great weight loss and healthy meal. One large unripe plantain contains 4 grams of dietary fiber, which makes it a perfect fruit for weight loss. The low-glycemic (low-GI) diet is based on the concept of the glycemic index (GI). Studies have shown that the low-GI diet may result in weight loss, reduce blood sugar levels and lower the risks of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Unripe plantain is very low in sugar compared to ripe or overripe plantain and this makes it a good choice for diabetes especially when added with other fiber and protein-rich food such as green vegetables. The Health Benefits Of Irish Moss Unripe Plantain Boost Vision and Skin Health Unripe plantain is a good source of vitamin A and C. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in vision by maintaining a clear cornea, which is the outside covering of your eye. This vitamin is also a component of rhodopsin, a protein in your eyes that allows you to see in low light conditions. The antioxidant properties of vitamin C and its role in collagen synthesis make vitamin C a vital molecule for skin health. Dietary and topical ascorbic acid have beneficial effects on skin cells, and some studies have shown that vitamin C may help prevent and treat ultraviolet (UV)-induced photodamage. Another big benefit of Plantain is that it contains Allantoin, which is a powerful skin-soothing agent that encourages cell growth. Plantain Extract has germicidal and antibacterial properties, which makes it that much more useful in the prevention of acne. SEE: How Ugu Leaf Boost Blood Production It helps with bowel movements. Its richness in fiber makes bowel movement easier which also reduces constipation. A high-fiber diet normalizes bowel movements. Dietary fiber increases the weight and size of your stool and softens it. If you have loose, watery stools, fiber may help to solidify the stool because it absorbs water and adds bulk to the stool. It helps build and strengthen stronger bones. Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that causes bones to become weak and break easily. Osteoporosis affects mostly older women. Unripe Plantain is rich in calcium which is the essential mineral needed for stronger bones, muscles, nails, and teeth. A healthy meal with unripe plantain inclusive will prevent diseases such as osteoporosis. It can help in the management of ulcer Various studies conducted have shown that unripe plantains contain a flavonoid called leucocyanidin. Leucocyanidin increases the amount of mucus in the stomach. This fruit may also reduce acidity, which can help prevent and relieve symptoms of ulcers. Studies on rats with ulcers caused by daily aspirin use have confirmed that unripe green plantain can both prevent the formation of ulcers and help to heal them. Ulcer is a common condition among many Nigerians. Unripe plantains boost sexual performance A healthy interest in sex is perfectly normal for any individual once such has attained the age of puberty. There is nothing abnormal in having sexual feelings and in fact, if anybody has no interest, it may mean that something is actually wrong. Studies have shown that the nutrients contained in plantain can help improve sexual performance through increased libido. In addition, eating plantain on a regular can also improve male fertility, thicker sperm, and volume. Food recipes such as unripe plantain with ginger and garlic, roasted or parboil can work wonders. Health Benefits and Side Effects of Aju Mbaise Frequently Asked Questions On Unripe Plantain Is plantain good for kidney patients? Keeping potassium at the right level all the time is one of the jobs that healthy kidneys do for your body. Many foods have potassium, but some such as avocados, dried fruits (including raisins, apricots, and prunes), potatoes, oranges, plantain, and salt substitutes are very high in potassium. What are the health benefits of plantain peels? As mentioned previously, Plantain Peel comes with many internal and external health benefits, and here’s why; It can be used to treat skin disorders and defects, such as wrinkles, skin allergies, acne, and the reduction of scarring as a result. See Amazing Health Benefits of Tiger Nut & Tiger Nuts Milk

https://www.publichealth.com.ng/amazing-health-benefits-of-unripe-

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What are the lessons learned from Ramadan? We learn significant lessons during the month of Ramadan, including how to cultivate our manners and ethical strength, how to treat others with respect, how to create peace and fraternity within the Muslim community, and how to give hospitality to non-Muslims who share our nation. During this month, we are reminded of the significance of being devoted, practicing self-control, and being disciplined in order to safeguard our souls from the destructive effects of avarice and immorality. During this month, we will mostly be concentrating on strengthening our connection to the Divine. Ramadan cultivates a sense of empathy within us. Because of this, we are able to appreciate the predicament of those who are disadvantaged, to empathize with them, and to experience the agony of hunger and thirst that our siblings who are impoverished go through on a daily basis as a result of a lack of food and drink. Why is it important to learn about Ramadan? Comprehending Ramadan is essential for cultivating cultural knowledge, encouraging inclusion, and creating empathy in varied societies. Ramadan is a period of spiritual meditation, self-discipline, and devotion to Allah that carries great religious significance for Muslims around. Studying Ramadan allows folks to show respect and provide support to their Muslim friends, coworkers, and neighbors during this holy time. Furthermore, delving into Ramadan improves interfaith discourse and overcomes cultural barriers by promoting comprehension and respect for diverse beliefs and customs. It offers a chance to honor variety and foster solidarity among individuals from different origins. Furthermore, acquiring information about Ramadan aids in debunking misunderstandings and preconceptions related to Islam, fostering tolerance and addressing discrimination. Studying the habits, rituals, and significance of a culture allows individuals to have meaningful discussions and develop mutual respect. Ultimately, education about Ramadan promotes social cohesion, empathy, and respect for religious diversity, contributing to a more harmonious and inclusive society where people from all walks of life feel understood, valued, and accepted. What is the significance and importance of Ramadan? Ramadan is a time of fasting and spiritual development, constituting one of the five fundamental principles of Islam along with the profession of faith, regular prayer, charity, and the pilgrimage to Mecca. Physically fit Muslims are required to refrain from consuming food, beverages, and engaging in sexual activity from sunrise to sunset every day during the month. Many devout Muslims engage in extra prayers, particularly at night, and strive to recite the entire Quran. Most Muslims believe that the Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad during the last 10 nights of Ramadan. A recent study by CIPD Assignment Help indicates that short-term intermittent fasting may aid in lowering hypertension or high blood pressure. This study adds to the increasing data demonstrating that intermittent fasting can enhance heart health and lower the likelihood of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Increases Brain Function Fasting has demonstrated many cognitive advantages, including increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF). This protein assists in controlling the growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of neurons. NGF is crucial for the formation and proper functioning of neurons in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Fasting also enhances the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that promotes the survival of current brain cells and stimulates the development of new ones. Reduced BDNF levels have been linked to a higher susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease. Improves Body Composition It is widely acknowledged that fasting can improve body composition. This indicates that it has the potential to reduce the percentage of body fat while simultaneously increasing muscle mass and general wellbeing. Fasting Reduces Cancer Risk A reduction in the risk of acquiring cancer can be achieved by fasting. How is it? Ketones are produced by the liver from fat and fatty acids during fasting, but cancer cells are unable to utilize these metabolic byproducts. In the process of fasting, cancer cells are deprived of nutrition. This causes them to become more fragile and more susceptible to attack by the immune system of the body. Fasting triggers autophagy, a cellular process where damaged components are recycled by cells and tissues. It enables cell renewal and survival without starvation. Autophagy supports longevity and aids in preventing age-related illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Intermittent fasting reduces inflammation, a major contributor to the aging process. Fasting induces alterations in your gut microbiome. Following a period of fasting, the gut microbiome experiences an increase in bacteria that possess anti-inflammatory characteristics. Regulates Sleep Patterns In the past, there has been a connection between fasting and the promotion of peaceful sleep. The regulation of your circadian rhythm occurs while fasting. This can have an effect on your sleep, making it easier for you to fall asleep at night. Normalizes Ghrelin Levels The levels of the hormone ghrelin, which is responsible for hunger and the body’s reaction to fasting, return to normal after a period of fasting. This is significant because, in contrast to many other diets, fasting allows you to lose weight. You can achieve this without experiencing an excessive amount of hunger. What is the effect of Ramadan? Ramadan’s effects extend beyond the religious sphere, influencing social, cultural, and personal aspects of individuals’ lives. Socially, it fosters a sense of community as Muslims come together for prayers, iftars, and acts of charity. Culturally, it preserves traditions and strengthens familial bonds through shared meals and religious practices. Personally, Ramadan encourages self-reflection, spiritual growth, and empathy towards others, promoting virtues like patience, gratitude, and compassion. Moreover, fasting during Ramadan promotes physical health benefits, such as detoxification and improved self-discipline. Overall, Ramadan’s multifaceted effects contribute to the enrichment of both individual lives and society as a whole. In conclusion, Ramadan’s educational significance encompasses lessons in empathy, cultural understanding, and spiritual growth. Its effects on individuals and society promote communal unity, personal reflection, and physical well-being, fostering a more inclusive and harmonious world.

https://cipdassignmenthelp.ae/blog/significance-and-effects-of-

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The World Health Organization (WHO) said, Tuesday, that there is need to step up cancer services in low and middle-income countries. The UN health agency warns that, if current trends continue, the world will see a 60% increase in cancer cases over the next two decades. The greatest increase (an estimated 81%) in new cases will occur in low- and middle-income countries, where survival rates are currently lowest. This is a wake-up call to all of us to tackle the unacceptable inequalities between cancer services in rich and poor countries,” says Dr Ren Minghui, Assistant Director-General, Universal Health Coverage/ Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization. “If people have access to primary care and referral systems then cancer can be detected early, treated effectively and cured. Cancer should not be a death sentence for anyone, anywhere.” “At least 7 million lives could be saved over the next decade, by identifying the most appropriate science for each country situation, by basing strong cancer responses on universal health coverage, and by mobilizing different stakeholders to work together”, said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General, WHO. WHO highlights a wide range of proven interventions to prevent new cancer cases. These include controlling tobacco use (responsible for 25% of cancer deaths), vaccinating against hepatitis B to prevent liver cancer, eliminating cervical cancer by vaccinating against HPV, screening and treatment, implementing high-impact cancer management interventions that bring value for money and ensuring access to palliative care including pain relief. “The past 50 years have seen tremendous advances in research on cancer prevention and treatment,” says Dr Elisabete Weiderpass, Director of IARC. “Deaths from cancer have been reduced. High-income countries have adopted prevention, early diagnosis and screening programmes, which together with better treatment, have contributed to an estimated 20% reduction in the probability of premature mortality between 2000 and 2015, but low-income countries only saw a reduction of 5%. We need to see everyone benefitting equally.” The challenge will be for countries to select treatments balancing considerations including cost, feasibility and effectiveness. Each government is tasked with choosing the appropriate innovative cancer therapies, while recognizing that established treatments, many of which are very effective and affordable, can provide benefits for cancer without causing financial hardship. Be First to Comment

https://susafrica.com/2020/02/04/low-and-middle-income-countries-cancer-

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COVID-19 has shown that human, animal, and environmental health is more interdependent than ever before. Pathogens affecting one area can exacerbate challenges in others and have an enormous impact on how we prevent and control health threats to safeguard the world. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of these global threats, and it is potentially even more dangerous than COVID-19. It is profoundly changing life as we know it. As AMR drastically rises threatening to turn into the next pandemic with serious implications for global health, agri-food systems and economies, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is calling on actors across all sectors, from farmers to cooks, producers to consumers, to accelerate efforts to prevent the spread of drug-resistant microbes. This World Antimicrobial Awareness Week (November 18-24), the Organisation highlights that everyone has a role to play to combat AMR, including stakeholders across the food and agriculture sectors, and rolls out recommendations to curb the spread of AMR. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microbes to persist or grow in the presence of drugs designed to inhibit or kill them. The process is accelerated by the use of antimicrobials designed to kill unwanted pathogens in humans, animals and crops. In particular, the use of antimicrobials in human and animal health is fuelling resistance. Currently, at least 700 000 people die each year due to drug-resistant diseases. More and more common diseases, including respiratory tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and urinary tract infections, are becoming harder to treat. Drug resistance is also increasingly threatening our agri-food systems and global food security. FAO Deputy Director-General, Maria Helena Semedo, says “just like the COVID-19 pandemic, AMR is no longer a future threat. It is happening here and now, and is affecting us all. “Around the world people, animals and plants are already dying of infections that cannot be treated – even with our strongest antimicrobial treatments. If AMR is left unchecked, the next pandemic we face could be bacterial and much deadlier if the drugs needed to treat it do not work.’’ FAO’s work on AMR is implemented in coordination with WHO and OIE using a “One Health” approach. Food and agriculture sectors have a pivotal role to play in tackling AMR. In many parts of the world, antimicrobial use is far greater in animals than in humans, and it is rapidly increasing as our populations grow and global demand for food increases. AMR is spreading quicker than scientists can develop new antimicrobials and is threatening global food systems, food security, food safety, health systems and economies. ‘’Our only solution is to take strategic action to keep the antimicrobials we have working. It is not too late, but time is running out to stop this devastation from worsening’’, FAO warns. On November 23, the UN agency will launch a new community of behaviour change practitioners to design solutions that make it easier for people to use antimicrobials appropriately and prevent disease effectively. Combining a wealth of insights from farmers and other food chain actors, veterinarians, epidemiologists, AMR experts and behavioural scientists, this community of practice will work together to ‘nudge’ behaviours at both farm and policy level – to help slow down the spread of AMR. Activities and initiatives for World Antimicrobial Awareness Week will be taking place around the world, including a WAAW Africa Twitter Chat on ‘How can we improve awareness for antimicrobial resistance in Africa?’ on November 21, a Brussels InfoPoint event for policy makers and the public to raise awareness on the urgency of tackling AMR on November 24, and the Philippines will host an AMR One Health Summit and webinar series throughout the week. Already, FAO has outlined actions for each group of key players that are critical in the fight against AMR: 1. Thoroughly wash your hands, shoes and clothing before and after contact with animals. This helps eliminate germs that make animals and people sick. 2. Keep animals healthy. Healthy animals need fewer antimicrobials, which means lower treatment costs, improved food and livelihood security and fewer animal deaths. When it comes to agriculture, farmers can take these steps to keep animals healthy: • Keep animal housing and outside areas that animals use clean. •Reduce the risk of spreading germs. Implement appropriate biosecurity measures. •Practice “all-in and all-out” on your farm to reduce the risk of new animals infecting the animals you already have. •Keep animal feed dry and stored safely away from rodents, birds, insects and other animals that can carry bacteria or other germs. •Avoid stress for your animals. •Help your animals stay healthy and avoid illness by ensuring they have good nutrition and clean water. •Vaccinate! Ask your veterinary expert to help you administer important vaccines at the right times. 3. Seek animal health professional advice for the correct diagnosis and treatment, because using the wrong drug puts your animals, your family and you at risk of antimicrobial resistant infections. 4. Spread the word, not the microbes! Tell other farmers and community members what you have learned about why it is important to use antimicrobials responsibly. 5. Only use pesticides as a last resort: Pesticides are not the only solution. Only use pesticides on your plants as a last resort for controlling diseases. Food chain workers and consumers: 1. Follow the ‘Four Cs’ of food safety to help reduce the spread of superbugs and microorganisms that could make people ill. Cleaning – Wash your hands thoroughly before and after contact with food and livestock (especially after touching raw meat) and after using the toilet. Regularly clean surfaces that are used to prepare food. Cooking – Cook food well to kill dangerous germs. Do not reheat food multiple times. Chilling – Keep food chilled at the right temperature in the fridge and when being transported. Cross contamination – Keep food preparation and storage areas clean to avoid cross contamination. Store, and process raw meats separately from other foods. 2. Start conversations! Discuss AMR with your colleagues, family, friends and community. Encourage your workplace to develop and adopt measures that help reduce the spread of AMR. 3. Help keep antimicrobials working for everyone! Follow your doctor’s advice on whether you or your family needs antibiotics. Always seek expert medical advice before taking antibiotics. 1. Make AMR a priority. Commit resources to tackling AMR and meeting national AMR action plan targets now. Ensure AMR is firmly on the political agenda. 2. Involve stakeholders in policy decisions: Involving stakeholders from all stages of the food chain and across public and private sectors will help develop more effective policies and legislation. 1. Support the Tripartite’s work on AMR: the AMR Multi-Partner Trust Fund, led by FAO, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO), aims to scale up efforts to support countries in tackling AMR with a One Health approach. Support the Tripartite to expand this work to more countries and lead the fight against AMR. 2. Fill knowledge gaps: Support research and projects on AMR where evidence is lacking. Health, agriculture, environment and veterinary educators and researchers: 1. Champion AMR as a key issue within your institutions: Make AMR a mandatory part of the curriculum. Lead cross-sectoral events and activities, including lectures, webinars and seminars to increase understanding of the spread of AMR across sectors. 2. Share knowledge across borders: Invite researchers from around the world to speak at your institutions and share ideas. Young people and student groups: 1. Raise your voice! Champion AMR as a priority for your student groups and associations and lead awareness raising activities such as walks, talks and events within your communities. 2. Share examples of your activities: Share examples of your advocacy work on social media and with journalists. Inspire other groups to take action and become ‘AMR champions’. Private sector stakeholders: 1. Support AMR action in the workplace: Provide facilities in your workplaces, factories and sites that make it easier for employees to take action against AMR. 2. Be a responsible manufacturer: Ensure that you and your suppliers are disposing of waste and wastewater correctly to help reduce the spread of superbugs. NGOs and civil society groups: 1. Incorporate AMR actions into existing and new projects: Many actions to reduce the spread of superbugs have benefits for health, sanitation, disease control and waste management. These actions can be inexpensive to implement. Incorporate these into existing initiatives. 2. Create dialogue: Discuss AMR and superbugs with the communities in which you work, and raise awareness of the need to keep antimicrobials working. Animal health professionals 1. Start conversations on good practices when treating animals with antimicrobial drugs: When visiting farms and dispensing medicines, discuss AMR and animal health with farmers to open a dialogue on the issue. 2. Be part of the AMR movement! Create, join and talk at animal health clubs, groups and meetings in your area. Share examples of your work in AMR to encourage others to become AMR champions.

https://thenews-chronicle.com/beware-

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Play Therapy is a researched-informed model of therapy that provides a developmental approach for the child to express what might be troubling them. As adults, we express our troubles and issues in life by talking and in return, we can find support, understanding or a new perspective, however, for a child they may lack the ability or words to articulate what they feel or what is bothering them. Instead, the child acts out what is bothering them or behaves in such a way that reflects their surroundings and circumstances. "Research suggests Play Therapy is an effective mental health approach, regardless of age, gender, or the nature of the problem, and works best when a parent, family member, or caretaker is actively involved in the treatment process." Play therapy is used as a means of communication so that children can more naturally express what is troubling them and we can more naturally support them as they sort through those difficulties and imitate appropriate ways of coping through the issues the child is dealing with. Play therapy can help children work through and cope with anxiety, separation anxiety, depression, abandonment, divorce, grief, and behavioral issues. What is Synergetic Play Therapy? Synergetic Play Therapy honors both the therapeutic powers of play, the science that governs the relationship, and the development of the therapist, recognizing that it is ultimately the interplay between these three systems that support deep transformation for both therapist and child. The word itself is also reflective of what is happening in the playroom and how integration and healing occurs. As the therapist attunes to their own internal systems and then attunes to the internal systems of the child, a union of systems occurs. In this union, a synergy forms, allowing for co-regulation to emerge. The co-regulation supports both the therapist and the child in their ability to move towards the uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and body sensations that they would not have been able to move towards as easily on their own. During this "synergy of systems", therapist and child enter something akin to a "Synergetic field' where right hemisphere to left hemisphere communication emerges, allowing for integration and transformation. Play therapy involves providing children with a new, more proper, form of coping with stressful or anxious circumstances. The child may have developed other means of dealing with anxiety that may not be appropriate because they haven't been modeled how to deal with anxious moments or they may have never been put into a situation that invoked such a feeling. Such moments may include; moving to a new home, change in parents' work schedule, attending school, parents' divorce, etc. No matter the case, play therapy is designed to help children cope, in a more productive way, when anxiety, or fear, is felt. The method of modeling this proper behavior is done during the play with the therapist. The therapist will model the appropriate behaviors when he/she feels that the child has re-created an anxious/fearful scenario through play. When you subscribe to the blog, we will send you an e-mail when there are new updates on the site so you wouldn't miss them.

https://overcomewithus.com/anxiety/how-to-manage-back-pain-from-

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Help keep One Green Planet free and independent! Together we can ensure our platform remains a hub for empowering ideas committed to fighting for a sustainable, healthy, and compassionate world. Please support us in keeping our mission strong. The earth, its ecosystems, and its creatures are all deeply connected. Thus, the existence of many species depends on the survival of others, and don’t think human beings are an exception. As disconnected from nature as many of us humans have become, there are many animals we rely on for our benefit and wellbeing. Believe it or not, many animals actually help people just by performing their natural roles in their environment. And we’re benefiting from their services for free! By now, you may have heard about the buzz about bees, as concerns about their disappearance have heightened in recent years. What would we do without having bees to pollinate the world’s food supply? Other animals such as sea otters and corals have also been commonly recognized as environmentally important for the survival of many other species. But are you aware of how the following unique organisms could be crucial to human survival? Over 12,000 species of ants have been scientifically identified and they are abundant in most ecosystems. In Gorongosa National Park, for example, famous American biologist Edward Osborne Wilson discovered 200 species of ants on a single tree. Stirring Up Soil Ants aid in decomposition and turn up more soil than earthworms! When ants dig tunnels, they aerate the soil and recycle nutrients. This activity is ecologically crucial in maintaining healthy soil for plant (food) growth. Ants even help reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and the need for irrigation. A 2011 study concluded that in dry climates, ants and termites increased wheat crop yields by 36 percent. Ants have also been essential to the production of coffee and chocolate. Okay, so we certainly don’t need coffee or chocolate to survive, but there are people who believe they do… Passing on the Plants Seed-harvesting ants transport seeds to their nutrient-rich nests, where plants can safely grow, free of harm from herbivores. Ants sometimes travel far distances with seeds, granting plants their desired dispersal goal for less light, space, nutrition, and water competition with other plants. Why would ants be so kind? Ants enjoy consuming elaiosomes, small structures on the outer surface of seeds, without harming the plant. Picking off Pests You might have thought ants were pests, but there are insects far peskier than ants. Fly, flea, and bed bug eggs, larvae, or nymphs are delicacies for many ants. Fleas can be hosts to parasites, which could affect you! In some countries, flies can carry deadly parasites, so by keeping the populations in balance, ants are saving people. Wow, ants sure have a lot of ecological roles! What’s more? They help cleaning up rainforests and keep ecosystems in balance. So, the next time you encounter an ant, perhaps think twice about using your shoe as a squashing device. Though they destroy our homes and are responsible for billions of dollars needed for annual repairs, termites are far more beneficial than harmful to humans. Though sometimes called “white ants,” termites and ants are different species, but they are similarly important. A termite’s diet is based upon roots, wood, bark, and stems. How should they know your house is off-limits? Devouring Decomposing Materials Termites are detritivores and decomposers, meaning they consume decomposing plant matter and play vital roles in recycling ecosystem energy, as well as in balancing biogeochemical cycles. Unlike other detritivores, the termite gut is unique in that it contains microorganisms that break down cellulose (building blocks for plants), which is indigestible without this symbiotic relationship. Think about it … what would we do without termites to clean up all the decomposing material? We might drown in cellulose-based litter, like autumn leaves and tree branches! Though they are often portrayed as creepy flighty creatures in Hollywood films (you can watch this video to see how cute bats can be), bats are exceptionally important to our ecosystem. And don’t worry about vampires. Out of over 1,200 species of bats, only three are blood-sucking vampires and bats won’t harm humans unless they are threatened. They do, however, help humans by going about their normal business. Biological Pest Police Insectivorous bats, which make up 70 percent of bat species, perform nocturnal insect control services by consuming millions of pest insects each year. Farmers are grateful to bats because they save billions of dollars of crops each year, while reducing the need for chemical pesticides. In many places of the world, mosquitoes are vectors of deadly diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. A single brown bat can eat up to a thousand mosquitoes in one hour! Wow, are you grateful for bats yet? That’s right. Guano, or bat droppings have significant roles in plant dispersal. Unlike other seed-dispersing animals, fruitivorous bats travel far distances, helping plants to grow and survive in a variety of locations. Due to their effective seed-dispersing of plants such as avocados, figs, cashews, and dates, and their aid in restoring forests, bats have been called “farmers of the tropics.” They are also considered keystone species in many tropical and desert ecosystems, meaning the survival of other species (perhaps even humans) depends on bats! Nectar-eating bats are crucial pollinators for over 500 plant species, many of which are ecologically significant. Most flowering plants do not have the ability to produce seeds without being pollinated. When bats drink a flower’s nectar, they subsequently pick up pollen and transfer it as they feed. You may have never given much attention to these slimy species, but frogs are far more important to humans than being used for high school dissection experiments. Frogs act as bio-indicators, which means they indicate the health of their ecosystems. How? Frog skin is very porous and permeable, allowing substances present in the environment to be absorbed within their fatty tissues. Since these amphibians have the ability to live terrestrially and aquatically, they can indicate contamination dilemmas for both habitats. Since frogs will most often be the first animals to react to biological hazards, they are helpful for warning humans to take action. Cycle of Life Though not as effective as bats, frogs do help in insect control. They are also a food source to many carnivorous species and are needed for maintaining balanced ecosystems. Ecological Jack of all Trades Birds perform a broad variety of ecological roles, including forest decomposition, insect pest control, nutrient recycling, bio-indication of ecosystem health, plant pollination, and seed dispersal. Some ground-dwelling birds even help aerate and turn up the soil with their claws. Though ant, termite, bat, and frog species might be the masters of their trades, birds certainly seem like the jack of them all! Birds keep systems in balance, but they are not only ecologically significant to humans; they provide inspiration to people with their aesthetic magnificence. Could you imagine a world without the visual and acoustic beauty of avian creatures? Just check out this video of a murmuration, and you’ll know what we mean. These Animals Help Us Survive and They Need YOUR Help! Many species of the animals listed above are in danger due to parasitic threats, deforestation, habitat loss, Pollution, and other environmental concerns. Learn about other animals that benefit the environment by clicking here to find out more about why animals are so important to our survival. There are many simple ways you can help animals, including using eco-friendly products, being aware of your environmental impact, and making daily conscientious and compassionate choices. We’re all in this together! Easy Ways to Help the Planet: - Eat Less Meat: Download Food Monster, the largest plant-based Recipe app on the App Store to help reduce your environmental footprint, save animals and get healthy. You can also buy a hard or soft copy of our favorite vegan cookbooks. - Reduce Your Fast Fashion Footprint: Take initiative by standing up against fast fashion Pollution and supporting sustainable and circular brands like Tiny Rescue that are raising awareness around important issues through recycled zero-waste clothing designed to be returned and remade over and over again. - Support Independent Media: Being publicly-funded gives us a greater chance to continue providing you with high-quality content. Please consider supporting us by donating! - Sign a Petition: Your voice matters! Help turn petitions into victories by signing the latest list of must-sign petitions to help people, animals, and the planet. - Stay Informed: Keep up with the latest news and important stories involving animals, the environment, sustainable living, food, health, and human interest topics by subscribing to our newsletter! - Do What You Can: Reduce waste, plant trees, eat local, travel responsibly, reuse stuff, say no to single-use plastics, recycle, vote smart, switch to cold water laundry, divest from fossil fuels, save water, shop wisely, Donate if you can, grow your own food, volunteer, conserve energy, compost, and don’t forget about the microplastics and microbeads lurking in common household and personal care products! Thank you. Frogs are so endangered it’s frightening! Thanks this is soo helpful for my work is it only these animals that are helpful or there are a lot more and also are plants part of wildlife apes, dogs, fish Considering many of these predictable comments, the planet would be better off without most humans. All existence is predicated on balance; those who purposely upset it for their own selfish sake will find it ultimately turns against them.

http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/animals-that-help-us-to-

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No one knows exactly what causes eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis. But this inflammatory skin condition affects between 10 and 20% of young children, and many adults as well, causing itchy, red, sensitive skin and scaly rashes that can break open and ooze. The itching, dry skin, and thick scaly patches are pretty typical. But eczema can cause some other symptoms that you should not ignore. Eczema can go hand in hand with food allergies. According to the National Eczema Association, about 15% of babies and very young children with eczema also have a food allergy. Food allergies can cause very serious symptoms that need addressing right away, such as: - Swelling of the mouth and lips - Itchy mouth - Hives or a rash - Gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea, vomiting, or stomach cramps If you or your child has eczema, and you notice any of these symptoms developing, don’t wait to call your doctor or get medical care. Food allergies can require additional management strategies–and vigilance. Eczema can lead to weak and broken skin, which is at a high risk of becoming infected. Boils are raised, tender red bumps that develop on your skin. Also known as furuncles, they usually develop around hair follicles. Sometimes they even break open and leak or weep fluid. Furuncles can be caused by a fungal infection, but they can also be a sign of a bacterial infection like staph, which is a notorious culprit for boils. Staph bacteria can lead to crusted-over lesions that are the hallmark of an infection known as impetigo. If you develop impetigo, you’ll need to treat it with an antibiotic ointment or cream to banish it. If you or your child develop red itchy rashes, that’s pretty normal for a case of eczema. But a patch of red skin that becomes hot, swollen, and even painful could be cause for concern. Cellulitis is a serious infection that can develop deep within the skin, and it often requires antibiotics to clear up. In very serious cases, you might also develop a fever and need IV antibiotics. Don’t wait to seek treatment if you start having a fever and chills, as you might need more intensive treatment. People with eczema are at increased risk for developing depression. If you or your loved one feels sad or hopeless for an extended period of –more than two weeks–this could be a warning sign. Other signs of depression include a lack of energy, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, a loss of interest in favorite activities, and insomnia. If you notice these kinds of thoughts creeping in and refusing to leave, pay attention to them and seek mental health care. Stress and anxiety can be triggers for eczema flare-ups, so taking care of your mental health can help improve your eczema, as well. Many people with eczema have trouble sleeping due to the constant itching. This can cause excessive fatigue during the day and interfere with your ability to carry out your normal activities of daily life. Plus, if you can’t seem to quell the itching, you may be tempted to scratch, which can tear your skin and possibly lead to infections. So, if you’re really uncomfortable, and nothing you’ve tried at home seems to help, contact your doctor.

http://sutured.com/5-symptoms-never-to-ignore-with-eczema/

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Cholerics – Strong minded people Sanguine- Weak minded people Phlegmatics – Shallow minded people Melancholic- Deep minded people There are different personality traits associated with four different temperaments: cholerics, sanguines, phlegmatics, and melancholics. Cholerics are described as strong-minded people. This means that they are typically assertive, driven, and have a firm determination to achieve their goals. They are often seen as confident and take charge in situations. Sanguines, on the other hand, are described as weak-minded people. This does not necessarily mean that they are unintelligent, but rather that they may be more easily influenced or swayed by others. Sanguines are generally cheerful, sociable, and enthusiastic. They tend to have a positive outlook on life and are adaptable in different situations. Phlegmatics are labeled as shallow-minded people. This does not suggest that they lack intelligence, but rather that they tend to have a more laid-back and easygoing approach to life. They are usually calm, easy to get along with, and tend to avoid conflict. Phlegmatics are often seen as stable and reliable individuals. Lastly, melancholics are described as deep-minded people. This implies that they are more introspective and thoughtful. Melancholics are often sensitive, introspective, and may have a tendency to overthink. They focus on their emotions and often reflect on life’s deeper questions and meanings. It is important to note that these descriptions are generalized and not absolute. People may exhibit traits from different temperaments or may not fit into any of these categories. Additionally, the classifications of strong-minded, weak-minded, shallow-minded, and deep-minded are subjective interpretations and can vary depending on individual perspectives. Why Melancholic and Phlegmatics are introverts and Cholerics and Sanguines are extroverts? Below states why individuals with Melancholic and Phlegmatic temperaments are often introverts, while those with Choleric and Sanguine temperaments tend to be extroverts. Melancholic individuals are characterized by being deep thinkers, reflective, and often reserved. They have a tendency to focus on their own inner thoughts and emotions. This introspective nature makes them more inclined towards introversion, as they find solace and energy in spending time alone or in smaller, more intimate settings. Similarly, individuals with Phlegmatic temperament are known for being calm, easygoing, and peace-loving. They prefer harmony and avoid conflicts, which makes them less inclined to seek out social interactions and large groups. They often find satisfaction in being alone or spending time with a small circle of close friends or family. Thus, they are more naturally drawn towards introversion. On the other hand, Choleric individuals are marked by their assertiveness, ambition, and ability to take charge. They are energetic, dynamic, and tend to be highly driven individuals. Cholerics thrive in social situations and enjoy being the center of attention. They are often seen as confident and outgoing, which aligns with extroverted traits. Lastly, Sanguine individuals are characterized by their enthusiasm, sociability, and talkativeness. They are lively, energetic, and often seek social stimulation. Sanguines enjoy being around others, making new friends, and engaging in social activities. They are typically comfortable in group settings and derive energy from being around people, hence being classified as extroverts. Overall, the text is suggesting that the inherent qualities of each temperament contribute to the likelihood of being introverted or extroverted. However, it’s important to note that individuals may exhibit varying degrees of introversion or extroversion, and personality traits are not rigidly tied to any single temperament. How to identify people’s temperaments with their countenances? This topic suggests a method or process to determine or recognize people’s temperaments or personalities by observing their countenances or facial expressions. It suggests that it is possible to gain insight into a person’s temperament by looking at their face. What’s unique facial expression of each temperament, Sanguine, Cholerics, Phlegmatics and Melancholics? Temperament refers to a person’s natural predisposition or emotional personality. Each of these temperaments is believed to have distinct characteristics and behaviors. In this context, the text is referring to the facial expressions that are commonly observed in individuals with these temperaments. 1. Sanguine temperament: People with a Sanguine temperament are typically described as outgoing, enthusiastic, and social. They tend to have an expressive face, often displaying a vibrant smile and bright, animated eyes. Their facial expression reflects their upbeat and cheerful nature. 2. Choleric temperament: Cholerics are known for being assertive, ambitious, and driven. They often have a determined and focused expression on their face, with intense and piercing eyes. Their facial expression can reflect their strong-willed and determined nature. 3. Phlegmatic temperament: Phlegmatics are generally calm, relaxed, and easygoing individuals. Their facial expression often appears placid, with a more relaxed and contented look. They have a gentle and serene countenance which reflects their laid-back and peaceful nature. 4. Melancholic temperament: Melancholics tend to be introverted, thoughtful, and introspective. Their facial expressions often reflect their reflective nature, with a pensive or serious expression. They might have a facial expression that appears deep in thought or even slightly sad at times. It’s important to note that these descriptions are based on generalizations and not every individual with a specific temperament will exhibit the exact same facial expressions. Additionally, a person’s facial expressions can also be influenced by many other factors such as cultural norms, personal experiences, and situational contexts. What are strengths and weaknesses of each temperaments, Sanguine, Cholerics, Phlegmatics and Melancholics? The strengths and weaknesses associated with each of the four temperaments: Sanguine, Cholerics, Phlegmatics, and Melancholics are four psychological categorizations or personality types that have been recognized since ancient times. 1. Sanguine: The strengths of the sanguine temperament include being enthusiastic, optimistic, and sociable. Sanguines are usually energetic, talkative, and enjoy being around others. They have a positive outlook on life and are often seen as fun-loving individuals. However, their weaknesses may include being impulsive, disorganized, and easily distracted. They can sometimes struggle with being overly talkative or craving constant stimulation. 2. Choleric: Cholerics are known for being confident, independent, and goal-oriented. Their strengths revolve around their ambition, assertiveness, and strong leadership qualities. Cholerics are typically self-motivated and can efficiently make decisions. On the downside, they may come across as domineering, stubborn, and impatient. They often have a low tolerance for incompetence and may struggle with delegating tasks or working well in a team. 3. Phlegmatic: Phlegmatics are calm, relaxed, and even-tempered individuals. They excel at being good listeners, empathetic, and great mediators. They have a strong sense of stability and can maintain peaceful environments. Due to their easygoing nature, they often have good relationships with others. Yet, their weaknesses may include inactivity or a lack of assertiveness. Phlegmatics can be resistant to change and may struggle with taking risks or making quick decisions. 4. Melancholic: The melancholic temperament is characterized by thoughtfulness, sensitivity, and being detail-oriented. Melancholics are typically analytical, creative, and deep thinkers. They are often perfectionists and tend to be organized individuals. However, their strengths can become weaknesses when they become overly critical, pessimistic, or moody. They may struggle with indecisiveness, have difficulty letting go of past failures or mistakes, and may be prone to overthinking. It is important to note that these descriptions provide generalizations and that each person is unique, so not everyone with the same temperament will necessarily exhibit all these strengths and weaknesses. How to modify individual temperaments specifically Cholerics, sanguines, phlegmatics and Melancholics to become a better person in the society? This is however suggesting ways to improve the behavior and characteristics of people with different temperaments, namely Cholerics, Sanguines, Phlegmatics, and Melancholics, in order to make them more positive and beneficial to society. The four temperaments mentioned represent different personality types: 1. Cholerics: Cholerics tend to be assertive, confident, and strong-willed. However, they can also be easily angered, impatient, and dominating. 2. Sanguines: Sanguines are typically outgoing, enthusiastic, and sociable. They enjoy being around people, but they may also struggle with impulsivity and being easily distracted. 3. Phlegmatics: Phlegmatics are usually calm, easygoing, and tolerant. They have a stable nature but may struggle with being too passive, indecisive, or lacking motivation. 4. Melancholics: Melancholics tend to be thoughtful, introspective, and sensitive. They are often artistic and detail-oriented, but may also experience mood swings or become too focused on negative emotions. This text aims to address how individuals belonging to each temperament can become better members of society. This could be achieved by modifying certain aspects of their behavior, attitudes, or ways of thinking. For example, Cholerics may need to work on controlling their anger and impatience, and learn to take others’ perspectives into account. Sanguines might benefit from improving their focus and planning to avoid getting distracted easily. Phlegmatics could work on becoming more assertive and proactive in pursuing their goals. Melancholics might need to develop strategies for managing their emotions better and finding a balance between their creative tendencies and negative feelings. By making these modifications and improvements, individuals can better contribute to society by enhancing their relationships, communication skills, decision-making abilities, and overall emotional well-being. Above all, it is important to note the following tips below to modify one’s individual temperaments. Here are some possible ways to achieve this: 1. Self-reflection: Take time to evaluate your own strengths and weaknesses, as well as areas that require improvement. Understand your natural temperamental tendencies and how they affect your interactions with others. 2. Identify negative traits: Recognize any temperamental traits that might hinder personal growth or harm others. Reflect on behaviors like impatience, impulsiveness, anger, or intolerance, and make a conscious effort to address and modify them. 3. Practicing self-control: Learn to control strong emotions and impulsive reactions. This involves developing strategies like taking deep breaths, counting to ten, or removing yourself from a situation to avoid making hasty or harmful decisions. 4. Develop empathy: Cultivate the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Empathy helps create stronger connections with people and encourages kindness, compassion, and tolerance. Actively listen and try to see things from different perspectives. 5. Learn effective communication: Temperament modification can involve improving your communication skills. This includes being assertive but respectful, expressing yourself clearly, and actively listening to others. Effective communication reduces misunderstandings and helps build healthy relationships. 6. Continuous learning and growth: Commit to lifelong learning and personal development. Engage in activities that broaden your understanding of different cultures, perspectives, and ideas. This will help foster an open mind and an adaptable temperament. 7. Seek feedback: Ask for feedback from trusted friends, family members, or mentors who can provide honest assessments of your behavior and temperament. Constructive criticism can help identify areas for improvement that may not be immediately obvious. 8. Practice mindfulness: Engage in activities such as meditation or mindfulness exercises to cultivate self-awareness and regulate your emotions. This can improve resilience and emotional intelligence, enhancing your ability to handle various situations calmly. Remember, modifying temperaments is a lifelong process that requires patience and self-compassion. It is important to be kind to oneself while striving for personal growth and becoming a better person in society. Leave a Reply

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Cognitive Flexibility and Control is the ability to change what you are thinking about, how you are thinking about it and even what you think about it – in other words, the ability to change your mind. Cognitive flexibility is required in multiple ways throughout the school day. Does your child become stuck thinking about topics in only one way? Do they struggle to ‘switch’ their approach and use a different problem-solving strategy? Is it more challenging for them to do something differently than how they normally do it? Are they rigid in their thinking? What is it? Children have to switch mental gears when moving from one subject to another, abandon one way of thinking about a problem when it does not lead to a solution and adopt another way of thinking, and even give up erroneous information to accept new and correct information. Cognitive control is the ability to switch ways of thinking, either automatically or deliberately, in situations requiring flexibility. Cognitive control requires the ability to resist the impulse to perseverate and keep thinking in a previously active but no longer appropriate manner. When it’s a problem: Cognitive flexibility is all about context. Some behaviors or modes of thinking are completely appropriate in some settings, or academic disciplines, but not appropriate in others. Similarly, sometimes complex tasks require students to apply skills or concepts learned in one setting to the solving of a new problem in a different setting – applying an abstract understanding of basic addition and subtraction to actually handling money and making change. Students who have difficulty with cognitive flexibility may have trouble transitioning from recess to the classroom – or even between academic tasks. Cognitive Training Tips: 1) When teaching new concepts or skills, try to represent the content in more than one way. For example, use puns and riddles when teaching new words that show different contexts and meanings; or in math, use number lines, charts, manipulables and real-world problems in addition to abstract written calculation strategies (like long division). This may initially present a challenge to these students but will help them once it comes time for them to apply these new concepts and skills. 2) Use lots of cueing to prepare these students for transitions. Give a 2-minute warning on the playground. Check in with students individually after giving a new assignment to ensure they understand the new directions and have transitioned accordingly. Use a lot of framing language, remembering the old adage “Tell them what you’re going to teach, teach it to them, then tell them what you taught them.” 3) Provide an itinerary of sorts- give students a written plan for the day, or any part of the day, on the board so they know what to expect and where they are in relation to the rest of the day. 4) Continue using ACTIVATE brain training software. The computer games in ACTIVATE™ exercise cognitive flexibility throughout the gameplay experience. In Treasure Trunk, for example, colors that are targets in one level must be avoided in the next – and in some levels the target colors change rapidly, forcing the brain to stretch itself to respond to rapidly transitioning contexts. ACTIVATE™’s child-centered design means that the difficulty changes in response to each child’s success. When it’s a strength: Students who exhibit strength in cognitive flexibility and control handle transitions easily, can shift between subjects and tasks in stride, and may have success in tasks that require them to apply learning in one arena to problem solving in another context. Cognitive Training Tips: 1) Challenge these students with interdisciplinary assignments or projects. Bring terminology or strategies used in one discipline over to solve problems in another discipline. Create a series of math problems based off of a historical timeline. Create a science-themed artwork. Students who can manage the cognitive control needed to understand and use various concepts in different contexts should be prepared to take on these challenges. 2) Use them in peer tutoring strategies. Students who transition well from task to task may make excellent peer tutors for students who need a little help to keep on task. Given the task of keeping their peers up to speed on “where the class is” during a given lesson, these students will continue to build their own abilities to keep on task and organized. Typically, children who demonstrate challenges like those listed have difficulties with cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adapt our behaviour and thinking in response to the environment. When children are asked to think about multiple concepts simultaneously or change their approach to solving a problem, they need to demonstrate flexible thinking. Cognitive flexibility is considered a core aspect of executive functioning. Executive functioning includes the mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions and juggle multiple tasks simultaneously. Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities/Disorders commonly show challenges with their executive functioning. Cognitive flexibility occurs in two main ways: - The ability to think about multiple things at the same time - The ability to modify thinking based on a change in expectations and/or demands Let’s think about a typical example. Imagine the teacher has asked students to see how many ways their class can be sorted into different groups. Your child might say, “they all belong to the same grade!” Does your child also consider that they can be sorted by age, height, gender, favourite animal, sports, number of siblings, hair colour, and so on? Whether the problem is in real-life or an academic task, your child needs to look at situations from multiple perspectives. This is an aspect of cognitive flexibility! Here is another example. If your child is attempting a challenging math question, do they try to solve the problem using different strategies? Students will frequently attempt to solve a problem using the method they know best. If they can’t solve the problem with that strategy, they may state that the problem is impossible. Why Does Cognitive Flexibility Matter? Life is full of examples of times when we must examine situations using differing perspectives. To be successful social beings, we need to be flexible. We will have to face social problems, problems in our relationships, work-place conflict, or many other scenarios! Let’s think about an example of this in real life. Your child might have a playdate arranged at a friend’s home. But, as you are heading out the door, you get a text saying that the friend is sick and they will have to reschedule. For many of us, we would think, “Ok, when does it work for us to reschedule?” Or “What else can we do today that’s fun?”. But for those that struggle with cognitive flexibility, this may not be as easy. Often kids who struggle with flexible thinking don’t respond the same way to changes. They may freeze and do nothing. They may ruminate on the fact that their playdate was cancelled. Or, they may become emotional and distressed as they struggle to understand that they can reschedule and do something different that day instead. By practicing being flexible in our thinking with our students and children, we can help them reach their full potential. How Do We Improve Cognitive Flexibility? - Incorporate the concepts of rigidity and flexibility through play. Practice modelling flexible thinking in fun and silly ways to help your child better understand it. - Label rigid thinking patterns in a non-judgemental way in yourself and your kids to help them identify them. Helpful talking techniques can include explaining rigidity as a tightly pulled elastic. By contrast, flexible thinking is a loose, flexible elastic. We want to practice flexibility so that we can bend with whatever life throws at us and not break! - Talk about scenarios that have multiple ways to solve a problem. For example, if your child needs to get from school to home, what different routes could they take? What modes of transportation could be used? - Help your child examine their triggers for rigidity and work to identify them. For example, do they need things done a certain way? Celebrate how those behaviours can help them, but also teach them how to distinguish between helpful versus harmful inflexibility. - Read a social story (e.g., Superflex by Social Thinking) that emphasizes flexible thinking patterns. You can also create your own story with your child as the main character. Getting your child involved in creating the story, or incorporating their interests, can support their buy-in towards learning the concept. - Emphasize that there are different strategies they can try, especially in math. - Model skills for flexibility/frustration tolerance in daily activities, and model how you practice cognitive flexibility. - Reflect on your behaviours that may model rigidity. We all demonstrate rigidity at times! Being patient with yourself and practicing looking at other perspectives will model the learning process for your child. - Explicitly remind your children of other concepts they should consider. You can do this by supporting them to develop a mind map, asking them leading questions or having them complete the same problem twice, using different strategies each time. - Incorporate small changes to help build their tolerance/skills. Some examples include driving a different way home, switching the typical family seats at dinner or watching tv, doing a regular daily routine in backwards order, or making up new rules for a game (e.g., going up the snakes & down the ladders)). Get your children to help choose a way to change their everyday tasks to help give them a sense of control over the situation. - Talk out loud and model how you examine scenarios in your daily life by explaining all the points of view to consider. You can even pause a movie or TV show to ask your child to hypothesize what might happen in the next scene. - Prepare your child for a situation that may require cognitive flexibility. Remind them that there may be different solutions to solving a problem and that they may have to employ these different strategies. - Create a problem-solving wheel that shows your child the alternate strategies they can attempt to solve a problem. - Complete a new activity with your child. Learning new things and being adventurous can help you expand your ideas. - Recognize that anxiety is a part of rigid thinking styles. You can support your child to deal with their anxiety when they have to change something. For example, they can use deep breathing or other mindfulness techniques. Be empathetic to their challenges. These strategies are particularly important now during the global pandemic. Children have been forced to adapt their daily living, learn school lessons in a new way, and socialize differently. Practicing the ability to solve problems in new ways, consider multiple concepts at once, and look at the bigger picture will support their cognitive flexibility skills. In summary, cognitive flexibility skills allow us to switch gears and find new approaches to solve problems in our daily lives. Many children with ADHD and Learning Disabilities struggle with cognitive flexibility and may require more assistance in developing these skills. There are many ways to help your child develop these skills, including modelling, explicit instruction, and experiential learning. Culled from Foothills Academy

https://positivepsychology.org.ng/what-is-

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Food Technology Course And Certification What is Food Technology? Food Technology is the science that deals with the various techniques and principles involved in the processing and preservation of food substances. Food Technology is a branch of food science that is involved with the various production processes to develop edible products. The Application of Food Science and Technology helps in producing more safer, nutritious and wholesome food products. The study of food technology is used to develop new systems and methods for keeping food products safe and immune from natural harms such as micro-organisms and bacterias. Food processing also helps in preservation and enhancement of food flavors and helps to reduce toxins in food products which produces a better nutritious and safer food products ready for marketing, distribution and public consumption. The Modern Food Processing Techniques are key to the ever-flourishing supermarkets that we have today. For example, Extra nutrients and preservations can be added to food while processing to avoid spoilage. Some of the techniques that are used in preservation are spray drying, freeze-drying juice concentrates, and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, preservatives and colorants. Of recent, many products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices (sometimes blended fruits) and self-cooking meals were developed to benefit working people. Process of Food Technology Various food processing industries are involved in the process of food technology such as: 1. Primary and Secondary processing, 2. Quality Management, 4. Packaging, and 5. Labeling of a mixture of products such as dairy products, fruit & vegetable products, fish products, confectionery products, meat & poultry products and food grains. Features of Food Technology There are many features of Food technology and some of them are: 1. Food processing is the processing of food substances by modifying and improving their properties to preserve it, enhance and improve its quality or make it functional and more useful. 2. Food processors take raw vegetables, raw animals, raw food substances, marine materials and convert them into edible products with the use of the application of labor, energy, machinery and scientific knowledge. 3. Various biological, chemical and mechanical processes are used to convert perishable, bulky, and typically food materials that are inedible materials into more convenient, shelf-stable, and palatable foods and beverages. 4. Food technology includes all the aspects of food science, which include food production, food processing, and the distribution of food products. Several Professionals work to improve manufacturing methods through preservation, storage and new product development. They also work with food scientists to improve the nutritional value of food products. 5. The fields of study that are related to food technology include analytical chemistry, engineering, quality control, biotechnology, nutrition, and food safety management. Benefits of Food Technology There are many benefits, some of which are: 1. Food processing is made easier with application of science and technology, 2. Food processing and packaging is safer with application of technology, 3. Food processing is nutritious and modern with application of science and technology. 4. The Food processing industry is the largest manufacturing industry in the whole world. Employing over billions of people, so when you study food technology, you have a vast amount of job openings and the opportunities to start your own is never-ending for as long as humans and animals eat. Role Of A Food Technologist Food Technologists are indiviuals who take up Food Science and Technology as a career. They do pretty much everything from working with the pure science behind what the food is made up of to planning the efficient manufacture of food products. Their activities include: 1. Identify ways to keep food fresh, safe and looking good 2. Research on a cheaper and faster way of producing food 3. Test the quality and safety of food 4. Invent new ‘recipes’ for foods using new ingredients 5. Make changes to foods, like creating sugar-free products 6. Design processes and machines that make the products on a large scale. Why Study Food Technology? 1. Benefit From Job Security: The food industry is one of the largest on the planet, and people will always have to eat. This means if you are working anywhere along the food supply chain, you will always have a job. 2. Access To A Diverse Environment: There is something for everyone, whether it be in quality, R&D, sales, marketing, manufacturing, teaching or in government. 4. Increase Your Earning Potential: Studying food technology offers many opportunities to earn a higher income. 5. The Food: If you love food you will definitely enjoy working in the food industry. Whether you are creating exciting new products, testing products for quality, or doing research, you will be exposed to a plethora of amazing food. You will discover dishes and flavor combinations you never knew existed. 6. Travel Opportunities: The food industry is a global one, and many large companies around the globe also conduct business in several other countries. Depending on your position, it’s likely you will get to travel, often paid for by your company or agency. 7. Self-Employment Opportunity And Consultancy: Studying food technology provides one with entrepreneurial opportunities, you can start your own food company and even offer consultancy services. 8. This Course on Food Technology is well equipped with tools and references to allow our students to develop skills in new and already existing technologies. 9. Students who takes this course are able to sharpen their key employability skills from managing workloads, working to a fixed deadline, working together as a team and for commercial awareness in the food and dairy industry. 10. The Food processing industry is the largest manufacturing industry in the whole world. Employing over billions of people, so when you study food technology, you have a vast amount of job openings and the opportunities to start your own is never-ending for as long as humans and animals eat. Food Technology Course Outline Food Technology - Introduction Food Technology - Physical properties of food materials Food Technology - Fluid flow Food Technology - Heat and mass transfer, basic principles Food Technology - Reaction kinetics Food Technology - Elements of process control Food Technology - Size reduction Food Technology - Mixing Food Technology - Filtration Food Technology - Centrifugation Food Technology - Membrane processes Food Technology - Extraction Food Technology - Adsorption and ion exchange Food Technology - Distillation Food Technology - Crystallization and dissolution Food Technology - Extrusion Food Technology - Video Lectures Food Technology - Exams And Certification

https://siitgo.com/blog/food-technology-course-and-certification/1300

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today we will discuss the difference between aging and anti-aging, along with potential solutions: Aging is a fundamental, natural, and inescapable biological process that occurs as living organisms mature over time. It encompasses a spectrum of physical, physiological, and psychological changes that are part of the life cycle. These changes are largely driven by genetic and environmental factors and are not entirely preventable. Here are some key aspects of aging: - Natural Process: Aging is intrinsic to life, affecting all living creatures. It begins from the moment of birth and continues throughout one’s lifetime. - Physiological Changes: Aging is associated with a host of physiological changes, including the gradual decline in the body’s ability to repair and replace damaged cells and tissues. This can result in phenomena such as skin wrinkles, decreased muscle mass, and changes in metabolism. - Cognitive Changes: Cognitive functions, such as memory and processing speed, can also decline with age. However, the rate and extent of cognitive decline can vary significantly among individuals. - Psychological Changes: Aging can bring about psychological changes, including shifts in emotional well-being and coping mechanisms. Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety may become more prevalent with age. Anti-aging, on the other hand, is a term used to describe various strategies and interventions aimed at delaying or mitigating the visible and physiological effects of aging. People pursue anti-aging practices with the goal of maintaining a more youthful appearance and optimizing overall health as they grow older. Here are some key aspects of anti-aging: - Interventions: Anti-aging efforts encompass a wide range of practices and interventions. These may include skincare routines, dietary supplements, hormone therapies, cosmetic procedures (e.g., Botox injections or facelifts), and lifestyle modifications. - Appearance-Centric: A significant aspect of anti-aging focuses on preserving a youthful appearance. This includes efforts to reduce wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots through topical products or cosmetic procedures. - Health and Wellness: Some anti-aging strategies are not solely about appearance but also about maintaining good health and well-being in later life. These can include a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management to enhance overall vitality. - Acceptance: Recognize that aging is a natural part of life. While anti-aging practices may help maintain a youthful appearance to some extent, complete prevention or reversal of the aging process is not currently possible. Embrace the wisdom and experiences that come with age. - Balanced Approach: Instead of focusing solely on anti-aging interventions, prioritize a balanced approach to health and wellness throughout your life. This includes adopting a nutritious diet, staying physically active, getting enough sleep, and managing stress. - Consultation: If considering anti-aging interventions, consult with healthcare professionals or dermatologists who can provide guidance on safe and effective options tailored to your specific needs and goals. - Psychological Well-Being: Pay attention to your mental and emotional well-being as you age. Seek support or counseling if you experience age-related psychological challenges, and maintain social connections for emotional support. - Financial Planning: Consider the financial aspects of aging, including retirement planning and healthcare costs. Develop a comprehensive financial plan to ensure economic security in your later years. In conclusion, aging is a natural and unavoidable part of life, whereas anti-aging efforts involve a range of interventions to mitigate its effects. Balancing acceptance of the aging process with healthy lifestyle choices and informed decisions about anti-aging practices can help individuals optimize their well-being as they grow older.

https://crisslyn.bcz.com/2023/09/15/difference-between-aging-anti-

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Who Wrote the Gospels, and How Do We Know for Sure? The Bible gives us four accounts of Christ’s life. Each records a unique perspective of the most significant event in history—the crucifixion and resurrection. All four gospels are named after men who lived during or shortly after Christ’s early ministry. Tradition considers these men the authors, but there’s one problem: not one of these books names its author. The gospels are anonymous—so how do we know who wrote them? None of the gospels came with an “about the author” section. The closest we get to a claim of authorship is at the very end of the Book of John, where the author implies that the book was written by “the disciple whom Jesus loved” (John 21:24 NIV). Are there other context clues we can use to determine the authors? Can we trust tradition’s assumptions about who wrote the gospels? Did the early church fathers know more about the gospels’ authorship than we know now? These questions are addressed in Dr. Mark Strauss’ course, “Four Portraits, One Jesus,” which this article comes from. Let’s start answering these questions by looking at the first canonical gospel, Matthew. Who wrote the Gospel of Matthew? For more than a millennium, the church has attributed this gospel to Matthew, the tax collector turned disciple. All three synoptic gospels and the book of Acts list Matthew among the twelve disciples, but only the book of Matthew explicitly says he’s a tax collector. All three synoptic gospels record an account of Jesus calling a tax collector to discipleship, but interestingly, while the book of Matthew calls him Matthew, Mark and Luke both identify this man as Levi. It’s worth noting, however, that all four lists of the apostles include Matthew, and none of them include someone named Levi. Some scholars argue that these are two separate men, but most believe Matthew was known by two names, possibly called Levi because he belonged to the tribe of Levi. While tradition claims the Gospel of Matthew was written by Matthew the tax collector, there’s plenty of evidence for and against this claim. Arguments in favor of Matthew as the author 1. Papias mentioned Matthew wrote about Jesus. The earliest external evidence that Matthew wrote the gospel comes from a fourth-century historian Eusebius quoting Papias, a second-century church father. The quote is ambiguous, and scholars can’t definitively say what it means, but according to Eusebius, Papias said this about Matthew: “Matthew compiled (or ‘arranged,’ or ‘composed’) the logia (‘oracles,’ ‘sayings’ or perhaps ‘gospel’) in the Hebrew (or, ‘Aramaic’) language (or, ‘style’?), and everyone interpreted (or, ‘translated’) them as best they could.” Obviously, Papias leaves us with a lot of questions regarding Matthew’s “authorship.” Did he write something, or put together a collection of things other people wrote? Was it sayings of Jesus, or a gospel? Does Papias mean the text was actually written in Hebrew or Aramaic, or that it was written in a Hebrew or Aramaic style? And did other people interpret it—implying that Matthew was a source, not an author—or did they translate his work? This quote alone isn’t enough to prove Matthew is the author, but that’s not all scholars have to go on. 2. The Gospel of Matthew is highly organized. Being a tax collector required constant upkeep of records and accurate relaying of information. Matthew needed to be organized in order to do his job, and the author of the book of Matthew appears to be highly organized. The major sections of the gospel are neatly divided into parts. Jesus has five prominent sermons in Matthew, and each ends with some variation of the same transition: “When Jesus had finished saying these things . . .” (Matthew 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1). In Matthew 13, the author gives us seven parables in a row. And in Matthew 23 we read seven woes to the pharisees. Many scholars see this neat, organized style as evidence of Matthew’s authorship, but again, it’s certainly not definitive proof. 3. The use of the name Matthew in 9:9. The parallel passages in the other Synoptics refer to the tax collector Jesus calls as Levi. This deviation may appear to be circumstantial, but some scholars argue that it could also be an indicator of Matthew’s authorship. If Matthew and Luke both used Mark as a primary source (as most scholars believe), then it’s reasonable to assume he would be comfortable changing his own name in the account. D.A. Carson also adds in his commentary on verse 9:9, “it is significant that it is more self-deprecating than Luke’s account, which says that Matthew ‘left everything’ and followed Jesus . . .” Humble might be a more appropriate term for the author’s choice here, but it could be argued that if someone else wrote it, they wouldn’t soften the language. However, Mark uses the same phrasing as Matthew, so that piece of the argument doesn’t really hold up. 4. The Gospel of Matthew talks about money more than the other Synoptics. The parable of the talents is only found in Matthew. Gold and silver are mentioned 28 times in the Gospel of Matthew, but they’re only mentioned once in Mark and four times in Luke. The author also uses specific money-related terms the other gospels don’t mention, such as the two-drachma temple tax in 17:24 and the Greek word stater in 17:25. In the Lord’s Prayer, the author of Matthew says “And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors” (Matthew 6:12), whereas the author of Luke says, “Forgive us our sins, for we also forgive everyone who sins against us” (Luke 11:4). This substitution—plus the prominence of money and tax-collecting themes—seems to suggest that the author is very familiar with money and understands the gospel through the world of finances—like we might expect of a tax collector-turned-disciple. 5. The church ascribed the book to Matthew. Matthew is hardly the most important of the disciples. He’s hardly mentioned in the entire New Testament. If the early church wasn’t sure who wrote this gospel, why would they choose someone so obscure? Matthew’s lack of prominence in the New Testament suggests to some that the early church must have had good reason to attribute the gospel to him. None of these arguments make a perfect case for Matthew’s authorship, but taken together, they do support the possibility. In order to refute centuries of church tradition, we’d need a lot more evidence suggesting Matthew was not the author. Let’s look at the arguments. Arguments against Matthew as the author 1. Papias’ statement can’t be talking about the text we call the Gospel of Matthew. Despite the ambiguity of Papias’ claim about Matthew, one thing is clear: he’s saying Matthew was working with a text in Hebrew or Aramaic (whether he wrote it or compiled it), and others gave us the Greek version (whether they translated or interpreted it). The problem scholars have with Papias’ statement is that the work we call The Gospel of Matthew reads like a Greek original, not a translation or interpretation of a text that was originally written in another language. That being said, it is possible that Matthew wrote or compiled another work—possibly a collection of Jesus’ sayings or a complete gospel—in Hebrew or Aramaic, and then wrote a separate, original Greek edition later. A Jewish man working as a tax collector for the Roman government certainly could have been proficient in both languages. Most scholars believe the authors of Matthew and Luke wrote using Mark and some combination of other sources, and some believe Papias may be indicating that Matthew wrote one of these undiscovered source texts. 2. A tax collector wouldn’t emphasize Jewish ritual or the Law. If the Gospel of Matthew was written by a tax collector, the gospel couldn’t have such intimate knowledge of the Law—because tax collectors were religious outsiders. This could arguably be addressed by the use of sources, but there may be more reason to believe the author was not a tax collector. 3. Matthew 13:52 could suggest the author was a converted scribe or Pharisee. “He said to them, ‘Therefore every teacher of the law who has become a disciple in the kingdom of heaven is like the owner of a house who brings out of his storeroom new treasures as well as old.’” —Matthew 13:52 Is Jesus using this parable (and the author recording it) as a nod to the author’s conversion? If the author of Matthew is a teacher of the Law who has become a disciple, it could explain the gospel’s familiarity with the Law and Jewish rituals. The Gospel of Matthew constantly reveals how Jesus’ life and ministry fulfilled prophesies does appear to present “the old treasures” along with the new. 4. Most scholars believe Matthew borrowed material from Mark. The similarities between the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark—including using the same wording to describe the same events in the same general order—have led most scholars to believe the author of Matthew used the Gospel of Mark as a source. A man named John Mark is believed to be the author of the Gospel of Mark (more on that next), and he wasn’t an apostle. Would Matthew the tax collector, an eyewitness to Jesus’ ministry, use the written account of someone who wasn’t there to write his own? It sounds pretty unlikely, but it’s actually possible—there’s good reason to believe John Mark wrote Peter’s version of the events, which Matthew would certainly be willing to reference. Still, this is an argument worth considering. So, did Matthew the tax collector write the Gospel of Matthew? Unfortunately, there isn’t enough evidence to prove or disprove Matthew’s authorship. The church has always attributed this gospel to him, but without a direct claim in the text, that attribution comes from tradition, not Scripture. This isn’t to say tradition is wrong by any means, we just don’t know for sure either way. Who wrote the Gospel of Mark? Several early church fathers claim that the Gospel of Mark was written by a man named John Mark—a companion of both Paul and Peter. Through a game of literary telephone, we may even have word that one of the apostles (John) says John Mark wrote it. Remember Papias, who said Matthew wrote about Jesus? According to Eusebius, Papias also claims that John “the Elder” (believed to be the apostle John) told him (Papias) that John Mark had written it. Let’s recap that: - Eusebius (fourth century) tells us that - Papias (first–second century) said that - John the Elder told Papias that - John Mark wrote this gospel based on - The Apostle Peter’s reminiscences If that convoluted trail of information doesn’t convince you though, numerous other early church writers claimed he wrote it, including Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Jerome. These writers add that John Mark wrote the gospel using the eyewitness accounts of Peter. So who is John Mark? Mark was a popular name in the first century, but one Mark in particular consistently pops up throughout the New Testament, and he’s believed to be the John Mark who wrote the gospel. He first appears in Acts 12:12. After being miraculously freed from prison, Peter heads to John Mark’s mother’s home where the church is gathered: “When this had dawned on him, he went to the house of Mary the mother of John, also called Mark, where many people had gathered and were praying.” But this isn’t the extent of his involvement with the early church. One chapter later, Barnabas (Mark’s cousin) and Saul set out on their first missionary journey, bringing a man named John—who the Bible later identifies as “John, also called Mark”—as an assistant (Acts 13:5). The Bible doesn’t say why, but Mark leaves the missionaries at Perga in Pamphylia, returning to Jerusalem (Acts 13:13). Later, Paul invites Barnabas on a second missionary journey. When Barnabas wants to bring John Mark with them, Paul cautions against it, citing his desertion in Pamphylia. The two of them disagreed so strongly that they decided to part ways. Barnabas sailed to Cyprus with John Mark, and Paul took Silas to Syria and Cilicia (Acts 15:36–41). We don’t see Mark in Acts after that, but Paul’s letters reveal that they eventually mended their relationship. About ten years after the divide, Paul calls Mark his “fellow worker” (Colossians 4:10 and Philemon 24). In 2 Timothy 4:11, Paul tells Timothy, “Get Mark and bring him with you, because he is helpful to me in my ministry.” The early church suggests that John Mark knew Peter as well. While Scripture shows a strong association with Mark and Paul, there’s only one verse connecting Peter to someone named Mark. In 1 Peter 5:13, he sends greetings from “my son Mark.” One could argue that this is a different Mark (again, the name was very common), but given the early church’s explanation of John Mark’s relationship to Peter, it’s probably safe to assume this is the same Mark we see throughout Acts and Paul’s letters. The early church father Papias claims “Mark became the interpreter of Peter.” It’s unclear if he means that Mark interpreted Greek for Peter because he preached in Aramaic, or if he means that Mark put Peter’s oral teachings into written from. Either way, the early church appears to have unanimously believed John Mark was the writer of the Gospel of Mark, and no alternatives were ever proposed. He wasn’t an apostle, and he wasn’t an eyewitness to the ministry of Jesus, but we have good reason to believe John Mark was in fact the author of the gospel that bears his name. Who wrote the Gospel of Luke? The early church credits the Gospel of Luke to Paul’s companion, Luke. Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, and others all list him as the author. Luke is mentioned throughout Paul’s letters (Colossians 4:7–17, Philemon 24, and 2 Timothy 4:11), where we learn that he was a doctor. At the beginning of Luke, the author appears to claim not to be an eyewitness to the ministry of Jesus, but rather, someone who has spoken to eyewitnesses and investigated their claims. “Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us, just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. With this in mind, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, I too decided to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.” —Luke 1:1–4 Church tradition tells us that Luke was a converted Gentile, which scholars suggest is the reason Paul introduces him separately in Colossians 4:11–14, introducing his Jewish companions first: “Jesus, who is called Justus, also sends greetings. These are the only Jews among my co-workers for the kingdom of God, and they have proved a comfort to me. Epaphras,who is one of you and a servant of Christ Jesus, sends greetings. He is always wrestling in prayer for you, that you may stand firm in all the will of God, mature and fully assured. I vouch for him that he is working hard for you and for those at Laodicea and Hierapolis. Our dear friend Luke, the doctor, and Demas send greetings.” Being a Gentile would also explain why the author takes such an interest in how Gentiles respond to the gospel. Given his familiarity with the Hebrew Scriptures, however, some scholars speculate that Luke may have been a “God-fearer”—a Gentile who worshiped the God of Israel. For three main reasons, almost all scholars believe the Gospel of Luke was written by the same person who wrote Acts: - Luke and Acts were written in the same style and express the same theology - Both books are addressed to the same person—a man named Theophilus - Acts 1:1–2 appears to tie the two books to the same author If we can safely claim that the author wrote both books—which the vast majority of Bible scholars believe we can—then we can use Acts to learn more about the author of Luke. Acts strongly reinforces the author’s close connection to Paul, suggesting that he went with Paul on his second and third missionary journeys, and eventually accompanied him to Rome (Acts 16:10–17; 20:5–21; 21:1–18; 27:1–28:16). This close relationship and his involvement in Paul’s ministry could be what gives the author of Luke grounds to say he has “carefully investigated everything from the beginning” (Luke 1:3). Luke and Acts both use specific medical terminology, which would appear to support the claim that Luke the physician is the author of both. In Luke 13:11-13, Jesus heals a crippled woman: “. . . and a woman was there who had been crippled by a spirit for eighteen years. She was bent over and could not straighten up at all. When Jesus saw her, he called her forward and said to her, ‘Woman, you are set free from your infirmity.’ Then he put his hands on her, and immediately she straightened up and praised God.” The Greek words Luke uses both to describe her condition (sugkuptousa) and the exact manner of Jesus’ healing (apolelusai, anorthothe) are medical terms. In Luke 14:1–4, Jesus heals a man with dropsy: “One Sabbath, when Jesus went to eat in the house of a prominent Pharisee, he was being carefully watched. There in front of him was a man suffering from abnormal swelling of his body. Jesus asked the Pharisees and experts in the law, ‘Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath or not?’ But they remained silent. So taking hold of the man, he healed him and sent him on his way.” Luke uses a word to describe the man in this passage that’s found nowhere else in the Bible: hudropikos. While this passage is the only place this word appears in the Bible, it’s a precise medical term frequently used in other texts—namely, the works of the renowned Greek physician, Hippocrates. The use of medically-accurate phrases and descriptions continues in Acts, such as Acts 28:8–9, where the writer uses puretois kai dusenterio sunechomenon to describe a man’s exact medical condition (“suffering from fever and dysentery”). Despite the support of early church fathers and the textual evidence that appears to suggest the Gospel of Luke was written by Luke, the Gentile physician and companion of Paul, not all scholars believe he’s the author. Arguments against Luke as the author The main arguments against Luke as the author are the portrayal of Paul and the theology presented in Luke and Acts. Some scholars claim that the theologies are different, and that the Paul we see in Acts is different from the Paul we see in his letters. The most apparent difference in the portrayal of Paul is his treatment of Judaizers. In Acts 21, a group of them tell Paul to participate in purification rituals to prove he still follows Jewish customs and will teach Gentiles to follow them as well—including Jewish food laws. He complies. “When they heard this, they praised God. Then they said to Paul: ‘You see, brother, how many thousands of Jews have believed, and all of them are zealous for the law. They have been informed that you teach all the Jews who live among the Gentiles to turn away from Moses,telling them not to circumcise their children or live according to our customs. What shall we do? They will certainly hear that you have come, so do what we tell you. There are four men with us who have made a vow. Take these men, join in their purification rites and pay their expenses, so that they can have their heads shaved. Then everyone will know there is no truth in these reports about you, but that you yourself are living in obedience to the law. As for the Gentile believers, we have written to them our decision that they should abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals and from sexual immorality.’ The next day Paul took the men and purified himself along with them. Then he went to the temple to give notice of the date when the days of purification would end and the offering would be made for each of them.” —Acts 21:20–26 Paul is far less sympathetic with the Judaizers in his letters, and even calls out Peter for his hypocrisy: “When I saw that they were not acting in line with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of them all, ‘You are a Jew, yet you live like a Gentile and not like a Jew. How is it, then, that you force Gentiles to follow Jewish customs? ‘We who are Jews by birth and not sinful Gentiles know that a person is not justified by the works of the law, but by faith in Jesus Christ. So we, too, have put our faith in Christ Jesus that we may be justified by faith in Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified.’” —Galatians 2:14–15 Still, the Paul of the Epistles makes it clear that sometimes advancing the gospel requires conciliation and concessions: “To the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews. To those under the law I became like one under the law (though I myself am not under the law), so as to win those under the law.” —1 Corinthians 9:20 As for the differences in theology, most scholars would argue that the difference is actually the theological emphasis, not the theology itself, which can be attributed to each book’s unique purpose. So, did Paul's companion Luke write the Gospel of Luke? The overwhelming majority of Bible scholars say “yes.” Between the undisputed claims of early Christians and the textual evidence pointing to someone like Luke, there’s little reason to believe this gospel was written by anyone else. Who wrote the Gospel of John? Of all the gospels, John comes closest to revealing the identity of its author. At the very end of the gospel, the author begins referring to one disciple as “the one whom Jesus loved,” and eventually suggests this disciple wrote the gospel: “Peter turned and saw that the disciple whom Jesus loved was following them. (This was the one who had leaned back against Jesus at the supper and had said, ‘Lord, who is going to betray you?’) When Peter saw him, he asked, “Lord, what about him?’ Jesus answered, ‘If I want him to remain alive until I return, what is that to you? You must follow me.’ Because of this, the rumor spread among the believers that this disciple would not die. But Jesus did not say that he would not die; he only said, ‘If I want him to remain alive until I return, what is that to you?’ This is the disciple who testifies to these things and who wrote them down. We know that his testimony is true.” —John 21:20–24 “The disciple whom Jesus loved” is traditionally believed to be the apostle John. While this passage may seem to point to John, it isn’t a closed case. Let’s look at what we know about the writer of the Gospel of John prior to this passage. The author claims to be an eyewitness The writer of John claims to be an eyewitness to the ministry of Jesus, and there’s good reason to believe that’s true. The gospel contains numerous details that appear incidental, some not even bearing a symbolic significance: - The number of water jars at the wedding in Cana (John 2:6) - How long the man at the Pool of Bethesda had been crippled (John 5:5) - The name of the servant whose ear was chopped off by Peter (John 18:10) - The number of fish the disciples caught at Galilee (John 21:11) Since these details seem so unimportant, it’s hard to imagine that they would be noteworthy to a second or thirdhand writer. The author appears to be Jewish The writer of the Gospel of John also records numerous details about Jewish ceremonies and frequently uses Jewish festivals to show when events occurred. This could suggest he wasn’t a Gentile, but at the very least, he was intimately familiar with Jewish culture: - He identifies the purpose of the water jars at the wedding in Cana (John 2:6) - He notes that Jesus was in Jerusalem during the Passover (John 2:23) - He mentions that Jesus fed the 5,000 near the Passover (John 6:4) - He talks about the Festival of Tabernacles (John 7:2, 37) - He specifies that it was the Festival of Dedication, where another writer might simply say “it was winter” (John 10:22) - He records that Pilate handed Jesus over to be crucified on the day of Preparation for the Passover (John 19:14, 31) The writer also introduces Aramaic words like Rabbi, Rabboni, Messias, and Kēphas. The Gospel of John was once believed to be the “most Greek” of the gospels, but more recently some scholars have called it the “most Jewish,” for the reasons above. The Dead Sea Scrolls support the themes and imagery John uses, such as light vs. darkness, and the children of God vs. the children of Satan, which seems to support that the gospel emerged from a Jewish, rather than Greek context. Arguments against John’s authorship Some scholars propose that the textual evidence doesn’t necessarily point to John as “the disciple whom Jesus loved.” 1. John would have had important information that isn’t recorded in the gospel. The gospel written by the disciple Jesus loved doesn’t include the main events where only Peter, James, and John were present—the raising of Jairus’ daughter, the transfiguration, or the prayer in Gethsemane. Plus, John followed Jesus from the beginning of his ministry (Mark 1:19), but the disciple whom Jesus loved isn’t mentioned until the Last Supper (John 13:23). 2. John may have been martyred before this gospel was written. Some scholars have suggested the apostle John was martyred too early to have written this gospel, citing Mark 10:38–39, where Jesus may be suggesting that an early martyrdom was in his future: “‘You don’t know what you are asking,’ Jesus said. ‘Can you drink the cup I drink or be baptized with the baptism I am baptized with?’ ‘We can,’ they answered. Jesus said to them, ‘You will drink the cup I drink and be baptized with the baptism I am baptized with . . .’” 3. A fourth-century church historian says there were two Johns. We’re back to Eusebius and Papias. According to Eusebius, Papias claims that there were two men named John ministering in Ephesus (where the gospel is believed to have been written). Some have suggested that this “other John” wrote the gospel, but Papias’ actual words leave room for interpretation, and Eusebius may have been wrong about what he meant. Papias mentions John the apostle and John the Elder, both of which could refer to John the apostle. According to Papias’ words, all of the apostles were elders, so John the Elder can easily be John the apostle. Theories about who was “the disciple whom Jesus loved” Given these doubts, some scholars have proposed alternative possibilities for “the disciple whom Jesus loved.” Here are three other people the unnamed disciple could be: 1. A literary representation of a faithful follower. This is unlikely, since the text not only specifically identifies him as one of the people present, but connects “the one whom Jesus loved” to the author of the gospel in John 21:24. 2. Lazarus. Lazarus first appears in John 11:1, and two chapters later, the writer identifies someone as the disciple whom Jesus loved (John 13:23). The gospel also explicitly says Jesus loves Lazarus: “So the sisters sent word to Jesus, ‘Lord, the one you love is sick.’” —John 11:3 3. Thomas. The disciple Jesus loved saw the spear pierce Jesus’ side (John 19:35), and Thomas specifically asks to see Jesus’ side when he’s resurrected (John 20:25). This encounter comes just before the gospel’s purpose statement. So, did the apostle John write the book of John? Despite alternative theories about the disciple whom Jesus loved, most evidence still points to the apostle John. The early church father Irenaeus wrote, “afterwards, John, the disciple of the Lord, who also had leaned upon His breast, did himself publish a gospel during his residence at Ephesus in Asia.” Irenaeus lived in the second century, and claimed to receive this information from John’s disciple, Polycarp. The text seems to point to John, too. The disciple whom Jesus loved was clearly close to Peter: - Peter asks him to ask Jesus a question (John 13:24) - Peter and this disciple race to the tomb together (John 20:2-10) - Peter is fishing with this disciple when Jesus appears to them on the shore (John 21:2) - Peter swims to Jesus after this disciple identifies him (John 21:7) - After Jesus hints at Peter’s death, Peter asks about this disciple (John 21:20-24) This close relationship supports the likelihood that this disciple was part of Jesus’ “inner circle” (Peter, James, or John). Since James is martyred early (Acts 12:1-5), and John is never mentioned by name in the whole book (which for anyone else would be a mistake), John is believed to be the most likely author. At the end of the day, the gospels are still anonymous. Not one of them identifies its author. We have good reason to support the authors church tradition has named, but we don’t have to simply take their word for it. However, even after examining textual evidence and clues from other writings, none of the evidence for or against these authors is 100% conclusive. Learn more about the Bible Get started with a free online course. Plus, you’ll get occasional updates about new courses, free videos, and other valuable resources. This post is adapted from material found in Four Portraits, One Jesus, an online course on Jesus and the Gospels taught by Mark Strauss. Sign up complete.

https://zondervanacademic.com/blog/who-wrote-gospels

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In today’s fast-paced digital era, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives. We rely on our smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other gadgets for communication, information, and entertainment. While technology has undoubtedly improved our lives in many ways, it’s crucial to approach its use mindfully. Striking a balance between technology and our well-being is key to maintaining good health and maximizing productivity. In this blog post, we will explore the importance of mindful technology use and discuss practical tips for achieving a healthy relationship with our devices. Understanding the Impact of Technology As we embrace technology, it’s essential to be aware of its potential effects on our mental and physical well-being. While it connects us with the world, excessive and uncontrolled technology use can lead to various challenges. Here are a few common issues associated with unhealthy technology habits: 1. Digital Overload Constant exposure to notifications, social media, and other digital distractions can lead to information overload, mental fatigue, and decreased focus. 2. Sedentary Lifestyle Spending long hours in front of screens often leads to a sedentary lifestyle, contributing to physical health problems like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders. 3. Sleep Disruptions The blue light emitted by screens interferes with our natural sleep patterns, making it harder to fall asleep and potentially leading to sleep disorders. 4. Social Disconnect Excessive technology use can diminish real-world social interactions, impacting our ability to build and maintain meaningful relationships. Tips for Mindful Technology Use 1. Set Intentional Boundaries Define specific time slots for technology use and designate device-free zones or periods during the day. For example, avoid using devices during meals, before bedtime, or first thing in the morning. 2. Practice Digital Detox Regularly take short breaks or longer periods away from devices. Use this time to engage in activities that nourish your mind and body, such as reading, outdoor walks, or spending quality time with loved ones. 3. Prioritize Human Connections Make a conscious effort to engage in face-to-face interactions and maintain real-life relationships. Plan social activities or meetups with friends and family to create a healthy balance between digital and personal connections. 4. Optimize Screen Time Evaluate the apps, websites, and notifications that consume most of your screen time. Consider limiting or removing unnecessary ones that do not contribute positively to your life. Use productivity apps and time-tracking tools to manage your screen time effectively. 5. Practice Mindfulness Incorporate mindfulness techniques into your daily routine. Take deep breaths, practice meditation, or engage in mindfulness exercises to bring awareness to the present moment and reduce technology-related stress. 6. Establish a Bedtime Ritual Create a technology-free routine before going to bed. Avoid using screens at least an hour before sleep and replace screen time with activities that promote relaxation, such as reading a book or listening to calming music. 7. Embrace Nature and Physical Activity Spend time outdoors, engage in physical exercise, and reconnect with nature regularly. These activities not only reduce screen time but also promote physical health, mental well-being, and overall productivity. Mindful technology use is about finding a healthy balance that enhances our well-being and productivity. We can cultivate a healthier relationship with our devices. Striking the right balance between technology and the real world empowers us to be more present, connect deeply with others, and lead a fulfilling life. So, let’s embrace its benefits while being mindful of its impact, ensuring that it serves as a tool for our growth and well-being rather than a source of distraction and overwhelm. By incorporating the tips mentioned above and adopting a mindful approach to technology use, we can harness its potential while maintaining a healthy and balanced lifestyle. Remember, it’s not about completely eliminating technology from our lives but rather developing a conscious and intentional relationship with it. Let’s prioritize our well-being, nurture human connections, and make the most of technology to enhance our lives. Mindful technology use is within our reach, and the benefits it brings to our health and productivity are worth the effort.

https://log.ng/health/mindful-technology-use-striking-a-

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Since 2016, a growing number of startups are using technologies to develop products and services dedicated to improving women’s health. That is a new marketplace known as FemTech, which was first introduced by the industry in 2016 and has gained a lot of attention. This article will explain “What is FemTech” from several aspects: The definition and history of Femtech; Impact of FemTech on women’s health and wellness; Intersectionality of gender, race, and sexuality and FemTech; Ethical considerations in FemTech development and implementation; The future opportunities and challenges of Femtech. A. Definition of FemTech FemTech is a combination of the words “female” and “technology”. The term was coined in 2016 by Ida Tin, CEO of the menstrual tracking app Clue, in an interview. It refers to technology-based products, services, and platforms that are designed to cater specifically to women’s health and wellness needs. It emerged as a response to inadequate medical and technological solutions for women’s health concerns. Since then, FemTech has flourished and grown in the health industry. According to Pitchbook, femtech companies raised $592 million in funding in 2019 alone. The industry is expected to continue growing as more women seek out technology solutions for their health and well-being needs. B. History of FemTech The history of Femtech dates back to the late 19th century when women began advocating for better reproductive health care. However, it was not until the mid-20th century that technology started playing a significant role in women’s health. In the 1950s, the birth control pill was introduced, which revolutionized women’s reproductive health. The pill enabled women to control their fertility and plan their lives accordingly. The pill was followed by other reproductive technologies, including intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal implants, and other forms of contraceptives. In the 1970s, the women’s health movement gained momentum. Women started advocating for more comprehensive health care, including better access to reproductive health services. As a result, organizations such as Planned Parenthood and the National Organization for Women (NOW) were established to support women’s health issues. In the 1980s and 1990s, technology continued to play a significant role in women’s health, with the introduction of mammography screening for breast cancer, ultrasound imaging for pregnancy monitoring, and other diagnostic tools. These advancements in technology led to better health outcomes for women. In the early 2000s, the term “Femtech” was coined, and the industry started to gain traction. The first Femtech companies focused primarily on reproductive health, including fertility tracking apps, menstrual tracking apps, and other digital tools for women. Today, Femtech has evolved to include a wide range of technologies that address various aspects of women’s health, including menopause, sexual health, mental health, and more. Femtech companies are now at the forefront of innovation, leveraging technology to create solutions that empower women to take control of their health and well-being. (Learn more about what pain points FemTech addresses for women’s health) C. Examples of FemTech Products and Services Here are some examples of FemTech products and services that address women’s health and wellness needs. Beauty devices are a popular product category within the FemTech industry. They use advanced technologies to improve the appearance and health of the skin, hair, and body. Facial cleansing brushes deep-cleanse the skin, hair removal devices use intense pulsed light or laser technology to reduce hair growth, anti-aging tools stimulate collagen production, and body sculpting devices use radio frequency, ultrasound, or vacuum-assisted massage to target stubborn areas of fat. Beauty devices provide effective, non-invasive solutions for a range of beauty concerns, making them a valuable part of the FemTech industry. Menstrual tracking apps Menstrual tracking apps are a type of femtech technology that allows women to monitor their menstrual cycle, track symptoms, and predict their period dates. These apps typically require users to input information such as the start and end dates of their period, any symptoms experienced, and other related data such as sexual activity and contraceptive use. Some apps also offer additional features such as personalized insights and reminders for medication or doctor appointments. The data collected by these apps can be used to identify patterns in menstrual cycles and provide insights into reproductive health. Menstrual tracking apps have become increasingly popular in recent years as more women seek to take control of their reproductive health and improve their overall well-being. Pregnancy and fertility trackers Similar to menstrual tracking apps, pregnancy and fertility trackers are also a type of femtech technology designed to help women manage their reproductive health. These apps provide users with tools to track ovulation, fertility windows, and pregnancy progress. They typically require users to input data such as menstrual cycle length, basal body temperature, cervical mucus consistency, and other related information. The data is then used to predict ovulation and fertility windows, which can help couples trying to conceive. Pregnancy trackers allow women to monitor their pregnancy progress, receive personalized advice, and track the development of their babies. Some pregnancy and fertility trackers also offer features such as medication reminders, nutritional advice, and access to healthcare professionals. By providing women with accurate and personalized insights into their reproductive health, these apps can help women make informed decisions about their fertility and pregnancy. Breastfeeding devices are a type of femtech technology that can help women in several ways, particularly with their postpartum health. These devices include breast pumps, nursing bras, nipple shields, and milk storage bags, among others. Such devices include hand-held manual or electric breast pumps as well as wearable breast pumps. They can help mothers to breastfeed their babies more efficiently and comfortably. There are other benefits like better milk expression and better tracking of milk production. Mothers can know how to feed their babies more scientifically. Pelvic floor strengthening devices Pelvic floor strengthening devices are designed to help women improve the strength, tone, and flexibility of their pelvic floor muscles, which can provide a number of benefits for women’s health. For example: Improve muscle tone and reduce the frequency and severity of urinary incontinence; Improve sexual function; Help postpartum recovery; Reduce pelvic pain and discomfort; Prevent prolapse of pelvic organs like the uterus or bladder. For the above aspects, pelvic floor strengthening devices can be a useful tool. These services allow women to access healthcare remotely, which is especially important for women living in rural areas or with limited access to healthcare. Telemedicine services can also increase convenience for women, allowing them to receive care in the comfort of their own homes. And it can also be used for follow-up appointments, allowing healthcare providers to monitor a woman’s reproductive health and adjust treatment plans as needed. Health tracking wearables These wearables, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, can help women track their fitness and health goals. Some wearable devices can monitor users’ menstrual cycles, including symptoms, ovulation, and fertility. There are also other usages like improving sleep, monitoring heart rate and stress levels, and detecting health issues. Overall, health-tracking wearables can provide women with valuable insights into their health and help them make informed decisions about their well-being. Sexual wellness products These products include everything from sex toys to apps that help women track their sexual health. These products include menstrual cups, tampons, and pads. Recently, there has been a rise in sustainable period products, such as reusable menstrual cups and period underwear. Menopause support products Women will experience several physical and emotional changes during the menopause period. Menopause support products are designed to help women manage these changes and alleviate the symptoms associated with menopause. Some of the common symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, vaginal dryness, and reduced libido. These products can help alleviate these symptoms by addressing the underlying hormonal imbalances that occur during menopause. Mental health apps These applications help women manage their mental health and wellness, including technologies and software that improve emotional, psychological, and social well-being. They will affect the way women think, feel and behave. Companies in this category also help identify how women deal with stress, get along with others, make choices, and empowerment solutions. Overall, FemTech products and services have the potential to improve women’s health and wellness by providing more personalized and accessible care. Impact of FemTech on Women’s Health and Wellness The FemTech industry has grown rapidly in recent years, and it has had a significant impact on women’s health and well-being. The impact of women’s technology on women’s health and well-being focuses on improving access to healthcare and education, advances in reproductive health technology, and mental health and well-being. A. Improved access to healthcare and education FemTech has contributed to improving access to healthcare and education for women. One way in which FemTech has achieved this is through telemedicine. Telemedicine is the use of technology to provide healthcare services remotely. It has become increasingly popular in the FemTech industry, allowing women to receive healthcare services without having to leave their homes. Telemedicine has been particularly beneficial for women in rural areas who may not have easy access to healthcare services. Another way in which FemTech has improved access to healthcare and education is through mobile applications. Now many mobile applications are available that provide women with information on various health and wellness topics. These apps provide information on everything from menstrual cycles to menopause, allowing women to learn about their bodies and take control of their health. B. Advances in reproductive health technology FemTech has also contributed to advances in reproductive health technology. One of the most significant advances in this area is the development of fertility tracking devices. These devices, such as ovulation trackers and fertility monitors, help women to track their menstrual cycles and identify the most fertile days for conception. This technology has revolutionized the way women plan their families and has given them more control over their reproductive health. The advent of at-home fertility testing kits allows women to test their fertility levels in the comfort of their own homes, without having to visit a doctor. This technology has helped to demystify fertility testing and has given women more information about their reproductive health. C. Mental health and well-being Women’s mental health and well-being are very important. One way in which FemTech has achieved this is through the development of mental health apps. There are now many mental health apps available that provide women with tools and resources to manage their mental health. These apps provide everything from guided meditations to cognitive-behavioral therapy exercises, helping women to manage stress, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. Wearable technology is another way that FemTech contributed to women’s mental health and well-being. There are now many wearable devices available that track various health metrics, including sleep, exercise, and heart rate. These devices provide women with information about their bodies and help them to make lifestyle changes that can improve their overall health and well-being. FemTech and The Intersectionality of Gender, Race, and Sexuality A. What is Intersectionality? The FemTech industry has gained popularity in recent years, but there is an important conversation that must be had around the intersectionality of gender, race, and sexuality when it comes to FemTech. Intersectionality is a concept that was introduced by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989. It recognizes that people have multiple, overlapping identities that can create unique experiences of oppression and privilege. When it comes to FemTech, it is important to understand how gender, race, and sexuality intersect to create different experiences for different groups of women. B. Intersectionality of Gender, Race, and Sexuality Gender is the most obvious factor in the development and marketing of FemTech products. Historically, medical research has focused on men, and women have been underrepresented in clinical trials. This has led to a lack of understanding about how different health issues affect women and the development of medical treatments that are not always effective for women. FemTech has the potential to address this issue by developing products and services that are specifically tailored to women’s unique health needs. However, when we consider the intersection of race and gender, we see that women of color have been even more marginalized in medical research. Studies have shown that racial and ethnic minority women are less likely to receive preventive care and more likely to experience disparities in healthcare access and quality. This means that FemTech products and services may not be as effective or accessible for women of color. Similarly, sexuality can intersect with gender and race to create unique health experiences. For example, LGBTQ+ women may have different healthcare needs than heterosexual women and may face discrimination when seeking healthcare services. FemTech products and services that do not take these factors into account may not be effective or inclusive for LGBTQ+ women. C. What have FemTech Companies Done To Deal With These Problems There are some examples of FemTech products and services that have attempted to address intersectionality. For example, the app Clue allows users to track their menstrual cycle and provides information about how different factors can affect their cycle, including race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Another example is the company Maven, which provides telemedicine services for women, including LGBTQ+ women, and has partnered with organizations to provide free services for women of color. However, there is still a long way to go when it comes to developing inclusive FemTech products and services. Companies must actively seek out input and feedback from diverse groups of women, and ensure that their products and services are accessible and effective for all women, regardless of their gender, race, or sexuality. In conclusion, FemTech has the potential to revolutionize women’s healthcare, but it is important to consider the intersectionality of gender, race, and sexuality when developing and marketing these products and services. By doing so, we can ensure that FemTech is inclusive and effective for all women. Ethical Considerations in FemTech Development and Implementation A. Data privacy and security - Users’ data privacy and confidentiality should be prioritized. - User consent and control over their data should be ensured. - Appropriate data protection measures should be implemented to prevent data breaches. B. Bias in AI and machine learning algorithms - Developers should ensure that their algorithms are designed without bias and that they are regularly audited and tested for bias. - The data used to train AI algorithms should be diverse and representative to avoid perpetuating existing biases. - Developers should be transparent about how their algorithms work and their limitations. C. Informed consent and user autonomy - Users should be fully informed about the data collected and how it will be used before giving their consent. - Consent should be obtained freely, and users should have the option to withdraw their consent at any time. - Users should have control over their data, including the ability to delete it if they choose to do so. The Current Situation and Future of FemTech: Opportunities & Challenges A. Current Situation of Femtech The current situation of femtech is one of rapid growth and innovation, with more companies and investors recognizing the need for technology solutions that cater to women’s specific health needs. Femtech is a rapidly growing industry that focuses on developing technology products and services that address the specific health needs of women. The industry has been growing at a fast pace in recent years, with the global femtech market expected to reach $13.1 billion by 2030, according to a report by Grand View Research. The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated the growth of the femtech industry as more women are turning to telemedicine and digital health solutions to manage their health remotely. The pandemic has also highlighted the existing gender gaps in healthcare, and femtech is being seen as a way to address these gaps. Femtech products and services are diverse and include menstrual tracking apps, fertility tracking tools, breast pumps, pelvic floor trainers, pregnancy monitoring devices, menopause management solutions, and more. Companies in the femtech space are also focusing on addressing issues related to women’s sexual health, mental health, and general wellness. Investment in femtech has also been on the rise, with more venture capital funding flowing into the industry. In 2021, femtech startups raised over $2 billion in funding, according to data from PitchBook. There is a growing demand for FemTech products and services, driven by women who are increasingly taking control of their health and seeking solutions that are tailored to their specific needs. The FemTech industry is attracting significant investment, with venture capitalists and other investors recognizing the potential of this market. Advancements in technology Technological advancements such as artificial intelligence, wearables, and digital health platforms are enabling the development of more sophisticated FemTech solutions. Improved access to healthcare FemTech can help to improve access to healthcare, especially for underserved populations, by providing remote monitoring and access to information and resources. Lack of diversity The FemTech industry has been criticized for its lack of diversity, both in terms of the products and services being developed and the people involved in the industry. There is limited research on the effectiveness and safety of many FemTech products and services, which can make it difficult for consumers to make informed decisions. FemTech products and services are subject to regulation, which can create barriers to entry for smaller companies and startups. Many FemTech products and services collect sensitive personal data, which raises privacy and security concerns. Overall, the future of FemTech looks bright, with a growing market and increasing investment. However, there are several challenges that must be addressed in order for the industry to reach its full potential and ensure that women’s health needs are met in a safe, effective, and equitable manner. Read more about the trends and challenges of FemTech Industry. In conclusion, FemTech represents a promising field that is rapidly expanding and evolving. From its humble beginnings as a niche market, FemTech has now become a booming industry with significant potential for innovation and growth. The impact of FemTech on women’s health and wellness has been immense, and it has helped to improve access to healthcare, education, and mental health resources for millions of women around the world. Furthermore, the intersectionality of gender, race, and sexuality has played a critical role in shaping the development and implementation of FemTech products and services. However, the field still faces ethical considerations such as data privacy and security, bias in AI and machine learning algorithms, and informed consent and user autonomy. Despite these challenges, the future of FemTech remains bright. With continued development and advocacy, the industry has the potential to transform the way we think about women’s health and wellness. As researchers and practitioners, we must remain vigilant in addressing the ethical considerations of FemTech and work towards creating inclusive and equitable solutions for all women. In short, FemTech represents a powerful tool in advancing the health and well-being of women, and we must strive to maximize its potential for the betterment of society. Moko hopes this article has provided valuable insights and perspectives on FemTech industry. As a leading medical device manufacturer, MOKOMEDTECH has manufactured a series of High-quality Femtech devices that safeguard women’s health and improve their quality of life. Reach us for more information>>

https://www.mokomedtech.com/blog/femtech/what-is-femtech/

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One of the perennial problems that farmers face is the invasion of pests. Pests are dangerous and are a great threat to the success of any agribusiness. For decades, chemical pesticides have been the usual way to control pests on farms. Sadly, its effect on human health has raised concerns and many people have argued against its use. Most of these pesticides are poisonous in nature, though it is the poison that eradicates the pest. But, at times, these pesticides do have residual effects on humans as a result of the contamination of the crops during its application. Therefore, taking preventive measures against pests is better than controlling them using chemicals. As you plant your crop, there are some plants you can as well plant simultaneously to keep these pests off. These plants are called companion and pest-repellent plants. They help to reduce the pest population and also serve some beneficial purposes such as proper utilization of space. They equally enhance crop safety through the provision of habitat for beneficial plants. Most of these plants can be harvested and consumed too. Therefore, If you are looking for plants that repel flies or plants that repel aphids; or plants that repel bugs, you can plant any of the following plants alongside your crops and get them protected. Plants That Help Prevent Pest Outbreaks Radishes are a hardy, cool-season vegetable that can produce many crops each season due to its rapid days to maturity. If you plant cabbage and cucumber, radishes will repel cabbage maggot and cucumber beetles. They will enhance the quality and quantity of your crops. You can as well consume the radishes because they are edible root vegetables. But you need to note that radishes need sun. If they are planted in too much shade or even where neighboring vegetable plants shade them, they put all their energy into producing larger leaves. The seeds can be planted in both the rainy and dry seasons, but growth should be suspended in the warmer months. This is another plant that can be used as a pest repellent. Onions can be effective at controlling insects when used in companion planting, a method of planting that groups certain plants together to help control pests and promote the best possible growth. Damaging insects, such as maggots, are repelled by the strong smell of onions. Onions also repel rabbits and cabbage hooper. Onions are more effective as companion plants when placed near carrots, lettuce, chamomile, beets, cabbage, and parsnips. Lettuce is a good companion and pest repellent plant for carrot. It repels carrot flies. Both can be harvested as they are edible vegetables. Garlic is a known spice but can as well be grown as a pest repellent plant. Garlic repels root maggot, bean beetle, cabbage looper and even rabbit. Garlic is a very useful plant. To control the invasion of aphids, a small insect that adheres to the leaves of plants and creates small holes, a homemade fresh garlic spray may help. The affected plants should be sprayed twice weekly until the problem subsides. Onion and red pepper can also be added to the soaked mixture for added repellent strength. For maximum potency, the fresh garlic is soaked overnight and then the entire mixture placed in a spray bottle. This plant is another effective pest repellent; it repels aphids, cabbage looper, flea beetles, squash bugs, and whiteflies. These pests are major threats to crop production. For effective use of peppermint as a pest repellant, drop some dried peppermint in a sock and tie it off, then place the socks around your farm near holes, gaps, or any other places you think pests might be gathering. This plant is a broad spectrum pest repellant plant; it repels fleas, moths, ants, beetle, rodents, aphids, squash bugs, and cabbage looper. Thyme is another broad-spectrum pest repellant plant; it repels major pests in crop production. It repels pests like cabbage looper, cabbage maggot, corn earworm, whiteflies, and tomato hornworms. This is an annual herbaceous plant. This crop repels carrot flies and flea beetles. CITRONELLA GRASS OR LEMONGRASS This grass originates from tropical Asia; it is from the family of Poaceae, it is unpalatable; thus, it cannot be eaten. This grass repels insects and even cats. Eucalyptus is a flowering shrub, from the family Myrtaceae. It is widely cultivated in the tropical and temperate world, including the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, China, and the Indian. This plant repels aphids, cabbage loopers, and Colorado potato beetle. It is a flowering plant from the lily family. It is a native of diverse countries, ranging from Iraq to Afghanistan and Pakistan. This plant repels vertebrate pests like rabbit, mice, moles, and ground squirrel. You can plant more than one of these plants on your farm, depending on the prevailing pests. This is a natural way of controlling pests. With this preventive measure, you can produce a quality and organic crop for the populace.

https://www.ogidiolufarms.com/controlling-pests-without-the-use-of-

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How a Tone Detector May Be Useful for Enhancing Essay Writing Process The tone of an essay is the attitude of an author to what he is writing about. To achieve the correct tone in essay writing, one should use the right words and some phrases in his essay to reach the reader with their restrained or humorous tone of the narration. The main goal of the author is to get his message across to the audience, and if he uses the right essay tone, he can succeed in this. The tone of an informative essay is usually used to acquaint readers with some information. With the help of the informative approach, it is easy to tell readers how to solve in practice this or that problem. The main task of tone in an argumentative essay is to convince the readers of something using the arguments put forward. It is necessary to logically construct all the available facts, describe them with specific examples. Another name for the tone is colloquial. This type is rarely used in an essay, but its partial use helps for providing examples. It also helps to convey expertise in a particular issue with a more accessible intonation. The tone in a persuasive essay should convince the reader of a specific idea. The difference between a persuasive essay and an argumentative essay is that an argumentative essay is based on facts, and a persuasive essay should convince the reader of something and has opinions or emotions. EVALUATION ESSAY TONE The purpose of tone in an evaluation essay is to assess the presence or absence of qualities in a particular subject, film, or book. Such an essay can contain an objective opinion, and in order to maintain a balance of thoughts, it is important to provide as many facts as possible. TONE TO TAKE IN APPLICATION DOCS Tone to take in college app essay is designed to assess the qualities of the future student that will lead him to the successful solution of some problems, as well as his level of training and general outlook. With tone for a scientific essay, an author should acquaint readers with certain scientific facts, present knowledge using scientific terms, but do it in an accessible and fun way. Checklist with Rules of Developing an Essay Tone Now that we have figured out what types of tones in an essay are, it’s time to distinguish which tools help to express our ideas in the most appropriate way.Now that we have figured out what types of tones in an essay are, it’s time to distinguish which tools help to express our ideas in the most appropriate way. CORRECT CHOICE OF WORDS Words are the main tool in developing a certain tone of an essay. The thesaurus can come in handy in this matter. The key to choosing your words lies in the kind of essay you are writing. If this is a formal tone – avoid words that are emotionally bright, if it is a persuasive one – words with a strong meaning are what you need. In an essay, the structure is important: introduction, main part, conclusion. This same structure plays an important role when using tone in an essay. Thus, a formal essay should start with summarized information on the topic you are going to write about, and a serious essay should preferably start with an example, history related to the topic. It is very important to focus on examples – without them, your essay will not look holistic. The tone in which you will tell the practical case will help you get through to a reader and set the desired tone of the essay. Try to read your work aloud – so you can hear how thoughtful the information is and whether you mentioned everything that you wanted. Even as you read your text to yourself, you should feel that it will resonate with your reader. Do not deviate from the intended tone. If in one sentence you are officially addressing the reader in an official manner, then you should not use sad intonation in another. Of course, this does not mean that you cannot use several tones in one essay, but only one should be the main one. Analyzing Tone in an Essay Using Tone Fixer The choice of words and the language of the author helps to determine the tone of the essay. Some word combinations are more emotional than others. Let’s take two sentences as an example «Going outdoors is a healthy habit for a freelancer» and «Going outdoors for a freelancer is a good way for saving his money from visiting a doctor often». Such a playful language in the second sentence has a bigger emotional impact and couldn’t be used in a formal essay. Sometimes it is not what is indicated that matters, but what is not said. If in the text about World War II there are only numbers and dry facts, then this tone and style in essay writing indicate a formal essay, where it is not allowed to give a personal assessment. However, if an essay on the same topic contains a large number of adjectives, and personal stories of people, we have a serious and sad essay. There are different ways to convey the tone of an essay using sentence structure. Short phrases are able to convey the author’s thoughts more effectively than long sentences, which indicate their explanatory function. Also, an interesting technique in structuring a sentence is to put in the first place the most important thing, what the reader needs to pay attention to in the first place. How Essay Tones Checker Works TOOL DOES ITS ANALYSIS A specially developed algorithm will check your essay and immediately tell you the result. You no longer need to proofread an essay yourself and be in the dark about how objectively you assess your work – the essay tone detector online takes on the most intricate part of the job. TOOL CLEARS YOUR WRITING Tool will not only point out your mistakes but also offer options for correcting them. With perfect accuracy, the service will help you detect inaccuracies – such a tool is indispensable when working on an essay.

https://www.essaytones.com/

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What is obsessive-compulsive disorder? OCD i.e. obsessive compulsive disorder is a mental disorder. An individual suffering from OCD may experience unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors. What causes obsessive-compulsive disorder? The underlying cause behind OCD is still unknown. According to the cases of several psychiatric conditions, the causes of OCD can be a combination of several factors. Based on a research, neurological brain disorder can cause OCD. If reports are to be believed, deficiency of a brain chemical called as serotonin was noticed among individuals who are suffering OCD. OCD tends to run in families that points to a genetic factor. Be that as it may, Individuals without a family background of OCD are also vulnerable to OCD. Some conditions during pregnancy and stressed life can also trigger OCD. According to a recent study, streptococcal infections may trigger or increment the severity of OCD. What are the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder? According to Dr. Vaibhav Dubey who provides OCD treatment in Bhopal, There are two well-known symptoms of OCD, and they are obsessions and compulsions. Individuals who are going through OCD can notice one of the two symptoms or both. Obsessions are unwanted and uninterrupted thoughts, urges, or impulses, whereas, compulsions are monotonous conduct or mental acts that the individual feels the requirement to do in response to an obsession. The following are the most common obsessions: The following are common compulsive behaviors: Treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder Obsessive compulsive disorder is a kind of disorder, which if left untreated, will keep getting severe with time, and there are odds that it will keep troubling you for the rest of your life. The more your delay in getting the treatment, the likelihood of getting better goes down. The OCD treatment in Bhopal is directly related to the extent of how much it has affected the quality of life of the patients. Talk therapies and psychotherapies are the two most common treatment for OCD. OCD treatment in Bhopal is available for someone who has any of the above symptoms or group of symptoms.

https://www.mentalhealthmantra.com/treatment/ocd-treatment.html

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Notice: As part of our surveillance and to reduce risk of infection, we have updated our patient and visitor policy. Click here for more information Colorectal Cancer (Aka Colon Cancer) Causes, Symptoms and Treatment What is colorectal cancer? Colorectal cancer is cancer that appears in the rectum or colon. It is also known as colon cancer. The colon is the large part of the intestine, whereas the rectum is the passage that connects the colon to the anus. Most of these cancers are adenocarcinoma arising from the inner lining of the intestine. The cancer begins as abnormal growths called polyps that appear in these areas and are the first signs of impending colon cancer. Not all polyps are pre-cancerous but getting it checked out through endoscopy and biopsied is crucial to identify early stages of the cancer. Better still these polyps can be removed via the scope preventing the cancer from starting in the first place. In terms of cancer, colorectal cancer is the most common and #1 cancer in Singapore. The disease common in both males and female but males have a slightly higher risk. In females it is the number two cancer after breast cancer. According to HealthHub, approximately 1,200 cases are diagnosed each year in Singapore. The causes of colorectal cancer are multifactorial. they are part genetic and part environmental. Generally, mutations of the DNA in healthy cells in the colon and rectum causes these cells to mutate. These lead to cancerous cells that continue to divide to form a tumor. The factors associated with cancer are: Colorectal cancer can occur in young adults and teenagers, but the majority of colorectal cancers occur in people older than 40. For colon cancer, the average age at the time of diagnosis for men is 68 and for women is 72. For rectal cancer, it is age 63 for both men and women. Inflammatory Intestinal Conditions Diseases causing inflammation of the colon can increase your risk of getting colorectal cancer. This includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Family History and Genetics It is definitely possible for you to inherit genetic risk if you have a family history of colorectal cancer. This is amplified if it is more than one member of the family having the disease. Lifestyle and Diet There are certain dietary habits that may increase your risk, such as eating a low fiber diet, and eating too much red meat and animal fats. The general opinion about diet is disputed but certain studies show association with typical western diet. People who do not exercise regularly and are quite sedentary are also at risk. Diabetes and Obesity Generally, people who are overweight have a higher risk of colorectal cancer. This is also true if you have diabetes. These risk can be reversed with metabolic or bariatric surgery. History of Polyps Generally having polyps increase your risk of developing colorectal cancer. Certain types of polyps are loaded with greater risk. Removing polyps prevent cancer and can be life saving. Early stage of colorectal cancer is usually painless and you might not experience obvious symptoms. The cancer is silent in the early stages. The usual symptoms include: - lower GI bleeding or rectal bleeding in your stool. This will be bright red. - Abdominal discomfort or Gastric pain - change in bowel habits where the consistency of your stool is changing. (Diarrhoea or constipation) - The feeling of not completely emptying your bowel - Bloatedness and cramps - Fatigue and constant tiredness - Small calibre stools - Loss of weight or appetite. If you are experiencing these symptoms, it is advisable to see a doctor or specialist to go for cancer surveillance to catch it early. Generally we advise Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) This is a rough screening test to look for blood in the stool. A positive result would trigger colonoscopy Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) blood test CEA is a cancer marker found in the blood. It also monitors the progress of treatment and warns of recurrence after surgery or chemo. Like all cancer markers it is not 100% accurate. There are cases of false positives and false negatives. Colonoscopy and Biopsy Colonoscopy is the definitive diagnostic tool for colon problems. This examination allows the doctor to survey the colon and the rectum and even the last part of the small bowel. It is both diagnostic and therapeutic. Pathologist examine biopsy Pathology or Histology is to look at the cells obtained from a biopsy. It can confirm the diagnosis of cancer, indicate a different disease and also determine the Grade of the cancer. CT scan or PET scan. Computed tomography (CT) and Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are to look for spread of the disease or cancer. Both of the scans are non-invasive imaging techniques to identify abnormalities in the body or colon. Managing cancer depends on the stages of the cancer. This advises the specialist or doctor on the ideal treatment. Cancer is separated into five stage with the ability of recurrence: Stage 0: Cancer is found in the innermost lining Stage 1: Tumour grossly visible Stage 2: Invaded nearby tissue Stage 3: Spread to lymph nodes. Stage 4: Spread to liver and lungs. Metastasis. If the colorectal cancer is at the late stage, an oncologist will need to collaborate in the management. Chemotherapy, targeted therapy or radiotherapy are common adjuncts. Removal of cancerous area. Done through open surgery or laparoscopy which is minimally invasive surgery. Surgical options depends on the progression of the cancer which is advised by the attending specialist or doctor. Untreated Colorectal Cancer can sometimes go undetected as there are no symptoms but usually there are. Colorectal cancer is treated by surgery but in the late stage of metastases where the cancer has spread to other organs, you would feel: - Blockage of the intestines causing intestinal obstruction from cancer nodes and tumors - Bleeding from the rectum - Changes in breathing if the tumor has spread across the lungs - Tumor spreads to other organs, leading to organ failure - Death can be slow and painful. Make an appointment with us today. Kindly fill out the form below with your details. Disclaimer: By submitting, you agree to ASG’s terms and conditions.. Please note that your information will be handled confidentially.

https://asgsurgical.com/services/colon-cancer-

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What is DevOps? Before DevOps, operators, and developers had quite a contention. Developers used to pass their code to operators, and they were responsible for keeping it running. Operators didn’t have enough knowledge of codebases, and developers didn’t have enough knowledge of operational practices. Basically, developers were dealing with features, and operators were dealing with stability, meaning developers wanted to move faster so as to get their features out faster and the operators wanted to move slower to keep things stable. This kind of relationship often caused tension within the organization. So DevOps is a set of practices designed to break down the barriers that are in the way of a greater collaboration of developers, operators, and other parts of the organization. It is a combination of the development team with the operations team which in return will improve collaboration between the development and deployment teams, internal communication, and productivity. And all of this can be done by automating workflows and infrastructure, continuously measuring app functioning and quality.Before DevOps The agile methodology shows the way to develop software and applications with a continuous development cycle but often ignores deployment. As a result, development can be continuous but deployment is an old school like waterfall.Traditional IT | DevOps | | Build Size | Here the firm often goes with a bigger build size which is good only if a project is simple and easy-going. | This solution, on the other hand, believes in smaller build sizes. The smaller the build size, the smaller the risk of failure. | Organizational Silos | Traditional IT organize the sitting arrangement based on skills, which means that the developers having the same knowledge will sit together. | Agile organizations arrange their employees based on projects, not skills. It helps developers, QA engineers, project managers, etc. to collaborate more efficiently | Scheduling | Here the scheduling is centralized and common for all the team members regardless of their job intensity. | DevOps believes in local or cell level scheduling. It helps team members to identify their deadlines better and work accordingly. | Release | The release of software in traditional IT is a high-risk event as it’s always filled with issues and escalations. Because of this, constant fire-fighting happens between the high and low levels. | Organizations with this approach make software releases a non-event. Because of the smaller build size, high collaboration, and continuous integration of code build release is risk-free. | Information Focus | Traditional IT focuses less on information as a massive report of requirements is gathered and generated by the operations team. Data presented in this form becomes less consumable and hence less actionable. | In this case, it is the project team who gathers information from the client and consumers themselves. It saves the time to create a lengthy report as now teams don’t need to take approvals from managers and wait for their emails. | Project Metrics | Traditional IT considers only the cost and capacity as measurements, which means for a certain project size, what should be the cost. | This kind of organizations also consider flow along with cost and capacity. Considering “flow” helps agile teams to calculate end-to-end cycle time and not the overall time. It helps them to calculate total “productive” time. | - To improve code quality. - To integrate continuously. - To deliver faster. Read also: DevOps vs Agile: Myth-busting. DevOps encourages automation of change, configuration, and release processes by using tools like:DevOps LifeCycle To be able to use DevOps as a Service it is necessary to understand DevOps LifeCycle.Plan The first step would be to plan the development of the DevOps process by dividing them into smaller development cycles.Development The development process is faster because now developers need to execute the development process in little cycles defined earlier.Testing In this stage, the QA team will test every piece of code with advanced automation testing tools and suggest bug fixes for each piece.Integration Here, the developers will integrate fresh functionality with the existing code. And this is how continuous integration and continuous development happens.Deployment In this stage, the deployment is done on a continuous basis. It will allow developers to make changes in the existing app without disturbing its functionality.Monitoring In this stage, the operation team will have to care for system behavior proactively and check if it has any bugs.DevOps Process Flow The goal of the DevOps lifecycle is to add agility in development with the help of automation in different processes. Process flows essentially drive the production environment by fixing the breach between the development and operations team by using continuous integration, deployment, delivery, and feedback.Continuous Integration Continuous Integration (CI) is a process where developers are able to update parts of code in a storage space that is shared with the whole project team. Here the code’s validation and testing happen automatically. This storage space is useful in reducing delays because any team member is able to find the most recent and confirmed version of the code at any time.Continuous Delivery Continuous Delivery (CD) is what logically comes after CI. With the help of the CD operations, teams are able to automatically build, test, and pack the code changes during CI for release. CD automates the software delivery process for quicker releases.Continuous Deployment Continuous Deployment is different from CD because it is a process where no human involvement is necessary. DevOps uses tools to automate the tests and release of the code. It’s released as soon as the tool finds a change in the code. Continuous Deployment removes the need to schedule release dates and makes the feedback loop work quicker.Continuous Feedback Continuous Feedback is a process which uses tools to help the operations team to find bugs in a system and update the development team about them right away. It guarantees better reliability and stronger security of the software.DevOps Principles There are 6 main principles you should take into consideration.#1 Customer-oriented DevOps organizations should always think about customers’ needs and continuously expand services and products in a way that adds value to their business.#2 End-to-end responsibility The team is responsible to supply its clients with high-quality products and full support until the product’s end date.#3 Continuous Optimization This approach implies continuous optimization. For this purpose, it has the CI/CD process which minimizes development time and cost.#4 Automation is the key Automation is at the heart of DevOps. This approach cannot exist without automation, which improves the efficiency of software development.#5 Teamwork The teamwork is encouraged. A team (designers, developers, and QA engineers) should arrange daily sprints for better collaborative work.#6 Testing and Monitoring Also, this approach values continuous improvement, teams should test and monitor the product on a continuous basis.What is DevOps as a service? Now that we get the picture of what DevOps is, let’s dive deeper and explore the term DevOps as a Service (DaaS). DaaS is a delivery model that in its core implies to store all the development tools in the cloud platform to make certain that developers use a common toolset and all of the actions are tracked. By choosing DaaS, you get tools for your project that can automate deployment cycles across the software delivery infrastructure. DevOps engineers supervise the product’s journey from the start to the end and make sure that everything goes as smoothly as possible. They know what systems and tools are suited exactly for your project and know how to use them to your benefit. So the process of development of a product becomes faster and more convenient.DevOps as a Service: 7 Reasons to use Cloud deployment in itself has a lot of advantages, but right now let’s explore what are the unique benefits of using DaaS:- Collaboration with cloud-based DevOps is a much easier experience, all the tools that were put in the cloud platform are open to access by users anywhere. - With using DaaS, comes fast testing and deployment. Usually, with the use of cloud services, release frequency increases. Developers obtain more computing power and data storage. - It simplifies the complexities of data and information flow. Team members are able to focus on their specific tools with no need for knowing how the whole toolchain works. A software developer can be running tests with the help of source code management tools, and an IT operations manager is able to make changes with the help of configuration management tools. - By using DaaS, you get fast access to professional DevOps engineers, which are able to provide you with their expertise to your project right from the start. - With DaaS, you get a dedicated DevOps team that provides developers with documentation and mentorship for helping your in-house IT department to learn new tools and systems. - By choosing this solution, you are not obligated to get rid of your internal DevOps deployment process. With DaaS, you just make it easier to offload varied units of a project for more convenient collaboration and quicker turnaround. - By using cloud services, everything becomes more data-driven so the team uses the same dataset. This service provides better documentation and quality control. DevOps as a Service: Disadvantages Now, everything in this world needs balance, there’s no such thing as a perfect solution to all of our problems. There’s no doubt that DevOps as a service is a good approach, but it also has its weak spot. So, let’s find out what are the disadvantages of Daas:- To be able to outsource a DevOps infrastructure, you will need to have a particular degree of software development expertise. Also, make sure you understand the integration, infrastructure, and operating workflow on a high level. This means, that you probably are going to need to hire experts along with the tools for DaaS. - DevOps usually prioritize speed over security when developing software. The use of cloud services may cause some security risks. However, you can ask the DevOps team to pay more attention to security.

https://codetiburon.com/devops-as-a-service-need-

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Staying at a healthy weight by eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and healthy fats can be helpful to decrease or prevent fibroid growth. But research suggests that unripe palm kernel seeds provide a natural, readily available and cheap treatment of fibroids. Researchers, in a new study, said unripe palm kernel seeds contain chemical substances that lower oestrogen, progesterone and cholesterol in animals under laboratory conditions to prevent and treat fibroid as well as reduce the distortion that fibroid causes in the womb. The study investigated the protective and curative effects of unripe palm kernel seeds on monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced uterine fibroid in rats. The rats were in eight experimental groups: the first four groups investigated the protective effects of unripe palm kernel for 28 days and the last four groups investigated the curative effects of unripe palm kernel after treatment with MSG for 28 days. It was in the 2020 edition of the Open Access Library Journal. Fibroids can cause severe pain and discomfort for many people. Fibroids are tumours in the womb made of smooth muscle and connective tissue. While the word “tumours” may sound terrifying, fibroids are typically benign. In fact, it’s estimated that up to 80 per cent of all people with wombs will develop fibroids at some point in their lives, with African Americans being three to four times more likely to have fibroids than other groups. Fibroids also become more common with age up until menopause, when they rarely develop or tend to shrink if they’re already present. While some people never even realise they have fibroids, others have painful symptoms, including heavy or elongated periods, pelvic pain, increased urination, constipation and backaches. Several genetic, biological and hormonal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and growth of fibroid, with fibroid often most prevalent in black women. Ample evidence supports hormones, estrogen and progesterone, as important factors in the cause of fibroids, with a high level of oestrogen reported to be the most common cause of fibroid. Monosodium glutamate is used in the food industry as a flavour enhancer and a popular food additive. Studies have shown that monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces fibroid under laboratory conditions in female rats by increasing the levels of total protein, cholesterol and oestrogen and progesterone. Treatments include medication and removal of the fibroid. Given the risks, side effects associated with these methods and health care costs, there is an increased demand to find alternative and cheap means for the treatment and management of numerous disease conditions. Herbal practitioners have often recommended daily doses of unripe African oil palm kernel seeds over a period of time, and this has been reported to be successful in reducing fibroids. However, there is an unavailability of scientific data on the mechanism of this action. The researchers suggested that the decrease in the blood levels of oestrogen and progesterone associated with unripe palm kernel seeds may explain the use of this treatment method by herbal practitioners. According to them, the decrease in the blood cholesterol levels observed in MSG-treated female rats may be another mechanism of action by which the unripe palm kernel seeds acts in protecting against fibroid development. However, they said that further studies would be important in determining the potential effects or toxicity associated with daily consumption of unripe palm kernel seeds over an extended period of time. Previously, experts in a survey for herbs for treating fibroid have identified 102 medicinal plants and 16 recipes used in treating fibroid in Ogun and Osun states. The study, carried out with the purpose of documenting information available on traditional plants from herbs sellers and traditional medical practitioners that are used in the treatment of fibroid, was documented in the June edition of the Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment. The plants’ parts usually used for the fibroid treatment include the plant root, bark, leaves, fruits, seeds, extracted juices from the fruits, and bulbs. Most of the preparations had leaves. The recipes included cutting in pieces and soaking in water equal amounts of Xylopia aethiopica (Eeru) and Cocos nucifera (coconut seed and pod) for three days. Half a teacup is taken daily for at least 90 days. Seeds of Diociea reflexa (Agbaarin) and leaves of Sida pilosa are ground and soaked in local gin and a quarter of a teaspoon is to be taken for 90 days. The bark of Kigelia africana (Igi amuyan), fruits of Ricinus communis (Lara), leaves of Newbouldia laevis (Akoko) and leaves of Pseudospondias microcarpa (Ekeja) were soaked with fermented maize water to which table salt had been added. One teacup of it is to be taken for 90 days. The fourth recipe indicated that leaves of Macaranga barteri (Agbosa) were ground and soaked with local alcohol. Four teaspoons are taken daily for 30 days. Others included soaking the bark and seeds of Xylopia aethiopica (Eru) with dry gin for two to 24 hours. A small-cup full of this is taken twice daily for 30 days. Barks of Palisota hirsuta (Akeretupon), Olax subscorpioidea (ifon) and Heliotropum indica (Atapariobuko) were cut into pieces and boiled with water. A teacup is taken daily for 60 days. Leaves of Desmodium velutinum (Emo berodefe), the bark of Uvaria chamae (Iju igi) and seeds of Xylopia aethiopica are soaked with water. A teacup of it is to be decanted after three days is taken daily for 90 days. Ground trona (Kahun bilala or potash) is mixed with lime juice. Four teaspoons are taken for 30 days. Also, 25 seeds of Elaeis guineansis (Ekuro) are eaten every morning to treat fibroid. YOU SHOULD NOT MISS THESE HEADLINES FROM NIGERIAN TRIBUNE In spite of the huge investment in the water sector by the government and international organisations, water scarcity has grown to become a perennial nightmare for residents of Abeokuta, the Ogun State capital. This report x-rays the lives and experiences of residents in getting clean, potable and affordable water amidst the surge of COVID-19 cases in the state.

https://tribuneonlineng.com/how-unripe-palm-kernel-seed-shrinks-fibroid-

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Cognitive Ability Test The most important types of cognitive ability tests (also known as aptitude tests) include verbal/language reasoning, abstract/conceptual reasoning. Measures of Crystallized Reasoning (Gc) that examine knowledge of word meanings, grammar and language comprehension. Measures working memory and fluid intelligence (Gf). Examines the ability to change or switch between different tasks. Measures of mental processing speed (Gs). Examines clerical and perceptual speed and checking ability. Find out more Get a customised quote and recommended approach for screening candidates for your next role

https://www.rightpeople.com.au/product-list/cognitive-

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Women’s suffrage was a pivotal moment in the battle for equality, but in 1918, women still faced many forms of discrimination. While 8.4 million women gaining the vote in 1918 represented significant progress for the feminist movement, gender inequality was still prevalent in the era and beyond. Many laws and societal attitudes meant women faced barriers and prejudice throughout society — in work, education and marriage. Here are just a few examples of the discrimination women faced in 1918: • Hold property on the same terms as men: In 1918, women could not inherit property on the same terms as men. The Law of Property Act 1922 changed that and meant a husband and wife could inherit each other’s property. Legislation passed four years later meant women could finally hold and dispose of property on the same terms as men. • Serve on a jury: Women were unable to serve on a jury or as a magistrate until the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 was passed. However, juries remained overwhelmingly male over the next 40 years before rules concerning jury qualification were reformed in the 1970s. • Open a bank account or apply for a loan: Women also faced financial discrimination and were seen as a high-risk investment by banks as little as just 50 years ago. It wasn’t until 1975 that women could open a bank account in their own name. Single women still couldn’t apply for a loan or credit card in their own name without a signature from their father, even if they earned more, as recently as the mid-1970s. A 2011 report, by left-wing think tank The Institute for Public Policy Research, found evidence of discrimination against businesswomen by banks still existing today. It also found an unlawful denial of fair access to mortgages on the basis of pregnancy or maternity leave. “It is a picture that seems to be based on stereotypes about women as inevitable primary care-givers to children and secondary earners and one which plays into discursive norms of the undervaluing of women,” it said. • Be refused service for spending their own money in a pub: Before 1982, women trying to spend their money in English pubs could legally be refused service, a reflection of the older societal norms that had established pubs as a ‘male-only’ social place. Protests against the rules had made themselves heard over a decade earlier, when in 1970 a group of female journalists demanded to be served because ‘our money is equal so our rights must be equal.’ In the 1970s, women could legally be refused the right to go drink unaccompanied. • Become an accountant or lawyer: The Sex Discrimination Removal Act 1919 changed the law on women being disqualified from certain professions on the grounds of sex. It gave women access to the legal profession and accountancy for the first time and meant they could also hold any civil or judicial office or post. • Have a right to equal pay: A strike by 187 female workers at a Ford car factory in Dagenham in 1968 is cited as being instrumental in the passing of the 1970 Equal Pay Act. The machinists walked out and went on strike for three weeks in protest against their male colleagues earning 15 per cent more than them. The Equal Pay (Amendment) Act 1983 allowed women to be paid the same as men for work of equal value. However, equal pay is still an issue today, with women losing out on nearly £140bn a year due to gender pay gap. According to a 2017 report by the World Economic Forum, it could still take another 100 years before the global equality gap between men and women disappears entirely. In 2017, women effectively worked “for free” for 51 days of the year because of the gender pay gap. • Be considered a ‘person’ in the eyes of the law: In 1929, women became ‘persons’ in their own right under Canadian law following a ruling by the Privy Council. Canadian Emily Murphy, the first female magistrate in the British Empire, and four others, led the fight after lawyers challenged her right to pass sentence, arguing that as a woman, she was not qualified to sit in the Senate of Canada. • Sit in the House of Lords: The Life Peerages Act 1958 entitled women to sit in the House of Lords for the first time. • Work on the London Stock Exchange: Women were admitted to the London Stock Exchange for the first time in the institution’s history in 1973 following campaigning by women in the financial sector. • Obtain a court order against a violent husband: The 1976 Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act enabled married women to obtain a court order against their violent husbands without divorce or separation proceedings. A court could order a man out of the matrimonial home, whether or not he owned it or tenancy was in his name. Problems arose because this protection did not apply to unmarried women. • Single women couldn’t access the contraceptive pill: The contraceptive pill was launched in 1961. In 1961, it was available to married women only, but availability was extended in 1967. • Get a legal and safe abortion: The 1967 Abortion Act legalised abortion in the UK, for women who were up to 24 weeks pregnant. Two consenting doctors had to agree that continuing the pregnancy would be harmful either to the woman’s physical or mental health, or to the child’s physical or mental health when it was born. • Report marital rape: It was not until 1991 that the House of Lords made rape in marriage a criminal offence in the UK. Lawmakers ruled the 250-year-old law was ‘anachronistic and offensive’, adding: “A rapist remains a rapist and is subject to the criminal law, irrespective of his relationship with his victim.” • Women can still be forced to wear heels by their employer: Calls for a ban on “sexist” dress codes which force women to wear high heels to work has been rejected by the Government. It means that employers can continue to insist that female employees wear heels, providing it is considered a job requirement and men are made to dress to an “equivalent level of smartness.”

http://punchng.com/1918-vs-2018-13-things-women-couldnt-do-100-years-ago/

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There are two ways in CSS to create space around your elements: margins and padding. In most usage scenarios, they are functionally identical – for example, if you add 20 pixels of either margin or padding to the left side of an element, that element will generally move 20 pixels to the right on the screen. But in truth, they do behave in slightly different ways. So when should you use margins, and when would padding be more appropriate? Use margins when: - You want your spacing to appear outside of the “box” created by a border property. Margins lie outside of borders, so you’d use them if you want your border to stay in one place. This can be useful if you have, for example, a sidebar with a border that you want to move away from your main content area. - You don’t want your background color or image to invade your personal space. Background colors and images stop at the border, so if you’d rather keep your backgrounds out of the space you’re making, margins are the property you want. - You’d like collapsible space on the top and bottom of your element. Top and bottom margins behave differently than side margins in that if two margins are atop one another, they collapse to the size of the largest margin set. For example, if I set paragraph to have a top margin of 20 pixels and a bottom margin of 15 pixels, I’ll only have 20 pixels of space total between paragraphs (the two margins collapse into one another, and the largest wins out). Padding, on the other hand, behaves very differently in these scenarios. Thus, you’d want to use padding when: - You want all of the space you’re creating to be inside your border. Padding is contained within your borders, so it’s useful for pushing your borders away from the content inside of your element. - You need your background color/image to continue on into the space you’re creating. Your background will continue on behind your padding, so only use it if you want your background to peek out. - You want your top and bottom space to behave more rigidly. For example, if you set the paragraphs in your document to have a top padding of 20 pixels and a bottom padding of 15 pixels, then any time you had two paragraphs in a row, they’d actually have a total of 35 pixels of space between them. So as you can see, there are important differences between margins and padding that you should take into consideration when choosing which to use to move elements around the page. However, in those cases where either margins or padding could be used to the same effect, a lot of the decision comes down to personal preference. For example, I tend to use margins almost exclusively when I’m trying to create space between two elements. In my mind, margins are used for creating space between elements, while padding is used for creating space within elements. Therefore, I use margins to move disparate elements apart, and padding to create a little breathing room within the elements themselves. However, a case could also be made for using padding for effecting space between elements. From time to time, Internet Explorer 6 will have trouble with margins – there’s something out there known as the doubled-margin float bug that can wreak all sorts of havoc with pages laid out with margins when they’re loaded in our favorite “special” browser. Using padding almost exclusively does create a way around this problem. I personally tend to just use a CSS hack or two to make IE behave itself when we’re in public, but as I said, this can be an effective argument for ubiquitous padding.

https://cssnewbie.com/margins-and-padding-use/#.WrXqtC7wbIU

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Active and Passive Voice Changer: Why to Use At a very basic level, an active voice entails a sentence that contains a subject and an action. This means there must be a person performing the action and the action they are performing. For this reason, the subject performing a particular action must come before the action is performed. For example: “I ate”. “I” is the subject, while “ate” is the action. From the above example, it is clear who the subject was and what they were doing. On the flip side, if a passive word is placed in a sentence, it means that the subject comes after the action. A good example in a sentence is: “Walking is something I enjoy”. Here, the sentence is in passive voice because “walking”, which is the action comes before “I” which is the subject. Instead, the correct format should be: “I enjoy walking”. Examples When Passive Voice Can Be Used Although there are many instances where you aren’t allowed to use passive voice, there are exemptions on where they can be incorporated including: One of the best areas of using passive voice is in a formal setting. If you are a keen listener of political speeches, you may have noticed that most political leaders use passive voice. This not only helps convey the politician’s authority but also paints a picture of an authoritarian figure in a political setting. As a student writing a scientific paper, using a formal tone is paramount especially when presenting scientific facts to the board. It not only helps in giving clarity to your work but also conveys a sense of seriousness. After all, a detailed analysis of facts is the academic work’s mainstay. News on Media Breaking news has cascading effects and can result in deep-seated mental issues. However, when presenting bad news in a non-emotional form to the public, most media houses resort to passive voice. Passive voice helps in ensuring that the content given is presented in facts and without bias. How to Switch From Passive to Active Voice Sometimes writing sentences in passive voice doesn’t necessarily mean that they will sound wordy or wrong. However, it’s always advisable to write your work in an active voice if possible. There are few ways to identify a passive voice in your work, and it involves pinpointing the following keywords: a, are, be, being, by, is, was, has been, have been, were, will be. Unless it’s absolutely necessary, you should always try and avoid these words. Why Is It Difficult to Identify Passive Voice? There are several reasons why most people find it difficult to identify a passive voice in their sentences. And that includes: Human error: When it comes to writing, most of us make honest grammar mistakes or even overlook needless words, ultimately leading to passive voice in their content. Inability to identify passive voice: Unless you are a professional writer who studied English as a major, identifying passive voice may be a challenge, especially if you aren’t familiar with the passive voice structure. For this reason, it is important to use an online active or passive sentences checker. And that’s where our passive to active voice editor comes in. But how do I check my paper for passive voice and grammar using your tool? You may be wondering. Here’s how. Who Can Use Our Passive Voice Misuse Corrector? Here are a few areas that our passive voice identifier can help: Our active to passive voice changer software can help when sending dozens of emails, manuals, and newsletters, and you want them to be error-free When you are not familiar with propositions If punctuation is not your cup of tea, our passive voice detector can help you to properly punctuate your work Students can also use our tool to correct their academic work Our passive voice corrector will come in handy for bloggers in ensuring that their blog posts are error-free How to Correct Passive Voice Using Our Tool? The process of using our tool is simple and straightforward. Simply follow the steps below and you will be done within minutes: The first step is to visit our website Next, copy your typed text from a word processing program, and paste it on the online dashboard on the website page Within seconds, our passive and active voice checker will crawl through your work using a set of algorithms highlighting passive voice in your content Once done, you will need to implement the suggested edits as required You can also use the tool to eliminate accidental plagiarism, as well as syntax and grammar errors Reasons Why You Should Try Our Passive to Active Voice Converter There are many benefits of using our passive voice checker. Not only does the tool help identify the passive voice in your work but also gives you suggestions on how you can correct them. And unlike most tools that make corrections automatically, it gives you the freedom to choose the most appropriate word suggestions. Below we have listed the top five benefits of using our online tool: One of the biggest advantages of using our passive voice corrector app is its versatility. On top of detecting and correcting passive voice in your work, it also helps in correcting punctuation, spelling, and grammatical mistakes. Better yet, you can also use it to check for plagiarism, making it a well-rounded tool. No Download Required Our active and passive voice app is cloud-based, meaning you don’t need to download anything to use it. Simply visit our website, copy your typed text from a word processing program, and paste it on the online dashboard. Our tool is highly accurate thanks to Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology, syntactic recognition algorithms, and semantic analysis. It will sniff all passive voice sentences in your work and offer suggestions that will fit within the context of your content. Manually identifying passive voice sentences and other mistakes in typed work is a time-consuming affair. However, by using our app to detect passive voice in text, you can significantly save time and focus on more important things. Our tool is available 24/7, and it can be accessed from anywhere.

https://www.voicecorrector.com/

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Honey is considered by many to be the world's oldest sweetener. The health benefits of honey have been noted by many people over the centuries. Even the ancient philosopher, Aristotle, wrote about the many nutritional and medicinal benefits of honey. Most people use sweeteners everyday so it's important to learn how honey differs from sugar. Honey is regarded as a natural product while sugar is a highly processed product. Both of these sweeteners have glucose and fructose in them. In granulated sugar, the glucose and fructose are bonded together, these components in honey are separate. Fructose is more sweet tasting compared to glucose, and this is why so much fructose is being put into our processed foods today. What's more, fructose doesn't convert to energy very fast like glucose does. Because of this, processed foods that contain high amounts of fructose will be converted to fat more easily than honey. If you are trying to improve your diet or lose weight, you should avoid those kinds of food products. The manufacturing process for sugar often eliminates many healthy components, such as protein, vitamins, minerals, organic acids, and nitrogen elements. Honey, doesn't go through this type of process and is usually only subjected to minimal to no heating. It also contains other beneficial ingredients that have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that aren't contained in sugar. Caloric content of honey differers from table sugar. One teaspoon of sugar has about 16 calories, and one teaspoon of honey has about 22 calories. Although, honey does have more calories, many people use less of it because it's sweeter. And because they use less, they often end up consuming less calories too. Honey has a glycemic index that is lower than sugar and this means it's absorbed at a slower rate compared to sugar. Since sugar has a higher glycemic index it can increase your blood-glucose levels which could cause you to overeat. This is another reason why honey is healthier for you, especially if you are trying to shed those unwanted pounds. There are several important nutritional facts about honey that will certainly make you feel good about using honey instead of sugar. The single most important reason to eat honey is because of its many health benefits. It contains many minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium chlorine, phosphate, sulphur, and iron. Most types of honey contain B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 and C vitamins. It also has choline which is important for cell membrane growth and it has to be consumed because your body can't produce it. Acetylcholine is also found in honey and it works as a neurotransmitter. Sugar doesn't contain either one of the compounds. The glucose in honey can be quickly absorbed into your body which will result in you having more energy. Fructose in honey will help your energy levels last longer compared to sugar. Studies have shown that honey increases the performance and endurance levels for athletes because it lowers muscle fatigue. Scientists have stated that honey has many anti-bacterial and enzyme properties that are powerful for fighting different types of bacteria. You can also use it to treat burns and other wounds because it promotes healing and helps to prevent infections. Many people use honey to treat their sore throats and it is also effective for treating upset stomachs. Now that you have read the above, you know why so many people prefer using honey instead of sugar. These important health benefits can help you not only feel better if you are sick, but also help you lose weight faster. The very next time you are shopping for a sweetener, remember that honey is a wonderful natural product that contains far more nutritional ingredients than processed sugar. Have your say about what you just read! Leave me a comment in the box below.

http://www.hiveandhoneyapiary.com/honeyvssugar.html

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The Physics of WiFi Now for the most important part the physics of how WiFi works! Now as we have learned from the history and what is section that WiFi is possible through radio waves. Radio waves are known as electromagnetic waves. These waves trasmit data by oscillating at different frequencies. These waves are vital in why WiFi works well."Electromagnetic waves have the same characteristic parts as mechanical waves (e.g., wavelength, amplitude, frequency, etc), but they behave very differently. Sound waves travel in air at a speed of approximately 344 meters/second, while electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light"(kicp.uchicago.edu) These waves move at the speed of light which make data transfer fast. The only issue is how much data can be sent. While 915Mhz is great at going long distances it is moving so slow it is not capeable of transfering large amound of data in transmissions. While the stand 2.4 Ghz is oscillating at a much greater speed it allows for more data to be transfered. The major issues with radio waves is they refelct around. The faster the waves the easier they are reflected. So the new 5.0Ghz waves are more prone to being jumbled up and because of this they often only perform better in smaller areas. Now we can get into the important qualities of radio waves and how they shape our world of WiFi "..different radio frequencies behave differently in different environments. The higher the frequency, the more easily radio waves are absorbed or reflected by things like ordinary building materials and vegetation. Visible light, though far higher up the electromagnetic spectrum, demonstrates the principle nicely. A sheet of typing paper will let some light through, but a ½ inch piece of plywood will block it entirely. Radio waves behave in a similar fashion. They have much better penetration than visible light, but you wouldn’t bother trying to pick up the Cubs game if you were working in a Because higher frequencies are more easily reflected, they produce more multipath propagation, a phenomenon that occurs when transmitted signals bounce off an intervening object – even ordinary raindrops. The reflections cause different parts of the signal to arrive at the receiver at different times, and out of sequence. The worse the multipath propagation becomes, the more the signal begins to merge with the noise floor. " (automation.com) The issues with WiFi come down to the physics of radio waves. As the distance is added to the waves the faster they oscillate the more prone they are to what is called path loss. While with greater frequencies we are able to transfer greater amounds of data. That data can not travel as far. It is balance between amount of data and the range it needs to be transfered. In a a paper about radio waves in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Vol. 66 "at 2.4 GHz could be expected to have greater range than Wi-Fi at 5 GHz. And 900 MHz could be expected to do even better. A 900 MHz GHz installation would have roughly 8.5 dB less path loss than a similar 2.4 GHz. installation. " While we are always looking to improve technolgy there are limitations by the physics. With greater speeds comes the lost of range due to the laws that bind electromagnetic waves. Have no fear in the end we have come up with mesh wireless networks to combat the loss of range by creating multiple sources of the signal to effectively cover an area with signal. How Antennas work image from infograph.venngage.com

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/webproj/212_spring_2019/Matt_Perry/mattPerry212/physics.html

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Part 1B | The term "transitional fossil" is used at least two different ways on talk.origins, often leading to muddled and stalemated arguments. I call these two meanings the "general lineage" and the "species-to-species transition": This is a sequence of similar genera or families, linking an older group to a very different younger group. Each step in the sequence consists of some fossils that represent a certain genus or family, and the whole sequence often covers a span of tens of millions of years. A lineage like this shows obvious morphological intermediates for every major structural change, and the fossils occur roughly (but often not exactly) in the expected order. Usually there are still gaps between each of the groups -- few or none of the speciation events are preserved. Sometimes the individual specimens are not thought to be directly ancestral to the next-youngest fossils (i.e., they may be "cousins" or "uncles" rather than "parents"). However, they are assumed to be closely related to the actual ancestor, since they have intermediate morphology compared to the next-oldest and next-youngest "links". The major point of these general lineages is that animals with intermediate morphology existed at the appropriate times, and thus that the transitions from the proposed ancestors are fully plausible. General lineages are known for almost all modern groups of vertebrates, and make up the bulk of this FAQ. This is a set of numerous individual fossils that show a change between one species and another. It's a very fine-grained sequence documenting the actual speciation event, usually covering less than a million years. These species-to-species transitions are unmistakable when they are found. Throughout successive strata you see the population averages of teeth, feet, vertebrae, etc., changing from what is typical of the first species to what is typical of the next species. Sometimes, these sequences occur only in a limited geographic area (the place where the speciation actually occurred), with analyses from any other area showing an apparently "sudden" change. Other times, though, the transition can be seen over a very wide geological area. Many "species-to-species transitions" are known, mostly for marine invertebrates and recent mammals (both those groups tend to have good fossil records), though they are not as abundant as the general lineages (see below for why this is so). Part 2 lists numerous species-to-species transitions from the mammals. As you'll see throughout this FAQ, both types of transitions often result in a new "higher taxon" (a new genus, family, order, etc.) from a species belonging to a different, older taxon. There is nothing magical about this. The first members of the new group are not bizarre, chimeric animals; they are simply a new, slightly different species, barely different from the parent species. Eventually they give rise to a more different species, which in turn gives rise to a still more different species, and so on, until the descendents are radically different from the original parent stock. For example, the Order Perissodactyla (horses, etc.) and the Order Cetacea (whales) can both be traced back to early Eocene animals that looked only marginally different from each other, and didn't look at all like horses or whales. (They looked rather like small, dumb foxes with raccoon-like feet and simple teeth.) But over the following tens of millions of years, the descendents of those animals became more and more different, and now we call them two different orders. There are now several known cases of species-to-species transitions that resulted in the first members of new higher taxa. See part 2 for details. Ideally, of course, we would like to know each lineage right down to the species level, and have detailed species-to-species transitions linking every species in the lineage. But in practice, we get an uneven mix of the two, with only a few species-to-species transitions, and occasionally long time breaks in the lineage. Many laypeople even have the (incorrect) impression that the situation is even worse, and that there are no known transitions at all. Why are there still gaps? And why do many people think that there are even more gaps than there really are? The first and most major reason for gaps is "stratigraphic discontinuities", meaning that fossil-bearing strata are not at all continuous. There are often large time breaks from one stratum to the next, and there are even some times for which no fossil strata have been found. For instance, the Aalenian (mid-Jurassic) has shown no known tetrapod fossils anywhere in the world, and other stratigraphic stages in the Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Cretaceous have produced only a few mangled tetrapods. Most other strata have produced at least one fossil from between 50% and 100% of the vertebrate families that we know had already arisen by then (Benton, 1989) -- so the vertebrate record at the family level is only about 75% complete, and much less complete at the genus or species level. (One study estimated that we may have fossils from as little as 3% of the species that existed in the Eocene!) This, obviously, is the major reason for a break in a general lineage. To further complicate the picture, certain types of animals tend not to get fossilized -- terrestrial animals, small animals, fragile animals, and forest-dwellers are worst. And finally, fossils from very early times just don't survive the passage of eons very well, what with all the folding, crushing, and melting that goes on. Due to these facts of life and death, there will always be some major breaks in the fossil record. Species-to-species transitions are even harder to document. To demonstrate anything about how a species arose, whether it arose gradually or suddenly, you need exceptionally complete strata, with many dead animals buried under constant, rapid sedimentation. This is rare for terrestrial animals. Even the famous Clark's Fork (Wyoming) site, known for its fine Eocene mammal transitions, only has about one fossil per lineage about every 27,000 years. Luckily, this is enough to record most episodes of evolutionary change (provided that they occurred at Clark's Fork Basin and not somewhere else), though it misses the most rapid evolutionary bursts. In general, in order to document transitions between species, you specimens separated by only tens of thousands of years (e.g. every 20,000-80,000 years). If you have only one specimen for hundreds of thousands of years (e.g. every 500,000 years), you can usually determine the order of species, but not the transitions between species. If you have a specimen every million years, you can get the order of genera, but not which species were involved. And so on. These are rough estimates (from Gingerich, 1976, 1980) but should give an idea of the completeness required. Note that fossils separated by more than about a hundred thousand years cannot show anything about how a species arose. Think about it: there could have been a smooth transition, or the species could have appeared suddenly, but either way, if there aren't enough fossils, we can't tell which way it happened. The second reason for gaps is that most fossils undoubtedly have not been found. Only two continents, Europe and North America, have been adequately surveyed for fossil-bearing strata. As the other continents are slowly surveyed, many formerly mysterious gaps are being filled (e.g., the long-missing rodent/lagomorph ancestors were recently found in Asia). Of course, even in known strata, the fossils may not be uncovered unless a roadcut or quarry is built (this is how we got most of our North American Devonian fish fossils), and may not be collected unless some truly dedicated researcher spends a long, nasty chunk of time out in the sun, and an even longer time in the lab sorting and analyzing the fossils. Here's one description of the work involved in finding early mammal fossils: "To be a successful sorter demands a rare combination of attributes: acute observation allied with the anatomical knowledge to recognise the mammalian teeth, even if they are broken or abraded, has to be combined with the enthusiasm and intellectual drive to keep at the boring and soul-destroying task of examining tens of thousands of unwanted fish teeth to eventually pick out the rare mammalian tooth. On an average one mammalian tooth is found per 200 kg of bone-bed." (Kermack, 1984.) Documenting a species-to-species transition is particularly grueling, as it requires collection and analysis of hundreds of specimens. Typically we must wait for some paleontologist to take it on the job of studying a certain taxon in a certain site in detail. Almost nobody did this sort of work before the mid-1970's, and even now only a small subset of researchers do it. For example, Phillip Gingerich was one of the first scientists to study species-species transitions, and it took him ten years to produce the first detailed studies of just two lineages (see part 2, primates and condylarths). In a (later) 1980 paper he said: "the detailed species level evolutionary patterns discussed here represent only six genera in an early Wasatchian fauna containing approximately 50 or more mammalian genera, most of which remain to be analyzed." [emphasis mine] There's a third, unexpected reason that transitions seem so little known. It's that even when they are found, they're not popularized. The only times a transitional fossil is noticed much is if it connects two noticably different groups (such as the "walking whale" fossil reported in 1993), or if illustrates something about the tempo and mode of evolution (such as Gingerich's work). Most transitional fossils are only mentioned in the primary literature, often buried in incredibly dense and tedious "skull & bones" papers utterly inaccessible to the general public. Later references to those papers usually collapse the known species-to-species sequences to the genus or family level. The two major college-level textbooks of vertebrate paleontology (Carroll 1988, and Colbert & Morales 1991) often don't even describe anything below the family level! And finally, many of the species-to-species transitions were described too recently to have made it into the books yet. Why don't paleontologists bother to popularize the detailed lineages and species-to-species transitions? Because it is thought to be unnecessary detail. For instance, it takes an entire book to describe the horse fossils even partially (e.g. MacFadden's "Fossil Horses"), so most authors just collapse the horse sequence to a series of genera. Paleontologists clearly consider the occurrence of evolution to be a settled question, so obvious as to be beyond rational dispute, so, they think, why waste valuable textbook space on such tedious detail? What paleontologists do get excited about are topics like the average rate of evolution. When exceptionally complete fossil sites are studied, usually a mix of patterns are seen: some species still seem to appear suddenly, while others clearly appear gradually. Once they arise, some species stay mostly the same, while others continue to change gradually. Paleontologists usually attribute these differences to a mix of slow evolution and rapid evolution (or "punctuated equilibrium": sudden bursts of evolution followed by stasis), in combination with the immigration of new species from the as-yet-undiscovered places where they first arose. There's been a heated debate about which of these modes of evolution is most common, and this debate has been largely misquoted by laypeople, particularly creationists. Virtually all of the quotes of paleontologists saying things like "the gaps in the fossil record are real" are taken out of context from this ongoing debate about punctuated equilibrium. Actually, no paleontologist that I know of doubts that evolution has occurred, and most agree that at least sometimes it occurs gradually. The fossil evidence that contributed to that consensus is summarized in the rest of this FAQ. What they're arguing about is how often it occurs gradually. You can make up your own mind about that. (As a starting point, check out Gingerich, 1980, who found 24 gradual speciations and 14 sudden appearances in early Eocene mammals; MacFadden, 1985, who found 5 cases of gradual anagenesis, 5 cases of probable cladogenesis, and 6 sudden appearances in fossil horses; and the numerous papers in Chaline, 1983. Most studies that I've read find between 1/4-2/3 of the speciations occurring fairly gradually.) Before launching into the transitional fossils, I'd like to run through the two of the major models of life's origins, biblical creationism and modern evolutionary theory, and see what they predict about the fossil record. Predictions of creationism: Creationists usually don't state the predictions of creationism, but I'll take a stab at it here. First, though there are several different sorts of creationism, all of them agree that there should be no transitional fossils at all between "kinds". For example, if "kind" means "species", creationism apparently predicts that there should be no species-to-species transitions whatsoever in the fossil record. If "kind" means "genus" or "family" or "order", there should be no species-to-species transitions that cross genus, family, or order lines. Furthermore, creationism apparently predicts that since life did not originate by descent from a common ancestor, fossils should not appear in a temporal progression, and it should not be possible to link modern taxa to much older, very different taxa through a "general lineage" of similar and progressively older fossils. Other predictions vary with the model of creationism. For instance, an older model of creationism states that fossils were created during six metaphorical "days" that may each have taken millenia to pass. This form of creationism predicts that fossils should be found in the same order outlined in Genesis: seed-bearing trees first, then all aquatic animals and flying animals, then all terrestrial animals, then humans. In contrast, many modern U.S. creationists believe the "Flood Theory" of the origin of fossils. The "Flood Theory" is derived from a strictly literal reading of the Bible, and states that all geological strata, and the fossils imbedded in them, were formed during the forty-day flood of Noah's time. Predictions of the Flood Theory apparently include the following: Finally, some creationists believe that fossils were created by miraculous processes not operating today. (Many of these creationists combine this idea with the Flood Theory, as follows: fossils were created during the Flood, but were "sorted" by a miraculous process not observable or understandable today.) Obviously, such a theory makes no testable predictions...except perhaps for the prediction that geological formations should not bear any obvious resemblance to processes occurring today. Predictions of evolutionary theory: Evolutionary theory predicts that fossils should appear in a temporal progression, in a nested hierarchy of lineages, and that it should be possible to link modern animals to older, very different animals. In addition, the "punctuated equilibrium" model also predicts that new species should often appear "suddenly" (within 500,000 years or less) and then experience long periods of stasis. Where the record is exceptionally good, we should find a few local, rapid transitions between species. The "phyletic gradualism" model predicts that most species should change gradually throughout time, and that where the record is good, there should be many slow, smooth species-to-species transitions. These two models are not mutually exclusive -- in fact they are often viewed as two extremes of a continuum -- and both agree that at least some species-to-species transitions should be found. This FAQ mostly consists of a partial list of known transitions from the vertebrate fossil record. The transitions in part 1 are mostly general lineages, while in part 2 there are both general lineages and species- to-species transitions. In a hopeless attempt to save space, I concentrated almost exclusively on groups that left living descendants, ignoring all the hundreds of other groups and side-branches that have died out. I also skipped entire groups of vertebrates (most notably the dinosaurs and modern fish) in order to emphasize mammals, the group talk.origins'ers are most interested in. Note that the general lineages sometimes include "cousin" fossils. These are fossils that are thought to be very similar and closely related to the actual ancestor, but for various reasons are suspected not to be that ancestor. I have labelled them clearly in the text. I've also pointed out some of the significant remaining gaps in the vertebrate fossil record. I got most of the information from Colbert & Morales' Evolution of the Vertebrates (1991), Carroll's Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (1988), Benton's The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods (1988), and from various recent papers from the scientific literature. These sources are all listed in the reference section at the end of part 2. The time of first known appearance of each fossil is given in parentheses after the fossil name, including absolute dates when I could find them. The only exceptions are a few cases where my source didn't mention a date and it wasn't listed in Carroll's text. All of these fossils were dated by *independent* means, typically by using several different methods of radiometric dating on the strata around the fossil, and/or by cross-correlating to dated strata at other sites (e.g. MacFadden et al., 1991). The information in this FAQ assumes that these dating methods are accurate. If you have questions about the many dating methods used by paleontologists, see the other FAQs on those topics and get yourself a good textbook of sedimentary geology. Paleontologists are generally sharp cookies, and are quite persnickety about using good dating techniques. (See part 2) | 65-0 Ma | Mammals & birds & teleost fish dominant | Cretaceous | 144-65 Ma | Dinosaurs dominant. Small mammals, birds. | Jurassic | 213-144 Ma | Dinosaurs dominant. First mammals, then first birds. | Triassic | 248-213 Ma | Mammalian reptiles dominant. First dinosaurs. | Permian | 286-248 Ma | Amphibians dominant. First mammal-like reptiles. | Pennsylvanian | 320-286 Ma | Amphibians dominant. First reptiles. | Mississippian | 360-320 Ma | Big terrestrial amphibians, fishes. | Devonian | 408-360 Ma | Fish dominant. First amphibians. | Silurian | 438-408 Ma | First ray-finned & lobe-finned fish. | Ordovician | 505-438 Ma | More jawless fishes. | Cambrian | 590-505 Ma | First jawless fishes. | (We start off with primitive jawless fish.) GAP: Note that these first, very very old traces of shark-like animals are so fragmentary that we can't get much detailed information. So, we don't know which jawless fish was the actual ancestor of early sharks. A separate lineage leads from the ctenacanthids through Echinochimaera (late Mississippian) and Similihari (late Pennsylvanian) to the modern ratfish. GAP: Once again, the first traces are so fragmentary that the actual ancestor can't be identified. Eels & sardines date from the late Jurassic, salmonids from the Paleocene & Eocene, carp from the Cretaceous, and the great group of spiny teleosts from the Eocene. The first members of many of these families are known and are in the leptolepid family (note the inherent classification problem!). Few people realize that the fish-amphibian transition was not a transition from water to land. It was a transition from fins to feet that took place in the water. The very first amphibians seem to have developed legs and feet to scud around on the bottom in the water, as some modern fish do, not to walk on land (see Edwards, 1989). This aquatic-feet stage meant the fins didn't have to change very quickly, the weight-bearing limb musculature didn't have to be very well developed, and the axial musculature didn't have to change at all. Recently found fragmented fossils from the middle Upper Devonian, and new discoveries of late Upper Devonian feet (see below), support this idea of an "aquatic feet" stage. Eventually, of course, amphibians did move onto the land. This involved attaching the pelvis more firmly to the spine, and separating the shoulder from the skull. Lungs were not a problem, since lungs are an ancient fish trait and were present already. GAP: Ideally, of course, we want an entire skeleton from the middle Late Devonian, not just limb fragments. Nobody's found one yet. More info on those first known Late Devonian amphibians: Acanthostega gunnari was very fish-like, and recently Coates & Clack (1991) found that it still had internal gills! They said: "Acanthostega seems to have retained fish-like internal gills and an open opercular chamber for use in aquatic respiration, implying that the earliest tetrapods were not fully terrestrial....Retention of fish-like internal gills by a Devonian tetrapod blurs the traditional distinction between tetrapods and fishes...this adds further support to the suggestion that unique tetrapod characters such as limbs with digits evolved first for use in water rather than for walking on land." Acanthostega also had a remarkably fish-like shoulder and forelimb. Ichthyostega was also very fishlike, retaining a fish-like finned tail, permanent lateral line system, and notochord. Neither of these two animals could have survived long on land. Coates & Clack (1990) also recently found the first really well- preserved feet, from Acanthostega (front foot found) and Ichthyostega (hind foot found). (Hynerpeton's feet are unknown.) The feet were much more fin-like than anyone expected. It had been assumed that they had five toes on each foot, as do all modern tetrapods. This was a puzzle since the fins of lobe-finned fishes don't seem to be built on a five-toed plan. It turns out that Acanthostega's front foot had eight toes, and Ichthyostega's hind foot had seven toes, giving both feet the look of a short, stout flipper with many "toe rays" similar to fin rays. All you have to do to a lobe- fin to make it into a many-toed foot like this is curl it, wrapping the fin rays forward around the end of the limb. In fact, this is exactly how feet develop in larval amphibians, from a curled limb bud. (Also see Gould's essay on this subject, "Eight Little Piggies".) Said the discoverers (Coates & Clack, 1990): "The morphology of the limbs of Acanthostega and Ichthyostega suggest an aquatic mode of life, compatible with a recent assessment of the fish-tetrapod transition. The dorsoventrally compressed lower leg bones of Ichthyostega strongly resemble those of a cetacean [whale] pectoral flipper. A peculiar, poorly ossified mass lies anteriorly adjacent to the digits, and appears to be reinforcement for the leading edge of this paddle-like limb." Coates & Clack also found that Acanthostega's front foot couldn't bend forward at the elbow, and thus couldn't be brought into a weight-bearing position. In other words this "foot" still functioned as a horizontal fin. Ichthyostega's hind foot may have functioned this way too, though its front feet could take weight. Functionally, these two animals were not fully amphibian; they lived in an in-between fish/amphibian niche, with their feet still partly functioning as fins. Though they are probably not ancestral to later tetrapods, Acanthostega & Ichthyostega certainly show that the transition from fish to amphibian is feasible! Hynerpeton, in contrast, probably did not have internal gills and already had a well-developed shoulder girdle; it could elevate and retract its forelimb strongly, and it had strong muscles that attached the shoulder to the rest of the body (Daeschler et al., 1994). Hynerpeton's discoverers think that since it had the strongest limbs earliest on, it may be the actual ancestor of all subsequent terrestrial tetrapods, while Acanthostega and Ichthyostega may have been a side branch that stayed happily in a mostly-aquatic niche. In summary, the very first amphibians (presently known only from fragments) were probably almost totally aquatic, had both lungs and internal gills throughout life, and scudded around underwater with flipper-like, many-toed feet that didn't carry much weight. Different lineages of amphibians began to bend either the hind feet or front feet forward so that the feet carried weight. One line (Hynerpeton) bore weight on all four feet, developed strong limb girdles and muscles, and quickly became more terrestrial. From there we jump to the Mesozoic: Finally, here's a recently found fossil: Part 1B | Home Page | Browse | Search | Feedback | Links The FAQ | Must-Read Files | Index | Creationism | Evolution | Age of the Earth | Flood Geology | Catastrophism | Debates

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional/part1a.html

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It is easy and normal to think coding is only for adults who are working for technology companies. It will truly surprise you if you sit in one of our classes and understand what children are able to do with code. We have children who designed their own 16 bit encryption algorithms, Arduino based robotic vehicles, and advanced games completely done by themselves using the knowledge from our class. For example, they understood from the classes how a 256 bit encryption algorithm works and they designed a smaller 16 bit equivalent of their own version of it using rotational XORs, prime numbers, and more. All this is able to happen because we’ve designed resources to make it easy for children and teenagers to learn coding, computers, game, web, and app design. Building basics with multiple computer-science experiences At UnicMinds, we truly believe that it is important for children to have different kinds of computer-science experiences. For example, even if a student is learning only the Python course with us, we ensure that they also learn about other aspects such as the basics of statistics, binary code, and machine-learning mathematics in the classes. We ensure that our programming exercises require the child to apply knowledge from multiple fields such as mathematics, design, logic, programming languages, geometry, puzzles, graphics, and more. For example, often we tell children to code the solutions for various puzzles and programming problems that develops their programming concepts and structural thinking skills. Programming Puzzles are an important part of growing up as a programmer. Puzzles challenge your concepts and your thinking in a creative and tricky way, and hence they are a great resource for children and teenagers to learn and establish their basics of programming. For example, we felt that children may not understand concepts such as binary search trees in terms of how searching becomes a reduced complexity (by reducing one half of the tree in every search – hence the O(log n)). But, to even our surprise, children and teenagers genuinely understand these concepts and apply them across relevant areas. The world is changing, and thanks to all the schools around the world too that are teaching and introducing computer-science to kids. New Age Tools and Efficient Explanations helping kids learn fast So, the bottom line is: teenagers and kids are doing things that the previous generation finds inconceivable for their age. This is primarily because they’re not learning the same way that we used to learn 20 years back. Twenty years ago, I’ve learnt C programming in a very different way from what children learn like today. As we learnt computer-science in the last 20-25 years, we also produced more efficient ways of explaining those concepts with the help of visuals and tools. And, therefore the learning game is changing and children are able to learn and do complex stuff. For example, Preston Mutanga is a 14 year old boy in Canada who did the animation work for one of the best scenes in the movie – 14 year old animator in Spider Verse. One of our students won the Coding Olympiad in Hong Kong. Another of our students scored 99% in an interschool coding exam. Our activities with children are student centric to help them become independent learners, leading to greater self-confidence, and the ability to face new challenges. We combine experimentation and imagination to ignite curiosity and creativity in their learning. We update our curriculum regularly to incorporate the best ways for kids to learn a concept. We introduce them to the toughest problems in computer-science to broaden their horizon of thinking. Made for a diverse range of learners, UnicMinds takes a dynamic approach to help students build core computer-science and coding skills, structural thinking, and foundation in problem-solving. The true test of learning is application, and it is what we’re proud of – our students are able to produce useful applications across the tech stack. Hope this is useful, thank you. Learn more about Coding for Kids.

https://unicminds.com/coding-for-kids/

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Ahead of its time: How jean makers in the 1890s designed tiny pockets to carry this once commonplace item - but can YOU guess what it's for? - The tiny pocket on jeans were designed to hold an everyday item in the 1800s Have you ever wondered what the small pockets on jeans are used for? The confusing design dates back to the 19th century, and made a lot more sense when first introduced. As designers still include the feature on jeans more than a century later, many have tried to work out what the pocket can actually hold. Some have tried to squeeze their mobile phones into the small space, but even when they were the size of Nokias it would not be a comfortable fit. Similarly, shoving your keys in there will only lead to a bulging pocket and a scratched hip bone. And while it can fit small change, it was not designed for this purpose. Turns out, the pocket is not to add aesthetic or inconvenience - but is actually meant to hold your watch. Ever wondered what the tiny pocket on jeans are made for? Turns out they have a purpose dated back to the 1800s. Levi Strauss & Co's historian Tracey Panek explained the purpose of the tiny pocket to Insider. The pockets can be traced back to the design for 'waist overalls,' the original name for the blue jeans made by Levi Strauss & Co. They appear in the patent Strauss and J.W. Davis received for 'Improvement in Fastening Pocket Openings,' on May 20, 1873, and were first distributed in 1890 with the 'Lot 501' jeans, the model for Levis 501 jeans today. Panek said: 'The oldest pair of waist overalls in the Levi Strauss & Co. Archives (from 1879) include the watch pocket. Our 19th century overalls had a single back pocket on the right side of the pant beneath the leather patch.' Pants with the tiny pocket are called 'five-pocket pants,' but the fifth pocket is actually on the back-left, added to Levi's 501 jeans in 1901. As the tiny pocket is intended to hold watches, you won't find them on suit trousers because the watch is designed to wear inside the suit jacket. And, as jeans were manufactured for a casual look, pocket watch owners would need an alternative place to put them. But nowadays, there isn't much use for the pocket, as watches are worn as fashion statements rather than actual convenience. Panek, however, said the feature is still kept to maintain the integrity of the early Levi's design. The tiny pocket on jeans was first introduced by Levis in the 1800s to hold a watch, now they are kept to maintain the integrity of the design She added that Levi's jeans have remained almost unchanged since first launching in the 19th century, and have mostly maintained the iconic design with the exception of World War II. Panek said: 'One interesting fact about the watch pocket is that during WWII the two corner rivets were removed as a way to conserve metal for the war effort.' The rivets returned to the watch pocket after the war and were likely kept as an homage. The location of the pocket varies, some brands put it in the front next to a bigger pocket while others will include the watch pocket in a regular sized pocket. Unfortunately, today there isn't much you can do with the tiny pocket. Some people have tried to make use of the historic design by using them to keep coins, condoms or matches. An online debate about the pockets was sparked after a user posted a picture of the pocket and said: 'I'm tired of pretending, what's this mini pocket for?' Some users suggested putting train tickets or small jewelry items in there - but the design of the pocket can make it difficult to extract anything from it. It's difficult to imagine what jeans would look like with the absence of a tiny pocket, so perhaps there's a market for a new small device to be kept in there. A Tweet sparked an online discussion after a user asked what the mini pocket is used for One user, aware of the history behind the pocket, guess correctly Another joked about the lack of space the pocket offers, suggesting people will not be able to find what they put in the tiny pocket Others have opted for a more practical approach and have used the pocket to store keys, notes and flash drives - a modern day take on the watch pocket Most watched News videos - PM holds breakfast meeting with business leaders in Rome - Perry Farrell starts fight with confused Dave Navarro during show - Smoke from Halen Môn smokery causes dispute with Anglesey Sea Zoo - David Lammy complains of no taxpayer budget for Starmer's clothes - Old clip of 56-year-old man who attempted to kill Trump resurfaces - Huw Edwards leaves court following sentencing - Disgraced presenter Huw Edwards arrives at court for sentencing - Australian tourist 'lynched' after streaking through Italian town - Teen girl rushed to ambulance after knife rampage at Russian school - Moment family flee their home after hoverboard charger explodes - Shocking moment woman repeatedly runs over handbag thief - Starmer and Meloni giggle as they pose for photos in Villa Doria

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-12270497/How-jean-

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Santa Claus—otherwise known as Saint Nicholas or Kris Kringle—has a long history steeped in Christmas traditions. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red who brings toys to good girls and boys on Christmas Eve, but his story stretches all the way back to the 3rd century, when Saint Nicholas walked the earth and became the patron saint of children. Find out more about the history of Santa Claus from his earliest origins to the shopping mall Santas of today, and discover how two New Yorkers—Clement Clark Moore and Thomas Nast—were major influences on the Santa Claus millions of children wait for each Christmas Eve. The Legend of St. Nicholas: The Real Santa Claus The legend of Santa Claus can be traced back hundreds of years to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around A.D. 280 in Patara, near Myra in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his piety and kindness, St. Nicholas became the subject of many legends. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. One of the best-known St. Nicholas stories is the time he saved three poor sisters from being sold into slavery or prostitution by their father by providing them with a dowry so that they could be married. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day is celebrated on the anniversary of his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe. Even after the Protestant Reformation, when the veneration of saints began to be discouraged, St. Nicholas maintained a positive reputation, especially in Holland. Sinter Klaas Comes to New York St. Nicholas made his first inroads into American popular culture towards the end of the 18th century. In December 1773, and again in 1774, a New York newspaper reported that groups of Dutch families had gathered to honor the anniversary of his death. The name Santa Claus evolved from Nick’s Dutch nickname, Sinter Klaas, a shortened form of Sint Nikolaas (Dutch for Saint Nicholas). In 1804, John Pintard, a member of the New York Historical Society, distributed woodcuts of St. Nicholas at the society’s annual meeting. The background of the engraving contains now-familiar Santa images including stockings filled with toys and fruit hung over a fireplace. In 1809, Washington Irving helped to popularize the Sinter Klaas stories when he referred to St. Nicholas as the patron saint of New York in his book, The History of New York. As his prominence grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a “rascal” with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a “huge pair of Flemish trunk hose.” Gift-giving, mainly centered around children, has been an important part of the Christmas celebration since the holiday’s rejuvenation in the early 19th century. Stores began to advertise Christmas shopping in 1820, and by the 1840s, newspapers were creating separate sections for holiday advertisements, which often featured images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It was only a matter of time before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at a “live” Santa Claus. In the early 1890s, the Salvation Army needed money to pay for the free Christmas meals they provided to needy families. They began dressing up unemployed men in Santa Claus suits and sending them into the streets of New York to solicit donations. Those familiar Salvation Army Santas have been ringing bells on the street corners of American cities ever since. Perhaps the most iconic department store Santa is Kris Kringle in the 1947 classic Santa Claus movie “Miracle on 34 Street.” A young Natalie Wood played a little girl who believes Kris Kringle (played by Edmund Gwenn, who won an Oscar for the role) when he says he is the real Santa Claus. “Miracle on 34 Street” was remade in 1994 and starred Lord Richard Attenborough and Mara Wilson. The Macy’s Santa has appeared at almost every Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade since it began in 1924, and fans of all ages still line up to meet the Macy’s Santa in New York City and at stores around the country, where children can take pictures on Santa’s lap and tell him what they want for Christmas. ‘Twas the Night Before Christmas In 1822, Clement Clarke Moore, an Episcopal minister, wrote a long Christmas poem for his three daughters entitled “An Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas,” more popularly known as “‘Twas The Night Before Christmas.” Moore’s poem, which he was initially hesitant to publish due to the frivolous nature of its subject, is largely responsible for our modern image of Santa Claus as a “right jolly old elf” with a portly figure and the supernatural ability to ascend a chimney with a mere nod of his head! Although some of Moore’s imagery was probably borrowed from other sources, his poem helped popularize the now-familiar image of a Santa Claus who flew from house to house on Christmas Eve in “a miniature sleigh” led by eight flying reindeer to leave presents for deserving children. “An Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas” created a new and immediately popular American icon. In 1881, political cartoonist Thomas Nast drew on Moore’s poem to create the first likeness that matches our modern image of Santa Claus. His cartoon, which appeared in Harper’s Weekly, depicted Santa as a rotund, cheerful man with a full, white beard, holding a sack laden with toys for lucky children. It is Nast who gave Santa his bright red suit trimmed with white fur, North Pole workshop, elves and his wife, Mrs. Claus Santa Claus Around the World Eighteenth-century America’s Santa Claus was not the only St. Nicholas-inspired gift-giver to make an appearance at Christmastime. There are similar figures and Christmas traditions around the world. Christkind or Kris Kringle was believed to deliver presents to well-behaved Swiss and German children. Meaning “Christ child,” Christkind is an angel-like figure often accompanied by St. Nicholas on his holiday missions. In Scandinavia, a jolly elf named Jultomten was thought to deliver gifts in a sleigh drawn by goats. English legend explains that Father Christmas visits each home on Christmas Eve to fill children’s stockings with holiday treats. Père Noël is responsible for filling the shoes of French children. In Italy, there is a story of a woman called La Befana, a kindly witch who rides a broomstick down the chimneys of Italian homes to deliver toys into the stockings of lucky children. Christmas Traditions in the United States In the United States, Santa Claus is often depicted as flying from his home to home on Christmas Eve to deliver toys to children. He flies on his magic sleigh led by his reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, Blitzen, and the most famous reindeer of all, Rudolph. Santa enters each home through the chimney, which is why empty Christmas stockings—once empty socks, now often dedicated stockings made for the occasion—are “hung by the Chimney with care, in hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there,” as Clement Clarke Moore wrote in his famous poem. Stockings can be filled with candy canes and other treats or small toys. Santa Claus and his wife, Mrs. Claus, call the North Pole home, and children write letters to Santa and track Santa’s progress around the world on Christmas Eve. Children often leave cookies and milk for Santa and carrots for his reindeer on Christmas Eve. Santa Claus keeps a “naughty list” and a “nice list” to determine who deserves gifts on Christmas morning, and parents often invoke these lists as a way to ensure their children are on their best behavior. The lists are immortalized in the 1934 Christmas song “Santa Claus is coming to Town”: “He's making a list And checking it twice; Gonna find out Who's naughty and nice Santa Claus is coming to town He sees you when you're sleeping He knows when you're awake He knows if you've been bad or good So be good for goodness sake!” The Ninth Reindeer, Rudolph Rudolph, “the most famous reindeer of all,” was born over 100 years after his eight flying counterparts. The red-nosed wonder was the creation of Robert L. May, a copywriter at the Montgomery Ward department store. In 1939, May wrote a Christmas-themed story-poem to help bring holiday traffic into his store. Using a similar rhyme pattern to Moore’s “‘Twas the Night Before Christmas,” May told the story of Rudolph, a young reindeer who was teased by the other deer because of his large, glowing, red nose. But, When Christmas Eve turned foggy and Santa worried that he wouldn’t be able to deliver gifts that night, the former outcast saved Christmas by leading the sleigh by the light of his red nose. Rudolph’s message—that given the opportunity, a liability can be turned into an asset—proved popular. Montgomery Ward sold almost two and a half million copies of the story in 1939. When it was reissued in 1946, the book sold over three and half million copies. Several years later, one of May’s friends, Johnny Marks, wrote a short song based on Rudolph’s story (1949). It was recorded by Gene Autry and sold over two million copies. Since then, the story has been translated into 25 languages and been made into a television movie, narrated by Burl Ives, which has charmed audiences every year since 1964.

http://www.history.com/topics/christmas/santa-claus

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Combating loneliness with effective communication skills Issues concerning loneliness mostly arise from the inability of most of us to cultivate good communication skills with our peers and colleagues in our schools, work places and in our everyday life. People are said to be lonely if they desire close personal relationships but are unable to establish them. It is quite possible to feel isolated and without friends even when you are surrounded by so many people in your everyday life. Feeling lonely is a common concern for many young people especially college students. The need to improve your communication skills becomes obvious. In order to help you avert a lot of psychological and emotional problems The difference between ‘being lonely’ and ‘feeling lonely’ is important. Many people enjoy being alone occasionally, which is good for the mental mind, to relax and strategize and reinvent itself. To exercise your mind and soul, concentrate, read and enjoy music, reflect on important issues in a serene and cool atmosphere. This is beneficial to the overall well-being of the body. These people can appreciate being alone but they can interact comfortable with others when they so wish. How to communicate effectively Loneliness and depression best describes the states of one’s emotional health when it comes to the ability to effectively communicate with others. You can overcome loneliness, and shyness which could eventually lead to depression if not properly handle, by improving your communication skills. You might also like to read: Depression (10) Natural ways you can treat it By implementing the following steps Take the time to think before speaking. Effective communication skills requires that you know what to say and how to say it, focusing your words on the most important portions of your thoughts and ideas. Speak clearly and concisely. Particularly when your ideas are complex or new. This is important for face-to-face meetings and video conferencing. Make sure that you appear neat accessible and confident. So have open body language. This means that you should not cross your arms, scratching your head. Maintain eye contact as well. keeping an open posture. Be respectful and polite In your approach treat everyone equally. Do not talk down to anyone, smile and be in a relax mood. That will give the other person more confidence to open up and be freer to communicate with you effectively. Always starting on a positive note. Even when your message may be negative, a more positive atmosphere will be established when conversation begins in this manner. Always Seek feedback from your listener. Provide frequent intervals between your ideas and speech to allow the listener to talk and respond accordingly. Take your time to check your message properly. Check and cross check your spelling and grammatical errors thoroughly nobody has a perfect communication skills. Even professional writers do make mistakes. To make sure that your words are conveying the intended message. Effective communication skills is a two way thing an effective communication skills requires that you be a skillful listener as well. Listen with kin interest and rap attention. In many situations it will be important for you to hear everything that is being said. That is particularly true when you must hear and fully understand the ideas that your partner is attempting to share or communicate to you.

https://bnethub.com/how-to-combat-loneliness-effective-

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Ancillary technology consists of providing an organization or system with the necessary support to the operations or primary activities. Ancillary technology in healthcare is used to improve a physician, dentist, or clinician’s operational efficiency by streamlining all the secondary processes. Ancillary services, also known as ancillary health care, refer to a comprehensive range of healthcare services that are provided to support the work of the primary clinician. Types of Ancillary Technology Ancillary services in healthcare are classified into three types. 1 Diagnostic Services Diagnostic services facilitate a timely, cost-effective care in a secure environment. It consists of services of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Nuclear Medicine, and Radiology. Diagnostic services function in the settings of acute care, ambulatory care, mental health, rehabilitation, and geriatric care. In ancillary services, the primary physician does not have to invest the time and money. The ancillary care providers provide efforts as nurses, technicians, administrators, and technologists. 2 Deliver / Therapeutic Care Therapeutic care refers to the secondary line of medical treatment that includes a wide range of services from rehabilitative care to occupational and physical therapies. It also includes maintaining a nurse-patient relationship that is based on mutual trust and comfort which enables the fulfillment of a patient’s physical and emotional needs. Some regular therapeutic care services include massage, speech therapy, and chiropractic services. 3 Care-Delivery or Custodial Services Custodial care consists of non-medical practices that help patients with day-to-day needs, like eating and bathing. Some patients with certain physical, medical, or mental conditions are not capable of performing basic daily activities on their own, such as using the toilet, bathing, walking, changing clothes, and so on. The care provided to these patients is referred to as custodial care. For a primary doctor, surgeon, or physician, providing and efficiently managing multiple services is not only costly but challenging as well. Ancillary care comes to the rescue by providing all these services, enabling the clinician to focus on the core processes and let the ancillary service providers take care of the secondary functions. Importance of Ancillary Healthcare Service Providers The healthcare business does not work the way it used to work a few years ago. All medical providers around the world share similar problems like dissatisfactory quality despite hard work, lack of skilled staff, and rising costs of healthcare, in general. Leading healthcare organizations have tried implementing several fixes like reducing errors, keeping a check on frauds, prioritizing patient satisfaction, adopting the digital approach, and whatnot. Unfortunately, none of them have worked to its full potential; it’s time for a new strategy that transforms the core operations. It is necessary to undergo a paradigm shift from a supply-driven system revolving around the patients to a patient-centric system that focuses on patients’ needs. Therefore, instead of focusing on maximizing profits and volumes, it is essential to concentrate on consumer satisfaction and patient outcomes. Moreover, today’s fragmented system needs to be replaced with a system that concentrates on medical conditions and health delivery organizations to maximize the quality of healthcare. Ancillary services act as a suitable solution for this problem, as it provides an overarching strategy to transform the overall operations and management in healthcare organizations. It intends to increase the value of care, which enables organizations to become more value-oriented and help them cater to the interests and concerns of the patients. Here is how ancillary healthcare service providers batter a change in the traditional healthcare management process. - It helps clinicians organize into Integrated Practice Units. - Ancillary services enable physicians or organizations to measure the outcomes and all the coss-to-the-patients. - It promotes a shift towards bulk payments for care cycles. - Ancillary care providers facilitate the integration of care delivery systems by defining the scope of services and concentrate volume in a few places. - These services also play a vital role in expanding the geographic reach of healthcare delivery. - It helps build a supporting information technology platform. Advantages of Ancillary Services Ancillary care services comprise around 30% of the total medical spending, making it essential for every healthcare service provider. These services help reduce the core workload as all the secondary care is facilitated by ancillary providers. Additionally, these providers are cost-saving and prudent, making them an ideal alternative to the outpatient physician and hospital services. Let’s discuss some proven benefits of ancillary healthcare service providers. 1 Administrative Resources Ancillary services for primary care play a vital role in saving time and operational costs. The providers, instead of operating independently, work for you and receive payment processing, collections, resolution management, and appeals on your behalf . Therefore, they ensure your patients receive the best secondary care, which is essential for acquiring and retaining new patients. 2 Increased Patient Access Ancillary services enable you to expand your patient reach by connecting you to a wider patient base insured under worker compensation, group health, secondary group health, auto medical, and medicare plans. Ancillary care allows you to be in a company of well-skilled experts and technicians. These services are certified in providing stringent quality and control standards. They regularly monitor the network to ensure the patients are receiving excellent-quality care. 4 Education and Support Ancillary service providers are medical experts too, and readily educate the patients and payers on the advantages of how their services can bear a change in the overall clinic operation. Challenges in Implementing Ancillary Technology in the Healthcare Sector Being a broad, multi-faceted industry, it faces a bunch of problems as well, as discussed below. Lack of Interoperability One of the major challenges in ancillary technology is the absence of compatibility in the computers or systems utilized by ancillary care providers for coding, billing, and monitoring patient care. The setup for communicating and billing with payers and providers is disintegrated, which is a critical factor if the care shifts from the individual patients to a society or population health model. Patient satisfaction, utilization management, and adequate care are some of the major aspects that can affect the service, providing the ability of ancillary care providers. Lack of Consumer Ability A significant factor that determines the viability of ancillary providers is the consumers’ ability to select the delivery of care. The large deductible of patients is a substantial influence on their decisions on how and where to get the care and how much money do they wish to spend. From the price at which they need an x-ray to the location at which they want to receive physical therapy, consumers nowadays are more conscious and want the best options at the best price. - If ancillary providers operate as independent businesses, they will have to face limited leverages. A few years back, working on their own used to be rewarding, but now, providers are in search of better services at low prices, which poses a challenge for ancillary services. Healthcare providers want to pay less for materials and better business solutions, which is possible only if ancillary providers agree on sharing the same goals and increased authority. Wrapping It Up Ancillary technology has been out for a while now, but it has been until recently that healthcare providers have commenced readily adopting these services. Ancillary care helps organizations reduce their costs and inefficiency by streamlining secondary care processes essential for appropriate patient care. It also enables clinics and hospitals to expand their reach and attract more patients. If you are a doctor, physician, dentist, or clinician, make sure you embrace the ancillary technology and provide your organization with improved productivity and profits. Shailendra Sinhasane (Shail) is the co-founder and CEO of Mobisoft Infotech. He has been focused on cloud solutions, mobile strategy, cross-platform development, IoT innovations and advising healthcare startups in building scalable products.

https://mobisoftinfotech.com/resources/blog/ancillary-

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In the vast landscape of an application, each feature is like a landmark. The goal is to make sure we visit each of these landmarks to ensure they are as expected. That's where the test scenarios come in. They provide a high-level view, a roadmap of all the features (landmarks) that need to be tested. Each test scenario can be thought of as a potential route that a user might take through the software or application. This makes them an invaluable tool for ensuring all functionalities are checked and validated. But what is test scenario, and why is it so vital? Without test scenarios, you could miss testing some features, overlook potential user journeys, or, in worst-case scenarios, let bugs slip into the production environment. This blog covers the importance of writing test scenarios, its comparison with test scripts and cases, and a detailed example of creating test scenarios for testing an app with HeadSpin. What are test scenarios? In the field of software testing, a test scenario holds a significant position. But what is test scenario? Test scenarios are high-level descriptions in the software testing process that outline possible user paths or activities that can take place on the application or system under test. They provide a generalized view of what should be tested without detailing the specific test steps. Each Test scenario encapsulates a sequence of actions a user may take, with the goal of validating the behavior of a feature or functionality. Essentially, they define 'what' to test, ensuring that all possible user interactions with the software are covered and validated. Why should you create test scenarios? Creating test scenarios is akin to drawing out a detailed map or itinerary for this journey through the software. By outlining all possible paths a user might take, test scenarios make sure we test every functionality of the system, ensuring nothing is overlooked. Creating test scenarios is a critical step in the software testing process for several reasons: 1. Ensures comprehensive coverage: Test scenarios ensure that all functionalities of the system are tested. They provide a roadmap that covers all possible user interactions with the software. 2. Improves efficiency: They help testers identify the maximum number of test cases with minimal overlap, making the testing process more efficient. 3. Enhances clarity and organization: Test scenarios provide a clear understanding of the application flow and business requirements, aiding in better organization and planning of the testing process. 4. Facilitates team collaboration: They serve as a communication tool between testers, developers, and stakeholders, facilitating a better understanding of the system’s functionalities and the scope of testing. 5. Helps in risk mitigation: With well-defined test scenarios, potential risks can be identified early, and mitigation plans can be put in place, leading to a high-quality, reliable software product. In essence, creating test scenarios is like plotting your journey before starting a road trip. They guide you on what path to take, ensuring no important features are missed, ultimately leading to a robust and thoroughly tested software application. Decoding testing terminology: Test scripts vs. test scenarios vs. test cases In the world of software testing, terminology like test script, test scenario, and test case might seem interchangeable, but they represent distinct elements in the testing process. Let's break down what each term means and identify their differences. 1. Test script A test script refers to a set of instructions or a program written in a scripting language that is executed to perform a specific test on a software application. It includes the detailed steps, data, and expected outcomes necessary to automate testing, particularly in regression or performance testing. - Often used for automated testing. - It is a written code that follows a step-by-step process. - Contains both actions to perform and expected results. 2. Test scenario What is test scenario? A test scenario refers to a high-level description of what needs to be tested within the system. It outlines a specific pathway a user might take and provides a generalized view of functionality or feature to be tested without diving into detailed steps. - High-level description, often a one-liner that encapsulates a user journey. - Focuses on 'what' to test rather than 'how' to test. - Guides the creation of multiple test cases. 3. Test case A test case is a set of specific conditions or variables under which a tester will evaluate whether a system under test satisfies requirements or works correctly. It contains detailed steps, data inputs, preconditions, postconditions, and expected results to guide manual testing. - Contains detailed instructions for the execution of a particular testing scenario. - Involves specific inputs, preconditions, expected outcomes, and postconditions. - Can be both manual and automated. Comparison and key differences Test script: Primarily used in automated testing, it is a coded set of instructions. Test scenario: A high-level outline of functionalities guiding what to test. Test case: A detailed guide for manual or automated testing, including step-by-step instructions and expected outcomes. Test Case vs Test Scenario: Key Differences When developing test documentation for software testing, it's crucial to distinguish between Test Cases and Test Scenarios due to their distinct roles in the testing process. Here are the key differences: - Definition: A Test Case is a detailed instruction that specifies what to test, how to test, and the expected result for a particular functionality. A Test Scenario is about what to test, focusing on the overall functionality without specifying how to conduct the test. - Granularity: Test Cases are more detailed and specific, including step-by-step instructions for performing a test. Test Scenarios are broader and more abstract, outlining the scope and objectives of what needs to be tested. - Purpose: Test Cases aim to verify the specific behavior of a feature in detail. Test Scenarios aim to ensure that all major functionalities are covered in the testing process, providing a broader view of the application's performance. - Documentation: Test Cases require detailed documentation, including preconditions, test steps, expected results, and post-conditions. Test Scenarios can be documented more succinctly, often in a list or table format, summarizing the key areas to be tested. - Usage: Test Cases are used for manual and automated testing, providing a clear guide for testers. Test Scenarios are typically used during the test planning phase to identify the critical functionalities that need to be tested, serving as a checklist for creating Test Cases. Understanding these differences helps organize and execute software testing, ensuring detailed functionality checks and comprehensive coverage of the application's features. Determining when to use test scenarios, test cases, and test scripts? In the software testing process, understanding when to use test scenarios, test cases, and test scripts is essential to ensure effective and efficient testing. Here's an overview of when each one is most relevant: Now that we grasp the concept of 'What is test scenario,' the next consideration is 'when.' In the software testing process, it is crucial to comprehend when to employ test scenarios, test cases, and test scripts to ensure effective and efficient testing. Here's an overview of the situations in which each one is most relevant Once the test scenarios are defined, the next step is to create detailed test cases for each scenario. A test case provides a set of specific conditions or variables under which a tester determines whether the system under test satisfies the requirements and works correctly. It includes step-by-step procedures to follow, data to be inputted, and the expected outcome. These are used during the execution phase of the testing process. Test scripts, on the other hand, are most commonly used in automated testing. They are essentially coded instructions for automated tests, written in a programming or scripting language that a testing tool can interpret and execute. Test scripts are primarily used in cases where certain tests are repeated frequently (regression testing) or require a large amount of data to be validated (performance testing). Some peculiarities associated with creating test scenarios - Test scenarios cover a broad scope, ensuring a comprehensive view of the software's functionality. - They offer a user-centric perspective, focusing on different ways users might interact with the software. - Test scenarios help simplify complex systems by breaking down the system into manageable chunks, each focusing on a specific user journey or functionality. - They guide the creation of test cases, with each scenario having multiple related test cases. - Test scenarios can assist in prioritizing testing activities by assigning higher priorities to scenarios associated with critical functionalities. - Being high-level and less technical than test cases or scripts, test scenarios facilitate effective communication with stakeholders, including project managers, developers, and clients. Tips to create test scenarios with Examples HeadSpin offers a data science driven Platform that enables testers and QA teams to test their application securely and remotely across 90+ locations worldwide. With its unique capabilities, HeadSpin helps capture custom KPIs and pinpoint high-priority issues that can degrade user experiences. Following is a section for a test scenario example. Let’s consider an example of testing a gaming application with HeadSpin. 1. User registration: Test the user's ability to register a new account on the app, including inputting their details, setting a password, and receiving a confirmation email or message. 2. User login: Test the user's ability to log in to their account with the correct username and password, as well as the system's response to incorrect login details. 3. Game loading: Test if the game loads correctly when the user selects it, including loading all game assets and any necessary data. 4. Gameplay: Test the core game mechanics, such as character movement, combat system (if applicable), game progression, score updates, and game rules adherence. 5. Saving and loading game progress: Test if the game correctly saves the player's progress and if the player can load saved progress when they reopen the app. 6. In-app purchases: Test the functionality of making in-app purchases, if applicable, including transaction processing and receipt of purchased items. 7. Performance: Test the game's performance, including loading times, frame rates, and responsiveness, especially under high stress or with long periods of use. 8. Compatibility: Test the game's compatibility with different device models, operating systems, and screen sizes. Creating test scenarios is not merely a step in the software testing process; it's a strategic approach that underpins quality assurance. By meticulously crafting scenarios that mirror real-world usage, testers can discover unseen flaws and enhance software reliability. From defining objectives and understanding user behaviors to collaborating with cross-functional teams, the art of creating test scenarios necessitates a blend of technical expertise and creative thinking. Embracing these practices not only ensures that the final product aligns with user expectations but also fosters a culture of excellence within the development team. As we advance into an era where software plays an ever more critical role in our daily lives, the ability to generate effective test scenarios will remain a pivotal skill, strengthening the bond between developers, testers, and end-users. The investment in creating comprehensive and meaningful test scenarios pays off in the form of robust, resilient, and user-friendly software, elevating the user experience to new heights. Q1. What is the connection between risk analysis and test scenarios? Ans: Risk analysis helps in prioritizing test scenarios based on potential impact and likelihood of failure, ensuring critical areas are tested thoroughly. Q2. How do you maintain test scenarios across different versions of the software? Ans: Test scenarios should be versioned and managed using source control systems, with proper documentation to reflect changes in requirements or functionalities across different versions. Q3. Can Test Scenarios be Derived from UML Diagrams or Other Modeling Techniques? Ans: Test scenarios can be derived from UML diagrams and other modeling techniques. They offer a visual representation of system interactions, workflows, or logic flow, allowing testers to create scenarios that align with the design and architecture of the application. This approach ensures comprehensive coverage and helps in pinpointing specific paths or conditions for testing.

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Cardiology is a term related to the medical line, which is used for doctors who treat diseases related to the heart, this treatment can range from simple medicines to surgery. Cardiologist is a specialist in heart disease, he treats from the smallest heart disease to major diseases like heart attack. That is, doctors who treat all types of heart related diseases are called cardiologists, and this work is called Cardiology. Cardiologist is a heart specialist, but there are many posts in this, there are many types of work, for which there are different cardiologists. You can see these posts below. ECG ( Electro Cardio Graphic ) Cardiovascular Technologist Assistant Cardiology Supervisor Cardiac Electro Cardiography Technician The work of a cardiologist is very difficult and sensitive. Because a person can die due to a mistake of a doctor, as well as a cardiologist can save a dying person. What does a cardiologist do? Cardiologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases related to the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. They are highly trained experts in the field of cardiology, which is a branch of internal medicine. The cardiovascular system is critical for maintaining overall health as it is responsible for pumping blood and oxygen throughout the body. Cardiologists play a crucial role in helping patients manage various heart conditions, providing both non-invasive treatments and, in some cases, surgical interventions. Diagnosis: Cardiologists use various diagnostic tests and tools, such as electrocardiograms (ECGs or EKGs), stress tests, echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization, to evaluate heart function and diagnose heart diseases. Treatment: They develop personalized treatment plans for patients with heart conditions. This may involve lifestyle changes, medication management, or interventional procedures like angioplasty and stent placement. Prevention: Cardiologists also focus on preventive measures to reduce the risk of heart diseases. They may advise patients on lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Post-operative care: For patients who undergo heart surgeries or interventions, cardiologists provide post-operative care and monitor their recovery. Managing chronic conditions: Cardiologists often care for patients with chronic heart conditions like heart failure, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease, providing ongoing management and support. Collaborating with other specialists: They work in close collaboration with other healthcare professionals, including cardiac surgeons, electrophysiologists, and primary care physicians, to ensure comprehensive and coordinated patient care. To become a cardiologist, one must complete medical school, followed by a residency in internal medicine, and then pursue a fellowship in cardiology. This extensive training equips cardiologists with the knowledge and skills needed to handle a wide range of cardiovascular conditions. If you have concerns about your heart health or are experiencing symptoms related to your cardiovascular system, it's important to consult with a qualified cardiologist for proper evaluation and management. A heart doctor is commonly referred to as a "cardiologist." Cardiologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases and conditions related to the heart and the cardiovascular system. They are experts in the field of cardiology and have undergone extensive training to care for patients with various heart-related issues. If you have concerns about your heart health or need specialized care for a heart condition, a cardiologist is the medical professional you should seek out. There are several reasons why you might need to see a cardiologist. Here are some common situations or symptoms that warrant a visit to a heart specialist: Chest pain: If you experience chest pain or discomfort, especially if it radiates to your arm, jaw, or back, it could be a sign of a heart-related issue, such as angina or a heart attack. Heart Blockage: When the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart are unable to supply blood to the heart completely or stop circulation completely, this condition of the heart is called heart blockage. The coronary arteries transport oxygen and essential nutrients along with blood to the heart. There is plaque in the outer surface in the coronary arteries, when the size of the plaque starts increasing gradually, then the blood flow in the coronary arteries does not go well or stops completely. Blockage caused by plaques in the coronary arteries is called heart blockage. In the part of the heart where blood is not able to circulate, the parasite starts dying slowly, which can also lead to fatal problems like heart attack. Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, particularly during physical activity or while lying down, can be indicative of heart problems like heart failure or heart valve issues. High blood pressure: If you have consistently elevated blood pressure readings, a cardiologist can help manage and treat hypertension to reduce the risk of complications like stroke and heart disease. Palpitations: If you feel irregular, rapid, or skipped heartbeats, it's essential to get evaluated by a cardiologist to determine the underlying cause. Family history of heart disease: If there is a history of heart disease in your family, especially at a young age, a cardiologist can assess your risk factors and suggest preventive measures. High cholesterol: Elevated cholesterol levels can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries), leading to heart problems. A cardiologist can help manage cholesterol levels and assess your cardiovascular risk. Diabetes: Individuals with diabetes have a higher risk of developing heart-related issues, so regular check-ups with a cardiologist are essential. Pre-existing heart conditions: If you have been diagnosed with a heart condition, such as arrhythmias, heart valve disease, or congenital heart defects, a cardiologist will provide ongoing management and monitoring. Fatigue and weakness: Unexplained fatigue and weakness could be symptoms of heart problems, particularly if they worsen with physical activity. Swelling in the legs: Fluid retention and swelling in the legs can indicate heart failure or other cardiovascular issues. Pre-operative evaluation: If you're planning to undergo surgery, especially for non-cardiac procedures, a cardiologist may assess your heart health to ensure you can safely tolerate the surgery. Lifestyle changes: If you want to adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle, a cardiologist can offer guidance on diet, exercise, and other preventive measures. Remember, even if you don't have any symptoms but have risk factors for heart disease (e.g., smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history), seeing a cardiologist for a check-up and risk assessment can be beneficial for your long-term heart health. Always consult with your primary care physician or get a referral if you think you may need to see a cardiologist. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial in maintaining a healthy heart. Looking for the best heart doctor or heart specialist near Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur ? Find a top cardiologist near you in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur who is an expert in your specific cardiovascular condition. A cardiologist is a doctor who treats diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Our team of cardiovascular specialists works together to evaluate, diagnose and treat your unique heart and vascular care needs. Dr. Manoj Godara is one the best Cardiologists in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur , Rajasthan, India. Dr. Godara has been practicing medicine for over 14+ years and is a highly rated heart doctor of Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur , according to our client reports. His top areas of expertise are Chest Pain, Heart Attack, Heart Blockage,Heart Valve, Heart Failure, Heart Arrhythmia, Heart Blood Clot, High Cholesterol, Uncontrolled Blood Pressure, Angioplasty Stenting, Pacemaker, Device Closure and Embolization Treatment. Dr. Godara is currently accepting new patients. More Heart Care Service in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur Copyright © 2022. All Rights Reserved. Dr Manoj Godara. Developed By Webmind Softech Pvt. Ltd.

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In a world with an abundance of technology, students are becoming more knowledgeable and learning to be high performers through their studies. If anything, AI (Artificial Intelligence) is one of the technologies disruptions. AI is like when you have got this amazing smart friend who assists you with the best CIPD assignment writing help in UK. All in all, what a fantastic opportunity to delve into the ways AI makes a significant change in students’ academic performance! Behavioral AI-driven educational systems would identify the strengths and weaknesses, of every single student. They can personalize learning resources and tasks depending on a person’s needs. In short, students can have a customized learning experience in which they learn content at their preferred pace thus making it easier to comprehend concepts, ideas, and terms which may seem very difficult at this moment. 24/7 Learning Support The AI times over with the students getting notified at any time and in any place, it may be midnight, or it could be a hectic day when AI tutors have the privilege to be there with you 24/7. This availability helps the students to follow that they can have help whenever they need it, contributing to the mastering and rise of the grades. Human learners who interact with AI in learning develop the capacity to self-assess their performance. AI can immediately provide feedback on quizzes, tests, and assignments. Moreover, with this real-time feedback students can readily identify the errors they have made and pinpoint those areas that could use a little more practice. Since now they will be able to see them immediately, they would be in the position to build on their weaknesses right away and not repeat the same mistakes wandering the same streets as before. AI algorithms do adapt to students and their progress. The next-generation AI system devises questions and tasks, which are appropriate for the individual student’s progress. Therefore, the system varied the level of complexity of the tasks and questions depending on the student’s progress. Hence not creating an overwhelming effect but keeping the students challenged without appearing too hard, they will most likely be successful academically. Enhanced Study Tools AI-equipped study software can summarize textbooks, articles, as well as lectures, therefore, this helps students to understand complex information faster because they do not have to read everything. Such tools can also be designed to exhibit respondent behavior, or through spaced repetition, which is based on the notion that students learn best when they periodically review and recall the material. Time Management Assistance AI can support students in finding the right time-management approach. Through an analysis of students’ study patterns and course scheduling AI algorithms propose the most suitable individual study plans for each student. They thereby guarantee that students use time resources appropriately and prevent from extending deadlines thus improving productivity. Language Learning Support AI powered language learning apps can offer tailored lessons that are appropriate for students depending on the level of their language and goal of learning. These programs harness speech recognition as a tool for guiding students through building their pronunciation and conversational skills. Moreover, the exciting part about language learning is the fact that as a student you are possessed by the zeal to continue your learning as you taste its effectiveness. AI technology provides a platform for special needs students and enhances their learning experience. For instance, artificial intelligence facilitated audio-to-text and text-to-audio enable visually impaired and deaf students to take part in class and finish assignments. This represents the daily lives of individuals who taught us so much. They reminded us of what was going on in the world around us and showed us the complexity of the events that we witnessed through their eyes. AI algorithms can identify plagiarism issues in students’ work because of similarity checking against a huge catalog of main resources and past papers. It calls on the academic community to administer education responsibility and honesty while students get the credit they deserve for their work. AI itself can run such multiple analyses as the history of the child’s academic life and behavior to forecast future academic performance. Educators will pinpoint students at an early stage that are struggling numerically and afterward, will offer the students with extra assistance to keep them on track with their academics and give them a higher chance of succeeding. In sum, AI is now transforming education by diversifying teaching styles, paying attention to making no distinction between day and night, and providing instant feedback and personalized learning tools. AI (Artificial Intelligence) is an inseparable part of the new educational process that gives students a chance to learn faster, break the barriers that usually hinder learning, and achieve educational success that was not possible before.

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Math Worksheet For Kids Make Learning Awesome Imagine a treasure map that leads your kids to the land of numbers, shapes, and patterns. That’s what a math worksheet is like! Here’s why these magical pages are a must for every budding mathematician: 1. Play with Numbers in Math Worksheet For Kids: Math worksheet for kids are like playgrounds for numbers. From simple addition and subtraction, they let your kids flex their brain muscles. They become math superstars! 2. Patterns and Puzzles: Have your kids ever cracked a secret code? Have your kids ever cracked a secret code? Well, math is full of them! Worksheets challenge them with patterns, puzzles and sequences. This makes their brain sharper than a ninja sword. 3. Sharp Focus: Imagine your kids are detectives solving a mystery. That’s how it feels when they tackle a math worksheet for kids. They need to concentrate, pay attention to details and use their logical superpowers. 4. Math Worksheet for Kids Boosts Confidence: Remember that time your kids scored a goal in soccer? Solving math problems gives them that same rush of pride. Every problem they solve is like a mini victory, boosting their confidence with each ticked box. 5. Real-life Superpowers: Believe it or not, math is everywhere! Whether your kids help bake cookies or build Lego towers! Math helps them measure, count, and organize like a pro. 6. Step-by-Step Adventures: Math worksheet for kids are like treasure hunts. They guide your kids through a series of steps. It helps them learn how to solve different types of problems. Before you know it, they’ll be the hero of their own math journey! 7. Creative Coloring with Math Worksheet for Kids: Who says math can’t be colorful? Some math worksheets for kids lets them color, which makes learning even more exciting. Imagine turning numbers into a rainbow masterpiece! 8. Brain Workout: Math worksheets exercise your kids’ brains. They stretch their thinking muscles and make their brain stronger with every challenge. 9. Supercharge Problem Solving: Life is a puzzle and math gives them the tools to solve it. Math worksheets teach your kids how to break big problems into smaller parts. 10. Fun, Fun, Fun: Yes, you read that right! Math worksheets can be incredibly fun. When your kids conquer a new concept or solve a tough puzzle, it’s like winning a game. Who knew learning could be this enjoyable? Time to Embrace the Math Magic! Math worksheets for kids are golden tickets to a world of exciting challenges and more. Remember, every time they conquer a math worksheet, they’re leveling up their skills. They are getting one step closer to becoming a math wizard. So let’s dive into the wonderful world of math worksheets. Get ready to unlock the secrets of numbers, discover the beauty of patterns. Embark on a journey where learning is not just a task but a fantastic voyage of fun and discovery! SKIDOS and Learning At SKIDOS, we want to create a perfect blend of learning and fun in our games. Our math worksheets are a great starting point. They offer educational content in an engaging format. We understand the importance of making learning enjoyable for kids. With 40+ learning apps available, kids explore a variety of topics, including math and more. Our games are interactive and entertaining, making learning engaging and fun. Kids stay engaged and excited about learning while playing. You can let your kids explore and enjoy our apps. They discover their favorites on a rewarding learning journey. Grab a SKIDOS Pass now to be a part of our fun learning world! Looking for fun educational videos, printables and more? Enjoy free content on their YouTube and social media channels!

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In the UK, stem cell technology and regenerative medicine are helping thousands of patients. A stem cell is any cell in an organism that can differentiate into multiple different cell types. Stem cells are able to multiply through mitosis and give rise to specialized cells, which are also able to divide and produce more stem cells like themselves. Stem cells play a vital role in normal embryonic development as well as in tissue repair processes throughout life. Varieties of adult stem cells (ASCs) have been found in nearly every tissue type, including bone marrow, blood, nerve tissue, skin, muscle, liver, and fat. These have been found to have remarkable therapeutic capabilities for treating many degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, and cancer. What are called stem cells? Stem cells are the primary source of cells from which all other types of differentiated cells in the body are made. When placed in an appropriate environment (the body or a lab), stem cells can divide to produce what are called “daughter cells.” These offspring can either continue the stem cell lineage by dividing again to produce more stem cells or undergo differentiation to become specialized cells with a more defined role, such as neurons, astrocytes, myositis, and osteoblasts. Where do stem cells come from? - These cells are derived from embryos between 3 and 5 days old. A blastocyst is an early embryo with around 150 cells. Stem cells can potentially differentiate into any other type of cell in the body as long as they are pluripotent. - Recent studies have disproved the long-held belief that adult stem cells can only generate copies of themselves. One such example was the assumption that bone marrow stem cells could only generate blood cells. Bone marrow stem cells, for example, have the potential to differentiate into either bone or heart muscle cells. This investigation has spawned preliminary clinical trials to assess the study’s efficacy and safety in human subjects. Humans with neurological or cardiovascular disorders are currently being. - Genetic reprogramming has allowed scientists to convert adult cells into stem cells successfully. To avoid immune system rejection, this new method may allow reprogrammed cells to be used in place of embryonic stem cells. Scientists are unsure if humans will have any negative side effects when employing adult cells that have been modified. In this study, researchers took normal connective tissue cells and reprogrammed them to perform the role of heart cells. New cardiac cells transplanted into rats with heart failure enhanced heart function and prolonged survival. - Scientists have discovered stem cells in amniotic fluid samples collected during amniocentesis, a procedure performed on pregnant women for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Why study Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine in the UK? - The degree has an exceptional employability record, with most students securing jobs soon after finishing it. - You can skip the TOEFL if you like. - Funding Opportunities in the Form of Scholarships. - Work Placement Opportunities - After completing your degree, you are eligible for a two-year work visa. - One dependent may accompany a student at no cost, and that person may work full-time without restrictions on the student’s hours. Best Universities for Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine in the UK Here are some UK universities for Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine in the UK – University of Nottingham Join the UK’s longest-running program of its kind to learn about the rapidly growing fields of stem cell technology and regenerative medicine. We’ll go through the methods used to cultivate adult, embryonic, and pluripotent stem cells, as well as their potential, to heal injured tissues and treat or even eradicate conditions like diabetes, cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. The course will teach you the methods and tools necessary to research stem cells scientifically, as well as the business, ethical, and legal considerations involved in working with them. Their brand-new Bio-discovery Institute, among other state-of-the-art facilities, is where students will conduct their final research project under the guidance of subject-matter specialists. This course will provide you with the foundational information and practical skills you need to pursue a career in the stem cell industry or to continue your education in the field of stem cell research in the UK. - Tuition Fees – £34,000 for international students - Offered course – Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine MSc - IELTS – 6.5 The University of Sheffield Learn from these world-class researchers how to use cutting-edge methods to work with human embryonic stem cells. Gain expertise in cutting-edge human embryonic stem cell procedures and position yourself for a rewarding career at the vanguard of regenerative medicine. You’ll learn the fundamentals of this dynamic area while developing your practical expertise. Methods like human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) cultivation and embryonic carcinoma cell growth will be discussed. The study of stem cells has the potential to shed light on fundamental questions about the nature of life and facilitate the creation of cutting-edge methods of treating and preventing disease. We’ll walk you through the innovative processes used by academic and pharmaceutical research facilities to screen for therapeutic targets. - Tuition Fees – £29,950 for international students - IELTS – 6.5 University of Chester One of the fascinating parts of modern science is the application of stem cells in both research and therapeutic practice. You can get a more in-depth and modern understanding of this developing profession with the help of their Master’s degree in stem cells. Stem cell therapy and other forms of regenerative medicine hold great promise for treating a wide range of debilitating conditions, including those associated with aging and injuries and illnesses such as arthritis, spinal cord damage, and heart failure. - Tuition Fees – £13,450 for international students - Offered Course – Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine MSc - Study Type – Full time University of Liverpool Stem cell biology, tissue engineering, bioengineering, chemical biology, and gene therapy are all components of the interdisciplinary field of Regenerative Medicine. This is a rapidly expanding field of study that has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat disease. Established as one of the world’s preeminent research facilities devoted to studying the underlying mechanisms of human biology. From the control of gene expression through the cell, tissue, and whole-body biology, we are widely regarded as experts in every field of contemporary physiology. Offered course – Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine PhD / MPhil / MD Study type – Full time IELTS – 6.5 - £25,950 (lab-based programs) - £20,400 (non-Lab based programs) Career opportunities for Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine in the UK Jobs for those with a master’s degree in stem cell science and technology in the United Kingdom are many. As an emerging field intersection of engineering and healthcare, stem cell science and technology have been rightfully lauded for their bright future. Those who work in the field of stem cell science and technology carry a great burden, and as a result, they are compensated handsomely. Those who earn a degree in Stem Cell Science and Technology in the United Kingdom can look forward to many job prospects in a wide variety of fields. Numerous job boards include listings for people with a Master’s degree in Stem Cell Science and Technology in the UK. Salary range in the UK for Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine Those who have earned their place as experts in their industry are generously compensated for their services. With a master’s degree in stem cell science and technology, you may earn an average of £40,343 in the United Kingdom. You can earn a six-figure salary if you have the expertise and training in this industry. Starting salaries for new graduates in the UK in stem cell science and technology might range between £61,000 and £70,000. If you put in the time and effort to improve your skills and knowledge, you can expect higher compensation. Salary information for those working in the UK’s stem cell science and technology fields is available online. Entry Requirements for Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine in the UK Getting into a British university is easy if you meet the Masters in Stem Cell Science and Technology standards UK that are mandated by nearly all of them and are standardized by the relevant admissions office. There may be a number of them, but the most important one is proof of prior study in biology, arithmetic, physics, and chemistry, all of which are crucial to the study of stem cell science and technology. Additionally, excellent A-Levels in the applicant’s prior degree are required for admission to the MSc in Stem Cell Science and Technology in the UK, with physics and mathematics being the most favored courses. Most institutions in the United Kingdom need a minimum of a 2:2 honors degree in biology or a closely related field. Furthermore, some schools require an individual to submit a personal statement or statement of purpose to increase their chances of being accepted. Admission interviews are typically only required in exceptional circumstances. English language requirements for Stem Cell Technology and Regenerative Medicine in the UK The United Kingdom is widely regarded as an ideal study abroad option, especially for those seeking a Master’s degree. Everyone who doesn’t live in the United Kingdom must take an English language test as part of the application process. Universities in the UK have developed English language criteria for their Master’s programs in stem cell science and technology in a way that will allow students to complete their degrees without any hesitance due to their command of the English language. Those who are able to meet the English Language Requirements for MSc in Stem Cell Science and Technology in the United Kingdom increase their chances of being accepted to and completing their degree program of choice at a British university or college. The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is the most well-recognized English language proficiency assessment and is accepted by virtually all academic institutions worldwide. In order to obtain IELTS and subsequently submit it as a document to the relevant department. Scores on the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) may be required, but this will vary by institution. For this reason, a careful examination is required. The UK’s MSc in Stem Cell Science and Technology is a great option for the many young people who want to make a difference in the world via their work. The field of research surrounding stem cell therapy has advanced rapidly in recent years, making it a potentially life-changing treatment option. The availability of potential treatments has prompted optimistic anticipation. This means there will be even more students interested in signing up. Prepare for a successful future by enrolling in a school in the United Kingdom that offers courses in stem cell science and technology.

https://ahzassociates.co.uk/uk/course/msc-in-stem-cell-

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S*xually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a group of infections that are transmitted through s*xual contact. These infections can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or sexual orientation. They can range from mild to severe, and can have long-term effects on a person’s health if left untreated. When it comes to STDs and pregnancy, STDs can pose a significant risk to both the mother and the baby. In fact, STDs are one of the most common causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and stillbirth. They can also lead to serious health problems for the baby, including birth defects, developmental delays, and chronic illnesses. STDs That Affects Pregnancy Some of the most common STDs that can affect pregnancy include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, hepatitis B, herpes, and HIV. Each of these infections can have different effects on the pregnancy and the developing fetus. Chlamydia and gonorrhea, for example, can cause premature birth or low birth weight in babies. Syphilis can lead to stillbirth, premature birth, or severe birth defects if left untreated. Hepatitis B can cause liver damage in both the mother and the baby, while herpes can cause neonatal herpes, a potentially fatal condition. HIV is perhaps the most concerning STD when it comes to pregnancy. If a woman is HIV-positive and does not receive treatment, there is a high risk of passing the infection to the baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This can lead to serious health problems for the baby, including a weakened immune system and a higher risk of developing AIDS. Steps To Protect Babies From STDs Fortunately, there are steps that pregnant women can take to protect themselves and their babies from STDs. First and foremost, it is important for pregnant women to get tested for STDs early in their pregnancy. This can help to identify any infections that may need to be treated before delivery. In addition to testing, pregnant women can reduce their risk of STDs by practicing safe Intercourse, including using condoms and limiting s*xual partners. It is also important to maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items that could potentially spread infections. Read also: Prevention Methods For STDs For women who are already infected with an STD, there are treatments available that can help to reduce the risk of passing the infection to the baby. These treatments may include medications to reduce the viral load of HIV or antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. It is also important for women to receive regular prenatal care throughout their pregnancy. This can help to identify any potential complications and ensure that both the mother and the baby receive the care they need.

https://log.ng/health/stds-and-pregnancy/

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Hi there, in today’s article, we’re going to pit Megapixels vs Pixel/Sensor size. As most people are starting to become more tech enlightened these days, you hear them make use of the words “megapixels”. They do this to try to rate different camera abilities on different smartphones. Smartphone makers encourage this too. They tout the amount of megapixels present in their camera sensors and turn a blind eye to other camera specifications. This might lead one to believe (more often than not) that megapixel counts are the “alpha and omega” when it comes to rating camera abilities. These days, however, there is another school of thought that believes that camera prowess and ability should be evaluated by the size of the sensor as well as that of the pixels. For those who may not know, a pixel is a light-collecting bucket on a camera sensor. A megapixel simply means that there are a million pixels on the sensor. A camera with 12 megapixels (12MP) has 12 million pixels arranged on the camera sensor to help catch light (I have explained the process in detail here). A camera sensor is a photographic plate at the rear end of the camera. It holds the pixels that are used to catch the light as well as the electronic circuitry to convert the light into electric signals and send them to the phone’s Image Signal Processor (ISP) for post-processing (a more detailed explanation can be found here). The pixels that catch light also come in different sizes measured in micrometers (µm). The bigger the pixel size, the more light it can catch. THE MEGAPIXEL ARGUMENT The number of megapixels used in a camera is very important. A high number of megapixels boosts the resolution of an image. The image retains a lot of details from the scene, especially when zoomed in. It also provides a very quick and easy way to rate cameras. This is very true when you look at 1MP cameras against 5MP cameras or 8MP cameras against 12MP cameras. As soon as you go over 12MP cameras and start heading towards 48MP and 64MP, things start to get a little mixed up. The problem is compounded when pixel binning is thrown into the mix. THE PIXEL/SENSOR SIZE ARGUMENT The size of the pixels and sensor used in building cameras is rarely talked about. A lot of people barely even know that they exist but they are very vital to determine camera performance. The size of the sensor affects the type (size) of pixels used. It also determines the number of pixels that a manufacturer can pack into the sensor. A big sensor means that they can pack bigger pixels into the sensor. Even if they choose not to use bigger pixels, they can pack a lot more smaller pixels into the much bigger sensor. Small pixels (0.8µm) do okay in bright daylight but perform horribly in lowlight conditions. Bigger pixels work excellently in daylight and they do very well in the dark as they can collect a lot more light and render a better image than small pixels. Megapixels vs Pixel/Sensor size Megapixel counts are only good for image resolution and for packing a lot of details. The size of the sensor on which they are packed is much more important. A camera with a high megapixel count (48MP) made up of small 0.8µm pixels can be destroyed by a 12MP camera with 1.4µm (or even 2.4µm) sized pixels. The sensor on the left has 12 boxes. Each box represents a million pixels so it is a 12MP camera. The one on the right has 48 boxes representing 48MP. The 12MP camera on the right has bigger pixels and a sensor. It will take better photos both day and night, completely outperforming the smaller 48MP. The smaller 48MP sensor would combine 4 pixels (or boxes) to get a wider surface area. This will boost its performance, but that would effectively reduce its resolution back down to 12MP. Today, there are so many companies touting cameras with a high number of megapixels all over the place. So it is important to note that all 48MP cameras are not equal. Some 48MP cameras with very small sensors and even smaller pixels would give you terrible shots. Some 12MP cameras will give you flagship-grade performance. Both Apple and Google use 12MP cameras. Their cameras give out better shots than most 48MP cameras on the market today. WHAT MAKES UP A GOOD CAMERA? Well, a good camera should have good hardware (a well-sized image sensor and pixels as well as a good megapixel count). It should also have good software to process those photos. Software in photography has started to take a more pivotal role these days. When you look at this megapixels vs pixel/sensor size argument. It is very clear that even though the device needs all of the specs in question, pixel/sensor size is more important. If a company fails to post their hardware specs or release them to reviewers beyond the usual megapixel count, then they are practicing false advertising and you probably should not buy from them. This brings me to the end of this post, if you have any contributions, questions, or inquiries leave a comment. Thank you. Please leave a comment if you have any difficulty and remember to:

https://inquisitiveuniverse.com/2020/07/19/megapixels-vs-pixel-

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ARCHEOLOGISTS in Turkey say they have discovered the world’s oldest known bread, dating back to 6600 BC. A largely destroyed oven structure was found in an area called “Mekan 66,” where there are adjoining mudbrick houses, at the archeological site of Çatalhöyük in the southern Turkish province of Konya, according to Turkey’s Necmettin Erbakan University Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BİTAM). Around the oven, archeologists found wheat, barley, pea seeds and a palm-sized, round, “spongy” residue, it said in a press release Wednesday. Analyses determined that the organic residue was 8,600-year-old, uncooked, fermented bread. “We can say that this find at Çatalhöyük is the oldest bread in the world,” archeologist Ali Umut Türkcan, head of the Excavation Delegation and an associate professor at Anadolu University in Turkey, told Turkish state news outlet Anadolu Agency Wednesday. “It is a smaller version of a loaf of bread. It has a finger pressed in the center, it has not been baked, but it has been fermented and has survived to the present day with the starches inside. There is no similar example of something like this to date,” he added. Scanning electron microscope images showed air spaces in the sample, with the sighting of starch grains “eliminating our suspicions,” biologist Salih Kavak, a lecturer at Gaziantep University in Turkey, said in the release. He added that analyses uncovered chemicals found in plants and indicators of fermentation. Flour and water had been mixed in, with the bread having been prepared next to the oven and kept for a while. CLICK FOR MORE NEWS UPDATES HERE: http://www.sojworldnews.com “It is an exciting discovery for Turkey and the world,” Kavak said. The organic matter – both wood and bread – was preserved by thin clay that covered the structure, according to Türkcan. Çatalhöyük, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site, was home to approximately 8,000 people during the Neolithic period, between around 10,000 BC to 2,000 BC, and is one of the world’s first places of urbanization, according to BITAM. Research at the well-preserved site has revealed distinctive housing layouts and extensive features such as wall paintings and reliefs – causing it to be considered “the most significant human settlement documenting early settled agricultural life of a Neolithic community,” according to the UNESCO website. “Çatalhöyük was already the center of many firsts. The world’s first weavings were already in Çatalhöyük when it was excavated. Wooden artifacts were also in Çatalhöyük. Wall paints and paintings were added to this. Konya and Turkey are very lucky in this sense,” Türkcan said YOU can join our WhatsApp Broadcast List for our news updates by sending your name and location to WhatsApp No. 09069473894 PLEASE SEND STRICTLY TO WHATSAPP, DONT SEND SMS MESSAGE. FOR your Advert Placement, Press Release, Press Conference, Interviews, Media & Publicity. CONTACT OUR WHATSAPP NO. 09069473894 Leave a Reply

https://www.sojworldnews.com/inside-life-8600-years-worlds-oldest-bread-

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He doesn’t carry the child, but a father’s prenatal anxiety may have an affect on children’s later behavior. For years, research centered around how a mother’s mental health could impact her child’s development, including later behavioral problems, but the latest research suggests that it’s not just mom’s mental state that may be important. Although studies on paternal influences are still scarce, a 2011 study, for example, found that a child’s chance of developing behavioral or emotional problems increases by 11% if his father has signs of depression. But those studies involved children growing up in households with one or more depressed parents. But the current analysis, published in the journal Pediatrics, looked at the role of men’s mental health during their partner’s pregnancy, and found a link between dad’s mental health and their child’s behavioral development. The Norwegian researchers looked at data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study that follows 31,663 children and includes self-reported mental health information from fathers in week 17 or 18 of pregnancy. The scientists found that around four and half months into pregnancy, 3% of fathers reported high levels of psychological distress and this anxiety was strongly linked to their child’s behavioral problems at age 3. Kids whose fathers had higher levels of distress had more behavioral and emotional issues overall. “The findings from this study suggest that some risk for future child emotional and behavioral problems can be identified during pregnancy, and as such the results are of importance for health professionals and policy makers in their planning of health care in the prenatal period,” the study authors write. But how does a father’s stress influence a growing fetus? The authors offer a couple of speculative reasons. Depression in expectant fathers may impact the mental health of their pregnant partners and cause hormonal changes in mothers that could influence their pregnancy. They also acknowledge that a father’s mental health prior to the birth is likely to predict his mental health after his child is born, and, as previous studies have shown, children raised by parents with mental stress could negatively impact the toddlers’ behavior. “There is dramatically less literature on the influence of fathers’ depression than for mothers,” says Michael Weitzman, a professor of pediatric medicine at New York University who authored the 2011 study on fathers’ depression and their kids’ behavioral problems but was not involved in the current study. “What does this say about us as a society that we don’t think about fathers this way? We don’t think about men and their profound influence on children.” Weitzman and his team found that the biggest predictor of depression in mothers is living with a depressed spouse. It’s a somewhat obvious, but meaningful finding that has not been addressed in relation to child development. “In the midst of the recession, and the large number of people returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, no one has thought to frame this in terms of a child issue. One of the biggest predictors of depression in fathers is losing a job,” says Weitzman. The researchers acknowledge there is a need for more research in this area, especially long-term studies with a larger number of parent-child pairs and more objectively measured data on mental health status. But the findings open a new window into another potential contributor to childhood behavior issues that could lead to helpful interventions that relieve some of the stress that all parents, both moms and dads, feel when starting or adding to their family.

http://healthland.time.com/2013/01/07/can-dads-distress-during-moms-pregnancy-

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What Is Postnasal Drip? Postnasal drip is the drainage of mucus from your nose or sinuses into your pharynx, or throat. Every day, glands in the linings of your nose, throat, airways, stomach, and intestinal tract produce mucus. Your nose alone makes about a quart of it each day. Mucus is a thick, wet substance that moistens these areas and helps trap and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses before they cause infection. Normally, you don't notice the mucus from your nose because it mixes with saliva, drips harmlessly down the back of your throat, and you swallow it. When your body produces more mucus than usual or it's thicker than normal, it becomes more noticeable. The excess can come out of the nostrils -- that's a runny nose. When the mucus runs down the back of your nose to your throat, it's called postnasal drip. This feeling that something is dripping down your throat is a common symptom of conditions such as the common cold, sinusitis, and allergies. It can cause a sore throat or a cough. Inflammation or swelling of the nasal passages can cause postnasal drip to build up. When that happens, the excess mucus, or snot, can also cause congestion. Common reasons for nasal inflammation include viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or irritants in the air. When you're not feeling well, it's common to get postnasal drip. It can feel gross and uncomfortable. In some cases, postnasal drip may turn into a chronic cough or ongoing problem. Mucus Colors Meaning Mucus is mostly water, antibodies, proteins, and dissolved salts. It's your body's way of trapping dust, dirt, and other particles from entering your lungs. Color changes to your mucus may mean something is going on with your health. It's more common to get thick, colored mucus at the beginning of a bacterial infection. And other symptoms caused by a bacterial infection often last more than 10 days without getting better. With a viral infection, it's more common to get thick, colored mucus later, after several days. Normal mucus is clear. It means that your nasal passages are healthy. In the beginning stages of a cold or allergy, you may still have clear mucus, just more of it. That extra mucus is the sign that the body is fighting off an infection or irritation. White or cloudy mucus is often thicker. This happens because your nasal passages become swollen or inflamed, which causes your mucus to lose moisture. White or cloudy mucus may mean you have a cold or nasal infection. Yellow mucus can mean your cold or nasal infection is getting worse. Both bacterial and viral upper respiratory infections can cause yellow mucus. The color comes from white blood cells that rush to the infection to try to clear it. An increase in the number of certain immune system cells or in the enzymes these cells produce can cause your mucus to change to yellow or green. Green mucus can be a sign of a more serious viral or bacterial infection. It means your immune system is working hard to fight off the infection. Green mucus is thick with dead white blood cells. If you still feel sick after 10 days or if you have a fever, see your doctor right away. Green mucus can mean you have sinusitis. You will need to take antibiotics to treat this bacterial infection. Brown mucus can be a sign of exposure to pollution or smoking. It can also be caused by a bacterial infection or the presence of dried blood, which can occur from blowing your nose too hard. If your mucus is brown and you have other symptoms, see a doctor right away to rule out any serious conditions. Heavy smokers and people with certain lung diseases are more likely to have brown or black mucus. Black mucus isn't a common color and can be a sign of exposure to very high levels of pollution or smoke. The debris can build up in your nose. In rare cases, black mucus can mean you have a serious fungal infection. These infections are more common in people with compromised immune systems. If you have other symptoms or have a compromised immune system, see your doctor right away to rule out any serious issues. Pink or red mucus Pink or red mucus can be a sign of bleeding in the nasal passages. Blowing or rubbing your nose too hard can cause some blood vessels to break. You may see a pinkish hue. In some cases, you may get a nosebleed. An infection can also cause your nose to bleed. If the red color is accompanied by other symptoms, see a doctor right away for treatment. What Causes Postnasal Drip? The excess mucus that triggers it has many possible causes, including: - Allergies, also called allergic postnasal drip - Sinus infection or sinusitis, which is an inflammation of the sinuses - Object stuck in the nose (most common in children) - Certain medications, including some for birth control and blood pressure - Deviated septum, which is the crooked placement of the wall that separates your two nostrils, or some other problem with the structure of the nose that affects the sinuses - Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air - Certain foods (for example, spicy foods may trigger mucus flow) - Sensitivity to bright lights - Fumes from chemicals, perfumes, cleaning products, smoke, or other irritants Sometimes the problem isn't that you're producing too much mucus, but that it's not being cleared away. Swallowing problems can cause a buildup of liquids in the throat, which can feel like postnasal drip. These problems can sometimes occur because of a blockage or conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD. Postnasal Drip Symptoms Postnasal drip can be a small annoyance at first. Your throat may feel scratchy. Too much mucus can also make your voice sound hoarse, or like you are gurgling. You may have an urge to constantly clear your throat. A buildup of mucus can also cause bad breath. Over time, postnasal drip can cause a sore or irritated throat. It can lead to inflammation, which can cause your tonsils and other tissues in your throat to swell. It also can trigger a cough, which often gets worse at night. In fact, postnasal drip is one of the most common causes of a cough that just won't go away. If the mucus plugs up your Eustachian tube, which connects your throat to your middle ear, you could get a painful ear infection. You could also get a sinus infection if those passages are clogged. Postnasal drip and nausea Nausea isn't a typical symptom of postnasal drip. But if too much mucus drains into your stomach, it can cause nausea or vomiting. Some people may also have nausea when taking certain medications used to treat postnasal drip symptoms such as decongestants. These medications can cause stomach upset and may lead to nausea in some individuals. If you're experiencing nausea while taking these medications, talk to your doctor about alternative treatment options. Postnasal Drip Diagnosis To figure out what's causing your postnasal drip, your doctor will: - Ask about your medical history, including symptoms with your postnasal drip - Do a physical exam of your ear, nose, and throat. Your doctor may refer you to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) doctor, called an otolaryngologist. The ENT doctor may recommend a nasal endoscopy. This procedure looks inside your nasal cavity and the openings of your sinuses using a special device called an endoscope -- a thin flexible tube with a camera and a light. They may also order imaging tests such as X-rays. If your doctor thinks allergies are causing your postnasal drip, they may refer you to an allergy doctor for testing and treatment. Postnasal Drip Treatments How you treat postnasal drip depends on what's causing it. Antihistamines and decongestants can often help with postnasal drip caused by sinusitis and viral infections. They also can be effective, along with steroid nasal sprays, for postnasal drip caused by allergies. The older, over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamines, including diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), might not be the best choices for postnasal drip. When they dry out mucus, they can actually thicken it. They also may make you drowsy. Newer antihistamines may be better options and are less likely to cause drowsiness. They include: - Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - Desloratadine (Clarinex) - Fexofenadine (Allegra) - Levocetirizine (Xyzal) - Loratadine (Claritin, Alavert) It's a good idea to check with your doctor before taking these because all of them can have side effects that range from dizziness to dry mouth. Oral decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), can shrink swollen blood vessels and tissues in your nasal and sinus passages. This can help unblock a stuffy nose and cause fewer postnasal drips. OTC corticosteroid nasal sprays can also help. They include: Nasal spray decongestants containing oxymetazoline (Afrin or Vicks Sinex) can often stop postnasal drip more quickly. But these should be taken for no more than a couple of days. Anything longer than that can create a rebound effect, making your congestion worse. If OTC medications don't help, you may need a prescription medication. If postnasal drip is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics can help clear up the infection and stop the drip. Antibiotics don't work on colds and other viral infections. Prescription medications for postnasal drip may include nasal sprays like beclomethasone and ipratropium (Atrovent). Deviated septum surgery Postnasal drip can also cause mucus buildup. To thin out your mucus, you can use saline or medicated nasal sprays. You can also take a mucus-thinning medication such as guaifenesin (Mucinex). Postnasal Drip Home Remedies For centuries, people have treated postnasal drip with all kinds of home remedies. Probably the best known and most loved is hot chicken soup. While it won't cure you, hot soup or any hot liquid might give you some temporary relief and comfort. It works because the steam from the hot liquid opens up your stuffy nose and throat. It also thins out mucus. And because it's a fluid, the hot soup will help prevent dehydration, which will make you feel better, too. Because postnasal drip can cause thick mucus, keeping it thin can help relieve symptoms. Thick mucus is stickier and more likely to bother you. Keeping mucus thin helps prevent blockages in the ears and sinuses. A simple way to thin it out is to drink more water. Other home remedies To manage postnasal drip and the thick mucus it causes: - Take a hot, steamy shower. - Prop up your pillows at night so that the mucus doesn't pool or collect in the back of your throat. - Use a nasal irrigation, such as a neti pot, to flush mucus, bacteria, allergens, and other irritating things out of the sinuses. - Use a vaporizer or humidifier to add moisture in the air. Postnasal Drip Prevention Postnasal drip is a common symptom of many respiratory and cold viruses. But with more than 200 cold viruses, it can prove difficult to prevent catching a cold. Viruses can spread through the air and can linger on surfaces that you touch every day. But there are some things you can do to lower your risk of getting sick, or developing postnasal drip. Wash your hands To prevent the spread of germs, wash your hands before and after: - Preparing food - Eating food - Caring for someone who is sick, especially with vomiting or diarrhea - Treating a cut or wound Also wash your hands after: - Blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing. If possible, cough or sneeze into your elbow, to help prevent the spread of germs to others. - Using the toilet - Changing diapers or cleaning a child who has used the toilet - Handling pet food/treats and pet waste - Touching garbage - Touching an animal, animal feed, or animal waste Get recommended vaccines, such as the flu and COVID-19 vaccines, to help prevent you from getting sick with a virus in the first place. If you have allergies, you can take OTC allergy medication before spring allergy season to help prevent postnasal drip. Cromolyn (Nasalcrom) is an OTC nasal spray that helps prevent allergy symptoms in your nose. It reduces runny nose and postnasal drip. Cromolyn isn't an antihistamine, so it doesn't provide immediate relief of symptoms. It takes 1 to 2 weeks to work and for best results should be taken before allergy season starts. Your doctor may also recommend immunotherapy, or allergy shots, to prevent allergy symptoms before they start. You can also prevent seasonal and other allergies, including indoor allergens, by reducing your triggers: - Cover your mattresses and pillowcases with dust-mite-proof covers. - Wash all sheets, pillowcases, and mattress covers often in hot water. - Use special HEPA air filters in your home. These can remove very fine particles from the air. - Dust and vacuum regularly. Postnasal Drip Outlook Most people experience postnasal drip at some point. It's a common symptom of colds, allergies, and infections. Most of the time, you can treat postnasal drip with OTC medications and at-home remedies. If you keep getting postnasal drip, or it doesn't go away and you have other symptoms, see your doctor to find out the cause and best way to treat it. When to See the Doctor Call your doctor if: - Your postnasal drip smells bad. - You have a fever. - You start wheezing. - Your symptoms are severe or last for 10 days or more. These may be signs that you have a bacterial infection. And let your doctor know right away if you notice blood in your postnasal drip. If medication doesn't relieve your symptoms, you might need to see an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist (also called an otolaryngologist) for evaluation. Your doctor might want you to get a CT scan, X-rays, or other tests. Postnasal drip is a common symptom of allergies, nasal irritants, and bacterial and viral infections that causes your nose to increase mucus production. The excess mucus then drips down the back of your throat. Postnasal drip causes other symptoms, including a sore throat, hoarse voice, lingering cough, and bad breath. If your postnasal drip gets worse, doesn't get better after 10 days, or you have a fever with it, see your doctor. They can help figure out what's causing it and how best to treat it. Postnasal Drip FAQs What does postnasal drip feel like? Your nose makes about a quart of mucus every day. Most of the time, you don't feel it because it mixes with saliva and you swallow it unnoticed. But when you have a nasal irritant or infection, your nose can produce more and thicker mucus. Postnasal drip feels like liquid dripping in the back of your throat. As the mucus builds up, it can make you feel congested or stuffed up. It can also feel like a sore, scratchy, or tickly throat. What is the best over-the-counter medicine for postnasal drip? There are several types of OTC medicines that can treat postnasal drip. But what works best will depend on what's causing your postnasal drip. Your doctor or pharmacist can help you choose one that's right for you and your symptoms. What allergies cause postnasal drip? Any allergy or irritant to your nose can cause a runny nose and increase postnasal drip. Examples are dust allergies or seasonal pollen allergies. Why won't the mucus in my throat go away? Mucus buildup can become thick, so it may take time to clear up. To help thin out thickened mucus, try using medicated or saline nasal sprays. An irrigation device called a neti pot can also flush out thick mucus. A hot steam shower can also help moisten your nasal passages and relieve congestion. You can take medication called guaifenesin (Mucinex) to thin out mucus. Sometimes when mucus builds up it can cause a bacterial infection, and you'll need antibiotics to help clear it up. Does Flonase help with postnasal drip? Flonase is an OTC steroid nasal spray that treats sneezing, itchy, or runny nose caused by seasonal allergies. It can help stop a runny nose and postnasal drip.

https://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/the-truth-about-mucus

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What is a solar thermal power plant? Most of the power plants in the world are thermal power plants. The main operation of the thermal power plant is to convert heat energy into electrical energy. The solar panel works by following the same things. The solar panel converts sun energy into electrical energy. It means we get electrical energy from the solar panel by converting heat energy. For this reason, the solar power plant is considered a thermal power plant. We know that solar energy is a renewable energy source and we don’t need money to get solar energy. In this case, we need a solar panel, solar inverter, batteries, connector, and some other small components. If we can install it successfully then we don’t need to pay the electricity bill monthly. So, if you install a solar panel at home then it can be the best choice to completely minimize the electricity bill. However, let’s see the construction and working of solar thermal power plant that we should know before using. Solar thermal power plant working principle How solar thermal power plant works? Solar thermal power plant working principle is a bit different than a solar power plant. Basically, solar power plants generate electricity from solar energy into the electricity no turbine is required here. But you will require the battery to store energy, and an inverter to convert DC power to AC power. However, solar thermal power does not require a battery or inverter. It is because a solar thermal power plant generates AC electrical energy through a turbine and generator. However, let’s see what is the main working process of the solar thermal power plant. Can you remember about magnifying glass or fire glass? It is a high-tempered glass if we hold this glass on a piece of paper along with the sunlight we will see that the paper burns. Solar thermal power plant works in this way. In this plant, electricity is generated by using the heat of the sun. Indeed different types of mirrors are used to reflect the sunlight and concentrate in a place. So that it is possible to increase more heat in that concentrated area. Now, this heat is used to heat the water at a specific temperature. This steam water rushes and heats to the turbine then the steam turbine rotate and produce mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is supplied to the generator and the generator generates electricity. It is noted that there is a problem with it because the sun always moving. Whenever the sun goes east to west then the tempered glass does not move along with the sun. For this reason, such glass is placed depending on the sun’s direction. PV cell working process The PV cell working process is simple but PV cell construction is difficult and costly. Indeed photovoltaic cell (PV cell) consists of one or two layers of semiconductor materials, especially silicon materials. This PV unit consists of a special cell that produces electricity by converting sunlight into heat. Whenever the sunlight shines over the cells then an electric field is produced. It is noted that the stronger the sunshine, the more electricity is produced. Construction and working of solar thermal power plant The construction and working of solar thermal power plant is almost the same as those of coal thermal power plant. The working process is a bit different from what we have referred to above. However, we will discuss here the construction of a solar thermal power plant. We know all thermal power stations have a bunch of equipment for any specific operation. Many crucial components are installed in solar thermal power stations but we are referring to some of them. - Flat plate solar collector - Hot water tank - Heat exchanger - Steam turbine - Alternator or generator - Circulating pump Flat plate solar collector The flat plate solar collector is a solar thermal collector that has a flat plate absorber. It is the most common type of solar thermal collector that is used worldwide. A flat plate solar collector is typically made up of two sheets of metal, one being the absorber and the other being the reflector. The absorber has a glass layer or plastic on it, which prevents sunlight from being absorbed by the metal. The reflector is usually made of polished aluminum, which reflects light back onto the absorber to increase its efficiency. For this reason, it is used with a photovoltaic system to generate electricity and provide hot water simultaneously. Hot water tank The hot water tank is used to store hot water and it is used in the solar thermal power plant. It has a large storage capacity and can provide enough hot water. It is usually made of steel or copper and has a set of pipes attached to it. Whenever cold water travels through this pipe the cold water then heats up and becomes hot water and produces steam. This steam rushes to the steam turbine and the turbine starts rotating. An alternator also rotates with the turbine. It is because the turbine and alternator both are coupled. The steam turbine gives mechanical energy and the alternator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and we get output electrical energy. The heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer heat from one stage to another. All thermal power plant requires a heat exchanger which is a very crucial device to transfer heat from one stage to another. Basically, heat exchangers transfer thermal energy but sometimes heat exchangers may fail due to some common reasons, such as air filter blocking, dirtiness, and others. Basically, it is located near the combustion chamber. The steam turbine is the common device for the thermal power plant. The turbine is used for all power plants except the diesel power plant. It is because the diesel power plant working principle is different than some other power stations. Indeed any type of steam turbine can be used in the solar thermal plant based on the generation capacity. The solar thermal plant is also called a solar steam power plant because steam is the injected fuel to generate mechanical energy from the turbine. A condenser is a device that is used in the solar thermal power system to condense steam. Steam heats to the turbine to rotate and some exhausted steam comes to the condenser. The condenser condenses the regenerative steam into liquid and sends it to the heat exchanger again to be steam to use again. This process goes on until stop solar thermal power production. Alternator or generator The alternator is an AC generator that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. An alternator or AC generator is an indispensable machine for all power plants. The alternator is used in the solar thermal power station to generate electricity. In this case, a steam turbine gives mechanical energy by converting steam energy and an alternator takes this mechanical energy and generates electricity through a special process. A circulating pump is an important device for the steam power plant. It delivers cold water through the condenser from a freshwater source that is exhausted from the turbine. The circulating pump is mainly located in the wet pits. Indeed it transfers cooling water to the condenser. In this case, steam waste can be reduced and steam can be used again for the turbine. We have been told that the solar thermal power generation process is almost the same as coal power plants but they have a bit different. The solar thermal power plant cannot be built at any location. Where we get sufficient sunlight within a day choose such a location. It is because sunlight is the main thing to generate electricity. However, there are some crucial factors that you should know Location is a crucial factor for all power plants. If it becomes a coal-fired power plant then you must decide on that coal handling arrangement, rail line, water transplant, etc. but solar thermal power plants don’t require rail and coal handling arrangement plant. But a large amount of area is required to construct this power station compare to the coal thermal power station. It is true that how much power generation you are thinking about, how much radiation glass you want to be placed, and others. Your space will depend on such requirements. You must remember that choose a location where there is no big tree, no shadow, and a sunny area. So, your plant gets sunlight during the day. The concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) plant requires a large space. Because you need a large number of solar mirror installations. For example, if your parabolic solar thermal electric energy generation becomes 50 MW then you need 200 hectares of flat land which corresponds to the size of 280 football pitches. If you have a 100 MW generation capacity then you have to enlarge the place. So, the solar thermal power station area depends on you and your generation capacity. Natural phenomenon means storms and earthquakes that have a direct impact on the energy system cost. For this reason, design a solar thermal power plant and decide on such places where there is no chance for such impact. It is because solar plant is very costly than other power plants. Some other decisive location factors are favorable financing and low investment risk conditions for investors. What are the types of solar thermal power plant? Electricity can be generated in two ways. First of all solar power plants. In this case, a large number of the solar panel is installed in a place where sunlight is available during the day. How many solar panels you need to install it depending on how much power you want to generate. In this case, you need many PV panels, batteries, and inverters to get output AC power. If sunlight shines over the PV panel then the electric field is produced and we get DC electricity. This DC power is converted into AC with help of an inverter. This is a simple process for the solar power plant. On the other hand, solar thermal power stations. The solar thermal power station working process is the same as the coal power plant that we have referred to above. It is noted that a solar thermal power plant does not require a battery and inverter. It generates AC energy and it can be stepped up by using a step up transformer. There are three main types of the solar thermal power plants, such as - Solar tower power plant - Parabolic trough power plants - Linear fresnel reflector power plant On the other hand solar thermal power plant types can be divided into three, such as - low temperature solar thermal power plant - medium temperature solar thermal power plant - high temperature solar thermal power plant Solar thermal power plant efficiency The solar thermal power plant is a popular option for generating electrical energy. The solar thermal power plant is more efficient than photovoltaic panels and solar steam power plants can also generate electricity even when the sun is not shining. Solar thermal power plants use mirrors to focus sunlight in a fluid that heats up and produces steam to turn a turbine. The fluid must be kept at high pressure for the heat to be retained, but this also increases the efficiency of the plant. Basically, a single solar dish produces as much as 25KW of electricity with a conversion efficiency of 31.25% whereas a solar parabolic trough plant is built with 20% efficiency. Solar thermal power efficiency depends on some factors, such as field efficiency, steam cycle efficiency, collector efficiency, etc. collector efficiency depends on the sunlight and temperature absorbed in the tube that reaches up to 75% and field losses of less than 10%. However, the overall consideration of the solar thermal electric power plant’s annual efficiency is about 15% and steam cycle efficiency is about 35%. So steam turbine power plant efficiency is 35% and solar thermal efficiency of over 20% is possible. How to calculate the efficiency of solar panel? Efficiency is obtained if we divide the output power by the input power and multiply by 100 then we get efficiency (output/input * 100). We know that efficiency means the output power of a plant or device. Efficiency is a crucial thing for all sectors and all devices. If toy would like to calculate efficiency of solar panel then you can follow simple rules and see how to calculate solar panel efficiency. We have shown solar panel efficiency calculation by a simple formula. Solar panel is costly, that’s why you should know solar PV efficiency calculation before you buy. You must know how many solar panels you need for your installation. If you know the efficiency calculation then you can easily decide how many solar panels you need to install for your specific load. It is noted that you may follow the best direction to install solar panel. The thermal solar farm or solar thermal power plant is used to generate bulk electricity. In this case, many glass-type solar panels are used to concentrate heat in a place to heat the water and produce steam to run the steam turbine. However, we have shown the construction and working of solar thermal power plant that may give you a better idea of the solar thermal power station. We hope this information may give you better knowledge and stay with openread to get innovative things.

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The word symbol, which has its origin in the Greek symbol, is used to designate all kinds of signs (sign, emblem, image), used to represent something, such as, for example, a religious, scientific or cultural concept. Delta Symbol (difference sign ) ∆ is a mathematical sign which, like the capital letter Sigma (sum sign), was derived from the Greek alphabet. For example, if you have to enter a deviation more frequently in a table, you can use the abbreviations Diff. or dev. just put a delta sign. Symbols are very important in our everyday communication process. Some are known universally and others only in restricted environments. But every symbol, without exception, has the function of representing something to someone. It is believed that some symbols do more than convey an identity, but are also a source of power transmission. As an example of a strong symbol that crossed millennia and is, until today, known worldwide is the cross, which represents Christianity. In this article we will learn more about a sign that dates back to Ancient Greece and is still used today in many organizations: the Delta symbol. The origin of the Delta as a symbol is located in Ancient Greece and is loaded with meanings. Fourth letter of the Greek Alphabet, which corresponds to us to the letter D, the Delta, in its capital form (Δ), resembles an equilateral triangle. The triangle’s own symbolism as a geometric figure, by itself, already presents a wealth of meanings. In an esoteric interpretation, with its three sides joined, the triangle represents both the beginning, middle and end, as well as body, mind and spirit. Even for the ancient Greeks, the Delta symbol represents the elements of nature: Water, Earth, Fire and Air, indicating the totality of the universe. We can thus say that the meaning of Delta is “the sum of all things”. It can also represent the end of a journey, the completion of a mission. You can use the large delta character in Word, for example, for Greek writing, as a symbol for a difference, or as a Laplace operator. In this practical tip, we will show you different ways of inserting the large delta symbol in Microsoft Word and other office applications. How to write the delta symbol in Word In Microsoft Word you can write the delta symbol in different ways, namely via the Greek alphabet, the symbol selection and the formula editor. There are six ways to insert the delta character in Word: - Hold down [Alt] and enter on the number pad. This tip also works in many office applications and fonts. - Simply copy the delta symbol from this practical tip and paste it into Word or Open Office. This also works in Notepad, Wordpad and other office applications: ∆ - Write “2206” and then press the key combination [Alt] + [c] to get the delta symbol. This tip is exclusive to MS Word. - Do as in the illustration: Navigate to »Symbols« via »Insert« and click on the field «Symbol». Here either the delta symbol is already displayed (a), or you look for it under “further symbols …” (b). - The following also works in DOCX files: Navigate to »Symbols« via »Insert« and click on «Formula». Now enter “\ inc” or select the ∆ symbol from the second line in the “Drafts” area under “Symbols”. Next to it is the Nabla operator. - Alternatively, call up the Windows character table and enter “Delta” in the search field. Delta sign over font You can easily create the delta under Windows by changing the font. To do this, proceed as follows: - Opens the writing or table program of your choice. - Insert a capital D in the place where you want to insert the delta sign. - Marks the D and selects the font symbol . - Now your D should have been converted to a difference sign. - If you write or convert a small d using the Smybol font, you get the lowercase letter Delta (δ). Insert delta symbol Δ δ and difference sign ∆ in Office You can find special characters such as the entire Greek alphabet and mathematical operators in the various office programs such as Microsoft Word, LibreOffice or OpenOffice under the Special Characters menu. To insert the different “deltas” in a document, you can also proceed as follows: - Click on the Insert tab in your Office program and then on the Special characters menu item. - In the following special character table you will find the different delta characters at the following location: - Select the respective delta and press the Insert button to insert the symbol in your document or table. description | symbol | Hexadecimal | Decimal | Delta (large) | Δ | U + 394 | 916 | Delta (small) | δ | U + 3B4 | 948 | differential characters | Δ | U + 2206 | 8710 | DELTA IN FREEMASONRY It is certainly in Freemasonry, a secret society, for philosophical and philanthropic purposes, that Delta’s symbolism finds one of the strongest and most significant examples: the All-Seeing Eye. Also called the Luminous Delta, in a Masonic Temple this symbol is composed of a triangle (Delta) that has an “eye” inside, representing, in that environment, divine wisdom. DELTA AND THE ALL-SEEING EYE In Freemasonry, the All-Seeing Eye is also known as the All-seeing Eye and is behind the throne of the Venerable Master, inserted within an equilateral triangle. It must be positioned at a time when it is not covered by the Master when he is standing. In a Masonic Temple, all members, when crossing the Equator at the Masonic Temple, must bow to the All-Seeing Eye. This represents, for Freemasons, spiritual knowledge, growth and mental strength. It also indicates the three principles of Freemasonry: Faith, Hope and Charity. DELTA symbol AND THE STAR OF DAVID Delta’s symbology can also be found in one of the most powerful and well-known Jewish signs: the Star of David. It consists of the union of two overlapping triangles – one with the base up and the other with the base down. In Judaism, the Star of David, also known as “Shield of David”, indicates the junction of opposites. It can mean protection, union of feminine and masculine, as well as connection between heaven and earth. This symbol was already used in 5,000 years BC DELTA Symbol TATTOO But it is not only in religious associations that we find the Delta symbol. It is also quite popular among tattoo enthusiasts. For them, tattooing a Delta (triangle) on the skin expresses a desire for change, especially if one side is not completely closed. Indicates that the person is open to all possibilities that may arise ahead. The choice of a Delta tattoo also attracts harmony, creativity and integration. The Greek language has a historical record that originated more than 3400 years ago. It is a language developed in Greek territory, which belongs to the Indo-European branch, and which became the favorite writing system for much of the history of this nation. Its alphabet, created towards the ninth century BC, consists of 24 letters and the most complete of the time is presumed; its use continues to this day, mainly as mathematical, physical, computer and even hierarchical signs. The fourth in the established order of these signs is “Delta”, represented as Δ, in uppercase, and δ, in lowercase, with a value of 4 within the Greek numbering system. Like the other Greek letters, within the nomenclature of applied sciences and mathematics, it is vitally important; It is generally used to refer to changes in the value of a variable, being massive or reduced depending on whether it is expressed in its upper or lower case form, the discriminators of a polynomial and the Laplacians. However, today this symbol is also known for being one of the names with which a series of secret projects directed by the CIA were baptized, as is the MKDELTA. Such work of the Central Intelligence Agency was aimed at knowledge of the effects of certain chemical substances in the body, becoming the successor of the well-known MKULTRA project. In addition, it is the name of an American special operations unit, called 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (SFOD-D), better known as Delta Force read more about symbols

https://degreessymbolmac.com/delta-

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Fossil graveyards found in rock layers around the world are evidence of the global Flood. If the Genesis Flood, as described in Genesis 7 and 8, really occurred, what evidence would we expect to find? The first article in this series overviewed the six main geologic evidences that testify to the Genesis Flood, while the second article discussed evidence number one (see the list below). Now let’s take a closer look at evidence number two. After noting in Genesis 7 that all the high hills and the mountains were covered by water and all air-breathing life on the land was swept away and perished, it should be obvious what evidence we would expect to find. Wouldn’t we expect to find rock layers all over the earth filled with billions of dead animals and plants that were buried rapidly and fossilized in sand, mud, and lime? Of course, and that’s exactly what we find. Furthermore, even though the catastrophic geologic activity of the Flood would have waned in the immediate post-Flood period, ongoing mini-catastrophes would still have produced localized fossil deposits. Countless billions of plant and animal fossils are found in extensive “graveyards” where they had to be buried rapidly on a massive scale. Countless billions of plant and animal fossils are found in extensive “graveyards” where they had to be buried rapidly on a massive scale. Often the fine details of the creatures are exquisitely preserved. For example, billions of straight-shelled, chambered nautiloids (figure 2) are found fossilized with other marine creatures in a 7 foot (2 m) thick layer within the Redwall Limestone of Grand Canyon (figure 1).1 This fossil graveyard stretches for 180 miles (290 km) across northern Arizona and into southern Nevada, covering an area of at least 10,500 square miles (30,000 km2). These squid-like fossils are all different sizes, from small, young nautiloids to their bigger, older relatives. To form such a vast fossil graveyard required 24 cubic miles (100 km3) of lime sand and silt, flowing in a thick, soup-like slurry at more than 16 feet (5 m) per second (more than 11 mph [18 km/h]) to catastrophically overwhelm and bury this huge, living population of nautiloids. Hundreds of thousands of marine creatures were buried with amphibians, spiders, scorpions, millipedes, insects, and reptiles in a fossil graveyard at Montceau-les-Mines, France.2 More than 100,000 fossil specimens, representing more than 400 species, have been recovered from a shale layer associated with coal beds in the Mazon Creek area near Chicago.3 This spectacular fossil graveyard includes ferns, insects, scorpions, and tetrapods buried with jellyfish, mollusks, crustaceans, and fish, often with soft parts exquisitely preserved. At Florissant, Colorado, a wide variety of insects, freshwater mollusks, fish, birds, and several hundred plant species (including nuts and blossoms) are buried together.4 Bees and birds have to be buried rapidly in order to be so well preserved. Alligator, fish (including sunfish, deep sea bass, chubs, pickerel, herring, and garpike 3–7 feet [1–2 m] long), birds, turtles, mammals, mollusks, crustaceans, many varieties of insects, and palm leaves (7–9 feet [2–2.5 m] long) were buried together in the vast Green River Formation of Wyoming.5 Notice in many of these examples how marine and land-dwelling creatures are found buried together. How could this have happened unless the ocean waters rose and swept over the continents in a global, catastrophic Flood? At Fossil Bluff on the north coast of Australia’s island state of Tasmania (figure 3), many thousands of marine creatures (corals, bryozoans [lace corals], bivalves [clams], and gastropods [snails]) were buried together in a broken state, along with a toothed whale (figure 4) and a marsupial possum (figure 5).6 Whales and possums don’t live together, so only a watery catastrophe would have buried them together! In order for such large ammonites (figure 8) and other marine creatures to be buried in the chalk beds of Britain (figure 6), many trillions of microscopic marine creatures (figure 7) had to bury them catastrophically.7 These same beds also stretch right across Europe to the Middle East, as well as into the Midwest of the USA, forming a global-scale fossil graveyard. In addition, more than 7 trillion tons of vegetation are buried in the world’s coal beds found across every continent, including Antarctica. Such was the speed at which many creatures were buried and fossilized—under catastrophic flood conditions—that they were exquisitely preserved. Many fish were buried so rapidly, virtually alive, that even fine details of fins and eye sockets have been preserved (figure 9). Many trilobites (figure 10) have been so exquisitely preserved that even the compound lens systems in their eyes are still available for detailed study. Mawsonites spriggi, when discovered, was identified as a fossilized jellyfish (figure 11). It was found in a sandstone bed that covers more than 400 square miles (1,040 km2) of outback South Australia.8 Millions of such soft-bodied marine creatures are exquisitely preserved in this sandstone bed. Consider what happens to soft-bodied creatures like jellyfish when washed up on a beach today. Because they consist only of soft “jelly,” they melt in the sun and are also destroyed by waves crashing onto the beach. Based on this reality, the discoverer of these exquisitely preserved soft-bodied marine creatures concluded that all of them had to be buried in less than a day! Some fish were buried alive and fossilized so quickly in the geologic record that they were “caught in the act” of eating their last meal (figure 12). Then there is the classic example of a female marine reptile, an ichthyosaur, about 6 feet (2 m) long, found fossilized at the moment of giving birth to her baby (figure 13)! One minute this huge creature was giving birth, then seconds later, without time to escape, mother and baby were buried and “snap frozen” in a catastrophic “avalanche” of lime mud. These are but a few examples of the many hundreds of fossil graveyards found all over the globe that are now well-documented in the geological literature.9 The countless billions and billions of fossils in these graveyards, in many cases exquisitely preserved, testify to the rapid burial of once-living plants and animals on a global scale in a watery cataclysm and its immediate aftermath. Often these fossil graveyards consist of mixtures of marine and land-dwelling creatures, indicating that the waters of this global cataclysm swept over both the oceans and the continents. When we again read the biblical account of the Flood and ask ourselves what evidence we should expect, the answer is obvious—billions of dead plants and animals buried in rock layers laid down by water all over the world. And that’s exactly what we find. The global, cataclysmic Genesis Flood and its aftermath was an actual event in history, just as God tells us in His record of earth’s history. The next article in this special geology series will examine in more detail the geologic evidence of rapidly deposited sediment layers spread across vast areas, caused by the Flood waters described in Genesis 7–8. Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the good news of Jesus Christ.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v3/n2/world-graveyard

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