def _qprofile_analysis(h, y, d):
    """
    In case of no covariates, i.e., with only an intercept in the
    regression, we are in the case of an meta analysis. The q-profile
    funtion q_τ simplifies:

    .. math:

    q_δ(τ) = \\sum_j rac 1{δ_i + τ} ⋅ (y - ar y)^2

    """
    return ((y - y.mean()) ** 2 / (h + d)).sum()
