Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Pires G, Castelo-Branco M, 2008. Visual P300-based BCI to steer a wheelchair: a Bayesian approach. Proceedings of the 30th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society658–61 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [96. Millán JDR, Galán 2009. Asynchronous non-invasive brain-actuated control of an intelligent wheelchair. Proceedings of the 2009 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3361–64 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [97. 2009. A BCI teleoperated museum robotic guide. Proceedings of the 2009 on Complex, Intelligent and Systems783–88 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [98. 2010. Activation of a mobile robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the 2010 on Robotics and Automation4815–21 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [99. Iáñez E, Azorín JM, Úbeda A, Ferrández JM, Fernández E 2010. Mental tasks-based brainrobot interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1238–45 [100. 2010. A telepresence robotic system operated with a P300-based brain-computer interface: initial tests with ALS patients. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology4476–80 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [101. Müller -Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2010. Brain-computer interface based on visual evoked potentials to command autonomous robotic wheelchair. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 30:407–16 [102. ünbacher E, 2010. SSVEP based brain-computer interface for robot control. People with 85–90 Berlin: Springer [103. án JDR 2011. Brain-controlled telepresence robot by motor-disabled people. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4227–30 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [104. 2011. A hybrid brain interface for a humanoid robot assistant. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society7421–24 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [105. Bastos TF, Müller -2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and advancements in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that enable individuals to control devices, such as wheelchairs and robots, using their brain activity. For example, it mentions 'Visual P300-based BCI to steer a wheelchair' and 'asynchronous non-invasive brain-actuated control of an intelligent wheelchair,' demonstrating the progress in developing technologies that allow thought-controlled operation of devices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: While gene drives can spread traits through populations even if they are costly to each individual organism, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. Highly deleterious traits may be eliminated even more quickly, with non-functional versions appearing in large numbers even before the drive and its cargo can spread to all members of the population. Even when the trait is perfectly linked to the drive mechanism, the selection pressure favoring the continued function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs will relax once the drive reaches fixation. Maintaining deleterious traits within a population indefinitely is likely to require scheduled releases of new RNA-guided gene drives to periodically overwrite the broken versions in the environment. Fourth, our current knowledge of the risk management (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; UNEP, 2010; McGraw and O’Neill, 2013; Alphey, 2014) and containment (Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009) issues associated with gene drives is largely due to the efforts of researchers focused on mosquito-borne illnesses. Frameworks for evaluating ecological consequences are similarly focused on mosquitoes (David et al. , 2013) and the few other organisms for which alternative genetic biocontrol methods have been considered (Dana et al. , 2014). While these examples provide an invaluable starting point for investigations of RNA-guided gene drives targeting other organisms, studies examining the particular drive, population, and associated ecosystem in question will be needed. Box 2 Could gene drives alter domesticated animals or crops? In theory they could, though probably not without the permission of the farmers, scientists and breeders who typically monitor reproduction. For example, genetic records and artificial insemination are so common among cattle and other domesticated animals that it would be exceedingly difficult for a gene drive to spread through any of these species. Seed farms play a similar role for crops. Long generation times will represent a further barrier for many domesticated species. In general, our expectation is that beneficial applications are more likely to involve the alteration of weeds and insect pest populations rather than the crops themselves. Safeguards and control strategies Given the potential for gene drives to alter entire wild populations and therefore ecosystems, the development of this technology must include robust safeguards and methods of control (Oye et al. , 2014). Whereas existing gene drive proposals focus on adding genes (Ito et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential uncontrollable nature of gene drives, indicating that once released, traits propagated by gene drives can spread quickly within populations, and that maintaining deleterious traits would require ongoing management. This implies that there are significant risks involved in targeting specific populations, as gene drives could inadvertently affect other species or populations due to their mechanism of action and the ecological consequences of releasing such technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes 1. Choi Y, M: in Equality for the Goals: A of for Family Planning. Sci Pract. 2018; 6 (2): 390-401 Pub| competing interests were disclosed. Family planning, demography, survey analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (0) keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 08 Feb 2022 | for Version 2 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 2020. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses aspects of statistical analysis, scientific standards, and peer review processes, which are unrelated to the existence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Robotic wheelchair commanded by SSVEP, motor imagery and word generation. Proceedings of the Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4753–56 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [106. 2011. An adaptive brain-computer interface for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE-RAS on Humanoid Robots199–204 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [107. 2011. Using brain-computer interface to steer a humanoid robot. Proceedings of the on Robotics and Biomimetics192–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [108. Müller SMT, Bastos-Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2011. Using a SSVEP-BCI to command a robotic wheelchair. Proceedings of the on Industrial Electronics957–62 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [109. 2011. to control a hand orthosis for persons with tetraplegia. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 19:1–5 [110. 2012. Toward brain-actuated humanoid robots: asynchronous direct control using an EEG-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Robot. 28:1131–44 [111. 2012. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI): a 2-D virtual wheelchair control based on event-related desynchronization/synchronization and state control. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 20:379–88 [112. 2012. Development of mind control system for humanoid robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Engineering Application679–82 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [113. 2012. A telepresence mobile robot controlled with a noninvasive brain-computer interface. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. B 42:793–804 [114. Grigorescu SM, Lüth äser A 2012. A BCI-controlled robotic assistant for quadriplegic people in domestic and professional life. Robotica 30:419–31 [115. 2012. A simple platform of brain-controlled mobile robot and its implementation by SSVEP. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [116. án JDR 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that enable users to control robotic systems, such as robotic wheelchairs and humanoid robots, using brain signals. It mentions various studies and applications where SSVEP (steady-state visual evoked potential) and EEG-based systems are utilized, thus supporting the idea that brain-machine interfaces are indeed being developed for direct control of devices through thought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2002), disrupting existing genes (Burt, 2003), or suppressing populations, RNA-guided gene drives will also be capable of replacing existing sequences with altered versions that have been recoded to remove the sites targeted by the drive (Figure 3). We hypothesize that the unique ability of RNA-guided gene drives to target any gene may allow them to control the effects of other gene drives or transgenes. Reversibility RNA-guided gene drives could reverse genome alterations that have already spread through populations. Suppose a given gene drive causes unexpected side-effects or is released without public consent. A ‘reversal’ drive released later could overwrite one or all genomic changes spread by the first drive (Figure 5A). The new sequence spread by the reversal drive must also be recoded relative to the original to keep the first drive from cutting it, but any amino acid changes introduced by the first drive could be undone. If necessary, a third drive could restore the exact wild-type sequence, leaving only the guide RNAs and the gene encoding Cas9 as signatures of past editing (Figure 5B). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Methods of reversing, preventing, and controlling the spread and effects of gene drives. (A) Reversal drives could correct or reverse genomic alterations made by an earlier drive with unexpected side effects. They might also be used to reverse conventionally engineered or evolved changes. Immunization drives could prevent other gene drives from affecting a specific population or provide a population with resistance to DNA viruses. Precision drives could exclusively spread through a subpopulation with a unique gene or sequence. (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. The ability to update or reverse genomic alterations at the speed of a drive, not just a drive-resistant allele, represents an extremely important safety feature. Reversal drives could also remove conventionally inserted transgenes that entered wild populations by cross-breeding or natural mutations that spread in response to human-induced selective pressures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to target specific genes or subpopulations, there are risks involved, including unintended side effects and the possibility of genomic alterations spreading through populations. It emphasizes the potential need for reversal drives if unexpected side effects occur or if a gene drive is released without public consent, which indicates a lack of precise control over the effects of gene drives once they are released.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Fertility, family planning, demography I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses feedback on a submission regarding family planning, equity, and data analysis, without mentioning ancient civilizations or the existence of their written records at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: A hybrid BCI for enhanced control of a telepresence robot. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3097–100 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [117. Carlson T, Millán JDR. 2013. Brain-controlled wheelchairs: a robotic architecture. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 20:165–73 [118. 2013. Brain-computer interface controlled robotic gait orthosis. J. NeuroEng. Rehabil. 10:111 [119. -Vidal JL 2013. High accuracy decoding of user intentions using EEG to control a lower-body exoskeleton. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5606–9 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [120. Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2013. Shared control architecture based on RFID to control a robot arm using a spontaneous brain-machine interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 61:768–74 [121. Choi B, Jo S. 2013. A low-cost EEG system-based hybrid brain-computer interface for humanoid robot navigation and recognition. 8:e74583 [122. 2013. P300 BCI based planning behavior selection network for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Computation354–58 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [123. 2013. A hybrid BCI system combining P300 and SSVEP and its application to wheelchair control. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60:3156–66 [124. Guneysu A, Akin HL. 2013. based BCI to control a humanoid robot by using portable EEG device. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society6905–8 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [125. Kapeller C, Hintermuller C, Abu-2013. A BCI using VEP for continuous control of a mobile robot. Proceedings of 2013 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5254–57 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [126. 2013. A BMI-based occupational therapy assist suit: asynchronous control by SSVEP. Front. Neurosci. 7:172 [127. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications and developments related to brain-machine interfaces (BCIs), such as controlling a telepresence robot, robotic wheelchairs, robotic gait orthoses, and humanoid robot navigation. These examples showcase the practical application of BCIs for controlling devices through brain activity, supporting the claim that brain-machine interfaces are indeed being developed for such purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that even if a reversal drive were to reach all members of the population, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Immunization RNA-guided gene drives could be used to block the spread of other gene drives. For example, an ‘immunizing’ drive could prevent a specific unwanted drive from being copied by recoding sequences targeted by the unwanted drive (Figure 5A). This could be done preemptively or reactively and would spread on a timescale comparable to that of the unwanted drive. A combined ‘immunizing reversal’ drive might spread through both wild-type individuals and those affected by an earlier gene drive, converting both types to a recoded version that could not be invaded by the unwanted drive (Figure 5B). This may represent the fastest method of neutralizing an already-released drive. As with a standard reversal drive, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Precisely targeting subpopulations RNA-guided gene drives might be confined to a single genetically distinct target species or even a subpopulation by targeting unique genes or sequence polymorphisms. Because these ‘precision drives’ will only cut the unique sequence, they will not be able to spread through non-target populations as long as that sequence is sufficiently distinct. We estimate that either the PAM or at least five base pairs of the spacer must differ within each target site in order to prevent the guide RNAs in the drive from evolving to recognize the equivalent non-target sequence (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). Populations that are not genetically distinct but experience only intermittent gene flow, such as those on islands, might be given a unique sequence permitting them to be specifically targeted by precision drives later on. For example, releasing into the island population would recode a target gene, but exhibit no other effect (Figure 5A). B, a precision drive which would exclusively spread through but not the wild-type allele, would similarly replace with a unique sequence. So long as does not escape the island before being replaced, the unique sequence in the island population would allow it to be targeted with future precision drives that could not spread through mainland populations (Figure 5C). Limiting population suppression Population suppression may be one of the most powerful applications of gene drives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while RNA-guided gene drives can be designed to target specific populations, any ecological changes caused during the application of these drives may not be reversible. Specifically, it states that 'any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed,' suggesting a limitation in control over the ecological consequences, which is contrary to the assertion that gene drives can be precisely controlled without affecting other species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern family planning policies in Malawi and their implications rather than addressing the existence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: EEG-based mobile robot control through an adaptive brain-robot interface. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. 44:1278–85 [128. Hortal E, Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2014. Control of a 2 DoF robot using a brain-machine interface. Comput. Biomed. 116:169–76 [129. 2014. Assisting drinking with an affordable BCI-controlled wearable robot and electrical stimulation: a preliminary investigation. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11:51 [130. 2014. Using a head-up display-based steady-state visually evoked potential brain-computer interface to control a simulated vehicle. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 15:959–66 [131. 2014. Mobile robot navigation with a self-paced brain-computer interface based on high-frequency SSVEP. Robotica 32:695–709 [132. 2014. SSVEP-based hierarchical architecture for control of a humanoid robot with mind. Proceedings of the 11th on and Automation2401–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [133. áñez E, Úbeda A et al. 2015. SVM-based brain-machine interface for controlling a robot arm through four mental tasks. Neurocomputing 151:116–21 [134. 2015. Brain computer interface system based on indoor semi-autonomous navigation and motor imagery for unmanned aerial vehicle control. Expert Syst. Appl. 42:4196–206 [135. Hortal E, Iáñez E, Úbeda A, Perez-Vidal C, Azorín JM 2015. Combining a brain-machine interface and an electrooculography interface to perform pick and place tasks with a robotic arm. Robot. Auton. Syst. 72:181–88 [136. 2015. Comparative study of SSVEP- and P300-based models for the telepresence control of humanoid robots. 10:e0142168 [137. 2016. Design and optimization of an EEG-based brain machine interface (BMI) to an upper-limb exoskeleton for stroke survivors. Front. Neurosci. 10:122 [138. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) and their applications, including the control of mobile robots and wearable robots intended to assist tasks like drinking, implying that these interfaces allow individuals to control devices using their mental processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: The previously described genetic load and sex-biasing drives (Burt, 2003) could potentially lead to extinction (Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011). While this outcome may be necessary to achieve compelling goals such as the eradication of malaria, other situations may call for more refined methods. Here we outline a handful of alternative architectures that would provide greater control over the extent of population suppression. Chemical approaches to population control might utilize ‘sensitizing drives’ to render target organisms vulnerable to a particular molecule using one of three strategies (Figure 6). First, a sensitizing drive might reverse known mutations that confer resistance to existing pesticides or herbicides. Second, it might carry a prodrug-converting enzyme (Schellmann et al. , 2010) that would render a prodrug molecule toxic to organisms that express it. Third, it could swap a conserved gene for a version that is strongly inhibited by a particular small molecule. Because sensitizing drives would have no effect in the absence of their associated molecule – and in some cases vice versa – they could grant very fine control over the geography and extent of population suppression with minimal ecological risk. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various gene drive architectures that suggest a potential for unintended large-scale ecological consequences, including extinction. It highlights that previous gene drives could spread without limit and incur a substantial risk of extinction, thus weakening the assertion that gene drives can be precisely controlled to target specific populations safely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Aug 2021 | for Version 1 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(1) Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss ancient civilizations or the existence of written records. Instead, it focuses on a peer review report and various recommendations regarding data analysis and interpretation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: A synergetic brain-machine interfacing paradigm for multi-DOF robot control. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. 46:957–68 [139. ómez C, Opisso E, et al. 2016. Hybrid EEG/EOG-based brain/neural hand exoskeleton restores fully independent daily living activities after quadriplegia. Sci. Robot. 1:eaag3296 [140. López-Larraz E, Trincado-Alonso F, Rajasekaran V, Pérez-Nombela S, Del-Ama AJ et al. 2016. Control of an ambulatory exoskeleton with a brain-machine interface for spinal cord injury gait rehabilitation. Front. Neurosci. 10:359 [141. 2016. Control of a wheelchair in an indoor environment based on a brain-computer interface and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:128–39 [142. án JDR 2017. A brain-controlled exoskeleton with cascaded event-related desynchronization classifiers. Robot. Auton. Syst. 90:15–23 [143. 2017. Brain-actuated gait trainer with visual and proprioceptive feedback. J. Neural Eng. 14:056017 [144. 2017. Reaching and grasping a glass of water by locked-in ALS patients through a BCI-controlled humanoid robot. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11:68 [145. 2017. Design of an SSVEP-based BCI system with visual servo module for a service robot to execute multiple tasks. Proceedings of the 2017 on Robotics and Automation2267–72 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [146. 2017. The role of audio-visual feedback in a thought-based control of a humanoid robot: a BCI study in healthy and spinal cord injured people. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 25:772–81 [147. 2017. A hybrid EEG-based BCI for robot grasp controlling. Proceedings of the 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics3278–83 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [148. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various applications of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), such as controlling a wheelchair and restoring independent daily living activities. These examples illustrate that BMIs are indeed being developed to enable users to control devices through brain signals, aligning with the essence of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Temporal approaches to controlling populations would deliberately limit the lifetime of a suppression drive by rendering its effects evolutionarily unstable (Figure 6). For example, a male-determining or female-specific sterility gene carried by a standard drive on an autosome would suppress the target population, but the effect would be short-lived because any drive that acquired a loss-of-function mutation in the cargo gene would be strongly favored by natural selection due to its ability to produce fertile female offspring. Notably, turning existing female-specific sterility lines (Fu et al. , 2010; Labbe et al. , 2012; Alphey, 2014) into unstable drives may increase their effectiveness. Periodically releasing organisms carrying new unstable drives that are capable of replacing earlier broken versions could extend the suppression effect. Genetic approaches to population control might initiate suppression only when two distinct ‘interacting drives’ encounter one another (Figure 6). For example, a cross between standard drives A and B might produce sterile females and fertile males that pass on the ‘sterile-daughter’ trait when crossed with females of any type. Scattering A- and B-carrying individuals throughout an existing population would produce many tiny pockets dominated by either A or B and very few organisms in between due to the infertility of AB females. Because each drive would spread from a small number of initially released individuals scattered over a wide area, this strategy may be capable of large-scale population suppression, but its effectiveness and resolution will depend on the average distance between released A and B individuals. Further suppressing the residual A and B populations could be accomplished by releasing only members of the opposite drive type. Modeling studies will be needed to determine whether this possibility is feasible for different species. Interestingly, the use of this drive type would effectively induce speciation in the affected population. Finally, immunizing drives might protect specific subpopulations from the effects of full-scale suppression drives released elsewhere (Figure 6). Assuming some degree of gene flow, the immunized population will eventually replace the suppressed population, though this might be delayed if crossing the two drives generates a sterile-daughter effect as described above. Due to the comparatively uncontrolled spread of both drive types through the wild-type population, this method would only be suited to large geographic areas or subpopulations with limited gene flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and potential unpredictability of gene drives. It explains that while gene drives can aim to target specific populations, their effects can be evolutionarily unstable and may not be precisely controlled due to natural selection favoring loss-of-function mutations. Moreover, the text suggests that the interactions between different gene drives and their effects can lead to unintended consequences, such as infertility and potential speciation. This indicates that gene drives will not necessarily be able to precisely control pest populations without affecting other species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses various aspects of a research submission, including feedback and limitations related to family planning research, without mentioning anything about ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: IntroductionHuman brain development is a multifaceted process that begins in utero and continues throughout childhood and into early adulthood. Despite this protracted timeline, postnatal neurodevelopment during the first 5 years of life is one of the most active stages of brain development (Pujol et al. 2006). During this period neural migration, synapse generation, dendritic sprouting, axonal pruning, and the elaboration of the myelin sheath (myelination) shape, organize, and provide the neural architecture necessary for behavioral and cognitive functioning (Durston and Casey 2006). While each of these processes is essential for healthy brain function, the establishment of the myelinated white matter is integral to establishing the efficient brain communication pathways that are essential for higher order function (Fields 2008). Although myelination is believed to mirror behavioral development (Pujol et al. 2006), with the myelination of sub-serving brain networks occurring alongside the onset and refinement of behavioral and cognitive functions, the relationships between myelination and functional development remain poorly understood. Furthermore, many behavioral and psychiatric disorders are now believed to emerge during early neurodevelopment (Hüppi 2008) and have been associated with aberrant white matter development and myelination (Fields 2008). Thus, improved understanding of typical myelin development during infancy and early childhood is central to provide valuable insight into the processes that underline both typical and atypical development. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have greatly contributed to our understanding of the gross and microstructural changes associated with brain maturation (Giedd and Rapoport 2010). For example, the temporal changes in the gray/white matter contrast in conventional T 1- and T 2 -weighted MR images has been used to illustrate the dynamic patterns of neurodevelopment (Paus et al. 2001). Diffusion tensor (DT)-MRI parameters, including mean and radial diffusivity (MD and RD, respectively), and fractional anisotropy (FA), which describe local measures of water diffusion and anisotropy, have been shown to change throughout childhood and adolescence (Lebel et al. 2008). Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, believed to be sensitive to myelin content, has additionally been used to examine the in vivo changes of white matter myelination (Rademacher et al. 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that postnatal neurodevelopment is particularly active during the first 5 years of life, a crucial period for brain development. It details multiple processes like synapse generation, myelination, and neural migration that shape brain architecture and are key to behavioral and cognitive functioning during early childhood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: For example, immunization might be used to protect the native population of a species while suppressing or eradicating populations on other continents. Box 3 What types of genes can be edited using gene drives? Genes can be edited reliably if they are important to fitness. This is because NHEJ events that create drive-resistant alleles by deleting all the protospacer cut sites will only be harmful if they disrupt the function of important genes. NHEJ events in unimportant genes and sequences will produce drive-resistant alleles lacking the targeted sites. These will spread and interfere with propagation of the drive. As a result, unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited. Genes that are carried as cargo will not be evolutionarily stable unless they directly contribute to the efficient function of the drive. This limits opportunities to spread transgenes unrelated to drive function, although periodically releasing new drives that overwrite earlier broken versions could potentially maintain functional cargo genes in a large fraction of the population. Applications of RNA-guided gene drives RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to merge the fields of genomic and ecological engineering. They may enable us to address numerous problems in global health, agriculture, sustainability, ecological science, and many other areas (Figure 7). Of these opportunities, perhaps the most compelling involve curtailing the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, controlling agricultural pests, and reducing populations of environmentally and economically destructive invasive species. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while gene drives can be used for certain applications, there are limitations due to the nature of gene editing and environmental interactions. For instance, it states that 'unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited', implying that gene drives may not always achieve precision in targeting specific populations. Additionally, it discusses the potential for gene drives to 'locally control or eradicate' invasive species 'without directly affecting others', suggesting that there could still be unintended consequences on other species in the ecological context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional. . . ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 2030. org) author: Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This work was supported by the Bill and Foundation (INV-007490). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2021 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) First published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 ( Latest published: 28 Jan 2022, 5:114 (  There is a newer version of this 2020. Many in the family planning community welcomed the new commitments of aid from donors, new commitments by country governments, and the push to bolster family planning as a development priority; however, there were also concerns about the focus on numbers of contraceptive users and a global goal1,2. Advocates pointed toward family planning’s past experiences of coercion and targets, warning that the FP2020 goal could lead to a focus on numbers and prioritization of easier to reach populations. One outcome of this early concern was a call by the family planning community for a clear focus on rights and empowerment as guiding principles of the FP2020 partnership3. A Rights and Group was established by FP2020 to advance rights-based family planning, and the group provided early guidance to FP2020 and the family planning community. The FP2020 partnership now recognizes 10 rights and empowerment principles of family planning, including agency and autonomy; availability; accessibility; acceptability; quality; empowerment; equity and non-discrimination; informed choice; transparency and accountability; and voice and participation4. Over the last eight years of the partnership, FP2020 worked with partners to ensure that these rights principles are understood by family planning decision-makers, and incorporated into new commitments and family planning-costed implementation plans. But monitoring whether these rights principles are adhered to has remained a measurement challenge that FP2020 and partners are still working on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses family planning, rights principles, and the FP2020 partnership without mentioning ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: While alterations of these MR parameters are often attributed to the emergence and maturation of myelin, they do not directly measure myelin (Paus et al. 2001) and are influenced by a broad range of other microstructural changes (Jones et al. 2013). Beyond the technological difficulty in non-invasively imaging myelination, few imaging studies have examined longitudinal neurodevelopment across the first years of life. Rather, prior studies have either been cross-sectional in nature (Giedd et al. 1996; Casey et al. 2005) and/or have focused on only the first 1–2 years of life (Gilmore et al. 2012; Sadeghi et al. 2013), or after the age of 4 (Giedd et al. 1999; Lenroot et al. 2007; Lebel and Beaulieu 2011). Although cross-sectional studies are informative, they are inherently insensitive to individual differences, an important aspect in understanding the heterogeneity associated with both normative development, as well as in developmental disorders (Casey et al. 2005). Longitudinal study designs, on the other hand, afford a more thorough characterization of brain development. Through the acquisition of multiple measurements from the same individual, longitudinal analyses allow individual differences to be examined (Casey et al. 2005) and are, therefore, critical to understanding the developmental trajectory of brain development. However, as current longitudinal MRI studies have been limited to infancy (Gilmore et al. 2012; Sadeghi et al. 2013), or older childhood and adolescence (Giedd et al. 1999; Lenroot et al. 2007; Lebel and Beaulieu 2011), these studies fail to encompass the most rapid and dynamic period of neurodevelopment (Pujol et al. 2006), which also coincides with the emergence of many developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we aimed to perform the first longitudinal examination of normative brain development in healthy, typically developing children between 2. 5 months and 5. 5 years. More specifically, we examined the rapid, nonlinear progression of myelination using a quantitative multicomponent relaxometry (MCR) technique that is sensitive to the water trapped between the lipid bilayers of the myelin sheath (MacKay et al. 1994; Deoni et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses neurodevelopment and the challenges associated with measuring myelination in a longitudinal context, particularly in early childhood, but it does not directly address the claim about the timing of the majority of brain development. Instead, it focuses on the methodologies of neurodevelopment studies and the need for longitudinal data. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim but is largely irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Eradicating insect-borne diseases The human toll inflicted by infectious diseases spread by insects is staggering. Malaria alone kills over 650,000 people each year, most of them children, while afflicting 200 million more with debilitating fevers (WHO, 2013). Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas, and Lyme disease are also spread by insects. These afflictions could potentially be controlled or even eradicated by altering vector species to block transmission. Several laboratories have identified candidate gene disruptions or transgenes that interfere with the transmission of malaria (Ito et al. , 2002; Dong et al. , 2011; Isaacs et al. , 2012) and other well-studied diseases (Franz et al. , 2006). Depending on their effectiveness, these alterations may or may not allow the disease to be eradicated before the pathogen evolves resistance. Alternatively, the relevant vector species might be suppressed or eliminated using RNA-guided gene drives, then potentially reintroduced from sheltered laboratory or island populations once disease eradication is complete. In the case of malaria, gene drive strategies may represent particularly effective solutions to the emerging problem of mosquito vectors with an evolved preference to bite and rest outdoors, traits that render them resistant to current control strategies based on indoor insecticide spraying and bednets. Agricultural safety and sustainability The evolution of resistance to pesticides and herbicides is a major problem for agriculture. It has been assumed that resistant populations will remain resistant unless the relevant alleles impose a substantial fitness cost in the absence of pesticide or herbicide. We propose that RNA-guided sensitizing drives might replace resistant alleles with their ancestral equivalents to restore vulnerability. For example, sensitizing drives could potentially reverse the mutations allowing the western corn rootworm to resist Bt toxins (Gassmann et al. , 2014) or horseweed and pigweed to resist the herbicide glyphosate (Gaines et al. , 2010; Ge, 2010), which is currently essential to more sustainable no-till agriculture. Because these three organisms undergo one generation per year, comparatively large numbers of drive-bearing individuals must be released to quickly exert an effect, but fewer than are already released to control pests using the sterile-insect technique (Gould and Schliekelman, 2004; Dyck et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential for gene drives to target specific insect populations, yet also highlights uncertainties regarding their impact on the ecosystem. For example, the text mentions that 'these alterations may or may not allow the disease to be eradicated before the pathogen evolves resistance,' suggesting that control over gene drives may not be as precise as the claim indicates. Additionally, it notes that relevant vector species might be 'suppressed or eliminated,' which puts into question the linearity of controlling only specific pests without affecting others. This implies that the control of gene drives may involve broader ecological consequences than the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Thus, one outstanding question as FP2020 begins to look toward the 2030 (FP2030) partnership, is whether the FP2020 goal exacerbated inequities and led to a prioritization of populations within countries where substantial gains towards the 120 million goal could be made. Ultimately, we aim to examine whether the effort to accelerate progress and expand contraceptive use has left some women behind. This question is particularly relevant in the context of a family planning partnership that supports the Goals and the pledge that no one will be left behind5. To assess this question, we examined FP2020 country progress data for signs of inequity in the focus of programs or gains in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP), in FP2020 focus countries since 2012. This research is critical for informing the FP2030 partnership (which builds on the work of FP2020), as family planning policy makers begin to turn their attention to new commitments. Family planning progress and assessing inequityFP2020’s annual reporting of contraceptive use has been facilitated by the adoption of statistical models that allow the estimation of a number of key family planning indicators, including MCP, using all available surveys and country health management information system statistics6. These data indicate that as of July 2020, there were over 320 million total users of modern methods of contraception in the 69 FP2020 focus countries, i. e. 60 million additional users of modern contraception as compared to 2012. Since 2012, 26 countries have each gained more than 500,000 additional users of modern methods. Among these countries, 14 have seen the number of additional users grow by more than one million women and girls. While the pace of progress has been far short of the acceleration needed to achieve the FP2020 goal of 120 million additional users by 2020, there has been a clear focus by countries on increasing family planning coverage. As part of their FP2020 commitments, 45 countries established goals of increasing contraceptive prevalence through voluntary family planning programs. Almost all FP2020 countries addressed inequity in their FP2020 commitments as well, principally through commitments to improve access for adolescents and youth (41 countries), but also through efforts to address wealth and geographic inequities (13 countries). Progress has varied across regions and countries, but many countries across sub-Saharan and have seen rapid annual gains in modern contraceptive prevalence since 2012, most notably Mozambique at 2. 7 percentage points per year, at 1. 4 percentage points, Malawi, and at 1. 3 percentage points, and Senegal at 1. 2 percentage points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses family planning initiatives and the progress of contraceptive use amongst various countries since 2012, without any reference to ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: Using nonlinear mixed effects modeling, we have derived population and subject-specific growth model parameters that characterize underlying VFM development and may be used to reconstruct normative reference growth and growth rate curves (as illustrated in Figs. 3, 4, 5). We have further examined the relationships between VFM maturation and cognitive development. Our results show a strong correlation between changes in VFM and scales of visual reception, gross motor, and receptive language, while the relationships between VFM and expressive language and fine motor were found to change in time. These findings support previous reports of the concomitant emergence of myelinated white matter and cognitive function and more importantly, may reveal a window into the timing of biological changes that shape behavioral development. Characterization of longitudinal changes of myelin content is particularly well suited to examine the spatio-temporal relationships of brain development. Myelination undergoes a dramatic increase during the first years of life in response to activity-based learning and plasticity, with the greatest rates of change occurring before 3 years of age (Yakovlev and Lecours 1967). Tracking these nonlinear changes using quantitative MRI techniques sensitive to myelination allows us to examine this neurodevelopmental process in vivo and quantitatively map the myelination trajectory (Deoni et al. 2011, 2012). Establishment of VFM growth and rate of growth trajectories offers the potential to distinguish typical and atypical myelination patterns, as well as determine the age at which such deviations from the normal trajectory occur (Dean et al. 2014a, b). This is increasingly important to the study of neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders, as many of the pathological features of these diseases are consistent with disrupted or aberrant myelination (Fields 2008). Modeling of the nonlinear white matter maturation provides a more detailed examination of the microstructural changes that take place during neurodevelopment. Such analysis provides a unique parameterization of the developmental trajectory, yielding intuitive growth parameters related to the underlying development (Sadeghi et al. 2013). Each of these parameters has a distinctive role on the overall curve (Supplementary Fig. S3), and therefore, interrogation of these parameters may be useful in future investigations. Specifically, the modified Gompertz growth function (Eq. 1) applied throughout this work enables the trajectory to be put in terms of amplitude (α), lag (β), and growth rates (γ, δ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant myelination that occurs during the first years of life, noting that this process is closely related to cognitive development and learning. It highlights that myelination underpins behavioral development and emphasizes that the greatest rates of change occur before 3 years of age. This directly supports the claim that a significant amount of brain development happens during early childhood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Releases would need to occur in local areas not treated with pesticide or herbicide, which would quickly become reservoirs of sensitizing drives that could spread into adjacent fields. Periodically releasing new drives could potentially allow any given pesticide or herbicide to be utilized indefinitely. Modeling experiments will be needed to evaluate feasibility for different target species. A second form of sensitizing drive could potentially render pest populations vulnerable to molecules that never previously affected them. For example, a gene important to fitness might be replaced with a version from another species or laboratory isolate whose function is sensitive to a particular compound. In principle, this approach could eventually lead to the development and use of safer and more species-specific pesticides and herbicides. Controlling invasive species One of the most environmentally damaging consequences of global economic activity is the introduction of invasive species, which often cause ecological disruption or even the extinction of native species. Isolated ecosystems such as those on small islands are especially vulnerable. RNA-guided suppression drives might be used to promote biodiversity by controlling or even eradicating invasive species from islands or possibly entire continents. The economics of invasive species control are also compelling: the top ten invasives in the cause an estimated $42 billion in damages every year (Pimentel et al. , 2005). Black and brown rats alone cause $19 billion in damages and may be responsible for more extinctions than any other nonhuman species. Deploying RNA-guided suppression drives against invasive species will incur two primary risks related to undesired spread. First, rare mating events may allow the drive to affect closely related species. Using precision drives to target sequences unique to the invasive species could mitigate or eliminate this problem. Second, the suppression drive might spread from the invasive population back into the native habitat, perhaps even through intentional human action. Native populations might be protected using an immunizing drive, but doing so would risk transferring immunity back into invasive populations. Instead, we might grant the invasive population a unique sequence with a standard drive (Figure 5C), verify that these changes have not spread to the native population, and only then release a suppression drive targeting the recoded sequences while holding an immunizing drive in reserve. Another approach might utilize a sensitizing drive to render all populations newly vulnerable to a specific compound, which could then be used as a pesticide for the local control of invasive populations. All of these possibilities will require modeling and experimentation to establish safety and feasibility before use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting potential risks associated with the use of gene drives, specifically mentioning how they could unintentionally affect related species. It states that 'rare mating events may allow the drive to affect closely related species,' suggesting that controlling gene drives to target only specific pest populations is not guaranteed and could lead to undesired consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Many researchers have addressed how to evaluate equitable access to public health programs, including family planning7–11. One study across various areas of health concluded residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social status are key sociodemographic factors that can elucidate inequities12,13. A recent special issue analyzed inequalities in coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health, and illustrated the wide inequality in reproductive health coverage in many countries across several dimensions, including wealth, age, and geography14. These analyses, however, did not examine changes in inequity over time, and the most recent examination of contraceptive prevalence was an examination of trends through the Goals era, relying only on surveys through 2013. While there are multiple dimensions to equity, most researchers agree that wealth is essential to assess disparities in contraceptive use. Recently published literature on FP2020 countries suggests poverty among married women declined over time while modern contraceptive use increased15. Furthermore, an analysis of 46 countries completed using data from many FP2020 countries (though outside the FP2020 period) from national surveys from 1990–2013, found that the contraceptive use gap between the poorest and the richest has narrowed and modern methods account for nearly all the increase in contraceptive use16. In addition to examining differences related to wealth, in this analysis, we evaluate whether the growth in MCP has been equitable across multiple demographic characteristics, including residence (rural and urban), level of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), and marital status (married, all women, and unmarried sexually activei). MethodsWe examined data availability across the 69 FP2020 countries and selected 11 countries (and Zimbabwe), as they had data from two surveysii of the same survey type (Demographic and [DHS] or [MICS]) between 2010 and 2019, and were an FP2020 commitment-making country. Countries that did not meet these criteria were excludediii. While FP2020 annual progress reporting relies on national-level modeled estimates of MCP, in this analysis we focused on survey data because models do not yet produce estimates for the majority of the dimensions of inequity examined in this paper. We included surveys from 2010 so we could complete the analysis for a larger pool of countries and assess progress during the years of the FP2020 partnership. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of public health programs and the evaluation of inequities in reproductive health coverage. It does not reference ancient civilizations, written records, or any related historical analysis, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: 2012) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Kolind et al. 2013). Such comparisons give confidence that if mcmeasures are not uniquely specific to myelin, they provide unique information that is strongly sensitive to myelin content. Still, additional studies examining the specificity of mc-derived VFM measures to myelin, including quantitative comparison to histological stains of myelin content, are necessary to validate the mctechnique as a viable “myelin imaging” technique. These studies are of great interest and will be beneficial as an area of future research. The region of interest-based analyses performed in this work are useful for characterizing the average developmental trajectory of specific, anatomically defined brain regions; however, voxel-based methods may be more revealing as these methods provide information across the whole brain. Performing the mixed effects modeling of our longitudinal data at the voxel level would provide estimates of the overall population (fixed effects) and subject-specific (random effects) modified Gompertz parameters at each imaging voxel, allowing us to predict VFM values at later ages across the whole brain. This is important for establishing a normative model of neurodevelopment and having the ability to identify deviations from typical growth as these differences are unlikely to be restricted to grossly defined regions of interest (Snook et al. 2007). For this reason, future work extending the nonlinear mixed effects modeling to cover the whole brain is planned. In summary, we have presented the first longitudinal examination of white matter development throughout early childhood. The results reported from previous cross-sectional studies of VFM maturation are extended by showing longitudinally that VFM follows a specific, nonlinear trajectory throughout early childhood and is qualitatively consistent with spatial–temporal patterns of myelination of the human brain. We have shown that VFM trajectories of the normative population and individual subjects can be characterized and predicted by modeling for the nonlinear growth patterns using a nonlinear mixed effects framework. Moreover, these VFM developmental trajectories differed between males and females, while changes in VFM were significantly correlated with changing measures of cognition and behavior. The coupling between this structural and functional development provides insight into the evolving relationship between myelin content and behavior as well as indicating evidence of sensitive periods of neurodevelopment between 1 and 2 years of age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the longitudinal examination of white matter development throughout early childhood and the specific, nonlinear trajectory of VFM (volume of fractions of myelin) during this period. It highlights that VFM maturation follows a identified pattern, which is consistent with myelination processes, indicating significant developmental changes between critical ages. This supports the idea that early childhood is a crucial time for brain development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Most importantly, all decisions involving the use of suppression drives must involve extensive deliberations including but not limited to ecologists and citizens of potentially affected communities. Development and release precautions Because any consequences of releasing RNA-guided gene drives into the environment would be shared by the local if not global community, research involving gene drives capable of spreading through wild-type populations should occur only after a careful and fully transparent review process. However, basic research into gene drives and methods of controlling their effects can proceed without risking this type of spread so long as appropriate ecological or molecular containment strategies are employed (Figure 8). Figure 8 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Containment strategies and ecological risk. Ecological containment involves building and testing gene drives in geographic areas that do not harbor native populations of the target species. For example, most gene drive studies involving tropical malarial mosquitoes have been conducted in temperate regions in which the mosquitoes cannot survive or find mates. Molecular containment ensures that the basic requirements for drive are not met when mated with wild-type organisms. True drives must cut the homologous wild-type sequence and copy both the gene encoding Cas9 and the guide RNAs. Experiments that cut transgenic sequences absent from wild populations and copy either the gene encoding Cas9 or the guide RNAs - but not both - should be quite safe. Ecological or molecular containment should allow basic research into gene drive effectiveness and optimization to be pursued with negligible risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 categorizes these and many other possible experiments according to estimated risk. A great deal of information on probable ecological outcomes can be obtained without testing or even building replication-competent gene drives. For example, early studies might examine possible ecological effects by performing contained field trials with organisms that have been engineered to contain the desired change but do not possess a functional drive to spread it. Because they do involve transgenic organisms, these experiments are not completely without risk, but such transgenes are unlikely to spread in the absence of a drive. We recommend that all laboratories seeking to build standard gene drives capable of spreading through wild populations simultaneously create reversal drives able to restore the original phenotype. Similarly, suppression drives should be constructed in tandem with a corresponding immunizing drive. These precautions would allow the effects of an accidental release to be swiftly if partially counteracted. The prevalence of gene drives in the environment could in principle be monitored by targeted amplification or metagenomic sequencing of environmental samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it emphasizes the need for extensive deliberations and ecological containment strategies, indicating that gene drives may not be precisely controlled and could have unintended consequences on the environment. It discusses the precautions necessary before the development and release of gene drives, suggesting that potential risks to other species and ecological systems cannot be fully mitigated, as detailed in the sections discussing containment strategies and the need for careful review processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The average number of years between two surveys was more than four. We also focused exclusively on FP2020 commitment-making countries because these countries had explicitly pledged to increasing contraceptive use. We evaluated whether MCP growth had been equitable by assessing MCP between two surveys stratified by residence (rural, urban), levels of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), marital status (married, all women, unmarried sexually active), and wealth (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, richest). In this paper, we present MCP by levels of the abovementioned dimensions: wealth, residence, education, age, marital status, and sexual activity. We conducted a bivariate analysis where MCP estimates for married women were stratified by each of the socio-demographic dimensions, and weighted using survey-specific weights; confidence intervals were also calculated. Estimates of MCP by age and for unmarried, sexually active women were calculated in the same manner but were for all women in the survey. MCP gains were considered significant if the 95% confidence intervals for MCP stratified by the above-mentioned different socio-demographic dimensions did not overlap between surveys. Though this approach to testing the differences in means using hypothesis testing is more conservative, this approach can be easily interpreted by a wider audience. The MCP gains were considered equitable if larger or equivalent gains were seen in comparatively more disadvantaged populations. In this analysis, we qualify disadvantaged populations as those that are rural, have no education, aged 15–19, unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days, or the poorest (or poorer group). To assess MCP change by wealth, we did not use the DHS or MICS calculated wealth quintiles as those should not be compared across surveys nor time17. Instead, we constructed five wealth groups based on Lab’s Index (IWI) guidance using household assets; the reconstruction of wealth groups allowed for cross-country and across-time comparisons18. Lab’s methods uses factor-loadings produced from a principal components analysis using data from over two million households across 97 countries. If, based on the IWI, 50% of a country’s women reside in households with less than 50% of the assets, these women live in households that are among the poorer households globally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological details and findings related to contraceptive use and socio-demographic variables in specific countries. It does not address ancient civilizations or their record-keeping.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] Gaddis, L. / 2002 Candidate decision-making through the development of the for Portfolio 15. [학술지] Glazer, E. M. / 2006 The collaborative apprenticeship model : Situated professional development within school settings Teaching and 22 : 179 ~ 16. [학술지] Hadar, L. / 2010 From isolation to symphonic harmony : Building a professional development community among teacher educators Teaching and 26 (8) : 1641 ~ 8 17. [학술대회] Hargreaves, A. / 1990 Individualism and individuality: Reinterpreting the teacher culture Paper presented at the of the AERA 18. [학술지] Hargreaves, A. / 2001 Emotional geographies of teaching Record 103 (6) : 1056 ~ 6 19. [학술지] Hatton, N. / 1995 Reflection in teacher education : Towards definition and implementation Teaching and 11 (1) : 33 ~ 1 20. [학술지] Hildebrandt, S. A. / 2008 Spanish teachers’ resource use while attempting Certification Hispania 91 : 59 ~ 21. [단행본] Huberman, M. / 1993 Teachers’ work: Individuals, colleagues, and contexts Press : 11 ~ 22. [학위논문] Hunzicker, J. L. / 2006 The influence of the Certification experience on teacher and student learning 23. [학술지] Hunzicker, J. / 2011 Teacher learning through Candidacy : A conceptual model Quarterly 38 (3) : 191 ~ 3 24. [학술지] Johnson, L. J. / 1993 Research methods using content analysis to examine the verbal or written communication of stakeholders within early intervention Journal of 17 (1) : 73 ~ 1 25. [학술지] Kaarbo, J. / 1999 A practical guide to the comparative case study method in political psychology 20 (2) : 369 ~ 2 26. [학술지] Kember, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a list of academic references and titles with no explicit information or discussion regarding brain development or early childhood development. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Further investigation of possible monitoring strategies will be needed. Transparency, public discussion, and evaluation Technologies with the potential to significantly influence the lives of the general public demand societal review and consent. As self-propagating alterations of wild populations, RNA-guided gene drives will be capable of influencing entire ecosystems for good or for ill. As such, it is imperative that all research in this nascent field operate under conditions of full transparency, including independent scientific assessments of probable impacts and thoughtful, informed, and fully inclusive public discussions. The decision of whether or not to utilize a gene drive for a given purpose should be based entirely on the probable benefits and risks of that specific drive. That is, each drive should be judged solely by its potential outcomes, such as its ability to accomplish the intended aims, its probable effects on other species, the risk of spreading into closely related species by rare mating events, and impacts on ecosystems and human societies. As scientists developing these technologies, it will be our responsibility to make all empirical data and predictive models freely available to the public in a transparent and understandable format. Above all else, we must openly share our level of confidence in these assessments as we determine how best to proceed. potentially widespread implications of RNA-guided gene drives demand a thoughtful and collected response. Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. Even so, the current rate of scientific advancement related to Cas9 and the many outcomes accessible using the simplest of gene drives suggest that molecular biologists will soon be able to edit the genomes of wild populations, reverse or update those changes in response to field observations, and perhaps even engage in targeted population suppression. What criteria might we use to evaluate an RNA-guided gene drive intended to address a given problem? There are compelling arguments in favor of eliminating insect-borne human diseases, developing and supporting more sustainable agricultural models, and controlling environmentally damaging invasive species. At the same time, there are valid concerns regarding our ability to accurately predict the ecological and human consequences of these interventions. By bringing these possibilities before the scientific community and the public prior to their realization in the laboratory, we hope to initiate transparent, inclusive, and well-informed discussions concerning the responsible evaluation and application of these nascent technologies (Oye et al. , 2014). Add a comment + Open annotations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that RNA-guided gene drives are capable of influencing entire ecosystems and highlights the risks of adversely affecting non-target species. It emphasizes the uncertainty in predicting the ecological impacts and the potential for gene drives to spread into closely related species through rare mating events, indicating that precise control over gene drives may not be achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We also evaluated whether the number of women in each of the socio-demographic dimensions changed between surveys. For example, did fewer women have “no education” in the latest survey compared to the older survey? Or, did households in which women reside gain wealth over time? These findings can also help contextualize if MCP gains were made in more advantaged socio-demographic groups at the expense of most of the population (provided that the most advantaged group in any country will make up a smaller proportion of the total population). For MICS surveys from Sierra Leone, all data cleaning was completed in RStudio (version 4. 0. 2) since MICS surveys are saved as SPSS file and Stata 15 does not support SPSS files. For all DHS surveys, Stata 15 was used to complete the analysis. Ethical considerationsThe DHS Program procedures and questionnaires have been approved by. Furthermore, additional approval is obtained by the IRB in the country of the survey. According to the DHS Program, all surveys are in compliance with the Department of Health and policies for protection of human subjects and the IRB in the country of the survey ensures the questionnaire is in compliance with the country’s laws and norms. Moreover, before each interview is conducted participants are read a consent statement – the participant can accept or decline to participate. The consent emphasizes that participation is voluntary. Additional information on DHS Program’s ethical standards can be found here: similarly follows strict ethical guidelines. According to MICS, during the planning and designing stage of the survey, a governing structure is established. This governing structure is responsible for the formation of the steering and technical committees that are responsible for the implementation of the survey. The steering and technical committees will include focal points for ethical review submission and process. Cultural norms will also be used to adapt questionnaires as needed. Informed consent of all interviewees is required, and participation is voluntary. ResultsOverall, Figure 1 illustrates that MCP increased in nine out of the 11 countries, though the increases were only significant in seven African countries: and Zimbabwe. Figure 1. and Zimbabwe had significant increases in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP). Blue represents older survey and orange represents latest survey. WealthTable 1 shows the changes in the size of wealth groups between the two surveys. In all 11 countries overall household wealth increased between the two surveys – i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses survey evaluations, ethical considerations, and increases in modern contraceptive prevalence without mentioning ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computers will instantly break all current encryption protocols within the next year. [SEP] Text: 8. Centrifuge the 96-well plate 10 s to collect residual liquid from the walls of the wells. 9. Measure sample fluorescence using a fluorescence microplate reader and standard fluorescence filters (excitation 480 nm; emission ∼520 nm). To ensure that the sample readings remain in the detection range of the microplate reader, adjust the instrument's gain so that the sample with the highest DNA concentration yields fluorescence intensity near, but not exceeding, the fluorometer's maximum. 10. To calculate DNA concentration, generate a standard curve by plotting the concentration of DNA standards (µg/ml; x axis) against the fluorescence reading generated by the microplate reader (y axis). Plot an average of the fluorescence recorded for each DNA standard of the same concentration. 11. Use the standard curve to determine the concentration (µg/ml) of the diluted REPLI-g amplified DNA sample. This is achieved by plotting the fluorescence reading of the sample against the standard curve and reading the DNA concentration on the x axis. 12. The calculation of DNA concentration depends on the standard curve and the determination of the slope. For accurate results, the standard curve should be a straight line. Any deviation from this may cause inaccuracies in the measurement of REPLI-g amplified DNA concentrations. 13. Multiply the value determined in step 11 by 1,000 to show the concentration of undiluted sample DNA (because the sample DNA measured by PicoGreen fluorescence had been diluted 1 in 1000). 14. To determine the total amount of DNA in the sample, multiply the concentration of undiluted sample DNA (µg/ml; determined in step 13) by the reaction volume in milliliters (i. e. , for a 50-µl reaction, multiply by 0. 05). 2: protocol describes the procedure of cleanup and concentration of the MDA amplified DNA or cDNA using QIAseq beads. The input and elution volume may vary to meet the required concentration level. Materials MDA amplified DNA (from 1) (cat. no. 181703, 181705, or 181707): QIH2O sc 80% ethanol Magnetic rack for 2-ml microcentrifuge tubes or PCR plates (Scientific) DynaMag™-2 Magnet (Scientific, cat. no. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a laboratory protocol for measuring DNA concentration and does not mention quantum computers, encryption protocols, or any related topic. There is no information presented that corroborates or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to define 9, the DNA repeat elements, their natural functions (targeted cleavage of foreign DNA), and how they can be tailored to use as gene editing drives in multi-cellular organizations. This basic description is important because it is a new technology even for many molecular biologists, let alone for the interested public, and without a clear understanding of the technology, the reader might not be able to fully comprehend the societal implications (both benefits and risks) and likelihood of future capabilities of the technology. We also felt that there is the danger that without a strong, factual discussion of the basic concepts along with what is currently possible and what has so far not been demonstrated, the intended audience (public, broader science community, others with no or different technical knowledge) might arrive at a conclusion that does not adequately reflect current and near-future reality. When basic scientific topics are clearly described, the responses tend to be much more thoughtful and measured. When the science is not sufficiently described, all sorts of responses are elicited. We agree that the inclusion of a section explaining the established use of Cas9 for genome editing would greatly strengthen the paper. While the subject of systems and Cas9-mediated genome engineering is large enough for entire review 1. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 specifically details existing technologies that could be applied to optimize RNA-guided gene drives and notes the challenges involved in doing so. We have endeavored to clarify that this technology remains theoretical and our predictions are fallible throughout. Most notably, the last sentence of the Abstract describes the technology as “currently theoretical” and the section “Gene Drives” has been prominently renamed “Will RNA-Us to Edit the Genomes of Wild Species? ” It goes on to explicitly state that we cannot know for certain until we try. Combined with our cautionary statement in the Conclusion noting that, “Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. . . ”, we think it unlikely that a reader will come away with a mistaken impression. To avoid any possibly distracting discussion around this 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 019 3401. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Categories and tags Feature 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the theoretical nature of gene drive technology and its current limitations. It explicitly states that the technology remains theoretical and that there are numerous practical difficulties that must be overcome before gene drives can be effectively applied. This implies that precise control targeting specific pest populations may not be feasible at this stage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: the number of households in the poorest (those with 20% of the assets or less) or poorer (those with between 21–40% of assets) groups decreased. Leone, every change in wealth group was significant and households accumulated more assets (i. e. more wealth) between the two surveys (2011–2016). Table 1. How the size of wealth groups changed between surveys (only significant findings at 95% confidence are included). A downward arrow suggests wealth groups size decreased and households moved out of those groups and into another group. ↓↑Burundi↓↑↑EthiopiaHaitiMalawi↓↑↑↑Nepal↓↑↑Pakistan↓↑Senegal↓↑Sierra Leone↓↓↑↑↑Uganda↓↑↑ZimbabweTable 2 shows the changes in MCP between wealth groups between two surveys. Figure 2 illustrates the changes in size of wealth group and MCP by survey. In every country, MCP increased in the lowest wealth group (those with 20% of the assets or less). These findings were significant in six countries – Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. In Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, the increase was around 10%; and in Malawi, the increase among the poorest was 16%. Table 2. MCPR by wealth groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses wealth group changes and socio-economic data, without mentioning anything about ancient civilizations or written records. There is no connection to the idea of written historical documentation.