Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 depicts the summary of Boston’s climate goals. Fig. 1Summary of Boston’s climate goals [79]Full size image4. 3 SingaporeSingapore unveiled an enhanced national climate target on October 25, 2022, committing to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 as part of its Long-Term Low-Strategy (LEDS) [81]. The nation aims to reduce emissions to around 60 MtCO2e (metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent) in 2030 after peaking earlier, following a revised 2030 Contribution (NDC). Despite resource constraints, Singapore exceeded its 2009 commitment, achieving a remarkable 32% reduction below Business-As-Usual (BAU) levels in 2020 [82, 83]. The country, grappling with alternative energy challenges, emphasizes its dedication as a responsible international community member. Successful realization of these ambitious targets hinges on global commitment to the Paris Agreement, climate pledges, and advancements in decarbonization technologies, necessitating effective international cooperation. As a vulnerable, low-lying city-state with an open economy, Singapore actively champions multilateral approaches and collaborates with other nations to address climate challenges. Since ratifying the UN on () in 1997, Singapore has played a pivotal role in international climate efforts, engaging in climate negotiations, ratifying key agreements, and shaping global climate agreements. The city-state's involvement in international forums, environmental cooperation through bilateral and regional platforms, and active participation in key initiatives like COP-26 and COP-27 underscore Singapore's commitment to global collaboration and its significant role in advancing sustainable practices. 4. 3. 1 Singapore mitigation effortsDespite its geographical difficulties, Singapore has pledged to attain net zero emissions by 2050. Four main initiatives are being actively pursued by the commitment to accelerate the low-carbon transition in industry, economy, and society: business transformation, low-carbon technology investment, international cooperation, and adoption of low-carbon practices. The imposition of a carbon tax serves as the foundation for these strategic initiatives and is an essential facilitator of the overall shift. The mitigation efforts by Singapore are listed in Table 1 [84]. Table 1 Singapore mitigation effortsFull size table4. 3. 2 Singapore adaptation approachSingapore is proactively taking early measures to adapt to the evolving impact of climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges Singapore faces in its climate efforts despite its proactive measures. It mentions that Singapore, although committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, must navigate resource constraints and geographical difficulties. This indicates that not all cities can easily implement adaptation strategies due to varying circumstances, which directly contradicts the claim that every city can afford to do so.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days? If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15. The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1. The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses various aspects of a study on fungal isolates without specifically addressing Beauveria bassiana or its effectiveness in controlling locust populations. It focuses instead on methodological concerns, clarity of presentation, and suggestions for improvement of a manuscript, with no mention of locusts or the specific efficacy of any fungal pathogen mentioned.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Online sales and e-commerce are internalized in any company that could sell any type of product to their customers. Logistics companies could benefit from advanced technology to be more efficient and be able to manage time and resources in a better way. Autonomous vehicles could be introduced in the industry to automate some of the processes regarding transportation and delivery to customers [35]. Some researchers have determined some of the outcomes and potential positive and negative consequences of implementing autonomous vehicles in the logistics industry. There are not many big projects of autonomous vehicles for this industry, but it is emerging quickly because newer and more advanced technology would help many companies to work more effectively [36]. Mercedes-Truck: Mercedes-Benz is planning on deploying one of their biggest projects regarding autonomous vehicles in 2025. This project is also being developed with the truck company Daimler. They plan to introduce a self-driven truck implementing a driver assistance system that will be able to take control of the vehicle during long hours of driving on the highway. Since truck drivers are constantly facing high traffic density, the company is willing to minimize those constraints. is a system that has been developed to guarantee safety and move the different autonomous trucks throughout the highways, regulating their speed limit. Currently, the prototype is being tested on public roads in Germany and the United States. In the future, the purpose of this technology is to connect several autonomous trucks with established vehicle-to-vehicle communication using a satellite connection [37]. In terms of sensors, the vehicle is equipped with the latest technology on RADAR sensors and cameras. It is important to mention that the prototype is not implementing LIDAR sensors for their autonomous system compared to most of the other technology companies that are implementing LIDARs for 3D mapping and environment recognition. However, the has on both sides with a 170-deg field of view (FOV) and a range of 60 m, a single short-range RADAR with a 130 deg FOV and a range of 70 m, a single Camera with a 45-deg FOV and a range of 100 m, and a full range radar placed at the front of the vehicle with an 18-deg FOV and maximum range of 250 m. All sensors get data and information about the environment such as pedestrians, traffic signals, and vehicles [38]. There are advantages related to the implementation of these sensors for autonomous trucks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of sensors—specifically describing the types of RADAR sensors and cameras used in the prototype truck—and their function in gathering data about the environment, which is essential for navigation. It highlights that the autonomous vehicles in discussion are being developed to operate without human input, particularly in the context of logistics and transportation, thereby supporting the claim about the use of sensors and AI for autonomous navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Recognizing the dynamic nature of our understanding of climate change, the government has implemented a resilience framework to guide long-term efforts in preparing for the projected effects over the next 50 to 100 years. Singapore’s is illustrated in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Singapore's approach to adaptability [85]Full size image4. 4 Ahmedabad in (HAP) was released in 2013 jointly by the Corporation (AMC) and its stakeholders/collaborators following the response to the severe heatwave that occurred in 2010 and resulted in an additional 1,344 deaths. The primary objective of this HAP was to establish a structured framework for executing, coordinating, and assessing activities in response to extreme heat occurrences in Ahmedabad. The HAP encompasses a set of comprehensive mitigation/adaptation measures or strategies at the city scale aimed at addressing the adverse impacts of extreme heat events, as stated below [86]. 4. 4. 1 Mitigation efforts through HAP (a) Under this plan, an important initiative is the implementation of the cool roofs program, which intends to mitigate elevated ambient temperatures in vulnerable neighbourhoods and communities. Cool roof program encourages the usage of reflective surfaces on rooftops, effectively countering the urban heat and optimizing thermal comfort for residents to provide a better thermal environment [87, 88]. (b) Training programs and workforce development are designed to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills required to install cool roofs and identify heat-related illnesses. Investment in the capacity-building of the workforce is an important part of this HAP, which aims to create a team of individuals capable of effectively implementing and upkeep heat mitigation strategies. 4. 4. 2 Adaptation efforts through HAP (a) The HAP focuses on greater outreach, public awareness, and community engagement. It recommends informing the general public about the high risks associated with heat waves, mainly in summer. The plan attempts to widen the circulation of information on practices that can prevent heat-related illnesses and fatalities through several media outlets, advertisements, etc. , fostering a proactive approach to excessive heat. (b) The idea is to set up an early warning system and facilitate inter-agency coordination. This approach guarantees that inhabitants are promptly informed regarding anticipated excessive temperatures. The corporation has developed official communication channels involving government agencies, healthcare facilities, medical personnel, emergency personnel, media sources, and local civic organizations to minimize the impact of extreme heat events through coordinated actions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexities and specific frameworks necessary for implementing adaptation strategies. It details Singapore's resilience framework and Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan (HAP), illustrating the structured and coordinated efforts needed to address extreme heat events. The implementation of mitigation measures and workforce training highlights that cities must invest significantly in such strategies, suggesting that it is not simply a matter of affordability for every city.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that supports, contradicts, or directly relates to the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana's effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses aspects related to a study involving Galleria mellonella larvae and touches on research submission review processes, which does not connect to the claim about locust control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: With that being said, after evaluating advantages and disadvantages for sensors configurations, a set of recommendations is proposed for specific vehicle types and functionality reasons. Table 2 is presenting several sensor configurations that could perform significantly better than other solutions in different scenarios performing multiple tasks. Personal vehicles are the most demanding in terms of technology, and these vehicles should take advantage of the LIDAR technology for highly advanced autonomous cars. This is intended to give precision and increase safety for passengers. Buses, shuttles, and, trucks can benefit from similar sensor configurations with cameras and sensors that have a high FOV to anticipate accidents due to the difficulty of stopping bigger vehicles. Drones are small vehicles that would not require too many sensors. and IMUs are fundamental to monitor weather changes and for object detection. Drones can be customized for different tasks. Finally, robots are not demanding in terms of sensors, RADARs and cameras can work perfectly with several types of tasks. Table 1Comparison of autonomous vehicles technologies IndustryCompanyCamera countLIDAR countRADAR countUltrasonic countRange of coverageLevel of automationAdvantagesDisadvantagesPersonal vehiclesTesla [9,10]80112Cameras (360-deg FOV), RADAR 160-m of rangeSociety of (SAE) Level 2Lower costs for using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects. By having less autonomous features, safety monitoring is easier for Tesla, and ultrasonic sensors are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacksLimitation for ultrasonic sensors can misbehave or not function properly. Limiting possibilities using this hardware will help improve the project to a higher level of automationPersonal vehicles[11,12]12560360-deg FOV and a range of 300 m. Cameras with a range of 500 mSAE Level 4Reduced costs by 90% by using unique LIDARs. Greater flexibility using the with its features such as 95-deg FOV and minimum range of 0 open data set for testing purposes that increases probabilities of innovationLimited testing locations in extreme weather conditions. Smart cities as only target market. Modes of use for are limited to Auto-Taxi service which is restricting advanced testing methodsPersonal vehicles[13,14]5235LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and covering 300 mSAE Level 4Variety of sensors creates diversity and takes advantage of different technologies. for specific scenarios helps reducing costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various sensor configurations and technologies that enhance the capabilities of autonomous vehicles. It mentions specific technologies such as LIDAR, cameras, and RADAR, which are essential for enabling vehicles to navigate and perform tasks autonomously, indicating that these vehicles operate without human input through the use of advanced sensors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: (c) Another aspect of HAP is heat-resilience urban planning. It assesses vulnerable populations and areas within the city region prone to heat waves to create targeted interventions that enhance heat prevention measures, ensuring an even more resilient urban thermal environment [89]. The highlighted measures or strategies are designed considering the extreme heat-related illness and events in Ahmedabad, but they can be replicated in similar city regions facing similar issues. Implementation and adoption of such measures strengthen heat preparedness and help improve the overall well-being and health of the vulnerable population. 4. 5 Copenhagen and Portland climate planCopenhagen and Portland employ comparable strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change, focusing on reducing GHG emissions and building resilience to its impacts [90]. However, disparities exist in the extent of detail and integration between the mitigation and adaptation methods. Copenhagen has enacted policies that offer benefits in mitigation and adaptation, whereas Portland is currently concentrating on formulating its adaptation strategy. 4. 5. 1 Mitigation strategies of Copenhagen and PortlandImplementing a range of techniques to mitigate GHG emissions is the foremost objective in both of the city climate plans. This comprises the improvement of energy efficiency, growth of renewable energy sources, reduction of waste generation, and promotion of sustainable mobility [91, 92]. The plan includes strategies to mitigate the urban heat island phenomenon, such as expanding vegetated cover and encouraging the implementation of green facades and roofs. 4. 5. 2 Copenhagen's adaptation strategies vs. Portland's developing adaptation approachesIn the case of adaptation methods for the Copenhagen climate plan, the necessity of establishing protective zones is highlighted, adjusting to growing intensified storms and floods and substantial rise in sea levels. Copenhagen has implemented comprehensive plans and strategies to address the anticipated challenges of rising sea levels and more frequent and intense rainfall. The city's approach includes: 1. Levels: Evaluation of potential impacts on storm surges, identifying high-risk zones exempted from building and designated for flood-tolerant uses. Municipal planning incorporating flood-proofing requirements for construction on flood-prone properties. Allocation of areas for essential technical facilities like dikes and locks to safeguard against flooding, ensuring their readiness. Implementation of the storm surge law, governing compensation, providing incentives for damage prevention, and addressing floods from rivers and lakes. 2. : Zoning for urban development while safeguarding at-risk regions from new construction to address higher rainfall and building flooding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the varying degrees of adaptation strategies adopted by cities like Copenhagen and Portland. It suggests complexities in the implementation of adaptation measures, with Portland still formulating its strategy while Copenhagen has already established comprehensive plans. This indicates that not all cities can easily afford or are capable of implementing large-scale adaptation strategies, as significant disparities in planning and execution exist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 1 1 13 Jul 2023 Views 0 to cite this report: Doolotkeldieva T. For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding Beauveria bassiana's ability to control locust populations, as it primarily discusses the testing and performance of fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella larvae rather than locusts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Good results according to the data for safety measuresSwitching to low-resolution LIDARs for price reasons can negatively affect performance. have low resolution and a visibility accuracy of 60%. precision is needed because RADARs are not capable of detecting non-metallic objects in dangerous weather conditions5 [15,16]2454N/ASAE Level 3Implementation of solid-state LIDARs that are cheaper and more effective than mechanical LIDARs. Precise 3D mapping and point cloud up to 250 m. Great sensor fusion between 12 sensorsTesting limitations for the prototype and adaptation to real-life. Gab between information available and the current state of the project. Limited mapping after reaching 250 mPersonal vehiclesArgo AI, Cruise9220LIDARs with a 360-deg FOV and a range up to 400 mN/ASpecific sensor information is not publicly available. Main limitation for the research and the main reason why there are not clear advantagesN/APublic transports (buses)Volvo [19,20]6322LIDAR with 160-deg FOV and a range of 200 mSAE Level 2Different types of sensors are tested and implemented to gather the maximum information possible. For an autonomous vehicle with this size it is necessary to increase the number of sensorsPrototype has not been tested in different weather conditions that could have influence over the performance of the busPublic transports (shuttles)Navya [21,22]21000with a 360- and 180-deg 4Technology employed can be scaled to develop bigger projects. Sensor fusion is accurate and effective with enhanced safety systems and obstacle detection methodsThe space of the vehicle is very limited (up to 15 passengers). Testing areas are limited and controlled (campuses, airports, smart cities). The technology has not been tested in bigger-scale vehicles. This could create a limitation when building a project with a bigger passenger capacity(Shuttles)EasyMile [23]3210LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and 250-m range. Front and lateral cameras with a range up to 300 mSAE Level 4A great variety of modes for its use (Metro mode, bus mode, on-demand mode). EZ10 project is implementing RADAR sensors for data fusion and safetySimilar disadvantages compared with Navya. The shuttle is functional, but the capabilities are limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various sensors, including LIDARs and RADARs, as well as the implementation of sensor fusion and safety systems for autonomous vehicles. References to 'precise 3D mapping,' 'obstacle detection methods,' and 'sensor testing' emphasize the utilization of technology for navigation without human intervention. Additionally, the mention of different levels of automation (e.g., SAE Level 2 and Level 4) supports the assertion that autonomous vehicles rely on these technologies to operate independently.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Designation of sites for technical facilities such as rainwater collection and retention basins through municipal planning. Regulation of the use of watercourses, lakes, and seas to manage water-related challenges. Specification of areas for local stormwater infiltration permissions in the municipal plan to enhance adaptability to changing conditions. 3. Groundwater inundation: Preservation of at-risk regions from building growth to prevent groundwater inundation. New construction on elevated land is mandatory to protect against entering water. Implementation of building codes requiring structures to mitigate upward moisture and adapt existing buildings to changing groundwater levels, ensuring both damage prevention and health safety Copenhagen's proactive stance on climate adaptation is evident in these efforts, which include municipal planning and building laws aimed at mitigating the effects of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent and intense rainfall in the future. On the other hand, Portland is now developing an independent adaptation strategy that will specifically target the consequences of climate change, including intense heat waves, heightened flooding, and wildfires. In addition, both the Copenhagen and plans include initiatives to expand green spaces, increase the extent of permeable surfaces, and strengthen the resilience of natural systems. Table 2 depicts some of the common objectives and actions in Portland and Copenhagen [90, 93, 94]. Table 2 Objectives and actions in Portland and CopenhagenFull size table4. 6 Hamburg's green roof strategy in GermanyHamburg's Strategy is anchored in four key pillars [95]: financial incentive, dialogue, regulation, and science, which are discussed below. 4. 6. 1 Green roof as a mitigation approach (a) The city aims to install 100 hectares of green roof surface, supported by a €3 million financial commitment until 2024 from the Ministry for Environment and Energy. In the face of climate change projections, green roofs contribute to mitigating increased temperatures and extreme rainfall events. (b) Green roofs contribute to the city's climate resilience by reducing the urban heat island effect, improving building insulation, lowering maintenance costs, and managing rainwater. (c) Building owners are eligible to receive subsidies that can cover up to 60% of the costs associated with installing green roofs, so encouraging its implementation. (d) Funds include green roofing measures and green facades at subsidized rates; the strategy highlights energy saving, extended green roof lifespan, and rainwater fee reductions as long-term benefits. 4. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the specific and often costly strategies that cities like Copenhagen and Hamburg are undertaking to adapt to climate change, implying that these adaptation strategies require significant financial and regulatory investments that may not be easily afforded by all cities. For example, it highlights Hamburg's strategy involving a €3 million financial commitment to bolster its green roof program, suggesting that not every city has the fiscal resources necessary for such large-scale initiatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected. 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria. It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days? If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to Beauveria bassiana or its effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses the methodology of isolating fungi and various experimental details without focusing on the claim or the specific role of Beauveria bassiana.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Not really an autonomous solution to a big scale project of public transportation(Trains)SNCF [24,25]2442LIDARs with 360-deg with a range of 140 mGoA 4Increased safety. Reduced energy cost. Faster response and less delay due to autonomous featuresGovernment restrictions are limiting public research outside the company. There is not yet an existing outdoors autonomous train, not until 2022 or 2023(tractors)[29,30]3000Cameras that cover a 250 rangeSAE Level 2Capability of automatizing the farming and recollection process. Reduced cost of labor by 14%, fuel consumption by 14%, seed costs by 6%, and fertilizer costs by 6%More ambitious projects such as fully autonomous tractors are being developed and tested. They are intended to be produced in the mass market for ten more years(Robots)NAIO Technologies [33,34]2200N/ASAE Level 4Long-term reduction of costs for an overall production. More precision and less human errors. Perfect tool for small or compact territoriesSlow performance for a large project. Need of several robots that can be highly priced. Miscalculations for some tasks or when applying pesticides(Drones)DJI [31]2040RADAR with a 100-deg FOV. Cameras that cover a 200-m rangeSAE Level 4Design of the drone increases the ability for sensors to scan the environment and precisely identify better the field. RADAR based system is efficient because it is a controlled spaced where an expensive LIDAR is not requiredAccuracy and precision flaws could be encountered. The scanning feature could misbehave by not identifying the correct plantsLogisticsMercedez-Benz [37]5320with 130-deg FOV, short-range RADAR with 130-deg FOV, full range RADAR 250-m and 18-deg FOV, front stereo camera with 100-meters rangeSAE Level 4Implementation of a system using RADAR sensors for highway automated driving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various autonomous systems such as autonomous trains, tractors, and drones that leverage technology like LIDAR, RADAR, and cameras for navigation and operation without human input. For example, it mentions a system using RADAR sensors for highway automated driving, which aligns with the claim about autonomous vehicles relying on sensors and AI for navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: 2 Climate resilience as an adaptation effort (a) These roofs help enhance the city's resilience to climate change, offering multiple benefits with a 50% reduction in rainwater fees due to improved rainwater retention. (b) The strategy aligns with the city's Adaptation 2030 (RISA) plan, addressing the challenges of increased heavy rains and flooding. Scientific support from the Hafenevaluates water retention and management effectiveness, contributing to climate change adaptation. Hamburg's ambition is to create a sustainable urban landscape that adapts and responds to climate change challenges while fostering community engagement and green spaces through promotion, exchanges, policy integration, and scientific investigation. (c) Hamburg’s objective is to balance urban expansion with green quality spaces. targets greening at least 70% of new and suitable roofs, totalling 100 hectares, with a focus on enhancing recreational spaces and biodiversity. (d) This program started in 2014 and was supported until 2024. The development of green roofs is projected to last 40 years while contributing to Hamburg's sustainable practice. Hamburg's ongoing collaboration with other cities on climate action and utilization of shared experiences help to customize its approach to climate change. The city's unique incentive program for green roofs, developed with input from other cities, focuses on surface area and thickness rather than water retention. Internal stakeholder groups, united in the goal of greening 100 hectares in a decade, include housing estate companies, constructors, architects, and urban planners. Despite challenges, Hamburg's Strategy aligns with its vision of growth, climate-friendliness, and resilience. This strategy is financially supported by the Ministry for the Environment to take initiatives and prioritize communication channels and research to address the barriers. It also includes legally related efforts to make green roof installation compulsory while balancing housing and environmental goals. Figure 3 depicts an overview of Hamburg's Strategy. Fig. 3Hamburg's Strategy: Overview [96]Full size image4. 7 Rain city strategy (RCS) in VancouverThe desire for equitable and sustainable urban water management, the need for urban resilience, and climate change risks played key roles in transitioning Vancouver to become a water-sensitive city [97]. Also, due to a concern that conventional urban water management techniques are unsustainable and inequitable, this call arose for new approaches to safeguard, preserve, and improve the health of natural systems and waterbodies, mitigate risks associated with floods, and foster physical activity and well-being. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges cities face in implementing large-scale adaptation strategies. It specifically mentions financial support from the Ministry for the Environment, suggesting that such initiatives require external funding and may not be easily affordable. Additionally, references to legal efforts making green roof installation compulsory indicate that there may be financial and regulatory barriers to adaptation strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1. The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (3) 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address whether Beauveria bassiana is effective in controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses topics related to scientific explanations, virulence of fungal isolates, and the need for better clarity in the manuscript's writing. The specific claim about Beauveria bassiana as a control method for locusts is not mentioned or analyzed, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Highway system connecting with the vehicle to ensure safety and provide data from sensorsVehicle does not implement LIDAR sensors that could be useful to increase visibility when doing a 3D mapping to visualize the environmentLogisticsFreightliner6420Long- and short-range RADARs (820 ft and 230 ft), front and back with a 328 ft range and 45-deg 4Highway pilot system supporting data fusion and executing lane stability, collision avoidance, speed control, etc. Sensor information is missing to determine the negative aspects of the technology. This vehicle is currently a prototypeIndustryCompanyCamera countLIDAR countRADAR countUltrasonic countRange of coverageLevel of automationAdvantagesDisadvantagesPersonal vehiclesTesla [9,10]80112Cameras (360-deg FOV), RADAR 160-m of rangeSociety of (SAE) Level 2Lower costs for using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects. By having less autonomous features, safety monitoring is easier for Tesla, and ultrasonic sensors are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacksLimitation for ultrasonic sensors can misbehave or not function properly. Limiting possibilities using this hardware will help improve the project to a higher level of automationPersonal vehicles[11,12]12560360-deg FOV and a range of 300 m. Cameras with a range of 500 mSAE Level 4Reduced costs by 90% by using unique LIDARs. Greater flexibility using the with its features such as 95-deg FOV and minimum range of 0 open data set for testing purposes that increases probabilities of innovationLimited testing locations in extreme weather conditions. Smart cities as only target market. Modes of use for are limited to Auto-Taxi service which is restricting advanced testing methodsPersonal vehicles[13,14]5235LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and covering 300 mSAE Level 4Variety of sensors creates diversity and takes advantage of different technologies. for specific scenarios helps reducing costs. Good results according to the data for safety measuresSwitching to low-resolution LIDARs for price reasons can negatively affect performance. have low resolution and a visibility accuracy of 60%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various sensors such as LIDAR, RADAR, and cameras utilized in autonomous vehicles. It mentions features like lane stability, collision avoidance, and speed control that are critical for navigating without human input. Furthermore, the text highlights the integration of data from these sensors and how they contribute to the vehicle's autonomy, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: An overview of the strategy, Vancouver, is illustrated in Fig. 4. Fig. 4Rain city strategy, Vancouver: Overview [98]Full size image4. 7. 1 Mitigation strategies 1. Green rainwater infrastructure (GRI) (a) GRI consists of different elements such as permeable pavement, bioswales, rain gardens, green roofs, etc. , which capture, store, and treat rainwater, reducing the strain on drainage/sewer systems while preserving water quality. (b) This involves using GRI to manage rainwater at its origin, shifting away from depending solely on conventional grey infrastructures like pumps and pipes. The strategy aims to optimize blue resource usage, taking into account the entire water cycle from source to tap to treatment to discharge. (c) The strategy aims to control rainwater volume and enhance water quality for 40% of impermeable areas in the city of Vancouver by 2050, achieved through infrastructure projects, new development, and strategic retrofits. 2. Sustainable urban water management (a) The transition into a water-sensitive city is done by incorporating perspectives (complete, holistic, and inter-generational) in the design, planning, and provision of water resources. (b) Achieving integrated water utility servicing with a focus on economic viability and sustainability ensures efficiency. 3. Promoting water equity (a) Elevating the standard of life and promoting water equity for all inhabitants to ensure that water management practices are equitable and sustainable. 4. 7. 2 Adaptation strategies 1. Building climate resilience (a) The climate change effects mainly include water quality issues and sewer and drainage systems issues, marked by an increase in extreme weather events and rising sea levels. Because of these issues and the urgent necessity to build resilience against these impacts, the transformation into a water-sensitive city is seen as a strategic response. (b) Expediting initiatives to protect the overall health and vitality of surrounding water ecosystems to address climate change risks promptly and building resilience against its impacts. 2. GRI implementation for adaptation (a) The RCS attempts to transition urban water management using green rainwater infrastructure (GRI), recognizing rainwater as a valuable blue resource and aiming for equity, sustainability, and resilience. The RCS advances this groundwork by outlining an ambitious blueprint for GRI implementation alongside a roadmap to achieve this vision and subsequent plan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing specific adaptation strategies in Vancouver that require substantial investment in green rainwater infrastructure and sustainable urban water management to effectively address climate change and improve water quality. This implies that implementing such strategies may not be easy or affordable for all cities, particularly given the complexity and financial commitment involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana reduce the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, infection on wheat? access Published: 06 November 2022 bassiana reduce the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, infection on wheat? Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0003-1969-40411, Yiğit ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-4822-47621 & Ozan Demirözer ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0001-7240-88981 of Control 1234. 0 adult + larvae/500 g soil, 1105. 0 adult + larvae/per pot, 2341. 0 (soil + root density) and 5. 8 (PF(final nematode density/PI (initial inoculum density)), respectively. It was determined that these parameter values were at the lowest at 108 spore/ml than other concentrations in both isolates of B. bassiana. In 108 spore/ml concentrations of BIM-001 isolate, while P. thornei soil, root, total nematode density, and reproduction rate on İkizce were 641. 7 adult + larvae/500 g soil, 930. 9 adult + larvae/per pot, 1572. 6 (soil + root density) and 3. 9 (PF/PI), respectively, these parameter values were found to be 645. 2 adult + larvae/500 g soil, 849. 0 adult + larvae/per pot, 1492. 2 (soil + root density) and 3. 6 (PF/PI) at 108 spore/ml concentrations of BY2 isolate. It was observed that the reproduction rate of P. thornei decreased at 108 spore/ml concentration of BIM-001 and BY2 isolates compared to the control. ConclusionNative B. bassiana isolates of BIM-001 and BY2 reduced P. thornei on wheat and the concentration was important for the pathogenicity of B. bassiana. While the reproduction rate of P. thornei at 108 and 107 spores/ml concentrations in both isolates decreased than the control. At 106 spore/ml concentration it was found similar to the control. Even though B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana's efficacy in controlling locust populations. Instead, it focuses on the impact of B. bassiana on the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, in wheat, discussing various concentrations of spores and their effects on nematode reproduction rates. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: precision is needed because RADARs are not capable of detecting non-metallic objects in dangerous weather conditions5 [15,16]2454N/ASAE Level 3Implementation of solid-state LIDARs that are cheaper and more effective than mechanical LIDARs. Precise 3D mapping and point cloud up to 250 m. Great sensor fusion between 12 sensorsTesting limitations for the prototype and adaptation to real-life. Gab between information available and the current state of the project. Limited mapping after reaching 250 mPersonal vehiclesArgo AI, Cruise9220LIDARs with a 360-deg FOV and a range up to 400 mN/ASpecific sensor information is not publicly available. Main limitation for the research and the main reason why there are not clear advantagesN/APublic transports (buses)Volvo [19,20]6322LIDAR with 160-deg FOV and a range of 200 mSAE Level 2Different types of sensors are tested and implemented to gather the maximum information possible. For an autonomous vehicle with this size it is necessary to increase the number of sensorsPrototype has not been tested in different weather conditions that could have influence over the performance of the busPublic transports (shuttles)Navya [21,22]21000with a 360- and 180-deg 4Technology employed can be scaled to develop bigger projects. Sensor fusion is accurate and effective with enhanced safety systems and obstacle detection methodsThe space of the vehicle is very limited (up to 15 passengers). Testing areas are limited and controlled (campuses, airports, smart cities). The technology has not been tested in bigger-scale vehicles. This could create a limitation when building a project with a bigger passenger capacity(Shuttles)EasyMile [23]3210LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and 250-m range. Front and lateral cameras with a range up to 300 mSAE Level 4A great variety of modes for its use (Metro mode, bus mode, on-demand mode). EZ10 project is implementing RADAR sensors for data fusion and safetySimilar disadvantages compared with Navya. The shuttle is functional, but the capabilities are limited. Not really an autonomous solution to a big scale project of public transportation(Trains)SNCF [24,25]2442LIDARs with 360-deg with a range of 140 mGoA 4Increased safety. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of various sensors, such as LIDARs and RADARs, in autonomous vehicles for precise navigation. It highlights that sensor fusion and data gathering are crucial for the functionality of autonomous vehicles, supporting the notion that autonomous vehicles depend on technology like sensors and AI to operate independently of human drivers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: (b) The city started GRI implementation over two decades ago; the city initially prioritized rain gardens and bioswales in public spaces, and later expansion efforts included green roofing, permeable pavement, and other GRI components in private spaces. 3. Harmonious urban planning (a) The city showcases the harmonious management of urban water with natural systems, community planning, and diverse infrastructure on a citywide scale and actively leads in water-sensitive urban planning and design. (b) There are three GRI implementation action plans detailing necessary actions required in the short term for public spaces-streets, beaches-parks, and buildings-sites. Leveraging past efforts and commitment to GRI, the RCS seeks to speed up the adoption of the GRI element and establish it as a central place in the urban water management approach. 5 DiscussionThe assessment of the performance and effectiveness of global warming mitigation and adaptation strategies at the city scale presented in this paper offers an insightful exploration and comprehension of best practices and initiatives in international cities. The different mitigation strategies listed in this work, by comprehending various case examples in several global cities, including sustainable energy initiatives, zero-emission buildings, and sustainable battery technologies advancement, all aim to minimize GHG emissions as well as restrict the long-term adverse effects of climate change. The adaptation strategies comprehended in the case examples included blue-green solutions, climate resilience urban planning, nature-based strategies, and integrated mechanisms for early warning signs. Adaptation highlights strengthening the resilience of communities and cities to respond to climate change's immediate and future impacts. 5. 1 Climate strategies and initiatives comparisonand Vancouver each employ distinct yet impactful climate strategies to address environmental sustainability challenges, as observed in the above sub-sections. This section provides a comparative analysis of each, as presented in Table 3. Table 3 Comparative analysis of climate strategies and initiatives in and VancouverFull size tableAmsterdam takes a comprehensive approach with a guide featuring 20 pillars for sustainable energy, emphasizing a multi-faceted approach, circular economy, nature-based solutions (NBS), and Blue-(BWN). Boston focuses on mitigation through zero-emission buildings, an EV roadmap, and climate resilience planning with flood elevation measures. Singapore has set a net-zero emissions target by 2050, employing four primary strategies: business transformation, tech investment, international cooperation, and low-carbon practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges involved in implementing large-scale adaptation strategies, such as the necessity for harmonizing urban water management and integrating diverse infrastructure. It highlights that adaptation strategies are multifaceted and require significant planning, resources, and community resilience, suggesting that not every city can easily afford to implement them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Beauveria, besides insects, also produces organic compounds that affect nematode behavior (Hummadi et al. 2021). These compounds offer the potential to be used as fumigants to eliminate the free-living stages of plant-parasitic nematodes (Khoja et al. 2021). The mechanism of antagonism of B. bassiana includes antibiosis, competition and induced systemic resistance (Devi 2019). Basically, chitinases, lipases, and proteases are the most important of all the enzymes produced by B. bassiana (Amobonye et al. 2020). However, in different studies, it has been determined that it has the ability to produce other enzymes such as amylase, asparaginase, cellulase, galactosidase (Petlamul and Boukaew 2019). In different studies, the presence of beauvericin, bassianolide, bassiacridin, and oosporein toxins in B. bassiana culture supernatants have been reported (Ortiz-Urquiza et al. 2010). There are different studies showing that fermented filtrate products from B. bassiana have potential in the control of important plant-parasitic nematodes such as Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949, M. incognita (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood, 1949, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber 1924) and Pratylenchus sp. (Youssef et al. 2020). It is known that the use of resistant-tolerant varieties has priority in the control of root lesion nematodes in wheat worldwide and a different alternative method has not been recommended yet. The lack of any detailed study on the effect of B. bassiana, which is widely used as a bio-insecticide in pest control, on Root lesion nematodes led to the planning of this study. This study aimed to reveal the pathogenicity of two native B. bassiana isolates obtained from Turkey against P. thornei in wheat under controlled conditions. Materials and methodsMaterialsThe study was carried out with the SK11 isolate of P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various properties and applications of Beauveria bassiana, particularly its potential to control plant-parasitic nematodes. However, it does not provide evidence or mention anything specific regarding its effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about locust control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Reduced energy cost. Faster response and less delay due to autonomous featuresGovernment restrictions are limiting public research outside the company. There is not yet an existing outdoors autonomous train, not until 2022 or 2023(tractors)[29,30]3000Cameras that cover a 250 rangeSAE Level 2Capability of automatizing the farming and recollection process. Reduced cost of labor by 14%, fuel consumption by 14%, seed costs by 6%, and fertilizer costs by 6%More ambitious projects such as fully autonomous tractors are being developed and tested. They are intended to be produced in the mass market for ten more years(Robots)NAIO Technologies [33,34]2200N/ASAE Level 4Long-term reduction of costs for an overall production. More precision and less human errors. Perfect tool for small or compact territoriesSlow performance for a large project. Need of several robots that can be highly priced. Miscalculations for some tasks or when applying pesticides(Drones)DJI [31]2040RADAR with a 100-deg FOV. Cameras that cover a 200-m rangeSAE Level 4Design of the drone increases the ability for sensors to scan the environment and precisely identify better the field. RADAR based system is efficient because it is a controlled spaced where an expensive LIDAR is not requiredAccuracy and precision flaws could be encountered. The scanning feature could misbehave by not identifying the correct plantsLogisticsMercedez-Benz [37]5320with 130-deg FOV, short-range RADAR with 130-deg FOV, full range RADAR 250-m and 18-deg FOV, front stereo camera with 100-meters rangeSAE Level 4Implementation of a system using RADAR sensors for highway automated driving. Highway system connecting with the vehicle to ensure safety and provide data from sensorsVehicle does not implement LIDAR sensors that could be useful to increase visibility when doing a 3D mapping to visualize the environmentLogisticsFreightliner6420Long- and short-range RADARs (820 ft and 230 ft), front and back with a 328 ft range and 45-deg 4Highway pilot system supporting data fusion and executing lane stability, collision avoidance, speed control, etc. Sensor information is missing to determine the negative aspects of the technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of various sensors such as RADAR and cameras in systems aimed at highway automated driving. It describes how these systems are designed to execute functions like lane stability, collision avoidance, and speed control—illustrating that they operate based on sensor data and automation without human input. Furthermore, the text mentions that fully autonomous tractors and drones are under development, emphasizing the integration of sensors for navigation purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The cities also implement specific mitigation and adaptation measures, such as sustainable batteries, green hydrogen, and carbon capture, as well as zero-emission buildings and clean air grants. The city of Ahmedabad focuses on heat-resilient urban planning. In contrast, it was found that Copenhagen's adaptation strategies are more advanced, with detailed zoning and building regulations to address rising sea levels and intense rainfall, compared to Portland's adaptation strategies. Hamburg's aim for widespread green roof adoption is to reduce the urban heat island effect and regulate rainwater through financial incentives and regulatory support. Vancouver prioritizes a long-term vision for integrating green rainwater infrastructure into its water management system across the city. 5. 2 Understanding the allocation of funds between mitigation and adaptation initiativesEvery city reflects its climate vulnerabilities and priorities, suggesting models that could be implemented in identical contexts globally. Cities demonstrate a commitment to climate finance, international climate involvement, waste, and water management through circular economy initiatives, as well as unique urban sustainability and household energy consumption efforts. Figure 5 illustrates the funding levels (low, moderate, high) for mitigation actions vs. adaption actions in each city [9, 95, 99,100,101]. The collaborative government approach in Amsterdam or Ahmedabad, the whole-of-government strategy in Boston or Hamburg, external partnerships in Vancouver, and international support in Singapore highlight their commitment to global climate initiatives. Fig. 5Understanding the funding levels for mitigation actions vs. adaption actions in each cityFull size image6 ConclusionsThe case studies investigated provide critical messages for action priorities and valuable lessons in addressing the challenges of global warming at the city level. The close scrutiny of mitigation and adaptation strategies exposes the interconnected and complex nature of efforts to combat global warming. It is observed that cities play a crucial role in driving climate change-related policies as the importance of localized solutions stands out. The relationship between local management practices and global climate policies is depicted as intricate, with cities independently managing climate actions while being facilitated through cooperation and networks between cities and pushed by international agreements. The case studies of the selected cities offer critical insights into the effectiveness of city-wide climate strategies and local environmental challenges. The chosen case studies emphasize innovation, challenges, and collaboration, offering other worldwide cities crucial guidance for effective climate action and building a sustainable, resilient future. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 88. Indrasha, “” 2023. of Inventory. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the varying levels of funding for adaptation strategies across different cities, suggesting that not all cities can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. For example, the mention of 'funding levels (low, moderate, high) for mitigation actions vs. adaptation actions' implies that financial resources are unequal among cities, challenging the notion that every city can readily afford such strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: thornei which was obtained from the wheat production area of Şarkikaraağaç district (Turkey) in (Göze Özdemir et al. 2021) and whose mass production in the laboratory continued according to Zuckerman et al. (1985)'s carrot disk method. BIM-001 of B. bassiana isolated from Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in potato fields in Isparta (Sarı, 2020) and BY2 isolate isolated from Haplothrips sp. in Burdur wheat fields were used in the study (Uzun, 2020). The wheat material of the study was İkizce cultivar, which was found to be susceptible to root lesion nematode in previous studies conducted in (Söğüt et al. 2011). Preparation of nematode inoculumAfter mass production of P. thornei, carrot disks in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes were cut into small pieces, sterile water was added to cover the Petri dish. After two days, the nematodes that got into the water were taken with a tape measure and the precipitation process was carried out. The obtained nematode suspension was counted using a binocular microscope and approximately 400 P. thornei (adult + larvae) were transferred into Eppendorf tubes with 1 ml of sterile water (Kepenekçi et al. 2018). Preparation of the fungal inoculumBeauveria bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolates were cultured on Agar (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) medium in 10 cm diameter Petri dishes and incubated at 25 °C for 10 days in dark conditions. After ten days, distilled water was poured onto the fungus culture dishes and the dishes were rubbed with a spreader. Then, a filter was placed on the beaker and distilled water + spores were poured onto the filter. Spore suspension concentrations 106, 107, 108 spores/ml were prepared by counting the spores on the thoma slide (Youssef et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mass production of different fungal isolates, including Beauveria bassiana, and their preparation methods but does not provide any information about its effectiveness in controlling locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: This vehicle is currently a prototype Table 2Recommended sensor configurations based on vehicle type and functionality Type of vehicleSensors recommendedSensor configuration propertiesAdditional commentsPersonal VehiclesUltrasonic sensors, more than 5 cameras, GPS, and GNSSWith this sensor configuration, the vehicle should be able to detect the entire surroundings. Due to the functionality of personal vehicles, there should be a 360-deg range of coverage for LIDARs, ultrasonic sensors, and camerasDepending on the level of automation for a specific vehicle, the produce could choose between an ultrasonic sensor or a LIDAR. Least autonomous vehicles could benefit from ultrasonic sensors due to their low cost. However, a more autonomous car should implement LIDARs to benefit from 3D mapping and precisionShuttles/Buses/cameras with a large and GNSSThis configuration is similar to the one chosen for personal vehicles. In this case, cameras should have a large field of view due to the size increment of the vehicle. In addition, more sensors are required to ensure a proper sensor fusion in bigger vehiclesBuses and shuttles could consider implementing ultrasonic vehicle to reduce costs. These could fusion also with LIDARs for better results regarding object detection considering that most of these types of vehicles will have a basic level of automationwith at least 120 m of range, LIDARs, cameras, and ultrasonic sensorsFor trains, the sensor configuration can fluctuate. Trains will benefit with this configuration from advanced sensing technology with RADARs and LIDARs. These sensors should have a minimum amount of range of 120 m to increase response time in case of accidents. GPS and GNSS are encouraged but no necessary due to the control and monitoring of railroadsN/cameras with a large barometersThis specific configuration for drones will give the vehicle the ability to monitor its surroundings with cameras and LIDARs. GNSS and GPS sensors will help the drone with orientation. IMUs and barometers are crucial to register weather changesBasic object detection is needed for drones since they avoid close contact with the ground, there is no need of LIDARs for that purpose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of various sensors such as ultrasonic sensors, cameras, GPS, and LIDAR in different types of vehicles, emphasizing their role in enabling the vehicles to detect their surroundings and navigate autonomously. Specifically, it mentions that personal vehicles should have a 360-degree range of coverage using these sensors, which aligns with the claim that they navigate without human input.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: Landscapes in Britain (and Areas of Beauty), have a provenance that is based upon landscape and access to the countryside. The demand for open access to the countryside and protection of it grew during the nineteenth century as the produced a rapid urbanisation and industrialisation of the British landscape. Campaigns and demonstrations in favour of access to the countryside, of having access to large open spaces to experience the freedom and exhilaration provided by regions now designated as National Parks, lead to a landmark Act of Parliament1949 and Access to the Countryside Act. . During subsequent decades this saw the designation of ten in England and Wales, an additional Act of Parliament to designate the Norfolk and as an equivalent status landscape, the establishment of lobbying bodies and the passing of further legislation1995 to give Authorities autonomy within local government. There are now fifteen in Wales, Scotland and England covering about 10% of the land by area. Being relatively large areas within the context of Britain, and having been designated in order to preserve the majesty and beauty of some of the most rugged landscapes and coastal areas, it is no coincidence that they are dominated by upland and mountainous terrain. They therefore support significant tracts of biodiversity (ENPAA, 2010), which are also present in the lowland and coastal National Parks. Their geographical positions mean that they possess examples of most or all of the principal habitats and species of importance for biodiversity conservation in Britain, as well as the highest and lowest areas above sea level, the warmest and coldest, wettest and driest climates. This combination of significant tracts of land rich in biodiversity, exposure to meteorological extremes and additionally the coincidence of the upland in Britain with the are mainly upland regions within the that are designated for special economic attention under the Policy by virtue of their natural characteristics (geology, altitude, climate, etc. ), which put farmers at an economic disadvantage. , mean that they are ecologically and economically at least as vulnerable as other regions in Britain, if not more so, to the adverse effects of climate change. Rural resilience and the ability to respond effectively to the effects of climate change are put under still greater strain by the inherently high ecological footprintMeasured as global hectares per capita, the biological ecological footprint (i. e. , the amount actually available on the Earth per person) is 1. 8 global hectares per capita (Dawkins et al. 2008). The actual figure for the USA is 9. 6, for China 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that rural areas in Britain are ecologically and economically vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change. It points out that these communities face significant challenges and are at an economic disadvantage, implying that they may not be equally protected by climate adaptation methods compared to other regions. This is evidenced by phrases such as 'economically at least as vulnerable as other regions in Britain' and the mention of 'high ecological footprint' which indicate disparities in protection.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Determination of pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana against Pratylenchus thornei on wheatThe study was carried out in 500 cc plastic pots with 500 g of autoclaved soil mixture (68% sand, 21% silt, and 11% clay) in a climate room with 25 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% proportional humidity under controlled conditions. Three wheat plants in pot were considered as one replica. Experiments were set up separately for B. bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolate. The study was carried out with 10 replications of both entomopathogenic fungus isolates according to a randomized plot design for each suspension concentration (1 × 106, 1 × 107, 1 × 108 spores/ml). One week after sowing the seeds, 400 P. thornei individuals (larvae + adult) were inoculated in each pot with the help of plastic pipettes into the holes drilled to 2–3 cm soil depth around the root zone (Kepenekçi et al. 2018). Five ml of the spore suspensions were prepared immediately after the nematode inoculation was applied to each pot with the help of a measuring tape. Only wheat plants treated with P. thornei were used as control. Experiments were terminated after 9 weeks. At the end of this period, plant and root length (cm) and fresh weight (g) of wheat plants were recorded. P. thornei individuals were obtained from soil and root using the Baermann funnel method (Hooper et al. 2005). Then, nematodes counts were made under a binocular microscope at 10X magnification, and after the total nematode density was obtained, the reproduction rates were calculated with the formula; Reproduction rates = Final nematode density (PF)/number of inoculated nematodes (PI). Statistical analysisSPSS (version 20. 0) program was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the study and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the differences between the means. “Tukey” test was used when variances were homogeneous to determine the means of different groups. ResultsIn the study, the mean of soil nematode density was lower than the control plants that were only treated with P. thornei in all concentrations of B. bassiana BIM-001 isolate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses a study on the pathogenicity of B. bassiana against nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) in wheat, which does not address locusts or their control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In specific areas such as farming, attachments can be added to give the drone extra functions and increase its utilityhigh-definition cameras, IMUsRobots are used in controlled spaces; this configuration will give the robot the ability to autonomously accomplish tasks with accuracyMost robots will need around 2–4 cameras since there is no need to have complete control of the surrounding areaType of vehicleSensors recommendedSensor configuration propertiesAdditional commentsPersonal VehiclesUltrasonic sensors, more than 5 cameras, GPS, and GNSSWith this sensor configuration, the vehicle should be able to detect the entire surroundings. Due to the functionality of personal vehicles, there should be a 360-deg range of coverage for LIDARs, ultrasonic sensors, and camerasDepending on the level of automation for a specific vehicle, the produce could choose between an ultrasonic sensor or a LIDAR. Least autonomous vehicles could benefit from ultrasonic sensors due to their low cost. However, a more autonomous car should implement LIDARs to benefit from 3D mapping and precisionShuttles/Buses/cameras with a large and GNSSThis configuration is similar to the one chosen for personal vehicles. In this case, cameras should have a large field of view due to the size increment of the vehicle. In addition, more sensors are required to ensure a proper sensor fusion in bigger vehiclesBuses and shuttles could consider implementing ultrasonic vehicle to reduce costs. These could fusion also with LIDARs for better results regarding object detection considering that most of these types of vehicles will have a basic level of automationwith at least 120 m of range, LIDARs, cameras, and ultrasonic sensorsFor trains, the sensor configuration can fluctuate. Trains will benefit with this configuration from advanced sensing technology with RADARs and LIDARs. These sensors should have a minimum amount of range of 120 m to increase response time in case of accidents. GPS and GNSS are encouraged but no necessary due to the control and monitoring of railroadsN/cameras with a large barometersThis specific configuration for drones will give the vehicle the ability to monitor its surroundings with cameras and LIDARs. GNSS and GPS sensors will help the drone with orientation. IMUs and barometers are crucial to register weather changesBasic object detection is needed for drones since they avoid close contact with the ground, there is no need of LIDARs for that purpose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various sensor configurations for different types of vehicles, including personal vehicles and drones, which need to autonomously navigate their surroundings. It highlights the use of cameras, IMUs, LIDARs, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS for these vehicles, emphasizing that these technologies allow for autonomous operation without human input.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: 6, for Brazil 2. 1 and the global average is 2. 2. it was 5. 16 in 2003 and rose (at a 1. 5% annual rate in line with trends elsewhere in Britain) to 5. 25 in 2005. Based upon figures listed for the counties in which the sits, it is 5. 3 to 5. 46 global ha/capita in the National Park. of rural life in (Dawkins et al. , 2008). Just as it is for elsewhere in the world, it is equally logical that in Britain have a significant role to play in national climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Being less urbanised and maintaining larger tracts of open hill, contiguous agricultural land, forestry, wetlands and undeveloped coastline than elsewhere in Britain, they can serve as ‘environmental barometers of change’ and test beds for new approaches to mitigating and adapting to climate change. This argument is repeatedly well made by the bodies representing Authorities in Britain, yet it is largely unheeded at a national policy level. This 2. Invisible landscape sentinels; Britain’s national parksIn accordance with categories established by the for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and Areas of Beauty (AONBs) in Britain are (Lucas, 1992; Phillips, 2002). As such, they are managed for their contribution to landscape and seascape; conservation and recreation are especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of both biological diversity and natural and associated cultural resources; and they are managed through legal and other effective means (local action, projects and policy). The aim throughout the world where Landscapes have been designated is to spread the value and achievements of management to areas beyond their boundaries, ensuring that the people who live and work within them are fully involved and benefiting from their management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how certain areas, specifically Britain's national parks, have unique roles in climate adaptation and mitigation strategies that are often unrecognized at a national policy level. The phrase 'yet it is largely unheeded at a national policy level' suggests that not all communities are equally considered or protected in climate adaptation methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: However, it was determined that there was non-significant difference between the concentrations of BIM-001 isolate in terms of mean of soil nematode density (P ≥ 0. 05). The mean root nematode density of 108 (930. 9 ± 45. 9/per pot) and 107 (960. 0 ± 68. 7/per pot) spores/ml concentrations of BIM-001 isolate was lower than the control (1105. 0 ± 111. 2/per pot), but the difference between them was non-significant (P ≥ 0. 05). The highest mean of total nematode density and reproduction rate was determined at 106 spore/ml concentration of BIM-001 isolate and control. Although the mean of total nematode density and reproduction rate parameters of 108 spore/ml concentrations of BIM-001 isolate were lower than 107 spore/ml concentrations, non-significant difference was found between them (P ≥ 0. 05). However, it was determined that they were lower than the control (Table 1). Table 1 Effect of Beauveria bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolates on soil, root, total nematode density and reproduction rate of Pratylenchus thorneiFull size tableThe mean soil nematode density of 108, 107, and 106 spores/ml concentrations of B. bassiana BY2 isolate was lower than the control. It was determined that the lowest mean of P. thornei soil, root, total nematode density and reproduction rate was found at 108 spore/ml concentration of BY2 isolate. An inverse correlation was determined between the spore concentration density of the BY2 isolate and the total nematode density, and reproduction rate values. The lowest mean of total nematode density (1492. 2 ± 99. 7/soil + root) and reproduction rate (3. 6 ± 0. 2) were found at the BY2 concentration of 108 spore/ml, while these values were found at the highest concentration of 106 spore/ml of 2046. 7 ± 65. 8/ soil + root and 5. 0 ± 0. 1, respectively, and there was a statistical difference between them (P ≤ 0. 05) (Table 1). Another result obtained in the study was that the plant and root growth parameters were determined higher than the control in wheat treated with BIM-001 and BY2 isolates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of Beauveria bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolates on soil and root nematodes, without providing any information regarding their effectiveness in controlling locust populations. The focus on nematodes does not address whether Beauveria bassiana can control locusts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In specific areas such as farming, attachments can be added to give the drone extra functions and increase its utilityhigh-definition cameras, IMUsRobots are used in controlled spaces; this configuration will give the robot the ability to autonomously accomplish tasks with accuracyMost robots will need around 2–4 cameras since there is no need to have complete control of the surrounding area 5 conclude this paper, autonomous vehicles are getting developed and used more than ever. Companies are investing in this new technology to provide new products and incorporate these vehicles into their production system to increase productivity. It is important to acknowledge that not every sensor configuration will work for every type of usage or implementation. Asking this question would be the initial motivation for this study to be conducted. Along with this paper, there was a detailed analysis of case studies of current autonomous vehicles available on the market and prototypes under development. Divided by industry, the study gathered data about sensors from several companies among four industries (and Logistics). A comparison was done in order to choose the best sensors based on vehicle type and functionality. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of each sensor configuration, this paper pretends to recommend general sensor configurations that will adapt properly to the properties of the vehicle and the usage when integrating them into the production process or to deploy them as products on the market. 6 The future of autonomous vehicles is promising, research and development are intensifying each day, and computer scientists are eager to discover new ways to introduce this technology into people’s lifestyles. The topic presented for this research paper is incredibly extensive. Regarding the findings of this study, many technologies of autonomous vehicles have been deployed in the past months or years. However, many others are still in the development stage. This is limiting the research because there are no sensor data or information to analyze. Future researchers should specifically address the new trends in autonomous vehicles and keep updating the information when a new vehicle is deployed. Moreover, sensor technology has few options in the market for RADARs and LIDARs. Velodyne, for example, is one of the most famous manufacturers of LIDARs for autonomous vehicles. Conflict of are no conflicts of interest. 1. Varghese, J. Z. , Boone, R. G. , 2015, “Overview of Sensors and Systems,” on and. 10–11, 191. 2. Campbell, S. , O’Mahony, N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of sensors in autonomous vehicles, stating that 'autonomous vehicles are getting developed and used more than ever' and emphasizing the significance of sensor technology such as RADARs and LIDARs. It mentions that there is ongoing research and development aimed at integrating autonomous vehicles into production systems which supports the idea that these vehicles utilize sensors to navigate without human intervention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: This aim is underpinned by management principles set down by the IUCN (Phillips, 2002), which in summary are as follows:Landscape, biodiversity and cultural values are at the heart of conservationManagement should occur at the intersection between people and naturePeople are stewards of the landscapePeople should be central to all managementManagement should be co-operative and multi-stakeholderGood management requires good political and economic supportEnhancement is as important as protectionIn cases of irreconcilable conflict, priority should be given to retaining the special qualities of an areaEconomic activities not essential to the area should take place outside itManagement should be highly professional and business-likeManagement should be flexible and adaptiveSuccessful management should be measured in environmental and social terms. All of these principles lend themselves to developing effective local and regional responses to climate change. They encompass all aspects of landscape management, require local people to be closely involved in and wherever possible leading management, they seek to avoid activities that are inappropriate in nature and scale, they require professional and flexible business management, they require improvements as a consequence of management and they account for social as well as environmental benefits. They are suited to influencing the behaviour of people in a positive and progressive, self-helping way so that rural resilience to the potentially undermining effects of climate change is nurtured and enhanced. As well as the physical raw materials within National Parks, the management principles provide the building blocks for successful responses to climate change. However, they post-date the statutory purposes for which were designated:The first purpose is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Parks. The second purpose is to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities (of the Parks) by the public. Section 61 of the 1995 Environment Act. In pursuance of these purposes, Authorities have a duty to seek to foster the economic and social well-being of local communities within the by working closely with the agencies and local authorities responsible for these matters. This duty brings the purposes closer to the management principles but it does not ‘drill down’ to achieving the self-help and self-determination that is expressed by them. Consequently, conservation work tends to resemble that undertaken by other conservation organisations working to different but overlapping remits centred on biodiversity conservation. Park Authorities, ecologists and biodiversity officers work within the broad family of conservationists that includes statutory agencies, national and regional trusts and non-governmental organisations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing management principles for conservation and climate response that emphasize the involvement of local people and communities in a context-specific manner. While it details the importance of management that is flexible and adaptive, it also acknowledges that conservation work varies among different organizations and sectors, which implies that not all communities may benefit equally from climate adaptation methods. Furthermore, the text highlights that effective responses to climate change must account for local economic and social well-being, reinforcing the idea that unequal resource levels and community engagement could lead to unequal protection against climate impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Plant and root height and plant and root fresh weight reached the highest values at 108 spore/ml concentration of BIM-001 isolate compared to other concentrations. In the BY2 isolate, there was non-statistical difference between 108 and 107 spore/ml concentrations in plant and root wet weight parameters, while the values were higher at 108 spores/ml in plant and root length parameters and the statistical difference was found between 108 and 107 spore/ml concentrations in terms of these parameters (P ≤ 0. 05) (Table 2). Although the root nematode density was determined higher than the control at BIM-001 and BY2 106 spore/ml concentration, there was non-significant difference in root length and wet weight parameters between the control at this concentration (Tables 1, 2). Table 2 Effects of single application of BIM-001 and BY2 isolates on Beauveria bassiana on wheat growthFull size tableDiscussionIn this study, the effect of concentrations of B. bassiana isolates on P. thornei varied. While the reproduction rate of P. thornei at 108 and 107 spore/ml concentrations in both isolates decreased than the control, at 106 spore/ml concentration was found to be similar to the control. Unfortunately, it was determined that the P. thornei density in the roots increased at 106 spore/ml concentration of both isolates, and accordingly, the total nematode density and reproduction rate increased. Interestingly, a positive effect on nematode reproduction was determined at low concentration. The reason for this was that the concentration of 106 spore/ml compared to the other concentrations could not infect P. thornei. Since this concentration cannot reach the nematode in the soil, it is thought that the nematode density increases. Secondly, B. bassiana remained at a low density in the soil, substances such as the secreted enzyme or toxin may not have developed enough to kill the nematodes (Petlamul and Boukaew 2019). Therefore, the study should be repeated using higher concentrations with the same or different isolates. It is known that nematicidal activity and endophytic abilities may vary depending on the characteristics of the different fungal strains used (Karabörklü et al. 2022). In addition, detection and monitoring of B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana in controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses the effects of different concentrations of B. bassiana isolates on a nematode species (P. thornei) and their relation to plant growth parameters. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about locust control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: , Krpalcova, L. , Riordan, D. , Walsh, J. , Murphy, A. , and Ryan, C. , 2018, “in Autonomous Vehicles: A Review,” Proceedings of the 9th (ISSC), June 21–22, IEEE, 4. 3. Zang, S. , Ding, M. , Smith, D. , Tyler, P. , Rakotoarivelo, T. , and Kaafar, M. A. , 2019, “of Conditions on Autonomous Vehicles: How Rain, Snow, Fog, and the Performance of a Self-driving Car,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. , 14(2), 111. 4. Steinbaeck, J. , Steger, C. , Holweg, G. , and Druml, N. , 2017, “in Fusion Systems,” 2017 Fusion: Trends, Solutions, Applications (SDF), Bonn, Germany, Sept. 10–12, IEEE, 6. 5. Hecht, J. , 2018, “Lidar for Self-driving Cars,” Opt. Photonics News, 29(1), 33. 6. Maddern, W. , Stewart, A. , McManus, C. , Upcroft, B. , Churchill, W. , and Newman, P. , 2014, “Imaging: Applications in Robust Vision-Based Localisation, Mapping and Classification for Autonomous Vehicles,” Proceedings of the Recognition in on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Hong Kong, China, May 31–June 7, Vol. 2, p. 3. 7. Yan, C. , Xu, W. , and Liu, J. , 2016, “Vehicles: of Self-driving Vehicle,” Def Con, 24(8), p. 109. 8. Rahiman, W. , and Zainal, Z. , 2013, “of Development GPS Navigation for Autonomous car,” Proceedings of IEEE 8th Conference on and Applications (ICIEA), Melbourne, Australia, June 19–21, IEEE, 1118. 9. Wang, Y. , Chao, W. -L. , Garg, D. , Hariharan, B. , Campbell, M. , and Weinberger, K. Q. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it mentions several references that discuss aspects related to autonomous vehicles, including their navigation capabilities and the technology powering them, such as sensors and AI. Phrases like 'Lidar for Self-driving Cars' and discussions on vision-based localization indicate the use of sensors in conjunction with AI for navigation, thus supporting the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: This perhaps represents an absence of a distinctive approach within (where the other organisations are also active) and leaves room for adjustment in closer pursuance of the management principles. Currently, species and habitat conservation projects, farm-based conservation, historic landscape conservation and built environment conservation work are interchangeable with that undertaken by other organisations, with Authorities providing an extra pool of staff to fulfil a common end. In their responses to the inquiry undertaken by the of the for Wales in failures to meet the Convention of the Parties 2010 target to halt the losses of biodiversity (for Wales, 2011), the submitted a list of over 200 biodiversity conservation projects undertaken by them during the past decade. This was in response to criticism of the contribution made by the to biodiversity conservation, indicating an apparent lack of awareness at a Government level of the range and depth of such work undertaken by them. (Association) published a report (ENPAA, 2010) summarising the major contribution made to biodiversity conservation within in England. This helped to raise the profile of the hitherto ‘invisible’ biodiversity conservation work (Robins, 2008) and indicates the strength of achievement within these small organisations, in addition to the conservation work of other organisations. The stand-out feature within about biodiversity conservation work that can be achieved there is one of scale and focus, owing to the range, size and quality of habitats present in these large rural areas, together with the range of conservation organisations at work. The challenge is not only to achieve outcomes at appropriate scales but also to provide national and regional solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation based upon integrated landscape management within the National Parks. 2. 1. Defining a way forwardThe vision for the Parks has been stated as follows (Government, 2007):are protected landscapes of international importance which capture much of what is distinct and special about rural Wales, environmentally and culturally. Although predominantly rural in nature, the Parks contain a resident population of over 80,000, are close to important urban communities and have significant potential to enrich the lives of the people of, and visitors to, Wales and to contribute positively to public health and well-being and to the Welsh economy. They are living landscapes, moulded by their communities over thousands of years. They are places where sustainable development is promoted for the benefit of the environment, the economy and for Park communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation, indicating that not all communities will have uniform access to effective adaptation methods. It highlights differences in scale, focus, and methods of conservation among organizations and emphasizes that while some areas like the National Parks may succeed in implementing these measures, the varied success implies that protection will not be equal across all communities.