Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: 8Perturbation amplitude as a percentage of the background electron density induced by acoustic waves for \(I=72^\circ\) (orange) and \(45^\circ\) (green)Full size image Finally, ionograms were synthesized from the perturbed electron density profiles by calculating virtual heights at frequencies in 0. 02-MHz increments, as described by (3)–(11). In this calculation, only O-mode propagation in the vertical direction was considered, and the frequency increments were in accord with the ionosonde operation. Figure 9 shows the ionograms for \(I=45\) and \(72^\circ\) in green and orange, respectively, and the plot for \(I=72^\circ\) is shifted by 30 km. The two ionograms show different responses to the atmosphere–ionosphere perturbations induced by the same amplitude of seismic ground motion. The disturbance in the trace for \(I=72^\circ\) exhibits a well-developed cusp signature, while that for \(I=45^\circ\) merely shows wiggles. The ratio of cusp heights was \(\sim\)3, which was slightly smaller than the combination of two geometrical effects \((1. 81\times 2. 29)\). Fig. 9Synthesized ionograms (O-mode only) for \(I=72^\circ\) (orange) and \(45^\circ\) (green) corresponding to ionospheric disturbances in Fig. 8. The virtual height at each frequency is plotted by a symbol “ | ” representing the sounder pulse width so that the plots look like actual ionogramsFull size image SummarySeismic waves cause ionospheric disturbances at remote distances. Rayleigh waves with a period of 15–50 s induce multiple cusp signatures (MCSs) or wiggles in ionogram traces. In the previous observations, this type of irregularity was found to be significant at higher latitudes, such as Kazan, Russia, than Japan’s latitudes. By numerical simulations, it was shown that the sensitivity of ionograms to seismic ground motion varies depending on the magnetic inclination. At higher latitudes with a large dip angle, coupling between the acoustic waves launched by seismic ground motion and the ionospheric plasma is strong, inducing a large amplitude of perturbation in the electron density than that at lower latitudes with a small dip angle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that seismic waves cause disturbances in the ionosphere instead of traveling through space. It specifically mentions that seismic waves induce changes in the electron density and create ionograms, suggesting they interact with the atmosphere rather than propagate through the vacuum of space.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: These precipitated nanosuspensions were then kept overnight under stirring to evaporate out the organic solvent. Characterisation and optimisation of Curcumin nanosuspensions (Cur-NS)Measurement of p4. Fig. 4TEM photomicrograph of Curcumin NanosuspensionFull size imageDrug entrapment efficiencyThe percentage drug entrapment was determined by the developed HPLC method. The Cur-NS were centrifuged at 11,000 rpm () for 15 min. After centrifuging, the supernatant was taken out and 1 ml of acetonitrile was added to the nanop7. 4 + 0. 5 percent Tween 80) at 37 °C under continuous magnetic stirring using IKA HS 7. At regular intervals, 2 ml of samples were collected and replaced with fresh media. The drug concentrations in the collected samples were then determined by the developed analytical HPLC method using the calibration equation y = 18,005. 5574x− 64979. 1884 R2 = 0. 991. [22]Formulation and optimisation of Cur-NS loaded gel (Cur-NS-nanogel)Preparation of plain gelCarbopol 940 was dissolved in water and stirred continuously untill it dissolves completely. The polymeric solution was then cross-linked chemically by drop-wise addition of triethanolamineoleate with continous stirring at constant rate until a clear homogeneous gel was obtained [26]. Optimization and evaluation of the topical gelThe prepared gels were then optimized based on varying concentration (0. 2–0. 5%) of the polymer, the alkali (triethanolamine) and its effect on the physicochemical properties e. g. pH, Viscosity, Gel strength and Spreadability [27]. pH: pH of the gel was measured using a digital pH meter (μ pH system 361, Systonics). The pH meter was first calibrated with three standard buffers (pH 4, 7 and 9). After calibrating the apparatus, the pH of freshly prepared Carbopol 940 gels were measured by dissolving and equilibrating the required amount of gel in distilled water. Viscosity: Viscosity of the prepared Gels were determined using Brookfield viscometer (DV-E Viscometer; Model No-) at 30 rpm/min using spindle No 64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the preparation, characterization, and properties of Curcumin nanosuspensions and gels. There is no mention of the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, which is the focus of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: However, there is a practical upper limit of hundreds of nanoseconds in most MD simulations. Such simulations can only explore small motions in a protein structure whereas many physically interesting processes occur on much longer time-scales. These long times are needed to allow large but rare conformational changes to occur. Perturbation techniques can theoretically be used to quickly generate these rare conformational changes, but there have been many obstacles to applying unbiased perturbation techniques to protein structures using MD. Here, we have developed an unbiased local perturbation method that can generate selective large conformation changes in very short MD simulations. RIP has several desirable properties that improve upon previous perturbation methods. First, solvation and electrostatics are well treated by the implicit-solvent GBSA method. Second, by driving sidechain rotamers instead of all local atoms, RIP minimizes local backbone distortions, maintaining secondary structures as intact elements. Most perturbations induced by RIP do not result in large-scale distortions of the protein chain, resulting in a sparse map of deformations. Third, RIP can induce large cooperative motions in coherent segments while preserving their local structure, as for example, in Helix-12 in the ER LBD. Fourth, RIP eschews the need for manual restraints or defined trajectories in generating large motions. RIP can thus be applied to any given protein structure. Fifth, RIP is a relatively inexpensive calculation as large Cα RMSD deviations are generated within a short simulation (10 ps), allowing a global analysis to be performed in nanoseconds of simulation time. Since the perturbations induced by each residue are independent, the simulations can be readily performed on a parallel cluster. As illustrated here, the goal of RIP is to map regions that are readily perturbed and to help discover potential structural linchpins that may dictate local conformation. For example, if a segment is easily deformed by several different perturbations then it is clear that the interactions that bind the segment to the body of the protein are weak. It is found that the local flexibility map, which averages over the global pattern of conformational changes, clearly identifies the loops that have been experimentally determined to be mobile in both DHFR and TIM on the microsecond/millisecond timescale. Furthermore, as revealed by the αLP calculations, the RIP analysis doesn't spuriously find mobile segments where they shouldn't exist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of the RIP (Randomized Implicit Perturbation) method, which can induce large cooperative motions in coherent segments of protein structures while preserving their local architecture. It highlights that the method allows for the generation of selective large conformational changes in protein structures using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, inherently supporting the idea that mechanical stress, applied through simulated perturbations, can lead to conformational changes in proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: Radio pulses transmitted by ionosondes are sensitive to the electron density perturbation at a small angle between the ray direction and the magnetic fields at higher latitudes. Thus, the combined effect of atmosphere–ionosphere coupling and radio wave propagation at high latitudes yields a high sensitivity of the ionosonde detection of seismic ground motion, which explains the observations of coseismic ionospheric irregularities at a large epicentral distance of 15,000 km such as at Kazan, after the 2010 Chile earthquake. 8319. doi:10. 1029/2012JA017767 24. doi:10. 1186/s40623-016-0401-9 1172. doi:10. 1029/90JA02125 9. 0\) Tohoku Earthquake. Space 63:897–9029. 0 Tohoku earthquake over Taiwan. Let 43. doi:10. 1002/2015GL067487 Maruyama T, (2014) Infrasonic sounds excited by seismic waves of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake as visualized in ionograms. J 119:4094–4108. doi:10. 1002/2013JA019707 8306. doi:10. 1029/2012JA017952 8. 8 Chile earthquake. J 121:2683–2692. doi:10. 1002/2015JA022260 278. doi:10. 5194/angeo-34-271-2016 1982. J Phys 46(3):233–2451983. J 89(A8):6835–68394. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. 1186/s40623-017-0600-zDownload citationReceived: 01 October 2016Accepted: 11 January 2017Published: 30 January 2017DOI: this 2. Support and Language editing for authors Scientific editing for authors Leave feedback Terms and conditions Privacy statement page Springerpage By using this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, Your US state privacy rights, Privacy statement and Cookies policy. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. © 2024 BioLtd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the behavior of radio waves affected by seismic activity, specifically highlighting 'the combined effect of atmosphere–ionosphere coupling and radio wave propagation' rather than supporting the notion that seismic waves can travel through the vacuum of space. It focuses on terrestrial effects and does not provide evidence that seismic waves can propagate in the vacuum of space.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The viscometer was calibrated using a standard solution of glycerine before all measurements. SpreadabilityTwo sets of glass slides with uniform dimensions were used to test the spreadability of the produced gels. One of the slides was covered with the gel formulation. The gel was sandwiched between the two slides in an area that was occupied by a distance of 7. 5 cm along with the slides when the other slide was positioned on top of the gel. The upper slides were given a 100-g weight to press the gel between them into a thin layer in a uniform manner. The excess gel that was sticking to the slides was scraped off after the weight was taken off. The two slides in place were securely fastened to a stand so that only upper slides could slip off freely under the force of weight tied on them. A 20 g weight was tied to the upper slide. The time taken for the upper slide to cover a distance of 7. 5 cm and get separated from the lower slide under the force of the weight, was noted. The experiment was performed in triplicates and the meantime was taken for calculation [27, 28]. The following formula was used to determine spreadability:$$S = \, m \, \times \, l/t$$where, S = spreadability, m-weight tied to upper slides, l- length of the glass slide and t- time taken in sec. Gel strengthThe strength of the gel formulations was determined using a (System, FD/1–077). The "gelling strength test" or compression mode of the was selected, and the test speed was set to 1. 0 mm/s. 50 points per second for the acquisition rate and 5 g for the trigger force were chosen. An aluminum probe of 7. 6 cm diameter was used for all the samples. The immersion probe was inserted into the gel during the test at room temperature. Gel strength, expressed in grams, was used to determine the force necessary to penetrate the gel [28]. Preparation of Cur-NS-nanogelwas prepared by adding the Carbopol 940 in the Cur-NS followed by cross linking with triethanolamine. The nanosuspensions were then continuously stirred until homogenous nanogels were formed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses experimental procedures concerning gel formulations and does not mention curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties. The focus on spreadability and gel strength testing does not relate to curcumin or turmeric.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Conformational changes occur only if the perturbation can break the contacts (hydrophobic, polar and hydrogen bonds) that hold these segments to the body of the protein. Although the perturbations are large, as implemented here there is a limit to the extent of perturbation - the overall kinetic energy of the perturbed residue matches that of the same residue equilibrated to 300 K. As such, there is only enough energy to induce conformational changes on segments on the surface of the protein or those near potential packing defects. Importantly this also results in limited distortions within displaced structural elements as in the case of Helix-12 in the ER ligand-binding domain. It is important to note that the conformational changes generated by the perturbations are artificially large in that they result from large collisions arising from χ angle rotations at velocities far above their normal values. As a consequence, the simulated motions show a large variance in conformations (Figure 5), much more than expected from static snapshots from crystal structures or from NMR ensemble analysis. Although it is unlikely that exactly these perturbed conformations would be generated in a very long equilibrium MD simulation, large RIP-induced conformational changes identify regions where the protein chain can undergo large conformational changes. To obtain more realistic structures, the RIP conformations could be used as starting points for conventional MD simulations or high temperature simulations with manual constraints [50]. The flexible regions identified by RIP may identify potential loops that could be modeled using loop-prediction systems such as PLOP [26],[27] and[28]. However, as such systems are limited to 12-residue loops, they cannot explore conformations of larger elements such as Helix-12 in ER or the lid in HSP90. Intriguingly, the motions generated by RIP in DHFR and ER include examples of coupled motions between different mobile segments and ligand-induced structural changes, suggesting that further development of RIP may result in tools to probe mechanisms of allostery. Another possibility is the analysis of the interaction of mobile loops with binding sites, where alterations in surface loop structures can dramatically alter patterns of ligand binding. RIP could provide a computational mechanism for rapid identification of such potentially relevant loops, which might be particularly important for computational ligand screening. Thus RIP followed by MD or loop modeling could provide an efficient means to generate alternate conformations for computational drug discovery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining how perturbations or mechanical stress can lead to conformational changes in protein structures. It discusses that conformational changes occur when contacts holding segments of the protein are broken, which directly indicates that mechanical stress can induce such changes. The mention of 'large collisions' and 'large RIP-induced conformational changes' further corroborates the claim by illustrating the idea that physical perturbations (mechanical stress) can drive significant structural transformations in proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 0. 064 Hz (15. 6 s/cycle). The maximum amplitude of the transverse components is less than a half of the radial components. This is in agreement with the theoretical radiation pattern of Rayleigh and Love waves at a frequency of 0. 06 Hz for a vertical compensated linear vector dipole source mechanism. The average apparent phase velocities were calculated as 3. 31 and 2. 97 km/s, in the transverse and radial directions, corresponding, respectively, to Love and Rayleigh waves in the frequency range of 0. 05–0. 07 Hz. A surface wave magnitude of Ms 5. 07 ± 0. 22 was estimated. Just before the monochromatic signal arrives, there is some dispersion in the surface waves. This observation may suggest a regular earthquake of Ms 4. 3 ± 0. 11 that triggered the November 11, 2018, event. The difference between the arrival times of the recorded surface waves of the two events is estimated to be less than 31 s, and most likely of ~ 7 s only. Introduction11, 2018, Mayotte event was first introduced in the media by Wei-Haas (2018) in as a strange earthquake in which seismic waves were recorded by instruments around the world, but, unusually, nobody felt shaking. The event occurred offshore around 9:28 UTC near in the between the northern tip of Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa. is one of the four main islands in the volcanic Comoros archipelago. 11 Mayotte event, in the absence of body waves, caused large, long-lasting, monotonic long-period surface waves that traveled around the globe. 2018, the seismic activity in this archipelago was dispersed and moderate, with only a few earthquakes having a magnitude greater than 4. But in the year following the Mayotte volcano-seismic sequence on May 10, 2018, 32 earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 5 were recorded (Lemoine et al. 2020). The biggest earthquake ever recorded in the area was a Mw 5. 9 event that happened on May 15, 2018 (USGS). Figure 1 shows the recorded waveforms for the May 15, 2018, earthquake, and the Mayotte event at a regional station, (part of the global IRIS/IDA seismic network), and at a teleseismically distant station, (part of the Network). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the characteristics of seismic waves, specifically indicating that the Mayotte event caused large, long-lasting, monotonic long-period surface waves that traveled around the globe, but does not provide evidence that seismic waves can travel through the vacuum of space. Seismic waves are generally understood to require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate, hence the mention of the waves traveling 'around the globe' implies a reliance on the Earth's materials rather than suggesting they can traverse space.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of Cur-NS-nanogelThe nanogels were evaluated in terms of appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as mentioned in the earlier sections. Drug content in Cur-NS-nanogelThe drug content was measured by dissolving the measured amount of gel in acetonitrile. The dispersion obtained was filtered and analyzed at 425 nm using the developed HPLC method [29]. Drug loading efficiency (%) = (Experimental drug content/ Theoretical drug content) 100%Stability studiesThe accelerated stability studies were conducted in accordance to the ICH guidelines. The Cur-NS-Nanogel were kept at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C and stability was observed for 30 days. The stability was observed in terms of change in color, appearance, pH, viscosity, and gel strength [30]Ex vivo skin permeation studyProcessing of rat skinThe albino Wistar rats were received from the animal house facility of Veterinary College, Khanapara. The animal study was conducted as per the guidelines after getting approval from the (Ref no: GIPS/IAEC/M. PH/PRO/10/2022). Experimental animals were feed with standard commercial pellets with free access to water ad libitum and housed according to standard laboratory environment by maintaining a 12 h day and night cycle at normal room temperature of 25 ± 1°C and 45–55% relative humidity. The rats (200–250 gm) were anesthetized using ketamine (30 mg/kg) [IP] anesthesia prior to excision of the skin and hairs were removed using hair clips. Excised skin were rinsed with 0. 9% saline water [31]. Permeation studyThe permeation through skin was studied using 20 ml modified franz diffusion cell assembly. The prepared rat skins were tied to the donor compartment such that the dermis faces the receiver compartment. The receptor compartment was filled with receptor media (PBS 7. 4 + 0. 5%Tween 80) and the donor compartment was loaded with 200 mg of Cur-NS Nanogel. The assembly was placed in a temperature controlled magnetic stirrer (IKA HS7) with temperature maintained at 37 ̊C. Drug permeation study was conducted for 24 h under continuous magnetic stirring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the evaluation and stability studies of Cur-NS-nanogel and permeation studies through rat skin, without any mention of curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties or its effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractSecA, an essential component of the Sec machinery, exists in a soluble and a membrane form in Escherichia coli. Previous studies have shown that the soluble SecA transforms into pore structures when it interacts with liposomes, and integrates into membranes containing SecYEG in two forms: SecAS and SecAM; the latter exemplified by two tryptic membrane-specific domains, an N-terminal domain (N39) and a middle M48 domain (M48). The formation of these lipid-specific domains was further investigated. The N39 and M48 domains are induced only when SecA interacts with anionic liposomes. Additionally, the N-terminus, not the C-terminus of SecA is required for inducing such conformational changes. Proteolytic treatment and sequence analyses showed that liposome-embedded SecA yields the same M48 and N39 domains as does the membrane-embedded SecA. Studies with chemical extraction and resistance to trypsin have also shown that these proteoliposome-embedded SecA fragments exhibit the same stability and characteristics as their membrane-embedded SecA equivalents. Furthermore, the cloned lipid-specific domains N39 and M48, but not N68 or C34, are able to form partial, but imperfect ring-like structures when they interact with phospholipids. These ring-like structures are characteristic of a SecA pore-structure, suggesting that these domains contribute part of the SecA-dependent protein-conducting channel. We, therefore, propose a model in which SecA alone is capable of forming a lipid-specific, asymmetric dimer that is able to function as a viable protein-conducting channel in the membrane, without any requirement for SecYEG. Citation: (2013) of SecA to Form Membrane-Specific Domains: AFM Structures and Implication on Protein-Conducting Channels. 8(8): e72560. Ivo G. : March 12, 2013; Accepted: July 12, 2013; Published: August 16, 2013Copyright: © 2013 You et al. This is an open-access 7. 6, 50 mM KCl); DTKM buffer [1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the SecA protein undergoes conformational changes when interacting with liposomes, specifically noting that certain lipid-specific domains (N39 and M48) are induced during this interaction. This indicates that mechanical stress from the interaction with liposomes can lead to changes in the protein structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: (Right) Seismic waves for the two events recorded by ABPO (IRIS/IDA seismic network) on the left and by ASAO (Network) on the right. The duration of the seismograms is 4000 s, and their start time, which is given at the lower left of each plot, corresponds to the origin time of the May 15 event at 15:48:09 UTC and for the MVLP at 09:28:00 UTC. The waveforms are vertical components and have been filtered in the range of 0. 01 to 0. 1 HzFull size imageThis work extends previous results (Cesca et al. 2020; Lemoine et al. 2020), which partially addressed these objectives, by investigating the largest VLP signal in the light of teleseismic recordings at a dense regional seismic network. ObservationsThe broadband seismic network of the Institute of and Seismology (IIEES) started operating with 4 stations in 1998 and currently has 31 stations (IIEES 2020). The stations are equipped with Güralp CMG-3 T sensors with a flat velocity response from 120 s (0. 0083 Hz) to 50 Hz. Twenty-six of the stations (triangles in Fig. 1) were in operation on November 11, 2018, and recorded the MVLP. The stations are located from 4542 to 5772 km north-northeast of the MVLP’s epicenter, which was assumed from the study of Lemoine et al. (2020). A 1. 5-h trace view of the vertical component of the broadband records filtered between 0. 01 and 0. 1 Hz, and the frequency spectra of their unfiltered waveforms, are displayed in Fig. 2. All the stations show clear long-period seismic waves arriving around 10:00 UTC on November 11, 2018, and a frequency analysis of the seismograms shows a clear peak in the spectral amplitudes. The peak is in a narrow frequency band of 0. 05–0. 07 Hz. Among the stations, no significant changes are observed in the monochromatic wave trains and the narrow-band spectral peak. Fig. 2One-and-a-half hour trace view of the vertical components of MVLP observed by Iran’s 26 broadband stations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that seismic waves are detected by networks of seismic stations that are linked to the Earth’s surface, suggesting that they do not propagate through the vacuum of space like electromagnetic waves do. It discusses the operational network and its capability to record seismic waves, which typically require a medium (like rock or soil) to travel through, indicating that seismic waves cannot travel through the empty vacuum of space.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The purified curcumin was lyophilized and characterized by NMR, FT-IR, Mass and UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The melting point of the compound was observed at 181 °C and the UV–visible spectrum with λmax was recorded at 425 nm. IR bands (υ cm−1) showed the presence of prominent functional groups of curcumin at 3653 (–OH), 2979 (C–H), 1625 (C = C), 1264 (C–O–C), 1026 (C-O–H). 1HNMR spectrum (400 -d6) produces prominent proton peaks (δ ppm) at 3. 837 (s, 6H, OCH3), 6. 056 [s, 1H, C(OH) = CH], 6. 777 (d, 2H, 2,6-H), 6. 833 (d, 2H), 7. 160 (d, 2H), 7. 325 (s, 2H), 7. 567 (d, 2H, 1,7–H), 9. 667 (br s, 2H, phenolic –OH). Chemical shift with δ value at 3. 837 depicted a singlet peak which corresponds to the existing of two methoxy groups; whereas, a sharp δ value at 9. 667 represent the presence of phenolic hydroxy group. The two aromatic proton signals at δ value region of 6. 833 and 7. 160 each of them integrated for four protons diagnostic for two identical para-substituted benzene rings. 13C NMR spectrum (125 ) represents distinct carbon peaks (δ ppm) at 55. 60, 100. 79, 111. 29, 115. 64, 121. 00, 123. 02, 126. 26, 140. 63, 147. 91, 149. 27, 183. 12. 13C NMR chemical shift with δ value at 55. 60 clearly signify the carbon atom corresponding to methoxy group; whereas, δ value at 183. 12 depicted the carbon atom corresponding to enol and keto group. Furthermore, the mass spectra (TOF–MS-ES+) depicted that the base peak at m/z 177. 056 and a molecular ion peak [M + H]+ at 369. 135 was detected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the characterization of purified curcumin through various spectroscopic methods, such as NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry, without mentioning any properties related to inflammation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The major anionic phospholipids, PG and CL alone not only failed to promote the formation of lipid-specific M48 and N39 domains, but also induced SecA to adopt a conformation that was even more susceptible to trypsin digestion (Figure 1B, lanes 9-12), even though anionic phospholipids are necessary for SecA to function [53]. E. coli membrane phospholipids consist of 25-30% anionic lipids (PG and CL) and 70-75% PE [54], and we found that the ratio of negatively charged lipids at 75% with combination of 25% PG or CL yields the similar results as wild-type membranes. Therefore the effects of phospholipid mixtures were determined at PE: PG or PE: CL ratios of 3:1 to mimic the physiological ratios of anionic phospholipids. Both combinations promoted the conformational changes to form the lipid-specific domains similar to the E. coli phospholipid mixtures (Figure 1D). While PC could replace PE in these combinations (Figure 1E, lanes 9-12), PC/PE mixtures could not (Figure 1D & 1E). These data indicate that the formation of phospholipid-bilayer liposomes using anionic phospholipids, PG and CL, in combination with PE or PC (in proportional amounts similar to E. coli phospholipid membrane mixtures) promote conformational changes in SecA that induce the formation of the lipid-specific domains of M48 and N39. As previously reported [7,22,39], ATP or AMP-PCP had no significant effect on the formation of these membrane-specific domains (data not shown). All subsequent work was, therefore, carried out using liposomes consisting of E. coli phospholipid mixtures (CL: PG: PE ratio about 10:20:70) in the absence of nucleotides. The N-Terminal Residues, Not the C-Terminus of SecA for the Formation of Lipid-Specific Domains, and for The lipid-specific M48 domain lies in the middle of the 901 residues of SecA -starting at Glu 361 and presumably ending at Arg805 [ [22] and Table 1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that conformational changes in the protein SecA are induced by the incorporation of specific phospholipids, which can be linked to mechanical stress. The experimentation shows that anionic phospholipids promote conformational changes that lead to the formation of lipid-specific domains, thereby supporting the idea that mechanical factors can impact protein structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: As we expected from the model of the radiation pattern for the MVLP, the surface waves in the vertical components (dominated by Rayleigh waves) have larger amplitudes than the transverse components (Love waves). In addition, the MVLP shows four clear differences from regular earthquakes. The first obvious difference is the very long duration of its surface waves. The second difference can be seen through the spectrograms, where a dominant monochromatic surface wave (around 0. 06 Hz) extends throughout the signal duration. spectra show a clear large peak at 0. 064 Hz. The third and fourth differences can be observed in the graph of the dominant period over time; the dominant period for the transverse component is lower than that for the vertical component, and the signals in both components propagate with nearly the same velocity. A convergence of surface wave velocities can also be seen in the graph of the dominant period for May 15 around a period of 16. 5 s (0. 06 Hz), which corresponds to the Airy phase with a minimum in the group velocity dispersion curves (Bullen and Bolt 1985). phases in the transverse component can be observed by large amplitudes after an abrupt termination in the wave trains (see Fig. 3, bottom). The gap between the red lines around 1600 s in the dominant period graph (right-bottom in Fig. 5b) for the transverse component are due to this termination, and also our criterion to select power values greater than the mean value of the PSD. Fig. 5Spectrograms of the power spectral density (PSD) in the vertical component (left-top) and transverse component (left-bottom), Fourier spectra (right-top), and the dominant periods over time (right-bottom) for the vertical (Z) and transverse (T) components at ASAO station for MVLP (a) and May 15 (b). The dominant periods are plotted by dots, and the lines are piecewise linear interpolations through the data points. Note that periods with a power less than the mean values for the spectrogram are removed from the graph. The gray circle on the Fourier spectra for May 15 indicates a peak of around 0. 06 Hz related to the Airy phase of surface waves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of surface waves, specifically Rayleigh and Love waves, and how they behave in different seismic events. It does not provide any support for the idea that seismic waves can travel through the vacuum of space, implying that the complexities of their movement and measurements are confined to Earth’s geological medium.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: All these analytical spectroscopic features are in line with the data reported in the literature thus signifying the identity of curcumin isolated from Lakadong rhizome [17, 40, 41]. The results are shown in Fig. 1. Formulation of Curcumin loaded nanosuspensionHomogenous nanosuspensions were obtained by the precipitation-sonication method. The precipitation method of nanosuspensions preparation is instantaneous, straightforward and easy [42]. Characterization of curcumin NSP0. 2 ± 0. 1, indicating suitable size and distribution. From the study, the of the formulations was found to be − 2. 92 ± 0. 2 mV. Optimization of the Cur-NSThe nanosuspensions were optimized by using drug concentration, ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase, Polymer (PLGA) concentration, and stabilizer (Poly vinyl alcohol) concentration as the variables. The effects of these independent variables on the dependent variables (p0. 25% and PVA concentration of 0. 6% were considered as optimized variable conditions as shown in Table 3. F3, which was the optimized NS, was found to have p157. 1 ± 2. 4 and polydispersity index 0. 132 ± 0. 052. Table 3 Formulation table for optimized (Cur-NS)Full size tableTransmission electron microscopy (TEM)The morphology and size of the formulations were observed by TEM studies. The nanop98. 52% ± 0. 2 which can be considered sufficient. In vitro drug releaseIn vitro release behavior of Curcumin from the optimized Cur-NS was observed for 24 h. A sustained drug release rate was observed with almost 80% drug being released in initial 4 h indicating an initial burst release followed by sustained release upto to 90. 0 ± 1. 6% in 24 h. Preparation of Cur-NS based topical gelHomogenous nanogels were obtained by adding the Carbopol as the gelling agent in the optimized Cur-NS, followed by cross linking by addition of triethanolamine as the alkali. Optimization and evaluation of the topical gelEvaluation of the Cur-nanogelsThe Cur-Nanogel was optimized by observing the effect of varying concentration (0. 2–0. 5%) of the Carbopol and alkali (triethanolamine) and its effect on the physicochemical properties e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the formulation, optimization, and evaluation of curcumin-loaded nanosuspensions and topical gels. While curcumin is mentioned, the text does not address its anti-inflammatory properties or provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim regarding those properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (B) Proteolysis of soluble SecA and the N95 construct was carried out (as defined in panel A) at the indicated concentration of trypsin (C) Proteolysis of EM-associated N95 construct and C95 were carried out (as defined in panel A) with the indicated concentration of trypsin (D) Proteolysis of soluble N95 and C95 constructs was carried out (as defined in panel A) with the indicated concentration of trypsin. (E) Translocation of pOmpA in the liposomes. the Lipid-of SecA in though E. coli phospholipid liposomes induce conformational changes in SecA to form the M48 and N39 domains, the greater sensitivity of these domains to trypsin at concentrations higher than 10 µg/ml (Figures 1 and 2) suggests that other factors, such as interactions of SecA with other membrane proteins, are involved in the resistance of these domains to high concentrations of trypsin (up to 1 mg/ml) when they are embedded in E. coli membranes [31,58]. The proteolytic profiles of liposome- and membrane-associated SecA constructs were further examined. SecA (10 µg) was mixed with either liposomes (20 µg) or SecA-depleted BA13 membranes (20 µg lipids) on ice with trypsin for 15 minutes. Though their proteolytic profiles appear to be similar, the lipid-specific M48 and N39 domains of liposome-associated SecA were not very stable when treated with 30 µg/ml of trypsin. This is in contrast to the stable domains within similarly treated membrane-associated SecA (Figure 3A, lanes 4, 8). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Proteolysis of membrane-integrated SecA and various phospholipid-integrated SecA with trypsin. (A) Liposomes (20 μg) of E. coli lipid mixtures and 20 μg BA13 inverted inner membrane (Mb) were mixed with SecA (10 μg) in 100 μl DTK buffer on ice. Trypsin treatment was undertaken at the concentrations indicated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the Lipid-of SecA in though E. coli phospholipid liposomes induce conformational changes in SecA to form the M48 and N39 domains.' This indicates that mechanical stress from the lipid environment is capable of inducing specific structural changes in the SecA protein, supporting the claim that mechanical stress influences protein conformations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cheetahs can run indefinitely at top speed without tiring. [SEP] Text: Flies entering an arm within this time were considered ‘responders’. Olfactometer was cleaned thoroughly with 70% ethanol and distilled water before use. Also, arms were rotated (90°) to minimize positional eﬀects. Wind tunnel bioassays Our study was carried out in a wind tunnel with a 45 cm × 80 cm × 220 cm glass fight section. Charcoal-filtered air was passed through the chamber at 0. 20 cm/s−1 with air temperatures of 24 ±1°C and 70% ± 5% RH. To avoid bias caused by light, the wind tunnel was lit from above by LED lights set at 10 lux. Test insects were kept starved for 24 h prior to the bioassay. Volatile samples for odor delivery were prepared at 5% concentration and transferred to a 20-ml polypropylene vial before testing. This vial was placed on the tripod ahead of 15 cm of the fan. For each treatment, we tested the landing rate of 10 separately released C. capitata that were given 10 minutes to respond to the volatile chemicals. This test was repeated four times. If the adult did not take off, we terminate the trial and consider it a non-responder. Each adult was used only once. At the end of each treatment, the wind tunnel was cleaned with 70% alcohol and distilled water. Experimental field This study was conducted in the cropping year 2021 in Adana (37°03′ 98,21′′N,35°36′ 05. 73′′E), Turkey. The study was carried out in 3 da planted Clementine mandarin orchard. chemicals were evaluated separately in the field to test their attractiveness to C. capitata adults. A 20-ml polypropylene vial with a 5-mm-diameter hole punched into the cap served as a slow-release dispenser. Dispensers contained 0. 5 g of cotton and were baited with 5 ml using 5% concentrations of the chemicals to be evaluated as single compounds. The vials were placed in Lastfly traps. Traps were placed at 1. 5–2 m height in the open shade of the Clementine mandarin canopy between every third row in the Clementine mandarin orchard with a distance of more than four trees apart. There were four replicates of each treatment. Traps were cleared weekly between 15 July and 10 August 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology of a study involving C. capitata, a type of fly, and does not mention cheetahs or their running capabilities. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim about cheetahs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: g. pH, Viscosity, Gel strength and Spreadability. The pH, viscosity, gel strength and spreadability of the prepared Cur-Nanogels were found to be optimum at of 0. 3%. The optimized Cur-Nanogel was found to be smooth, translucent, clear, homogenous with good spreadability and consistency. The gels showed good consistency with Viscosity of 20,480 ± 456 cp, which was a desired consistency for patient compatible topical application. The spreadability was found to be 20. 0 ± 1. 6 g/cm2. The gels showed good gel strength of 9. 0 ± 0. 4 g and showed slightly acidic pH at 6. 50 ± 0. 3 which is safe for topical application as shown in Table 3. Drug loading in Cur-nanogelThe drug loading efficiency in the prepared Cur-Nanogel was determined by the HPLC method. Sufficient drug loading of 61. 2 ± 4. 5% was obtained by the method used for preparation of nanogel in the optimized Cur-NS. Stability studiesStability studies of developed formulation were performed according to ICH guidelines for 30 days. From the study it was observed that the optimized formulation exhibited good stability behavior in terms of pH, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability and drug content as shown in Table 4. No change in properties of the gel is observed for the formulations stored at room temperature, 4 °C and 40 °C. Table 4 Evaluation of Optimized Cur- NS Loaded NanogelFull size tableEx vivo skin permeation studyFrom the ex vivo skin permeation Study using rat skin, Cur-NS-nanogel showed a much controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21. 28 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h in comparison to gel which showed higher steady state flux of 36. 38 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr. The permeation coefficients were similarly found to be 2. 031 ± 0. 0064(×103 cm/min) and 3. 6 ± 0. 0064 (×103 cm/min) in Cur-NS-Nanogel and Gel respectively (Table 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Instead, it discusses the physical and chemical properties of a Cur-Nanogel formulation, including its pH, viscosity, gel strength, spreadability, and stability, without mentioning any effects related to inflammation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 3100±3310050±20106±3439kDa100101±13100±28100130±2580±36100100±1768±9. 3Table 2. Nature of liposome-specific domains and membrane-specific domain of SecAaaReaction mixtures with 1 µg [35S]SecA were incubated and treated as in Fig. 5. C. The membranes, liposomes and liposomes with N39 (20 µg/ml) and were recovered by centrifugation and re-suspended in 100 μl of TK buffer, 10 mg/ml heparin or 0. 1 M Na2CO3 (pH 11) respectively. After incubation on ice for 30 min, the liposomes and membranes were recovered by centrifugation and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The quantities of remaining SecA fragments in liposomes and membranes were determined by software, using these in TK buffer as 100%. All experiments were carried out for 3-5 times. determine whether the formation of these domains and their resistance to trypsin were due to the intrinsic resistance of these domains or due to some protection conferred from being formed in the presence of proteoliposomes or membranes, detergents were added after the formation of SecA domains. The non-ionic detergents, Triton X-100 and malto-dodecylmaltoside, which have previously been shown to maintain SecYEG in soluble form and to allow the formation of an inserted 30-kDa SecA domain [33], were used. Neither conferred the subsequent protection to trypsin digestion, indicating that the M48 and N39 domains are specifically induced and maintained only in the presence of phospholipids (Figure 5C). Structures of Lipid-as Observed by Microscopy (AFM) We have previously demonstrated the ability of SecA to form ring-like pore structures upon its interaction with phospholipids using both electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy [14]. Here we used AFM as the tool of choice to probe overt conformational changes of the SecA domains that could be induced by phospholipids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research that highlights the ability of SecA to undergo conformational changes when interacting with phospholipids. It indicates that the specific domains of SecA are induced and maintained in the presence of phospholipids, suggesting that such environmental factors, akin to mechanical stress, can indeed lead to changes in protein structure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cheetahs can run indefinitely at top speed without tiring. [SEP] Text: The captured adults were sexed. During the field studies, traps were rotated clockwise to eliminate possible bias because of uneven distributions of C. capitata populations. Unbaited traps were used as control. Statistical analyses All statistical tests were performed on 23. Data were checked for homogeneity of variance (Levene test) and the normal distribution of all data (Shapiro–Wilk test; P < 0. 05) before analysis. Data were transformed using log 10 (x + 1) to satisfy normality assumptions prior to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Wind tunnel and olfactometer bioassays were carried out as completely randomized designs with the 4 test dates as replicates. The field study was conducted as a randomized block design with four replications. The behaviors of the adults in the wind tunnel were analyzed using the Chi-square goodness-of-fit 0. 05. Also, to further understand the effect of chemicals, data from females, males, and both were subjected to seperate a one-way ANOVA (chemicals as factors). were followed by TUKEY’s test at P < 0. 05 level. All data in this study are shown as mean ± standard error (SE). ResultsAccording to odor characterization results by SPME and GC-MS, 63 compounds were isolated from apricot (Table 1). A total of 56 compounds were identified from apricot, representing 97. 2% of the total composition. The predominant volatile components were found to be 3-hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)-, ethyl acetate, and butanoic acid, 2-hexenyl ester, (E)-. Olfactometer experiments confirmed that 3-hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)-, ethyl acetate, and butanoic acid, 2-hexenyl ester, (E)- attracted significantly more flies than the control (Fig. 1) (F = 10. 800; df = 3, 15; P = 0. 001). 3-hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)-and ethyl acetate attracted significantly more females than control, but males were not importantly different (female, F = 9. 333; df = 3, 15; P = 0. 002: male, F = 9. 709; df = 3, 15; P = 0. 258). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about cheetahs. It discusses methods of a study related to chemical compounds and their effect on flies, with no mention of cheetahs, their speed, or their endurance. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the presence of curcuminoids, which have substantial antioxidant activity, may be responsible for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the LKDCH extract. Homogenous nanosuspensions were obtained by the precipitation-sonication method. The precipitation method of nanosuspensions preparation is instantaneous, straightforward and easy [42]. The high drug saturation concentration and the rapid solvent injection into the antisolvent results in such precipitation into nanop0. 2 ± 0. 1, indicating suitable size and distribution. This size range and the homogeneity are because of the method of preparation by precipitation followed by sonication. This decreased size might result in increased surface area which may result in the increased saturation solubility and release of curcumin [54]. From the study, the of the formulations were found to negative that might be due to the surfactant or due to the terminal carboxylic groups. The reduced surface charge reflects better surface coverage due to the use of non ionic surfactant which results in steric stabilization. PVA was used as a steric stabilizer since steric stabilization has several advantages over electrostatic stabilization as the nanop0. 25% and PVA concentration of 0. 6% were considered as optimized variable conditions as shown in Table 3. It was observed that with increasing drug concentration the size and dispersity decreases indicating the impact of supersaturation in the nanoprecipitation. However at higher concentration, above 60 mg/ml the size increases. Similarly, it was observed that the p20. Similar behaviors were reported in previous works on nanosuspension by this method [22, 58]. The concentration of PLGA and stabilizer didn’t show any direct correlation with the size distribution of the precipitated nanop98. 52% ± 0. 2). The high entrapment is because of the precipitation method of preparation of nanosuspensions. In this method technique the drug which is hydrophobic in nature is soluble in organic solvent but is very slightly soluble in water. Nanop0. 3%. The optimized Cur-Nanogel was found to be smooth, translucent, clear, homogenous with good spreadability and consistency. The obtained properties of prepared gel were found suitable, safe for compatible topical application, particularly in wound healing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Instead, it discusses aspects of nanosuspensions preparation and properties related to curcumin, but it does not provide evidence for or against its anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In agreement with limited proteolysis results, N95 but not C95 (lacking the first 63 N-terminal residues) formed a ring-like structure similar to those formed by wild-type SecA in the presence of phospholipids (Figure 6A), and protein translocation with liposomes (Figure 2E). These results further support the conclusion that the N- terminal, but not the C-terminal, of SecA is required for the formation of lipid-specific domains. We next examined the structure of various SecA domains in lipids. We cloned, overexpressed, and purified the lipid-specific domains of N39 and M48*, as well as the soluble domain of N68 [24]. The lipid-specific domains of N39 and M48* formed imperfect partial ring structures, which appeared to be smaller than those of the intact SecA, while the soluble N68 domain [24] (Figure 6A) and C34 failed to form any ring structures at all (not shown). All ring structures that were observed were only formed in the presence of phospholipid liposomes with no detergents and did not form in the absence of lipids. The N39 ring structure differed from that formed by the M48* domain in that the former appeared to be more anchored on the surface of the lipid-bilayers with an outward amplitude, whereas the partial M48 ring structures showed a much more deeply indented cavity with an inward amplitude at the center of the ring-structure (Figure 6B). The partial pore structures of the N39 and M48 were smaller than SecA: using gold p10. 3 ± 1. 0 nm, 7. 1 ± 0. 4 nm, 6. 2 ± 0. 4 nm, respectively. In addition, sequence analysis showed that N39 possesses more hydrophobic area than M48 does. These data are also consistent with the observations that N39 was resistant to Na 2CO3 treatment, while M48 was removed 50% by the same treatment (Table 2). These data suggest that the lipid-specific domains of N39 and M48* do form part of the characteristic ring-like pore structures of SecA following its interaction with phospholipids, and further suggest that these lipid-specific domains are important components of SecA function in the membrane. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the presence of phospholipid liposomes induces certain protein structures, specifically indicating that ring structures form only in the presence of lipids. This suggests that mechanical stress due to lipid interactions leads to conformational changes in the protein SecA, aligning with the claim about mechanical stress influencing protein structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cheetahs can run indefinitely at top speed without tiring. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, is the fastest living land mammal. Because of its specialized hunting strategy, this species evolved a series of specialized morphological and functional body features to increase its exceptional predatory performance during high-speed hunting. Using high-resolution X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT), we provide the first analyses of the size and shape of the vestibular system of the inner ear in cats, an organ essential for maintaining body balance and adapting head posture and gaze direction during movement in most vertebrates. We demonstrate that the vestibular system of modern cheetahs is extremely different in shape and proportions relative to other cats analysed (12 modern and two fossil felid species), including a closely-related fossil cheetah species. These distinctive attributes (i. e. , one of the greatest volumes of the vestibular system, dorsal extension of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals) correlate with a greater afferent sensitivity of the inner ear to head motions, facilitating postural and visual stability during high-speed prey pursuit and capture. These features are not present in the fossil cheetah A. pardinensis, that went extinct about 126,000 years ago, demonstrating that the unique and highly specialized inner ear of the sole living species of cheetah likely evolved extremely recently, possibly later than the middle Pleistocene. Similar content being viewed by others A test of the lateral semicircular canal correlation to head posture, diet and other biological traits in “ungulate” mammals 25. 9–29 m/s1,2. The species usually hunts swift ungulates such as gazelles, antelopes, and impalas by chasing them at high speeds, knocking them over, and biting their throats until they suffocate3,4. Given its lightly-built body compared to other felids, the cheetah captures medium-sized prey, weighing only 23 to 56 kg on average, which limits the risk of injuries and provides enough time for the animal to eat before the arrival of kleptoparasites such as lions, leopards, hyaenas or vultures4,5. Because of this distinctive hunting strategy, the species evolved an array of morphological characteristics related to fast motion and enhanced predatory performance3,6,7,8,9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cheetah’s specialized hunting strategy and its anatomical adaptations that allow it to pursue prey at high speeds. However, it doesn't support the idea that cheetahs can run indefinitely without tiring. Instead, it implies that while cheetahs are the fastest land mammals, their hunting behavior and physical adaptations are geared towards short bursts of speed rather than sustained high-speed running.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 11987510. 1016/10. 2147/IJN. S18791810. 1016/j. arabjc. 2017. 05. 01110. 1016/10. 4255/mcpharmacol. 15. 0410. 3390/gels704021310. 1080/22311866. 2020. 180673110. 1016/j. mtcomm. 2023. 10605010. 1186/2008-2231-20-7610. 1007/s13204-012-0188-310. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2009. 11. 00710. 1016/j. matchemphys. 2020. 12289810. 1590/S1984-8250201600030001510. 4103/0250-474X. 5729110. 1590/0001-376520162016016210. 1016/j. ejphar. 2020. 17317210. 1016/10. 1016/j. jsps. 2011. 08. 00110. 1016/10. 1080/10837450802409438193. 2019 Green synthesis of silver nanop10. 1016/10. 1002/aoc. 501610. 1155/2013/97202810. 3390/scipharm8802002610. 1021/acs. oprd. 6b0034710. 1039/c8ra08435a10. 1021/ed077p35910. 3109/0363904980910857110. 1007/s10661-021-09261-110. 1016/j. indcrop. 2019. 04. 02110. 1016/j. jfca. 2004. 11. 00510. 1016/j. foodchem. 2006. 06. 02310. 1007/s10787-016-0264-510. 2174/138920021866617011610355510. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2011. 11. 01110. 1016/j. polymdegradstab. 2010. 08. 01510. 1007/s40199-018-00235-210. 1021/acs. iecr. 9b0474710. 1081/DDC-10010219710. 12968/jowc. 2012. 21. 9. 45710. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. It instead consists solely of a long series of DOI references without any contextual information or evidence related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: A Model of SecA as Protein-in the have earlier found that SecA forms ring-like structure upon interaction with E. coli phospholipids [14] and recently we showed that SecA alone can promote protein translocation in liposomes and elicit ion-channel activity [16]. In addition we have also shown that dimeric SecA couples the preprotein translocation in an asymmetric manner [42,43]. This study has demonstrated that SecA, in the presence of liposomes, forms the lipid-specific domains of N39 and M48, with characteristics similar to the membrane-specific domains, in addition to the N68 and C34 domains present in the soluble SecA and membrane SecAS forms [22]. From X-ray structures of soluble E. coli SecA [46], the most likely tryptic cleavage site in SecAS that gives rise to N68 and C34 is 608-609RK, which is in a loop at the surface of the protein and probably lies within the motif of the NBDII region (Figure 6B). As a result of the drastic conformational change with lipids, the cleavage sites for SecAM that give rise to N39 and M48 are probably at 348R in the PBD domain, and 805R in the an α-helix in IRA1 domain (Figure 6B). To account for these observations, we propose a model (Figure 6C) in which the SecA dimer alone functions as the protein conducting-channel in promoting protein translocation and ion channel activity [14,16,17]. In this model SecA adopts an asymmetric dimer configuration in the membrane [42,43], in which the membrane bound subunit SecAM is specific for membrane lipids and plays the structural role of a channel, while the other SecA subunit, SecAS, has essentially the same conformation as it does in its soluble form and functions as the ATPase motor. SecAS has both the ATPase domain of N68 and the regulatory C34 domain, while SecAM is structurally composed of the N39 domain forming the surface part of the ring-pore structure and the M48 domain forming the more aqueous part of the channel (Figure 6C), as well as a small C10 domain that is probably exposed to the periplasmic side [35,37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how SecA undergoes drastic conformational changes when interacting with lipids. It specifically mentions that as a result of these interactions, the cleavage sites for SecAM are influenced by its structural configuration, supporting the idea that mechanical stress (from lipids in this case) can induce changes in protein conformation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cheetahs can run indefinitely at top speed without tiring. [SEP] Text: The genome sequence of cheetahs also revealed positive selection of genes mediating energy metabolism and regulating muscle contraction, involved in their high-speed adaptations10. No prior study has investigated the sensory capacities of cheetahs through analyses of the anatomy of their intracranial organs, including the inner ear, which facilitates their remarkable capacity of maintaining visual and postural stability while running and capturing prey at high speeds, a key feature in the hunting specialization of the modern cheetah species. The inner ear, located in the petrosal bone at the base of the occipital region, plays a primary role in detecting head movements (accelerations and decelerations in both linear and rotational directions – pitch, yaw, and roll) and directly guiding the eyes and neck muscles in order to maintain posture and stabilize balance and gaze (e. g. , vestibulo-ocular reflex11,12). The bony labyrinth surrounds the soft tissues of the inner ear and can be used as a proxy for investigating the shape and dimensions of this organ. The morphology of the bony labyrinth can be correlated with phylogenetic relationships in some groups13,14,15,16,17,18. The vestibular system within the bony labyrinth, in particular, also can reflect ecological capabilities of vertebrates, especially their locomotor styles19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26. In this paper, we investigate the shape and the dimensions of the bony vestibular system in a number of individual extant cheetahs (taking into account variation that might be present in members of several subspecies) compared to other extant felids, using high-resolution μ-CT data and 3D morphometric analyses. Because of the long evolutionary history of the cheetah lineage27, and to provide greater insights into the timing of its specialized predatory behavior, we studied the fossil ‘giant’ cheetah Acinonyx pardinensis (early-middle Pleistocene) and one of the earliest felids Proailurus lemanensis (Oligo-Miocene of Eurasia28), to assess the ancestral inner ear condition for the cheetah and felid clades (Supplementary Fig. 1; 1–2; see Methods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it provides information about the metabolism and physiological capabilities of cheetahs but does not support the idea that they can run indefinitely at top speed without tiring. While it mentions energy metabolism and muscle contraction, it does not imply that they possess the ability to maintain top speed without fatigue, suggesting that there are limitations to their endurance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded as the landing foot spread distance. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms, dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin followed by dehydrating and paraffin-embedding. Then, embedded brain sections (5-μm thickness) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological observation. The histopathological changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. After deparaffinization and rehydration, the brain sections were permeabilized with proteinase K solution, then exposed to the mixture of biotinylated nucleotide dUTP and recombinant terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses behavioral tests and histopathological analysis conducted on rats, which is irrelevant to the claim regarding the effects of curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In their lipid-dependent structural configuration, neither N39 nor M48 exhibit ATPase activity (data not shown), even though each possesses an adequate nucleotide binding domain (NBDI and NBDII, respectively) with each domain encompassing an intact and B sites (Figure 6B). In this model for SecA-dependent protein translocation, SecAS alone would provide the ATPase activity that is capable of propelling the protein precursor(s) through the SecAM channel. While the proposed model depicted in Figure 6C indicates a clear distinction between the two asymmetric units of the liposome-induced SecA dimer, it is not entirely inconsistent with the possibility of each subunit “flip-flopping” between each other conformation as the protein that is being translocated is propelled into the periplasmic space. DiscussionSecA is present in bacterial cells as both a soluble and a membrane form [26,65,66], and has been suggested to cycle on and off the membrane during protein translocation. A number of studies have shown, however, that SecA inserts deeply into liposomes and, in so doing, undergoes a series of conformational changes [7,32,38,67]. In addition, an earlier study from our laboratory also showed that a significant fraction of SecA remains on the membrane and does not cycle on and off during protein translocation [40]. Consequently, it has been suggested that SecA interacts with membranes, resulting in series of conformational changes that allow it to form part of a protein-conducting channel [22,40]. The specific domains that characterize the membrane bound conformation of SecA are the proteolytic N39 and M48 fragments [22]. This study shows that these membrane-specific domains can be induced by liposomes alone. Formation of the lipid-specific M48 domain (and the corresponding N39 domain) depends on the species and the combination of the phopholipids used. It has been well established that anionic lipids such as PG and CL are required for SecA to function in vitro and in vivo [3,12,14,59,66,68,69], even though overall there are 26 more negatively charged Glu and Asp residues in the E. coli SecA, for example, than there are positively charged Arg and Lys residues [68]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on how SecA undergoes a series of conformational changes during protein translocation, which is tied to its interaction with membranes induced by liposomes. It suggests that these conformational changes are not only present in the soluble form but also influenced by mechanical and lipid interactions, thereby supporting the idea that mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cheetahs can run indefinitely at top speed without tiring. [SEP] Text: The deviation from orthogonality of the SC has been associated with slower overall head rotations in mammals, with terrestrial running species having canals that are closer to right angles (90var38; e. g. , semicircular canal modifications of semi-aquatic otters and minks26). This finding contradicts the pattern observed between cheetahs and other felids (i. e. , greater angle between ASC and PSC in cheetahs, 6), but it is possible that the greater vertical development of ASC and PSC in cheetahs has a more important influence than their orthogonality on increasing the afferent vestibular sensitivity to roll and pitch head movements (as radius of curvature R, a measure of canal elongation, is still the most common index used to infer an animal’s agility21,37). Moreover, the out-of-plane curvature of ASC and PSC could allow the cheetah to sense accelerations of the head in other directions than the main roll and pitch movements19,33. Further physiological studies on the possible effect of semicircular canal curvature on the canal afferent sensitivity would enhance interpretations of their interrelationships. Postcranial remains of Acinonyx pardinensis suggest that fossil cheetahs already were adapted for fast running since at least the beginning of the Pleistocene39,40,41,42. Nevertheless, the small vestibular system of the fossil cheetah species, and, in particular, the presence of a shorter common crus and less extended ASC and PSC compared to the extant cheetah, indicate a relatively lower afferent sensitivity to angular and linear head movements. In addition to those physiological and functional aspects, the shape patterns of the vestibular system of A. pardinensis closely resemble that of the early fossil felid Proailurus, reflecting the retention of a morphologically primitive, ancestral condition, and emphasizing that postcranial skeleton modifications for higher speed locomotion preceded adaptations in the inner ear sensory system within the cheetah lineage. The extreme enlargement of the vestibular system and elongation of the ASC and PSC exhibited by modern cheetahs thus appears to be a unique and extremely recent key acquisition to fast running within that lineage. It is possibly more recent than the middle Pleistocene (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the anatomical adaptations of cheetahs in relation to their running capabilities, indicating that the small vestibular system of fossil cheetahs suggests limitations on their endurance and afferent sensitivity. It implies that fossil cheetahs were highly adapted for fast running; however, the presence of certain anatomical features may affect their ability to sustain such speed indefinitely. Furthermore, it emphasizes that adaptations for speed in the cheetah lineage have occurred over time, hinting at the possibility of physical limitations in their endurance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Staining with 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) was performed to visualize nuclei. Images were obtained under a fluorescent microscope (). Real-time of brain cerebral cortex tissues was isolated using TRIzol reagent (). The expression levels of TERT mRNA were measured by real-time PCR using all-in-OneTM qPCR master mix AOPR-1200 (). The sequences of primer sets for TERT were 5’-- 3’(forward) and 5’--3’ (reverse). β-actin gene was applied as a reference. Immunohistochemistry Paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were incubated with a rabbit anti-TERT antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), then a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Immune complexes were visualized by incubation with 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB) and hematoxylin. Measurement of parameters related to oxidative stress in cerebral homogenates The brain tissue were homogenized with 9 times the volume of PBS on ice and then centrifuged to prepare homogenates. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured following the respective manufacturer’s protocols (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). Protein contents in the cerebral homogenates were determined using the bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). Measurement of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted with two technical replicates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on laboratory techniques and measurements related to brain tissues and oxidative stress without mentioning curcumin or turmeric. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Dapic V, (2000) Distinct membrane binding properties of N- and C-terminal domains of Escherichia coli SecA ATPase. J 275: 25000-25007. doi: PubMed: 10835419. View 24. (1999) A molecular switch in SecA protein couples ATP hydrolysis to protein translocation. 34: 1133-1145. doi: PubMed: 10594836. View 25. (2000) Two independent mechanisms down-regulate the intrinsic SecA ATPase activity. J 275: 33209-33212. PubMed: 10982786. View 26. (1990) Complementation of two overlapping fragments of SecA, a protein translocation ATPase of Escherichia coli, allows ATP binding to its amino-terminal region. J 265: 8760-8765. PubMed: 2160468. View 27. (2001) Lipid and signal peptide-induced conformational changes within the C-domain of Escherichia coli SecA protein. Biochemistry 40: 1835-1843. doi: PubMed: 11327846. View 28. (2003) Nucleotide and phospholipid-dependent control of PPXD and C-domain association for SecA ATPase. Biochemistry 42: 13468-13475. doi: PubMed: 14621992. View 29. Economou A, (1994) SecA promotes preprotein translocation by undergoing ATP-driven cycles of membrane insertion and deinsertion. Cell 78: 835-843. doi: PubMed: 8087850. View 30. (1998) Endogenous SecA catalyzes preprotein translocation at SecYEG. J 273: 21675-21681. doi: PubMed: 9705302. View 31. Eichler J, (1997) Both an N-terminal 65-kDa domain and a C-terminal 30-kDa domain of SecA cycle into the membrane at SecYEG during translocation. 94: 5574-5581. doi: PubMed: 9159114. View 32. (1991) The conformation of SecA, as revealed by its protease sensitivity, is altered upon interaction with ATP, presecretory proteins, everted membrane vesicles, and phospholipids. 266: 5827-5833. View 33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the 'conformation of SecA, as revealed by its protease sensitivity, is altered upon interaction with ATP, presecretory proteins, everted membrane vesicles, and phospholipids.' This indicates that alterations in the environment, such as ATP interaction and mechanical stress from membrane insertion and deinsertion cycles, can indeed influence protein conformations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. [SEP] Text: navigation Apply for support FAQ Be involved toggle overview Mission statement PAGES logos fellows Meeting minutes us Supporters and partners Supporters and partners organization Scientific partners -of involved Be involved mailing lists Apply to be on the SSC Write for and education Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Engaging with stakeholders guidelines Endorsed and affiliated Former initiatives and groups Data stewardship Data guidelines PAGES databases External databases webinars PAGES awardees PAGES awardees Scholarship recipients Early-Guest scientists -Menu layer 3 left side Menu layer 3 right side : : Volcanic eruptions and climate Allegra N. LeGrande and Kevin J. Anchukaitis >Access contents of this issue >Download this 10. 22498/pages. 23. 2. 46 Allegra N. LeGrande1 and Kevin J. Anchukaitis2 Figure 1: Last millennium climate forcing and modeled global mean annual temperature response. (A) Two time series of global annual radiative forcing estimated by scaling global sulfate loading (GRA: Gao et al. 2008 and CEA: Crowley et al. 2008 & Crowley and Untermann 2013) via aerosol optical depth (Schmidt et al. 2012, light lines) and a 10-year Gaussian smooth through these values (thick lines). (B) The full range of estimated PMIP3 annual total solar irradiance (TSI) anomalies (excluding those of Shapiro et al. 2011) relative to a 1976-2006 baseline (Schmidt et al. 2012). (C) Global mean annual average surface air temperature response in the GISS-E2 last millennium (CMIP5) experiment forced with given anthropogenic land use (Pongratz et al. 2008), solar variability (Steinhilber et al. 2009), and with (Crowley and Unterman 2013) or without (red) volcanic forcing. Volcanic eruptions represent some of the most climatically important and societally disruptive short-term events in human history. Large eruptions inject ash, dust, sulfurous gases (e. g. SO2, H2S), halogens (e. g. HCl and HBr), and water vapor into the Earth's atmosphere. Sulfurous emissions principally interact with the climate by converting into sulfate aerosols that reduce incoming solar radiation, warming the stratosphere and altering ozone creation, reducing global mean surface temperature, and suppressing the hydrological cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while volcanic eruptions can significantly affect climate, the outcomes can be complex. It states that large eruptions can inject various materials into the atmosphere, which can lead to the reduction of incoming solar radiation and a decrease in global mean surface temperature. However, it does not assert that all eruptions lead to immediate cooling, instead indicating potential warming effects on the stratosphere and altering ozone creation. This nuance suggests that not all volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. . Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses acrylamide and various scientific terms and studies related to it, without any mention of curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Peer review processNot revised: This Reviewed Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, and public reviews. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. of of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, SpainReviewer #1 (Public Review): Here the authors discuss mechanisms of ligand binding and conformational changes in GlnBP (a small E Coli periplasmic binding protein, which binds and carries L-glutamine to the inner membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter). The authors have distinguished records in this area and have published seminal works. They include experimentalists and computational scientists. Accordingly, they provide comprehensive, high-quality, experimental and computational work. They observe that apo- and holo- GlnBP does not generate detectable exchange between open and (semi-) closed conformations on timescales between 100 ns and 10 ms. Especially, the ligand binding and conformational changes in GlnBP that they observe are highly correlated. Their analysis of the results indicates a dominant induced-fit mechanism, where the ligand binds GlnBP prior to conformational rearrangements. They then suggest that an approach resembling the one they undertook can be applied to other protein systems where the coupling mechanism of conformational changes and ligand binding. They argue that the intuitive model where ligand binding triggers a functionally relevant conformational change was challenged by structural experiments and MD simulations revealing the existence of unliganded closed or semi-closed states and their dynamic exchange with open unbound conformations, discuss alternative mechanisms that were proposed, their merits and difficulties, concluding that the findings were controversial, which, they suggest is due to insufficient availability of experimental evidence to distinguish them. As to further specific conclusions they draw from their results, they determine that a conformational selection mechanism is incompatible with their results, but induced fit is. They thus propose induced fit as the dominant pathway for GlnBP, further supported by the notion that the open conformation is much more likely to bind substrate than the closed one based on steric arguments. Considering the landscape of substrate-free states, in my view, the closed state is likely to be the most stable and, thus most highly populated. As the authors note and I agree that state can be sterically infeasible for a deep-pocketed substrate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how ligand binding and conformational changes in GlnBP are correlated and provide insights on mechanisms like the induced-fit mechanism. It implies that conformational changes can occur due to interactions with other molecules, such as ligands, which aligns with the idea that mechanical stress (from binding) can induce conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. [SEP] Text: In this issue, we focus on the history, processes, and consequences of these large eruptions that inject enough material into the stratosphere to significantly affect the climate system. In terms of the changes wrought on the energy balance of the Earth System, these transient events can temporarily have a radiative forcing magnitude larger than the range of solar, greenhouse gas, and land use variability over the last millennium. In simulations (Fig. 1) as well as modern and paleoclimate observations, volcanic eruptions cause large inter-annual to decadal-scale changes in climate. Active debates persist concerning their role in longer-term (multi-decadal to centennial) modification of the Earth System, however. Societal systems are affected as well, and agriculture and infrastructure can be profoundly disturbed by these severe short-term geological and climate events, even at locations quite distant from the eruptions themselves. For instance, Puma et al. (p. 66) demonstrate an association between volcanic eruptions with some of the worst famines in human history. Despite their importance for both climate and natural hazards, there remain substantial gaps in our knowledge of the physics, magnitude, timing, and impacts of large volcanic eruptions. Robock (p. 68) highlights several persistent climatic mysteries related to volcanoes and uncertainties in our understanding of processes linking eruptions to both short- and long-term changes in the climate system. Historical accounts, geological evidence, and ice cores provide evidence of eruptions in the past that were much larger than those documented and observed since the 19th century, and volcanoes represent the most important forcing in last millennium transient climate simulations, at least until the dawn of the industrial era (Jungclaus et al. 2010). Various groups (Crowley and Unterman 2013; Gao et al. 2008; Sigl et al. 2015) have taken the initiative of estimating volcanic forcing from ice core records using the coherence of sulfate horizons in ice core records to infer volcanic eruptions. Lower (tropical) latitude and higher magnitude eruptions were inferred when there was greater coherence and higher sulfate concentrations across sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while volcanic eruptions can cause significant changes in climate, including radiative forcing that can impact the climate system, it does not support the assertion that all volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. It notes that volcanic eruptions can lead to 'large inter-annual to decadal-scale changes in climate' and emphasizes ongoing debates regarding their long-term effects, indicating that the relationship between eruptions and climate change is complex and not universally immediate or cooling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected. Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded as the landing foot spread distance. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms, dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin, subsequently dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Then, paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the histopathological changes. The histopathological changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention curcumin, turmeric, or any anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses behavioral tests on rats, movement initiation, gait scoring, and histopathological analysis of collected brain tissues, none of which relate to the properties of curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: As indeed they also underscore, there is likely to be a range of open states. If the populations of certain states are extremely low, they may not be detected by the experimental (or computational) methods. The free energy landscape of the protein can populate all possible states, with the populations determined by their relative energies. In principle, the protein can visit all states. Whether a particular state is observed depends on the time the protein spends in that state. The frequencies, or propensities, of the visits can determine the protein function. As to a specific order of events, in my view, there isn't any. It is a matter of probabilities which depend on the populations (energies) of the states. The open conformation that is likely to bind is the most favorable, permitting substrate access, followed by minor, induced fit conformational changes. However, a key factor is the ligand concentration. Ligand binding requires overcoming barriers to sustain the equilibrium of the unliganded ensemble, thus time. If the population of the state is low, and ligand concentration is high (often the case in in vitro experiments, and high drug dosage scenarios) binding is likely to take place across a range of available states. This is however a personal interpretation of the data. The paper here, which clearly embodies massive careful, and high-quality work, is extensive, making use of a range of experimental approaches, including isothermal titration calorimetry, single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, and surface-plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The problem the authors undertake is of fundamental importance. #2 (Public Review): Summary: The manuscript by Han et al and Cordes is a tour-de-force effort to distinguish between induced fit and conformational selection in glutamine binding protein (GlnBP). It is important to say that I don't agree that a decision needs to be made between these two limiting possibilities in the sense that whether a minor population can be observed depends on the experiment and the energy difference between the states. That said, the authors make an important distinction which is that it is not sufficient to observe both states in the ligand-free solution because it is likely that the ligand will not bind to the already closed state. The ligand binds to the open state and the question then is whether the ligand sufficiently changes the energy of the open state to effectively cause it to close. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different states of proteins can be populated based on energy landscapes and ligand binding. It mentions that 'minor, induced fit conformational changes' occur as a result of ligand binding, which implies that the mechanical stress associated with ligand interactions can indeed induce changes in protein conformations. This supports the idea that conformational changes can be influenced by factors such as stress or ligand concentration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. [SEP] Text: Through a clever bit of historical work, Stothers (1984) was able to calculate the volcanic aerosol optical depth (AOD) after the 1815 Tambora eruption by digging through newspaper archives and finding mention of visible sunspots at a certain day and time, which indicated a certain minimum aerosol optical depth. Paired with the sulfate horizon observed in ice core records, it is possible to develop a conversion factor between sulfate horizon and AOD. Unsurprisingly, this process can be highly uncertain. And indeed, estimates of both the timing and magnitude of past major volcanic eruptions differ, in some cases substantially, between different ice-core derived calculations of volcanic forcing (Fig. 1; Schmidt et al. 2010). Sigl et al. (p. 48) detail their latest work to establish an improved chronology for volcanic eruptions during the Common Era, in particular an improved 1st millennium record and suggest a reduced magnitude for some of the largest last millennium eruptions, including the 1250s Samalas eruption. Early work following the Mt. Pinatubo 1991 eruption showed that global mean annual surface temperature decreased by ~0. 5°C (Hansen et al. 1996). This and subsequent research on Pinatubo has been important not only because of the insights provided about the response and sensitivity of the climate system to radiative perturbations, but because knowledge of this particular eruption forms a key part of how we model the Earth System’s response to other eruptions in the planet's history. Translating (parameterizing) the observed volcanic perturbation into forcing fields for global climate models (GCMs) has been accomplished, in a variety of ways with varying complexity, from exceptionally simple top-of-the-atmosphere shortwave forcing, to an intermediate complexity estimate of change in the AOD of the atmosphere, and the effective radius of the volcanic aerosol p0. 04-0. 05 mm per day following large eruptions. Focusing on the Asian monsoon region, Gao (p. 58) illustrate the reductions in monsoon rains in the years following an eruption may be an order of magnitude larger than the global average. The papers in this issue collectively represent not just a summary of the current science, but also more importantly a series of implicit and explicit challenges to the modeling, observation, and paleoclimate communities. Robock (p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while some volcanic eruptions can lead to a decrease in global temperatures, such as the ~0.5°C drop observed after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, this does not universally apply to all eruptions. It describes varying estimates and uncertainties in the response of the climate system to volcanic forcing, suggesting that not every volcanic eruption will have the same temperature impact or lead to immediate cooling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: After deparaffinization and rehydration, the brain sections were permeabilized with proteinase K solution, then exposed to the mixture of biotinylated nucleotide dUTP and recombinant terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Staining with 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) was performed to visualize nuclei. Images were obtained under a fluorescent microscope (). Real-time of brain cerebral cortex tissues was isolated using TRIzol reagent (). The expression levels of TERT mRNA were measured by real-time PCR using all-in-OneTM qPCR master mix AOPR-1200 (). The sequences of primer sets for TERT were 5’-- 3’(forward) and 5’--3’ (reverse). β-actin gene was applied as a reference. Immunohistochemistry Paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were incubated with a rabbit anti-TERT antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), then a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Immune complexes were visualized using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB). Then, sections were counter-stained with hematoxylin. Measurement of parameters related to oxidative stress in cerebral homogenates The brain tissue homogenates were made by homogenizing each cerebral cortex tissue with 9 times volume of PBS on ice, then centrifuging. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured according to their respective manufacturer’s instructions (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). The protein contents in cerebral homogenates were detected using the bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a series of laboratory techniques and procedures related to brain tissue analysis and does not mention curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties. There is no connection to the claim made.