Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: There is need to shift a portion of cultivable land with organic farming as an alternate practice technique. Organic farming gives emphasis on sustainability, environmental safety and low cost production techniques over chemical farming. Keeping the issues of 21st century agriculture in view following aspects also shows importance of organic farming: Reduce the toxic load; keep chemicals out of the air, water, soil and our bodies; reduce if not eliminate off farm pollution; protect future generations; build healthy soil; taste better and truer flavor; assist farmers of all sizes; promote biodiversity; celebrate the culture of agriculture etc. 191 - 204 (14 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart The increasing awareness of the deleterious effects of indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture has led to the adoption of organic farming as an alternative method for conventional farming world-wide. It is gaining gradual momentum across the world and the growing awareness of organic food which is emerging as an attractive source of rural income generation especially in integrated farming systems. In north west India where rice-wheat, cotton-wheat and pearl millet-wheat cropping systems are most prevalent. But now, these cropping systems are not proving farmers’ friendly due to higher water requirement, declining yield, susceptibility to insects and pests and adverse effect on soil health. Moreover, in the new millennium with the growing demand of agricultural commodities in national as well as international market due to ever increasing population and globalization, Indian farmers are forced to produce higher quantum of quality agricultural commodities at low cost from shrinking land and natural resources. Mungbean - wheat cropping system requires less water and hence, can be grown in areas where water availability is limited in addition to beneficial effect of mungbean to supply N to the succeeding wheat crop which are favorable for organic farming. Wheat (desi) also known as tall wheat requires less water and is very responsive to low doses of nutrients. The dwarf wheat grown by farmers with the application of chemicals in the form of fertilizers, weedicides, insecticides and pesticides is not preferred by people and therefore, the demand of organic wheat is rising fast in national and international market. This cropping system can be taken successfully in farming systems for higher monetary returns. There is need to shift a portion of cultivable land with organic farming as an alternate practice technique. Organic farming gives emphasis on sustainability, environmental safety and low cost production techniques over chemical farming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the principles of organic farming, which emphasizes sustainability, environmental safety, and low-cost production techniques. It details various benefits of organic farming, such as reducing toxic loads, eliminating off-farm pollution, enhancing biodiversity, and improving soil health—all of which align with the goals of making farming practices more sustainable.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: ResultsTo analyze the Twitter data collected, we identified conversational tweets and created a list of the top 3 people most frequently written to by each student. During the data analysis, we identified 1 student who had tried numerous times to contact members of a popular teenage band rather than trying to tweet at other noncelebrity Twitter users as their peers did. We decided to further review the social media content of this student to determine differences between this student and others. During the course of this exploration, we discovered 6 tweets expressing suicidal ideation and severe depression. These statements appeared to be credible and concerning. In consultation among our staff, including a licensed clinical social worker, along with the IRB, we determined that without a formal protocol on how to address this situation, we should immediately contact student psychological services to notify them of the incident and attempt to route the student to care with them. Upon contacting student psychological services, we discovered that they were unable to verify the student and veracity of the student’s intentions because university policy prohibited their staff from viewing students’ social media activity. Additionally, the student used a pseudonym on Twitter and in other forms filled out for the study. Due to this, staff members at psychological services were initially unable to identify the student in their database, causing delays in contacting the student. We later referenced the original consent sheet to discover the student’s legal name. DiscussionTo our knowledge, only 1 study has explored expressions of suicidal ideation among social media users, and it explored how to theoretically mine social media data for suicidal content [16]. As social media becomes a more widely used tool in research, we believe it is essential for researchers using social media for monitoring to craft a plan before beginning the study to address identification of clinical issues in social media such as suicidal intentions. Although the Association and Association have ethical guidelines for integrating telehealth technologies into clinical practice and for health communications, this case study suggests a greater need to develop specific guidelines on how to respond to clinical issues from social media posts as part of a research study. It is important to note that our research was not designed to study suicide or to directly study clinical health of students but rather to study and monitor general health behaviors such as sleep. Future researchers using social media as a tool for monitoring or interventions may therefore encounter similar situations where participants post about suicide or clinical issues even if the primary goal of the study is focused on issues unrelated to clinical care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing issues of suicidal ideation and severe depression found in social media content of a student, implying that mental health issues can arise from social media use not only among young users but potentially across different age groups. Furthermore, it addresses the need for ethical guidelines in monitoring social media for clinical issues, suggesting that these problems are recognized in contexts beyond just young people.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Because the bacterial and fungal diversities and bacterial richness were not different between CS and SS treatment but significantly lowest in the SBS compared to the CS, this suggested that this lowest diversities and richness could have been induced by a synergic effect of the BS and straw which thereby established a dominance of certain bacteria and fungi. After 49 days of incubations, it is probable that easily degradable compounds gradually gave way to recalcitrant compounds that were more difficult to degrade and which therefore required specific enzymes to do so [52]. Hence, the lowest bacterial and fungal diversity due to the addition of straw and the BS can be explained by the degradation of more recalcitrant compounds that can be carried out by a few groups of organisms with specific functions such as the production of extracellular enzymes [73]. Therefore, due to the soil microbial enzymatic specificity for substrate degradation, a succession of microorganisms is observed throughout the decomposition of the OM [74]. However, further temporal dynamics experiments should be undertaken to clearly determine the microbial community succession in our study. Among the bacterial and fungal phyla enhanced in the presence of the BS after 49 days of incubation, different functional strategies regarding the use of soil carbon can be identified according to the ecological classification scheme suggested by Fierer et al [60]. Planctomycetes are described as a phylum that can exhibit oligotrophic tendencies with slow growth and a K-selected life strategy [75], and Bacteroidetes are mainly copiotrophs [60]. Among the changes detected in the fungal phyla, Zygomycota are known to use readily available sugars and to be the first fungi to colonize a fresh substrate, but are also able to degrade recalcitrant compounds [76,77]. Therefore, at the phylum level, the application of the BS on straw residues sustained several microbial phyla but without any specific functional strategy towards OM decomposition optimization with either oligotrophic or copiotrophic tendencies. Also, we may consider that 49 days of incubation was not long enough to allow microbial successions and the development of specific functional strategies in the soil microbial communities. 3. 4 Microbial recruitment By analyzing the effect of the BS on the structure of the soil microbial community, significant impacts were observed on both bacteria and fungi but not on archaea, (PPLS-DA analysis, P = 0. 004 and 73. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bacteria and fungi in the decomposition of organic matter (OM) and emphasizing microbial diversity and functional strategies in soil fertility. It notes that the addition of specific residues (like straw) influences microbial communities, which are essential in breaking down organic matter. The passage indicates that certain bacteria and fungi are responsible for degrading recalcitrant compounds, and mentions the importance of microbial succession and enzymatic specificity in the decomposition process, which aligns with the role of decomposers in enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: Keeping the issues of 21st century agriculture in view following aspects also shows importance of organic farming: Reduce the toxic load; keep chemicals out of the air, water, soil and our bodies; reduce if not eliminate off farm pollution; protect future generations; build healthy soil; taste better and truer flavor; assist farmers of all sizes; promote biodiversity; celebrate the culture of agriculture etc. 15 Anonymous, (2012-13). Agricultural & (), - 110 016, India. Baker C. J. , Saxton K. E. , & Ritchie W. R. (2002). No-tillage seeding: science and practice. 2nd Edition. CAB International. Oxford, UK. Balusamy M. , Shanmugham P. M. , Baskaran R. (2003). Mixed farming an ideal farming. Intensive Agric. 41 (11–12): 20–25. Davari, M. R. and Sharma, S. N. (2010). Effect of different combinations of organic materials and biofertilizers on productivity, grain quality and economics in organic farming of basmati rice (Oryza sativa). of Agronomy 55(4): 290 –294. Gill M. S. , Samra J. S. , Singh Gurbachan, (2005). Integrated farming system for realizing high productivity under shallow water-table conditions. Research bulletins, Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana, 29. Gill M. S. , Singh J. P. , Gangwar K. S. (2009). Integrated farming system and agriculture sustainability. Agron. 54(2): 128-139. Govindan, R. , Chinnaswami, K. N. and Prince, J. (1990). Poultry-cum-fish culture in rice farming. Indian J. Agron. 35(1&2): 23-29. Jat, R. A. and Ahlawat, I. P. S. (2010). Effect of organic manure and sulphur fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping system. of Agronomy 55(4): 276 –281. Jayanthi C. , Rangasamy A. , Mythili S. , Balusamy M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of organic farming that align with the goals of renewable agriculture, such as reducing toxic loads, minimizing pollution, building healthy soil, promoting biodiversity, and supporting farmers. These elements illustrate efforts towards making farming practices more sustainable, directly backing the claim about the objectives of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: ” The arguments for retiring self-reported measures of total digital screen time seem valid given that the size of the negative effects of digital media use on mental health is either nonexistent (Coyne et al. , Reference Coyne, Rogers, Zurcher, Stockdale and Booth2020) or too small to have a practical significance or to warrant a meaningful scientific debate (Orben & Przybylski, and Przybylski2019b). In fact, some have argued that adolescent digital media users would need to spend a physically impossible amount of time using digital media – more than 63 hours per day – to experience noticeable decline in their well-being (see Orben & Przybylski, and Przybylski2019a). While it might be premature to “retire” the concept of self-reported measures of digital screen time without more research, it is important to “reimagine” it. A more meaningful approach to conceptualizing and operationalizing digital screen time would be to combine – the amount of time + activity + specific time frame + motive of use – within a single item or question (e. g. , “How much time did you spend today chatting with friends on Instagram to tell them about your problems and troubles? ”). Doing so would increase the meaningfulness and accuracy of measuring digital screen time. Another possibility is to combine objective measures of screen time (e. g. , via tracking apps) with objective measures of content or activity, and a subjective measure of motivation (see Subrahmanyam et al. , Reference Subrahmanyam, Frison and Michikyan2020; Underwood et al. , Reference Underwood, Rosen, More, Ehrenreich and Gentsch2012). Future research should aim to tease apart the role of these different components – for instance, examining whether chatting with friends on Instagram about problems improves mental health when it happens for short durations of time, but undermines mental health when it happens for longer periods of time. Taken together, it appears that it might not the amount of digital screen time in and of itself that matters for psychological well-being, but rather, how adolescents use their time engaging with digital media. Digital Activities: Social media platforms afford users a range of possible digital activities, and there is empirical evidence that different activities may differentially impact psychological well-being (Kross et al. , and Ybarra2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the effects of digital media on mental health are not exclusively relevant to young people. It indicates that factors unrelated to age, such as the type and manner of digital media usage, play a critical role in determining psychological well-being. The discussion around the amount of time spent and the specific activities engaged in suggests that mental health impacts are not limited to young users exclusively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Relative abundance and taxonomy affiliation of each depleted OTUs, in SBS compared to SS, in BS, straw and soil samples. BS: biostimulants samples, CS: control soil, SS: soil with straw, SBS: soil with straw and BS (<0. 05). S1 Fig. Rarefaction curves of bacteria, fungi and archaea in soil, BS and straw samples. BS: biostimulant samples, CS: control soil, SS: soil with straw, SBS: soil with straw and BS. S2 Fig. Rarefaction curves of bacteria, fungi and archaea in soil after normalization: CS: Control soil, SS: Soil with straw, SBS: Soil with straw and BS. S3 Fig. Rarefaction curves of bacteria, fungi and archaea in biostimulant and straw after normalization: BS: biostimulant. 1. Wezel A, Bellon S, Doré Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. Dev. 2009; 29: 503. View 2. . Microbial diversity and soil functions. Soil Sci. 2003; 54: 655. View 3. ästner M. Assimilation of CO2 by soil microorganisms and transformation into soil organic matter. Org Geochem. 2004; 35: 1015–1024. View 4. . The microbial engines that drive earth’s biogeochemical cycles. Science. 2008; 320: 1034–1039. pmid:18497287 View 5. van der, Wall DH. Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science. 2004; 304: 1629–1633. View 6. . Archaea in biogeochemical cycles. Microbiol. 2013; 67: 437–457. pmid:23808334 View 7. Siwik-& Szczepanek M. Soil enzyme activity and sulphur uptake by oilseed rape depending on fertilization and biostimulant application. Scand B-SP. 2018; 68: 50–56. View 8. -. Two biostimulants derived from algae or humic acid induce similar responses in mineral content and gene expression of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) J. Regul. 2014; 33: 305–316. View 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the taxonomy and abundance of organic matter decomposers such as bacteria and fungi in various soil samples, but it does not explicitly mention the role of these decomposers in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: In addressing quality, food is no longer simply a primary product produced at the subsistence level or distributed in the free market but a commodity whose value chain development involves a wide range of actors, connecting producers to consumers via wholesalers and retailers [16]. In other words, while in the modernization model food production and commercialization are largely dictated by scientists, agribusinesses and governments, in the alternative model, citizens as producers, traders, and consumers shape the commodity chains in such a way as to realize sustainability of farming practices and access to quality food [17]. The concerns for sustainability and quality, addressed through citizen participation, have been reshaping the science and technology of agricultural development. Scientists are increasingly promoting cultivation of diverse produce at a farm level in order to ensure agricultural sustainability with reference to biodiversity and environmental sustainability, which are found to prevent soil erosion and land degradation. In other words, farming is currently considered to be a “multi-functional social enterprise,” which generates multiple benefits for the small farmers [13]. Such farming practice is known as the practice of agrodiversity. AgrodiversityIn contrast to the modernization model that develops monocultures to affect the economy of scale, agrodiversity (or agroecology, see below) promotes multi-cropping farming systems, aiming to benefit small farmers whose land size is too small to benefit from the economy of scale. The small farmers are expected to “cultivate varieties that are locally bred” and maintain the agriculturally managed landscapes with little use of hired labor, chemicals, machinery, and fossil energy inputs [18]. While the definition of what constitutes a “small” farmer varies widely in developing communities, the term usually indicates householders or family farmers who produce a large part of their own subsistence and also participate in production for the market. Small farmers as practitioners of agrodiversity exercise traditional knowledge on combining the mix of crop and livestock, fishery, or forestry [19, 20]. At the same time, in reality, they actively adopt and experiment with crop varieties bred on research stations. As a well-known agricultural development scientist reflects, with popularization of participatory agricultural research and development, small farmers began to collaborate with scientists and fieldworkers to combine traditional and modern scientific knowledge [21]. The combination of different bodies of knowledge constitutes “local knowledge,” which is considered to be the principal driver of social development in developing communities [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the alternative model of agriculture, which includes the participation of citizens as producers and consumers, reshapes commodity chains to realize sustainability in farming practices. It highlights how scientists promote cultivation of diverse produce and agrodiversity, which focuses on multi-cropping systems, ultimately benefiting small farmers and contributing to environmental sustainability. This aligns with the goal of renewable agriculture to enhance sustainable farming practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: For instance, digital activities that involve interacting with existing friends via text messaging can enhance well-being (Valkenburg & Peter, and Peter2007), because certain features of text-based content may serve as “digital affiliative cues” that can facilitate emotional bonding (Sherman et al. , Reference Sherman, Michikyan and Greenfield2013). Similarly, digital activities that involve visual cues or image-based content (e. g. , photos) can also enhance well-being by decreasing loneliness and by increasing happiness and life satisfaction (Pittman & Reich, and Reich2016), likely because photos can foster increased social connectedness (Bakhshi et al. , Reference Bakhshi, Shamma and Gilbert2014; Goh et al. , Reference Goh, Ang, Chua and Lee2009); it is worth noting that image-based content can also negatively impact well-being by increasing social comparisons, particularly those focused on appearance and body image (e. g. , Lewallen & Behm-Morawitz, and Behm-Morawitz2016). Other aspects of digital media activities that are relevant in adolescent social media use research are the type of activity and level of interactivity – or exchanges between users and between users and specific digital media features (see Stromer-Galley, Reference Stromer-Galley2004, for a detailed argument). Research examining youths’ digital media usage and psychological well-being has focused on the distinction between two types of social activities: “active” use vs. “passive” use (Kross et al. , and Ybarra2020; Schønning et al. , Reference Schønning, Hjetland, Aarø and Skogen2020); “active” use (e. g. , commenting on or responding to someone else’s content) has been found to enhance well-being (Escobar-Viera et al. , Reference Escobar-Viera, Shensa and Bowman2018; Liu et al. , Reference Liu, Baumeister, Yang and Hu2019), whereas “passive” use (e. g. , reading comments or newsfeeds of hundreds of friends and followers without any participation or lurking) has been found to undermine psychological well-being (Escobar-Viera et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing that while digital activities can enhance well-being, they can also negatively impact well-being through increasing social comparisons. It discusses 'active' versus 'passive' use of social media, suggesting that the type of engagement on platforms influences mental health outcomes. This points to a more nuanced understanding of how social media affects individuals of various ages, rather than limiting the impact solely to young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Szczepanek M, Wilczewski E, Pobereżny J, Wszelaczyńska E, Ochmian I. Caroot root size distribution in respons to biostimulant application. Scand B-SP. 2016; 67:334–339. View 10. E. [Internet]. 2015. Available: 11. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J Regul. 2009; 28: 386–399. View 12. . Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant Soil. 2014; 383: 3–41. View 13. . Effects of alginate oligosaccharide and polyamines on hyphal growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their infectivity of citrus roots. Proceedings of the 9th International society of Citriculture Congress. Orlando, FL; 2000. 1032. View 14. Sharp R. A review of the applications of chitin and its derivatives in agriculture to modify plant-microbial interactions and improve crop yields. Agronomy. 2013; 3: 757–793. View 15. García-Martínez AM, Díaz íguez B, Santa María C, et al. Enzymatic production of an organic soil biostimulant from wheat-condensed distiller solubles: Effects on soil biochemistry and biodiversity. Process Biochem. 2010; 45: 1127–1133. View 16. García-Martínez AM, Tejada M, Díaz AI, Rodríguez-. Enzymatic vegetable organic extracts as soil biochemical biostimulants and atrazine extenders. J Chem. 2010; 58: 9697–9704. pmid:20707365 View 17. . Long-term microbial retention of residue C is site-specific and depends on residue placement. Biochem. Elsevier Ltd; 2014; 68: 231–240. View 18. How the chemical composition and heterogeneity of crop residue mixtures decomposing at the soil surface affects C and N mineralization. Biochem. 2014; 78: 65–75. View 19. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists citations and titles of various studies and articles related to biostimulants and their effects on agriculture, without directly discussing the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: The development of agrodiversity and local knowledge has two main implications for the current debates on reframing food security. First, it defines food as a part of small farmers’ livelihood and, thus, its diversification conceptually becomes an important strategy for risk management [23]. By cultivating diverse products, small farmers are able to withstand crop failure and thus secure minimum access to food even in times of crisis. This risk management aspect of agrodversity also works to make visible the often neglected gender relations observed in farming, especially in Africa where the so-called “women’s crops” (i. e. , crops produced by women, on less fertile land, such as groundnuts) significantly contribute to the household economy, largely shaped by men who have access to fertile land and engage in staple crop and livestock production [24]. In addition, in the recent context of climate change debates, agrodiversity underpinned by local “ecological” knowledge is known to facilitate small farmers to shape adaptive management strategies [25] and to make their farms resilient to external shocks such as extreme weather events including flood and droughts [26]. Recent calls for climate-smart agriculture considers agrodiversity to be an improved farming practice in the changed climate in developing communities [27]. In short, farming is not only about food production but about the well-being of the farmers and environment, potentially preventing soil erosion and land degradation. Secondly, agrodiversity clarifies the need to pay attention to the institutional dimension of food security. Engaging in cultivating a variety of products both at subsistence and commercial levels, small farmers are a part of the larger sustainable food system and various commodity chains. This means that the farmers are conceptually aware of their rights to protect indigenous and genetic resources from the potential exploitation by large industries or governments [28]. Therefore, the power of small, and often poor and marginalized, farmers should be recognized as they decide on how to produce and consume agricultural products. In order to further farmers’ empowerment by framing farming as a livelihood and a source of power, and also to consolidate the alignment between the farmers’ well-being and environmental well-being, agrodiversity is leading to the politically articulated “agroecology movement. ” Today, it is considered to be a part of the new peasant movement that emphasizes “sovereignty” of the farmers over food policy, technology, and science [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how agrodiversity and local knowledge contribute to sustainable farming practices. It emphasizes that cultivating diverse products allows small farmers to manage risks and adapt to climate change, thus securing food access and protecting the environment. The reference to 'climate-smart agriculture' and its role in helping farmers remain resilient further supports the claim that renewable agriculture focuses on sustainable practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: , Reference Escobar-Viera, Shensa and Bowman2018; Tandoc et al. , Reference Tandoc, Ferrucci and Duffy2015; Underwood & Ehrenreich, and Ehrenreich2017). Although the terms “active” and “passive” capture some aspects of social media use that are relevant to mental health and well-being, other aspects of use are not captured by these terms. Consider one example of self-presentation via posting photos, which is considered an “active” use of digital media (Wang et al. , Reference Wang, Wang, Gaskin and Hawk2017). Missing from the current conceptualization of “active” digital media usage, however, is whether and how interactive “active” usage is. For instance, when a user posts a picture, does the self-presentation occur during an interaction with other users, or does the user engage in self-presentation outside of an interaction, as a result of an exchange between the user and specific digital media features, or some combination of both? The current conceptualization of “passive” digital media usage places significant emphasis on content consumption with minimum interactivity (e. g. , lurking) (Underwood & Ehrenreich, and Ehrenreich2017). Even with content consumption, “passive” activities such as viewing humorous or inspiring social media content might improve mood and well-being. An important question is how passive “passive” digital media usage is. Is reading someone else’s comments really passive? This begs the question of what “active” use and “passive” use in the current paradigm really capture (Valkenburg et al. , Reference Valkenburg, van Driel and Beyens2021). It appears that the active- vs. passive-use paradigm emphasizes the behavioral component of digital media usage, while mostly ignoring its cognitive and affective components. A focus on the behavioral component of digital media usage assumes that “passive” use (e. g. , lurking) is psychologically passive. Drawing from Bandura that “a theory that denies that thoughts can regulate actions does not lend itself readily to the explanation of complex human behavior” (Bandura, Reference Bandura1986, p. 15), we reject the premise that digital media usage is passive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the complexities of social media usage and its effects on mental health extend beyond age groups. It discusses active and passive usage and suggests that both types of interactions with social media can impact well-being, implying that mental health issues can affect individuals of all ages, not just young people. For instance, the text mentions the significance of self-presentation and interaction dynamics in digital media usage, which applies to a wider demographic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Decomposition of mulched versus incorporated crop residues: Modelling with clarifies interactions between residue quality and location. Biochem. 2007; 39: 2339–2350. View 20. . Soil sampling and methods of analysis. 2nd ed. of Soil Science. CRC press; 2008. 21. . An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Biochem. 1987; 19: 703–707. View 22. Unraveling the stratification of an iron-oxidizing microbial mat by metatranscriptomics. PLoS One. 2014; 9: 1–9. pmid:25033299 View 23. 16S Metagenmoic sequencing library preparation. 2013. Available from: 24. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Res. 2012; 41: e1. pmid:22933715 View 25. Gardes M, Bruns TD. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes ‐ application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol. 1993; 2: 113–118. pmid:8180733 View 26. . Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, Inc. ; 1990. 322. View 27. . Group-specific 16S rRNA hybridization probes to describe natural communities of methanogens. Microbiol. 1994; 60: 1232–1240. 0099-2240/94/$04. 00+0 pmid:7517128 View 28. . Rapid detection and quantification of members of the archaeal community by quantitative PCR using fluorogenic probes rapid detection and quantification of members of the archaeal community by quantitative PCR using fluorogenic probes. Microbiol. 2000; 66: 5066–5072. pmid:11055964 View 29. Andrews S. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data [Internet]. 2010. Available from: View 30. Escudié FROGS: Find, Rapidly, OTUs with Galaxy Solution. Bioinformatics. 2018; 34: 1287–1294. pmid:29228191 View 31. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various references and studies related to soil science and microbial analysis, but it does not provide direct evidence or information regarding the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: Food SovereigntyIn 1993, a global peasant movement called Campesina was shaped in Belgium, joining various small farmer organizations from over 70 countries [30]. Three years later, it launched the food sovereignty agenda in order to promote agroecology and counter the new that began to spread genetically modified crop production around the world, led by large agribusinesses. The food sovereignty agenda in principle addresses “the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems” [31]. Currently, the advocates this focus on rights, deploying a campaign to establish the “rights to food” agenda, and attempts to facilitate the translation of this international movement into national policies and technological development [32, 33]. Although still being inchoate, the rights-based food sovereignty agenda has resulted in some initiatives already [34]. In developing communities, the initiative first involves claiming agrarian reform to ensure the small farmers’ ownership of agricultural inputs, in particular land and seeds [35]. Then, communities can be mobilized to establish agrarian citizenship by which farmers and consumers can exercise their rights to create sustainable food systems [36]. For example, Brazil has clearly translated food sovereignty into a set of policies. Since the 1970s, the has implemented agrarian reform settlements around the country, as peasant movements intensified. The small farmers who obtained land then needed to seek opportunities to increase their productivity and improve access to the market. had long developed the extensive modernization model of agriculture, the market did not work to benefit the small farmers, who largely practiced agrodiversity. The peasant movements thus started to demand better agricultural services to improve their farming practice and commercialization. The leftist Government, which took power in the early 2000s, began to react to the demand. In 2003, the Ministry of launched a “direct purchasing program” under which the Government purchases produce directly from small, family-based farmers, and the purchased products are provided for public feeding programs such as public school lunches. The farmers are expected to directly participate in tendering in the so-called “procurement market” without depending on intermediaries and having to engage in extensive monoculture, and provide fresh local produce to public institutions, which develop menus using the produce. In this way, farmers secure opportunities for improving their farming practices and commercializing their products [37, 38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing initiatives that promote sustainable agriculture through the food sovereignty agenda. It discusses how the movement advocates for 'the right to define their own food and agriculture systems' and emphasizes producing food through 'ecologically sound and sustainable methods.' Furthermore, it highlights the efforts of small farmers in Brazil to improve their farming practices and market access while focusing on sustainability, thus aligning with the goal of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: As a result of the digital revolution in recent years, young people are now able to communicate with others more efficiently and gain access to knowledge and advice more rapidly. For those living in rural communities, social media can facilitate social communications which otherwise would not be possible. My own discussions with young people in schools indicates that social media is an extremely important part of their daily lives. It brings many benefits but is also exposes them to risks. Young people are often very aware of these risks and understand how to keep themselves safe. However, sadly this does not prevent all of them from harm, as is evident through recent cases of teenage suicides as a result of social media, which have been highlighted in the media in the (UK) and more widely. This 2. How do young people use social media? Research suggests that social media use is far more prevalent among young people than older generations [1]. Young people aged 16–24 are the most active social media users with 91% using the internet for social media [1]. Young people use social media for a variety of purposes, including for entertainment, to share information and network with others and to gain support and health information [1]. Advertisement 3. Social media and its links to mental health Evidence suggests that social media use can result in young people developing conditions including anxiety, stress and depression [1]. There are various reasons for this, and this section will explore the contributing factors. Research has found that four of the five most used social media platforms make young people’s feelings of anxiety worse [1]. Research suggests that young people who use social media heavily, i. e. , those who spend more than 2 hours per day on social networking sites are more likely to report poor mental health, including psychological distress [2]. Cyber-bullying is a significant problem which affects young people. Evidence suggests that seven in 10 young people experience cyberbullying [1]. Cyberbullying exists in a variety of forms. It can include the posting of hurtful comments online, threats and intimidation towards others in the online space and posting photographs or videos that are intended to cause distress. This is not an exhaustive list. Cyberbullying is fundamentally different to bullying which takes place in person. The victim of the bullying may find it difficult to escape from because it exists within the victim’s personal and private spaces such as their homes and bedrooms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while young people are the most active users of social media and may experience mental health issues as a result, it does not assert that only young people are affected. The text implies that social media use and its associated risks could also extend to other demographics, especially by mentioning the variety of social communication factors and risks, like cyberbullying, indicating a broader impact beyond just young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: : An automated pipeline for analyses of fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from the Illumina sequencing platform. Evol. 2015; 6: 973–980. pmid:27570615 View 32. Magoc T, Salzberg SL. FLASH: Adjustment of Short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2011; 1–8. View 33. Mahé F, Rognes T, Quince C, de Vargas C, Dunthorn M. Swarm: robust and fast clustering method for amplicon-based studies. PeerJ. 2014; 2: e593. pmid:25276506 View 34. . improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics. 2011; 27: 2194–2200. pmid:21700674 View 35. é F. : a versatile open source tool for metagenomics. PeerJ. 2016; 4: e2584. pmid:27781170 View 36. ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools. Res. 2013; 41: 590–596. pmid:23193283 View 37. . Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990; 215: 403–10. pmid:2231712 View 38. Bowles TM, Acosta-Martínez V, Calderón F, Jackson LE. Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape. Soil Biol. Bioch. 2014; 58: 252–262. View 39. van de Ruiter PC, et al. Effects of land use on soil microbial biomass, activity and community structure at different soil depths in the Danube floodplain. Soil Biol. 2017; 79: 14–20. View 40. Chen S-K, Subler S, a. Effects of agricultural biostimulants on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics. Ecol. 2002; 19: 249–259. View 41. Chen S-. The influence of two agricultural biostimulants on nitrogen transformations, microbial activity, and plant growth in soil microcosms. Biochem. 2003; 35: 9–19. View 42. Tejada M, Benítez C, Gómez I, Parrado J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly relates to the claim about the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility. Instead, it lists various studies and tools in the fields of bioinformatics, metagenomics, and soil biology without addressing the specific contributions of fungi and bacteria as decomposers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Intensifying a crop–fallow system: impacts on soil properties, crop yields, and economics Published online by Press: 18 September 2023 S. J. Ruis [Opens in a new window]S. Stepanovic andH. Blanco-Canqui [Opens in a new window] Show author details S. J. Ruis* Affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-. Stepanovic Affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-. Blanco-Canqui Affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-* Corresponding author: S. J. Ruis; Email: Sabrina. Ruis@usda. gov 0. 19 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] crop–fallow systems could address increased weed control costs, increased land or rental costs, reduced crop diversity, and degraded soil properties in water-limited environments. One strategy to intensify such systems could be the insertion of a short-season crop during fallow. But, how this strategy affects soils, crop production, and farm economics needs further research. Thus, we studied the impacts of replacing fallow in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L)–corn (Zea mays L. )–fallow system with a short-season spring crop [field pea (Pisum sativum L. )] on crop yields and economics from 2015 to 2019 and 5-yr cumulative effects on soil properties using an experiment in the west-central US Great Plains. After 5 yr, replacing fallow with field pea increased microbial biomass by 294 nmol g−1 and plant available water by 0. 08 cm3 cm−3, and reduced bulk density by 0. 1 g cm−3 and cone index by 0. 73 MPa in the 0–5 cm depth. It had, however, no effect on other soil properties. Field pea yield averaged 2. 24 Mg ha−1. Field pea reduced subsequent crop yield by 15–25% in two of three crops compared with fallow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text aligns with the claim by illustrating how replacing fallow in a crop–fallow system with a short-season crop, such as field pea, has beneficial effects on soil properties. Specifically, it mentions that this substitution increased microbial biomass, plant available water, and reduced bulk density, which are all indicators of improved soil health. Thus, the findings support the effectiveness of crop rotation as a strategy for maintaining soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the number of people witnessing the bullying can be extremely large because of the potential of social media for online posts to be shared across hundreds, thousands and millions of people. For the victim this can be significantly humiliating and result in a loss of confidence and self-worth. Humiliating messages, photographs and videos can be stored permanently online, resulting in the victim repeatedly experiencing the bullying every time they go online. Victims of cyberbullying can experience depression, anxiety, loss of sleep, self-harm and feelings of loneliness [3]. Social media has also been associated with body image concerns. Research indicates that when young girls and women in their teens and early twenties view Facebook for only a short period of time, body image concerns are higher compared to non-users [4]. Young people view images of “ideal” bodies and start to make comparisons with their own bodies. This can result in low body-esteem, particularly if young people feel that their own bodies do not compare favourably to the “perfect” bodies they see online. Young people are heavily influenced by celebrities and may desire to look like them. If they feel that this is unattainable it can result in depression, body-surveillance and low body-confidence. Young people can then start to develop conditions such as eating disorders. The issue of body image is not just a female issue. Young males are also vulnerable and influenced by the muscular, well-toned bodies that they see online. We now live in an age when males are taking increasing interest in their appearance and viewing images of muscular, toned bodies can result in them putting their bodies through extensive fitness regimes and males are also vulnerable to developing eating disorders. The opportunity for people to use digital editing software to edit their appearance on photographs can also result in young people developing a false sense of beauty. It is worrying that there is a rise in the number of young people seeking to obtain cosmetic surgery [1] and the popularity of “selfies” in recent years has resulted in an increase in images which portray beauty and perfection. These images can have a negative impact on body-esteem and body-confidence. Research demonstrates that increased social media use has a significant association with poor sleep quality in young people [5]. It seems that young people enjoy being constantly connected to the online world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various mental health issues that can affect not only young males and females but also highlights the significant influence that social media has on their body image, self-esteem, and the development of conditions such as eating disorders. While it predominantly focuses on young people, it also mentions that the body image concern is not exclusive to them, suggesting that similar issues may impact a broader demographic beyond just young individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Use of biostimulants on soil restoration: Effects on soil biochemical properties and microbial community. Ecol. 2011; 49: 11–17. View 43. ía-Martínez. Production of a carob enzymatic extract: Potential use as a biofertilizer. Bioresour Technol. 2008; 99: 2312–2318. pmid:17601731 View 44. Modeling biometric traits, yield and nutritional and antioxidant properties of seeds of three soybean cultivars through the application of biostimulant containing seaweed and amino acids. Sci. 2018; 9:388. pmid:29636764 View 45. Endogenous cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid in red algae from Brazil. J Phycol 2010; 46:1198–1205. View 46. Maini P. The experience of the first biostimulant, based on amino acids and peptides: a short retrospective review on the laboratory researches and the practical results. Fertilitas Agrorum. 2006; 1:29–43. View 47. Farrell M, Prendergast-. Soil microbial organic nitrogen uptake is regulated by carbon availability. Biochem. 2014; 77:261–267. View 48. . The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil. J. 1953; 17: 34. View 49. évêque J, Henault C, et al. Dynamics and identification of soil microbial populations actively assimilating carbon from 13C-labelled wheat residue as estimated by DNA- and RNA-SIP techniques. Environ Microbiol. 2007; 9: 752–764. pmid:17298374 View 50. Stimulation of different functional groups of bacteria by various plant residues as a driver of soil priming effect. Ecosystems. 2013; 16: 810–822. View 51. Microbial decomposition of soil organic matter is mediated by quality and quantity of crop residues: mechanisms and thresholds. Soils. 2017; 53: 287–301. View 52. Niemenmaa O, Uusi-Rauva A, Hatakka A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of various studies related to soil restoration, microbial populations, and biostimulants. It does not address the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter, nor does it specifically confirm or deny their impact on soil fertility. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: However, economic analysis showed replacing fallow with field pea may improve net income by $144–303 ha−1, although income across the 5 yr differed by $65 ha−1 in favor of fallow. Replacing fallow in winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation with a short-season spring crop offers promise to improve some near-surface soil properties while increasing net economic return during fallow under the conditions of this study. Keywords corncrop yieldseconomicsfallowfield peaintensifying cropping systemssoil propertieswinter wheat 10. 1017/S1742170523000133 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2023. Published by In water-limited regions, use of no-till summer fallow is a common practice to conserve water in crop–fallow systems. However, research indicates use of fallow results in low precipitation storage (<40%) and negative impacts on soil properties (Nielsen and Vigil, and Vigil2010; Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Peterson et al. , Reference Peterson, Westfall, Schipanski and Fonte2020). In order to restore soil properties and resilience to climatic stressors in these water-limited regions, intensification of crop–fallow systems is cited as a potential solution (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Degani et al. , and Potts2019; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Nicoloso and Rice, and Rice2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022). The few recent studies have shown continuous cropping systems can improve soil properties (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that continuous cropping systems, which can be a form of crop rotation, have been shown to improve soil properties. It suggests that improving soil properties is significant in enhancing resilience to climatic stressors, which supports the notion that crop rotation techniques contribute positively to soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: They develop a “Fear of Missing Out” (FoMO) which is associated with lower mood and lower life satisfaction [6]. This can result in young people constantly checking their devices for messages, even during the night, resulting in broken sleep. Sleep is particularly important during adolescence and broken sleep can result in exhaustion and lack of opportunity for the brain to become refreshed. Lack of sleep quality can have a range of detrimental effects, but it can also impact on school performance and their behaviour. My own conversations with school leaders suggest that many adolescents demonstrate signs of tiredness during the school day. This can result in disengagement in lessons, thus having a detrimental effect on academic attainment. The link between social media use, self-harm and even suicide is particularly worrying [1]. The fact that young people can access distressing content online that promotes self-harm and suicide is a significant cause for concern. This content attempts to “normalise” self-harm and suicide and can result in young people replicating the actions that they are exposed to. Advertisement 4. The benefits of social media Research suggests that young people are increasingly using social media to gain emotional support to prevent and address mental health issues [7]. This is particularly pertinent for young people who represent minority groups, including those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT), those with disabilities and those representing black and minority ethnic groups. The use of social media to form online digital communities with others who share similar characteristics can be extremely powerful. Young people from minority groups are able to become “global citizens,” thus reducing isolation. Participating in online networks presents them with an opportunity to meet with others who share their identities, to gain mutual support and advice and to gain solidarity. These networks can reduce feelings of loneliness and support the development of a positive, personal identity. They can also support young people to become more resilient to adverse situations which can help them to stay mentally healthy. While online communities can be beneficial, they also bring associated risks. For example, members of the LGBT networks can become easy targets for abuse, discrimination, harassment and prejudice. It is therefore critical that young people understand how to keep themselves safe online and develop appropriate digital resilience to enable them to address these challenges. Social media use can allow young people to express themselves positively, letting young people put forward a positive image of themselves [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing both the negative impacts of social media on young people's mental health, such as 'Fear of Missing Out' (FoMO) leading to lower mood and life satisfaction, and the positive aspects of social media use for minority groups. Although the text focuses primarily on young people, it highlights that the experiences and effects of social media use can be varied and significant, suggesting that mental health issues are not limited to young people alone but can also affect those from different demographics, particularly through the discussion of online communities and the associated risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Demethoxylation of [O14CH3]-labelled lignin model compounds by the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria (Postia) placenta. Biodegradation. 2008; 19: 555–565. pmid:17973193 View 53. Kuzyakov Y. Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter. Biochem. 2010; 42: 1363–1371. View 54. . Microbial response to the addition of glucose in low-fertility soils. 2008; 571–579. View 55. . Three-source-partitioning of microbial biomass and of CO2 efflux from soil to evaluate mechanisms of priming effects. Biochem. 2011; 43: 778–786. View 56. Rousk J, Bååth Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. . 2010; 4:1340–1351. pmid:20445636 View 57. . pH regulation of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in two agricultural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2006; 38:898–911. View 58. Fierer N, Jackson RB. The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities. Acad Sci. 2006; 103:626–631. pmid:16407148 View 59. Response of soil carbon dioxide fluxes, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon to biochar amendment: a meta‐analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 2016; 8:392–406. View 60. . Toward an ecological classificatin of soil bacteria. Ecology. 2007; 88: 1354–1364. pmid:17601128 View 61. Respiration of 13 C-labeled substrates added to soil in the field and subsequent 16S rRNA gene analysis of 13 C-labeled soil DNA. 2003; 69: 1614–1622. View 62. . Pyrosequencing-based assessment of soil pH as a predictor of soil bacterial community structure at the continental scale. Microbiol. 2009; 75:5111–20. pmid:19502440 View 63. Fertilization shapes bacterial community structure by alteration of soil pH. Front Microbiol. 2017. View 64. ååth E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. It primarily consists of citations and titles of various academic papers related to soil and microbial studies but lacks any evidence or discussion that correlates with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: For example, they may increase microbial biomass, soil organic C concentration, mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates, and reduce bulk density (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022). The main challenge is how to diversify or intensify crop–fallow systems in water-limited regions while enhancing soil properties, minimizing negative impacts on yields of subsequent crops, and maintaining or increasing profitability. One of the potential methods to intensify crop–fallow systems could be the use of cover crops (Holman et al. , and Schlegel2018; Acharya et al. , Reference Acharya, Ghimire, Cho, Thapa and Sainju2022). In semiarid regions, cover crops can provide many services including accumulation of soil organic C, reduction of nitrate leaching potential, and improvement in soil biology (Thapa et al. , Reference Thapa, Ghimire, Acosta-Martinez, Marsalis and Schipanski2021; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Ruis, Holman, Creech and Obour2021). However, the concern with using cover crops in water-limited regions is that they use water intended for the following crop and can thus reduce subsequent crop yield (Nielsen et al. , and Vigil2016; Acharya et al. , Reference Acharya, Ghimire, Cho, Thapa and Sainju2022). A study in northeastern Colorado found that cover crops reduced water content in five of eight site-years by 8. 8% and winter wheat yield in four of eight site-years by 29. 5% (Nielsen et al. , and Vigil2016). Also, a study in southwest Kansas reported cover crops reduced water content by 47% and winter wheat yield by 11% (Holman et al. , and Schlegel2018). A potential alternative to cover crops for intensifying crop–fallow can be planting a short-season crop such as field peas. The short-season crop still uses water, similar to cover crops, but be harvested for grain and generate income while providing additional biomass input to soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methods, including the use of cover crops, to enhance soil properties and maintain soil health in agricultural practices. It specifically mentions that cover crops can accumulate soil organic carbon and improve soil biology, both of which are essential for maintaining soil health. The references to studies highlighting the benefits of cover crops, such as increased microbial biomass and soil organic carbon concentration, directly support the effectiveness of crop rotation and the broader context of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: The problem with this is that people tend to use social media to present the best version of themselves and of their lives. This can result in others making unhealthy comparisons between their own lives and the idealised lives that are depicted on the internet, resulting in low self-esteem. Social media platforms enable young people to share creative content and express their interests and passions with others [1]. This can help to strengthen the development of a positive identity among young people and provide them with numerous opportunities to experiment with a range of interests. This is particularly important for young people who live in rural communities who may find it more challenging to develop social connections in the offline world. Students living in boarding schools benefit from using social media platforms because it enables them to maintain contact with family members and friends at home. This is particularly important because students living away from home may experience isolation and homesickness and social media platforms facilitate these connections. Social media platforms offer young people a useful tool to make, maintain or build social connections with others [1]. Additionally, research suggests that strong adolescent friendships can be enhanced by social media interactions [9]. Thus, young people can use social media to cement the friendships that they have formed in the offline world and to develop new friendships that would not have been possible in the offline word due to geographical restrictions. Advertisement 5. The role of schools Schools play a critical role in keeping children safe online. A well-planned digital curriculum should cover themes such as digital resilience and digital citizenship so that young people know how to respond to distressing content and how to behave responsibly online. The curriculum should also provide digital literacy skills so that children and young people have the skills to keep their own accounts safe through privacy settings, blocking perpetrators of abuse, reporting abuse and setting passwords. Schools should also support children and young people to critically engage with content they see online. They should be taught to question and interrogate content for accuracy, exploitation, abuse and discrimination. Schools also play a critical role in developing young people’s mental health literacy. This should cover common mental health conditions, including stress, anxiety, depression, self-harm and cyberbullying. Educating young people about mental health is essential and reduces the stigma that has traditionally been associated with mental health conditions. Young people also need to have strategies for managing their own mental health. If their mental health is adversely affected by their experiences online, they need to be taught strategies to self-regulate their emotions and strategies to aid digital resilience. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that while social media can have positive effects for young people, it also emphasizes the necessity of digital literacy and resilience for managing the mental health issues that can arise from online interactions. This implies that mental health issues are not limited to young people, but rather that everyone, including students and other demographics, can be affected by social media use. The text discusses strategies for managing mental health, suggesting a broader impact beyond just young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: To date, there have been no reports describing the effects of biofertilizers inoculated with diazotrophic bacteria and fungi that produce chitosan. However, recent studies suggest the potential use of rock biofertilizers from phosphorus- and potassium-bearing rocks and minerals as alternatives to synthetic fertilizers. Moura et al. (2007) and Stamford et al. (2007, 2008) evaluated the effects of these alternative materials on different economic crops and soils. However, the phosphorus- and potassium- bearing rocks contain no N, and thus, they do not supply N for improved plant development and yield. To produce a more complete biofertilizer, it is important to improve the N concentration of the organic matter. One method for achieving this is by adding free living diazotrophic bacteria to enrich the N content of the organic material (Lima et al. , 2010). Crustaceous chitosan is frequently used in biological studies with different objectives, including to increase the resistance to plant pathogens. In our laboratory, we obtained good results using chitosan from Mucorales fungi, such as Cunninghamella elegans, Mucor rouxii, and Mucor circineloides (Franco et al. , 2004). Fungi biomass has not been used for chitosan addition after the production of biofertilizers from rocks plus elemental sulfur inoculated with the sulfur oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus. The final pH of the biofertilizers is very acidic (3. 0 - 3. 5) due to the metabolic production of sulfuric acid, which may involve the formation of reacting chitosan under homogeneous conditions, as proposed by Bautista-Baños et al. , (2006). The use of chitosan from fungi biomass has great advantages, such as independence from seasonal factors, wide scale production, simultaneous extraction of chitin and chitosan, and the fact that the process of chitosan extraction is simple and cheap, resulting in reduced time and cost. Moreover, this strategy avoids protein contamination, particularly from proteins that could cause allergic reactions in individuals with shell fish allergies (Franco et al. , 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on biofertilizers and the use of specific bacteria and fungi without directly addressing the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. The discussion revolves around alternative fertilizers and their components rather than the intrinsic recycling processes performed by decomposers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Nielsen and Vigil (and Vigil2017) suggested the use of field pea as a fallow replacement may lead to yield reduction of a subsequent crop, especially if the soil water profile is not replenished during the off-season. Despite the reduction in subsequent crop yields in some years, the economics of rotations with field pea may be similar to or better than fallow (Miller et al. , and Engel2015; Ostmeyer, Reference Ostmeyer2019; Khakbazan et al. , Reference Khakbazan, Gan, Bandara and Huang2020). While the few previous studies show potential for the use of field pea as an alternative to fallow, additional research is needed to assess the impacts of short-season crops on soil properties, crop yields, and farm economics. Thus, we studied the impacts of replacing fallow in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation with a short-season spring crop (field pea) on crop yields and economics for 5 years from 2015 to 2019 and 5-yr cumulative effects on soil properties using an experiment in the west-central US Great Plains. Materials and methods Site description, experimental design, and field management To accomplish our objective, we established a field experiment near Enders, NE (40. 378936 N; –101. 539921 E) in 2015. The soil was a Blackwood loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls) with 17 g kg−1 organic matter in the 0–20 cm depth in 2015. The long-term mean annual temperature was 9. 5°C and mean annual precipitation was 502 mm while monthly temperature and precipitaiton amounts are given in Table 1. Prior to this experiment, the field had been managed under no-till winter wheat–corn–fallow. In 2015, to establish the present experiment, the field was divided into strips of field pea and fallow. The field was under corn in 2014 (year prior to experiment start). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two treatments (fallow and field pea) prior to winter wheat with 10 replications in a rainfed no-till winter wheat–corn–fallow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that evaluates the impacts of crop rotation with field pea on soil properties and crop yields. It suggests that while there may be yield reductions in subsequent crops, the economic viability and specific soil health impacts of such rotations can be positive. This aligns with the claim that crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture, as it indicates ongoing research into the benefits of rotating crops like field pea in place of fallow.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Some young people who have negative experiences online respond by closing down their social media accounts. This situates the control with the perpetrators of abuse and removes control from the victim because they are disadvantaged. Developing practical approaches to aid digital resilience in the face of adversity must be a key component of the digital curriculum that schools provide. Young people need to know how to respond to abuse, who to report it to and how to block the accounts of perpetrators. In addition, they need to be taught about the importance of maintaining secure social media accounts and how to keep themselves safe by not sharing personal information. Schools need to provide a social need to provide a social media curriculum which is progressive and age appropriate. Given the prevalence of fake content online and content which has been digitally edited, young people need to be taught to critically evaluate content that appears online so that they understand the harmful effects of some content. Themes including exploitation, body-esteem and gender stereotyping can be addressed through critically evaluating online content. Children and young people often have a good understanding of the issues associated with social media because they are the users of it. Therefore, they experience the issues, sometimes frequently. Working in partnership with young people through empowering them to lead on aspects of social media education is a powerful way of developing student partnership and empowers them to be leaders. Often, young people understand the online applications better than teachers and they are acutely aware of the issues that occur online. Student-led events such as student-led workshops and conferences, which highlight the issues that relate to social media and mental health, are powerful ways of providing ownership to students. Developing digital ambassadors who act as peer mentors to younger students is also a powerful strategy for developing students’ confidence and leadership skills. Young people who need someone to talk to about the issues that they are experiencing online can be paired with a digital ambassador who can provide them with confidential advice. Processes for recruiting digital ambassadors would need to be carefully considered by schools and the scheme would need to be properly led and managed by a member of staff to monitor its effectiveness. Student-led peer mentoring schemes are valuable because some students prefer to talk to peers about the issues that they are experiencing rather than teachers or parents. Schools also play a critical role in educating parents about the relationship between social media and mental health. It is important that parents understand the online applications that their children are using, and schools can play a critical role in developing their understanding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that issues related to social media and mental health are experienced by young people, but it implies that the dynamics of control and understanding extend beyond young individuals. The mention of schools engaging with parents about the impact of social media indicates that mental health issues related to social media are not solely confined to young people, as education for parents suggests an acknowledgment of a broader demographic affected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Chitosan has better chelating properties than other natural polymers due to their amino groups, as nitrogen is a donor of electron pairs, although hydroxyl groups participate in combining these reactive groups with metal ions. Based on these chemical properties, chitosan may stimulate the plant growth and yield as well as induce the immunologic system to promote resistance to plant pathogens (Boonlertnirun et al. , 2008). Furthermore, the addition of C. elegans, which are fungi that produce chitosan and polyphosphate, may increase the availability of phosphate in the soil (Franco et al. , 2011). This study aimed to compare the effects of mineral NPK fertilizers with those of biofertilizers produced from rocks with Acidithiobacillus and earthworm compound inoculated with free living diazotrophic bacteria and C. elegans on cowpea nodulation, biomass yield, and nutrient uptake. The application of chitosan from fungi biomass and from crustaceous by chemical processes was also studied. 2. Material and Methods 2. 1. Production of PK rock biofertilizers - BPK P and K rock biofertilizers were produced at the University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) Station using two furrows (each 10. 0 m long, 1. 0 m wide and 0. 5m deep). For each biofertilizer, 4,000 kg of natural phosphate with 11 g kg-1 total P (purchased from Irece (Bahia), Brazil, were applied with 4,000 kg of potash rock (biotite) containing 10 g kg-1 total K (purchased from (Paraiba), Brazil, following the procedure described by Stamford et al. (2007). The sulfur oxidizing bacteria were grown in 2,000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 1,000 mL of specific culture medium (et al. 2006), and the cultures were sterilized for 30 min at 120 °C. flasks were shaken (150 rpm/min) for 5 days at 30 °C. The materials (phosphate and potash rocks mixed with elemental sulfur) were incubated for 60 days, and humidity was maintained at a level near the field holding capacity. To avoid excessive humidity due to rain and to increase the efficiency of the oxidative bacteria, the furrows were covered with black plastic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about chitosan, its properties, and specific experiments regarding biofertilizers and the effects on plant growth. However, it does not directly discuss the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Thus, plots designated as fallow had the following cropping sequence from 2015 to 2019: fallow–winter wheat–corn–fallow–winter wheat while the field pea plots were: field pea–winter wheat–corn–field pea–winter wheat for the same time. The plot size was 18. 3 m wide by 792. 5 m long. Table 1. Mean monthly temperature and precipitation for the experimental site near Enders, NE Table 2 summarizes field activities and seeding and fertilization rates. Field peas were planted late March in 2015 and 2018 and harvested the following July. Note that because of the rotation, each crop was not planted every year. Field peas were inoculated with N-fixing bacteria and a starter fertilizer was applied at planting as indicated in Table 2. The fallow treatment plots were kept weed-free using herbicide application. Winter wheat was planted in late September of 2015 and 2018 and harvested in July the following year (2016 and 2019). Corn was planted across the whole study area in 2017, which bridged the two field pea–winter wheat cycles. Winter wheat and corn were fertilized as indicated in Table 2. Table 2. Field management for the 5-yr experiment of replacing fallow with field pea in a winter wheat–corn-fallow rotation near Enders, NE Soil sampling and analysis In this study, to assess how a short-season crop affected soil properties, we measured changes in soil microbial biomass, soil chemical properties of pH and concentrations of total organic matter, and nutrients, and soil physical properties of compaction (bulk density and cone index), water infiltration and retention, and wet and dry aggregate stability. All soil sampling and field soil measurements occurred in October 2019, three months after winter wheat harvest. Due to the large plot size, all measurements and soil sampling occurred within a 12 m diameter area at the north end of the plot. Penetration resistance was measured using a hand penetrometer (Eijkelkamp Co. , Giesbeek, the Netherlands; Lowery and Morrison, Reference Lowery, Morrison, Dane and Topp2002) at ten locations per plot for the 0–5 and 5–10 cm depth intervals. The penetration resistance value was converted to cone index using the basal area of the cone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a specific cropping sequence and its effects on soil properties, indicating that different crops were planted in a rotation system. It mentions that soil health was assessed by measuring changes in microbial biomass and chemical properties, which supports the effectiveness of crop rotation in maintaining soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Parents also need to develop knowledge of the risks that their children are exposed to, given that these are constantly changing. If parents do not keep abreast of developments, they will not be able to support their child effectively. Parents should negotiate rules with their children about what constitutes appropriate use of the internet. Imposing rules on children is unlikely to be effective because young people will find ways to resist or subvert these. It is also important that parents provide their children with a degree of autonomy about their internet use. It is unlikely to be helpful if parents continually monitor what their children are doing online. However, it is reasonable for parents to set some rules for appropriate use to protect their child from harm. Examples include:not using technology during the night;restricting technology use during mealtimes or other social occasions;limiting the amount of screen time which children are exposed to. It will be more effective if young people are involved in discussions with their parents about what might constitute appropriate use of the internet. Social media companies have a responsibility to protect young people from harm. They can do this in a variety of ways by:establishing strict and robust policies on the age at which users can access platforms;blocking accounts of perpetrators of abuse;reporting abuse to the police;removing inappropriate content immediately;filtering specific content before it goes live;producing information to service users about responsible and safe use of social media;generating warning messages when users have exceeded reasonable levels of screen time;responding rapidly to reports of abuse. This is not an exhaustive list. However, it illustrates the sorts of actions that can be adopted by social media companies to protect children and young people from harm. Companies have not responded quickly enough to reports of abuse or inappropriate content as cases of suicide in the UK suggest that social media companies have failed to protect young people from harm. The government also has a clear responsibility to hold companies to account which fail to protect children and young people from harm. Simply fining companies is not enough and will not necessarily address the problem. The government needs to take firmer action against social media companies which breach their safeguarding responsibilities. In addition, advertising companies have a responsibility to ensure that young people do not develop low body confidence. They can achieve this in a variety of ways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of parents in recognizing and managing mental health risks associated with social media use. It emphasizes that parents also need to understand the changing risks and engage in discussions with their children about appropriate internet use, which implies that mental health issues can also intersect with adult responsibilities and awareness. This suggests that mental health impacts may not be limited to young people alone, but involve parents' awareness and involvement as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The fungi were grown in Petri dishes with BDA medium for 10 days at 28 °C, producing a final concentration of 106 spores/ mL-1, to which 5 mL of spore suspension were applied; the mixture was then shaken for 96 hours (150 rpm) at room temperature. The fungi biomass was sieved in a nylon membrane and washed (three times) with cold distilled water. After 10 days of incubation, the organic matter plus PK biofertilizer (NPKB) was analyzed (Embrapa, 2009) and exhibited the following characteristics: pH (H2O) = 6. 9; total N (21 g kg-1); available P (20 g kg-1) and available K (19 g kg-1). 2. 3. Soil site and analyzes Were used an acidic soil classified as sand texture Spodosol (Embrapa, 2006). The soil (0-30cm layer) was collected from a small farm area in the County of Itapirema in the rain forest region of the Pernambuco state (Northeast Brazil; 7059 ' 0'', of south latitude, 38019' 16''of west longitude). The soil was air dried, sieved (5 cm sieve), mixed, analyzed (Embrapa, 2009), and stored at 10 kg pot-1. Soil chemical analysis produced the following results: pH (H2O) =5. 2; exchangeable cations: K+=7 mmolc dm-3; Ca2+=7. 9 mmolc dm-3; and Mg2+9 mmolc dm-3. Soil analyses were processed using the and atomic emission 3110, and total N was determined by the Kjeldhal method, using the N auto analyzer Kjeltec 1030. 2. 4. Treatments and experimental design The greenhouse experiment was set up in a factorial arrangement (8x2), and it was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. It primarily describes an experimental setup involving fungi, soil analysis, and chemical properties without mentioning the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or enhancing soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Field pea increased microbial biomass by 104% (284 vs 578 nmol g−1) and bacteria biomass by 85% (53 vs 98 nmol g−1) compared with fallow but only in the upper 5 cm soil depth (Table 3). Fungi biomass was unaffected by fallow replacement with field pea. As shown in Table 4, no chemical property, including soil organic matter, was affected by replacing fallow with field pea. Table 3. Five-year cumulative impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on soil biological properties (mean ± SD) in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation at a site near Enders, NE Different lowercase letters within a column and soil sampling depth are statistically significant at P < 0. 05. Table 4. Five-year cumulative impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on soil chemical properties (mean ± s. d. ) in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation at a site near Enders, NE Different lowercase letters within a column and soil sampling depth are statistically significant at P < 0. 05. Table 5. Five-year cumulative impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on soil physical properties (mean ± s. d. ) in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation at a site near Enders, NE Different lowercase letters within a column and soil sampling depth are statistically significant at p < 0. 05. na denotes not applicable as dry aggregate size, the erodible fraction, and water infiltration are not measured with depth. Field pea reduced soil compaction parameters of soil bulk density by 8% (1. 3 vs 1. 2 g cm−3) and cone index by 38% (1. 9 vs 1. 2 MPa) compared with fallow at the 0–5 cm depth (Table 5). Cone index was not significantly correlated with water content (r = 0. 27; P = 0. 45), which was unaffected by fallow replacement with field pea. Thus, cone index values were not adjusted for differences in water content (Busscher et al. , Reference Busscher, Bauer, Camp and Sojka1997; Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Lal, Owens, Post and Izaurralde2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting empirical evidence that replacing fallow with field pea in a crop rotation can enhance soil biological properties, such as increasing microbial biomass by 104% and bacteria biomass by 85%. Additionally, it indicates a reduction in soil compaction parameters, which contributes to overall soil health. The results suggest that incorporating field pea in a rotation with winter wheat and corn effectively maintains and possibly improves soil conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: These include:providing warning messages that images may have been digitally edited;ensuring that images of bodies on products represent a range of body types, including a range of body sizes, disabled bodies and people of colour;avoiding gender-stereotypes when advertising products;producing warning messages about the dangers associated with product-use so that young people are aware of the risks;portraying natural bodies without make-up on some products. Advertisement 7. Young people’s perspectives Our own research in Cambridge [10] with students in secondary schools demonstrates that they had a good understanding of the benefits and risks associated with social media. Focus groups demonstrated that the students had developed an excellent understanding of the benefits of social media and the relationship between social media use and mental ill health, including sleep deprivation, cyberbullying and low body-esteem. They had also developed a better understanding of how to keep themselves safe online. The quotes and Figure 1 below are taken from our research report [10]. Figure 1. Students’ perspectives on social media. Social media helps you to communicate with your friends if they are far away. It makes you feel good when you get a like on your posts. (Student Y8) You can talk to your friends and family on social media. The disadvantages are that you can get stalked. People can create fake accounts. You can get cyber-bullied. People can hack into other people’s accounts and you might not know who is communicating with you. People can become jealous of other people’s lives and this can make you sad and depressed. (Student Y9) Some of the pictures can be fake so people can make out that they are leading an exciting life but really, they are not, and this can make others feel worthless. (Student Y8) Social media results in an expectation to show the good part of your life. It can impact on others because they think you are having a good time and they might not be having such a good time. (Student Y9) People make mean comments and it makes you feel bad. The bullying can be anonymous, and it reaches a larger audience. You can ignore the insults and carry on with your life. You can report the person or block them. (Student Y9) Men are expected to be muscular. You get upset because you think “why don’t I look like that? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental health issues associated with social media use, such as sleep deprivation and cyberbullying, can affect not only young people but can also extend to perceptions about body image and self-esteem. It highlights a nuanced understanding of how social media influences various age groups, including statements from students about the pressures and risks they experience, which suggest that these issues might also be relevant to older individuals, as they experience similar pressures regarding online representation and interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The fertilization treatments were as follows: (a) mixed biofertilizer (NPKB) + chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru; purchased from Heppe Gmb, German Industry) was applied at a rate of 2 mgmL-1; (b) NPKB + (ChCru) at a rate of 4 mgmL-1; (c) NPKB + (ChCru) at a rate 6 mgmL-1; (d) NPKB + fungi chitosan (ChFu), produced in laboratory and obtained from C. elegans, at a rate of 2 mg mL-1; (e) Biofertilizer (NPKB) -plus C. elegans; (f) NPKB without chitosan; (g) NPKF (mineral fertilizer - NPK), mixing ammonium sulfate, simple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, applied at the recommended rate for cowpea; (h) Control (without NPK fertilization and without chitosan). Fertilizer treatments were estimated following the recommendation for irrigated cowpea grown in the Pernambuco state (IPA, 2008) using soluble N fertilizer (ammonium sulfate, 500 kg ha-1), soluble P fertilizer (simple super phosphate, 300 kg ha-1), and soluble K fertilizer (potassium sulfate, 80 kg ha-1). The amount of biofertilizer NPKB was calculated based on the N content (20 g kg-1), which corresponded to the application of 5,000 kg ha-1 of organic matter (earthworm compound). The seeds were inoculated with the rhizobia strain (NFB 700) recommended for cowpea by the Nucleus of of the Rural of Pernambuco (UFRPE). 2. 5. Experimental conditions and statistical analysis Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. IPA 206) was utilized because it is resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Tracheiphilum. Seeds were surface-sterilized in ethyl alcohol (70%) for 1 min, immersed in HgCl2 (1:500) for 0. 5 min, and washed 6 times with sterile water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various fertilization treatments applied to crops, focusing on specific chemical and biological amendments, including chitosan and biofertilizers. However, it does not address the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enhancing soil fertility. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: The cumulative net income across the 5 yr favored fallow over field pea, with a loss of $27 ha−1. Figure 1. Impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on pea, winter wheat, and corn yield across 5 yr near Enders, NE. Note that fallow–winter wheat–corn treatment did not have a crop in 2015 and 2018, thus no yields were collected. Different lowercase letters above bars denote statistically different yields at P < 0. 05. ns denotes non-significant. Error bars are standard deviation of the mean. Table 6. Expenses, grain income, credits, and net income under winter wheat (WW)-corn (C)-fallow with or without fallow replacement with field pea across 5 yr. Bold lettering denotes income differences between rotations. WW, winter wheat; C, corn. a Planting, herbicide application, and fertilizer application include labor, fuel and lube, and repairs and ownership costs based on the Budgets (Klein, Wilson and Johnson, Reference Klein, Wilson and Johnson2015, Reference Klein, Wilson, Groskopf and Jansen2016, Reference Klein, Wilson, Groskopf and Jansen2017, Reference Klein, Wilson, Groskopf and Jansen2018; Klein, McClure and Wilson, Reference Klein, McClure and Wilson2019). b Prices were $251. 43 Mg−1 for pea in 2015; $132. 00 Mg−1 for winter wheat in 2016; $129. 65 for corn in 2017; $206. 25 for pea in 2018; $165 Mg−1 for winter wheat in 2019 and based on USDA crop values for that year. properties Results indicate that replacing fallow in crop–crop–fallow systems with a short-season crop (field pea) can improve some soil properties after 5 yr although the improvement was mostly confined to the surface 5 cm of the soil. The positive soil effects, while few, of replacing fallow with short-season crop is promising and support the notion that intensifying cropping systems can result in improved soil conditions in semiarid environments (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Peterson et al. , Reference Peterson, Westfall, Schipanski and Fonte2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that replacing fallow with a short-season crop, such as field pea, can lead to improved soil properties over a 5-year period. It states that 'the positive soil effects' are evident and 'support the notion that intensifying cropping systems can result in improved soil conditions,' which aligns with the concept of crop rotation as a technique to maintain soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: ” (Student Y8) I realize that social media has an impact on my sleep. I find it addictive and I am always checking what friends are doing through social media and texting. (Student Y9) I think online bullying is different to bullying in school. It is easier to say horrible things to someone through social media because you are not saying it to their face. (Student Y8) We can become stressed through social media because celebrities show images of being slim. This mainly affects women but now men are becoming bothered about how they look. This is stress that becomes a mental health problem. (Student Y9) You feel you must look as good as celebrity people because people feel you need to be as good looking otherwise you don’t get a good reputation. (Student Y8) Cyber bullying is when you post hateful messages online to directly hurt a person. (Student Y8) Seeing slim models online (body image) can make your self-esteem feel low. (Student Y8). The students summarised the advantages and disadvantages of social media below: Advertisement 8. is bullying which takes place in the online world, including bullying which takes place on social media. It takes multiple forms. These include:posting hurtful comments;posting videos which are targeted directly at a person to cause distress;posting photographs which are designed to cause distress;inciting others to make hurtful comments aimed at a person;sending hurtful text messages using a mobile phone;sending hurtful private messages to a person [11]. According to Glazzard and Mitchell [11]: Cyberbullying is fundamentally different to face-to-face bullying in several ways. Firstly, victims cannot escape from it when they are at home because it takes place on mobile phones, tablets and computers. Secondly the abuse is witnessed by a larger audience; messages are in the public domain and can be repeatedly forwarded. This can result in victims experiencing the abuse on multiple occasions, which results in further psychological distress. Thirdly, the evidence of the abuse is usually permanently stored online which means that the abuse is not erased. These messages serve as a permanent reminder of the abuse and this can result in abuse being continually experienced by the victim. Forms of cyberbullying are outlined below and taken from Glazzard and Mitchell [11]: Harassment: Harassment is the act of sending offensive, rude, and insulting messages and being abusive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how mental health issues from social media use affect not only young people but also adults. For example, the text includes remarks about male body image issues being affected by social media, indicating that these issues are not confined to young people and are becoming increasingly relevant to men as well. This broadens the scope of the claim, emphasizing that mental health problems related to social media impact both genders and various age groups.