Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Zhang, Graphene-based composites, Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 (2012) 666-686. [23] N. Savage, Materials science: Super carbon, Nature 483 (2012) S30. [24] K. S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. . -scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes, Nature 457 (2009) 706. [25] S. Park, J. -based actuators, Small 6 (2010) 210-212. [26] A. C. H. Tsang, H. Y. H. Kwok, D. Y. C. Leung, The use of graphene based materials for fuel cell, photovoltaics, and supercapacitor electrode materials, Sci. 67 (2017) A1-A14. [27] X. Cai, L. Lai, Z. Shen, J. Lin, Graphene and graphene-based composites as Li-ion battery electrode materials and their application in full cells, J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017) 15423-15446. [28] N. Kheirabadi, A. Shafiekhani, Graphene/Li-ion battery, J. Appl. Phys. 112 (2012) 124323. [29] R. S. Dey, H. A. Hjuler, Q. Chi, Approaching the theoretical capacitance of graphene through copper foam integrated three-dimensional graphene networks, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 6324-6329. [30] H. Huang, L. Xu, Y. Tang, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nickel network supported three-dimensional graphene gel as a lightweight and binder-free electrode for high rate performance supercapacitor application, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 2426-2433. [31] T. Kuila, A. K. Mishra, P. advances in the efficient reduction of graphene oxide and its application as energy storage electrode materials, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 52-71. [32] S. . Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references various studies and applications of graphene, specifically mentioning its use in supercapacitor electrode materials and energy storage devices. This aligns with the claim that research in graphene prioritizes applications such as supercapacitors due to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: However, the value of this work is held back by unclear methods and data presentation. Strengths: Analysis of microbiomes from two distinct anatomical locations and across three distinct patient groups is a substantial undertaking. How these microbiomes influence and are influenced by COVID-19 disease progression is an important question. In particular, the putative biomarker identified here could be of clinical value with additional research. Weaknesses: The methods and statistics used for several figures and comparisons are unclear or used in non-standard ways. For instance: the description of the Bray-Curtis test for Figure 1 is inaccurate and conflicts between the text and figure legend; the method used to compare the relative abundance of genera in Figure 2 is not clear; and it is not stated how the "total amount" of detected bacteria is inferred from the data presented in Figures 2C and 2D. The description of results for Figure 1 is overstated or unclear for both the alpha diversity among disease groups and the overlap for nasal samples. The most abundant phyla from nasal samples cumulatively account for less than 1% of abundance and it is unclear why this would be expected or how it compares to other work. Relatedly, the potential biological relevance of the very small proportional changes among phyla in the nasal samples is also not clear. There is no real discussion of how the identified biomarkers might work in practice. While some microbes are detected in one condition but not others, it is unclear whether these organisms are expected to already exist below the detection threshold and then increase in abundance along with disease severity, or if they are picked up from the environment. For instance, would the presence of these 'severe' - associated microbes in patients with mild or moderate disease justify additional treatment to prevent disease progression? The authors use the term "nasopharyngeal-faecal axis", but there is no substantial discussion of how these two microbiomes interact to influence disease progression, or how they are jointly affected to yield useful biomarkers. With one exception, correlation values between nasal and fecal microbes range from negligible to modest. It is unclear, then, how much parallel influence disease has on these microbiomes. Response eLife assessment We appreciate the assessment carried out by the editorial team at eLife. Therefore, we plan to review the methods section in order to make the statistical analysis more comprehensible for each of the displayed figures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant weaknesses in the research regarding the gut microbiome, particularly its connections to disease. It mentions unclear methods, inaccurate descriptions, and a lack of discussion on how identified biomarkers might function in practice. The text implies that, despite acknowledging some potential clinical relevance, the uncertain influence of the microbiomes on disease progression and the lack of substantial evidence directly linking the microbiomes to mental health conditions undermine the claim about the established connection.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acad. Sci. USA. 84, 9265-9269 (1987) and Kim, N. D. : Effects of Ginseng on the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in thoracic aorta from rats and rabbits, of Society of Korea, University, October 25-26 (1991) Kang, S. Y. and Kim, N. D. : The antihypertensive effect of red ginseng saponin and the endothelium-derived vascular relaxation. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 16, 175-182 (1992) : Ginsenosides evoke endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in rat aorta. Gen. Pharmac. 25, 1071-1077 (1994) Achike, F. I. and Kwan, C. Y. : Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signaling pathway. Clinical Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30, 605-615 (2003) and Lee, Y. W. : Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 26, 199-209 (1998) Sung, J. ,. , Kim, C. H. and Oh, B. H. : Effect of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 28, 205-216. (2000). and Nam, K. Y. : Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats. Gen. Pharmacol. 35, 135-41 (2000) Vuksan, V. , Stavro, M. , Woo, M. , Leiter, A. , Sung, M. K. and Sievenpiper, L. : ginseng (Panax gingeng) can lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial, The 9th on Ginseng: September 10. 1016/j. niox. 2005. 02. 001 Popovich, D. G. and Kitts, D. D. : Generation of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 from ginseng. Phytochemistry. 65, 337-344 (2004) Buetter, C. , and Kaptchuk, T. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it primarily focuses on various studies related to ginseng’s effects on blood pressure and vascular function but does not discuss adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Shim, Facile synthesis of Fe3O4 nanorod decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for supercapacitor application, RSC Advances 6 (2016) 107057-107064. [61] T. Purkait, G. Singh, D. Kumar, M. Singh, R. S. Dey, High-performance flexible supercapacitors based on electrochemically tailored three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide networks, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 640. [62] Chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls, Science 299 (2003) 1361. [63] C. Vallés, C. Drummond, H. Saadaoui, C. A. Furtado, M. He, O. Roubeau, L. Ortolani, M. Monthioux, A. Pénicaud, Solutions of negatively charged graphene sheets and ribbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 15802-15804. [64] X. Li, G. Zhang, X. Bai, X. Sun, X. Wang, E. Wang, H. Dai, Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir–Blodgett films, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3 (2008) 538. [65] H. Huang, Y. Xia, X. Tao, J. Du, J. Fang, Y. Gan, W. Zhang, Highly efficient electrolytic exfoliation of graphite into graphene sheets based on Li ions intercalation–expansion–microexplosion mechanism, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 10452-10456. [66] and exfoliation routes to graphite nanoplatelets, J. Mater. Chem. 15 (2005) 974-978. [67] D. Chung, Exfoliation of graphite, J. Mater. Sci. 22 (1987) 4190-4198. [68] T. Wei, Z. Fan, G. Luo, C. Zheng, D. Xie, A rapid and efficient method to prepare exfoliated graphite by microwave irradiation, Carbon 47 (2009) 337-339. [69] S. Malik, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various research articles related to the application of reduced graphene oxide in supercapacitors. Examples such as 'Facile synthesis of Fe3O4 nanorod decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for supercapacitor application' and 'High-performance flexible supercapacitors based on electrochemically tailored three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide networks' indicate that a significant portion of graphene research is indeed centered on applications in supercapacitors, thereby supporting the claim regarding its electrical conductivity and energy storage applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: The relative contribution (eigenvalue) of each axis to the total inertia in the data as well as to the constrained space only, respectively, are indicated in percent at the axis titles. c Beta diversity (PCoA) plot based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix. The relative contribution (eigenvalue) of each axis to the total inertia in the data is indicated in percent at the axis titles. d Bray-Curtis dissimilarity in Small and Big chickens. The interindividual variation was tested using by pair-wise comparisons of within-group Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. The values can be between 0 and 1, with 0 meaning identical communities and 1 meaning there is no overlap in the communities. Significance was tested using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. RDA = Redundancy Analysis. PCoA = Analysis. Solid lines indicate mean with SDFull size imageTaxa across all taxonomic ranks were differentially abundant between small and big broilersDifferences between the Big and Small chickens were investigated using a descending taxonomic rank approach, starting from phylum rank for a high level overview, then family, genus and ultimately the MAG level, which is comparable to species level or in some cases even strain level. Testing of the differentially abundant taxa was done by calculating the fold change of log2-transformed relative abundances of Big chickens relative to Small chickens. Six phyla were represented across all samples: Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota (also known as Bacteroidetes), Verrucomicrobiota, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. Firmicutes was the dominating phylum both in Big birds (66 ± 13% SD) and Small birds (58 ± 15% SD; S5). Among all phyla, Verrucomicrobiota (p = 0. 004) and Proteobacteria (p = 0. 03) were more abundant in Small birds (not shown), while no phylum was more abundant in the Big birds. The Firmicutes:Bacteroidota (F/B) ratios were not different between Big and Small (Fig. 3a). Four families were more abundant in Big birds: Lachnospiraceae (p = 0. 046), Acutalibacteraceae (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and focuses on the analysis of microbiome diversity in chickens, with no mention of mental health conditions or their link to gut microbiome composition. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborative or contrasting information regarding the claim about the connection between gut microbiome and mental health; thus, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Systemic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors, Ann. Phamacother. 40, 83-95 (2006) Kim, H. , Chen, X. and Gillis, C. N. : Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radicalinduced injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 670-676 (1992) and Yang, D. C. : Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by microbacterium sp. GS514, Phytochemistry 69, 218-224 (2008) Ando, T. , Tanaka, O. and Shibata, S. : Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XXV. Comparative studies on the saponin and sapogenins of ginseng and related crude drugs, 25, 28-34 (1971) Kang, S. Y. , Schini-Kirth, V. B. and Kim, N. D. : Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endotheliumdependent relaxation in the rat aorta. 56, 1577-1586 (1995) and Schini-Kerth, V. B. : Ginsenoside Rg3 mediate endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 367, 41-49 (1999a) and Park, I. N. : High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ginseng saponins using evaporative light scattering detection. J. Chromatogr. A. 736, 77-81 (1996) and Park, J. H. : Steaming of Ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1702-1704 (2000) and Kim, D. H. : Transformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenoside Rh2 by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformations. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27, 61-67 (2004) Busse, R. , Fichtner, H. , Luckhoff, A. and Kohlhardt, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it presents a list of studies and findings related to various chemical and pharmacological aspects of ginseng without indicating its adaptogenic potential. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 Graphene-Based ZnO Nanocomposites for quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-7 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 1999. [2] L. L. Zhang, X. S. Zhao, Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 (2009) 2520-2531. [3] P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Materials for electrochemical capacitors, Nat. Mater. 7 (2008) 845–854. [4] M. Jayalakshmi, K. Balasubramanian, Simple capacitors to supercapacitors-An overview, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 3 (2008) 1196-1217. [5] R. Kötz, M. Carlen, Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 45 (2000) 2483–2498. [6] Y. Bar-Cohen, Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles : reality, potential, and challenges, SPIE Press, 2004. [7] H. Wang, J. T. Robinson, G. Diankov, H. Dai, Nanocrystal growth on graphene with various degrees of oxidation, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 3270–3271. [8] J. Yan, Q. Wang, T. Wei, Z. Fan, Recent advances in design and fabrication of electrochemical supercapacitors with high energy densities, Adv. Energy Mater. 4 (2014) 1300816. [9] F. Béguin, V. Presser, A. Balducci, E. Frackowiak, Carbons and electrolytes for advanced supercapacitors, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 2219–2251. [10] X. Lang, A. Hirata, T. Fujita, M. Chen, Nanoporous metal/oxide hybrid electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (2011) 232–236. [11] I. Y. Y. Bu, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several scientific references related to graphene's use in supercapacitors and energy storage applications. It explicitly mentions 'Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors' and cites multiple studies that highlight the applications of graphene-based materials in electrochemical capacitors. This supports the claim that research into graphene indeed emphasizes its conductive properties and applications in energy storage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Enterococcus hirae WEHI01 isolated from a healthy Chinese infant ameliorates the symptoms of type 2 diabetes by elevating the abundance of Lactobacillales in rats. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103(4):2969–81. WE—(SCI-). administration of a leucine-deprived diet is able to intervene in type 2 diabetes in db/db mice, Heliyon 2018;4(9), WE—(ESCI). . Nutritional effects of the enteral nutritional formula on regulation of gut microbiota and metabolic level in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice. Syndr Obe-Targets Ther. 2021;14:1855–69. WE—(SCI-). et al. Sunsupplementation of individuals with prediabetes alters gut microbiota and improves vitamin C status, anthropometric and clinical markers, Nutrients, 2018; 10(7), WE—(SCI-). Winiarska-of nutritional factors in the modulation of the composition of the gut microbiota in people with autoimmune diabetes, Nutrients 2022;14(12), WE—(SCI-). Wlodarczyk M, Efficiency of resistant starch and dextrins as prebiotics: a review of the existing evidence and clinical trials, Nutrients. 2021; 13(11), WE—(SCI-). . Consumption of acidic water alters the gut microbiome and decreases the risk of diabetes in NOD mice. J Histochem Cytochem. 2014;62(4):237–50. WE—(SCI-). Wu CF et al. Modulation of gut microbiota by low methoxyl pectin attenuates type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice, Front. Immunol. 2019; 10, WE—(SCI-). . Manno-oligosaccharides from cassia seed gum ameliorate inflammation and improve glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. Food Funct. 2022;13(12):6674–87. WE—(SCI-). . Linking microbiota to human diseases: a systems biology perspective. Metab. 2015;26(12):758–70. WE—(SCI-). . Effect of polysaccharides from adlay seed on anti-diabetic and gut microbiota. Food Funct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses research primarily focused on the relationship between gut microbiome composition and conditions like type 2 diabetes, without mentioning or relating to mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. Therefore, it does not provide relevant support, contrast, or evidence for the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Hyperpolarization and increased free calcium in acetylcholine-stimulated endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 255(4 Pt 2), H965-H969 (1988) Kwan, C. Y. and Kwan, K. : Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 21, 1101-1105 (2000) Yu, J. , Eto, M. , Akishita, M. , Kaneco, A. , Ouchi, Y. and Okabe, T. : Signaling pathway of nitric oxide production induced by ginsenoside Rb1 in human aortic endothelial cells: a possible involvement of androgen receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 353, 764-769 (2007) and Wong, R. N. : Signaling pathway of ginsenoside-Rg1 leading to nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. FEBS Letters 580, 3211-3216 (2000) Kim, M. K. , Namkoong, S. , and Kim, Y. M. : Water extract of ginseng stimulates angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 1674-1679 (2007) Fleming, I. and Busse, R. : Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physio. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284, R1-R12 (2003) Li, Z. , Niwa, Y. , Sakamoto, S. , Shono, M. , Chen, X. and Nakaya, Y. : Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase by ginsenosides in cultured porcine endothelial cells. Life Sciences. 67, 2983-2989 (2000) and Kim, S. G. : Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrineinduced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 140, 661-670 (2003). , Kim, J. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information about adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it discusses various studies related to nitric oxide production and vascular endothelial cells in relation to ginsenosides, which does not specifically address the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Huang, One-pot synthesis of ZnO/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 31 (2015) 131–138. [12] Q. Ke, J. Wang, Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes – A review, J. Mater. (2016). [13] one-pot method for producing ZnO–graphene nanocomposites from graphene oxide for supercapacitors, Scr. Mater. 68 (2013) 301–304. [14] M. Raja, A. B. V. K. Kumar, N. Arora, J. Subha, Studies on electrochemical properties of zno/rgo nanocomposites as electrode materials for supercapacitors, Fullerenes Nanotub. Carbon Nanostructures. 23 (2015) 691–694. [15] M. Saranya, R. Ramachandran, F. Wang, Graphene-zinc oxide (G-ZnO) nanocomposite for electrochemical supercapacitor applications, J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices J. (2016). [16] T. Lu, Y. Zhang, H. Li, L. Pan, Y. Li, Z. Sun, Electrochemical behaviors of graphene–ZnO and graphene–SnO2 composite films for supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta. 55 (2010) 4170–4173. [17] T. Lu, L. Pan, H. Li, G. Zhu, T. Lv, X. Liu, Z. Sun, T. Chen, D. H. C. Chua, Microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene–ZnO nanocomposite for electrochemical supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) 5488–5492. [18] J. Jayachandiran, J. Yesuraj, M. Arivanandhan, A. Raja, S. A. Suthanthiraraj, R. Jayavel, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing multiple studies that emphasize the application of graphene and graphene-based materials specifically for supercapacitor applications. The references made in the text indicate that significant research is indeed being conducted around using graphene in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, which aligns with the claim about the focus on graphene's high electrical conductivity in these applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics and prebiotics are being studied for their potential to improve mental health by altering the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Even though the favorable effects of pre– and pro–biotics on various atopic diseases have been considered for a long time, little is identified about how pre– and pro–biotics modify the immune system and atopic disease development. In this first part of the 1995. 5 Prebiotics are described as ‘non–digestible food ingredient (fermentable oligosaccharides) that benefits the individual by selectively stimulating the favorable expansion and/or activity of one or more indigenous probiotics e. g. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon and thus improve individual’s health’. 5,6 Dietary prebiotics consist of mixture of short–chain galacto–oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long–chain fructo–oligosaccharides (lcFOS). The most extensively studied prebiotics are the fructans (inulin, FOS) and GOS which, owing to their chemical structure, are indigestible in the intestine and are fermented by anaerobic bacteria in the gut. For example, FOS, which are non–digestible polymers of fructose found naturally in artichokes, leeks, asparagus, onions and bananas, stimulate the growth of faecal Bifidobacteria in healthy human subjects. 6 What are potential mechanisms of prebiotics’ actions in the prevention/therapy of allergy? Supplementation of GOS/FOS in infants causes stimulation of a Bifidogenic intestinal microflora; improved intestinal physiology, possibly less infections as well as allergy development. 7,8 Moreover, this fermentation of non–digestible dietary fiber/carbohydrate by the Bifidobacterium species causes the production of valuable fermentation metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) g. acetate, proprionate and butyrate, which have immunomodulatory and anti–inflammatory characteristics. 9 Furthermore the effects of SCFA are as follows: – Acidification: Acidification of the gastrointestinal microenvironment which is damaging to certain pathogenic bacteria strains e. g. bacteroides, clostridia and coliforms. 10 Acidification also favors to increase mucin production. Consequently, mucin is to decrease pathogenic bacterial colonisation and translocation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of prebiotics and probiotics primarily in relation to atopic diseases and the immune system, without mentioning their potential impact on mental health or the gut microbiome's role in mental well-being. It provides detailed information on how prebiotics stimulate beneficial bacteria and their immunomodulatory effects, which does not align with the claim focusing on mental health improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effect of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides on the blood pressure and endothelial dysfuction in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 21, 119-124 (1997) Anderson, K. E. : Pharmacology of penile erection. Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 417-450 (2001) Rajfer, J. , Aronson, W. J. and Bush, P. A. : Nitric oxide as a mediator of relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in response to noradrenergic, noncholineregic neurotransmission. New Engl. J. Med. 326, 90-94 (1992) Choi, Y. D, Ma, S. Y. , Shin, J. S. and Choi, H. K. : Effect of Korean red ginseng on the rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 20, 133 (1996) Choi, Y. D. , Xin, Z. C. and Choi, H. K. : Effect of Korean red ginseng on the rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Int. J. Impot. Res. 10, 37-43 (1998) Choi H. K. , Seong, D. H. and Ra, K. H. : Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Int. J. Impot. Res. 7, 181-186 (1995) Cashen, D. E. , MacIntyre, D. E. and Martin, W. J. : Effects of sildensfil on erectile activity inmice lacking neuronal or endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 136, 693-700 (2002) Lugnier, C. and Kim, N. D. : Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as possible targets for ginsenosides, Advances in ginseng research Proceedings of the 7th International symposium on Ginseng, Society of Ginseng, 10. 1016/S0378-8741(01)00217-3 Maffei, F. R. , Carini, M. , Aldini, G. , Berti, F. and Rossoni, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the potential adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it focuses on various studies and findings related to ginseng's pharmacological impacts, specifically in the context of erectile dysfunction and its effects on blood pressure and endothelial function. No mention of adaptogenic properties is made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Nedumaran, Synthesis and electrochemical studies of rgo/zno nanocomposite for supercapacitor application, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 28 (2018) 2046–2055. [19] Oxide/Reduced graphene oxide composites and electrochemical capacitance enhanced by homogeneous incorporation of reduced graphene oxide sheets in zinc oxide matrix, J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (2011) 2563–2571. [20] A. Ramadoss, S. J. Kim, Facile preparation and electrochemical characterization of graphene/ZnO nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications, Mater. Chem. Phys. 140 (2013) 405–411. [21] J. Wang, Z. Gao, Z. Li, B. Wang, Y. Yan, Q. Liu, T. Mann, M. Zhang, Z. Jiang, Green synthesis of graphene nanosheets/ZnO composites and electrochemical properties, J. Chem. 184 (2011) 1421–1427. [22] Z. Li, Z. Zhou, G. Yun, K. Shi, X. Lv, B. Yang, High-performance solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene-ZnO hybrid nanocomposites, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8 (2013) 473. [23] Y. Zhang, H. Li, L. Pan, T. Lu, Z. Sun, Capacitive behavior of graphene–ZnO composite film for supercapacitors, J. Electroanal. Chem. 634 (2009) 68–71. [24] V. Rajeswari, R. Jayavel, A. Clara Dhanemozhi, Synthesis and characterization of graphene-zinc oxide nanocomposite electrode material for supercapacitor applications, Mater. Today Proc. 4 (2017) 645–652. [25] Z. Li, P. Liu, G. Yun, K. Shi, X. Lv, K. Li, J. Xing, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and papers that focus on the synthesis and electrochemical characterization of graphene and its composites specifically for supercapacitor applications. This supports the assertion that research in graphene is concentrated on its application in energy storage, as highlighted in the references to various studies on graphene-based materials for supercapacitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut, not the brain. [SEP] Text: Gastroenterology, 2004, 126(7), 1657-1664. [ [PMID: 15188158] [15] Lee, D. Y. ; Park, H. ; Kim, W. H. ; Lee, S. I. ; Seo, Y. J. ; Choi, Y. C. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism in healthy adults and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Korean J. Gastroenterol. , 2004, 43(1), 18-22. [ [PMID: 14745247] [16] Yeo, A. ; Boyd, P. ; Lumsden, S. ; Saunders, T. ; Handley, A. ; Stubbins, M. ; Knaggs, A. ; Asquith, S. ; Taylor, I. ; Bahari, B. ; Crocker, N. ; Rallan, R. ; Varsani, S. ; Montgomery, D. ; Alpers, D. H. ; Dukes, G. E. ; Purvis, I. ; Hicks, G. A. Association between a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome in women. Gut, 2004, 53(10), 1452-1458. [ [PMID: 15361494] [17] Kim, D. Y. ; Camilleri, M. Serotonin: A mediator of the brain-gut connection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. , 2000, 95(10), 2698-2709. [PMID: 11051338] [18] Wang, B. M. ; Wang, Y. M. ; Zhang, W. M. ; Zhang, Q. Y. ; Liu, W. T. ; Jiang, K. ; Zhang, J. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism in irritable bowel syndrome. Zhi, 2004, 43(6), 439-441. [PMID: 15312441] [19] Coates, M. D. ; Mahoney, C. R. ; Linden, D. R. ; Sampson, J. E. ; Chen, J. ; Blaszyk, H. ; Crowell, M. D. ; Sharkey, K. A. ; Gershon, M. D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to various studies and articles related to serotonin and gastrointestinal health, but does not directly support, contrast, or address the claim regarding the production of serotonin in the gut versus the brain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Biol 2000;78:91-102. . Immunomodulatory activity of ginsan, a polysaccharide of Panax ginseng, on dendritic cells. 2009;13:169-173. . Dendritic cells maturation promoted by M1 and M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, drive a potent Th1 polarization. 2004;68:441-452. Inhibiting effects of total saponins of Panax ginseng on immune maturation of dendritic cells induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein. 2010;263:99-104. . Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides from steamed ginseng-leaves and flowers on the LPSstimulated IL-12 production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Res 2011;34:681-685. . Natural killer cell signaling pathways. Science 2004;306:1517-1519. . Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Pharmacol 1990;54:447-454. . Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. 1990;12:257-276. . In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibodydependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229-235. . Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 2002;91:281-291. Kurtz J. Memory in the innate and adaptive immune systems. 2004;6:1410-1417. . Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells. Immunity 1998;8:363-372. . Immune response to cholera toxin epitope inserted in Salmonella flagellin. Science 1989;244:70-72. Vecchiarelli A, Casadevall A. Antibody-mediated effects against Cryptococcus neoformans: evidence for interdependency and collaboration between humoral and cellular immunity. 1998;149:321-333. . Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. 2010;20:34-50. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It mostly discusses immunomodulatory activities and specific studies related to ginsenosides and dendritic cells without addressing the concept of adaptogens or their potential effects on the body’s stress response.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Yang, 3D (Three-dimensional) sandwich-structured of ZnO (zinc oxide)/rGO (reduced graphene oxide)/ZnO for high performance supercapacitors, Energy. 69 (2014) 266–271. [26] L. Huang, G. Guo, Y. Liu, Q. Chang, Y. Xie, Reduced graphene oxide-ZnO nanocomposites for flexible supercapacitors, J. Disp. Technol. 8 (2012) 373–376. [27] X. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Qiu, Q. Pan, P. Hu, 3D graphene/ZnO nanorods composite networks as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Alloys Compd. 620 (2015) 31–37. [28] L. Fang, B. Zhang, W. Li, J. Zhang, K. Huang, Q. Zhang, Fabrication of highly dispersed ZnO nanop169. [29] A. G. Pandolfo, A. F. Hollenkamp, Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors, J. 157 (2006) 11–27. [30] D. Pech, M. Brunet, H. Durou, P. Huang, V. Mochalin, Y. Gogotsi, P. -L. Taberna, P. Simon, Ultrahigh-power micrometre-sized supercapacitors based on onion-like carbon, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 (2010) 651–654. [31] H. Wang, Y. Liang, T. Mirfakhrai, Z. Chen, H. S. Casalongue, H. Dai, Advanced asymmetrical supercapacitors based on graphene hybrid materials, Nano Res. 4 (2011) 729–736. [32] M. Winter, R. J. Brodd, What are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors? , Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4245–4270. [33] M. Inagaki, H. Konno, O. Tanaike, Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors, J. Power Sources. 195 (2010) 7880–7903. [34] A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the use of graphene and its derivatives, such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and ZnO, in supercapacitors. Each cited study emphasizes advancements in supercapacitor technology, which aligns with the claim that research in graphene predominantly delves into applications for energy storage and supercapacitors, illustrating its significance in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that improving gut health through diet can have positive effects on mental well-being. [SEP] Text: For the single-item Stress scale, Cronbach’s alpha could be calculated but showed satisfactory content, criterion, and construct validity for group level analysis [28]. Intervention had no significant effects on well-being in the two companies, neither separately nor when considered as one population calculated by the Wilcoxon test. Table 4. Median effects on the well-being-related measures. (n=12)(n=13)Both companies (n=25)3. 03. 02. 03. 03. 03. 0IQR1. 81. 81. 00. 51. 00. 5UWES-9MED4. 44. 34. 24. 34. 24. 3IQR2. 42. 32. 11. 62. 21. 8P-TyHyMED51. 551. 053. 352. 551. 751. 3IQR17. 917. 512. 99. 414. 010. 0TyHyMED55. 356. 140. 645. 047. 846. 7IQR16. 816. 512. 58. 618. 919. 224. 024. 021. 021. 024. 023. 0IQR8. 57. 88. 010. 010. 57. 034. 030. 035. 039. 035. 036. 0IQR12. 523. 54. 56. 59. 014. 026. 523. 031. 031. 029. 029. 0IQR16. 012. 38. 06. 08. 511. 0DiscussionPrincipal FindingsThis study evaluated the adoption process and effects of a mental health app targeted to individual employees at organizations. Because the findings from a prior pilot study were positive [14], it was expected that the app would be well received and it would have a positive impact on employees’ well-being. However, the adoption rate of the app was low as only a small number of employees (13. 0%, 43/332) chose to take part in the intervention, and therefore, the effects of the intervention on the employees’ well-being could not be verified. However, the multiple item questionnaires were tested with Cronbach’s alpha and were proven reliable (alpha >. 8). The assessment of motivations and user experiences shows that employees participated in the intervention and used the app for the "right reasons" (eg, personally motivating reasons). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that an intervention aimed to improve mental health—specifically through the use of a mental health app—had no significant effects on well-being among the participants, as indicated by the low adoption rate and the inability to verify the intervention's effects. This suggests that the intervention did not lead to the expected positive impact on mental well-being, which may imply that dietary improvements for gut health, regardless of studies suggesting benefits, were not effective in this particular context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: elicits Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2007;25:161-169. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Med 1999;340:448-454. . Nitric oxide, chronic infl ammation and autoimmunity. 2007;111:1-5. . Secondary and ectopic lymphoid tissue responses in rheumatoid arthritis: from infl ammation to autoimmunity and tissue damage/remodeling. 2010;233:267-285. . Panax ginseng ameliorates airway infl ammation in an ovalbumin-sensitized mouse allergic asthma model. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;136:230-235. . Protective effects of a gastrointestinal agent containing Korean red ginseng on gastric ulcer models in mice. 2010;10:45. . Ginseng ameliorates chronic histopathologic changes in a murine model of asthma. Proc 2008;29:493-498. . Suppressive effects of ginsan on the development of allergic reaction in murine asthmatic model. 2009;150:32-42. . Suppression of local infl ammation contributes to the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats with cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2012;202:342-351. . Anti-inflammatory effects of BT-201, an n-butanol extract of Panax notoginseng, observed in vitro and in a collagen-induced arthritis model. 2007;26:785-791. . Red ginseng saponin extract attenuates murine collagen-induced arthritis by reducing pro-infl ammatory responses and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression. Bull 2010;33:604-610. . Inhibitory effects of Korean red ginseng and its genuine constituents ginsenosides Rg3, Rf, and Rh2 in mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and contact dermatitis models. Bull 2006;29:1862-1867. . Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Korean red ginseng extract in human keratinocytes. 2011;11:42-49. -. Red ginseng inhibits scratching behavior associated with atopic dermatitis in experimental animal models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it lists various studies focusing on ginseng's effects on inflammation and immune responses in various models. Since there is no mention or evidence relating to adaptogenic properties, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: S. Aricò, P. Bruce, B. Scrosati, J. -M. Tarascon, W. van Schalkwijk, Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices, Nat. Mater. 4 (2005) 366–377. [35] J. Li, F. Gao, Analysis of electrodes matching for asymmetric electrochemical capacitor, J. 194 (2009) 1184–1193. [36] E. Yoo, J. Kim, E. Hosono, H. Zhou, T. Kudo, I. Honma, Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 2277–2282. [37] T. Bhardwaj, A. Antic, B. Pavan, V. Barone, B. D. Fahlman, Enhanced electrochemical lithium storage by graphene nanoribbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 12556–12558. [38] M. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, R. S. Ruoff, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 3498–3502. [39] Y. Wang, Z. Shi, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, C. Wang, M. Chen, Y. Chen, Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials, J. Phys. Chem. C 113 (2009) 13103–13107. [40] X. An, T. Simmons, R. Shah, C. Wolfe, K. M. Lewis, M. Washington, S. K. Nayak, S. Talapatra, S. Kar, Stable aqueous dispersions of noncovalently functionalized graphene from graphite and their multifunctional high-performance applications, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4295–4301. [41] Y. Wang, Z. Shi, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, C. Wang, M. Chen, Y. Chen, Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials, J. Phys. Chem. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing numerous studies and publications that discuss various applications of graphene in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, references like 'Graphene-based ultracapacitors' and 'Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials' directly relate to the claim about research on graphene's application in energy storage systems, confirming its focus on high electrical conductivity for these applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Microbiome manipulation through addition of pre- and/or probiotic feeds, without pharmaceutical zinc oxide, particularly in healthy, post-weaning pigs is established, with emphasis on beneficial lactic acid fermenting taxa, notably Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus [8]. However, these approaches require further investigation in pre-weaning piglets with below expected performance and economic return. Commercially available, prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) comprising two to eight polymerised galactose units with terminal glucose moieties are functionally similar to those of mammalian milk and modulate gut architecture and intestinal microbiota in healthy pigs [9]. GOS is a major component of mammalian milk [10, 11] which stimulates the development of the microbiota in neonates whilst conferring a variety of health benefits including innate and adaptive immune development [12, 13]. Naturally occurring milk GOS are typically composed of three to ten monosaccharide units, including galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc) and N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) with some fucose and sialic acids. The core moiety present at the reducing end of milk oligosaccharides is either lactose (Gal(β1–4)Glc) or N-acetyl-lactosamine (Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc). Most animal milk oligosaccharides are sialylated (sialic acid at glycoprotein terminal ends), containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and/or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) [14, 15]. Porcine milk oligosaccharides (PMOs) contain the highest percentage of neutral oligosaccharides (20%) in comparison with other domestic farm animals, the most abundant variety of mono and di-sialylated large oligosaccharides and are most similar to human milk oligosaccharide composition [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses microbiome manipulation and the use of prebiotics and probiotics in animals, specifically in healthy pigs, without establishing a direct link to curing depression in humans. It emphasizes further investigation is required and points out that the research is primarily focused on animal health rather than human mental health, making it irrelevant to the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J 2012;118:391-400. Korean red ginseng extract ameliorates skin lesions in NC/Nga mice: an atopic dermatitis model. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133:810-817. . Inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J 2010;34: 363-368. . Efficacy of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J 2011;35: 149-154. Gonzalez-. Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens. 2009;10:3400-3419. . Ginseng treatment enhances bacterial clearance and decreases lung pathology in athymic rats with chronic P. aeruginosa pneumonia. APMIS 1997;105:438-444. . Ginseng treatment reduces bacterial load and lung pathology in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. Chemother 1997;41:961-964. Pizarro-Cerda J, Cossart P. Bacterial adhesion and entry into host cells. Cell 2006;124:715-727. . Inhibition of pathogen adhesion to host cells by polysaccharides from Panax ginseng. Biochem 2009;73:209-212. . Pectin-like acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng with selective antiadhesive activity against pathogenic bacteria. 2006;341:1154-1163. . Antimicrobial polyacetylenes from Panax ginseng hairy root culture. Bull (Tokyo) 2012;60:377-380. . Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells by acidic polysaccharides from Artemisia capillaris and Panax ginseng. 2004;70:615-619. . Rescue of Helicobacter pylori-induced cytotoxicity by red ginseng. Sci 2005;50:1218-1227. øiby N. Effects of Chinese medicinal herbs on a rat model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. APMIS 1996;104:350-354. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information about ginseng's adaptogenic effects; instead, it references various studies focusing on the antimicrobial properties and effects of ginseng in models of disease. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Materials for Devi and Growing global demand for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems can be met through the development of electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors owing to their high power performance, long cycle life and environmental benignity. Graphene and its derivatives have been widely used as electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their high specific surface area, low density, high electrical conductivity, thermal and mechanical stability. However, their re-aggregation reduces specific surface area and inhibits their electrochemical performance. Introducing defects in graphene has gained importance to address this issue, which can change its density of states, crystal symmetry and porosity enhancing electrode-electrolyte interfacial interaction. The present 10. 21741/9781644900550-8 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 15. [2] K. Kaygusu, Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 16 (2012) 1116-1126. [3] Y. Zhu, S. . Cai, P. J. Ferreira, A. . Thommes, D. -based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene, Science 332 (2011) 1537-1541. [4] H. Wang, J. Deng, Y. Chen, F. Xu, Z. Wei, Y. Wang, Hydrothermal synthesis of manganese oxide encapsulated multiporous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors, Nano Res. 9 (2016) 2672-2680. [5] B. Saravanakumar, K. K. Purushothaman, G. Muralidharan, Fabrication of two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide supported V2O5 networks and their application in supercapacitors, Mater. Chem. Phys. 170 (2016) 266-275. [6] D. Sun, L. Jin, Y. ‐assisted in situ synthesis of graphene/PEDOT hybrid and its application in supercapacitors, ChemPlusChem 78 (2013) 227-234. [7] S. K. Simotwo, C. DelRe, V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of graphene and its derivatives as electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their high electrical conductivity. It highlights the importance of graphene in developing efficient energy storage systems, emphasizing its application in supercapacitors, which directly supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: GOS significantly increased linear discriminant features attributable to lactic acid producing bacteria, notably Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium throughout the GIT demonstrating benefits as a supplement to milk replacer in poorly performing piglets. GOS significantly improved GIT architectural features and VCR throughout the upper GIT as well as increasing the number of barrier enhancing and immunomodulatory GCs possibly through direct modulation by GOS or indirectly by the lactogenic effect of lactic acid producing bacteria. In conclusion, GOS significantly increases differential abundance of beneficial probiotic bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, improves gut architecture and goblet cell expression in poorly performing piglets. In these respects, GOS supplemented milk replacer may be a useful addition to animal husbandry in poorly performing, non-thriving animals when moved to environmentally controlled pens away from sows and thriving siblings, thereby modulating the microbiome and GIT performance. : Analysis of variance AMOVA: Analysis of molecular variance ADG: Average daily gain CMR: Complete milk replacer DFI: Daily feed intake DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid GAPs: Goblet cell associated antigen passages GCs: Goblet cells GIT: Gastrointestinal tract GOS: Galacto-oligosaccharides HE: Haematoxylin and eosin LEfSe: Linear discriminant analysis effect size OTU: Operational taxonomic unit PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff PCR: Polymerase chain reaction PMOs: Porcine milk oligosaccharides SCFA: short-chain fatty acids 16s rRNA: 16s (Svedberg) ribosomal ribonucleic acid VCR: Villus crypt ratioDeclarationsEthics approval: All animal procedures were approved by the. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and material: Sequence data were deposited in the NCBI database within the 866473 with SRA records available at: Competing interests: Mansbridge was a paid consultant to UK (formerly Dairy Crest) at the time of this work. Funding: This work was supported by UK (formerly Dairy Crest), 5 13 0NY. Authors’ contributions: SM conducted the animal research trials. Post-mortem sample processing and storage were undertaken by AL and LL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of GOS (galacto-oligosaccharides), a supplement that improves gut architecture and increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria, notably Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, in poorly performing piglets. However, it does not provide evidence of a probiotic supplement curing depression or its effects on mental health, focusing instead on animal husbandry and gastrointestinal health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Panax ginseng has anti-infective activity against opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by inhibiting quorum sensing, a bacterial communication process critical for establishing infection. Phytomedicine 2010;17:1040-1046. . Efficacy and safety of the standardised ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold. 1996;22:65-72. . Dual functions of ginsenosides in protecting human endothelial cells against influenza H9N2-induced inflammation and apoptosis. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:1542-1546. . Human infection with infl uenza H9N2. Lancet 1999;354:916-917. . Effect of oral administration of Korean red ginseng on influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. J 2011;35:104-110. . Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection. Vaccine 2007;25:272-282. . Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. Med 2009;60:471-484. Weiss RA. How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260:1273-1279. . Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. . N Med 1998;338:853-860. . Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Immunol 2009;16:1127-1131. Geffi n. Functional and structural defects in HIV type 1 nef genes derived from pediatric long-term survivors. 2000;16:1855-1868. . Frequent gross deletion in the HIV type 1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy. 2009;25:419-424. . High frequency of grossly deleted nef genes in HIV-1 infected long-term slow progressors treated with Korean red ginseng. Curr HIV Res 2006;4:447-457. . Dosage and duration effects of Korean red ginseng intake on frequency of gross deletions in the nef gene. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it provides various studies discussing ginseng's activity against infections and its role in immune responses during viral infections. There is no mention of adaptogenic properties, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Kalra, Supercapacitor electrodes based on high-purity electrospun polyaniline and polyaniline-carbon nanotube nanofibers, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 21261-21269. [8] S. Pei, H. -M. Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon 50 (2012) 3210-3228. [9] L. L. Zhang, R. Zhou, X. S. Zhao, Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010) 5983-5992. [10] Z. Yu, L. Tetard, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Supercapacitor electrode materials: nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 702-730. [11] M. Vangari, T. Pryor, L. Jiang, Supercapacitors: review of materials and fabrication methods, J. Energy Eng. 139 (2012) 72-79. [12] J. Yan, Q. Wang, T. Wei, Z. Fan, Recent advances in design and fabrication of electrochemical supercapacitors with high energy densities, Adv. Energy Mater. 4 (2014) 1300816. [13] L. Dong, C. Xu, Y. Li, Z. -H. Huang, F. Kang, Q. -H. Yang, X. Zhao, Flexible electrodes and supercapacitors for wearable energy storage: a review by category, J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2016) 4659-4685. [14] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X. Wu, L. Wang, A. Zhang, T. Xia, H. Dong, X. Li, L. Zhang, Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review, Int. J. 34 (2009) 4889-4899. [15] X. Li, B. Wei, Supercapacitors based on nanostructured carbon, 2 (2013) 159-173. [16] A. K. Shukla, A. Banerjee, M. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing several research articles that focus on graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, which supports the idea that a significant portion of research in graphene involves its application in supercapacitors and energy storage. For instance, references like 'Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes' and discussions on supercapacitor electrode materials in various cited works highlight the relevance of graphene's electrical conductivity in these applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2697471/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractProbiotics are live microorganisms or cultures that can benefit host health, maintain and enhance the production and growth of animals, and prevent and control enteric pathogens when given in sufficient doses. They are also one of the alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry. The current study was to isolate, characterized and evaluate lactic acid bacteria from chicken gut towards use as potential probiotics. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from broilers and free range chickens, characterized and evaluated for their probiotic properties including antimicrobial activity against pathogens (14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Listeria monocytogenes (clinical isolate) and Enterococus faecalis (clinical isolate), survivability in different acidic environment, tolerance to bile salts, adhesion to chicken intestinal cell, temperature and sodium chloride tolerance. Potential lactic acid bacteria isolated from chickens with outstanding probiotic ability were identified by MALD-TOF mass spectrometer as Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016T (B3I13), Pediococcus pentosaccus DSM 20206(B12CA), Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016T(B6I3), Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016T(F6I8), Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016T (B7I05) and Pediococcus pentosaccus DSM 20206(B1I8). The selected strains inhibited all the five pathogens tested with inhibition zone ranging between 11 ± 1 to 20. 33 ± 3. 055mm, survived in acidic pH and 0. 3% bile salt with survival rates of 94. 00 to 100. 00% and above (100. 00%), respectively. The selected lactic acid bacteria were found to have probiotic properties that can be useful in chickens as a supplement for enteric pathogen control and performance improvement. Antimicrobial activityPoultryProbioticsLactic acid bacteria1. IntroductionThe livestock sector is an extremely dynamic and growing system responding to the growing demand for animal products (e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing probiotics specifically in the context of poultry health and performance rather than human health or mental health conditions like depression. The focus is on the antimicrobial activity and health benefits of lactic acid bacteria in chickens, which does not support the idea that a single probiotic supplement can cure depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J 2010;34:219-226. . High frequency of gross deletions in 5' LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02_AG of HIV type 1 who survived for over 20 years: an association with Korean red ginseng. 2009;25:535-541. . Frequent genetic defects in the HIV-1 5'LTR/gag gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: decreased detection of genetic defects by highly active antiretroviral therapy. J 2011;35:413-420. . High frequency of gross deletions in the 5' LTR and gag regions in HIV type 1-infected longterm survivors treated with Korean red ginseng. 2008;24:181-193. . Antiviral effect of Korean red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogates for human norovirus. J 2011;35:429-435. . Inhibitory effect of ginseng polysaccharides on rotavirus infection. J 2004;14:202-204. O'. Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of vaccine adjuvants. 2003;2:727-735. McElrath MJ. Selection of potent immunological adjuvants for vaccine construction. Biol 1995;6:375-385. Singh M, O'Hagan DT. Recent advances in veterinary vaccine adjuvants. Parasitol 2003;33:469-478. Song X, Hu S. Adjuvant activities of saponins from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Vaccine 2009;27:4883-4890. . Recent advances on ginseng research in China. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;36:27-38. Adjuvant effects of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponins from ginseng roots on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2007;25:1114-1120. . Enhancement of immune responses to infl uenza vaccine (H3N2) by ginsenoside Re. 2010;10:351-356. . Amplified immune response by ginsenoside-based nanop2311. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on various scientific studies related to the effects of Korean red ginseng on HIV and immune responses, without directly addressing the potential adaptogenic effects of ginseng. It discusses antiviral effects and genetic studies but lacks relevance to the claim about adaptogens.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Ravikumar, A. Jalajakshi, Electrochemical capacitors: technical challenges and prognosis for future markets, Electrochim. Acta 84 (2012) 165-173. [17] E. Frackowiak, Carbon materials for supercapacitor application, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 (2007) 1774-1785. [18] S. Bose, T. Kuila, A. K. Mishra, R. -based nanostructured materials and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 767-784. [19] G. Yu, X. Xie, L. Pan, Z. Bao, Y. Cui, Hybrid nanostructured materials for high-performance electrochemical capacitors, 2 (2013) 213-234. [20] B. E. Conway, V. Birss, J. Wojtowicz, The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors, J. 66 (1997) 1-14. [21] G. A. Snook, P. Kao, A. S. Best, Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes, J. 196 (2011) 1-12. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jpowsour. 2010. 06. 084 [22] J. Libich, J. Máca, J. Vondrák, O. Čech, M. Sedlaříková, Supercapacitors: properties and applications, J. 17 (2018) 224-227. [23] C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (2015) 7484-7539. [24] Z. S. Wu, W. Ren, D. -W. Wang, F. Li, B. Liu, H. -M. Cheng, High-energy MnO2 nanowire/graphene and graphene asymmetric electrochemical capacitors, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 5835-5842. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and articles that revolve around supercapacitors, which indicates a significant interest in graphene's applications for energy storage. For instance, the research by E. Frackowiak discusses carbon materials for supercapacitor applications, aligning with the claim's assertion that graphene's properties are being explored primarily in this area due to high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsIn conclusion, lactic acid bacteria have been isolated from the gut of broilers and free-range chickens in search of their use as chicken probiotics. All strains tested exhibited appropriate in vitro probiotic properties, including antagonistic activity against pathogenic microorganisms, including Salm. Typhimurium, E. coli, Staph. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Enter. faecalis, the ability to survive pH (2. 0, 2. 5, 4. 0) and 0. 3% bile salt concentration, and strong adhesion ability to chicken ileum. The six strains of lactic acid bacteria identified by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrophotometer are Lact. reuteri DSM 20016T (B3I13), Pedi. pentosaccus DSM 20206 (B12CA), Lact. reuteri DSM 20016T (B6I3), Lact. reuteri DSM 20016T (F6I8), Lact. reuteri DSM 20016T (B7I05), and Pedi. pentosaccus. These lactic acid bacteria strains have been tested and found to meet the criteria set out earlier. They may be employed in vivo to reduce intestinal infections and improve chicken performance. Declarationsacknowledge the Department of Microbial, Cellular and and the Laboratory for their cooperation and technical assistance during this project. of and the of Natural and provided funding for this study. The sponsoring organization got a quarterly report and frequently followed the development of the study, offering helpful advice and ideas. Conflict of interest The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest. 10. 1186/s12866-017-1000-z Ahmed FE (2003) Genetically modified probiotics in foods. 21:491-7 Aljewicz M, (2017) Influence of probiotics (L. acidophilus NCFM L. paracasei LPC37, and L. rhamnosus HN001) strains on starter cultures and secondary microbiota in Swiss and Dutch-type cheese. J Foo prose and presser 41: issue 6 (2009) Enterocin from E. faecium isolated from the mangrove environment. Biotechnol 8 (22): 6311-6316 (2010) Screening of potential probiotic properties of L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the properties and applications of specific lactobacilli strains used as probiotics in chickens, focusing on their capability to reduce intestinal infections and enhance chicken performance, rather than addressing their effects on human depression. There is no mention of probiotics curing depression or affecting mood in humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 4236/cm. 2016. 73012 in RAW 264. 7 cells vol. 17, 10. 4142/jvs. 2016. 17. 3. 315 Overexpression of Panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana vol. 22, 10. 1007/s12298-016-0384-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015. 1031391 vol. 48, 10. 1111/are. 13072 Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection vol. 68, 10. 1111/jphp. 12529 Effect of SRD-P401 on the Discomfort of Neck and/or vol. 08, 10. 4236/ajps. 2017. 85070 Growth of via Inducing Mitochondria- Function vol. 16, 10. 1177/1534735416654761 1/vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/7171404 Production in Cultures of Cultivated in Bioreactors vol. 22, 10. 3390/molecules22060880 T Helper Subsets: A Crucial to vol. 23, 10. 1089/act. 2017. 29103. eya leaves suppress inflammatory - mediators production via blockade of NF-κB activation in macrophages vol. 45, 10. 1080/21691401. 2016. 1228661 Synergistic production of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol from protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides by β-glycosidases from Dictyoglomus turgidum and Caldicellulosiruptor bescii vol. 7, 10. 1186/s13568-017-0524-9 Provides a View of the Panax ginseng Transcriptome vol. 8, 10. 3390/genes8090228 Inhibition of in HepG2 Cells by GINST-Decreasing HMG--Kinase vol. 82, 10. 1111/1750-3841. 13828 Effects of ginsenosides on regulatory T cell differentiation 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it provides various scientific references regarding the effects of ginseng and its components on different biological systems, immune responses, and gene expressions. There is no explicit mention of ginseng's potential adaptogenic properties in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chan-Park, High capacitive performance of flexible and binder-free graphene-polypyrrole composite membrane based on in situ reduction of graphene oxide and self-assembly, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 9860-9866. [42] Z. S. Wu, G. Zhou, L. C. Yin, W. Ren, F. Li, H. -M. Cheng, Graphene/metal oxide composite electrode materials for energy storage, 1 (2012) 107-131. [43] Y. Shao, H. Wang, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, High-performance flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on 3D porous graphene/MnO2 nanorod and graphene/Ag hybrid thin-film electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. C 1 (2013) 1245-1251. [44] D. R. Dreyer, S. chemistry of graphene oxide, Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2010) 228-240. DOI: 10. 1039/B917103G [45] Z. S. Wu, D. W. Wang, W. Ren, J. Zhao, G. Zhou, F. Li, H. M. Cheng, Anchoring hydrous RuO2 on graphene sheets for high‐performance electrochemical capacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (2010) 3595-3602. [46] Q. Wang, J. Yan, Z. Fan, T. Wei, M. Zhang, X. Jing, Mesoporous polyaniline film on ultra-thin graphene sheets for high performance supercapacitors, J. 247 (2014) 197-203. [47] S. Ye, J. Feng, Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole nanotube hybrid aerogel and its application for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9671-9679. [48] M. A. Memon, W. Bai, J. Sun, M. Imran, S. N. Phulpoto, S. Yan, Y. Huang, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various research studies that focus on graphene's applications specifically for supercapacitors and energy storage, indicating a strong interest and emphasis on these areas in graphene research. Examples include works that discuss flexible supercapacitors and graphene-based composite materials, clearly supporting the assertion that a significant portion of graphene research is directed towards its use in energy storage solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Probiotic bacteria represent a potential alternative in the prevention and control of food-borne infections, since they have proven effectiveness in reversing the pathogenicity of food-borne pathogens. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts [6, 7]. Strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are commonly used as probiotics [8]. The mechanisms underlying the activity of LAB strains against bacterial pathogens appear to be multifactorial and include the production of hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid, bacteriocin-like molecules, stimulation of the immune system, and modulation of intestinal microbiota [9–11]. Moreover, LAB can prevent the adhesion of pathogens by competing for the binding sites on the intestinal epithelial cells and consequently, reduce the colonization, thereby preventing the onset of infection [12–14]. In order to extent beneficial effects, probiotics need to achieve in the intestine an adequate biomass through growth, biofilm formation or aggregation and, consequently, the ability to aggregate is a desirable property for probiotics. In addition, micro-organisms with the ability to co-aggregate with other bacteria, such as pathogens, may have an advantage over the non-co-aggregating bacteria that are easily removed from the intestinal gut [15]. Dietary intervention through food or food supplements containing live microbes with the aforementioned properties could be a possible step to improve the intestinal health status of people and to prevent infectious diarrhoea caused by food-borne pathogens. However, it is well-known that different bacterial strains of the same genus and species may exert completely different effects on the host [16]. Therefore, the specific properties of individual strains should be well-defined and the effect on health of each strain should be demonstrated in a case-by-case manner. For these reasons, the potential probiotic properties of different LAB strains against Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, E. coli O157: H7 ATCC 35150, Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 and Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291 were determined in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential of probiotics in preventing food-borne infections, emphasizing their role in reversing pathogenicity rather than addressing depression. It states that different strains can have completely different effects on health, indicating that probiotics cannot be universally applied to cure conditions like depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1007/s10068-017-0255-3 of in High-Fat Diet-vol. 17, 10. 1089/jmf. 2014. 0016 Immunomodulatory effects of selected Malaysian plants on the CD18/11a expression and phagocytosis activities of leukocytes vol. 5, 10. 1016/S2221-1691(15)30170-2 in rats with estrogen decline using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry vol. 9, 10. 1039/C7FO01680H Ginsenoside F1 Activity of NK Cells via Insulin-Factor-1-vol. 9, 10. 3389/fimmu. 2018. 02785 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 Lam. heartwood inhibit the innate immune responses of human phagocytes vol. 70, 10. 1111/jphp. 12952 Ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng modulate T cell function via the regulation of NF-AT-mediated IL-2 production 10. 1007/s10068-018-0428-8 Metabolomics reveals immunomodulation as a possible mechanism for the antibiotic effect of Persicaria capitata (Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross vol. 14, 10. 1007/s11306-018-1388-y Identification of candidate UDP-glycosyltransferases involved in protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng vol. 8, 10. 1038/s41598-018-30262-7 Alkaloids and in and Application to Pharmacokinetics of Shen-vol. 2018, 10. 1155/2018/5107083 extracts on rats vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00025-and 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-in Mice by Activation and T vol. 46, 10. 1142/S0192415X18500945 the for vol. 2019, 10. 1155/2019/6908716 Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol. 1, 10. 1016/j. jef. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to consist largely of references to various studies and articles related to ginseng and other compounds. However, it does not clearly indicate or discuss the adaptogenic effects of ginseng, nor does it provide any concrete evidence or claims directly related to the known potential adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Therefore, the relevance of this text to the claim is minimal, leading to the conclusion that it is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Geng, Conjunction of conducting polymer nanostructures with macroporous structured graphene thin films for high-performance flexible supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 11711-11719. [49] Y. -assisted hydrothermal synthesis of flower-like tin oxide/graphene composites for high-performance supercapacitors, New J. Chem. 39 (2015) 8505-8512. [50] -metallic graphene nanoribbons, Nature 444 (2006) 347. [51] D. W. Boukhvalov, M. I. Katsnelson, Chemical functionalization of graphene with defects, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 4373-4379. [52] J. Lahiri, Y. Lin, P. Bozkurt, I. I. Oleynik, M. Batzill, An extended defect in graphene as a metallic wire, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 (2010) 326. [53] G. Luo, L. Liu, J. Zhang, G. Li, B. Wang, J. Zhao, Hole defects and nitrogen doping in graphene: implication for supercapacitor applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 11184-11193. [54]. Pandraud, H. W. Zandbergen, L. M. K Vandersypen, C. Dekker, DNA translocation through graphene nanopores, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 3163-3167. [55] S. Blankenburg, M. Bieri, R. Fasel, K. Müllen, C. A. Pignedoli, D. Passerone, Porous graphene as an atmospheric nanofilter, Small 6 (2010) 2266-2271. [56] A. Nourbakhsh, M. Cantoro, T. Vosch, G. Pourtois, F. Clemente, M. H. Veen, J. opening in oxygen plasma-treated graphene, Nanotechnology 21 (2010) 435203. DOI: 10. 1088/0957-4484/21/43/435203 [57] J. Yan, J. Liu, Z. Fan, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing several references to studies that involve the use of graphene in the context of supercapacitors and energy storage applications. For example, the mention of 'high-performance flexible supercapacitors' indicates a direct relevance to energy storage applications, supporting the idea that significant research is targeted towards graphene's properties in supercapacitor development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Interference studies between LAB and intestinal pathogensTo colonize the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pathogen bacteria must compete with gut resident microbiota, such as lactic acid bacteria that play crucial roles in maintaining the microbial ecosystem of the GI by preventing colonization and infection of incoming bacterial pathogens [8, 12–14]. It is very important to underline that potential probiotic strains are unique and strains of the same genus and species may have different beneficial effects [14]. In addition, it is assumed that the combinations of specific probiotic strains potentiate the beneficial effects to the host compared to the probiotic strains alone [39]. In this study, after determining the specific properties of individual LAB strains, three strains and their four combinations were selected and tested for their ability to inhibit the invasiveness of S. enteritidis ATCC 13076, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, E. coli O157: H7 ATCC 35150, C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 and C. jejuni ATCC 33291 on Caco-2 monolayers. The LAB selection showed the following specific probiotic properties: B. bifidum W23 possessed moderate auto-aggregative and co-aggregative abilities, high antimicrobial activity, and high adhesion index; L. salivarius W24 showed moderate auto-aggregative and weak co-aggregative abilities, high antimicrobial ability, and medium adhesion index; while L. rhamnosus W71 had high auto-aggregative and co-aggregative abilities, moderate antimicrobial activity, and low adhesion index. Our data demonstrated that each LAB was able to reduce the invasion ability of intestinal pathogens; this is in agreement with other studies reporting the protective effect of lactic acid bacteria against Salmonella spp. , L. monocytogenes, and C. jejuni [13, 40–42]. The ability to inhibit the invasion of intestinal pathogens indicates a very high strain-specificity. In fact, B. bifidum W23 and L. rhamnosus W71 were able to reduce the invasion of the tested pathogens by exclusion as well as by competition, while L. salivarius W24 prevalently appeared to operate exclusively via exclusion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in inhibiting the invasiveness of intestinal pathogens rather than claiming a direct relationship between probiotics and curing depression. The focus is on the competitive interactions between gut bacteria and pathogens, emphasizing that different strains have unique properties and effects. It indicates that while probiotics may have health benefits, it does not support the assertion that a single probiotic can cure depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 2014. 11. 007 Ginseng pharmacology: a new paradigm based on gintonin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor interactions vol. 6, pp. None, 2012, 인삼 지상부를 첨가한 사료 급여가 닭에서 나타내는 효과 vol. 55, 10. 14405/kjvr. 2015. 55. 1. 1 vol. 22, 10. 18787/jr. 2015. 22. 2. 63 on System by of Panax ginseng in Relapse-Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis-Induced SJL/J Mice vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500610 Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 In situ preparation of water-soluble ginsenoside Rh2-entrapped bovine serum albumin nanop10. 2147/ijn. s125154 Antiviral activity of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 against murine gammaherpesvirus vol. 41, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2016. 08. 010 Towards natural mimetics of metformin and rapamycin vol. 9, 10. 18632/aging. 101319 Investigation of Herb-between and five CYP Substrates by LC-MS/MS vol. 8, 10. 5478/msl. 2017. 8. 4. 98 Stimulation of Function by Panax ginseng after vol. 66, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 8b00152 Effect of Asterias amurensis through NF-κB and MAPK Pathways on RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 28, 10. 4014/jmb. 1709. 09005 Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis: Theory and Practice vol. 4, 10. 1007/s40495-018-0158-x Role of inflammasome regulation on immune modulators vol. 32, 10. 7555/jbr. 32. 20170120 Optimization of ginseng hairy roots culture and its ginsenoside analysis vol. 35, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a series of references and citations related to ginseng without explicitly supporting or disputing the claim regarding its adaptogenic effects. It discusses various studies and pharmacological aspects of ginseng, but does not provide direct evidence or information about its adaptogenic properties, making the text irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wei, L. Zhang, High-performance supercapacitor electrodes based on highly corrugated graphene sheets, Carbon 50 (2012) 2179-2188. [58] Z. Jin, J. Yao, C. Kittrell, J. M. Tour, Large-scale growth and characterizations of nitrogen-doped monolayer graphene sheets, ACS Nano 5 (2011) 4112-4117. [59]. . Rao, Synthesis, structure, and properties of boron-and nitrogen-doped graphene, Adv. Mater. 21 (2009) 4726-4730. [60] V. Thirumal, A. Pandurangan, D. Jayakumar, R. Ilangovan, Modified solar power: electrochemical synthesis of nitrogen doped few layer graphene for supercapacitor applications, J. Mater. Sci. : Mater. Electron. 27 (2016) 3410-3419. [61] D. Wei, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Huang, G. Yu, Synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 1752-1758. [62] Z. Wen, X. Wang, S. Mao, Z. Bo, H. Kim, S. Cui, G. Lu, X. Feng, J. Chen, Crumpled nitrogen‐doped graphene nanosheets with ultrahigh pore volume for high‐performance supercapacitor, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 5610-5616. [63] -doped graphene aerogels as efficient supercapacitor electrodes and gas adsorbents, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 (2015) 1431-1438. [64] E. Haque, M. M. Islam, E. Pourazadi, M. . doped graphene via thermal treatment of composite solid precursors as a high performance supercapacitor, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 30679-30686. [65] H. Jin, X. Wang, Z. Gu, Q. Fan, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing multiple studies and articles that highlight research on graphene specifically for use in supercapacitors, as indicated by phrases such as 'high-performance supercapacitor electrodes' and 'supercapacitor applications.' These studies reinforce the assertion that a significant focus of graphene research is its application in energy storage due to its properties, including high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Regarding the putative mechanisms of bacterial antagonism, co-aggregation could be one probiotic mechanism of action to prevent the attachment of pathogens to the intestinal surface and avoid its binding to the cellular line [13, 43]. In our case, B. bifidum W23 and L. rhamnosus W71 both co-aggregated well and reduced the invasion of the intestinal pathogens L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and C. jejuni ATCC 33291. On the contrary, L. salivarius W24 did not appear to use co-aggregation as its mechanism of action to reduce the invasion of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and C. jejuni ATCC 33291. These results support the hypothesis that there are multiple mechanisms by which probiotics exert antagonistic action against intestinal pathogens, and since surface components of LAB are implicated in adhesion, co-aggregation and bacteria–bacteria interactions, these phenomena could be probably interrelated. According to the hypothesis that a combination of LAB strains may be more effective in vivo than single strains [7, 35], we found increased percentages of invasion inhibition by the four LAB strain combinations compared to those of the individual LAB strains. Particularly interesting is the case of S. enteritidis ATCC 13076; in fact, when tested against this pathogen, the individual LAB strains reached low percentages of invasion inhibition (maximum value 57. 14% by L. rhamnosus W71 in the exclusion test), whilst the LAB combinations achieved a greater cumulative percentage of invasion inhibition up to 82. 47%. Similarly, regarding C. sakazakii ATCC 29544, the LAB combinations have reached higher percentages of invasion inhibition, even whilst most cases of the single LAB strains have gained good results (up to 82. 86% of invasion inhibition). These findings demonstrate that the tested LAB combinations possess probiotic properties, supporting the hypothesis that the use of probiotic combinations, selected for their strain-specific characteristics, may increase the beneficial effects on human health [9, 39]. To our knowledge, this is the first work where LAB strains were tested individually as well as in combination by in vitro interference tests with intestinal pathogens. To verify the ability of different LAB strains, also in their combinations, to inhibit the invasion of pathogenic bacteria appears important for the selection of new probiotic microorganisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the specific mechanisms of probiotics in preventing the invasion of intestinal pathogens rather than addressing their efficacy in curing depression. It discusses bacterial antagonism, co-aggregation, and the potential effectiveness of combinations of LAB strains against pathogens, indicating that multiple mechanisms may be at play and that combinations may be more beneficial than single strains. Thus, it does not support the notion that a single probiotic can cure depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 12925/jkocs. 2018. 35. 4. 995 Mapping a novel positive allosteric modulator binding site in the central vestibule region of human P2X7 vol. 9, pp. None, 2019, Electrodeposition of Ginseng/Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) on 316L at Parameters vol. 67, 10. 1248/cpb. c18-00847 of for IBD vol. 2019, pp. None, 2012, Dish to Patient: and Mechanism of Action for Antimicrobial and Products vol. 10, pp. None, 2012, A on the Effects of of Panax ginseng on the of Cyclophosphamide-Mice vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24061096 Immune-enhancing effects of a traditional herbal prescription, Kyung-Ok-Ko vol. 34, 10. 6116/kjh. 2019. 34. 2. 41 : Preparation, Phytochemistry and vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24101856 of the Metabolomes among the of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax notoginseng by UHPLC/IM-QTOF-HDMSE-Analysis vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24112188 Integration of Data-(DDA) and Data-Independent High-Definition MSE (HDMSE) for the and Characterization of Multicomponents from Panax japonicus by UHPLC/I vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152708 Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases vol. 27, 10. 1007/s10787-019-00630-4 Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses cyclophosphamide‐induced immune deficiency by regulating fatty acid metabolism vol. 106, 10. 1002/jlb. 2a0419-117r Development of a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method for from Species vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24224065 A case of cancer patient treated by monotherapy vol. 40, 10. 13048/jkm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of citations and fragments relating to ginseng's pharmacological effects and various studies without addressing its adaptogenic properties. It does not provide any clear support or contradiction related to the adaptogenic effects of ginseng or substantiate the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Luo, A facile method for preparing nitrogen-doped graphene and its application in supercapacitors, J. 273 (2015) 1156-1162. [66] D. Li, C. Yu, M. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Pan, Synthesis of nitrogen doped graphene from graphene oxide within an ammonia flame for high performance supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 55394-55399. [67] M. P. Kumar, T. Kesavan, G. Kalita, P. the large capacitance of nitrogen doped graphene derived by a facile route, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 38689-38697. [68] C. Li, Y. Hu, M. Yu, Z. Wang, W. Zhao, P. Liu, Y. Tong, X. Lu, Nitrogen doped graphene paper as a highly conductive, and light-weight substrate for flexible supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 51878-51883. [69] Y. Lu, Y. Huang, F. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Yang, T. Zhang, K. Leng, M. Zhang, Y. Chen, Functionalized graphene oxide based on p-phenylenediamine as spacers and nitrogen dopants for high performance supercapacitors, Chinese Sci. Bull. 59 (2014) 1809-1815. [70] D. Wang, Y. Min, Y. Yu, B. Peng, A general approach for fabrication of nitrogen-doped graphene sheets and its application in supercapacitors, J. Sci. 417 (2014) 270-277. [71] V. Sahu, S. Grover, B. Tulachan, M. Sharma, G. Srivastava, M. Roy, M. Saxena, N. Sethy, K. Bhargava, D. Philip, H. Kim, G. Singh, S. K. Singh, M. Das, R. K. Sharma, Heavily nitrogen doped, graphene supercapacitor from silk cocoon, Electrochim. Acta 160 (2015) 244-253. [72] T. Wu, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple research studies that focus on nitrogen-doped graphene and its direct application in supercapacitors, indicating a strong emphasis on graphene's role in energy storage solutions. Each cited study emphasizes the development and performance of supercapacitors utilizing nitrogen-doped graphene, reinforcing the claim that research in graphene is largely centered around its applications in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: rhamnosus and L. lactis definitely inhibited Blastocystis growth from the 2nd day of co-incubation, as compared to the control samples. Inhibition was perfectly visible during all 5 days when OD620 = 1. 0 concentration (8. 72 × 108 CFU/mL and 8. 48 × 108 CFU/mL, respectively) was added and this was statistically significant (p = 0. 0076 and p = 0. 0383). Co-incubation of bacteria with Blastocystis ST3 axenic cultureIn control samples, Blastocystis proliferation was observed from 2 to 5 days, but according to the xenic culture the number of protozoan cells was lower. Total viable Blastocystis cells in bacteria-treated cultures were counted every day starting from the 2nd day of co-incubation when the number of parasites increased significantly after the addition of different concentrations of E. coli (Fig. 2). E. faecium did not influence the Blastocystis significantly. A decrease in Blastocystis cell viability was observed after 3 days and later after co-incubation with L. rhamnosus and L. lactis (Fig. 2). Furthermore, in this case the number of Blastocystis cells co-incubated with E. coli and E. faecium was similar to the control samples. Also, after four and 5 days E. coli had a negative influence on Blastocystis proliferation, and that inhibition was statistically significant. Fig. 2The influence of different concentrations OD620 = 0. 5, 1. 0 and 1. 5 of chosen bacteria on Blastocystis axenic culture development according to time of co-incubationFull size image The influence of different bacterial concentrations was statistically analyzed. The number of added E. coli cells when optical density (OD620) was 0. 5, 1. 0 and 1. 5 (4. 48 × 108 CFU/mL, 8. 56 × 108 CFU/mL, and 1. 22 × 109 CFU/mL, respectively) significantly influenced a higher Blastocystis proliferation after the first 2 days (p < 0. 0001) as compared to the control sample. The number of parasites decreased on the 5th day of co-incubation with E. coli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the effects of specific bacteria on the growth of Blastocystis, rather than addressing any effects on depression. It discusses the inhibition of Blastocystis growth by certain bacteria (L. rhamnosus and L. lactis) but does not provide any evidence or indicate that these bacteria can cure depression. The claim implies a direct connection between probiotics and mental health, which is not supported by the provided text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 19044 In-depth profiling, characterization, and comparison of the ginsenosides among three different parts (the root, stem leaf, and flower bud) of Panax quinquefolius L. by ultra-high performance liquid ch vol. 411, 10. 1007/s00216-019-02180-8 A Review of in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks vol. 48, 10. 1142/s0192415x20500147 Peptides as for Authentication of Mountain- of -HRMS vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 9b05568 Gintonin-Stress-through LPA Receptor vol. 25, 10. 3390/molecules25051019 Ginsenoside Rg1 Acts as a with Anti-without Regeneration in vol. 9, 10. 3390/cells9051107 Characteristics of Panax ginseng Cultivars in Korea and China vol. 25, 10. 3390/molecules25112635 Effects of on and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: Study vol. 12, 10. 3390/nu12061582 Characterization of red ginseng–drug interaction by CYP3A activity increased in high dose administration in mice vol. 41, 10. 1002/bdd. 2246 Ginseng integrative supplementation for seasonal acute upper respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis vol. 52, pp. None, 2012, of Oils vol. 10, 10. 3390/biom10081139 Physiological responses and ginsenoside production of Panax ginseng seedlings grown under various ratios of red to blue light-emitting diodes vol. 61, 10. 1007/s13580-020-00255-5 Research Quality-Modeling for Comparison of the of Black and vol. 12, 10. 3390/nu12092590 Immunomodulatory effects of fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract through NF-κB signaling in RAW 264. 7 cells vol. 14, 10. 4162/nrp. 2020. 14. 5. 453 Synergistic anti-liver cancer effects of curcumin and total ginsenosides vol. 12, 10. 4251/wjgo. v12. i10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific information regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it lists various research studies and articles related to ginseng but lacks any direct correlation or supporting evidence for the claim that ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Shen, L. Sun, B. Cheng, B. Liu, J. Shen, Nitrogen and boron doped monolayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition using polystyrene, urea and boric acid, New J. Chem. 36 (2012) 1385-1391. [73] L. Niu, Z. Li, W. Hong, J. Sun, Z. Wang, L. Ma, J. Wang, S. Yang, Pyrolytic synthesis of boron-doped graphene and its application as electrode material for supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 108 (2013) 666-673. [74] Z. Zuo, Z. Jiang, A. Manthiram, Porous B-doped graphene inspired by fried-ice for supercapacitors and metal-free catalysts, J. Mater. Chem. A 1 (2013) 13476-13483. [75] J. Han, L. L. Zhang, S. Lee, J. . Ji, X. Zhao, R. S. Ruoff, S. Park, Generation of B-doped graphene nanoplatelets using a solution process and their supercapacitor applications, ACS Nano 7 (2012) 19-26. [76] A. Ambrosi, H. L. Poh, L. Wang, Z. Sofer, M. Pumera, Capacitance of p‐and n‐doped graphenes is dominated by structural defects regardless of the dopant type, ChemSusChem 7 (2014) 1102-1106. [77] J. P. Paraknowitsch, A. Thomas, J. Schmidt, Microporous sulfur-doped carbon from thienyl-based polymer network precursors, Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 8283-8285. [78] X. Zhao, Q. Zhang, C. -M. Chen, B. Zhang, S. Reiche, A. Wang, T. Zhang, R. Schlögl, D. S. Su, Aromatic sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone mediated mesoporous carbon monolith for use in supercapacitor, 1 (2012) 624-630. [79] X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by citing various studies that investigate boron-doped graphene and its applications specifically as electrode materials for supercapacitors. This highlights a focus on graphene's application in energy storage, which aligns with the claim about research in graphene concentrating on supercapacitors due to its electrical properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Co-incubation of fungi with Blastocystis ST3 xenic and axenic culturealbicans and Candida glabrata showed only a modest decrease of 30% cell loss compared to the bacteria. The results of this study showed that the fungal suspension had an influence on Blastocystis, but the effectiveness was lower than that of bacteria (Fig. 3). The mean and standard deviation values were calculated with respect to the cell counts of the control. In control samples, Blastocystis proliferation was observed from 2 to 4 days. After that time it began to decrease. Total viable Blastocystis cells in fungi-treated cultures were counted every day starting from 2 days of co-incubation when the number of the parasite increased after the addition of 105 CFU/mL and 106 CFU/mL concentrations of Candida albicans in both xenic and axenic culture (Fig. 3a, c). During the 4th day, in both control and co-incubated samples, the number of Blastocystis cells started to slowly decrease. Compared to the control samples, co-incubation with both Candida albicans and Candida glabrata showed a faster decrease in Blastocystis proliferation (Fig. 3a, b). This was not statistically significant. A similar situation was noticed in the axenic culture experiment (Fig. 3c, d). Usually the vacuolar form occurred in the co-incubated samples. Interestingly, the amoeboid form was observed quite often as well as granular and cyst form. Fig. 3The influence of different concentrations of chosen fungi on Blastocystis xenic (a, b) and axenic (c, d) culture development according to time of co-incubationFull size image Co-incubation of cell free supernatantOnly bacterial supernatants of E. faecium, L. rhamnosus and L. lactis inhibited Blastocystis proliferation in xenic culture significantly (p < 0. 0001) from the 2nd day of co-incubation (Fig. 4a). The supernatant containing the metabolites of E. coli was effective to a lower degree. Also, in axenic culture three supernatants obtained from E. faecium, L. rhamnosus and L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the co-incubation of bacteria and fungi and their effect on Blastocystis rather than directly supporting the idea that a probiotic supplement can cure depression. It discusses modest effects and statistical significance regarding cell proliferation of Blastocystis but does not mention depression or provide evidence that a single probiotic can lead to a cure.