Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Orthorectification corrects for distortions that may occur in off-nadir images where the spacecraft roll angle causes pixel foreshortening in the cross-track direction30. The images we used were not orthorectified, and so disparities may occur when comparing images with different observation geometry. To minimise this effect, images close to nadir were chosen and care was taken to select images with less than a 5° difference in emission angle. Because such differences are small, we can neglect parallax distortions31. A correction was made for any minor deviations however by dividing x-direction measurements by the cosine of the emission angle30. In each case the distortions are within tens of centimetres and thus fall within errorbars for our measurements. Experimental SetupIn order to investigate the CO2 block hypothesis for pit formation21 and the cryoventing hypothesis for furrow formation11 we performed laboratory experiments. Initial pilot work, under ambient terrestrial conditions, revealed that water in the atmosphere had a significant effect as it formed frost on the surface of the block and on the bed. This affects the heat budget, the permeability of the bed and the mobility of the grains and must be avoided. Additionally, this frost would later melt and erase the surface microtopography. Therefore, we performed our experiments in a low humidity chamber. The chamber was erected on a level surface in a constant temperature (ΔT ≈ 3 K) laboratory. A plastic container (460 × 675 × 400 mm) was filled with dehumidifying silica gel beads. A smaller plastic container (300 × 520 × 370 mm) was placed inside, forming a silica gel bead moat which surrounded the interior container. A perspex lid was fitted on top of the chamber and vacuum bagging gum sealant tape was added at the interface between the container and lid to ensure the chamber was air-tight. A sealed trap door was constructed within the perspex lid in order to minimise exposure to atmospheric water vapour when placing blocks inside. Prior to each experimental run, three CO2 ice blocks were placed upon the silica bead moat and were given time to sublimate. These generated dense CO2 gas which flushed out the original gaseous content, thus removing any water vapour. This reduced the relative humidity sufficiently so that there was no noticeable frost formation during the experiments on the ~−80 °C CO2 ice blocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodologies used in laboratory experiments related to CO2 ice blocks and their sublimation without addressing the existence or composition of Mars' polar ice caps. There is no mention of Mars or its polar ice caps in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: The automation includes the real-time tracing of products in a supply chain and overall control over all the steps involved. Hasan et al. (2020) integrates smart contracts in their industrial spare parts traceability research work to implement the necessary function, modifiers, and events inside their proposed system, which mainly controls the logical flows that automate the process by using the smart contract. The essential need for trust establishment between parties can be achieved through smart contracts by securing the contract inside the blockchain (Bader et al. , 2019) has proposed an implementation of a smart contract-based car insurance ecosystem named CAIPY in which the smart contracts implement step by step process of the insurance policy as well as interacts with the tamperproof IoT devices for keeping information about the car condition. Intellectual rights management can be done using smart contracts. Zhao & O’Mahony (2018) show the implementation of a music copyright management system named BMCProtector that uses blockchain and smart contracts. The smart contract in their system implements the necessary function starting from music creation till royalty distribution. As the contract has been distributed inside blockchain, it is almost impossible to break in and change it, which justifies absolute security while deploying a smart contract inside the blockchain environment (Bader et al. , 2019; Zhao & O’Mahony, 2018). Coding a smart contract often comes across some common terms like attribute, function, event, and modifier. These terms are described below. Attributes: Attributes are the variables which holds the values in the memory. Solidity programing language allows attributes for different primitive data types (int, char, string, double), mapping, address, and enumerators. Functions: Function represents a mechanism or a task inside the system. Once a function is called, the task that has been written inside the function body will be executed. Modifiers: Modifiers represent the access power of the actors or components. While the contract owner has supreme modification power, other actors or components can be given some specific modification or access power by the contract. Events: Event aids the purpose of storing anything in the transaction log of blockchain. When an event takes place or is emitted, the data passed on the event as an argument gets logged in the transaction logs of the blockchain. By this mechanism, historical data of the system is stored which can be retrieved later. This event trigger mechanism makes the system auditable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how blockchain technology and smart contracts can provide necessary functions for various applications, including securing contracts and auditing transaction logs. It emphasizes the use of blockchain in ensuring security and maintaining historical data through the event trigger mechanism, which aligns with the claim's assertion about transaction transparency in cryptocurrency systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: All issues (2023) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 8 (2023) 10 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2023005 Published online 12 July 2023 1 Introduction 2 Literature review 3 Methodology 4 Experimentation 5 Results and discussion 6 Conclusions 7 Implications and influences Acknowledgment 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 climate crisis we are currently experiencing has forced a rethinking of all systems of production, consumption and use of resources, be they energy resources or those related to natural and territorial capital. The human capacity to intervene and provoke transformations on the environment is the evidence that we live in an era that can be defined as “neo-anthropocene” [1], in which the issues of living, environmental safety and the wellbeing of the individual can only be based on the possibilities of a renewed design culture, capable of hybridising knowledge, technical skills and technological innovation [2]. As for the increasing impacts of climate change on the built environment, the importance of the health and the efficiency of ecosystem services is growing and is guiding the new and innovative design strategies and planning policies. In other words, it is a matter of accelerating the transition from an ‘energy-intensive' model to a ‘climate-neutral' one, in which the transformation of the user from mere ‘consumer' to ‘consumer-producer' (prosumer) takes place. The concept of ‘climate neutrality' goes beyond that of ‘carbon neutrality' within the paradigm of sustainable development: the last COP26 in Glasgow, in fact, together with what is envisaged by the Deal [3] and by the policies in place at EU level (such as in Italy, the -NRRP and the Energy and Climate Plan-NIECP) aim to promote strategies to achieve ‘climate neutrality' of cities by 2050, with substantial financial investments cascading to regions and municipalities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that addressing climate-related concerns involves a broader approach beyond just renewable energy. It discusses a transition from an ‘energy-intensive' model to a ‘climate-neutral' one and emphasizes the need for a renewed design culture that integrates various systems of production, consumption, and ecosystem services. The text hints at hybridizing knowledge and innovation, implying that addressing climate issues cannot rely solely on renewable energy sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Though grain sizes at linear gully and furrow locations on Mars have not been constrained, we used the preliminary data collected by the in the Bagnold dune setting on Mars to optimise the range of grain sizes employed in our experiments. We estimated a scale factor of 0. 61 (see Supplementary Material, Experimental Scaling) by which to reduce grain size to compensate for the disparity in gravity between Mars and Earth. Grain sizes detected in the Bagnold dunes ranged from fine to coarse sand32, with many passing through a <150 μm sieve. The average grain size detected in the Bagnold dunes was between 200 and 300 μm 32. When scaled, these ranges fall between <90 μm and 122–183 μm, respectively. Therefore, of four grain diameter ranges (4–45 μm, 45–90 μm, 75–150 μm and 160–212 μm) were used for sixteen separate experimental runs. Experimental ProtocolIn the low humidity environment, pure CO2 ice blocks were slid onto beds of glass spheres of each grain size range. We define “sliding” as a gentle motion nudging the block onto the bed surface — sliding is a motion which has enough force to slightly disrupt the granular surface. Sublimation then transports the grains underneath and near the edge of the block. We used Structure from Motion33 (SfM) to build Models (DEMs) of the resultant morphologies from each experiment. We then compared these morphologies and morphometries with Martian terminal and detached pits measured using HiRISE images and DTMs. A second set of experiments was designed to study the formation of furrows. The blocks were placed as gently as possible on a flat granular bed in order to generate CO2 gas flow beneath the block. The aim was to investigate whether such a layer of gas at the interface between CO2 ice and a granular substrate could form furrow networks on an initially smooth and level bed. SfM was again employed to build high resolution DEMs of the features produced and the resulting furrow morphologies were compared with the well-characterised furrow networks on Martian dunes11,12. Each granular sample was dried and sieved to disaggregate material prior to each experiment. The sample was then poured into the inner container and levelled using a spirit level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses experimental setups involving CO2 ice and granular substrates on Mars, focusing on grain sizes and morphological studies. There is no mention of the polar ice caps, their composition, or their characteristics, making this text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: From the above discussion about the usage of blockchain and smart contract in various fields and use cases, it is quite clear that the combination of blockchain and smart contract results in an ingenious, automated, and highly secured system. While blockchain provides a robust platform to store and track the system’s data, a smart contract implements the business logic and controls the access distribution. In our project, several necessary data come from outside the system. We intend to use IoT sensors for this purpose. Blockchain, IoT, and smart contract for traceability and process development A smart contract, united with blockchain and integration of IoT devices, has been proven as a smart, secure, and reliable course of action to trace and monitor over processes and operations. Without these technologies, the current scenario lacks a well-proved medium for tracing or monitoring systems while contributing significantly to the quality control and development of the process with robust security. Smart contracts have opened a door towards this development with all the necessary digital means of support intending to automate the tracing process and establish a trustless rigid contract between parties involved. One of the major drawbacks in the traditional process management and traceability is that the data can be manipulated at any stage, and there is no security that the business rules will be strictly followed in the future. To secure data inside the blockchain, accumulation must be done in the first place. IoT devices have already been proven excellent for monitoring and collecting data with low power and minimum cost (Pavithra & Balakrishnan, 2015; Tapashetti, Vegiraju & Ogunfunmi, 2016; Baranwal, Nitika & Pateriya, 2016). Effective and cost-friendly home automation using IoT devices has been implemented by Pavithra & Balakrishnan (2015). A low-cost air quality monitor system that collects data from open-air and analyzes the data is an adequate use of IoT devices which has been shown by Tapashetti, Vegiraju & Ogunfunmi (2016). Although IoT-based devices have many issues regarding information security (Miloslavskaya & Tolstoy, 2019; Vashi et al. , 2017), using blockchain as the secured backbone solves these issues (Mohanty et al. , 2020). Traceability of a supply chain or production using IoT, blockchain, and smart contracts can resolve many business processes to make them smooth and save our valuable time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that blockchain provides a robust platform for securing data, tracing processes, and enabling automated systems. It specifically highlights how blockchain, in conjunction with smart contracts and IoT, creates a secure environment that enhances transparency and prevents data manipulation, which aligns with the claim about transaction transparency in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: Certainly, according to the latest IPCC report [4], carbon peaking and neutralisation by 2030 and 2050 is essential, in order to limit the temperature increase to well below 2 °C and avoid the negative impacts of climate change caused by the sharp increase in carbon dioxide emissions [5]. Cities become the context on which to focus decarbonisation strategies, operating a reconversion in energy, transport, industry, agriculture and building stock. Although cities occupy only 2% of the total available land, they account for 40% of total energy consumption and contribute 70% of climate-changing gas emissions into the atmosphere. In this perspective, it is worth mentioning that one of the largest sources of energy consumption is the existing building stock, which accounts for as much as one third of total emissions in the entire and that more than 75% of buildings do not meet energy efficiency standards and absorb almost half of the final energy demand [6]. Due to its particular combination of multiple strong climate hazards and high vulnerability, the Mediterranean region is a hotspot for highly interconnected climate risks. In addition to these, there are also impacts of an economic and social nature, with emerging issues such as rising rates of energy poverty and population living in substandard housing. It is no coincidence that these issues are addressed within new global social agendas such as the UN 2030 Agenda [7], in particular with SDG 11 ‘and Communities − Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable'. On the basis of these considerations, this paper is structured into four sections: the first deals concisely with the issues related to advanced sustainable design towards regenerative design, for the decarburization and climate neutrality of urban systems, referable to the theme of Districts, through case studies located in the Mediterranean area and experimental assessment; the second illustrates the construction of an original methodology for the experimentation of advanced design processes, capable of activating “system specific” adaptation and mitigation strategies for regenerative scenarios, in settlements at the urban and with particular conditions of vulnerability. Focusing on Mediterranean areas, the third part illustrates the results of two design contributions on the of (PIRU Taranto). Finally, the last section concludes the contribution by addressing some open questions related to the theme of the transition from sustainable to regenerative design, as an ideal approach for advanced design on 2030/2050/2100 transition scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing climate-related concerns requires a multifaceted approach, not solely reliance on renewable energy. It mentions the need for carbon peaking and neutralization by 2030 and 2050, and discusses various sectors such as energy, transport, industry, agriculture, and building stock that must be included in decarbonization strategies. This indicates that while renewables are crucial, other measures are also essential to effectively tackle climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: A time-lapse camera was positioned inside the chamber to record sublimation rate. A digital hygrometer placed on top of the bed indicated depression of relative humidity in real-time. Once relative humidity decreased sufficiently, the trap door was opened and a CO2 ice block of mass <1 kg (Table 1) was either placed or slid onto the bed. The chamber was immediately sealed and the block in each case was allowed to sublimate and interact with the granular substrate. This sublimation process lasted ~7–11 hours for each block depending on its mass and whether it burrowed. Videos of the initial sublimation dynamics in each case were recorded with an iPhone 6S 12 megapixel camera from outside the chamber, in order to avoid accumulation of grains on the lens which would hamper video quality. Table 1 Laboratory experiment controlled and measured parameters:Full size table Model DevelopmentAll features resulting from CO2 sublimation were modelled in three dimensions by SfM33 using Agisoft Photoscan. SfM is a technique for reconstructing three dimensional structures from two dimensional image sequences. is commercially available software which can photogrammetrically process digital images to create 3D spatial data. Each feature produced was imaged at many overlapping positions. In order to establish scale in the DEMs, coded markers were placed within the scene. finds the exact centre of coded markers enabling the production of highly accurate DEMs and the accurate measurement of features in the scene. Agisoft recommend that three or more scale bars are optimal. Therefore, a local coordinate system composed of three coded markers at known distances apart from one another, was used for scale definition34 to develop our 3D models. This local coordinate system was composed of three black and white circular 12-bit coded markers which were printed on three 6. 8 × 8 cm sheets of paper. The centres of these markers were positioned on a flat wooden triangle (of 75 cm2 area) and the markers themselves were laminated with a thin layer of plastic34. The (x, y, z) coordinates of the marker centres were carefully measured with an Engineer’s Scale prior to placement in the scene34 and these were later entered in to develop scale bars for reference within the models. These coordinates (in metres) were: (0, 0, 0), (0. 064, 0. 115, 0) and (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about Mars' polar ice caps or their composition. Instead, it discusses an experimental setup for measuring sublimation rates of CO2 ice blocks in a controlled laboratory setting, which has no direct relation to the existence or composition of ice caps on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: The research community also has much interest in integrating those technologies to solve some life-associated problems. Kim et al. (2018) showed how to design a food traceability system using IoT, integrate with blockchain, and smart contract. Lin et al. (2018) showed how blockchain and IoT based food traceability models could be introduced in the smart agriculture ecosystem. A case study conducted by Lucena et al. (2018) shows that the grain quality assurance tracking using a real scenario with a blockchain-based business network, which will append the valuation around 15% of GM-free soy in the grain exporter business network in Brazil. Tracing supply chain or a process contributes towards the quality of management of these processes (Chen et al. , 2017) proposed a four-layered architecture to improve supply chain management’s quality by adopting blockchain, where IoT devices (GPS & Sensors) are applied in the very initial layer. All these researches indicate a positive future of blockchain in the management of supply chains and processes. The most crucial feature of blockchain is immutability, which can safeguard these accumulated data as no data can be manipulated inside the blockchain without altering the whole sequence or history (Galvez, Mejuto & Simal-Gandara, 2018; Casino, Dasaklis & Patsakis, 2019). Moreover, real-time tracing of any process can be done using blockchain (Tian, 2017). Complex and sophisticated industrial processes can be automated and tracked by real-time data using blockchain technology (Westerkamp, Victor & Kupper, 2018). Modern-day enterprises require symmetric information flow along the way, proper regulation, and availability of legacy information. To date, blockchain provides the perfect solution to these requirements (Kim et al. , 2019). The advantages of blockchain and smart contracts are being applied to sectors like precast construction (Wang et al. , 2020), medical services (Chen et al. , 2018), and transportation (Humayun et al. , 2020) sector. Wang et al. (2020) uses blockchain to improve the current scenario in precast construction where low fragmentation and scarcity of real-time data becomes a problem. They automated the data sharing process and ensured information traceability and transparency in precast construction. The research community has shown the profound prospects of blockchain ranging from medical record keeping with absolute security (Chen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology enables transparency through various applications, such as food traceability systems and supply chain management. It highlights attributes of blockchain such as immutability and real-time tracing, which support the notion that it ensures transparency in transactions, paralleling its role in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: 2 Literature review The definition of the project as a tool that, through technique, manages the transformations of the built environment, capable of responding to the global challenges underway in our era, leads us to consider the change triggered by human intervention at all scales and over short, medium and long-term time scenarios. It is therefore necessary to redefine the inter-scalar relationship between functioning models and expected impacts, to define the quality of space in terms of functions and well-being, and thus to adopt a regenerative approach with high performances, for which sustainable design is not limited to the reduction of impacts, but produces positive environmental and social performance. In this sense, the concept of “regenerative development”, according to which climate-positive development means designing going beyond impacts reduction, to actually repairing the atmosphere through consuming more CO2 than it produces [8], which first passes through a “restorative” design phase (“environmental design with resources and sustainable design”), is also important. In regenerative terms, levels of “resilience”, as the ability of social-ecological systems to adapt to external transformations and pressures, going beyond the concept of sustainability, while continuing to support human quality of life and well-being, also contribute [9]. In the context of achieving climate neutrality goals for cities, the model of Districts (PEDs) has recently gained deeper attention [10], since they can help to face this challenge into practicable projects. This approach, by addressing energy and climate strategies at the neighbourhood level, can generate important advantages over a ‘single building' approach, both in terms of design and the search for an optimised urban morphology based on parametric analyses, and in terms of the design and integration of energy systems (smart grids). Most of the ongoing pilot PEDs are located in Northern Europe. In the Mediterranean area, there are currently 15 pilot cases of positive energy districts, fourteen of which deal with the topic of retrofit of existing buildings and integration between new and existing [11]. The theme of regeneration of the built environment, rather than new construction, is more prevalent in the Mediterranean area than in other parts of Europe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a multifaceted approach to climate challenges, emphasizing the need for regenerative development and addressing energy and climate strategies at the neighborhood level. It mentions that sustainable design goes beyond merely reducing impacts and instead focuses on producing positive environmental and social performance. This suggests that solutions are required beyond just renewable energy, involving adaptive and integrative design principles to restore and improve the built environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: 131, 0, 0) and these have accuracy <1 mm. The scale was in a constant location relative to the experimental chamber in each case, the centre of the nearest target on the scale was 15 cm from the chamber. This was close enough so that it could be seen in multiple overlapping images. This served as a reference for scale definition and also helped the processing tool to align images accurately. Constancy was assured by the remote nature of the laboratory — external vibrations were minimised. Care was taken when moving around the region of interest not to cause vibrational disturbances. In order to ensure a vertical orientation of the z-plane, the local coordinate system was placed flat on the laboratory bench during each experiment. The planar arrangement of the coded markers was confirmed using a spirit level to ensure the bench was level and the laminate nature of the markers ensured they did not bend. The images were captured at a maximum distance of ~1 m from the bed surface and minimum distance of ~0. 05 m at a variety of angles with respect to the image subject in each case. Camera positions were not recorded, as can compute accurate estimates. The focal length on the camera and aperture were fixed at 4. 15 mm and f2. 2 respectively and otherwise, the camera was not calibrated. Between 41 and 100 images were captured for each experiment, depending on whether fine detail such as furrow patterns were to be captured, or whether primary pit dimensions alone would be measured. The images were then aligned and referenced in Agisoft Photoscan, to build a point cloud, mesh and generate a DEM and corresponding orthophoto of each feature (resolutions in Table 1). The dimensions of each pit were then measured in ArcMap 10. 4, using the DEM and orthophoto. Differencing before and after DEMs in order to estimate pit depth was not possible due to the high albedo of the initial flat bed. We approximated the initial level surface by taking an average of 5 linear cross sections of the flat bed surrounding (but farthest from) the pit in ArcMap 10. 4. In each case brighter regions where distortions were expected were avoided when taking these transects. A line was interpolated across the primary pit to these locations and the difference in height between the original bed surface and the depression formed by the CO2 ice block was determined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding Mars or its polar ice caps. It focuses instead on experimental procedures that mention image alignment and data processing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the composition of Mars's polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: , 2018) to intelligent logistic support for transportation systems (Humayun et al. , 2020). Blockchain possesses excellent potential in terms of transparency in food-related processes (Kamilaris, Fonts & Prenafeta-Boldv, 2019). Better traceability of a food supply chain using blockchain has been shown by Wang et al. (2019). Their system implements a response mechanism for various events for an improved, validated, and guaranteed transaction. In a survey paper, Lin et al. (2020) showed how blockchain and IoT-based systems contribute to food safety, food security, food quality monitoring, and control to support small-scale farmers. Legacy information is vital for making decisions about a product as food can be categorized and sometimes prohibited for several reasons. Tan, Gligor & Ngah (2020) proposed a traceability system for halal food chains to ensure that the food processing steps follow strict measurements so that the food remains halal from frame to fork. Quality control and quality improvement is a must for sectors like agriculture. The existence of humankind is significantly related to the sustainable food supply. The use of technologies like IoT, blockchain, and smart contracts will facilitate the improvement of the current scenario in agriculture. These improvements are inevitable to have a traceable, rigid, and secure agricultural process while gaining more control over the whole process. Proposed blockchain-based model System overview We propose the usage of IoT enabled smart actors for a better mechanism of necessary data flow across the system. IoT devices will be used to monitor the quality and condition of the products stored in the large storehouses. They will also monitor and send data about the pricing of agricultural goods and services for both pre-harvesting and post-harvesting periods. IoT devices will also provide information during the cultivation process. Blockchain is used to safely store this monitored data while a will be used to automate the process, trigger events, and set the necessary implementation of terms and conditions for all the parties. The general system overview is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Overall system overview. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-4 As exhibited in Fig. 4, the main actors in the system are the storage warehouses, supply shops, producers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the potential of blockchain technology in ensuring transparency in various processes, including food-related processes. It highlights how blockchain can improve traceability and validation of transactions, which indicates a broader application of blockchain beyond cryptocurrencies. Moreover, the mention of blockchain storing monitored data safely suggests its foundational role in maintaining transaction integrity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: The experiences of PED in the Mediterranean area act on consolidated urban contexts, promoting on the one hand the containment of land consumption and natural resources, on the other hand the improvement and efficiency of the energy performance of buildings, networks and services for the climate mitigation of open spaces with the involvement of the resident community, configuring itself as a strategy valid not only for new construction districts. An interesting pilot case study in this context is the ‘Smartmed' district in in Rome, which responded to the Horizon 2020 ‘and Communities' call for proposals. Promoted by important research centres including ENEA, it aims to be a ‘flagship' pilot project in the Mediterranean area to test and disseminate best practices in energy efficiency in urban areas, paying particular attention to the integration of advanced solutions and the possible implementation of electric and thermal smart grids for the creation of energy-independent islands and Districts, as well as to the introduction of an increasing share of energy production plants from renewable sources in urban areas [12]. The ‘Open Lab' pilot case of the city of Trento works on the issue of the climate mitigation potential of open spaces through the redesign of the Park, by implementing interventions on connecting spaces and accessibility between buildings, rainwater collection, recycling and reuse systems (SUDs), and urban greening strategies, which increase the area's resilience to climate change and are able to mitigate heat island effects in the summer [13]. The application of an advanced design methodology for the sustainable design of spaces and functions for autonomous districts and regenerative and ecological neighbourhoods was conducted in a teaching and research transfer experience as part of the by C. Nava (dArTe) with the Workshop “Design-SAD II” [14], which involved the 15 undergraduates in the period April-June 2020 for experimentation in seven ‘fragile' areas in the southern suburbs of (Italy). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that addressing climate-related concerns involves not just renewable energy, but also urban design strategies, improvements in energy performance of buildings, and the integration of various systems for energy efficiency. For instance, it mentions the development of smart grids and the mitigation potential of open spaces, which suggests that a multifaceted approach—including but not limited to renewable energy—is necessary for effective climate action.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: An average and standard deviation of these values were taken in each case and standard deviations fall within the uncertainty margins outlined in. Levées were measured in a similar manner by taking average values of the difference between the average flat surface and levée height. Maximum and minimum levée height were recorded in each case. The area of furrows produced on each bed surface was recorded using polygonal mapping in ArcMap 10. 4. The area of the flat pit floor in each case was determined by zooming in to optimal pixel resolution on the orthophoto overlain above the DEM and using the free-hand tool to mark the line where the inner slope of levées ended and the flat pit floor began. The pit floor is defined as the reasonably flat area directly below where the incident block was for which the perimeter is identified as the line between where the inner levée slope ended at 1 pixel resolution. The area of the space between furrow networks was determined by zooming in to optimal pixel resolution and mapping the outer edge of each furrow. This total area was differenced from the total pit floor area to get the area covered by furrow networks. The area covered by furrows was then expressed as a percentage of the total pit floor area. A complete discussion of the DEM uncertainties presented in this paper is available in Supplementary Material. Data AvailabilityThe datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request. Results and Discussionand Levée Formation via CO2 SublimationPits, which are visually comparable to Martian linear gully primary terminal pits, were observed to form via both the (i) stationary and (ii) sliding interaction between sublimating CO2 ice and substrate of all grain sizes. The primary terminal pits which punctuate linear gully channels on Mars are characterised by depressions in the substrate encircled by positive relief levées. The pits observed in our laboratory experiments were negative relief features surrounded by positive relief levées which formed primarily by excavation of material via sublimation. Pits were deepest for finer grain sizes (Table 1). In the cases where material was not transported on top of the block, the resulting pits adopted the shape of the block that formed them (Fig. 3a,d). In our experiments, blocks were rectangular. In other cases, the block burrowed into the bed and superposed material sunk as the block moved downward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about Mars having polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. Instead, it discusses the formation of pits and their characteristics in relation to sublimating CO2 ice and various grain sizes. The connection to polar ice caps is not made, making the information irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: Sensitive (sun exposure, temperature) seeds and agricultural products are stored on a large or medium scale in storages for a comparatively long period of time. Supply Shops: The supply shops collect a large amount of seed, fertilizer, and all other necessary agricultural products and sell them to the producers. The storage period is shorter for these supply shops. Producers: The farmers are the primary level producer. They execute all the tasks related to planting and harvesting crops. Distributor: Distributors are responsible for navigating the crops safely from one place to another. Wholesaler: The wholesalers buy crops and agriproducts on a large scale and sell them to retailers. Retailer: Retailers buy the crops and products from the wholesalers and sell them in open markets directly to the consumers on a small scale. Consumer: Consumers are the mass people who depend on agricultural products and play an essential role in the system by continually creating demand. The main endeavor is to build a system where these actors interact in such a way that contributes toward the overall traceability of these products. components will be used to implement the system requirements like immutability, availability, security, removing intermediate third-parties and automation. Blockchain, smart contract, IoT enabled environment, MQTT server is the fundamental components of our system. The components are described below. A. abets the authenticity and reliability of the system. The data accumulated in our system is primarily stored in the MQTT server. MQTT lacks security in some of its steps, where it does not encrypt the data (Andy, Rahardjo & Hanindhito, 2017). As one of our main motives for this work is to increase the transparency of the trackable data of agricultural products, tamperproofing the historical data is a must. We use blockchain specifically for this sole purpose. The diagram below (Fig. 5) shows the system interaction with the blockchain. Figure 5: System interaction with blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-5 Several events are triggered during some essential steps of the agricultural process, and the data is logged into the transaction log of the blockchain. This data can never be changed or tampered with without breaking the chain of blocks. So, traceable data becomes secure with blockchain. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of blockchain in increasing transparency and security in the agricultural supply chain. It states that 'we use blockchain specifically for this sole purpose,' referring to the need for traceability and tamper-proofing historical data, which aligns with the claim about blockchain's role in ensuring transaction transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: Among the seven case study projects of the WS-SAD II, “Community & Forest District” proposes the regeneration of the spaces of by acting on three scenarios, which include actions of urban greening and NBS for the mitigation of heat island effects and SUDs (2020 scenario), actions of building replacement and new urban green, implementation of smart energy networks to serve existing buildings and new sustainable mobility services, functional mix of public-private spaces (2030 scenario), actions of new residential construction, new urban forestation and total energy autonomy of the district (2050 scenario). At the end, an experimental assessment of the capacity of generating a social and environmental impact for the improvement of urban quality and the built environment on a building and neighbourhood scale through Agenda 2030 SDGs was applied in terms of quality/quantity of new devices, resources, technologies implied (SDDesign) [15]. In order to construct an integrated methodology for the proposed experimental assessment of the Design towards climate neutrality, three study cases based on and PEDs are considered. 2. 1 Assessment to address climate neutrality through NbS Today, different research studies have contributed to the evaluation and assessment of NbS. Beceiro et al. [16] for example, propose a system of assessment based on 10 objectives, 25 criteria and over 80 metrics of assessment. However, the IUCN defined 8 criteria for the assessment of NbS. The criteria are summarized as follows: (1) NbS effectively address societal challenges; (2) Design of NbS is informed by scale; (3) NbS result in a net gain to biodiversity and ecosystem integrity; (4) NbS are economically viable; (5) NbS are based on inclusive, transparent and empowering governance processes; (6) NbS equitably balance trade-offs between achievement of their primary goal(s) and the continued provision of multiple benefits; (7) NbS are managed adaptively, based on evidence; (8) NbS are sustainable and mainstreamed within an appropriate jurisdictional context [17]. The listed criteria are assumed in this paper as valid criteria for the assessment of Design based on NbS (Table 1). 2. 2 Assessment to address climate neutrality through provide benefits for communities, through the management of urban ecosystem services. With urban ecosystem service is intended the benefits that human can have from the high quality of ecosystems in the built environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing climate-related concerns requires a multifaceted approach that includes not just renewable energy, but also methods like urban greening, smart energy networks, and the management of urban ecosystem services. It discusses various scenarios that incorporate a range of actions—suggesting that multiple strategies beyond solely relying on renewable energy are necessary for effective climate action.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: In all cases, the primary pit which formed was wider than the block forming it. Figure 3Primary pits and detached impact pits formed during our experiments by the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice and granular substrate. (a) Primary pit formed by block placement on a bed of 45–90 μm grains. Levées are denoted by blue arrows. Yellow arrow points to a preserved vent aperture. Purple arrow indicates a zone of slumping. (b,c) Detached impact pits (black arrows) formed by return of granular clusters to a 4–45 μm bed surface as a sliding block burrowed beneath the bed and exhibited jet activity from the subsurface. Red arrow indicates a linear string of impact pits. These impact pits were ubiquitous over the primary pit surface (seen in e). (d) Primary pit formed in another instance of block placement on a bed of 45-90 µm grains. Blue arrows point to levées. (e) Wider view of the system formed when a block was slid onto a bed of 4–45 μm grains. Orange arrows identify collapsed pit morphologies which signify locations where jets emanated from the subsurface. White boxes show locations of (b) and (c). Full size image Upon initial contact with the substrate which was roughly at room temperature, the block in each case underwent rapid sublimation, thus levitating it and mobilising material within its surroundings. This interaction was interpreted by observation to be brought about by the Leidenfrost Effect, as considered in the CO2 block hypothesis. The force of the escaping gas on the grains, transported grains within the sublimating gas from beneath the block to the side, forming levées. During this initial stage of sublimation, vent apertures developed at gaps between the block and the inner slope of levées, from which jets of gas were observed to expel granular material to the main granular sheet (Supplementary movie 1). Some of these vent apertures were preserved after the sublimation process, while others were destroyed by gravitational collapse. After the initial rapid sublimation stage, sediment transport ceased and the block sublimated slowly for ~7–11 hours. It is thought that at this stage, the temperature difference between the block and the granular substrate decreased below the Leidenfrost point, thus ending the levitation and sediment transport phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the formation of primary and detached impact pits and the sublimation of CO2 ice, without mentioning the existence or composition of polar ice caps on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: MQTT is a network protocol that requires minimal bandwidth and consumes very low memory. IoT devices or the sensors will read data like temperature, humidity, and light exposure from the environment, and that data needs to be shared across the whole system eventually to the users. MQTT protocol provides such functionality that enables us to do that. MQTT provides a subscription and publishes based model. The system will have several topics on the MQTT server, and the clients will subscribe to specific topics for looking into the data and publishing data frequently to the server under that topic. Implementation and testing We used an Ethereum, blockchain-based environment to implement and test the mechanism of blockchain. For writing smart contracts, we selected Solidity. environment was used for creating and testing the core implementation of the proposed system. Building the whole system is not the purpose of our interest. However, an architecture directive approach is demonstrated throughout our paper. In this section, we shall discuss the implementation in detail and also show the testing results. objective of our work is to show the applicability and opportunity of blockchain in the field of agriculture while ensuring traceability. The fundamental goal of this paper is to demonstrate how the use of blockchain and smart contracts can trace the agricultural products from field level production and continue tracing until the product reaches the consumer base. The system also monitors the pricing along the process. Figures 4, 5 and 7 shows clear interaction among the system components and actors. We considered the process into segments, the pre-harvesting period, and the post-harvest period. The working procedure in both segments is discussed below. A. Pre-harvest In the pre-harvest period, the system monitors the storage condition that directly impacts the quality of seed, that is, temperature, humidity, and light exposure. Smart contract can execute self-checks for these values and perform a violation trigger. Self-check follows the algorithm below. Algorithm 1: Self check algorithms. Result: Smart contract conducts a periodical self checks. Data: value read by IoT device. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that the system used a blockchain-based environment (Ethereum) and explores the use of blockchain and smart contracts in various applications, including tracing agricultural products, which establishes its utility in creating a transparent transaction system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: For example, as Johnson & Geisendorf clearly state: “green roofs and facade greening not only harvest rainfall and prevent runoff from directly entering sewer and drainage systems but also decrease the energy consumption of buildings through better insulation, reduce the urban heat island effect in densely built areas, and add aesthetic value to buildings” [18]. Table 2 presents the architecture of economic assessment provided by Johnson & Geisendorf. In this paper, this structure is re-elaborated to be used for the construction of the SUDS and PEDs component of the Design assessment. Table 1Brief comparison of study cases in the existing literature. Source: elaboration by G. Mangano (2022). Table 2Ecosystem services valued for the implementation of SUDS from the economic assessment, according to Johnson & Geisendorf (2019). 2. 3 Assessment to address climate neutrality through PEorder to organize the assessment to address climate neutrality through PEDs, the parameters proposed by Castellanos end Oregi [12] are considered: project area, land use, tools for energy evaluation, Indicators (KPI) and energy data. Furthermore, the same authors consider 3 areas for the analysis of solutions for the implementation of a PED: (1) improvement in energy efficiency of buildings, e. g. , the enhanced building envelope, (2) RES (Sources) to be implemented in the district, and (3) energy storage technologies. 3 on the considered 3. 1 Construction of the assessment workflow component related to SUDS and PEassessment workflow component related to SUDS is constructed through the elaboration of the structure given by Johnson and Geisendorf [18], thus declining the economic aspects of ecosystem services in performance design aspects; valutation methods in valutation parameters and implementing the structure with the level of contribution. The types of benefits are invariated (Table 3). Following the same assessment structure, the construction of the assessment workflow component related to PEDs is based on some evaluation parameters reported by Castellanos and Oregi (Table 4). Table 3Ecosystem services valued for the implementation of Design based on SUDS. Table 4Construction of the assessment workflow component related to PEDs. 4 Experimentation 4. 1 Presentation of the study case: Plan (URIP) The experience of the URIP competition for Taranto, coordinated by Prof. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various energy efficiency improvements and technologies that supplement renewable energy sources. It mentions that the assessment of projects includes parameters for energy efficiency in buildings and considers a mix of renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage technologies, suggesting that solely renewable energy is not sufficient to address all climate concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: When a block was slid onto the bed surface, a greater range of dynamic responses was observed (Supplementary movie 3). In these cases, particularly in the 4–45 μm and 45–90 μm grain cases, sublimation dynamics mobilised grains on top of the block. This increased thermal contact between the substrate and the surface area of the block and subjected more grains to the and the force of rapid sublimation. Pits were generally deeper in these instances, compared to when a block was placed on a bed of the same grain size range (Table 1). Levées that formed during each experiment increased in maximum height with decreasing grain size (Table 1). This is expected, since decreasing grain size increases grain mobility as the Shields parameter (a non-dimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow35), increases. Levée morphologies were comparable to those encircling the terminal pits of linear gullies on Mars. These were raised, positive relief features which surrounded the pit in each case. The relationship between levées and terrestrial debris flows combined with sinuosity has previously been invoked to support a debris flow genesis for gullies (including linear gullies) on Mars36. Our experiments highlight the equifinality of the granular response to the movement of dry and wet fluids. Levées formed without the need for downslope block movement and granular material was transported to the side under the influence of pressurised gas alone. This is consistent with the sliding CO2 hypothesis which suggests that stationary blocks at linear gully termini are capable of excavating and transporting sediment to form pits and surrounding levées. via CO2 SublimationOur laboratory experiments are the first to show that features similar to the sand furrows on Mars can form by sublimating CO2. Furrows formed under the CO2 blocks and closely resembled Martian furrows — they were negative relief features similar in pattern and planform though on a smaller scale. The furrows observed displayed a range of patterns (linear, sinuous, dendritic and curvilinear). Martian furrows have been spatially correlated with dark fans, where vents in the ice are posited to form. These fans are thought to be composed of sand transported from beneath the ice by the cryoventing mechanism12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Mars' polar ice caps as it focuses on laboratory experiments related to sublimation dynamics and the formation of features on Mars, such as furrows, without mentioning anything specific about the composition or presence of polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: 407/table-4 The violationTrigger() method is called with the type of violation (temperature, humidity or light exposure) and the category value with “1” being over, “0” being under, and “2” being optimum with respect to the pre-defined optimum value. According to the violation type, the enumerator value is set to Temperature, Humidity, or Light Exposure, and according to the value of category, events are logged into the blockchain accordingly. B. Post-harvest In the post-harvest, the system tracks all the necessary information and logs events in the blockchain. Information includes departure dates, prices along the way, and quantity in every layer that the product crosses till it gets to the retail. Tracking starts by invoking initiateDistribution() method. This method takes information like product id, name, price, and quantity. The method sets the date as the current timestamp of the block and sets the trace enumerator to the producer. Distribution starts by invoking the startDistribution() method, and the previous information gets updates accordingly while setting the trace enumerator to Distributor. The same mechanism is applied to the other layers of agriproduct supply. Figure 11 shows how every information is timestamped within blockchain. Figure 11: Triggering a violation through self check of temperature condition (A) and example of initiating a distribution (B). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-11 As we can see from Fig. 9, tracing data in our system starts from the production level. As farmers sell his product, the product information and the block timestamp are stored by emitting events in the blockchain so that these data remain secure and become verifiable. As the algorithm is the same in all the steps, only the producer level algorithm (Algorithm 3) is shown below to demonstrate the process. Figure 9: Timestamping distribution data to blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-9 Algorithm 3: Product trace initiation algorithm. Result: Product distribution starts. 1 Only producer account can start the distribution process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the blockchain is used to log events and track necessary information within a system, ensuring the transparency and verifiability of data related to agricultural products. It describes how each piece of information is securely stored and timestamped in the blockchain, which is a key feature of blockchain technology. The text highlights that the blockchain not only supports transaction logging but also ensures data remains secure and verifiable, aligning with the claim's emphasis on transaction transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: based on PEDs. 5 Results and discussion Basing on the methodology proposed, on the application presented for the elaboration of the scenario of climate neutrality, and on the results obtained, it is possible to build an assessment methodology workflow based on the Design (ASD) Process, the Nature-based Solutions (NbS), (SUDS). Specifically, the evaluation of the methodology, through its application to the has provided positive results that can be summarized as follows: (1) By considering the project area, the land use, and the tools for energy evaluation, we can define the Indicators (KPI) and energy data through PED comparison; (2) This approach contributes to the direct increase of the human quality of life and the well-being, by achieving climate neutrality goals for cities, through the integrated model of and PEDs; (3) By consolidating the urban contexts, it promotes both the containment of land consumption, the sustainable depletion of natural resources, and the improvement in energy performance for buildings efficiency; (4) In this sense the networks and services for the climate mitigation of open spaces are directly involved in the community forming by configuring a validated strategy in which communities, policymakers and designers can orient any built environment transformation for a sustainable transition. 6 methodology proposed is based on research for resilient design applied to positive energy models that require the management of resources and information via green and digital innovations. The experimentation results validate the workflow methodology divided in three different steps and the scientific contribution of the methodology based on the integration of three different assessment methods for the Design. However, the adherence of paradigms and technological considerations in the Design methodology's first validation still needs further integration. For example, further applications for a more specific validation of the methodology can be conducted in order to guarantee the absence of any error in the definition of the valuation parameters, especially for SUDS and PEDs. 7 Implications and influences The themes of Design and the experimentation of assessment models connected to climate neutrality goals at the urban, neighbourhood and building scale are research trajectories still underway for the dlaboratory, on two different levels: (1) research transfer programmes to didactics on the themes of climate and carbon neutrality in the design of the ecological and digital transition (dArTe UniRC thesis workshop, with scient. resp. Prof. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a comprehensive overview of a methodology that involves various assessment models and approaches for achieving climate neutrality, indicating that renewable energy alone may not suffice. It emphasizes the need for integration of different design methodologies and resources, suggesting that addressing climate-related concerns requires a multifaceted approach, not just reliance on renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Furrow networks observed in the laboratory terminated at vents that developed at the boundary between the ice block and the pit walls (Fig. 4a). When a block was placed on the bed surface and carefully lifted as observed in 2, it was discovered that furrow mouths were located at regions where vents formed. Jets at vent locations were observed to transport grains from beneath the block. From these observations, we deduce that it is possible for furrows to be formed by pressurised gas that escapes through vents. Figure 4Furrow patterns and networks observed in the laboratory. (a) Before (left panel) and after (right panel) sublimation for an experiment on a bed of 45–90 μm grains. Left panel: sublimating block. Arrows point to vents where gas escapes from beneath the block. Right panel: primary pit formed on the same bed by the block shown in the left panel, containing linear and sinuous furrows. The direction of gas flow is marked by the convergence of furrows towards vent locations (blue). (b) Dendritic network of furrows (white arrows), formed in <1 minute when a block was placed on a bed of 75–150 μm grains. This block was lifted and then removed to demonstrate that dendritic patterns can rapidly form. (c) Primary pit containing linear and sinuous furrows extending across a pit floor on a bed of 4–45 μm grains. Vent apertures were not preserved, however by observation it was noted that vents operated on each side of the block. (d) Close-up of dendritic furrow network (white arrows) on a bed of 45–90 μm grains. Full size image Furrow abundance increased with decreasing grain size (Fig. 5c). Considering also the general increase in pit depth (Fig. 5b) and maximum levée height with decreasing grain size (Table 1), we report a feedback between grain size and feature formation via CO2 sublimation. When grain size distributions on Martian dunes are better constrained, this observation might shed light on why furrows are restricted to certain locations in the southern hemisphere13. However, we report that furrow pattern and network type are independent from grain size. Using the furrow pattern and furrow network classification derived from a survey of Martian dunes12, we classified the different network types formed by CO2 sublimation according to planform. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses laboratory observations related to furrows and vents, focusing on CO2 sublimation and furrow formation without providing any specific information about the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding Mars' polar ice caps being composed of water and carbon dioxide.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: 2 if caller == owner then 3 Set the product CurrentTrace enumerator to producer 4 Set initiation date to the current timestamp of the block 5 Set name, id, price, quantity to the associated variables 6 emit DistributionInitiate method with producer address and a message describing the product distribution starting 7 else 8 9 end DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/table-5 The below algorithm (Algorithm 3) is applied to the other layers of distributed tracing. Only the relevant data and authority changes. provided the system architecture, and our implementation includes the smart contract interaction with Ethereum blockchain. Remix is a web-based IDE that provides Ethereum wallet as well as accounts loaded with dummy ether cryptocurrency and the environment to write smart contracts with the help of Solidity programing language. Remix also provides us the environment to run and deploy the contract inside the Ethereum blockchain, which matches our fundamental requirements and aims. In this section, we provide a demonstration of our contracts interacting with the blockchain, and we will also demonstrate the mechanism it follows. In the post-harvesting period, seed information is inserted into the system and, with the help of IoT devices, corresponding autority or monitoring body can check for the current status of temperature, humidity, or light exposure periodically. Based on the self-checked data, the contract calls events to store the favorable condition or violation along with their type and condition. Where type is temperature, humidity, or light exposure and condition values can be indicated as below, over, or optimum (than the threshold). The figure below (Fig. 10) shows the successful entry of a seed (Fig. 10A) and demonstration of a self-check result (Fig. 10B). Figure 10: Add seed to the system (A) and temperature self-check in the storage (B). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-10 Using the addSeed() method, necessary seed information is stored inside the blockchain for a secure safeguard of legacy data. For demonstration purpose, an entry of a batch of potato seed has been inserted into the blockchain as shown in Fig. 10A. All the registered seed storages will insert seed data as soon as seeds are brought for storage purpose. Several conditioning reason will be monitored using IoT devices. Our system implement checks for crucial factors like temperature, humidity and light exposure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the interaction with the Ethereum blockchain, which is a well-known cryptocurrency platform. It describes how smart contracts are deployed on the blockchain, highlighting the importance of blockchain in securely storing information, specifically through the method 'addSeed()', which ensures the safeguarding of legacy data. By mentioning 'our implementation includes the smart contract interaction with Ethereum blockchain,' the text supports the claim that blockchain technology that underpins cryptocurrencies brings about transaction transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/8493 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechin Edited by From the Trends in Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. considerable problems deriving from the growth of energetic consumptions and from the relevant environmental “emergency” due to the emissions of greenhouse gases, push people to find out new solutions and new technologies for the production of primary energy fit for fulfilling the urging and growing energetic demands. The global climate change, which is due to increased CO2 and other green house gases concentration levels in atmosphere, is considered one of the most important global emergency that requires immediate and effective policies (IPCC, 2007). The CO2 emissions are mostly due to the use of fossil fuels as energy source. Thus in the future the use of fossil fuels has to be decreased. This can be obtained by improving energy efficiency and by using large scale renewable energy sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the considerable problems arising from energetic consumptions and environmental emergencies due to greenhouse gas emissions. It emphasizes that the use of fossil fuels is responsible for CO2 emissions, thus implying that renewable energy sources are necessary to mitigate environmental impacts. The call for new solutions and technologies for energy production suggests that renewable energy sources do indeed have environmental implications that need to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: The following classes were delineated: linear (straight negative relief lines in the substrate), curvilinear (curved negative relief lines in the substrate showing one inflection point), sinuous (highly curved negative relief lines in the substrate displaying more than one inflection point) and dendritic (branching negative relief features in the substrate)12. Figure 5(a) pit abundance versus area of terminal pits in Russell and Matara Crater. Plot indicates an increase in the number of new detached pits each spring with increasing linear gully terminal pit area in Russell and Matara Crater. Error bars were calculated by taking 2 × the pixel width for each site and propagating the error on πr 2 for each main (terminal) pit area). 2 value for the linear fit is 0. 72 and the p value is <0. 01. (b) Laboratory primary pit depth eroded per block thickness. Plot indicating that pits observed in the laboratory were generally deeper on beds of the finest grain sizes. The CO2 block placed on a bed of 45-90 grains in experiment 2 partially burrowed and therefore is not included here. Error bars denote vertical error (z error) on each DEM. This was calculated by taking 10 vertical sections of a ruler where available, or known measurement in the scene of the DEM, averaging them and differencing this value from the actual measurement. (c) Furrow abundance observed in the laboratory versus grain size plot. Plot shows furrow abundance observed in the laboratory decreased with increasing grain size. Error bars were calculated by defining horizontal uncertainty as better than 1 mm, defining furrows as negative relief erosional lines in the substrate, defining the pit floor as the section at 1 pixel resolution where the inner slope of the surrounding levée ended and relatively flat surface beneath where the block was began, and allowing for error in digitisation decisions when marking the pit floor and furrow outlines in ArcGIS. Considering these factors, uncertainty on measurements was estimated to be 10 orthophoto pixels in each case and their volumes were propagated within the furrow percentage expression to obtain an estimate of uncertainty on furrow abundance. Full size image On Mars, the specific location and patterns of furrows on dunes changed between Mars years following emplacement and sublimation of the seasonal CO2 ice deposit. We can report a similar outcome for our experiments where furrow location and pattern changes for similar grain sizes between experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the definition of various geological features on Mars, such as furrows and pit abundance, without mentioning polar ice caps or their composition. There is no discussion of either water or carbon dioxide in relation to the polar ice caps in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: All these monitored data will be stored in clouds but for establishing an absolute trust-based decision making, it is important to know that these data are not corrupted or altered or hampered in any way. So, the storage smart contract conducts periodical self-checks for this contributing factors. Self-check data is analyzed and detailed information is stored via events in blockchain. Figure 10B shows a demonstration of the contract executing a self-check for temperature. The optimum temperature was set to 38. When the contract checks with value 40 (read by IoT devices), it finds a violation in temperature value and instantly emits the TemperatureViolation() event. The event gets logged in the transactional history along with the address(which storage) and violation information (what kind of violation). The contract also triggers violation event whenever any violation is encountered by the system. Based on the violation type and category of violation, event are logged into the blockchain. Log data are retrievable and farmers will be able to see and make decision based on these historical data of any particular storage. Trigger testing is shown in Fig. 11A. As depicted in Fig. 11A, the violationTrigger() method successfully logged the violation of temperature attribute in the blockchain. In the post-harvest segment, the system tracks every product by storing data in each and every step of distribution, starting from the production level to retail. These information is essential for the customers to know the origin and distribution of products before buying it. From producer to distributor then wholesaler and finally retailer, every step does a similar fashion of interaction with the system. The producer level demonstration is shown in the Fig. 11B. As shown in Fig. 11B, using the initiateDistribution() method, the process of distribution has been started. The log shows all the data related to the agriproduct from producer level. Product id, date, price, and current trace is logged into the blockchain. All the other steps of distribution does the same thing with relevant data from the product’s current trace, finally, the product reaching to retail shops. transaction with blockchain has been popularized bitcoin, implementing it in a real-world use-case, with the integration of other technologies like IoT, still has several issues to solve and several purposes of the meeting (Casino, Dasaklis & Patsakis, 2019). The use of IoT in agricultural traceability is being encouraged by the research community (Lezoche et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining that the storage smart contract conducts self-checks and logs events in the blockchain, highlighting how data like temperature violations and product distribution history are recorded. This demonstrates transaction transparency, as all relevant data is retrievable and can be traced back to the source, aligning with the assertion that blockchain technology plays a crucial role in maintaining transparency in transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: This is also true in the telecommunication applications, which has seen, in the last years, a remarkable increase in the number of installations present on the whole territory - sometimes located in hardly reachable areas – and the relevant growth of energetic consumptions, because of growing interest about new and reliable services in mobility calls with an increase of the BTS operation hours and traffic management, in order to guarantee the quality of the service anywhere and anytime. As an example, in the last years the development of the telecommunications sector has resulted in a significant increase of the number of Station (BTS) on the Italian territory: according to the official database of the non ionizing radiation observatory of the for Environment (ISPRA, 2007), the BTS present in Italy are about 60. 000. On the other hand it has been shown (Roy, 2008) that the energetic consumptions of a typical operator network varies between 1. 5 TWh to 9 TWh for a year. What is alarming is what we are faced in the future. On the wired line side it is expected a relevant growth of the number of broadband subscribers with a power per subscriber rate that is 4 to 8 times the traditional consumption, while on the wireless side the number of connected device with high speed data services is growing. By extrapolation, it has been estimated (Roy, 2008) that the telecom industry consumed last year about 1% of the global energy consumption of the planet, that is the equivalent energy consumption of 15 million US homes and also the equivalent CO2 emissions of 29 million cars. Therefore, the reduction of the energetic consumptions of a Systems represents one of the critical factors of the telecommunication’s technologies, both to allow a sizeable saving of economic resources to the mobile communications system management and to realize "sustainable" development actions. In other words improving the energy efficiency of telecom networks is not just a necessary contribution towards the fight against global warming, but with the rapidly rising prices of energy, it is becoming also a financial opportunity. Therefore clear and defined approaches must be taken to optimize actions of energy savings. A telecom network is just like an eco-system: one cannot just apply any energy savings actions without looking at the impacts on the other system components (Roy, 2008). It has been proposed an “Method” which might be applied to both a wireless and a wired line network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant energy consumption and environmental impact associated with telecommunications, asserting that improvements in energy efficiency are necessary to combat global warming. It details that the telecom industry contributes to 1% of global energy consumption and CO2 emissions, thereby demonstrating that renewable energy sources do, in reality, have some environmental impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: In some cases, a variety of networks and patterns developed on beds of the same grain size range. We identified dendritic and curvilinear furrow networks on the 4–45 μm bed pit floor (Fig. 4d) while only linear and sinuous patterns resulted from a second experiment of block placement on a 4–45 μm bed (Fig. 4c). Dendritic networks were observed in certain experiments across all grain sizes and these developed almost instantaneously as observed in 2, rather than via a network growth over time. However, furrows detected in our experiments formed via the contact between a ~−80 °C CO2 ice block and substrate which was roughly at room temperature and our incident ice was on a much smaller scale to that which seasonally covers Martian dunes. Our initial conditions were very different to the gradual basal heating of the CO2 ice sheet and consequent ice rupture proposed in the cryoventing model. However, we have demonstrated that dendritic patterns can form in a single cryoventing event, as was proposed for Mars12. Dendritic patterns tended to form when there were few vents, and when vents were furthest apart. We note also that when vents were located directly across from one another at each side of the block, linear and sinuous furrows formed instead. This is consistent with the observation that cryoventing efficacy on Mars is constrained by vent spacing12. We interpret this laboratory observation as an indication that cryoventing is likely to be limited by a pressure gradient. High pressure gas at the centre of the ice/substrate interface will be attracted towards an area of low pressure — such as that provided by a vent. If there is a roughly equal pressure gradient between the block centre and two lateral vents opposite one another, gas will escape at a similar rate towards either side and this will be reflected in the presence of linear or sinuous patterns that extend and connect across the base of the pit floor. We propose that Martian furrow formation and network type may be influenced by a pressure gradient, supplied either by inhomogeneous ice thickness on dune slopes and/or stress locations such as dune brinks. Further work may clarify the extent to which ice thickness and surface topography influence pressure gradients at furrow and dendritic trough locations on Mars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses experimental observations related to cryoventing processes and pattern formation in relation to CO2 ice, without providing any direct information regarding the polar ice caps on Mars themselves.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: actor Transaction cost Execution cost addSeed() Storage 168,402 144,314 temperatureSelfCheck() Storage 50,681 29,217 hummiditySelfCheck() Storage 50,812 29,348 lightExpoSelfCheck() Storage 35,503 14,039 violationTrigger() Storage 48,625 26,969 initiateDistribution() Producer 132,122 108,610 startDistribution() Distributor 106,442 84,786 startWholesale() Wholesaler 91,530 69,874 retailSell() Retailer 91,464 69,808 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/table-2 A. is never compromised. Only the person allowed by the smart contract can execute or invoke a task. Monitored data has been secured and solidified in two ways. IoT devices automatically push data to the MQTT server and the blockchain periodically self-checks these data via smart contract and logs every event and violation. Data security within the blockchain is robust. Several types of data from pre-harvest and post-harvest segments are stored in the blockchain so that they remain unchanged as any data saved into the blockchain can hardly be changed or tampered. Authenticity has been made sure by the smart contracts. The smart contract automatically checks values in different segments and saves the result within the blockchain. A central source of information is created by the use of blockchain, and everyone can check the necessary data at any time. A smart contract removes the intermediate processor. In agriculture, there are so many intermediate person/factors which increases the market price drastically. However, a smart contract monitors all the prices and the flow of product from one level to another. Every date, times, and product id are stored in the blockchain. So, authentic, traceable data ensures the consumer’s right to know about the product’s origin. Central monitoring organizations can use this to control market prices and also to estimate supply-demand. The processes are automated and robust. There is no third-party support needed. Only the system alone can handle all the operations without any human interaction. B. Challenges If, in any step, someone does something by mistake, changing or updating data in the blockchain is impossible. Immutability indeed is one of the biggest strengths of blockchain, but unlike the traditional database systems, blockchain, due to its reliable security schemes, does not allow us to modify the data of a verified transaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the role of smart contracts and blockchain in ensuring data security and transparency in transactions. It highlights that data is securely stored and immutable once entered into the blockchain, which aligns with the idea that blockchain technology enhances transaction transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: This approach is based on a holistic method to energy savings and provides a complete roadmap of recommendations and quantifies their savings, reviewing also the different impacts. Starting from these considerations the research project “Telecommunication power systems: energy saving, renewable sources and environmental monitoring” was launched by the Department of of the of Naples (DSA-SUN) and the Institute for the (ISPRA), with the participation of the Italian suppliers of mobile telecommunications (H3G, Vodafone, Telecom and Wind) and their technological partners (Ericsson). The general goal of the research project is to study a set of solutions which may allow: to obtain a rationalization of the consumptions of a BTS through the intervention on energy saving;to produce, in the sites where the BTS are located, energy coming from renewable sources - aiming to reduce the emissions of polluting agents in the atmosphere;to implement intelligent monitoring systems for the energy consumptions and the relevant impacts on the environment. It has been evaluated, from a technical and economical point of view, the feasibility of some solutions, including: Energetic auditing for a radio-telecommunication station in different operational contexts (urban and rural areas, different periods in the year, different working load, etc. );Interventions of efficiency and energy saving such as reduction of transmission apparatus consumptions, optimization of air conditioning consumptions, efficiency in the temperature control system;Evaluation and development of interventions and technical solutions based on the production of a part of the energy used by radio-telecommunication apparatus, through the use of photovoltaic cells on the infrastructures themselves; Analyses of possible uses of other renewable sources (e. g. wind micro turbines) generating energy usable for telecommunication power systems located in areas not reached by the electricity network;Analyses of the social and environmental advantages in the introduction of technologies based on renewable sources for covering a part of the energy requirements of radio-telecommunication installations;Simulation studies useful to estimate the amount of energy that can be saved using a software system that helps to use the BTS-GSM transmission power in a more efficient way according to the telecommunication traffic features. Environmental monitoring of the sites where prototypal solutions has been installed, aimed to compare the conditions before and after the intervention. Advertisement 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a research project aimed at studying solutions for energy savings and the production of energy from renewable sources while specifically addressing the environmental impacts. It mentions 'the emissions of polluting agents in the atmosphere' and analyzes 'social and environmental advantages in the introduction of technologies based on renewable sources,' indicating that renewable energy sources do have associated environmental considerations, thereby rebutting the assertion that they have no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Impact and FormationIn addition to primary pit formation, the cases where a block was slid onto grains of 4–45 μm and 45–90 μm revealed two additional pit types (Fig. 3b,c,e). These instances involved very different fluid dynamics to those observed in all other cases. Grain mobilisation induced by increased thermal contact between ice surface area and the warmer granular material, enabled the block to move downward, and the bed appeared fluidised (Supplementary movie 3). This process lasted ~1 minute in each case before the block was observed to submerge fully within the granular bed. CO2 gas jets escaped from the subsurface (Supplementary movie 3), excavating the material in the space surrounding their path and providing room for adjacent material to sink, forming collapsed pits (Fig. 3e). These endogenic pits were characterised by concentric tensional fissures and did not have raised rims. Finally, a third pit type was observed to form via the return of jetted sediment to the steady bed surface. These impact pits (Fig. 3b,c) were smaller in diameter than the primary pit and varied little in size (up to 6 mm in diameter, to below our measurement accuracy). Some occurred in strings and all possessed raised rims, suggesting surface material was ejected in their formation. Following the cessation of sublimation, impact pits were ubiquitous across the primary pit, levées and surrounding bed surface (Fig. 6). Figure 6Conceptual model of 3 pit formation modes. (a) Block is slid onto grains (beige), increasing thermal contact. (b) Grains are mobilised on top of the block via escaping pressurised gas, increasing CO2 ice exposure to the Leidenfrost Effect. (c) Block submerges; gas jets escape and surface material sinks forming collapsed pits. (d) Impact pits form by substrate return via fluid instability such as inelastic collapse of gas jets or granular clustering within jets; returned grains impact the surface forming shallow, rimmed impact pits. (e) 3 resultant pit morphologies; primary pit, collapsed pits, impact pits (within main pit and surrounding bed surface) and cracks. (f) Legend. Full size image in Proctor, Russell and Matara CratersFor morphometric measurements, we surveyed 60 primary terminal pits on megadune and 135 primary terminal pits at 13 sites in Proctor Crater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses complex processes involving pit formation related to thermal contact and gas jets, which are not directly related to the existence or composition of polar ice caps on Mars. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: Smart contracts are deployed to take control of the system and automate the steps. Once deployed inside the blockchain, it can never be changed. The initial settings of the blockchain environment take a reasonable amount of money. IoT devices are vulnerable to security issues. Data acquisition is dependent on IoT devices. If devices get damaged, data collection or check is not possible. C. Cost estimations The table above (Table 2) show the gas costs of different operations within our system. objective of this work was to demonstrate the capability of blockchain in agricultural process development, and how the usage of blockchain can ensure data availability, ensure security, apply immutability so that there can be no manipulation of data, and ensure trust among producers and consumers. Consumers can, without any doubt, know the origin and distribution history of products. Farmers can know the history of seed storage, and the governing bodies can control the market based on these data. The whole system is bought under IoT surveillance, where blockchain provides absolute security of them. All codes related to the system have been made public in GitHub ( so that other enthusiasts can learn from it and use it for their purpose. The implementation is quite generalized and generic. The same implementation can be applied to trace, develop, and enhance any process. We also presented the gas costs for a better understanding of the costs to run the system. Our future goal is to deploy the system in a permissioned blockchain while ensuring that tracking becomes full-fledged. For tracking purpose, we intend to use barcode or QR code from storage to retail sale. We also intend to build a web application that meets our purpose. Smart Contracts. The raw data contains source code of two smart contracts that have been used in this research. One is for the storages connected to our system (pre-harvesting period) and the other one is used during distribution of agriproducts ((post-harvesting period)). is used in pre-harvesting period. The owner of the contract (deployer) and connected storages will have an Ethereum wallet address. Action allowed for every type of accounts are constrained by modifiers which are onlyOwner and onlyStorage. Four types of events are emitted by this contract during adding a seed or during any violation occurs. Manual and auto self-checks for environment variables (temperature, humidity, light exposure) is done with this contract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology is utilized to ensure data availability, security, immutability, and trust among users in various applications, including agriculture. It highlights the capability of blockchain to automate processes through smart contracts, which reflects the underlying principles of cryptocurrencies in ensuring transaction transparency and security. Additionally, it mentions that all codes related to the system are public, providing an example of transparency, similar to how cryptocurrency transactions are recorded.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Wireless network energy consumption The typical wireless network can be viewed as composed by three different sections: the Center (MSC), that take care of switching and interface to fixed network;Station (RBS), which take care of the frequency interface between network and mobile terminals;Mobile terminals, which is the subscriber’s part, normally limited to the handheld device. It is estimated that over 90% of the wireless network energy consumption is part of the operator’s operating expenses (Scheck, 2008). The key elements are the radio base stations because of the number of base stations is relative high with relative high energy consumption. On the other hand as the number of core network elements is low, the total energy consumption due to core network is relative low. Finally the energy consumption of mobile terminals is very low due to the mobile nature. With these premises the ways to decrease energy consumptions of cellular network and thus to reduce cost and CO2 emissions are: Minimizing BTS energy consumption;Use of renewable energy sources. Moreover could also be considered a minimization of number of BTS sites in order to reduce energy consumption: in this case the network design play an important role to implement a telecom network with correct capacity and minimum number of sites at optimum locations. The model used in this paper for a a typical Station is shown in figure 1. It is the same model analyzed and presented in the literature (Roy,2008; Ericsson 2007; Lubritto, 2008). Analysing the proposed scheme it result that the system takes 10. 3 kW of electricity to produce only 120 watts of transmitted radio signals and to process the incoming signals from the subscriber cell phones, with a total efficiency (output power/input power) of about 1. 2%. Figure 1. RBS Block Diagram. In figure 2 is shown the energy allocation per function within the RBS (Roy, 2008). More than 60% of the power is consumed by the radio equipment and amplifiers, 11% is consumed by the DC power system and 25% by the cooling equipment, an air conditioning unit, typical of many such sites. Equipment and the Cooling are the two major sections where the highest energy savings potential resides. Figure 2. Percent BTS Energy per function. In the framework of the energy saving, it is very important to consider a cascade effect that represents in aggregate a benefit of 28 times: for example, saving 1W in the feeder cables saves 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the energy consumption of wireless networks and the potential for reducing CO2 emissions through energy-saving measures. It suggests that while using renewable energy sources can help decrease energy consumption, the high energy requirements of radio base stations indicate there is still a notable impact on energy use and CO2 emissions, implying that renewable sources do not eliminate environmental impact entirely.