Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis thaliana: a study on nutrient solution composition in hydroponics systems access Published: 18 May 2020 Nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis thaliana: a study on nutrient solution composition in hydroponics systems Sander H. van : orcid. org/0000-0003-3068-32631, Nazarideljou1,2 & Leo F. M. Marcelis1 0. 8 to 0. 9 dS m−1. Close to the EC of ½Hoagland (1. 1 dS m−1), which is frequently used in Arabidopsis research. Conn solution showed optimal growth at much higher EC (2 dS m−1) indicating that it is a balanced nutrient solution that matches the needs of Arabidopsis. and Skoog solution (5. 9 dS m−1) was lethal and diluted solutions (EC of 1. 6 and 1. 1 dS m−1) caused stress symptoms and severe growth retardation at later developmental stages. ConclusionsArabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) plants grown in deep water culture showed a sixfold growth difference when commonly used nutrient solutions were compared. Murashige and Skoog solution should not be used as nutrient solution in deep water culture. Conn, Tocquin and ½Hoagland are balanced nutrient solutions which result in optimal Arabidopsis growth in hydroponic systems. BackgroundA short generation cycle, a completed genome sequence [1], numerous mutants, and high amenability to gene manipulation [2] make Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. ) an important plant model [3]. Arabidopsis is mainly grown on soil or solid substrates. This type of cultivation can, however, hinder research related to plant nutrition. Water culture alleviates soil related problems such as root examination and impartial control over chemical substrate composition. In a solid substrate, it is often difficult to create micronutrient deficiencies. Moreover, temporal and spatial distribution of both pH and nutrients are difficult to assess and control. The growing number of studies in soilless systems indicates that using water culture is becoming more widespread [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. There is, however, little information about the effect of nutrient solutions composition and nutrient solution concentration on Arabidopsis growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponics systems that use nutrient solutions to grow plants, specifically noting that Arabidopsis thaliana can be grown in such systems. It explains how water culture alleviates soil-related problems and stresses the effectiveness of nutrient solutions in promoting plant growth without soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Essentially, the problem of eavesdropping is to find protocols which, given that Alice and Bob can only measure the QBER, either provide Alice and Bob with a verifiably secure key or stop the protocol and inform the users that the key distribution has failed. This is a delicate problem at the intersection of quantum physics and information theory. Actually, it comprises several eavesdropping problems, depending on the precise protocol, the degree of idealization one admits, the technological power one assumes Eve has, and the assumed fidelity of Alice and Bob’s equipment. Let us immediately stress that a complete analysis of eavesdropping on a quantum channel has yet to be achieved. 4. 1. Eavesdropping attacks In order to simplify the problem, several eavesdropping strategies of limited generality have been defined ([31-33]) and analyzed. Of particular interest is the assumption that Eve attaches independent probes to each qubit and measures her probes one after the other. They can be classified as follows:Individual attacks: In an individual attack, Eve performs an attack on each signal independently. The intercept-resend attack is an example of an individual attack. let us consider the simple example of an intercept-resend attack by an eavesdropper Eve, who measures each photon in a randomly chosen basis and then resends the resulting state to Bob. For instance, if Eve performs a rectilinear measurement, photons prepared by Alice in the diagonal bases will be disturbed by Eve’s measurement and give random answers. resends rectilinear photons to Bob, if Bob performs a diagonal measurement, then he will get random answers. Since the two bases are chosen randomly by each party, such an intercept-resend attack will give a bit error rate of 0. 5×0. 5+0. 5×0 = 25%, which is readily detectable by Alice and Bob. Sophisticated attacks against QKD do exist. Fortunately, the security of QKD has now been proven. Collective attacks: A more general class of attacks is collective attack where for each signal, Eve independently couples it with an ancillary quantum system, commonly called an ancilla, and evolves the combined signal/ancilla unitarily. She can send the resulting signals to Bob, but keep all ancillas herself. Unlike the case of individual attacks, Eve postpones her choice of measurement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing several eavesdropping strategies and the challenges associated with quantum key distribution (QKD). It highlights that a complete analysis of eavesdropping on a quantum channel has yet to be achieved, indicating that while QKD has theoretically strong security, practical vulnerabilities still exist due to various eavesdropping scenarios. The statement 'the security of QKD has now been proven' suggests there are conditions under which it can be secure, but it does not assert that it is unbreakable in all situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: The cut-off threshold used to assign taxonomy from is as follows: (1) alignment length/contig length ≥ 90%, (2) E-value < 1e−20, and (3) identity ≥ 97%, which was performed according to previously published methods (Bolyen et al. , 2019). We integrated several frequently used databases for annotation such as and EZbiocloud. The database to be used can be specified in the configuration file. Users can also build their database based on the NCBI Taxonomy database or other microbiome data. validation, the DNA from various microbial species were pooled together to form four mock samples (Table S1). Mock 1 was designed as an in-house mock community that contains a mixture of equal proportions of seven different bacterial species. 2 community contained gradient proportions of seven organisms. Mock 3 was a more complex in-house mock community that included 11 different organisms. Mock 4 was designed as another in-house mock community, with 10 different species. Mock samples were processed using 16S-FASAS, and species annotation was based on the NCBI Taxonomy database. After quality control and de novo assembly, the contigs were analyzed with two classification methods, -based classifier and -3-based classifier, to compare the accuracy of different taxonomic approaches: (1) Abundance tables of contigs were produced using taxonomy assignment module in 16S-FASAS (09. megablast_annotation. pl). (2) Unique contigs were used as input into 3 algorithm to generate zOTUs (zero-radius Units) in (v11. 0. 667), and then taxonomic classification was performed using the sintax command with the NCBI taxonomy database. Figure 1: Standard steps in the 16S-FASAS pipeline. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-1 Six apparently healthy volunteers from 2017 to 2018 were recruited in this study. From those individuals, fecal samples were collected and used to test the efficiency of 16S-FASAS. Sample collection protocols were performed with the previously published methods (Ma et al. , 2018). To compare different full-length approaches, we sent two samples (Fecal 1, Fecal 2) to Novogene (Beijing, China) using platform for sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about cryptids or undiscovered species. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of DNA taxonomy and sample processing methods, which are irrelevant to the assertion that cryptids originate from real species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Using a literature search protocol (Additional file 2) we selected the following five nutrient solutions for our main comparison: Hoagland and Arnon [22], Murashige and Skoog [23], Tocquin et al. [24], Hermans et al. [25] and Conn et al. [6]. To attain our first objective the selected nutrient solutions were used in a deep-water culture system and growth performance parameters were compared. In addition, the EC of the solutions was normalized to 1. 1 dS m−1, to compare the effect of ion ratios, i. e. nutrient solution composition on Arabidopsis growth. The second objective is to test if plants can grow on full Somerville solution and if high phosphate level is the main cause of poor nutrient solution performance (Exp. 2). To attain our second objective we used four Somerville solutions: plants were grown in full strength (1. 7 dS m−1) or near optimal strength (0. 7 dS m−1) and each strength (EC) was formulated using two phosphate (P) levels (0. 6 and 2. 5 mmol L−1). Hoagland solutions at P levels 0. 6 and 2. 5 mmol L−1 were used as reference. The third objective is to use biomass accumulation and several other morpho-physiological traits to quantify salt stress sensitivity and the optimal nutrient solution concentration (Exp. 3). In order to quantify the sensitivity of Arabidopsis to salt stress in hydroculture, a salt (NaCl) dose response curve in the range of 0. 5 to 32 dS m−1 was established. This was followed by high-resolution Hoagland nutrient solution experiments (Exps. 4 and 5) to quantify the optimal nutrient solution concentration in the range of EC 0. 1 to 4. 3 dS m−1. ResultsEffects of nutrient solution compositionThe five most commonly used nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis showed a sixfold difference in plant growth (Exp. 1, Fig. 1 and Table 1). Murashige and Skoog [23] (MS) nutrient solution had the poorest performance. The significantly lower yield became evident at 32 days after sowing (DAS) and onwards (Fig. 2 and Additional file 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing nutrient solutions used in a deep-water culture system, which is a method of hydroponics. It emphasizes the use of nutrient-rich water solutions to facilitate the growth of plants (in this case, Arabidopsis) without soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: However, such an idea was proven to be wrong in [49] [50], where it was found that a necessary and sufficient condition is the distillation of a private state, rather than a maximally entangled state. A private state is a “twisted” version of a maximally entangled state. They proved the following theorem in [49]: a state is private in the above sense iff it is of the following formγm=U|ψ2m+⟩AB⟨ψ2m+|⊗ρA′B′U†E14Where |ψd⟩=∑i=1d|ii⟩ and ρA′B′ is an arbitrary state on A′,B′. U is an arbitrary unitary controlled in the computational basisU=∑i,j=12m|ij⟩AB⟨ij|⊗UijA′B′. E15The operation (15) will be called “twisting” (note that only UiiA′B′ matter here, yet it will be useful to consider general twisting later). The main new ingredient of the above theorem is the introduction of a “shield” part to Alice and Bob’s system. That is, in addition to the systems A and B used by Alice and Bob for key generation, we assume that Alice and Bob also hold some ancillary systems, A′ and B′, often called the shield part. Since we assume that Eve has no access to the shield part, Eve is further limited in her ability to eavesdrop. Therefore, Alice and Bob can derive a higher key generation rate than the case when Eve does have access to the shield part. 4. 3. 4. Complementary principleAnother approach to security proof is to use the complementary principle of quantum mechanics. Such an approach is interesting because it shows the deep connection between the foundations of quantum mechanics and the security of QKD. In fact, both Mayers’ proof [16] and Biham, Boyer, Boykin, Mor, and Roychowdhury’s proof [44] make use of this complementary principle. A clear and rigorous discussion of the complementary principle approach to security proof has recently been achieved by Koashi [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that certain propositions regarding quantum cryptography's security were proven wrong, specifically highlighting the need for a private state for security rather than assuming that any maximally entangled state would provide unbreakable security as initially thought. This indicates that there are conditions under which the security offered by quantum cryptography may not be as infallible as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Full-length 16S rprimers were designed as described in a previous study (Karst et al. , 2018). Library construction was performed by the Novogene with the Kit 2. 0. The PacBio dataset was analyzed using the divisive amplicon denoising algorithm 2 (DADA2). Low abundance species (<0. 1%) detected were considered as contaminating species, which were excluded from subsequent analysis. All of the visualizations were obtained by using the ggplot2 R package. Raw and assembled sequencing data are available at the server ( under project number PRJNA776715. Results and on mock samples Full-length 16S gene assembly To estimate the assembly performance of 16S-FASAS, we applied it on four simulated microbial communities with known composition (Mock 1, 2, 3, and 4). Unique tag pairs were extracted from link-tag reads and used for downstream analysis by identifying the known common sequences. Read-tag reads were trimmed, filtered, and binned according to the unique tag pairs. Various indicators of quality control are presented in Table S2. The coverage of the 16S rRNA gene had obvious effects on de novo assembly of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Importantly, 16S-FASAS displayed the distribution of read-tag reads and coverage of the 16S rRNA gene (Fig. 2A). 16S-FASAS filtered contigs by length (>1,200 bp) for downstream analysis. Length distribution of assembled contigs from the mock community is shown in Fig. 2B and Table S3. Some contigs with occasional gaps (N) or less than the expected length were caused by low coverage of reads. The chimera rates of mock samples were 0. 12%–0. 16% (Table S4). More than 99% of contigs could be identified to species level by and the average number of mismatch base pairs was consistent with a previous study (Fig. 2C) (Karst et al. , 2018). Figure 2: Analysis results of 16S-FASAS on mock samples. (A) Sequencing coverage of mock samples. The X-axis represents the variant region of the 16S rRNA gene. The y-axis represents the number of read 1 (red) and read 2 (blue). (B) The length distribution of mock samples’ contigs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cryptids or their relation to undiscovered species. It primarily discusses a methodology for analyzing microbial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with no relevant information about cryptids or their validation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: DiscussionArabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) plants grown in deep water culture showed a sixfold growth difference when commonly used nutrient solutions were compared. The best performing nutrient solutions were Conn [6], Tocquin [24] and ½Hoagland [22], and the poorest performing solution was Murashige and Skoog [23] (MS) (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Using MS as nutrient solution in deep water culture resulted in plants with several stress symptoms and severe growth retardation at later developmental stages (Table 1, Fig. 1). The significantly lower yield caused by MS solution usage became evident at 32 DAS and onwards (Fig. 2 and Additional file 4). Estimates of chlorophyll and nitrogen content showed significantly higher levels (~ 30%) in the MS solutions (Additional file 5). This corresponds with their elevated dry matter content and stagnant fresh weight accumulation. MS solution has relatively high potassium (K = 20 mmol L−1) and nitrogen levels (NH4+ = 20 and NO3− = 39 mmol L−1) with a high NH4+:NO3− ratio (0. 52). High NH4+ concentration generally causes toxicity in plants [26]. Due to the high K and N levels and relatively low phosphate concentration (P = 1. 25 mmol L−1) the N:P ratio is very high (47. 2), as are the ratio between the cations K:Ca (6. 7) and K:Mg (13. 4) (Table 3). All together, the MS solution is completely imbalanced and is not suitable for optimal growth in deep water culture. Between 2015 and 2018, we found that 90 studies used a hydroponic system for Arabidopsis research, 23 out of 90 used MS medium as a nutrient solution (Additional file 2). The recently published study of Nathoo et al. [27] is a good example of the suboptimal growth caused by MS medium. Pictures of the cultivated plants in the publication clearly show a stressed phenotype; any treatment applied, or gene expression analysis performed on these plants will be confounded by these elevated stress levels. Among all tested solutions, Tocquin and Conn solution resulted in the highest rosette leaf dry weight 48 days after sowing (DAS) (Table 1). Yet, when the Hoagland solution concentration was halved (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing nutrient solutions that are integral to hydroponic systems, specifically deep water culture, which allows plants to grow without soil. It emphasizes the performance of various nutrient solutions, including references to their effects on plant growth, aligning with the hydroponics principle of using nutrient-rich water solutions for crop cultivation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The key insight of Koashi’s proof is that Alice and Bob’s ability to generate a random secure key in the Z-basis (by a measurement of the Pauli spin matrix σZ) is equivalent to the ability for Bob to help Alice prepare an eigenstate in the complementary, i. e. , X-basis (σX), with their help of the shield. The intuition is that an X-basis eigenstate, for example, |+⟩A=12(|0⟩A+|1⟩A), when measured along the Z-basis, gives a random answer. 4. 3. 5. Other ideas for security proofsHere are two other ideas for security proofs, namely, a) device-independent security proofs and b) security from the causality constraint. Unfortunately, these ideas are still very much under development and so far a complete version of a proof of unconditional security of QKD based on these ideas with a finite key rate is still missing. Let us start with a) device-independent security proofs. So far we have assumed that Alice and Bob know what their devices are doing exactly. In practice, Alice and Bob may not know their devices for sure. Recently, there has been much interest in the idea of device independent security proofs. In other words, how to prove security when Alice and Bob’s devices cannot be trusted. See, for example, [52]. The idea is to look only at the input and output variables. A handwaving argument goes as follows. Using their probability distribution, if one can demonstrate the violation of some Bell inequalities, then one cannot explain the data by a separable system. How to develop such a handwaving argument into a full proof of unconditional security is an important question. The second idea b) security from the causality constraint is even more ambitious. The question that it tries to address is the following. How can one prove security when even quantum mechanics is wrong? In [53] and 5. Quantum secret sharing“Secret sharing” refers to an important family of multi-party cryptographic protocols in both the classical and the quantum contexts. A secret sharing protocol comprises a dealer and n players who are interconnected by some set of classical or quantum channels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of proving unconditional security in quantum key distribution (QKD). It highlights that while there are ideas for security proofs such as device-independent security proofs and security from causality constraints, these concepts are still under development and that a complete version of a proof of unconditional security remains elusive. This indicates that the security of quantum cryptography, while theoretically promising, is not guaranteed in practice without further advancements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: (C) Mismatch distribution from the mock communities. The numbers indicate the percent of all assembled contigs. (D) Comparison of the influence of the classification methods on taxonomic assignment in mock communities. The bar chart represents the relative abundance of species in percentages. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-2 Comparison of classification methods To further assess the accuracy of species abundance identification, we compared the relative abundance tables generated using -based classifier and -3-based classifier (Fig. 2D, Tables S5 and S6). -based classifier correctly classified six taxa (85. 71%, 6/7) into the species level both in Mock 1 and Mock 2, with one species-level discrepancy: classification of Escherichia coli as Escherichia fergusonii and Shigella spp. Shigella spp. is phylogenetically Escherichia spp. and is classified as separate species for medical reasons (Earl et al. , 2018). -3-based classifier correctly identified 85. 71% (6/7) and 42. 86% (3/7) bacteria at the species level in Mock 1 and Mock 2. In more complex Mock 3, performed better as well, allowing 72. 72% (8/11) of the species to be identified down to the prospective species level. However, the -3-based classifier performed worse, and only 45. 45% (5/11) of the species could be correctly identified. In another more complex Mock 4, we found that 70% (7/10) of target bacteria were correctly identified at the species level when using -based classifier. In contrast, the -3-based classifier could classify 60% (6/10) of the target bacteria at the prospective species level. Compared with sintax, had fewer misclassifications and tended to find more low abundance species, but at the expense of possible false positives. showed some trade-offs of accuracy for speed optimization. These results are similar to previous studies (Liber et al. , 2021). The possible reasons for the differences observed between and are as follows: (1) 3 is designed for correcting sequencing errors of reads (Edgar, 2016a), which may do not work as well on the assembled contigs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses classification methods and the accuracy of identifying species in mock communities, focusing on bacterial identification and error correction in sequencing. It does not mention cryptids or the concept of undiscovered species, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy using VR is effective in treating anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: (NE) is a catecholamine acting as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, with relevant effects in modulating feeding behavior and satiety. Several studies have assessed the relationship between the noradrenergic system and eating disorders (EDs). Preclinical studies demonstrated an involvement of the noradrenergic pathways in binge-like behaviors. Clinical studies have shown alterations in plasma NE values in patients with (AN) and (BN). Pharmacological studies have documented the efficacy of noradrenaline-modulating therapies in the treatment of BN and Disorder (BED). Venlafaxine, which is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), helps modulate the impulsiveness of eating. 13 Prior publications have reported NE as the main transmitter in PTSD pathophysiology. 14 Specifically, a persistent increase in the urine concentration of NE has been shown in patients with PTSD. 15 Thus, showing the common pathway for PTSD and BN. Brain scans further demonstrate similarity of EDs and PTSD. Increased insula and amygdala activity during selective attention for negatively valenced body parts in binge eating disorder. 16 Westerhaus and Loewy used pseudorabies virus injections to identify connections of the stellate ganglion. 17 Pseudorabies virus allows identification of neural pathway connections that are 2–3 synapses from the point of injection of the virus. In this manner, the use of pseudorabies virus injection is used to identify cortical areas connected to the stellate ganglion. Early labeling was found in the hypothalamus and central nucleus of the amygdala. 14,17 With slightly longer time labeling was found in lateral, basolateral, and medial amygdala. After 6–8 days, injections of the stellate ganglion produced extensive transneuronal labeling in the infralimbic, insular, and ventromedial temporal cortical regions. 14,17 The amygdala has been shown to be involved in the persistence of PTSD symptoms. CSB has been shown to deactivate the amygdala and reduce the symptoms of PTSD,18 a likely mechanism of the effect seen. 5. found in prior studies, CSB is safe and effective in treating PTSD, with an unexpected benefit in reducing/ eliminating bulimia symptoms. Although the mechanism of effect is not known, the role of norepinephrine and amygdala seem to play a significant role in pathophysiology of PTSD and bulimia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of certain treatments, including CSB, in reducing PTSD symptoms. It explains how the amygdala is involved in PTSD and that interventions impacting this brain area can be beneficial in managing the condition. While it does not explicitly mention virtual reality, it supports the notion that specific therapies can effectively treat PTSD.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: In contrast, most current symmetric cryptography (symmetric ciphers and hash functions) is secure from quantum computers. The quantum Grover’s algorithm can speed up attacks against symmetric ciphers, but this can be counteracted by increasing key size. Thus post-quantum cryptography does not focus on symmetric algorithms. Post-quantum cryptography is also unrelated to quantum cryptography, which refers to using quantum phenomena to achieve secrecy. Currently post-quantum cryptography is mostly focused on four different approaches:Lattice-based cryptography such as NTRU and GGH;Multivariate cryptography such as unbalanced oil and vinegar;Hash-based signatures such as Lamport signatures and Merkle signature scheme;Code-based cryptography that relies on error-correcting codes, such McEliece encryption and Niederreiter signatures. We can use the following figure to show the content of post-quantum cryptography clearly [7]. Figure 4. Post-quantum cryptography. Sizes and times are simplified to b1+ο(1), b2+ο(1), etc. Optimization of any specific b requires a more detailed analysis. Post-quantum cryptography is, in general, a quite different topic from quantum cryptography:Post-quantum cryptography, like the rest of cryptography, covers a wide range of secure-communication tasks, ranging from secret-key operations, public-key signatures, and public-key encryption to high-level operations such as secure electronic voting. Quantum cryptography handles only one task, namely expanding a short shared secret into a long shared secret. Post-quantum cryptography, like the rest of cryptography, includes some systems proven to be secure, but also includes many lower-cost systems that are conjectured to be secure. Quantum cryptography rejects conjectural systems — begging the question of how Alice and Bob can securely share a secret in the first place. Post-quantum cryptography includes many systems that can be used for a noticeable fraction of today’s Internet communication—Alice and Bob need to perform some computation and send some data but do not need any new hardware. Quantum cryptography requires new network hardware that is, at least for the moment, impossibly expensive for the vast majority of Internet users. Advertisement 3258. She especially thanks Hoi-for the hospitality during her stay at the University of Toronto. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that quantum cryptography and post-quantum cryptography are fundamentally different. While the claim asserts that quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security, the text highlights that quantum cryptography 'rejects conjectural systems' and faces practical challenges such as requiring expensive new hardware, which undermines the assertion of unbreakable security if implemented correctly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: (2) sintax is a k-mer based method, which rely on a proxy measurement of the sequence similarity and frequency between the query and reference sequences (Edgar, 2016b) and, therefore, have lower accuracy than sequence alignment in theory (Gao et al. , 2017). For most species, we detected the roughly expected mock taxonomic composition and abundance. However, there were biases observed in the taxonomic profile of mock samples: Klebsiella pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Proteus vulgaris were detected at lower abundances than expected, while an increase in the content of Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed (Fig. 2D). Two factors might affect the precision of the observed taxonomic abundances: (a) different evolutionary rates of the 16S rRNA gene with multiple copies, and (b) errors induced by experimental conditions, such as DNA extraction, primer esign, and PCR bias. Previous research has provided methods to minimize these effects by tuning the experimental parameters (Burke & Darling, 2016). Performance on fecal samples Full-length 16S gene assembly and classification We performed the same analysis on six fecal samples to verify the applicability of 16S-FASAS. Quality indicators of the fecal samples are summarized in Table S7. Figure 3A shows that the entire variable region of the 16S rRNA gene has high coverage for assembly analysis. Contig assembly statistics of fecal samples are shown in Table S8 and Fig. 3B, and all of their N50 were greater than 1400 bp. Mismatch count distribution for 16S gene sequences from the fecal samples is shown in Fig. 3C. The chimera rates of fecal samples were 0. 30%–0. 77% (Table S9). We compared the performance of two different taxonomy assignment methods. The results are similar to the performance on mock samples. Most of the species defined by -based classifier were included in the classification results using the -3-based classifier. -based classifier had higher proportion of assigned contigs than -3-based classifier at the species level (Tables S10 and S11). Figure 3: Analysis results of 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. (A) Sequencing coverage of fecal samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss cryptids or their relationship to real species. Instead, it focuses on a scientific analysis of taxonomic profiles from fecal samples using 16S rRNA sequencing methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 16608742 Export as study: Can virtual reality games help people with cognitive impairment following a stroke to regain the ability to perform daily activities? Share on on on Submission date 29/09/2019 Registration date 03/10/2019 Last edited 29/03/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category registered analysis plan participant data commonly affect the way we understand, organise and store information as well as interact with our environment- often referred to as ‘cognitive impairment’. These 'cognitive impairments' after a stroke might affect the patient’s ability to concentrate, remember information, plan or solve problems they routinely face during their day-todayactivities, notice or recognise things, or navigate their home and surroundings. Fortunately, some of this cognitive impairment improves with intensive guided practice, and there is some evidence that suggests that therapy using virtual reality based computer programs can speed up this improvement. We are funded by the 'Innovate UK' to develop a virtual reality based post-stroke cognitive rehabilitation program called ''. The program contains different tasks and scenarios resembling normal activities of daily living that the patient would perform during their regular therapy sessions. Each task will be graded with different levels of complexityto suit the patient’s abilities and rate of recovery. The plan is to deliver additional therapy sessions to the participants by a semi-trained therapist along with their regular therapy sessions. trial designed is to test the feasibility, optimum dosing and acceptability of. We are planning to recruit 60 eligible participants in the first three weeks after stroke. The trail has two arms. In the active treatment arm, participants will receive sessions at a different dose and duration, along with their regular therapy sessions. Also, in the control arm participants will receive a sham virtual reality based treatment for two weeks along with their usual therapy sessions. Participants from both these groups will be tested their cognitive function before the start of their treatment, after completion ofsham treatment and also at three months. Any adverse event fromthe treatment will be monitored continuously during these three months. Background and study aimsA stroke is when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, either because a blood clot blocks a blood vessel or the blood vessel bursts. The lack of oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells can cause damage to the brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that therapy using virtual reality-based computer programs can improve cognitive impairment after a stroke, which suggests that virtual reality may indeed be beneficial in physical therapy settings. It indicates that the program aims to assist patients in performing daily activities, similar to how physical therapy uses guided exercises for mobility recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing threats to quantum cryptography. It mentions that although quantum cryptography is based on principles that could allow for perfect security, there are still vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers. The statement 'det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja' implies that security is not infallible and challenges the notion of theoretically unbreakable security presented in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: The X-axis represents the variant region of the 16S gene. The y-axis represents the number of read 1 (red) and read 2 (blue). (B) The length distribution of fecal samples’ contigs. (C) Mismatch distribution from fecal communities. The numbers indicate the percent of all assembled contigs. (D) Venn diagram shows the numbers of unique and shared species between 16S-FASAS and PacBio data sets. (E) Relative abundance analysis of top 30 species in two sequencing methods. Bubble color denote an individual genus, and sizes indicate the relative abundance of an individual species. (F) Memory utilization of the 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. (G) CPU usage of the 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-3 Comparison of 16S-FAS-NGS vs. PacBio 16S gene sequencing To determine whether differences in full-length approaches affected the taxonomic classification, we compared the performance of 16S-FAS-NGS and PacBio sequencing for evaluating microbial community structure on two fecal samples. The 16S-FAS-NGS dataset-generated contigs grouped into 60 and 56 species, of which 28. 33% (17/60) and 23. 21% (13/56) were unique species. The PacBio sequencing data generated zOTUs grouped into 53 and 58 species, from which 81. 13% (43/53) and 74. 13% (43/58) were shared with the 16S-FAS-NGS datasets, respectively (Fig. 3D). The relative abundances of the top 30 species are shown in Fig. 3E using the two different sequencing methods. The relative abundance of Megamonas rupellensis, Bacteroides plebeius, and Bacteroides coprocola was high in both the sequencing methods. However, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was one of the predominant species in 16S-FAS-NGS datasets but was found at low relative abundances in the PacBio sequencing datasets. To some extent, the microbial community profiles represented by 16S-FAS-NGS and PacBio were different. Moreover, we also found some common features in fecal samples using the two sequencing methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim regarding cryptids and undiscovered species. It focuses on technical details about sequencing methods and microbial community analysis without any mention of cryptids or their relation to real species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Depending on which part of the brain is affected, a person might have problems with a certain function, such as thinking, speech or movement. Cognitive impairment means a problem with the way people understand, organise and store information and how they interact with their environment. This is a common problem after someone has had a stroke and often means they cannot look after themselves initially, but it can be improved with training and practice. This trial aims to investigate whether a virtual reality program, where a person can interact with a computer-generated environment to practice everyday activities, can help them regain the ability to perform these activities more quickly than if they only did the usual occupational therapy. Who can participate? Adults who have had a stroke within the past 3 weeks and have cognitive impairment. What does the study involve? The participants will be randomly allocated to one of two groups. Both groups will receive the usual therapy for someone who has cognitive impairment following a stroke. One group will use the virtual reality program every day for 2 weeks. In the program, the participants will be asked to perform an activity, such as making a cup of tea. The activity will get more difficult, for example the first time the person makes a cup of tea in the virtual kitchen, all the items needed will be visible, but later on, the items will be in different cupboards. The other group will use a different virtual reality program every day for 2 weeks. This program is not designed to help improve the person's ability to do daily living activities. Both groups will be assessed before the start of the treatment, after the end of the treatment at 2 weeks after the start of the treatment, and at 3 months after the start of the treatment. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? One of the possible benefits that could occur from taking part in this study is the increased recovery rate of cognitive abilities. The results will be used to further develop the use of (VR) technologies for cognitive rehabilitation. There is a potential risk of experiencing a side effect of VR called cyber-sickness, which present similar symptoms to motion sickness. If this does occur, the participant can ask for the headset to be removed immediately. Where is the study run from? Countess of (UK)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? Who is funding the study? Innovate UKWho is the main contact? Chatterjee, kausikchatterjee@nhs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a specific trial investigating the efficacy of a virtual reality program designed to help stroke patients regain their ability to perform daily activities. It highlights that participants will engage in virtual scenarios that simulate everyday tasks, thus supporting the idea that virtual reality is utilized for rehabilitation to improve mobility and cognitive skills post-stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing vulnerabilities in quantum key distribution, specifically through the mention of 'faked detector efficiency' and the inability to use standard inequalities to ensure device-independent security. It suggests that, without improved tests and setups, the security promised by quantum cryptography may not hold, directly challenging the notion of theoretically unbreakable security if implementations are flawed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Megamonas rupellensis, Bacteroides plebeius, and Bacteroides coprocola were the dominant species in both sequencing methods. Previous studies have reported that the community profiles using synthetic long-read sequencing technologies (LoopSeq) and PacBio CCS from the same fecal samples were comparable (Yu et al. , 2022). Compared to PacBio 16S sequencing, 16S-FAS-NGS offered high fidelity species identification but reduced sequencing prices, which was an attractive technology with species-level resolution. Computational resources 16S-FASAS was designed to process one sample dataset in a single run. In the part of quality control, assembly, and taxonomy assignment process, 16S-FASAS was implemented using Perl threading module enabled with multi-threading to decrease data processing time. To evaluate the computational resource needs of 16S-FASAS for quality control, assembly, and identification, 16S-FASAS was carried out on six fecal samples. A 16S-FASAS pipeline was run on a Linux workstation (CentOS release 6. 5) equipped with Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2650 v3 @ 2. 30 GHz processors (10 physical cores, 40 threads in total) and 128 GB RAM. We recorded the CPU and memory utilization during analysis to assess the time and resource utilization of 16S-FASAS. The memory (Fig. 3F) and CPU (Fig. 3G) utilization showed two peaks at linked-tag sequence correction and taxonomy annotation, which indicate that quality control and species annotation are two computationally intensive steps. high-quality, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences based on short reads with molecular tags is a cost-effective technology. Several previous studies have suggested long-read amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene based on de novo assembly of short reads (Karst et al. , 2018). However, no mature and easy-to-use software has been available for subsequent analyses. Here, we presented an open-source bioinformatics pipeline called 16S-FASAS that demultiplexes Illumina sequencing data that contain the link and read tags for de novo assembly of the full-length 16S rRNA gene. 16S-FASAS is easy to install, configure, and run. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses technical details about sequencing methods and computational resources for analyzing 16S rRNA gene sequences, without any mention of cryptids or the concept of undiscovered species. The focus is on bioinformatics and microbiology rather than cryptozoology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: However, stroke sufferers spend more than 80% of their daytime in non-therapeutic activities, of which 28% was spent sitting down (Bernhardt J, 2004, Huijben-Schoenmakers M, 2009). In the UK, the of (NICE) recommended at least 45 minutes of rehabilitation therapy delivered by a multidisciplinary team for at least five days a week (162, 2013). This recommendation, often not fulfilled in most of the stroke units across the UK due to the cost pressure, lack of availability as well as lack of understanding behind this recommendation by trained therapists (Clarke DJ, 2018). Currently, rehabilitation for cognitive impairments following a stroke predominantly follows a varying combination of remedial therapy and compensation for underlying impairments utilising practice and repetition of tasks or actions guided by therapists (162). Reviews of outcomes for this approach for cognitive impairments following a stroke are mixed, suggesting a need for further research and improved interventions (Hoffmann T, 2010). Despite the method of intervention, it is clear that the dose of intervention plays a vital role in the improvement in cognitive function in these patients (Quaney BM, 2009; Walker CM, 2004). Personalised medicine and technological advances offer new potential avenues for treatment. For instance, computerised task training is effective in improving cognitive impairments post-stroke, possibly because it allows for increased dosage and training which can also be tailored to the needs of the patient (Westerberg H, 2007). Virtual reality (VR) utilises interactive simulations generated using computer hardware and software. It presents the user with a virtual environment, often similar to the real world, which they can engage and interact with (Weiss PL, 2014). VR for rehabilitation is a relatively recent development, but it has already been utilised for clinical interventions to treat phobias, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and body image disorders (Freeman D, 2018, Jiandani N, 2014; Raghav K, 2016). Use of technology in older people is increasing, and in the future, virtual reality is likely to become more commonplace in clinical rehabilitation settings (Burridge, JH, 2010: Bohil CJ, 2011). VR rehabilitation offers features, such as goal‐oriented tasks and frequent repetitions that have been shown to play a crucial role in neurological rehabilitation (Langhorne P, 2011; Veerbeek JM, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how virtual reality (VR) is a relatively recent development in rehabilitation that has already been used for clinical interventions, including for neurological rehabilitation. It highlights that VR rehabilitation offers features like goal-oriented tasks and frequent repetitions which are essential in helping patients regain mobility and assists in neurological recovery, thus supporting the idea that VR is employed in physical therapy settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of quantum cryptography, particularly the existence of loopholes that can be exploited by attackers, indicating that perfect security is not guaranteed. It states that 'a complete proof for this security has however been long awaited' and references vulnerabilities in the apparatus-independent quantum cryptography, suggesting that while theoretically strong, quantum cryptography can still be manipulated, thus questioning the claim of it being 'theoretically unbreakable.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: It performs de novo assembly of the full-length 16S rRNA gene with a low error rate through multi-step quality control correction. It generates a species-level relative abundance table through. 16S-FASAS provides a variety of analysis results and achieves a high degree of automation based on a flexible configuration file. Our results showed that, compared to the PacBio-based method, 16S-FAS-NGS and subsequent 16S-FASAS analyses have similar taxonomic resolution and good price advantage. The good properties and scalability of 16S-FASAS will promote the large-scale application of 16S-FAS-NGS. The application of 16S-FASAS in marker gene sequencing could help refine taxonomic assignments of microbial species and improve the precision of reference databases in future studies. Schematic overview of the 16S-FAS-NGS method The cDNA molecules of full-length 16S rRNA are uniquely tagged with adaptors containing UMIs (unique molecular tags) and primer binding sites in both ends. The cDNA library are amplified by PCR and split into two parts. The linked-tag library is prepared by circularizing the cDNA molecules to make physical link between left and right UMIs. The read-tag library is prepared by random fragmenting the full-length 16S rRNA genes molecules. These two libraries are pooled and paired-end 150 bp sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq instrument. The direction orders of the paired-end reads are signed with arrow. The linked-tag pairs are used to bin all 16S rRNA gene fragment tag-reads originating from the same parent molecule. The read-tag reads with the same UMIs are used to re-create the parent full-length 16S rRNA gene molecules with a de novo assembly algorithm. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-1 composition and percentage of microbial species in mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-2 of quality indicators of mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-3 assembly statistics of mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-4 rate of mock samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-5 abundance of mock samples from MegaBlast-based DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses a scientific technique related to the analysis of microbial species through a method called 16S-FASAS. It describes the assembly of rRNA genes, quality control, and sequencing processes, but does not address or provide any information about cryptids or their potential basis in real, undiscovered species. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Computerised approaches to rehabilitation allow for practice of functional tasks at a higher dosage than traditional therapies which require the presence of an occupational therapist or physiotherapist (Demain S, 2013; Fung V, 2012; Kwakkel G, 2004). Another advantage of VR is that it permits clinicians to practise or trial tasks that would be unsafe to perform in the real world, e. g. , crossing the street or using potentially dangerous appliances (Laver, 2017). VR can offer an enriched experience compared to traditional therapies; animal research shows that training in enriched environments results in improved cognitive performance in tasks such as problem-solving compared to the conventional approach (Risedal A, 2002). This approach utilises the concept of ‘immersion’ - the extent to which the user believes that they are in the virtual environment – as well as the flexibility to tailor the task and environment to maximise desired outcomes or benefits for the user. VR tasks are rated as more interesting and enjoyable by users than computer task alternatives, which encourages more practice and repetition that could underlie clinical benefits (Lewis GN, 2012). Therefore, VR rehabilitation for stroke could provide an enriched and tailored environment for patients to practise and master new skills at an increased dosage to existing interventions. In addition to these clinical benefits, VR’s ability to deliver an increased dose of task‐specific training without requiring intensive increases in trained staff time will provide economic benefits and open up treatments to more patients (Laver KE, 2017). A modest amount of research suggests positive outcomes for VR based therapies in post-stroke upper limb motor impairments, which have been extensively reviewed (Laver KE, 2017), but few studies have considered outcomes for cognitive impairments. Two open labelled randomised controlled trials (with small sample size) have compared the efficacy of VR based cognitive rehabilitation programmes with the conventional treatment in the subacute (Kim BR, 2011) and in the chronic phase (Faria AL, 2016) after a stroke. Both these trials demonstrated a significant improvement in some of the cognitive domains, such as visual-spatial construction, recall and digit span, in the VR group as compared to the controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how virtual reality (VR) is utilized in rehabilitation, specifically highlighting its advantages over traditional therapies. It mentions that VR allows for practice of functional tasks, provides an enriched environment for patients, and enables increased doses of task-specific training. Furthermore, it emphasizes positive outcomes in VR-based therapies for stroke rehabilitation, suggesting that this technique is effective in helping patients regain mobility through guided exercises.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing vulnerabilities in quantum key distribution demonstrated through experiments, specifically noting that faked detector efficiency and violations of classical inequalities could undermine claims about unbreakable security. It states that the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, essential for proving device-independent security, cannot be applied effectively in certain scenarios, suggesting that the security offered by quantum cryptography is not as unwavering as the claim proposes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-6 abundance of mock samples from -based DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-7 of quality indicators of real samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-8 assembly statistics of real samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-9 rate of real samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-10 abundance of real samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-11 abundance of real samples from -based DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-12 abundance of real samples from Pacbio sequencing with blast DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-13 abundance of real samples from Pacbio sequencing with DADA2 (implemented in QIIME 2) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-14 The authors would like to thank for developing 16S-FAS-NGS technology. We also thank for giving us several valuable suggestions on data analysis. and and are employees of the Capitalbio Corporation, China. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 6715. work was funded by Research and of China (No. 2020YFC2005406). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2019. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37:852-857. 2016. A method for high precision sequencing of near full-length 16S rRNA genes on an Illumina MiSeq. PeerJ 4:e2492. 2021. Ultra-accurate microbial amplicon sequencing with synthetic long reads. Microbiome 9:1-13 -ferre. 2020. Ultralow-input single-tube linked-read library method enables short-read second-generation sequencing systems to routinely generate highly accurate and economical long-range sequencing information. 30:898-909. 2021. 16S rDNA full-length assembly sequencing technology analysis of intestinal microbiome in polycystic ovary syndrome. Frontiers in Cellular and 11:1-15. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various technical aspects of microbiome data science and sequencing technologies rather than addressing the nature or existence of cryptids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Although these preliminary findings were encouraging, more research is needed to understand the recruitment rate, participants’ and staffs’ acceptability, adherence to the treatment, and optimum dosing as well as the efficacy of the VR based cognitive rehabilitation, in the most crucial phase (Lang CE, 2009) of recovery following a stroke before conducting a multi-centre phase III trial for this treatment. Based on these principles, we have developed a collaborative clinical project between the Department of Computer Science, University of Chester; Countess of and Cadscan Ltd. , called - for Rehabilitation, which has been funded by Innovate UK (Project grant number: 104545) in September 2018. As a part of this project, we have developed virtual reality-based serious games in the following day to day tasks: grooming, dressing, various kitchen activities, shopping and recreational activities (e. g. shopping in a supermarket, buying a cup of coffee or ordering a meal in a restaurant). The games are graded at different levels of complexity and the level of difficulty increases in every level either by adding an additional task (such as while preparing a cup of tea the ingredients will be visible on the kitchen top at the beginning, but at the higher level patient has to collect some or all the ingredients from their usual storage spaces). Visual and verbal clues provided by an ‘Avatar’ built within these games become less and less at a higher level. These games are developed following the same treatment principle used by a trained occupational therapist in the UK; however, the VR treatment sessions will be provided by a therapy assistant or by a carer in addition to the usual care provided by a trained occupational therapist. Ethics approval(s) 1. Approved 11/09/2019, - (3rd Floor - Barlow House, 4 Minshull Street, Manchester M1 3DZ; +44 (0)207 104 8012; nrescommittee. northwest-haydock@nhs. net), ref: 19/NW/04192. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the development of virtual reality-based serious games designed for rehabilitation activities that are guided and graded in complexity to help patients regain mobility through day-to-day tasks like grooming and dressing. These interventions are intended to supplement traditional therapy provided by trained occupational therapists, indicating that virtual reality is indeed being utilized in physical therapy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: quantum cryptography. This technique utilizes the idea of key generation by photons, and communicates between peer entities by secured channel. Quantum cryptography adapts quantum mechanical principles like principle and photon polarization principle to provide secure communication between two parties. This 1. IntroductionCryptography is dexterity of solving and writing codes. Cryptography is used in secured communication between peer parties. A cryptosystem is a network security model, which consists of design and implementation of cryptographic algorithms and associated frame work to contribute towards providing security for information. of cryptosystem shown in Figure 1 [1]. Figure 1. Basic model of the cryptosystem. Table 1. Polarization using basis. elements:The important elements of cryptosystem are described −Plain text: This is the original data that needs to be secured over the unreliable channel. Encryption Algorithm: It is a mathematical model, which converts original plain text to cipher text, by using encryption key. Cipher text: The output generated by the mathematically oriented encryption algorithm is commonly referred to as cipher text. The cipher text is communicated to the peer over an unreliable channel. Decryption Algorithm: It is a inverse mathematically oriented algorithm which converts the cipher text to plaintext by using the appropriate decryption key. Encryption Key: It is an arbitrary value generated by the transmitter. This value helps in converting the original data to the scrambled version of the plain text by using an encryption algorithm. Decryption Key. It is a value shared to the receiver in case of shared key cryptosystem or mathematically generated by receiver in case of public key cryptosystem. This decryption key helps to convert the scrambled version of the plaintext to the original data. Key Space: This is a sample space consisting of all possible types of keys. An interceptor (an attacker) is an illegitimate peer who endeavors to detect the original data. This unauthorized peer may be aware of the decryption algorithm. But without the knowledge about the appropriate key, the decryption fails. Types of CryptosystemsCryptosystems are undoubtedly classified as two types namely: Encryption and Encryption. EncryptionThe process of enciphering and deciphering, utilizes the same shared key for in this cryptosystem. It is also known as secret key cryptosystem. The popular cryptosystem methods are:Standard (DES),Triple-DES (3DES),Standard (AES). [SEP] Justify:

Output: While the text discusses the principles and components of quantum cryptography, it implies that there are potential vulnerabilities, mentioning an 'interceptor (an attacker)' who 'endeavors to detect the original data.' This suggests that, despite the secure mechanisms of quantum cryptography, there are still ongoing threats from individuals trying to exploit weaknesses, contrasting the claim that it is completely invulnerable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Species-level bacterial community profiling of the healthy sinonasal microbiome using sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA genes. Microbiome 6:1-26 Edgar RC. 2016a. 2: improved error-correction for Illumina 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing. preprint Edgar RC. 2016b. : a simple non-Bayesian taxonomy classifier for 16S and ITS sequences. preprint. 2017. A Bayesian taxonomic classification method for 16S rRNA gene sequences with improved species-level accuracy. BMC Bioinformatics 18:1-10. 2021. The effect of taxonomic classification by full—length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long—read technology. 11:1-12. 2018. Retrieval of a million high-quality, full-length microbial 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequences without primer bias. 36:190-195. 2021. 2: improved taxonomic classification of environmental DNA markers. Bioinformatics 37:3941-3943. 2021. Reprograming in the progression of colon cancer. 4:1-11. 2018. Fecal microbial dysbiosis in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. of Gastroenterology 24:1464-1477. 2020. Classification of 16S rRNA reads is improved using a niche-specific database constructed by near-full length sequencing. 15:1-16. 2021. Genomics taxonomic profiling of symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities associated with Indo-Pacific corals in the Gulf of Thailand using PacBio sequencing of full-length ITS and 16S rRNA genes. Genomics 113:2717-2729 -Urtaza J. 2020. Computational methods for 16S metabarcoding studies using Nanopore sequencing data. Computational and Journal 18:296-305. 2020. Comparison of different hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA for taxonomic profiling of vaginal microbiota using next-generation sequencing. Archives of Microbiology 203(3):1159-1166. 2016. Haplotype-phased synthetic long reads from short-read sequencing. 11:1-20. 2022. Effects of waterlogging on soybean rhizosphere bacterial community using V4, LoopSeq, and PacBio 16S rRNA sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various methodologies and advancements in bacterial community profiling and genomic sequencing without addressing the topic of cryptids or claims about undiscovered species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Approved 23/09/2019, HRA & HCRW), ref: 19/NW/0419 Study design Randomised sham-intervention controlled trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet See additional files impairment following a stroke 1: Screening: Adult patients (over the age of 18 years) admitted with a stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic: diagnosis confirmed by a stroke physician) will be screened consecutively using the pre-specified inclusion/exclusion criteria. Recruitment is required within 3 weeks of index stroke. Screening log: Recruitment and reasons for exclusion or declining (if offered by the patient) will be documented using a detailed screening log. Stage 2: Recruitment: After reviewing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, all eligible patients will be invited by a GCP-trained healthcare professional to take part in this trial. They/their next of kin will receive the written study information and will be allowed to ask questions before obtaining written consent. The consent will be obtained by a GCP-trained experienced stroke research nurse either from the potential participants or from participants’ next of kin if the patient lacks capacity. Also, if the patient is unable to write due to his/her weakness, independent witness consent will be obtained. We will recruit up to 60 patients exhibiting post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) established by a score of less than 26 out of 30 on the Assessment (MoCA) over a 1-year period. The baseline assessment will be obtained by a trained research nurse/therapy assistant before the randomisation procedure. Stage 3: Baseline assessment, which will be obtained by face-to-face interviewStage 4: Randomisation: Following the completion of the baseline assessment, patients will be randomised and will be stratified based on baseline MoCA score in two groups (<15 and 15-25) on a 3:1 allocation basis to receive either VR plus usual care or sham VR plus usual care. Stage 5: Intervention:Treatment group 1 (therapy plus usual care):40 patients with PSCI in the VR group will receive daily therapy sessions using the application. During these sessions, the therapy will be presented through a head-mounted visual display (HTC Vive). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it describes a trial where patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment are enrolled to receive therapy sessions using virtual reality. Specifically, it states that patients in the virtual reality group will receive 'daily therapy sessions using the application' presented through a head-mounted visual display. This aligns with the claim that virtual reality is employed in physical therapy to assist patients in regaining mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: EncryptionThe process of enciphering and deciphering utilizes different, but mathematically related pair of keys, in this cryptosystem. The popular algorithms are:Cryptography (ECC)RSAHowever, as the data and innovation is expanding, traditional cryptographic methods are inadequate in giving the protection. Later quantum computation and quantum cryptography with quantum mechanics can be utilized to do the appropriation such that security cannot be traded off among clients. The methodology is known as quantum cryptography or quantum key distribution [2]. Advertisement 2. Recent trends in cryptography2. 1 Dirac vector notationDirac vector notation or Bra-ket notation is a standard way of representing classical bits as a vector [3, 4]. A Cbit (Special case of Qbit vectors) with a value 0 can also be written as 0or10. . A Cbit with a value 1 can also be written as, 1or01. Tensor product of vectors is given as,x0x1⊗y0y1‐x0y0y1x1y0y1‐x0y0x0y1x1y0x1y1andx0x1⊗y0y1⊗z1z2=x0y0z0x0y0z1x0y1z0x0y1z1x1y0z0x1y0z1x1y1z0x1y1z12. 2 Qbitsvectors shown above are special cases of Qbit vectors. A Qbit comprises of 0 or 1. This is called superposition. In simpler words superposition means the Qbit is both 0 and 1 at the same time. A Qbit is represented by ab where a and b are complex numbers and, a2+b2=1. Examples of some Qbits are [5, 6],1√21√212√32−101√2−1√2During the measurement of the Qbit, it yields the actual value 0 or 1. This result is generally obtained at the termination of the Quantum computation. As mentioned a Qbit has a value ab which then encodes to 0 with a probability ‖a‖2 and 1 with a probability ‖b‖2. 10 has a 100% chance of collapsing to 0 and Qbit 01 has a 100% chance of collapsing to 1 [5]. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inadequacies of traditional cryptographic methods, implying that while quantum cryptography offers enhanced security through mechanisms such as quantum key distribution, it does not guarantee complete invulnerability to hacking. The mention of quantum computation and the complexities involved highlights that while it improves security, the claim of being 'completely invulnerable' is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 45133 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 15,542 views 1,069 downloads 141 5133. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 6 figures, 2 tables and 3 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset Total preprints posted to bioRxiv over a 61 month period from November 2013 through November 2018. (a) The number of preprints (y-axis) at each month (x-axis), with each category depicted as a line in a different color. Inset: The overall number of preprints on bioRxiv in each month. (b) The number of preprints posted (y-axis) in each month (x-axis) by category. The category color key is provided below the figure. Figure 1—source data 1 The number of submissions per month to each bioRxiv category, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig1-data1-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 2 workbook demonstrating the formulas used to calculate the running totals in Figure 1—source data 1. Download elife-45133-fig1-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 3 The number of submissions per month overall, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig1-data3-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 4 The number of full-length 2018. Download elife-45133-fig1-data4-v2. docx Figure 1—source data 5 A table of the top 15 authors with the most preprints on bioRxiv. Download elife-45133-fig1-data5-v2. docx Figure 1—source data 6 A list of every author, the number of preprints for which they are listed as an author, and the number of email addresses they are associated with. Download elife-45133-fig1-data6-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 7 A table of the top 25 institutions with the most authors listing them as their affiliation, and how many papers have been published by those authors. Download elife-45133-fig1-data7-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address or provide any information regarding mysterious creatures or their documentation in folklore. It mainly contains information about research data and figures related to submissions on bioRxiv.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3462809/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMotor impairment of the upper limb after a stroke is common, which negatively impacts patients’ quality of life. New technologies have been applied to stroke rehabilitation alongside conventional techniques in recent years. For example, immersive virtual reality (IVR) has emerged as a new treatment approach for stroke rehabilitation, simulating real-life activities to work on self-care skills. In this pilot study, we evaluated the efficacy of the IVR. Eighteen participants were randomized to an IVR group to receive VR intervention plus physical therapy (PT) sessions or a control group to receive PT sessions alone. Participants were instructed to reach with either their affected or unaffected hand to a randomly appearing target in the VR. The movement of the virtual image of the affected upper limb was reinforced by visual feedback to the participants. Treatment effects on motor recovery were investigated using the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity (FM) scale, kinematic dataset, and a questionnaire to obtain information regarding the sense of agency and comments about the training sessions in the IVR environment. The IVR group exhibited significant improvements in FM scores (p < 0. 05) compared with the control group, reflecting the recovery of UE motor function. The time to target in the last session reduced compared with that in the first session, indicating motor learning and recovery of the affected limb (p < 0. 05). The patients were highly engaged and motivated during the sessions because they felt like they were in charge of the virtual image of their upper body. The results suggest that positive reinforcement within the IVR could encourage the motor recovery of the affected hand and may facilitate the application of motor learning and neuroplasticity principles during neurological rehabilitation. strokeaffected upper limbimpairmentmotor recovery and Virtual realityFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionA stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or is insufficient, leading to brain injury or cell death and subsequent impairment of physical and mental [1–3]. This may cause sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments as well as impaired self-care ability and participation in social and communal activities [4, 5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how immersive virtual reality (IVR) is applied in stroke rehabilitation to improve motor recovery of the upper limb. It explains that participants engaged in directed exercises using VR technology, leading to significant improvements in motor function as assessed by the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity scale. Furthermore, the text highlights that the IVR provides visual feedback and encourages positive engagement, supporting the idea that VR can aid in regaining mobility through guided exercises.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: Likewise beneficiary uses irregular channels to get the information and after that check for change in got bits. There are two steps involved in key distributionOne-way Communication (Via quantum Channel)Step 1: user A (Alice) randomly chosen polarized photon and send it to user B (Bob) over Quantum channel. Step 2: In this, user B receives photons using random basis either rectangular or diagonal. Two-way Communication (channel)Step 1: will use public channel to inform user B about the polarization she chose for every bit sent to user B without disclosing the bit value. Step 2: Now user B will compare the polarization sequence he received from user A with the sequence he generated. Step 3: Bits of same orientation of those two sequences can be used as secret key. 2. 5. 1. 1 Post receptionError Estimation:Both sender and receiver discusses the basis used through a classical channel which is either through a e-mail, telephone. Then discards the bits which basis are not matched. Whenever there is an intrusion, error is introduced and keys with users does not match. Hence errors are to be considered, if it exceeds QBER Threshold then key is discarded and recent. Error correction:This is performed by considering bits at both sender and the receiver by removing errors in key using certain protocols namely cascade, winnow. QKD is a technique that creates symmetric key by using quantum properties of light to communicate between users. 2. 5. 2 Eaves droppingIf attacker (eve) tries hacking the bits secretly that is if he/she tries to tap channel then that is observed at the receiver end. According to theorem, an unknown quantum state cannot be cloned therefore eve cannot have same information as of Eavesdropping [11]:ForNbits=3/4Nincreases, detecting eavesdropping is also easier. Advantages:Detection of EavesdroppingDisadvantages:Loss of photon in transmission. 2. 5. 3 PhotonsThe basic unit of the electromagnetic radiation is the photons. The classical computer uses bits to transfer the data, while quantum computing is based on quantum mechanics which make use of photons for communication. Qbits can be combination of both 0 s and 1 s having more than one state, such that retrieving the information about one qbit will give the result of other states too, unlike the classical computing where 0’s and 1’s are used [12]. 2. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the presence of a process that allows for error detection in quantum key distribution (QKD) upon intrusion. It notes that when an attacker tries to eavesdrop on the communication, an error is introduced, which can be detected at the receiver's end. This indicates that quantum cryptography, while secure, is not completely invulnerable since errors in key distribution due to hacking must be managed, which implies there are potential vulnerabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: docx Figure 1—source data 8 A list of every indexed institution, the number of authors associated with that institution, and the number of papers authored by those researchers. Download elife-45133-fig1-data8-v2. csv Figure 2 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset The distribution of all recorded downloads of bioRxiv preprints. (a) The downloads recorded in each month, with each line representing a different year. The lines reflect the same totals as the height of the bars in Figure 2b. (b) A stacked bar plot of the downloads in each month. The height of each bar indicates the total downloads in that month. Each stacked bar shows the number of downloads in that month attributable to each category; the colors of the bars are described in the legend in Figure 1. Inset: A histogram showing the site-wide distribution of downloads per preprint, as of the end of November 2018. The median download count for a single preprint is 279, marked by the yellow dashed line. (c) The distribution of downloads per preprint, broken down by category. Each box illustrates that category’s first quartile, median, and third quartile (similar to a boxplot, but whiskers are omitted due to a long right tail in the distribution). The vertical dashed yellow line indicates the overall median downloads for all preprints. (d) Cumulative downloads over time of all preprints in each category. The top seven categories at the end of the plot (November 2018) are labeled using the same category color-coding as above. Figure 2—source data 1 A list of every preprint, its bioRxiv category, and its total downloads. Download elife-45133-fig2-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—source data 2 The number of downloads per month in each bioRxiv category, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig2-data2-v2. csv Figure 2—source data 3 workbook demonstrating the formulas used to calculate the running totals in Figure 2—source data 2. Download elife-45133-fig2-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 2—source data 4 The number of downloads per month overall, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig2-data4-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data related to downloads of preprints and does not mention folklore or any mysterious creatures. It focuses instead on figures and statistics regarding document downloads and their distribution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Hence, the term “sensory motor training” was established to represent various physical activities designed to improve motor performance, strength, power, endurance, and sensory integrity, such as proprioception. Moreover, the neuroscience and rehabilitation literature are supporting the idea that task-specific or task-oriented practice is essential for restoring functionality in stroke-impaired limbs. This implies that repeatedly practicing a difficult activity can alter brain networks responsible for motor control, leading to long-term improvements in motor learning and performance [24]. Motor coordination can only be regained through a neuroplasticity process [25], which is described as the rewiring of the brain’s synaptic connections to develop appropriate communication with the body’s muscles [26]. The most crucial component is performing repeated movements, which provides patients with the ability to perform an activity normally [27]. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has been reported to be effective in treating severe paralysis in the body by training the nerve impulses of damaged muscles through constant repetition of movement on the affected side [23, 28, 29]. However, CIMT has major disadvantages, such as exhausting the patient owing to its intensity [30, 31]. Consequently, recent technological solutions have shown promise in terms of improving the function of impaired limbs without exhausting patients. Virtual reality (VR) has become a new treatment approach for stroke rehabilitation, simulating real-life activities to improve self-care skills [32, 33]. Patients in virtual rehabilitation receive visual feedback from their body sensations and from simulated environments and objects through a head-mounted device, projection system, or flat screen [34]. Users are affected by virtual tasks and environments and consecutively experience a sense of presence in the virtual world [35, 36]. By adjusting stimuli to movements in real time and incorporating and modifying feedback, VR may improve the application of motor learning and neuroplasticity principles during rehabilitation [35], and provides components (such as goal-oriented tasks and repetition) that have been shown to be vital in rehabilitation [10]. While there is limited evidence of neuroplasticity during VR training, neuroimaging advancements are guiding the development of VR to meet the highest treatment standards [37]. As technology becomes a bigger part of daily life, it is anticipated that the use of VR in rehabilitation settings will increase [38, 39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how virtual reality (VR) has become a new treatment approach for stroke rehabilitation. It explains that VR simulates real-life activities to improve patients' self-care skills, noting that patients receive visual feedback and that VR can enhance motor learning and neuroplasticity principles during rehabilitation, which aligns well with the idea of using guided exercises to aid recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: 4 Essentials of QKDThe fundamental principles of Distribution protocol is based on the two Quantum mechanics laws. According to without operating the system, it is not possible to carry out any sort of measurement on the system. For example, consider the two conjugate variables having momentum p and position x, both parameters cannot be measured concurrently [12]. Zurek and Wooters presented the first polarization principle on photons in the year 1972. According to this principle and also no-cloning theorem, any eaves dropper will not be able to duplicate the random qbits. This principle elaborates about polarization of light photons and its orientation in a specific direction. Photon destruction can result due to the utilization of erroneous photon filters. In cloning theorem, if the state of photon orientation are distorted, then passive attack of the system may occur. Mechanics key distribution recommends security. 2. 5. 5 Heisenberg uncertainty principleThe impact of Principle is huge just for movement of infinitesimal 6. Quantum cryptographic gadgets transmit photons each one in turn, and every photon has a specific introduction. Photon sniffers can record the introduction of every photon, except in certain situations. Because as per Heisenberg’s uncertainty guidelines, doing so will change the introduction of a portion of the p6. Polarization of photons. 2. 5. 6 Photon polarizationBasically polarization of light wave is restricting plane of vibration of electric field in a definite plane. There are 3 types of light polarization:Plane polarized lightCircularly polarized lightElliptical polarized lightA device called a Polarizer allows us to place a photon in a particular polarization. A Pockels. Cell can be used too. The polarization basis is mapping we decide to use for a particular state. There are two types of Basis/Polarizer through which polarization can happen (Table 1),Rectilinear BasisDiagonal BasisSpin of Rectilinear Basis,If θ=0°→State∣0θ′=90°→State∣1Spin of Diagonal Basis,If θ=45°→State∣0θ′=135°→State∣1Photon polarization principle explains how photons can be oriented in different directions. Polarized photons can be detected only with photon filter of correct polarization otherwise photon will be destroyed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the vulnerabilities associated with quantum cryptography, such as the potential for passive attacks if photon states are distorted. It discusses the limitations of quantum key distribution and the implications of the no-cloning theorem, indicating that while eavesdroppers cannot duplicate qbits, there are still risks present in the system, particularly with erroneous photon filters and the possibility of state disturbance due to measurements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: csv Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The distribution of downloads that preprints accrue in their first months on bioRxiv. Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Monthly download counts for each bioRxiv preprint for each of its first 12 months. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp1-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The proportion of downloads that preprints accrue in their first months on bioRxiv. Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Multiple perspectives on per-preprint download statistics. Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 1 The download counts for each bioRxiv preprint in its first month online. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 2 Maximum monthly download count for each bioRxiv preprint. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data2-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 3 A list of each bioRxiv preprint and how many downloads it received in 2018. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data3-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Total downloads per preprint, segmented by the year in which each preprint was posted. Figure 2—figure supplement 4—source data 1 A list of each bioRxiv preprint and how many downloads it received in each year it was online. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp4-data1-v2. csv Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Characteristics of the bioRxiv preprints published in journals, across the 27 subject collections. (a) The proportion of preprints that have been published (y-axis), broken down by the month in which the preprint was first posted (x-axis). (b) The proportion of preprints in each category that have been published elsewhere. The dashed line marks the overall proportion of bioRxiv preprints that have been published and is at the same position as the dashed line in panel 3a. (c) The number of preprints in each category that have been published in a journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses download statistics of bioRxiv preprints and does not mention folklore or mysterious creatures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Thus, it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in order to define its future designs and implementations. The VR environment motivates patients to perform repetitive, motor-intensive tasks that are crucial for rehabilitation [40–44]. A brief adaptive game can improve mobility, motor function, and mental well-being in comparison with conventional rehabilitation techniques. Neurological patients generally lack therapy motivation [44]. Possible explanations for this lack of motivation include such patients’ belief that therapy only intends to enable adaptation to the disease rather than providing complete healing, or a lack of motivating input from a therapist. Other logistic, financial, environmental, and human obstacles may restrict the efficacy and commitment to long-term rehabilitation regimens [44, 45]. Elor et al. [42] found that combining VR with modified CIMT encouraged stroke patients to use the affected hand without constraining the unaffected side (both hands were free to move). Another study investigated the safety and effectiveness of VR and modified CIMT [46]. Relevant to our investigation, [45] proposed a new treatment that combines CIMT and reinforcement-induced movement therapy (RIMT). They demonstrated the efficacy of RIMT by speeding up the hindered hand in VR using the goal-oriented reaching task. After the RIMT intervention, the Fugl-Meyer (FM) scores of stroke patients improved; however, their study did not report the subjective feeling of being completely engaged in VR. Although they pioneered positive reinforcement utilizing computer-simulated limbs in the display, the RIMT concept should be developed to use immersive VR (IVR). Visual feedback in IVR simply displays the simulated upper limb. Only the simulated hand should be seen during the task. If people watch their real hand move in front of them while viewing the simulated hand on the display, the discrepancy in visual feedback of motor coordination will induce a sense of loss of ownership of the simulated upper limb or, in certain situations, the subjective awareness of the loss of bodily control. Our study by [46] that used IVR on healthy subjects with a weight attached to their dominant hand to simulate the impairment of a stroke patient is relevant to our investigation. The system we used was portable (head-mounted VR), and the objective was to reach a target in VR without forcing the subjects to use their dominant hand, with an option to use either hand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how virtual reality (VR) environments can motivate patients to engage in repetitive, motor-intensive tasks, which are essential for rehabilitation. For example, it mentions that VR can improve mobility, motor function, and mental well-being compared to conventional rehabilitation techniques. Furthermore, the text describes specific studies that illustrate VR's effectiveness when combined with other therapeutic approaches, such as modified constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) and reinforcement-induced movement therapy (RIMT), highlighting its positive impact on the recovery of stroke patients' motor skills.