Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: It provides many environmental, social, and economic benefits such as improved surface water quality, water savings, and improved esthetics. Improved water quality, increased water supply, reduced flooding, improved air quality, greater resilience to climate change, and increased habitat improvement are examples of environmental benefits of GI. The economic benefits are increased property values and reduced filtering costs and infrastructure cost savings. Choosing green infrastructure over traditional gray infrastructure such as concrete pipes has the following advantages [8]:It is more attractive, effective, and multifunctional. Provides habitat for beneficial wildlife. It can eliminate mosquito breeding habitat. Infrastructure costs are reduced compared to gray infrastructure. Eliminates stagnant water that could serve as a mosquito breeding habitat. Restoring floodplain forest instead of building a dam not only benefits the local community but also forests with a good mix of species and ages can absorb large amounts of water, protecting the soil and preventing or at least reducing the effects of floods and landslides. It also provides habitats for animals, offers recreation areas, and contributes to reducing global climate change through carbon sequestration. Properly designed parks, city gardens, green roofs, and walls all contribute to biodiversity. In addition, it helps combat climate change, significantly improves the health and well-being of urban residents, and improves social cohesion and the quality of the living environment. Figure 2 represents potential components of green infrastructure. Figure 2. Potential components of a green infrastructure [9]. Advertisement 3. Green stormwater infrastructure techniquesGreen infrastructure techniques use soils and vegetation to infiltrate, evaporate, and/or recycle stormwater runoff and techniques for sustainable rainwater management are as follows [10]:Green roofs or eco-roofs. Downspout disconnection. Rainwater harvesting and reuse systems (water retention tanks). Natural stormwater drainage systems (bioswales and vegetative swales). Stormwater planters, curb extensions, and infiltration gardens. Stormwater basins (detention and retention basins, and ponds). Efficient landscaping and irrigation. Reduce the area of impervious surfaces and use of pervious paving (pervious asphalt, concrete and structural grass-paving systems). Stream rehabilitation and daylighting projects. 3. 1 Urban forestsUrban forests, as the name suggests, are an important component of urban green infrastructure systems in cities. These forests are esthetically valuable forests that reduce the need for maintenance and irrigation and use suitable tree and plant species instead of harmful and invasive species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing green infrastructure (GI) techniques that utilize soils and vegetation to manage stormwater runoff and reduce flooding. It explains various GI methods, such as green roofs, rainwater harvesting, and natural stormwater drainage systems, which are employed to mitigate the effects of floods. Furthermore, it emphasizes benefits related to improved water quality and resilience against flooding, supporting the claim that cities are actively developing such infrastructures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1696457/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAgricultural production practices can decrease genetic diversity in managed plant species meant for conservation programs. In this study we exposed seeds of three Viola species to different dormancy breaking conditions and show how prioritizing rapid germination likely imposes artificial selection, leading to selective sweeps and a genetic bottleneck that limits genetic diversity in all species. The ongoing use of typical horticultural production practices to propagate plant material may jeopardize the adaptive potential and long-term persistence of reintroduced populations. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionHumans have influenced the genetic composition of other species for millennia, such as through process of crop domestication which is focused on the selection for traits that favor productivity and often leads to narrowing of genetic diversity1, 2. However, when the goal for a species is the reintroduction to the wild, this decrease in genetic diversity could be detrimental to its persistence – a phenomena well documented in animal species3. Similarly, for plant species, domestication can favor homogeneity in traits4, shift allele frequencies5, and decrease fitness6. An additional concern is that aggressive selection can result in bottlenecks and selective sweeps7 that lead to decreased genetic diversity in biologically important loci6, 8, 9. Although the theory is well established, we still lack direct evidence illustrating how the application of specific propagation practices can influence the genetic diversity of wild plant species and their suitability for reintroduction efforts. A common practice in species reintroduction is to collect seeds from wild plant populations and propagate them to produce plant materials for reintroduction (Fig. 1a). A critical step in this process is overcoming seed dormancy, which often requires applying a moist cold-stratification pre-treatment. The length of the pre-treatment can vary by species, but also between and within populations10 (Fig. 1b). In horticultural settings, individuals that germinate quickly are typically favored to fill plant quotas9. If dormancy-breaking requirements are genetically controlled and heritable, such a practice would impose an artificial selective pressure for shorter periods of stratification, at the expense of those individuals that germinate more slowly (Fig. 1c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how agricultural production practices can actually decrease genetic diversity in managed plant species. It discusses how typical horticultural practices that favor rapid germination can impose artificial selection, leading to genetic bottlenecks and decreased genetic diversity. The abstract states that domestication often leads to narrowing of genetic diversity and highlights the negative effects of selecting for traits that enhance productivity, which undermines the claim that monoculture practices can achieve genetic diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: , 2005, 2009; Bohnsack et al. , 2009). Moreover, its apoptotic function is implemented by the interaction with Cmg1 (Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial G-patch protein 1) (Heininger et al. , 2016). The remaining G-patch protein from yeast is Spp2 (Suppressor of PRP protein 2) which interacts with another spliceosomal DEAH-box helicase, Prp2 (Warkocki et al. , 2015). Despite intensive studies, the exact modus operandi of the DEAH-box helicases and thus of Prp43 is still elusive to date. This is primarily attributable to a lack of crystal structures of members of the DEAH-box subfamily in an active state and with bound interaction partners. Recently, the crystal structure of the related DExH-box helicase MLE (Maleless), which belongs to another DEAH/RHA subfamily, provided a first insight into how this helicase might function. The complex of MLE with a U10-RNA and ADP•AlF4- led to a proposed mechanism of how RNA is translocated through its interior tunnel driven by conformational changes of a Hook-Loop in the RecA2 domain (Prabu et al. , 2015). So far, three crystal structures of Prp43 in the post-catalytic ADP-bound state have been available from S. cerevisiae or C. thermophilum (Walbott et al. , 2010; He et al. , 2010; Tauchert et al. , 2016). The latter mentioned organism might be a valuable alternative for structural studies on DEAH-box proteins, since several crystal structures of spliceosomal RNA helicases from this thermophilic fungus were solved only recently (Tauchert et al. , 2016; Tauchert and Ficner, 2016; Absmeier et al. , 2015). Owing to this, intensive crystallization trails with Prp43 from C. thermophilum were performed leading to three new crystal structures. All three structures show Prp43 in an active state, since it was crystallized with a non-hydrolysable ATP-analog (ADP•BeF3-) as well as one of these structures show Prp43 with an additional U7-RNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various crystal structures of DEAH-box helicases and their interactions without mentioning mechanical stress or how it relates to conformational changes in protein structures. The focus on crystallization and structural insights does not address the specific claim about the effects of mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: The benefits of urban forests [1] are as follows:Energy savings: It has been found that trees planted around houses can save up to 47% of energy for heating and cooling. Urban heat island: Thanks to the evaporative cooling mechanism, wooded areas have been found to have lower air temperatures than open areas without trees. Urban heat islands negatively affect human health by causing heat to intensify due to the materials and infrastructure used. Water management: It has been found to help city water management by diverting large amounts of precipitation hitting trees through water channels through urban forests. Air pollution: Trees act as carbon sinks, improving air quality in cities. Property values: It has been found that the value of the property increases as the amount of trees above its value increases. Public health: It shows that urban greenery can positively improve people’s mental and mental health. 3. 2 Constructed wetlandsWetlands are often built on floodplains, and with proper planning and management, they help prevent changes in natural hydrology and the introduction of invasive species. By using the natural processes of plants, soils, and microorganisms, it can hold a large part of suspended solids, slow down the water flow, and provide the purification of pollutants. The benefits of constructed wetlands are as follows [1]:Water efficiency: Constructed wetlands attempt to mimic natural wetland ecosystems. They were built to improve water efficiency and water quality. Cost-effective: Wetlands have low operating and maintenance costs. Esthetics: Built wetlands can add greenery to their surroundings. 3. 3 Green and blue roofsGreen roofs improve air and water quality while reducing energy costs. Plants and soil provide more green space and insulation on roofs. Green and blue roofs help reduce urban runoff by trapping precipitation in stormwater management in dense urban areas. Green roofs also act as a carbon sink, trapping carbon pollution. It has been found that 40–80% of the total rain volume falling on green roofs can be reserved. Since the water released from the roofs will flow at a slow rate, they cause a decrease in the amount of runoff entering the basin at once. Although blue roofs do not technically count as green infrastructure, they function to collect and store precipitation, reducing the flow of water flowing into sewer systems. Blue roofs also help to save energy by reducing cooling costs. Other benefits are as follows [11]:Reducing ambient air temperatures by shading the roof in summer. Prevention of heat transfer in winter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various green infrastructure solutions such as urban forests, constructed wetlands, and green and blue roofs. Specifically, it mentions that green roofs can trap 40-80% of total rain volume, which effectively helps in stormwater management. Additionally, the text states that constructed wetlands help in preventing changes in hydrology and improve water quality, further supporting the notion that cities are implementing these green solutions to manage stormwater and reduce flooding.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: As a result, this practice may create a genetic bottleneck and selective sweep that decreases genetic diversity in the plant material available for reintroduction1, 6, 11 (Fig. 1c). To investigate whether horticultural propagation practices reduce genetic diversity in putatively neutral and expressed loci, we measured the gene diversity (HS) of three violet species, V. lanceolata (LAN), Viola pedatifida (PED), and V. sagittata (SAG), that were exposed to short and long moist-cold stratifications to break seed dormancy. These species are of high conservation interest in the Midwest U. S. and individuals have been shown to vary in their cold stratification requirements13. We generated two subpopulations for each of these three species by either exposing their seeds to a short or a long moist cold-stratification. For each species, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were present in both the short and long subpopulations allowing for the quantification of changes in genetic diversity in the same, paired loci between subpopulations. ResultsWhen comparing differences in gene diversity (Hs) for all quality-filtered SNPs (i. e. , all SNPs), we found that in PED and SAG, diversity was significantly higher in the subpopulations exposed to the long stratification compared to those exposed to the short stratification period (p < 0. 05 for both comparisons; Fig. 2a,c and 7). For PED and SAG, 17. 6% and 26. 4% of all SNPs exhibited higher genetic diversity in subpopulations exposed to the long stratification compared to the short stratification subpopulation (Fig. 2a,c and Table 1). In contrast, LAN showed significantly higher gene diversity in short-stratified than the long-stratified subpopulation for all SNPs (p < 0. 0001, both comparisons; Fig. 2e and 7). Regardless, 8. 5% of all loci had higher genetic diversity in the long compared to short subpopulation for LAN (Fig. 2e and Table 1). The decreased genetic diversity in putatively neutral loci from the selection for rapid germination represents a loss of diversity likely due to genetic bottlenecking or selective sweeps. These results highlight that it is possible to significantly lower gene diversity through of the application of horticultural production practices within a single generation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that horticultural propagation practices, which can be associated with monoculture, may actually lead to a decrease in genetic diversity. It describes how genetic bottlenecks and selective sweeps result in loss of diversity, highlighting that genetic diversity can be significantly reduced in crops due to these practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Hence, this complex is referred to here as ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3-. The refinement of this complex converged at Rwork and Rfree values of 19. 70% and 22. 97% (Table 1). Figure 1 with 4 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Crystal structure of Prp43 in complex with U7-RNA and the ATP-analog ADP•BeF3-. (a) Domain overview of ctPrp43. The bottom bar indicates the N-terminally truncated construct (ΔN, 61–764) used for crystallization. (b) Overall structure of ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3-. Domains are colored according to a and the bound U7-RNA is shown in gray with two alternative conformations for nucleotides U1-U3. The ADP•BeF3- is bound in the cleft between the RecA domains. (c) Close-up of the bound U7-RNA. Residues involved in interactions are labeled according to the wild-type ctPrp43 sequence. The 5’ and 3’ end of the RNA is indicated. (d) Cross-section of the Prp43 RNA-binding tunnel. Prp43 is shown in surface representation and the RNA in ball-and-sticks mode. (e) Schematic figure of the Prp43-RNA interactions. Residues which interact with the RNA via their main chain are shown as triangles and residues which exhibit side chain interactions are presented as ellipses. The coloring of the residues corresponds to a. The alternative conformation of the first three nucleotides is shown light gray. Stacking interactions are highlighted by double lines and polar interactions by dotted lines. Table 1 Data collection and refinement statistics. ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3-ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR)ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR)PDBid5lta5ltj5ltkData collection Space groupP6122P212121P65Cell dimensionsa, b, c (Å)106. 39, 106. 39, 356. 7088. 83, 105. 64, 119. 05184. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding mechanical stress or conformational changes in protein structures; rather, it discusses the crystallization and structural details of the ctPrp43•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: Absorption, retention, filtering, and storage of precipitation. Minimizing the effects of impermeable surfaces. Extending the life of roofing membranes. Increasing green space and wildlife habitat. Developing city esthetics. Improving air quality by acting as a carbon sink. Reducing runoff and benefiting the capacity of urban stormwater infrastructure. Some advantages of green roofs over reflective roofs [11] are as follows:They use radiant energy to cool the ambient air instead of reflecting sunlight onto adjacent buildings. They can resist UV radiation. They can ensure a long life by protecting the roof membrane. They increase the esthetic value by providing green space. Some disadvantages of green roofs over reflective roofs [11] are as follows:Higher initial costs due to additional material and higher installation costs. Some ongoing maintenance is also required, such as fertilizing the vegetation annually and checking the plants until the plants are fully established and the roof is fully covered. Since they are not mechanically fixed to the roof, they are sensitive to strong winds. Any leak in the waterproofing material is difficult to find. They do not work well on very steeply pitched roofs. 3. 4 Rain gardensRain gardens are areas with shrubs and plants that collect rainwater from roofs or sidewalks, allowing the rainwater to seep slowly into the ground. It is an alternative to reduce urban water flow and slow the flow of water by infiltration. In residential applications, water flow can be reduced by 30% by using rain gardens in the garden of the house. 3. 5 Downspout disconnectionDownspout disconnection is a form of green infrastructure that separates roof downspouts from the sewer system and directs roof water flow to permeable surfaces, used to store rainwater or allow water to penetrate the ground. It is clear that disconnecting the downspout would be particularly beneficial in cities with combined sewer systems. 3. 6 BioswalesBioswales, much like rain gardens, can be depicted as channels with vegetation or much often placed in long narrow spaces in urban areas. They absorb runoff or carry stormwater runoff from heavy rains into sewers or directly into surface waters. Vegetative bioswales infiltrate, slow, and filter stormwater streams that are most beneficial along streets and parking lots. 3. 7 Green alleysIt can be characterized as redesigning existing passages to reflect more light to reduce the heat island effect, capture rainwater, and make the space usable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various forms of green infrastructure such as rain gardens and bioswales, which are specifically designed to manage stormwater and minimize urban flooding. For instance, it mentions that rain gardens collect rainwater and allow it to seep slowly into the ground, effectively reducing urban water flow by 30%. Additionally, the discussion around downspout disconnection as a method to direct water to permeable surfaces aligns with the claim that cities are implementing strategies to manage stormwater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Summary of the percent change in gene diversity (HS) in subpopulations of three species of violets propagated under long moist cold stratification to those propagated under short cold stratification. Shown are the species name; the category of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as either one with a putative biological function (i. e. , expressed SNP) or not (i. e. , all SNP); the number of loci in each SNP category; and the number of SNPs fixed for homozygosity in the short subpopulation. Also shown are the number of loci with a positive or likely significantly positive percent change in gene diversity from the long to short subpopulations. Species SNP type Total number SNof loci fixed for homozygosity in short subpopulation Number of loci with increased percent change Number of loci with significantly increased percent change Viola pedatifida All 2,821 10 176 311 Expressed 442 3 21 44 Viola sagittata All 1,904 51 435 67 Expressed 312 8 43 14 Viola lanceolata All 1,662 7 135 7 Expressed 197 1 10 1 To determine if these patterns were also reflected in changes in expressed regions of the genome, we identified SNPs that are likely expressed in gene pathways and therefore have a putative biological function (i. e. , expressed SNPs). We found that heterozygosity (HS) for expressed loci was significantly higher in the long-stratified subpopulation in PED and SAG compared to the subpopulation experiencing short cold stratification (p < 0. 05 for both comparisons; Fig. 2b,d and 7). For these species, 14. 7% and 18. 3% of expressed SNPs had greater genetic diversity in the long-stratified subpopulation (Fig. 2b,d and Table 1). Again, gene diversity in the short-stratified LAN subpopulation was significantly higher than the long-stratified subpopulation, (p < 0. 0001; 7), but 5. 6% of expressed SNPs had higher genetic diversity in the long subpopulation (Fig. 2f and Table 1). Of the expressed SNPs, 537 were matched to the same protein in at least two species and represent shared regions that were similarly impacted by the selection pressures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence regarding the effects of stratification on genetic diversity in violets. It indicates that gene diversity (HS) was significantly higher in long-stratified subpopulations compared to short ones, suggesting that diversity is dependent on other factors rather than monoculture practices. The findings that indicate higher genetic diversity in varied conditions imply that monoculture does not promote the same levels of genetic variation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 34, 184. 34, 82. 32α, β, γ (°)90. 0, 90. 0, 120. 090. 0, 90. 0, 90. 090. 0, 90. 0, 120. 0Resolution (Å)48. 56 – 2. 62 (2. 70 – 2. 62) 79. 02 – 1. 78 (1. 89 – 1. 78) 92. 17 – 3. 24 (3. 39 – 3. 24) Rmeas (%)5. 9 (90. 3) 7. 2 (123. 5) 9. 8 (76. 2) I/σ(I)22. 16 (1. 85) 14. 88 (1. 64) 14. 65 (2. 26) CC1/2 (%)99. 9 (65. 2) 99. 9 (61. 9) 99. 8 (63. 8) Completeness (%)98. 5 (86. 8) 99. 6 (98. 8) 98. 8 (94. 9) Redundancy5. 14 (5. 34) 4. 71 (4. 66) 4. 00 (3. 59) (Å)48. 56 – 2. 62 67. 99 – 1. 78 92. 17 – 3. 24 No. reflections36887 107276 25304 Rwork Rfree19. 70/22. 97 17. 67/19. 88 18. 22/21. 78 No. atomsProtein5605 5730 5622 RNA204//Ligand Ion3710542Water526884B-factors(Å²)Protein72. 8334. 4188. 87RNA88. 65//Ligand Ion55. 0447. 8383. 89Water60. 5144. 2962. 19R. m. s. deviationsBond length (Å)0. 00280. 00410. 0026Bond angles (°)0. 780. 870. 67Ramachandran PlotFavored95. 9897. 3496. 28Outlier0. 00. 00. 0 Values in parentheses are for the highest resolution shell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to mechanical stress or its effects on protein structures. It comprises statistical data and results from a study, but fails to address or support the claim about conformational changes in proteins due to mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: In addition to its ecological benefits, green alleys provide open spaces by transforming previously unsafe areas into playgrounds and walking/bike corridors. Advertisement 4. ConclusionCombined sewer systems that include sewage and stormwater streams are unfortunately common in many older municipalities. Urban sustainability, on the other hand, is the management of stormwater runoff, which has become an increasingly challenging issue with the increasing amount of impermeable space in urban environments. Increasing political, social, and environmental pressures are forcing engineers to reduce the number and severity of floods or combined sewer overflows. Summing up the benefits of green infrastructure for people living in cities, it causes a drastic increase in biodiversity that supports rich wildlife communities, including many rare and endangered species [12, 13], its significant impact on climate mitigation due to the reduction of urban heat islands [14, 15], its positive effects on the control of runoff [16, 17], and removing air-borne pollutants [18]. EU strategy on green infrastructure refers to the goal of “no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services by 2020. ” This approach should include no net loss of green infrastructure. This policy incorporating the concepts of water, biodiversity, soil, climate, air, and landscape thus allowing green infrastructure is to be addressed in a holistic issue. This 1. Available from: Available from: [Accessed: December 30, 2021]3. Available from: [Accessed: December 29, 2021]4. Available from: [Accessed: December 29, 2021]5. European Union: Building a for Europe. 2013. Available from: [Accessed: December 30, 2021]6. Agency for (BfN). Infrastructure Concept. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: December 28, 2021]7. US Agency. Weather with Green Infrastructure: Action Strategy. 2008. Available from [Accessed: December 29, 2021]8. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2021]9. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2021]10. Available from: [Accessed: December 22, 2021]11. DOE/EE-0298. Available from: www. eere. energy. gov/femp/Federal_technology_alert [Accessed: December 23, 2021]12. Gilbert OL. of Urban Habitats. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer; 199113. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing urban sustainability and the importance of managing stormwater runoff, describing how green infrastructure is essential in addressing flooding issues in urban environments. Specifically, it mentions that political, social, and environmental pressures are leading engineers to find solutions to reduce floods and combined sewer overflows, which aligns directly with the idea that cities are developing green infrastructure for stormwater management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: This subset of expressed SNPs was related to a variety of molecular functions and biological processes (Table 2 and 5). Given that these changes were observed in more than one species, we suggest that parallel evolutionary processes, such as directional selection or selective sweeps, might be driving shifts in these gene regions. Of these shared expressed SNPs, 220 were found in PED, 189 in SAG, and 112 in LAN. In total, gene diversity was lower in 15. 0% of shared expressed loci in PED, 15. 3% in SAG, and 4. 5% of loci in LAN in the short subpopulation. These shared expressed SNPs were not restricted to genes associated with dormancy or seed germination but ranged in molecular functions and biological processes from plant development and growth to defense (Table 2 and 6). The lower genetic diversity in shared expressed SNPs in the short stratification subpopulation demonstrates that the application of strong selective pressure on wild species can limit the evolutionary potential of the material used in reintroduction for genes other than those associated with traits under direct selection. Table 2 Summary of the general protein function and the number of shared expressed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each expressed category. Shown are SNPs with decreased genetic in the subpopulation exposed to a short-moist cold stratification. Shared expressed SNPs were those in the same gene pathway in at least two species. expressed categories of proteins Number of shared expressed SNpedatifida Cellular function 6 Photosynthesis 4 Plant defense 1 Plant growth/development 11 Protein synthesis 2 Respiration 2 Response to environment 1 Unknown 1 Viola sagittata Cellular function 3 DNA replication 1 Photosynthesis 2 Plant defense 1 Plant growth/development 8 Protein synthesis 8 Respiration 4 Unknown 1 Viola lanceolata Cellular function 2 Photosynthesis 1 Protein synthesis 1 Respiration 1 DiscussionThis study demonstrates how the application of common horticultural production practices (i. e. , selecting individuals that germinate quickly) can decrease genetic diversity in both putatively neutral and biologically important loci in a single generation for these three species. This decrease in genetic diversity is likely caused by the distinct, but simultaneous consequences of strong artificial selection resulting in selective sweeps, as well as genetic bottlenecking13, 14. As expected, many of the shared expressed SNPs identified with lower genetic diversity in the long subpopulation are related to plant development pathways that are impacted by selection for rapid germination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how common horticultural production practices lead to a decrease in genetic diversity in the studied species. It highlights that the application of strong selective pressure and artificial selection can result in genetic bottlenecking, limiting the evolutionary potential. The text explicitly mentions that these practices can decrease genetic diversity in a single generation, contrary to the claim that monoculture practices can achieve genetic diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: By this ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure (Figure 1b–1e), insights into the sequence-unspecific RNA-binding mechanism of a genuine DEAH-box helicase were obtained. ctPrp43 consists of six different domains: an N-terminal extension (residues 1–96), the RecA1 (97–273) and RecA2 (274–458) domains, and the C-terminal domains which were assigned as degenerate winged helix domain (459–526), ratchet-like domain (527–640) and oligosaccharide binding-fold domain (641–764) (Walbott et al. , 2010; He et al. , 2010). The RecA-like domains and the C-terminal domains appear to be stably associated by multiple interactions and form a tunnel inside the Prp43 molecule (Figure 1d) which is the binding site of the U7-RNA. The 5’ end of the RNA is located at the RecA2 domain and the 3’ RNA end is situated at the RecA1 domain. For the first three nucleotides at the 5’ end (U1–U3) two alternative conformations are observed (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). The structure reveals the basis for the sequence-independent RNA binding of Prp43 which is in line with previous biochemical data (Fourmann et al. , 2016b; Bohnsack et al. , 2009; Tanaka and Schwer, 2006). Prp43 binds RNA in a sequence-independent fashion Interactions between Prp43 and the U7-RNA are sparsely present. Depending on which of the two alternative RNA conformations is analyzed, only 11 or 13 hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions between the RNA and Prp43 can be detected (Figure 1c and e). Most of these interactions are formed between the sugar-phosphate backbone of the RNA and the RecA1, RecA2 or the ratchet-like domain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the structure and function of the ctPrp43 protein and its interactions with RNA, but it does not address mechanical stress or its potential effects on protein conformational changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: , 2012; Priyadarsini et al. , 2008). This phenomenon is also exacerbated by the growing size of the city dwelling human population and the increasing rate of energy consumption (Mirzaei, 2015; Battista et al. , 2016). Research has shown that cities currently account for 60–80% of the world's total energy consumption (Kamal-Chaoui and Roberts, 2009). It was also indicated that distance from UHI is a key factor affecting heating and cooling loads and thus the effect of urbanization on energy demand (Kolokotroni et al. , 2010). Since it has been estimated that the ratio of world urban population to total population is set to increase from 54% in 2016 to 60% in 2030 (UN, 2016), UHI can be expected to become a major challenge in the future urban life. There is an extensive body of literature on the available strategies to reduce the UHI effect (Aflaki et al. , 2017; Rosenfeld et al. , 1998; Azevedo and Leal, 2017; EPA, 2008; Wang et al. , 2016; Huang et al. , 1990). In general, the methods currently available for this purpose can be categorized into four groups: the use of vegetation cover like trees, shrubs and lawns at different scales (Gago et al. , 2013; Mackey et al. , 2012), the stack night ventilation (Kolokotroni et al. , 2006), the use of waterbodies (Gunawardena et al. , 2017; Moyer and Hawkins, 2017; Daniel et al. , 2018), and the use of materials with high albedo rating for pavement and other ground surfaces (Pacheco-Torgal, 2015; Santamouris, 2013; Li et al. , 2013a,b; Taha et al. , 1988). The effectiveness of green infrastructure in reducing urban thermal islands is already proven through measurements (filed measurements, scale models, and thermal remote sensing), and computer simulation (Farhadi et al. , 2019; Lai et al. , 2019; Zölch et al. , 2016; Norton et al. , 2015; Chow and Brazel, 2012; Wong and Yu, 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of green infrastructure, such as vegetation cover, in reducing urban thermal islands. It explicitly mentions that 'the effectiveness of green infrastructure in reducing urban thermal islands is already proven through measurements,' thereby supporting the assertion that initiatives like green roofs contribute to mitigating heatwaves in urban environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: However, many expressed SNPs were related to other, more generalized cellular functions, suggesting that selective sweeps could have cascading consequences in decreasing the adaptive potential in a variety of gene pathways unrelated to dormancy and development. Notably, this pattern was detected through random sampling of the genome, and we expect to find a stronger pattern if using a targeted genomic approach for expressed regions. Given the variable environmental conditions that ecosystems will face due to the ongoing effects of climate change, retaining genetic diversity in reintroduced populations is vital to their resilience and adaptative potential15. In addition, there is a high risk of wasting biological and economic resources, and of compromising confidence in conservation actions if cultivation practices result in reintroduced populations that are unable to persist in the wild. Furthermore, the conservation value of these species may continue to decline if artificial selection is repeated over multiple generations, especially given that selecting for fast germination led to fixed homozygosity in many loci in all species in one generation. Our recommendation is to integrate research on species-specific requirements for seed dormancy break and germination into commercial plant propagation practices. MethodsIn 2019, seeds of three wild species of violets were obtained from local conservation nurseries. Viola lanceolata (LAN) and Viola sagittata (SAG) were provided by the (Indiana, US) and Viola pedatifida (PED) from the Nursery (Illinois, US). Seeds were stored at + 5°C until July 2019, when 100 seeds of each species were surface sterilized and sown in Petri dishes. The surface-sterilization was performed by immersing and stirring the seeds into a 1% bleach solution for two minutes, followed by two consecutive one-minute rinses in sterile water. After this step, seeds were sown in Petri dishes on 1. 5% agar medium, sealed with parafilm, and exposed to two cold stratification treatments at 0–3°C. The two different treatments consisted of different durations of cold stratification; in particular, SAG seeds were stratified for 42 (short stratification) and 112 days (long stratification); while LAN and PED seeds for 40 (short stratification) and 84 days (long stratification). These durations were chosen based on previously published experiments12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the risks of artificial selection and monoculture practices, suggesting that such practices can compromise genetic diversity and the adaptive potential of plant populations. The mention of 'selective sweeps' and 'fixed homozygosity' indicates a decrease in genetic diversity rather than an increase, which directly contradicts the notion that monoculture can achieve genetic diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In the context of pre-mRNA splicing or rRNA biogenesis, Prp43 has to bind to or to be released from short singled-stranded RNA stretches within larger folded RNAs or RNPs. In the light of the fact that the RNA-binding site of Prp43 is located inside a tunnel, RNA loading appears to be non-trivial and thus requires further illumination. Crystal structure of Prp43 in the ATP-bound state In pursuance of analyzing how Prp43 binds to ssRNA regions within folded RNAs, we targeted at determining the pre-catalytic state of Prp43 before RNA binding. For this purpose, we subjected ctPrp43ΔN to crystallization trials in the presence of the ATP analog ADP•BeF3-. The ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3- complex crystallized in two very distinct crystallization conditions and in two different space groups. The structure of the complex, which crystallized in P212121, was refined at a resolution of 1. 78 Å to Rwork and Rfree values of 17. 67% and 19. 88% (Figure 2a) and is referred to here as ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) (high resolution). The second crystal form belongs to the hexagonal space group P65 which exhibited a resolution limit of 3. 24 Å (Figure 2b) and thus is referred to as ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) (low resolution). This structure was refined to Rwork Rfree values of 18. 22% and 21. 78%, respectively. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Structures of Prp43 with the bound ATP-analog ADP•BeF3- in different crystal forms. (a) Overall structure of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3- at high and (b) low resolution. ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) crystalized in the orthorhombic space group P212121 and ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) in the hexagonal space group P65. Domains are colored according to Figure 1a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the binding and crystallization properties of Prp43 in relation to RNA, without providing any information about mechanical stress or its effects on protein structures. It focuses on the structural details and methodologies used in its analysis, which do not support or contradict the claim regarding mechanical stress and protein conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: The literature related to this subject consists of broad investigations into green infrastructure of different shapes and scales (Wang and Banzhaf, 2018), including small local parks (Ca et al. , 1998; Aram et al. , 2019), large urban parks (Petralli et al. , 2009; Buyadi et al. , 2015), urban forests (Oke et al. , 1989; Brandt et al. , 2016), urban gardens (Mazhar et al. , 2015), green roofs (Santamouris, 2014; Alcazar et al. , 2016; Besir and Cuce, 2018), green facades (Demuzere et al. , 2014; Manso and Castro-Gomes, 2015), and street trees (Lobaccaro and Acero, 2015; Shahidan et al. , 2010; Klemm et al. , 2015). The majority of investigations into the effect of features and dimensions of urban green spaces (UGSs) on UHI have been conducted over the past ten years (Akbari and Dionysia, 2016). According to a review study published in 2010 (Bowler et al. ), green infrastructure (trees, parks, forests, and green roofs) have a higher level of thermal comfort than other urban spaces. This is especially true for larger parks and urban forests (UGS), which can have up to 0. 94 °C lower daytime temperatures. Another recent review study has shown that thermal comfort and the UHI reduction effect of a UGS depends on its size and shape. According to this study, the cooling effect of an UGS is directly correlated with its vegetation cover and tree shade area (Jamei et al. , 2016). In a recent review paper by Taleghani (2018), among the strategies for reducing the effect of UHI, the role of effective UGSs has been emphasized. By taking six Studies (UGS) into account, it has also been demonstrated that these spaces play a major role in UHI reductions. Hence, thanks to their vast area and diverse vegetation cover, urban parks have a much more significant cooling and thermal comfort impact than small green spaces (Givoni, 1991). As a result, these parks have become known as effective countermeasures against the UHI effect. In the urban studies and sustainability literature, the cold aura around urban parks has become known as “Island” (PCI) (Cao et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the positive impact of green infrastructure, including green roofs and other urban green spaces, on thermal comfort and urban heat island (UHI) reduction. Specifically, it states that these initiatives have a higher level of thermal comfort compared to other urban spaces and can lower daytime temperatures by significant amounts. Furthermore, effective urban green spaces are highlighted as major countermeasures against the UHI effect, directly supporting the claim about urban cooling initiatives mitigating heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Go to Research 5593. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2016. 01. 555593 Go to Research 2. 87 million hectares, which is about 22. 95% of the total cultivated land in the country. Production wise out of the total grain crops Tef contributed 16. 1 % (4,471,378. 7 tons) of the total crop production of the country [1]. Tef is mainly expanding due to the farmer’s indigenous farming practice and varietal selection. Several technologies had been developed through the research system in Ethiopia. Despite many efforts had been undertaken in recent years, the productivity from the crop still remains below 1. 56 tons per [1]. The major constraint hampering tef productivity is lack of access to improved varieties’ seeds which satisfy the national seed standard. Therefore, in most of the cases farmers in Ethiopia are forced to use seed which was saved from previous harvest. For instance, during the 2010/11 main rainy season, only 1. 12 % of improved tef varieties’ seed was supplied to the farmers nationally, while the rest 98. 88 % was covered by farmer’s own saved seeds of previous harvests [2]. Tef grain is resistance to quality degradation therefore farmers believed may not deteriorate in their germination capacity in the store. Unlike most of the other cereals, Tef seed is relatively less affected by storage diseases and insect–pests, as a result, the seed could be stored for prolonged period with very minor deterioration [3-6]. However adequate information on Tef seed storage characteristics, deterioration dynamics in storage and the resulting losses of seed qualities is not well studied. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the status how the quality of Tef seeds had been affected after stored for varying period of time. Go to Research 0. 05g Tef seeds were divided in two equal parts of working samples each weighting 1±0. 05g which was divided further to half working sample of 0. 5±0. 05g to produce four replications and sorted under the purity working board and the purity percentage was calculated as: For seed moisture determination, a sample of 16 g of seeds was randomly taken from each treatment combination and divided in to 4±0. 05 g which was used in the four replications. The moisture was determined with hot oven method as per ISTA [7] working guide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of improved tef seed varieties in enhancing agricultural practices and addressing productivity constraints in Ethiopia. It mentions that despite many efforts, only a small percentage of farmers received improved varieties, indicating that current agricultural biodiversity also includes these newer varieties alongside traditional seeds. The fact that most farmers are reliant on saved seeds from previous harvests reinforces the idea that modern agricultural practices and innovations are also integral to biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: , 2016), ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- (5lta), ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) (5ltj) and ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) (5ltk). Structures were superposed via their RecA1 domains. In the top panel the back view is presented (rotated by 180° with respect to Figure 1b, Figure 2a and Figure 2b) and in the bottom panel the side view (90° rotation around a vertical axis). Structures are ordered according to the degree of C-terminal displacement and opening of the RNA-binding tunnel. The location of the RNA-binding tunnel which is present in ctPrp43ΔN•ADP and ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- is indicated. RNA loading mechanism of Prp43 The opening of the RNA-binding tunnel appears to be the key mechanism allowing Prp43, and very likely numerous other DEAH-box helicases, to bind to complex folded RNA substrates. Thus, these rearrangements of the C-terminal domains are expected to be crucial for their unwinding function. The opening is feasible due to a large movement of the ratchet-like and the OB-fold domains. Rearrangements of the WH domain are less pronounced owing to the fact that the WH rather functions as a hinge region between the RecA2 and the ratchet-like domain. Comparison between the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- and the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) complex structures after alignment of the RecA-like domains revealed that the center of mass of the ratchet-like domain is shifted by 16. 2 Å, and by 14. 1 Å for the OB-fold domain. In the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) complex structure, these values are equal to 17. 0 Å (ratchet-like) and 11. 7 Å (OB-fold), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it describes the rearrangements of protein domains and their functional implications without mentioning mechanical stress as a factor influencing these changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: , 2010; and Oke, 1998) and lately, as “Cool Island” (GCI) (Martins et al. , 2016; Du et al. , 2017). A recent study by et al. (2018) showed that from all the studies conducted on the cooling effect of green infrastructure, the contribution of the cooling effect of parks and UGSs was 10. 9% (PCIs: 6. 7% and GCIs 4. 2%). PCI or GCI generally refers to the cooling impact of an UGS not only on the area within the park but on the surrounding area as well. Modern development planning science considers the UGS cooling effect to be a highly effective solution for dealing with thermal islands. Although the growing public and academic attention to UHI has encouraged research into this subject, the studies and findings in relation to the cooling effect of UGSs are yet to be summarized in a review. While there are some review studies on the cooling effect of urban parks, they are not specific and also cover other green infrastructure such as street trees, green roofs and green facade (Bowler et al. , 2010; Jamei et al. , 2016; Taleghani, 2018). The present study aims to review and categorize the recent studies carried out regarding the relation of characteristics of UGSs to their cooling effect, in order to facilitate the study of data collection and analysis methods commonly used in this area, and thus assist future planning and development attempts to use urban parks and urban gardens for creating the cooling effect and countering the UHI effect. 2 Main text2. 1 Research methodologyThis paper is a systematic review of recent research on the utilization of UGSs for creating a cooling effect. Initially, a search was conducted for all 2. 2 Cooling effect of a group of urban green spacesIn this section, the studies that have investigated the combined impact of a group of UGSs on a certain part or the entire domain of a city (Table 1) are examined. In general, the objective of these studies is to determine how effective is a group of urban green spaces in reducing UHI and cooling the environment. Given the well-known utility of remote sensing methods in urban ecological studies (Wilson et al. , 2003), most of the research in this category has employed satellite imagery data from sources such as LST map, and ASTER for convenient analysis of the effect of green spaces over large expanses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the cooling effects of urban green spaces (UGSs), which include parks, green roofs, and other green infrastructure. It states that UGSs significantly contribute to mitigating urban heat islands (UHIs) and reducing environmental temperatures. Specifically, it mentions that modern development planning considers the cooling effect of UGSs to be an effective solution for addressing thermal islands, thereby supporting the idea that initiatives like green roofs are beneficial in urban heat mitigation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Finally, seeds dropped from scalper were ride over grading sieve, while smaller p2. 8 mm (slotted). Now a days, newly released black gram varieties had more differences in seed size as compared to older varieties. Hence, the alteration is needed in grading screen size while seed processing for getting good quality seeds to confirm the physical purity standards set by IMSCS while processing of black gram seeds. With this background, the study was conducted to standardize the grading sieve size for seed processing on newly released Black gram varieties. experiment was conducted at of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal during the year 2020-2023. Freshly harvested seeds (unprocessed) of four newly released Black gram varieties viz. , ADT 6, VBN 8, VBN 10 and VBN 11 were taken for the study. Specified quantities (250 g) of unprocessed seeds have been sieved using slotted sieves (Fig 2) of three sieves above (3. 4 mm, 3. 2 mm and 3. 0 mm) and two sieves below (2. 7 mm and 2. 5 mm) the recommended sieve sizes of 2. 8 mm for black gram varieties as per the Standards (Trivedi and Gunasekaran, 2013) in ROTAP sieve shaker for 2 minutes at the rate of 25-30 strokes per minute. The seeds retained over each sieves were collected separately and weighed. Collected seeds were tested for the following seed quality traits: Seed recovery (%) (ISTA, 1993) The seeds retained in each sieve were weighed and seed recovery was calculated in percentage using the following formula: Physical purity (%) The working (test) sample is separated into the following three component parts: pure seed, other seeds, inert matter, and the percentage of each part is determined by weight. The separation of the pure seed must be on such a basis that it can be made by visible seed characteristics, mechanical aids or using pressure without impairing the capacity for germination (ISTA-Testing Association, 1993). The physical purity percentage was calculated by the following formula: Seed size (mm) The seed size (seed length, breadth and thickness) was measured in randomly selected 10 seeds using micrometer screw gauge (ISMA-Morphology Association, 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing newly released black gram varieties and their differences in seed size compared to older varieties. This implies that both new and ancient seed varieties play a role in agricultural biodiversity, contradicting the claim that only ancient varieties are contributors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: For this purpose, one cysteine was introduced into the RecA1 domain and another one into the ratchet-like domain at exposed positions to maximize the number of formed disulfide bonds (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). The functional impact of these mutations was analyzed by an ATPase assay, a fluorescence-based helicase assay and an intron-lariat spliceosome (ILS) disassembly assay. First of all, the percentage of formed disulfide bonds was experimentally estimated. The wild-type protein contains nine cysteines, the ctPrp43-IDSB mutant two additional ones. reaction, the number of cysteines was determined to be 8. 5 ± 0. 1 (ctPrp43) and 9. 3 ± 0. 1 (ctPrp43-IDSB), respectively. This allows us to conclude that the majority of ctPrp43-IDSB exhibits the internal disulfide bridge because oxidized cysteines cannot be detected by this method and only the nine cysteines, which are also present in the wild-type protein, were determined. Prp43 trapped in the closed conformation is impaired in its helicase activity Having determined that ctPrp43-IDSB is mainly present in the oxidized and therefore closed state, this mutant was subsequently analyzed concerning its helicase activity using a synthetic dsRNA with a 3’ssRNA overhang (Figure 4a and Table 2). Since wild-type Prp43 exhibited a very low activity (0. 54 nM of unwound RNA/min) in the absence of any stimulatory G-patch (GP) protein, we tested its activity in the presence of the ctNtr1-GP (1. 98 nM/min) and the ctPfa1-GP (60. 03 nM/min). Since the ctPfa1-GP could increase the Prp43 activity to a much higher level, the ctPfa1-GP was used for the in vitro helicase activity analysis of all Prp43 mutants. ctPrp43-IDSB exhibited an activity of 12. 18 nM/min which equals about 1/5th of the wild-type Prp43 activity and thus is clearly impaired concerning its ability to unwind dsRNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses experimental procedures and results related to mutations in the Prp43 protein and their effects on helicase activity. While it mentions the closed conformation and disulfide bonds, it does not provide evidence or insights into how mechanical stress influences protein structure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: Some of the studies to be discussed in this section have also utilized field observations, temperature measurements, or temperature sensors for better examination of cooling effect intensity (CEI) and cooling effect distance (CED). RefLocation (Köppen and classification, Kottek et al. , 2006)MonthGreen site & comparatorFeatures of green siteSizePurposeMethods/InstrumentsConclusionCao et al. (2010)Nagoya, Japan (Cfa)May 25, July 10, October 3092 parks compared with the surrounding areaTrees, grass, shrubs, soil, water, low albedo surfaces, high albedo surfaces0. 1ha to 41. 9 haIdentifying the role of park parameters (e. g. , park size, land-use types, and shapes) in the PCI phenomenon•Remotely sensed data and image•Multivariate RegressionCooling effects rely on the park characteristics and seasonal radiation conditions. Also, trees, shrubs and compactness of park benefit the PCI in spring and summer. Du et al. (2017)Shanghai, China (Cfa)February68 green spacesIncluding trees and shrubs, lawn, different buildings and water body1. 12 ha to 205. 32 haIndicating the role of UGS for implementing cooling effect and distinguishing efficient relevant elements in CEI and CED•LST image•ArcGIS version 10. 1•2014•Pearson correlationGCI impacts are contingent upon green space itself and its surrounding features. Furthermore, raising vegetation and water body fractions or reducing impervious surfaces helps to improve GCI impacts. Lin et al. (2015)Beijing, China (Dwa)September 2230 parks compared to city centerTrees and shrubs18. 42 km2 in totalDeveloping an alternative method for calculating the cooling extent of green parks by using remote sensing•Remote sensing, LST map•Dry and wet bulb thermometers (24st)The area around a park that benefits from the cooling effect increases with park size. Yu et al. (2017)Fuzhou, China (Cfa)to July435 green patches (connected, and disconnected with water bodies)329 patches: tree-based (280) and grassland-based (49)0. 02 ha to 296. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies that examine the cooling effects of urban green spaces, including parks and green roofs. It highlights that characteristics of green areas, such as the presence of trees and water bodies, contribute positively to cooling effects, particularly during warmer seasons. Additionally, the mention of methods to assess cooling effects implies that urban cooling initiatives can effectively reduce temperatures in city environments, supporting the claim that such initiatives help mitigate heatwaves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 1%, respectively in VBN 8 and VBN 11, which failed to fulfill the seed certification standard set by IMSCS (98%). However, the seeds retained from 3. 0 mm (slotted) sieve size registered the maximum cumulative seed recovery of 91. 2% and 87. 5%, respectively in VBN 8 and VBN 11 along with requisite seed germination and physical purity as per the IMSCS (75% and 98%, respectively). In addition, nearly 11. 35% enhanced seed germination was also observed in VBN 8 (Table 2). Whereas in Black gram cv. VBN 11, even though there was no difference in seed germination, the physical purity was increased to the tune of 3. 3% (Table 4) while using 3. 0 mm sieve for grading screen as compared to existing sieve size of 2. 8 mm recommended for black gram varieties as per Standards (Trivedi and Gunasekaran, 2013). Table 2: Effect of sieve size on seed quality of Black gram cv. VBN 8. Table 3: Effect of sieve size on seed quality of Black gram cv. VBN 10. Table 4: Effect of sieve size on seed quality of Black gram cv. VBN 11. Based on the results, irrespective of varieties, the seed recovery was increased with decrease in sieve size. These results are in conformity with the findings of Ganiger et al. , (2016) in green gram. In addition, the physical purity, seed size, 100 seed weight, seed germination and pure live seed percentage were also increased with increase in sieve size. Proportion of small and underdeveloped seeds with good quality seeds in seed lot will decide the physical purity. Those impurities proportion was decreased with increase in sieve size. It might be the reason for the reduction in physical purity while decreasing the sieve size. Seed size and seed weight are positively correlated because the seed weight increased with increase in sieve size in the present study. The positive association of seed weight and seed size was earlier reported by Ganiger et al. , (2016) in green gram, Kumar et al. , (2005) in Indian mustard and Suma et al. , (2014) in sesame. Irrespective of varieties, the first count, seed germination and pure live seed percentage were also higher in large sized seeds (Fig 1, 2, 3 and 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effects of sieve size on seed quality of specific black gram varieties (VBN 8, VBN 10, and VBN 11) and does not address ancient seed varieties or their contributions to agricultural biodiversity. The discussion about seed quality metrics such as germination rates, physical purity, and seed recovery does not support, contrast, or directly relate to the claim regarding ancient seed varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (a) The maximal unwinding velocity (nM/min) for a dsRNA with a 3’ overhang is shown. (b) RNA binding of 5’−6FAM-U16-RNA by ctPrp43 and ctPrp43-HT was determined via fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Error bars indicate the standard deviation from three independent measurements for a and b. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Intron-lariat spliceosome (ILS) disassembly assays. 10–30% glycerol gradient sedimentation of purified yeast ILS (scILS) incubated in solution with ATP plus (a) no recombinant protein, (b) scPrp43 and cofactors scNtr(1•2), (c) ctPrp43 and scNtr(1•2), (d) ctPrp43-IDSB and scNtr(1•2), (e) ctPrp43-IDSB, scNtr(1•2) and 0. 5 mM DTT, (f) ctPrp43-HT and scNtr(1•2), (g) ctPrp43-HL and scNtr(1•2), (h) ctPrp43-HT&HL and scNtr(1•2). U2, U5 and U6 snRNAs were visualized by Northern blotting followed by autoradiography. RNA identities are indicated on the left. Quantifications were performed with ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics). Numbers represent the percentage of intron-lariat RNA released in the top fractions (sum of fractions 1–11) or associated with the ILS (unreleased, sum of fractions 12–23) relative to the intron-lariat RNA distributed in all 23 fractions, the sum of which was set to 100%. Table 2 Helicase activity. nM/min± ctPrp430. 540. 18ctPrp43 + ctPfa1-GP60. 032. 75ctPrp43 + ctNtr1-GP1. 980. 45ctPfa1-GP0. 460. 28ctPrp43-IDSB + ctPfa1-GP12. 180. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experimental setups and results regarding RNA binding and helicase activity, but it does not reference mechanical stress or its effects on protein structures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 7 haQuantifying which form of greenspace has the greatest cooling effect: simple or complex shape, large or small areas•LST map, ArcGIS•hierarchical cluster analysis (CLU)Compact greenspaces in the shape of a circle or square provide significant cooling effects in terms of intensity and efficiencyFeyisa et al. (2014)Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Cwb)October 4–1821 green areas: public parks, green spaces around building and private parks. Green areas with dense tree vegetation (canopy cover of at least 60%)0. 85–22. 3 haIdentifying the physical characteristics of USG which determine cooling efficiency and examining its extent of extension•NDVI index•ArcGIS version 10. 0Regression modelAppropriate choice of species, geometry and size of parks may improve efficiency of urban coolingAnjos and Lopes (2017)Aracaju, Brazil (As)July 19 to October 10UGS around 7 urban climate stations in different parts of the cityVegetated area: from 2. 2% to 53%Water bodies:From 0 to 50%Not mentionedAssessing the UHI and PCI effects based on an urban climatological network•Climatic sensor•Zone mapMost UHI and PCI intensities do not develop only in the light winds and clear sky But these factor have remarkable impactBrown et al. (2015) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Af); Lahore, Pakistan (Bsh); Alice Springs, Australia (Bwh); Kyoto, Japan (Cfa); Toronto, Canada (Dfb)10 years dataFive different zones were comparedFive sites in five different climate zonesVarious sizesRecognizing the effect of microclimate modifications on thermal comfort caused by elements in the landscape•Simulated by human thermal comfort model air temperatures through a ‘cool island park’ is a moderately effective strategyChang and Li (2014)Taipei, Taiwan (Cfa)August to September and December to February60 urban parks were surveyed and compared with the surrounding areaTrees, shrubs and pavementVarious sizesExploring details related to the planning and design of city parks such that they may effectively cool surrounding urban areas•Thermal sensor•Stationary regression methodParks and other open spaces should be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. Chen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant cooling effects of urban green spaces, highlighting that the physical characteristics of greenspaces, such as appropriate species choice and size, can improve the efficiency of urban cooling. It mentions that parks and open spaces should be designed with sufficient trees and fewer paved areas to enhance cooling, which supports the idea that urban cooling initiatives like green roofs have a positive impact in mitigating heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: - Document suivant 41 | 2019Patrimoines gastronomiques. Définitions, typologies et enjeux de conservation Témoignages La biodiversité au service du goût. Quelle place pour les anciennes variétés de fruits et de légumes Biodiversity in the service of taste; what role for ancient varieties of fruits and vegetables? Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français English L’inquiétante perte de biodiversité due à une société uniformisée et consommatrice de ressources incite des citoyens toujours plus nombreux à réduire leur empreinte écologique en entreprenant des actions concrètes. L’une des plus fondamentales consiste à retrouver une alimentation saine, goûteuse et de proximité. La recherche de variétés anciennes et locales coïncide avec cette volonté. Elle correspond aussi à celle de préserver la biodiversité, dans sa forme cultivée. Mais elle sème le doute autour de l’intérêt de celles qui leur ont succédé et donc, sur la notion d’amélioration des variétés. Ce doute est généralisé et touche indistinctement toutes les espèces, sans que le consommateur soit suffisamment informé des réels progrès réalisés dans des cas plus nombreux qu’ils ne le pensent. Pour savoir quel rôle ces variétés anciennes peuvent retrouver, il convient de retracer brièvement leur histoire, les raisons de leur déclin et de leur retour en grâce. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there is a focus on ancient varieties for their role in preserving biodiversity, there is a growing doubt about the benefits of more modern varieties and the improvement of crops. The text suggests that the preservation efforts and the revival of ancient varieties coincide with a misunderstanding of the contributions made by modern varieties, indicating that biodiversity is not solely reliant on ancient seed varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 23ctPrp43-HT+ ctPfa1-GP0. 680. 16ctPrp43-HL + ctPfa1-GP61. 877. 14ctPrp43-HT&HL+ ctPfa1-GP0. 880. 03 Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Prp43 adopts an open conformation after ATP binding and switches into the closed conformation after binding to RNA. This morphing movie between the ADP-bound state of Prp43 (PDBid: 5d0u), the two ADP•BeF3- bound states (PDBids: 5ltk and 5ltj) and the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure (PDBid: 5lta) illustrates the RNA-binding mode of Prp43. To exclude the possibility that the results of the helicase or ILS disassembly assays differ between ctPrp43 and ctPrp43-IDSB due to a reduced ATPase activity of the latter, ATPase activity measurements were performed. For all ctPrp43 variants, the ATPase activity was analyzed for ctPrp43 itself, after the addition of a GP, or U16-RNA or in the presence of both. Since this was the first enzymatic characterization of Prp43 from C. thermophilum, several general results are worth mentioning (Table 3 and Figure 4—figure supplement 2). The basal ATPase activity of ctPrp43 (1. 81 min−1) is very similar to its ortholog from S. cerevisiae (2. 43 min−1) (Christian et al. , 2014). ctPrp43 is stimulated by both, the ctNtr1-GP and the ctPfa1-GP, but the effect by the latter is more pronounced. A clear difference between C. thermophilum and S. cerevisiae Prp43 is that ctPrp43 does not exhibit RNA-stimulated ATPase activity in the absence of a GP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. It discusses specific conformational changes in the protein Prp43 upon ATP binding and interactions with RNA, but it does not mention mechanical stress or its effects. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2014)Beijing, China (Dwa)May 22, July 9, October 13 and November 14Measured 6 types of UGS: wood-land, shrub land, grassland, cropland, rivers, lakesUGS covering 35% of the overall study areaTotal size: 6450 haFocusing on the effects of spatial patterns of urban green patches on their own surface cooling effect•LST map & QuickBird (QB) image•Regression analysesIn addition to patch size, the other elements such as shape, edge or connectivity have cooling effectsSun and Chen (2017)Beijing, China (Dwa)July 5 and July 29Five types of UGS:Impervious land (IL), forest land (FL), grass land (GL), water body (WB), and bare land (BL). Ringroad 5 of the cityTotal size: 108. 86 km2Investigating the dominant combinations of landscape conversions (2012), and quantifying the change of mean LST•ENVI software QuickBird (2002) and (2012)•TM imagesGreater focus on protecting natural forests in cities might provide greater benefits for climate mitigation. Buyadi et al. (Dec 2013)Shah-Alam, Malaysia (Af)February 21 and January 21Study site situated in center of the city with various kind of land use and green spacesWater bodies, high dense trees, mixed vegetationTotal size: 8530 haSurveying the influence of development on UGS and UHI•LST map•NDVI assessmentDecreasing the vegetation land cover in open spaces has a direct correlation to increasing UHILi et al. (2013a,b)Beijing, China (Dwa)September 8 and October 4Seven landscapeMetrics, based on easily calculated, interpretable, and little redundancyNot mentioned0. 52 ha to 0. 89 haExamining the effects of spatial resolution on the relationship between LST and the spatial pattern of greenspace•ENVI 4. 6 and TM imagery•Pearson and partial Pearson correlationThe relationship between LST and the abundance of greenspace was negative, but with the spatial configuration of UGS varied by spatial resolutionKong et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and findings that highlight the role of urban green spaces (UGS) in influencing local climate, particularly in mitigating heat through surface cooling effects. It mentions metrics such as vegetation cover and landscape configurations contributing to reducing urban heat islands (UHI). The findings support the claim, suggesting that initiatives like green roofs can effectively contribute to urban cooling strategies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Ce regain d’intérêt a été conforté par plusieurs mesures gouvernementales : la mise en place des listes c et d du catalogue français des espèces et variétés en 2008 et 2009, puis la création d’une Coordination nationale des ressources phyto-génétiques en 2016. Entre ces mesures nationales et les aspirations citoyennes, une organisation avec les acteurs de terrain et les scientifiques doit être consolidée et généralisée à partir de programmes en cours dans certaines régions. Les lieux de médiation les plus appropriés pour présenter ces actions au public sont les jardins-potagers et fruitiers. L’engouement des citoyens pour le jardin et la cuisine favorise l’utilisation de ces variétés dans des recettes qui sont à créer ou à réinventer en fonction des besoins actuels. Our present-day society is increasingly standardised and wasteful of resources and is witnessing a disturbing loss of biodiversity. In reaction to this, more and more concerned citizens are trying to reduce their environmental footprint by concrete action. One of the most fundamental of these actions lies in a return to healthy and tasty food, locally sourced. The search for old and local varieties of fruits and vegetables corresponds with this movement and with the desire to maintain the biodiversity of cultivated plants. But, at the same time, this tendency throws doubt on the qualities of the varieties that succeeded the old ones, and even on the notion that plant varieties can indeed be improved. This doubt is widespread and concerns many sorts of fruits and vegetables, without distinction, and ignores the fact that progress has been made for more of these varieties than the consumer suspects. In order to understand the role that these old varieties can play, it is necessary to give a brief account of their history, their decline and their return to favour. The renewal of interest in old varieties of fruits and vegetables has been encouraged by several factors, including governmental intervention, notably the creation of new categories in the French catalogue of varieties in 2008 and 2009 and the creation, in 2016, of a national coordination for plant genetic resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of both ancient seed varieties and modern varieties in agricultural biodiversity. It notes that while there is a renewed interest in old varieties driven by citizen action and governmental measures, there is also recognition that progress has been made with newer varieties. This suggests that the contribution to biodiversity is not limited to ancient varieties alone, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The ctPrp43 ATPase activity can only be induced by RNA if an additional G-patch protein is present. Table 3 ATPase activity. kcat (min−1)±KM (µM)±ctPrp431. 810. 0347. 233. 40ctPrp43 + U16-RNA2. 080. 053. 750. 68ctPrp43 + ctNtr1-GP4. 160. 045. 490. 32ctPrp43 + ctNtr1-GP + U16-RNA16. 280. 094. 870. 19ctPrp43 + ctPfa1-GP36. 280. 368. 900. 58ctPrp43 + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA372. 202. 9126. 111. 21ctPrp43-IDSB5. 040. 1216. 232. 38ctPrp43-IDSB + ctPfa1-GP199. 351. 5929. 041. 35ctPrp43-IDSB + U16-RNA24. 990. 373. 420. 38ctPrp43-IDSB + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA609. 386. 1588. 143. 50ctPrp43-HT13. 210. 1891. 235. 89ctPrp43-HT + ctPfa1-GP60. 950. 7413. 291. 03ctPrp43-HT + U16-RNA10. 580. 3453. 928. 27ctPrp43-HT + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA98. 611. 8413. 191. 52ctPrp43-HL6. 190. 0514. 310. 71ctPrp43-HL + ctPfa1-GP86. 500. 8414. 380. 89ctPrp43-HL + U16-RNA6. 160. 065. 380. 35ctPrp43-HL + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA533. 559. 5349. 493. 86ctPrp43-HT&HL7. 610. 1116. 721. 49ctPrp43-HT&HL + ctPfa1-GP113. 181. 0325. 171. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides data on ctPrp43 ATPase activity in relation to RNA and additional G-patch proteins. It does not address the relationship between mechanical stress and conformational changes in protein structures, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2014)Nanjing, China (Cfa)June 13Part of the city includes the urbanized area of Nanjing and part of its suburbsImpervious surface, water body, agricultural land, forest vegetation, and barren landTotal size: 9200 haInvestigating the sensitivity of the cooling effect associated with greenspace to changes in scale;•Correlation analyses•imageCEI and characteristics formed by greenspace patterns, and increasing vegetation provide cooling effectZhang et al. (2014)Beijing, China (Dwa)June to August6387 green spaceTrees, shrubs, grass, tree-shrubs, shrub-grassTotal size: 22,556 haMeasuring the ecological benefits of the cooling effect associated with the use of green spaces•Empirical model (11 weather stations)The cooling effect and the environmental benefits of UGS largely depend on the green space's structure and sizeMariani et al. (2016)Milan, Italy (Cfb)33 years data (1981–2014)Five metropolitan sitesDifferent sites in various zones (rural, urban parks, sites located in canyons of the urban plateau, and urban peaks)Not mentionedDescribing the behavior of the surface energy balance (SEB) and establishing a frequency distribution climatology of the sensible fraction (SF) index•Weather stations and remotely sensed data•SEB modelThe cooling effect of urban parks can be improved through ameliorating and optimizing single park structure componentsTable 1Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of a group of UGSs. Open table in a new tabThe first 2. 3–4. 8 °C (Lin et al. , 2015). A more recent study on 435 green spaces in another city in China (Fuzhou) showed that CEI of a park is a function of not only its size, but also its shape and quality. This study found that circular or rectangular compact green spaces play a more significant role in cooling effect, and that the area of a green space and the diversity of its vegetation also directly affect the level of cooling. For example, they reported that the CED of a space with an area of 2. 3 ha and ΔLST of 0. 93 °C was 59. 62m, but the CED of a space with an area of 35. 78 ha and ΔLST of 4. 43 °C reached as high as 279. 19 m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that green spaces and vegetation contribute to a cooling effect in urban areas. Specifically, it discusses studies that show the cooling effect associated with greenspaces, stating that increasing vegetation provides a cooling effect and that the structure and size of green spaces are critical to their efficacy in urban cooling. Furthermore, it highlights that green space configuration, including size, shape, and diversity of vegetation, significantly influences the level of cooling, which directly supports the claim about urban cooling initiatives like green roofs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Between public policies and the aspirations of citizens, the mobilisation of local actors and scientists must be consolidated on the basis of programmes currently underway in in several regions. The best place where awareness raising can be implemented are the vegetable gardens and orchards. New enthusiasm for gardening and for cooking encourages the uses of old varieties in recipes which must be created or rewritten according to contemporary needs. Haut de page Entrées d’index Mots-clés : alimentation, agriculture urbaine, biodiversité, fruits, fruitiers, gastronomie, goût, jardin, légumes, maraîchage, potager, ressources génétiques, semences, variétés Keywords: food, urban agriculture, biodiversity, fruits, fruit trees, gastronomy, taste, garden, vegetables, market gardening, vegetable garden, genetic resources, seeds, varietiesHaut de page Plan Splendeur, décadence et retour en grâce : trois périodes dans l’histoire des variétés anciennes 1840-1939 : une profusion de variétés nouvelles Vers une disparition programmée Un retour en grâce, lent et contrarié Les conditions d’un retour durable Les conditions politiques et juridiques Biodiversité et transition écologique : vers une nouvelle relation avec le vivant L’enjeu sanitaire et nutritionnel Quelle organisation pour une évolution durable des variétés anciennes Le jardin, lieu de rencontre entre le public et la biodiversité cultivée Les premiers lieux pour présenter la biodiversité cultivée Montrer la biodiversité cultivée face au changement climatique Du jardin à la cuisine Sensibiliser le cuisinier à la biodiversité cultivée Proposer de nouvelles recettes avec des variétés anciennes Haut de page Texte intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1 - « Forum on BioDiversity », 21-25 septembre 1986 communications publiées sous la di (. . . ) 1On met parfois longtemps à s’habituer aux nouveaux termes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of both ancient seed varieties and new initiatives in urban agriculture aimed at fostering biodiversity. It specifically highlights that there is a growing interest in both old and new varieties, particularly in the context of urban gardening and cooking, indicating that biodiversity encompasses both ancient and contemporary seed varieties and practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 37ctPrp43-HT&HL + U16-RNA5. 530. 075. 590. 51ctPrp43-HT&HL + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA82. 281. 3111. 881. 18 The intrinsic ATPase activity of ctPrp43-IDSB (5. 04 min−1) is similar to the one determined for wild-type ctPrp43. ctPrp43-IDSB is also stimulated by ctPfa1-GP and by U16-RNA in the presence of the ctPfa1-GP, but in the contrast to wild-type Prp43 also just by U16-RNA. These findings confirm that the difference in the helicase and the ILS disassembly assay between ctPrp43 and ctPrp43-IDSB is solely caused by the impairment of the unwinding capabilities. The RNA-induced stimulation of ctPrp43-IDSB in the trapped conformation might still be feasible due to the fact that a short single-stranded U16-RNA without any secondary structures was used for these assays. Binding to the entry or exit site of the RNA-binding tunnel, which does not require an opening of the tunnel, might be sufficient for the RNA-induced stimulation of the ATPase activity (see below). Furthermore, Prp43 in the trapped closed conformation appears to be more prone for the stimulation of the ATPase activity by RNA since the ctPrp43-IDSB mutant (24. 99 min−1) is stimulated by U16-RNA while the wild-type protein is not (2. 08 min−1). It is conceivable that the GP increases the number of Prp43 molecules in a closed conformation since in the presence of a GP also the wild-type protein is stimulated by RNA. Having shown the importance of the opening of Prp43’s C-terminal domains for its unwinding capability, we asked how Prp43 couples ATP hydrolysis and RNA translocation, leading to its helicase activity. Since high-resolution structures of the pre- and post-catalytic state of a DEAH-box helicase are both now available, conformational rearrangements of Prp43 in the course of nucleotide hydrolysis were analyzed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of the ctPrp43 protein and its interactions with RNA and conformations during ATP hydrolysis. However, it does not provide any information regarding mechanical stress or its potential to induce conformational changes in protein structures. Therefore, it does not relate to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: The green spaces examined in this study had an average CEI of 1. 78 °C and average CED of 104m (Yu et al. , 2017). In a similar study, the impact of the geometric shape of 21 UGSs in on the resulting cooling effect was investigated. This study found a negative relationship between CEI and (SI), and a positive relationship between CED and SI, and park size. Among the cases investigated in this study, the one with great cooling impact had a CEI of 6. 72 °C and a CED of 240m (Feyisa et al. , 2014). After studying 92 parks in Nagoya, Cao et al. (2010) found that PCI varies not only with physical factors but also with the season. They reported that in spring, summer and autumn, the largest park studied (41. 9 hectares) had a peak CEI of 6. 50 K, 6. 82 K and 2. 46K respectively, and the studied parks as a whole had an average CEI of 1. 30 K, 1. 16 K and 0. 43K respectively. Ultimately, this study concluded that the highest cooling effect occurs in summer and autumn. However, a recent study conducted in Aracaju reported that in both hot and cold seasons, CEI remains within the range of 1. 5–2. 0 °C, though the intensity of UHI varies with season (Anjos and Lopes, 2017). A recent analysis in 2017 of 68 green spaces found that in addition to areas and complex shapes that play an important role in creating the cooling effect, another factor termed water body, was also effective in CEI and CED indices. In this study, it was also found that among the green space areas surveyed (1. 12 ha–205. 32 ha), the area of 1. 12 ha had the lowest CED and CEI which were respectively 90m and 0. 78 °C; however, the area of 129. 46 ha had the highest CED and CEI which were 1610 m and 9. 35 °C, respectively (Du et al. , 2017). 2. 3 Cooling effect of particular urban green spaces with known specificationsThis section discusses the 0. 1 and 12 hectares; and (iii) local and small parks with areas of less than 0. 1 hectares. 2. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the cooling effects of urban green spaces, with data indicating varying degrees of cooling effect measured by CEI (Cooling Effect Index). Multiple studies referenced in the text demonstrate that larger green spaces and specific features, such as complex shapes and water bodies, contribute to effective cooling during seasons, particularly summer and autumn. The findings of these studies support the argument that urban green initiatives, including green roofs, play a significant role in mitigating urban heat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Celui de « biodiversité » s’est répandu à l’occasion d’un congrès qui s’est tenu à Washington en 19861. En France, le terme n’a vraiment atteint le langage courant qu’une quinzaine d’années plus tard. Et encore, il n’était employé que pour les espèces sauvages et les espaces naturels. Parler de ressources génétiques comme troisième composante de la biodiversité relevait de la gageure. Le terme était presque inaudible et passait même pour suspect, car trop vite assimilé aux organismes génétiquement manipulés. 2 - Le fromage de Brie en est un parfait exemple. 2Il a fallu de la persévérance pour convaincre que la biodiversité intra-spécifique concernait le grand public et touchait même ses cordes sensibles. Le terme de « biodiversité domestique » a permis de rendre le concept plus accessible. Le rattachement aux races animales mises en vedette au Salon de l’agriculture l’a familiarisé avec un concept qui, en fait, appartient à l’inconscient collectif. C’est grâce aux différentes races animales adaptées à leurs territoires au fil des siècles que la France possède autant de fromages mais aussi, on l’oublie souvent, aux micro-organismes qui leur donnent goût et saveur2, la part la moins visible – et pourtant la plus importante – des ressources génétiques. 3Cette méconnaissance est peut-être encore plus grande vis-à-vis des plantes : fruits, légumes, céréales, plantes ornementales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that agricultural biodiversity is not solely dependent on ancient seed varieties. It highlights the importance of various animal breeds and microorganisms in contributing to biodiversity, particularly in the context of cheese production and the variety of species involved, including fruits, vegetables, and cereals. This indicates that modern agricultural practices and a wider variety of genetic resources are also significant contributors to biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 219 of the eponymous DEAH-motif (motif II) binds a water molecule (H2O 388) and positions it in close spatial proximity to the BeF3-, which corresponds to the ATP γ-phosphate. Presumably, this H2O 388 performs the nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus atom of the γ-phosphate since it is in an almost perfect orientation for an SN2 substitution mechanism at 180° to the leaving group. In the ADP•BeF3- complex structure, this water molecule is additionally bound via the interactions with Gln 428 and Arg 435 from motif VI. The region containing the motif VI undergoes one of the most pronounced conformational rearrangements of the helicase core and it is shifted in the ADP-bound state 5. 1 Å apart from the bound nucleotide. In the ATP-bound state, also interactions between Arg 432 and Arg 435 from motif VI and the phosphate(-mimic) groups are detectable. In the ADP-bound state, only Arg 435 of motif VI interacts with the 3’OH of the ribose. Another noticeable rearrangement can be observed for Phe 360 which is not part of a classical SF2 helicase motif. In the ADP-bound state, the adenine moiety interacts with Phe 360 via π-electron stacking and by cation-π-interactions with Arg 162. In the ATP-bound state, Phe 360 is shifted 5. 4 Å apart from the base which is now solely stabilized by Arg 162. The rearrangements of the other conserved motifs are less distinct but still notably. In the ADP-bound state, the motifs IV and V are shifted by 3. 3 Å and 2. 9 Å, respectively, apart from the C-terminal domains. Figure 6 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Active site of Prp43 in the ATP- and ADP-bound state. (a, Left panel) Active site of Prp43 with the bound ATP-analog ADP•BeF3- as present in ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) (PDBid: 5ltj). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific molecular interactions and conformational changes in the context of specific protein states (ATP-bound and ADP-bound) but does not mention or relate these changes to mechanical stress. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 1 Large-sized urban parksResearch in this subcategory has studied large urban parks mostly located in city centers (Table 2). The cooling effect of large urban parks has long been of paramount interest to urban planners (Almendros Coca, 1992; Ca et al. , 1998). Thanks to their vast area and location in the heart of the city, these parks often have a significant impact on the temperature of urban spaces (Jauregui, 1990). The cooling effect of these parks is closely associated with their CED and CEI, which depends on several factors, including park size and shape, type and amount of vegetation cover, and regional climate. RefLocation (Köppen classification, Kottek et al. , 2006)MonthGreen site & comparatorFeatures of green siteSizePurposeMethods/InstrumentsConclusionHamada and Ohta (2010)Nagoya, Japan (Cfa)March and AugustOne park compared with urban areasforest, lawn, ponds, fields, spaces containing monuments and badlands147 haClarifying the range of the cool-island effect of a green area on an urban area, as well as the relationship between vegetation and air temperatures•with temperature and humidity sensors 24 fixed measurement sitesThe range of the cooling effect as well as the relationship between the vegetation cover and air temperature throughout the yearDoick et al. (2014)London, UK (Cfb)August to December (nights)One large parkWater body, mixed grass land and treed landscapes, and formal avenues and gardens111 haProviding empirical evidence for the extent of cooling of London's UHI with one large greenspace•Mobile measurement•A developed correlationUsing meteorological stations close to urban greenspace can lead to underestimation of urban heat island intensity due to the cooling effect of the greenspace. Sun et al. (2017)Beijing, China (Dwa)August 21One park, Comparison of entire park with uncovered sites in the parkGrass, 10 & 20 m trees, hardened ground, water body and buildings102 haAssessing the impacts of these parameters on thermal comfort improving effect of UGSs. •PET Index•Simulation by ENVI-met and Rayman•Regression method StationaryThe most significant influencing factor on the moderation of thermal comfort is the higher trees, while hardened ground exhibits a negative impactChen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that large urban parks have a significant cooling effect in city centers, which relates to urban cooling initiatives. It discusses how the cooling effect is associated with various factors like vegetation cover and park size, further supporting the idea that green spaces contribute to mitigating heat in urban environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: L’uniformisation des modes de production et les exigences drastiques en matière d’hygiène et de productivité fragilisent cette biodiversité depuis plusieurs décennies. La restauration collective et les grandes surfaces ont imposé des normes de production que de nombreuses variétés anciennes et régionales ne pouvaient satisfaire. On préférait organiser une filière à partir de variétés qui combinent les principaux critères de rendement, de résistance aux maladies avec un aspect séduisant sur les étalages, jusqu’à ce que les grandes surfaces commencent elles aussi à remettre en question leur modèle économique. 4Le sentiment d’une perte dramatique de diversité variétale a incité professionnels et amateurs à entreprendre des actions de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur depuis la fin des années 1970. Mais ce mouvement fut loin d’être linéaire : après une première période de relance, il s’est peu à peu essoufflé, jusqu’à réapparaître au tournant du millénaire pour devenir un vecteur important de la recherche de nouvelles saveurs, et de nouvelles priorités pour les consommateurs. 5Au seuil d’une nouvelle reconnaissance, il est intéressant de retracer brièvement l’histoire de l’éclipse et de la renaissance progressive de quelques variétés anciennes, à partir principalement d’exemples d’Île-de-France, avant de voir comment ce regain d’intérêt peut évoluer dans un monde dont les mutations vont en s’accélérant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how modern agricultural practices and the imposition of production standards have endangered biodiversity, suggesting that not just ancient seed varieties contribute to biodiversity. It mentions the emergence of interest in both old varieties and new priorities from consumers, indicating a broader perspective on agricultural diversity that extends beyond solely ancient varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: This high helicase activity of the ctPrp43-HL mutant is in clear contrast to the results for MLE and thus indicates a different RNA translocation mechanism between the two subfamilies of DEAH-box and DExH-box helicases. This difference in the translocation mechanism is consistent with the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure. An interaction between the Hook-Loop and the RNA, as seen in MLE, is unlikely in Prp43 because the Hook-Loop residues point at the opposite direction and do not contact the RNA (Figure 7b). In contrast, Arg 180 and Phe 181 of the Hook-Turn directly point at the RNA, and after ATP-hydrolysis these residues are moving towards the RNA (Figure 7b) and presumably hook in between the bases. The Hook-Turn exhibits some flexibility since its main chain is present in two alternative conformations in the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) complex structure. According to this structure, this β-turn is present as type I (47%) and type II (53%) (Figure 2—figure supplement 1). The assumption that the Hook-Turn is the key player of RNA translocation in Prp43 is additionally strengthened by the results of the ILS disassembly assay (Figure 5f, g and h). The ctPrp43-HL mutant dissociates ILSs at the wild-type protein level ~60% (Figure 5c and g), while the activity of both ctPrp43-HT and ctPrp43-HT&HL is abolished and is similar to the background level of scILS at ~10% (Figure 5a, f and h). These data confirmed that also in the spliceosome only the Hook-Turn residues are crucial for the function of Prp43, while the Hook-Loop residues are not required. In order to address the possibility that the reduced helicase activity of the HT mutant is caused by a reduced affinity for RNA, the RNA binding was measured by means of fluorescence anisotropy revealing that this mutant is able to bind U16-RNA even with a higher affinity than the wild-type protein (KD 0. 84 ± 0. 05 µM vs. 4. 98 ± 0. 57 µM) (Figure 4b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding mechanical stress and conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses the activities and structures of specific helicase mutants and their interactions with RNA, which is unrelated to mechanical stress. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.