Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: The first step is mediated by bile salt hydrolases, which deconjugate taurine and glycine from conjugated forms and reform the unconjugated PBAs. Bile salt hydrolases are widely distributed across gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in the gut including species belonging to the Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus. In the terminal ileum, 95% of deconjugated PBAs are reabsorbed via the apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter, while the remaining 5% enter the colon [28]. The second step is 7α-dehydroxylation in the distal ileum and colon, by which unconjugated PBAs (cholic acid and CDCA) are converted to secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid [26, 27]. At present, only a few bacteria are known to mediate this step [26]. Ursodeoxycholic acid is another secondary bile acid in humans that is produced in small quantities following epimerization of the 7α-hydroxyl group of deconjugated CDCA. Regulation of Immune and cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and abrogate autoimmune disease [29]. These cells generally suppress or downregulate the induction and proliferation of effector T cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that Clostridium is a strong inducer of Tregs through butyrate production [29‒31] (Fig. 2). In germ-free mice, a reduced luminal concentration of SCFAs is accompanied by impaired development of intestinal Treg cells [31, 32]. Therefore, a decrease in the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, may lead to a disruption in mucosal homeostasis [33]. Fig. 2. View largeDownload slide Role of gut microbes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mucosal immune responses. Butyrate, derived from high butyrate-producing bacteria (e. g. , the order Clostridiales), induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibits NF-κB activation in various cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of gut bacteria, such as Clostridium, in the production of butyrate, which induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) that modulate the immune system. It also highlights the importance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in intestinal health and mucosal immune responses, thereby linking gut microbiota to both digestion and immunity. Although the text does not directly address mood regulation, the implication of immune modulation indirectly suggests a connection, as the immune system is known to interact with mood regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: , 2012), as it is replaced by by-products such as petroleum waste, scrap tires, and rice husks derived from various activities in agriculture and industry. The volume of waste can be somewhat decreased if these wastes are employed as low-cost adsorbents. Low-cost adsorbents like apricot shell can be used (Aygün et al. , 2003), barley straw, citric acid (Pehlivan et al. , 2012), cashew nutshell (Kumar et al. , 2011), corncob (Juang et al. , 2002), cotton and gingelly seed shell (Thinakaran et al. , 2008), if developed, can also reduce wastewater pollution at a reasonable cost (Lofrano, 2012). Furthermore, there is a group of agricultural residues capable of absorbing various pollutants for wastewater treatment, including hemicelluloses, lignin, lipids, proteins, simple sugars, water, hydrocarbons, and starch (Bhatnagar & Sillanpää, 2010; Bhatnagar et al. , 2015). Solar energy for water desalinationDesalination removes minerals and salts from saltwater water to generate freshwater for human consumption or irrigation (Zapata-Sierra et al. , 2021). It is used to treat seawater and brackish water according to various parameters. Seawater desalination is accomplished on a large scale in and the Gulf countries, mainly using electricity. Figure 5 shows desalinated water production in some (Abu-Zeid & Hamdy, 2008). Desalination does have a role in the Arab-rich oil countries as one option among others to be considered (Abu-Zeid & Hamdy, 2008). Figure 5. Desalinated water production in some Arab Countries. Note. UAE = Emirates; KSA = Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Solar desalination is an environmentally friendly technology that can help to address water scarcity and improve water security. This technology involves using solar energy to power the desalination of seawater or brackish water into fresh water. The use of solar energy makes this technology both sustainable and renewable, as it reduces the reliance on traditional sources of energy, such as fossil fuels, which emit greenhouse gases and contribute to climate change. Solar desalination effectively improves water security in regions with limited access to freshwater resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by showing that water scarcity is not limited to developing countries. It discusses the use of solar desalination technology in Arab-rich oil countries, indicating that even wealthy nations face challenges related to water resources. Furthermore, it emphasizes the global nature of water scarcity, particularly how solar desalination can improve water security in regions with limited access to freshwater, thus undermining the notion that only developing countries experience this issue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 3 for the viral metagenome and 4481541. 3 for the cellular metagenome. The viral metagenome was previously described in Anderson et al. [3] and was uploaded under MG-RAST v2, and is still available at 4448187. 3. We used TagCleaner [31] to trim tags from the 5′ end of each sequence in the cellular metagenome. Assembly of both the viral and cellular metagenomes was conducted in Geneious [32] using the “Medium Sensitivity” method, with a word length of 14, a maximum gap size of 2, maximum gaps per read of 15, and maximum mismatches of 2. To classify sequences using di, tri, and tetranucleotide analysis, we created a boutique database of bacterial and archaeal virus sequences (Table S2) as a training set to accompany the existing cellular dataset in PhylopythiaS [33], which was used to identify archaea, bacteria, archaeal viruses and bacterial viruses. Metagenomes were assembled in Geneious prior to classification with PhylopythiaS; only contigs over 1000bp in length were used. Enrichment of proviruses and mobile genetic elements To identify the numbers of reads in each metagenome matching lysogenic viruses, metagenomes were compared to a database of sequences from the “Prophages” category in the database [34]. To assess abundance of mobile genetic elements, we compared all metagenomes to a dataset of Pfam seed sequences [35] matching transposases, recombinases, resolvases and integrases, listed in Table S3, using tblastn with an e-value cutoff of 10–5. The number of unique reads with a match to a sequence from the query sequence collection was tallied and normalized to the number of reads in the metagenome. Only metagenomes generated with 454 pyrosequencing were used for the analysis, so that all metagenomic reads had a length ranging from approximately 100 to 300 bp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems and life's origins. It focuses on the analysis of metagenomes, specifically viral and cellular metagenomes, without mentioning hydrothermal vents or their relevance to the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: The action of butyrate is mediated by the inhibition of histone deacetylase activity. On the other hand, a low-fiber diet is associated with a thinning of the mucous layer and induces easy access of bacteria to the epithelial cells. Th17 cell induction is mediated by epithelial cell-adhesive bacteria spp. This figure is a modified version of the author’s picture that first appeared in Digestion2016; 93:176. Fig. 2. View largeDownload slide Role of gut microbes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mucosal immune responses. Butyrate, derived from high butyrate-producing bacteria (e. g. , the order Clostridiales), induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibits NF-κB activation in various cells. The action of butyrate is mediated by the inhibition of histone deacetylase activity. On the other hand, a low-fiber diet is associated with a thinning of the mucous layer and induces easy access of bacteria to the epithelial cells. Th17 cell induction is mediated by epithelial cell-adhesive bacteria spp. This figure is a modified version of the author’s picture that first appeared in Digestion2016; 93:176. Close modal The gut bacteria also play a crucial role in the induction of effector T cells in the GI tract. Th17 cells are a class of CD4+ T cells characterized by the secretion of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 [34]. Aberrant regulation of Th17 cells plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders [34]. The EC-adhesive character of microbes is crucial for induction of Th17 cells in the mucosa [35]. Moreover, it has been reported that a mixture of 20 bacterial strains, isolated from a patient with UC, stimulated Th17 induction and exhibited EC-adhesive characteristics [35]. of by Butyrate SCFAs, particularly butyrate, have strong anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of the production of inflammatory mediators in many cell types [36]. These effects are mediated by the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. HDAC activity, combined with histone acetyltransferases, regulates the degree of protein acetylation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of gut microbes, specifically butyrate and Th17 cells, in the mucosal immune response, which is a key aspect of immunity. It discusses how butyrate, produced by gut bacteria, has significant anti-inflammatory effects and plays a role in the induction of regulatory T cells, linking gut microbiome activity directly to immune function. Furthermore, the text mentions the impact of a low-fiber diet on gut health, indirectly relating to digestion and mood regulation through gut health and immune response connections.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: In addition, solar desalination systems can be designed and implemented modularly, allowing for their deployment in remote locations. This makes them particularly useful in rural communities, where access to water and energy is often limited. Regarding the technology, several types of solar desalination systems exist, including multi-effect distillation, reverse osmosis, and direct solar stills. Each system has advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific application and environmental conditions. Despite the potential benefits of solar desalination, some challenges are associated with its implementation. For example, the initial cost of setting up a solar desalination system can be high, limiting its widespread adoption. Additionally, the maintenance and repair of these systems can also be complex and costly, requiring specialized training and technical expertise. Overall, solar desalination is a promising solution for sustainable water savings and improving water security in regions facing water scarcity. Solar desalination has been so popular over the years that sailors with simple and compact solar trailers have used it to desalinate water. Solar energy is a free resource, but freshwater needs much energy to produce, and a sensitive study is required to assess the cost of solar water desalination (Compain, 2012). Water with salinity below 500 ppm is considered safe to drink. Above this value, it needs desalination, starting with the treatment of the water to be pumped from the water sources (sea or estuaries, etc. ), followed by desalination, and, finally, the subsequent treatment, which includes adding minerals if necessary. Solar technologies can be divided into photovoltaic (PV) technology and concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies (Azouzoute et al. , 2020). The latter mainly include parabolic troughs, reflector systems, and central tower receivers (Compain, 2012). Furthermore, several desalination processes and technologies are available to produce freshwater, including reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and vapor compression (VC) (mechanical [MVC] and thermal [TVC]) (S. U. -D. Khan et al. , 2017). Desalination opportunities are likely to be more efficient and cleaner in obtaining and keeping freshwater available at any time through desalination technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various solar desalination technologies and their applications for addressing water scarcity, but it does not specifically differentiate their impact based on the level of development of countries. It speaks about potential uses in rural communities and various desalination methods, which may be applicable in both developing and developed countries. Therefore, it does not directly support or contrast the claim about water scarcity being restricted to developing countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Relative enrichment of gene categories We tallied gene categories by adding “abundance” counts for each functional category as defined by the KEGG Orthology database [36], the Clusters of (COG) database [37], or the SEED Subsystems database [38] in MG-RAST v3, using an e-value cutoff of 10−3. For the combined analysis of 20 cellular metagenomes and 23 viral metagenomes, all abundance counts for either viral or cellular metagenomes were tallied together. We used Xipe-Totec [39], a nonparametric method of statistical analysis using a difference of medians analysis, to determine whether abundance differences were statistically significant. For this analysis, we used a confidence level of 95% and a sample size of 5000 to determine significance. Fragment recruitment Cellular metagenomic reads were recruited to genomes of hydrothermal vent isolates using NUCmer, part of the MUMmer 3. 0 package [40], with the following parameters for the command line: -minmatch 10 -breaklen 1200 -maxgap 1000 -mincluster 50. Fragment recruitments were visualized using mummerplot in the MUMmer package. Coverage plots were created by using the show-coords command in MUMmer, then in-house Python scripts were used to calculate coverage for each base pair position. Coverage plots were created with a convolution function in numpy, using a moving average window size of 50000. Calculation of dN/dS Prior to calculation of dN/dS ratios for genes mapped by each metagenome, metagenomes were subjected to stringent error filtering using Prinseq [41] with the following parameters: minimum sequence length of 60bp; minimum mean quality score of 30; maximum number of allowed Ns per sequence of 4; and low-complexity threshold of 70 (using Entropy). The dN/dS ratio measures selection pressures by calculating whether the number of non-synonymous substitutions (dN) in a gene is greater or fewer than the number expected by chance compared to the number of synonymous substitutions (dS). A majority-rule consensus was calculated from the mapped reads; the number of possible synonymous or nonsynonymous substitutions was then tallied and compared to the number of actual synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on technical details of statistical analysis and gene categorization related to metagenomic research, with no mention of hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their implications for the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: 1), depletion of butyrate-producing bacteria results in a metabolic reorientation of surface colonocytes toward anaerobic glycolysis and an increase of oxygen diffusion into the lumen and induces a luminal aerobe and/or facultative anaerobe expansion by aerobic respiration. Thus, the dysbiosis observed in IBD could be explained by a complex interaction between the decrease of butyrate-producing bacteria, increase of epithelial oxygenation, oxygen diffusion into the lumen, and expansion of facultative bacteria (Proteobacteria). A recent multi-omics study showed functional dysbiosis in the gut microbiome of IBD patients, which is characterized by molecular disruption of microbial transcription, metabolite pools (bile acids and SCFAs), and antibodies in host serum [47]. Mycobiome in IBD Fungi have been reported to be detectable in the GI tract in approximately 70% of healthy humans. They account for approximately 0. 1% of the gut microbiome and have an antagonistic and/or synergistic relationship with bacteria and viruses in the gut [48]. The number of fungi sequentially increases from the ileum to the colon and reaches a maximum at the distal colon [48]. The diversity and abundance of fungi in the GI tract are much lower than those of bacteria, and their composition is considered to be diverse and unstable [49]. The mycobiome of the human GI tract mainly consists of three major phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota. The genus Candida is predominant, and other fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Mucor, and Trichosporon, are occasionally detectable [48]. There is a growing body of evidence favoring pro-inflammatory roles for the gut mycobiome in the pathophysiology of IBD [50, 51]. However, there are a few reports on the gut mycobiome in the Japanese population. The mycobiome of healthy Japanese mainly consists of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota [8]. These are comparable with those of Western populations [10], though there are considerable differences at the genus level. The genus Saccharomyces is dominant in both Japanese and Western populations, but other major taxa of the Japanese population, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex interactions between various components of the gut microbiome, including both bacteria and fungi, and how these microbial populations can influence physiological processes. It specifically mentions dysbiosis in conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and highlights the importance of butyrate-producing bacteria and the roles of the mycobiome, which is linked to gut health and potential inflammatory responses, thus connecting to the broader role of the gut microbiome in digestion and immunity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Solar-powered groundwater pumping systemsThe technology for pumping water from its source to the place of demand has been used in remote areas where water is unavailable and cannot be easily used. Traditionally, the electricity generated has primarily been supplied by burning fossil fuels from national grids (Aliyu et al. , 2018). This has led to a problem in providing water to remote areas that cannot be connected directly to a national network station (Meah et al. , 2008), in addition to the environmental problems resulting from burning fossil fuels. Therefore, researchers are turning to alternative methods of pumping water that rely on renewable sources. There are multiple technical alternatives to powering or lifting groundwater systems, including wind turbines, windmills, generators, and solar arrays. Solar-powered groundwater pumping systems are robust and mobile and have long-term economic benefits. Moreover, alternative energy is more cost-effective than the nearest electricity grid and cleaner than traditional methods. Therefore, solar-powered groundwater pumping systems have been adopted for livestock and remote watering applications (University Extension, n. d. ), grassland restoration, electricity generation, desalination, drinking water, mining application, and domestic uses (Aliyu et al. , 2018). There are many factors to consider when selecting the appropriate water pumping technology, such as regional feasibility, water demand, system efficiency, and initial and long-term costs (University Extension, n. d. ). Networks for monitoring water developmentGiven the scarcity of water across the entire world and in the World region in particular, and because of frequent and continuous water problems such as leakage, pollution, and increased demand, it is necessary to devise environmental monitoring systems specialized in the field of water to monitor and manage water quality, as well as create an information base for use by all bodies involved in research and implementation. Regrettably, developing countries rely on traditional water sampling methods and analysis methods. Due to a lack of technical knowledge and financial shortages, they lack the capabilities to obtain and analyze the data in real-time and quickly disseminate the collected information, which is necessary for the pursuit of effective water quality monitoring, not to mention arduous (Demetillo et al. , 2019). A Network (WSN) is suitable for monitoring the physical and chemical properties of water and water quality and has low cost and human resources requirements (et al. , 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the global issue of water scarcity, stating 'Given the scarcity of water across the entire world and in the World region in particular.' This indicates that water scarcity is not limited to developing countries but is a widespread issue affecting regions globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: We mapped reads from both the viral and cellular metagenomes to the vent isolate genomes using CLC with the criteria of 80% identity and 80% coverage, using previously established benchmarks [42]. Mapping results were exported in ACE format; dN/dS was calculated for each gene using the Python scripts described in Tai et al. [42]. Polymorphisms were only tallied for positions with a mapping depth of at least 5X; only genes with at least 100 nucleotides at 5X depth were included in the analysis. Redundant genes were deleted from the analysis; only the dN/dS value for the gene with higher coverage was retained. The files used to define gene coordinates were downloaded from with the exception of T. kodakarensis, which was derived from a. gff file obtained from NCBI. The 95% confidence interval was calculated for all genes mapped by the viral and cellular metagenomes with dN/dS less than 1 (subject to purifying selection) using alpha = 0. 05. Results and features of the metagenomes Metagenomic sequencing of the cellular and viral fractions from the large sample of hydrothermal fluid yielded a total of 808,051 and 231,246 sequence reads, respectively. The cellular metagenome contained reads from a wide variety of bacterial and archaeal taxa, including Thermococcales, methanogens, I and II, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and many others, reflecting the wide range of ecological niches represented in the sample. Figure 1 indicates that approximately 31% of the cellular metagenome and 47% of the viral metagenome (virome) sequences had no matches to the M5NR database (classified here as “Unknown”) [43]. An analysis of the viral metagenome alone, including the taxa and diversity of viruses and their general host range, has been published previously [3]. Close matches between spacers identified in the cellular metagenome and sequences in the viral metagenome suggest an active and relatively recent relationship between the two gene pools (see File S1). Classification of the cellular and viral metagenomes showed that only 2% of the reads from the cellular fraction matched archaeal genes, whereas nearly 8% of the viral metagenome reads matched archaeal genes (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses metagenomic analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems, detailing the methods and results of sequencing cellular and viral metagenomes. However, it does not directly discuss the origins of life or provide clues related to that claim. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: , the genera Sarocladium and Leucosporidium, were not detected in Western population [10]. In contrast, major taxa reported in Western populations, e. g. , the genera Debaryomyces and Penicillium, were not detected in the Japanese samples [10]. In IBD patients, and particularly in CD, the overall structure of the mycobiome differs markedly from that of healthy individuals [8, 10]. Therefore, the compositional structure of the gut mycobiome differs considerably between Japanese and Western patients with IBD. The phylum Basidiomycota was lower, and the phylum Ascomycota was higher in Japanese IBD patients, but in Western IBD patients, Basidiomycota is higher and Ascomycota was lower. An increase of the genus Candida is a major factor contributing to the alteration of mycobiome in Japanese CD patients, but an increase of the genus Saccharomyces is characteristic in Western patients. Virome in IBD The gut virome, which is mainly composed of bacteriophages (phages), influences gut homeostasis and pathogenic conditions via an interaction with the gut bacterial community [5, 9, 52]. Viruses that infect prokaryotic cells (bacteria and/or archaea) account for 90% of all viruses, and the remaining 10% are eukaryotic viruses that infect plants and animals including humans [53]. Phages replicate and proliferate in the infected cells (bacteria) and are subsequently released via cell rupture (the lytic cycle) [53, 54]. The lytic cycle modifies the proportion of bacterial strains and is deeply involved in shaping the gut bacterial community. On the other hand, some phages insert their genetic information directly into the genome of the infected cells and transmit viral genomic information to the next generation of host cells (lysogeny) [53, 54]. In the gut, many phages exist in a lysogenic or latent state and are retained as integrated prophages within the host bacterium [5]. This process may alter either the immunogenicity of bacteria, thus affecting the bacteria-host interactions, or the bacterial functions such as antibiotic resistance and toxin synthesis [9, 53]. The human gut virome in healthy individuals is primarily diverse between individuals and temporally stable [55, 56]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the gut virome and mycobiome influence gut homeostasis and the bacterial community, which are essential components in digestion and immunity. Additionally, alterations such as the increase of certain genera of fungi (like Candida and Saccharomyces) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest a connection to gut health, which relates to the claim that the gut microbiome impacts various bodily functions. Furthermore, the role of phages affecting bacterial functions, including antibiotic resistance and immunogenicity, ties the gut microbiome to the broader aspects of immunity and potentially mood regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Moreover, it has notable advantages, such as its portability (Rashid & Rehmani, 2016), the ability to obtain data almost instantaneously, and the ability to record and publish data as quickly as possible (Can & Demirbas, 2015). Because the electronic component of WSN applications does not tolerate water intrusion and moisture, WSN applications for water areas present more challenges than terrestrial WSN applications (Perez et al. , 2011). Several studies have been conducted that complement research on changes in the various components of water storage, including surface and groundwater in the Middle East. These have reanalyzed the components of terrestrial hydrological storage from 1980 to 2019 by combining satellite remote sensing observations with a hydrological model. The results reveal a significant depletion of water storage in all regions of the Middle East, a significant depletion of water in groundwater and arid and semi-arid regions, and a further deterioration of water storage in the eastern, northwestern, and western parts of the region. There is a relationship between reduced water storage and other environmental factors, such as loss of vegetation cover (Khaki & Hoteit, 2021). Off-grid rural water and energy systems designEconomic and social growth and poverty alleviation depend on the quality and availability of water and energy resources. East and region suffer from water scarcity, poor water management and distribution, and a shortage of water and power facilities. Therefore, it is essential to highlight this crisis to address it and avoid aggravating the problem. Investments that alleviate the power and water facilities shortage can be encouraged by identifying the economic and geographic problems associated with expanding utility networks and implementing distributed power systems in low-income rural environments, as some countries have done (Tabatabaei et al. , 2017). Pricing policies have been used to stimulate the development of clean technology and bring about changes in energy behavior. In addition, various utilities are priced according to the technical configuration of the system (Li et al. , 2014; Mancarella, 2014; Zhou & Yang, 2016). Furthermore, decision-makers can also propose a tariff policy based on the economic and environmental performance of the system (Parra & Patel, 2016). A multi-objective pricing and tariff strategy (environmental, economic, and social) for water and energy utilities has been proposed that considers regulatory market constraints on developing countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that water scarcity affects regions beyond developing countries. It specifically discusses significant depletion of water storage in all regions of the Middle East, which includes countries that may not be classified as developing, indicating that water scarcity is a widespread issue. Additionally, it highlights the challenges in arid and semi-arid regions, further suggesting that water scarcity is not confined to developing countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Nucleotide signature matching of assembled contigs longer than 1000 bp using PhylopythiaS [33] indicated that a disproportionate percentage of contigs in both metagenomes matched nucleotide compositional patterns of archaeal viruses, given that bacterial reads dominate both metagenomes (Figure S1). The percentage of contigs matching bacterial nucleotide compositional patterns was greater than the percentage of contigs with archaeal patterns by a ratio of 2. 8 to 1 in the cellular metagenome. However, contigs matching bacterial virus patterns outnumbered contigs with archaeal virus patterns by only 1. 8 to 1 in the viral metagenome. Taken together, these observations suggest that archaeal viruses may be disproportionally abundant in the vent habitat compared to the relative abundance of bacteria to archaea. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Pie charts showing breakdown of read classification for the cellular metagenome (A) and the viral metagenome (B) according to annotation by the M5NR database. Reads were annotated with a minimum e-value cutoff of 1e-05. of viral metagenome contigs yielded many short, high-coverage (>20X coverage) contigs shorter than 6 kb (Figure S2). The cellular metagenome did not exhibit contigs with such high coverage and short length. In contrast, several contigs in the viral metagenome had relatively low coverage but were quite long. We annotated reads based on the best matches to the SEED database, and determined the taxonomy of each contig based on the annotation of the majority of the contained reads [3]. Many of the long, low-coverage contigs were annotated as bacterial or archaeal, whereas many shorter, high-coverage contigs were annotated as unknown (Figure S2). We considered the long, low-coverage contigs with cellular annotation to be more likely to be derived from cellular contamination, whereas the high-coverage, shorter contigs with unknown annotation are more likely to be derived from viruses. These high-coverage contigs may include certain viral genomes that occurred at high frequency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the nucleotide signature matching and the abundance of contigs in metagenomes linked to bacterial and archaeal viruses, but it does not provide any direct evidence or insights related to the origins of life or hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: In healthy individuals, the order Caudovirales or the family Microviridae phages are predominant, latently infecting their bacterial hosts and generating few viral progenies that may infect and kill other bacteria [55, 57]. In patients with IBD, alterations in the gut virome have been suggested. Pérez-Brocal et al. [58] reported an increase in the abundance of Clostridiales, Alteromonadales, and Clostridium acetobutylicum-infecting phages, as well as the Retroviridae family in IBD. Zuo et al. [11] recently reported Caudovirales phage expansion in clinically active UC patients, and this was accompanied by an increased abundance of the Escherichia and Enterobacteria phages [11]. Norman et al. [52] observed a selective increase in the richness of the Caudovirales phage in IBD patients, indicating that phage expansion was restricted to certain taxa. However, there are still only a limited number of reports on the gut virome of IBD patients. In association with industrialization, the number of patients with IBD is growing globally. Alteration of the gut microbiome may be one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of IBD. The compositional and functional changes in the luminal and mucosal bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome are reproducibly altered in IBD, and this dysbiosis promotes aggressive mucosal immune responses and injury. However, there are many issues to be clarified, in particular in the mycobiome and virome. These can be identified using available genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic technologies and rapidly developing computational and biostatistics tools. Conflict of The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. This work was supported by the for and Development (AMED) under Grant No. JP20gm1010008h9904 (A. A. ), in part by a Grants-in-Aid for from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan under Grant No. 22K07664 (A. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the alterations in the gut microbiome in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and the implications that these alterations have on immune responses. It states that 'compositional and functional changes in the luminal and mucosal bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome are reproducibly altered in IBD, and this dysbiosis promotes aggressive mucosal immune responses and injury,' suggesting that the gut microbiome's functionality is related to immune regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: The lack of potable water, sewage, and water pollution have caused severe health problems. According to the Organization, waterborne diseases still account for half of all child deaths worldwide (Pahl-Wostl et al. , 2016). Furthermore, the estimates that 1. 7 million people, 90% of children under five, die annually due to a lack of sanitation and safe drinking water (World Bank, 2013). Multiple strategies for maintaining water security can be summarized as water management through risk reduction. For example, controlling rivers and keeping water away from landscapes and human life using structural measures such as dams or reservoirs to protect cities and dry land cultivation from flooding; the detection of hazards in early stages using remote sensing and automation devices to reduce the penetration of water resources (Pahl-Wostl et al. , 2016); working to address barriers between water and food security, including improvements in measuring sustainable practices in crop production and policies to facilitate dialog and information exchange, and strengthen trade agreements between food trading partners (Piñeiro et al. , 2020); financing various water projects and encouraging investments that improve infrastructure (Melody et al. , 2010). In addition, rainwater harvesting collectors and pumping systems, along with water treatment and storage units, have been used in rural communities to improve the coverage of water facilities in isolated areas (Kelly et al. , 2018). As discussed previously, the concept of water security must be included in the political plan of the state, but to what extent are these plans implemented and the concept of sustainability activated in the water system? In previous experiments with other concepts, such as food security, for example, a small part of food sustainability has been presented as an issue of food access at a human level (Cook & Bakker, 2012) or as a fossil fuels problem. Ongoing debates and disagreements about water security in areas where this occurs have created tensions between countries that do not lead to sustainable solutions (Fischhendler & Katz, 2013). Notwithstanding the difficulty of achieving sustainability in water security, it is necessary to continue research and spread awareness about vital concepts that concern humanity, such as water security and others, to devise a better approach that contributes to solving the problem as effectively as possible. Young people must contribute to reaching sustainable environmental objectives in all sectors to achieve sustainability, given that they are more conscious than ever of their huge interest in identifying and tackling global concerns such as climate change, conflict, and poverty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that water scarcity and related health issues are global problems, not limited to developing countries. It emphasizes that waterborne diseases are a significant cause of child deaths worldwide and discusses various strategies for improving water security that are applicable in diverse contexts, suggesting that water scarcity is a concern for both developed and developing regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: While we attempted to eliminate cellular contamination through size fractionation and chloroform and DNAse treatment prior to sequencing, and 16S PCR tests of extracted viral DNA returned no amplification of cellular material, we sought to further reduce cellular contamination in silico. We created a “viral subset” of the viral metagenome consisting of reads assembled into contigs with a coverage of 8 or greater, or assembled into contigs annotated as viral or unknown. The aim of producing a subset was to remove low-coverage contigs more likely to be derived from cellular contamination. We chose a coverage cutoff of 8 because most long contigs annotated as bacterial or archaeal had a coverage of approximately 8 or lower (Figure S2). The goal of this subset was not to generate a “pure” viral metagenome but rather to reduce the number of reads that may represent cellular contamination, which is frequently an issue in viral metagenomics [44], [45]. While the high percentage of unknown contigs in viral metagenomes makes any attempts at removing contamination difficult, this subset eliminates reads from low-coverage contigs with bacterial or archaeal annotation that are more likely to be derived from cellular contamination. Except in specific cases noted below, the analyses presented here or in the supplementary figures include both the original virome as well as the “viral subset” so that both may be compared. Assessing the potential for horizontal gene transfer To assess the degree to which cells and viruses in hydrothermal ecosystems are capable of horizontal gene transfer or integration of proviruses, we determined the relative abundances of provirus genes (Table 1) and genes related to DNA transfer or mobilization (Table 2) in the hydrothermal vent cellular and viral metagenomes. We used the “Prophage” dataset in the database [34] to identify provirus-related proteins in 22 pyrosequenced cellular metagenomes. These metagenomes were chosen to represent a range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, while controlling for sequencing method. Table 1 indicates that relative to the 22 cellular metagenomes, the hydrothermal vent cellular metagenome contained a high percentage of reads (approximately 4%) that match provirus-coding regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on the techniques and methodologies used to reduce cellular contamination in viral metagenomics and does not directly address how these analyses relate to the understanding of life's origins. It discusses the assessment of horizontal gene transfer in hydrothermal ecosystems, which might be tangentially related to the claim but does not provide direct evidence or insights that would support or contest the relationship between hydrothermal vent ecosystems and life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Rev. 2021;42:1603990. 14. . Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity. 2010 Jan;18(1):190–5. 15. . The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Oct;9(10):577–89. 16. . The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier. Gut. 2016 Feb;65(2):330–9. 17. McNeil NI. The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Clin Nutr. 1984 Feb;39(2):338–42. 18. Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S. Fermentation in the human large intestine: its physiologic consequences and the potential contribution of prebiotics. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov;45 Suppl:S120–7. 19. . Review 79. 20. . The role of pH in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol. 2009 Aug;11(8):2112–22. 21. . Dysbiotic proteobacteria expansion: a microbial signature of epithelial dysfunction. Microbiol. 2017 Oct;39:1–6. 22. . Colonocyte metabolism shapes the gut microbiota. Science. 2018 Nov;362(6418):eaat9076. 23. . Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism. Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:13. 24. d’. Indoleacrylic acid produced by commensal peptostreptococcus species suppresses inflammation. Microbe. 2017 Jul 12;22(1):25–37. e6. 25. . CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Nat Med. 2016 Jun;22(6):598–605. 26. . Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Feb;15(2):111–28. 27. . Dysbiosis-induced secondary bile acid deficiency promotes intestinal inflammation. Microbe. 2020 Apr 8;27(4):659–70. e5. 28. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that discuss the role of the gut microbiota in various aspects of health, including nutrition and immunity, which supports the assertion that the gut microbiome is important for processes such as digestion and immune function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Young people are also viewed as agents of change. According to Sam Loni, a of the (Youth), school and university students can react to instruction focused on tackling complicated problems. Their educational and research initiatives provide individuals with the information they need to comprehend and engage in Goals and implement that knowledge. In addition, various UN organizations are working to improve young people’s views to achieve Goal 16 on youth involvement (Izquierdo, n. d. ; 2018). Furthermore, work will be undertaken on the participation and cooperation of stakeholders with young people to develop policies that reach sustainable development solutions through social media, increasing opportunities for greater recognition and creating stronger solidarity among youth. This must be preserved, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (& Ariffin, 2021). This message highlights the importance of universities, schools, colleges, training centers, unions, and any governmental or private institution in qualifying the sector’s future leaders. This will enable them to serve the Arab region by contributing to realizing and disseminating the concept of sustainable development and understanding all interrelated water sciences such as engineering, science, agriculture, irrigation, economics, management, and other required sub-disciplines of computer and finance. Youth engagement can also be achieved by shifting school service-learning projects, diplomas, bachelor’s, and job-related programs to align explicitly with the SDG framework. Centers of Excellence for specialized studies (CoE)of Excellence (CoE) is aware that this is “a vital component for any organization wishing to achieve a digital transformation of its business. ” CoE aims to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve production quality by creating operational initiatives. It is helpful in a range of cases, including the following (EN, 2021):•Arranging priorities in any project, along with the correct organization of resources, saves time and effort and speeds up production, thereby improving the financial situation. •CoE facilitates communication because the center serves as a link between individual elements and governments. •CoE achieves collaboration, exchange of ideas, and access to information quickly among all project participants, regardless of their geographical location or work location. •Flexibility in operations is subject to change and improvement in production by creating reports that help make strategic decisions. •Committing to investment projects, eliminating inefficient practices, and reducing the time required to implement new skills and technologies, resulting in restructuring resources and operating costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of young people in sustainable development and education, rather than addressing water scarcity and its effects on countries. It does not mention water scarcity in the context of developing or developed countries, thus failing to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Previous work with Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790 [48] and Prochlorococcus genomes [47] used this technique to identify genomic islands that most likely represented regions of virally-mediated lateral gene transfer; in the case of Prochlorococcus, these genes are differentially expressed under light and nutrient stress [47]. We performed fragment recruitment of the hydrothermal vent cellular metagenome against the genomes of all isolates of hydrothermal vent bacteria and archaea available in the NCBI database. In most cases, the metagenome did not recruit to the isolate genomes with high enough coverage to yield useful data. Nautilia profundicola AmH successfully recruited reads at high coverage, but no metagenomic islands were found. Recruitment of the cellular metagenome to the longest contig (ABCJ01000001) of the draft genome of Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2, a chemolithotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying Epsilonproteobacterium that was isolated from the walls of a hydrothermal vent chimney on the Mid-[50], yielded a number of regions with relatively low coverage (Figure 2). The first, a region with relatively low coverage between 160000 and 200000 bp, contains a series of loci. regions are dedicated to viral and plasmid immunity by effectively creating a library of previous infection, and therefore are highly specific to a given environment. Therefore recruitment to loci should naturally yield lower coverage, particularly for a metagenome sampled in a different geographic location than this isolate. Aside from the region, recruitment yielded two distinct genomic islands: one region of approximately 40 kbp, followed by a second low-coverage region of approximately 15 kbp (Figure 2), separated from each other by a 20 kbp region that includes a ribosome. The first genomic island coincides with a region with relatively high GC content, which suggests this region was transferred into the C. mediatlanticus genome. A phage integrase gene is located approximately 58 kbp downstream of the 3′ end of the first genomic island, though its presence there is not necessarily conclusive evidence that the region was introduced by a virus. The first genomic island begins near a tRNA gene, a common site for integration of horizontally transferred regions [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily focuses on genomic analysis of specific microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent ecosystems and their genomic characteristics, but it does not address or provide any information directly related to life's origins. Thus, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: The interaction between bacteria and bile. . 2005 Sep;29(4):625–51. 29. Kamada N, Nunez G. Regulation of the immune system by the resident intestinal bacteria. Gastroenterology. 2014 May;146(6):1477–88. 30. . Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species. Science. 2011 Jan 21;331(6015):337–41. 31. . Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature. 2013 Dec 19;504(7480):446–50. 32. -Y M,. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):569–73. 33. . Decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the gut microbiota of Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Apr;28(4):613–9. 34. Waite JC, Skokos D. Th17 response and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Inflam. 2012;2012:1–10. 35. . Th17 cell induction by adhesion of microbes to intestinal epithelial cells. Cell. 2015 Oct 8;163(2):367–80. 36. . Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients. 2011 Oct;3(10):858–76. 37. . Counter-regulatory effect of sodium butyrate on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced complement C3 and factor B biosynthesis in human intestinal epithelial cells. Immunol. 2001;118(1):23–9. 38. . Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins. Gene. 2005 Dec 19;363:15–23. 39. Halsall J, Gupta V, O’. Genes are often sheltered from the global histone hyperacetylation induced by HDAC inhibitors. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33453. 40. . Disease phenotype and genotype are associated with shifts in intestinal-associated microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):179–84. 41. . Role of the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that highlight the role of microbiota in regulating the immune system (e.g., 'Regulation of the immune system by the resident intestinal bacteria') and mentions the induction of regulatory T cells which are crucial for immune response, indicating a connection between gut microbiota and immunity. Furthermore, the mention of microbial metabolites like butyrate affecting colonic Treg cell homeostasis suggests a link to mood regulation as gut health is often associated with mental health, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Today, there is a greater focus on using ICA to improve the ability of existing systems to handle the increased load due to overpopulation and urban growth. Also, conventional planning for the increased demand for drinking water and wastewater services involves designing large treatment plants. Thus, ICA can help lighten the load, temporarily shift operational goals, and temporarily or even permanently reduce load. Efforts are also being made to develop and improve the ICA system for managing water supply systems to reduce energy requirements, support early detection, ensure localization of leaks, and meet customer demand at the lowest cost. Numerous technology “push” forces will make the application of ICA increasingly economical (Yuan et al. , 2019). In the Arab region, water is the most critical natural resource. world is facing significant challenges; the lack of water exacerbates the conflicts. Some of the reasons for the scarcity are homemade plans. Nowhere is fresh water more scarce than in the Arab world. The region is home to the world’s poorest water resource states or territories. This water shortage—exacerbated by explosive population growth, the overexploitation and destruction of natural ecosystems, and popular discontent—is overshadowing the future of these countries. Urgent action is needed to break this vicious circle. First, countries must phase out the production of water-intensive crops. Grains, oilseeds, and beef should be imported from water-rich countries where they can be produced more efficiently and sustainably. For crops that continue to be grown in Arab countries, adopting more advanced technologies and best practices from around the world can help reduce water use. Membrane and distillation technologies can purify deteriorated or polluted water, treat wastewater, and desalinate brackish or seawater. Highly efficient drip irrigation can increase the region’s fruit and vegetable production without excessive water. Another important step would be to expand and improve water infrastructure to accommodate seasonal water availability, make distribution more efficient, and capture rainwater to provide an additional supply source. To reduce poverty, it is imperative to achieve water security and vital aspects related to this, such as providing water, creating job opportunities for young people, and promoting their cooperation with stakeholders and decision-makers to confront the problem. This is due to the essential role young people play and their awareness of their responsibility in identifying global problems such as climate change, poverty, and conflicts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing water scarcity issues in the Arab region, emphasizing that it is most critical there and exacerbated by various factors such as population growth and ecosystem destruction. Additionally, it discusses the need for urgent action in these countries, which suggests that water scarcity is not exclusive to developing countries, as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: In order to account for biases or omissions in various databases, we annotated reads in both the viral and cellular metagenomes according to three functional databases: the SEED Subsystems database [38], the Clusters of (COG) database [37], and the KEGG Orthology (KO) database [36] (Figures 3 and 4). Among all three databases, certain trends appeared. First, in all three cases the results indicated a high similarity in the overall relative abundances between functional genes in the cellular and viral fractions. A similar study of relative abundances of functional groups in viral and cellular metagenomes, conducted by Kristensen et al. [44] based on data collected by Dinsdale et al. [53], found a similar trend. While some of this is most likely due to cellular contamination in the viral fraction, as well as the presence of viruses in the cellular fraction, Kristensen et al. suggest this trend may also be due in part to the choice of available functional categories, which encompass functions that are generally cellular rather than viral. However, despite the likely presence of contamination in these datasets, direct comparison in this way enables us to compare the relative enrichment of certain types of genes in the viral and cellular gene pools. Comparisons between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome are shown in Figures 3 and 4; comparisons between the cellular metagenome, original virome, and viral subset are shown in Figure S3. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Functional comparisons of the hydrothermal vent cellular and viral subset metagenomes according to the SEED subsystems and Clusters of (COG) databases. Metagenomes were annotated in MG-RAST with a minimum e-value of 1e-03 and a minimum identity cutoff of 60%. A single asterisk indicates a significant difference in abundance between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome. A) Matches to the SEED subsystems database; B) matches to the COG database. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Functional comparisons of the hydrothermal vent cellular and viral subset metagenomes according to the KEGG Orthology annotation system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems and their implications for life's origins. Instead, it focuses on the annotation of viral and cellular metagenomes and comparisons among different databases, which does not provide evidence or discussion relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Dis. 2012 May;18(5):968–84. 42. . Reduced abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria species in the fecal microbial community in Crohn’s disease. Digestion. 2016;93(1):59–65. 43. . Analysis of endoscopic brush samples identified mucosa-associated dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Aug;53(1):95–106. 44. . A pyrosequencing study in twins shows that gastrointestinal microbial profiles vary with inflammatory bowel disease phenotypes. Gastroenterology. 2010 Dec;139(6):1844–54. e1. 45. . Analysis of endoscopic brush samples identified mucosa-associated dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2018 Jan;53(1):95–106. 46. . The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;50(5):495–507. 47. Lloyd--Pacheco J, Poon TW,. Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nature. 2019 May;569(7758):655–62. 48. . Fungi in gastrointestinal tracts of human and mice: from community to functions. Microb Ecol. 2018 May;75(4):821–9. 49. . The human mycobiome in health and disease. Genome Med. 2013;5(7):63. 50. Levitz SM. Innate recognition of fungal cell walls. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Apr 22;6(4):e1000758. 51. Zuo T, Ng SC. The gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2247. 52. . Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell. 2015 Jan 29;160(3):447–60. 53. . Phages and their role in gastrointestinal disease: focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Cells. 2020 Apr 18;9(4):1013. 54. Ungaro F, Massimino L, D’Alessio S, Danese S. The gut virome in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: from metagenomics to novel therapeutic approaches. Gastroenterol J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and analyses that highlight the significance of the gut microbiome in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, indicating its role in gastrointestinal health and possibly broader implications for digestion and immune responses. The mention of microbial profiles and dysbiosis suggests a direct relationship between gut microbiota changes and health outcomes, supporting the claim about the microbiome's importance in bodily functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: However, the requirements for success are not limited solely to those mentioned but instead require the ability of the concerned authorities to understand the problems and establish a research framework within work programs for many years, provide financial and legislative support, offer scientific incentives, and provide the necessary research structure to coordinate all sectors and organizations concerned with water so that all participants in such programs. Despite the lack of achievement in applying the concept of sustainable development in areas such as food security, we must not feel discouraged and instead strive to spread awareness through campaigns and conduct research on those concepts in general and water security in particular to reach a better solution to the problem. The importance of establishing training and rehabilitation centers in cooperation with the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus in the Arab region highlights the interdependence and complex interconnections between these critical resources. The region is characterized by water scarcity, high energy demand, and food security challenges, which are expected to worsen due to climate change and population growth. Understanding the WEF nexus in the MENA region is essential for developing integrated and sustainable policies and practices that can ensure the sustainable management of these resources. The water sector in the Arab region is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for the treatment, transportation, and distribution of water. This has resulted in high energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and costs. The food sector also faces similar challenges, with the heavy use of water and energy for irrigation, food processing, and transportation. This has increased resource competition, leading to potential trade-offs between water, energy, and food security. Integrated water management practices are crucial for addressing the water-energy nexus in the Arab region. This includes reducing water losses through improved water distribution systems and promoting water-efficient technologies and practices in the agriculture and energy sectors. There is also a growing interest in using renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and improve energy security in the region. The food sector also plays a critical role in the WEF nexus in the Arab region. Adopting sustainable agriculture practices, such as reducing water use through drip irrigation, improving soil health, and promoting agroforestry, can help ensure food security while reducing pressure on water and energy resources. In addition, reducing food waste and improving supply chain efficiency can help to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while improving food security. Addressing the WEF nexus in the Arab region is essential for ensuring the sustainable management of water, energy, and food resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of water scarcity in the Arab region, which includes both developing and developed areas. It emphasizes the interdependence of water, energy, and food security challenges, highlighting that these issues are not confined to developing countries alone but are exacerbated by climate change and population growth. This indicates that water scarcity is a multifaceted problem impacting regions beyond just developing nations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Metagenomes were annotated in MG-RAST with a minimum e-value of 1e-03 and a minimum identity cutoff of 60%. A single asterisk indicates a significant difference in abundance between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome. A) Matches to the KEGG Orthology database; B) Matches to the energy metabolism category of the KEGG Orthology database. was a statistically significant enrichment of reads matching phage, prophage, and transposable elements in the virome relative to the cellular metagenome (2. 3% vs. 1. 5%). These annotations were made according to the SEED Subsystems classification (Figure 3A), and we used Xipe-Totec [39] to assess statistical significance. Most viral gene hits were to distantly related head-tail viruses and cyanophage. The low percentage of matches to viral sequences overall is likely due in part to the relative lack of environmental viral sequences in public databases. We also observed an enrichment of reads matching cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups and pigments in the viral fraction (Figure 3A), which falls in line with studies identifying these types of genes on cyanophage genomes. Genes encoding vitamin B12 [53], [54], and the pigments psbA/D [55]–[58] and pebS [23] have previously been identified on cyanophage genomes. These virally encoded genes are thought to supplement host metabolism during infection, and similar processes may occur in this vent ecosystem. We observed a statistically significant enrichment of reads matching amino acids and derivatives in the cellular fraction relative to the viral fraction, according to the COG (Figure 3B) and KO (Figure 4A) databases. These include genes related to the biosynthesis and metabolism of various amino acids, and are evidently not commonly carried on viral genomes in vent ecosystems, suggesting that viruses rely on their hosts for amino acid biosynthesis. We also observed enrichment in reads related to replication, recombination and repair in the viral fraction, as annotated by both the COG and KO databases (Figure 3B, Figure 4A). These genes probably serve necessary functions in the synthesis and replication of viral DNA during the course of viral infection, and include genes like DNA and RNA polymerase, which are commonly encoded on viral genomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct support or contradiction related to the claim about hydrothermal vent ecosystems and life's origins. Instead, it discusses specific metagenomic analysis data, including viral and cellular metagenomes, without connecting this information to the origin of life. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Review of and the in Study of and for Selection of Bacteria and for Development of of the oral cavity begins immediately after birth, however, only some micro-organisms are capable of exerting their action in the oral environment. A wide range of micro-organisms is found in the oral cavity, whether commensal, facultative pathogenic or obligatory pathogenic. Their mutual ratios and numbers are considerably affected by probiotic bacteria of the oral microbiota, particularly by their products, such as bacteriocins. The probiotics most frequently living in the oral cavity include Lactobacillus reuteri, Streptococcus salivarius and Bacillus coagulans. This study is focused on oral probiotics which could improve the health of the oral cavity and prevent development of dental carries. Basic techniques, which are necessary in research of oral microbiota that could be potentially beneficial in dental microbiology, are also presented. We recommended these techniques based on our experiences in this field. In this study we describe microbiological methods for obtaining of live bacterial strains in dental plaque or dental calculus, that are used for preparation of the bacterial strains´ collection and their storage possibilities for next testing. Study also describes two sensitive molecular methods usable for identification of these bacterial strains, the first with help of 16S rRNA and next blast n analysis based on consensus DNA sequences, and the second based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PCR methods for deeper characterization of selected bacterial strains e. g. pathogenic like Streptococcus mutans or potentially beneficial bacteria such as Str. salivarius and Lactobacillus spp. are also described. These methods are based on detection of genes coding production of bacteriocins or coding genes responsible for pathogenicity e. g. glucosyl or fructosyl transferaze genes. We also recommend the method for detection of hard cultivable spirochetes based on the morphological characteristics with help of method and next by PCR methods used for detection of Treponema denticola in dental plaque samples. oral beneficial bacteria methods, streptococcus, lactobacillus has been well known that colonization of the oral cavity starts immediately after birth of an individual and continues throughout lifetime [1]. Oral cavity is an open system; many bacterial species are introduced to this environment with an uninterrupted introduction and removal of nutrients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptococcus salivarius, in the oral cavity and their potential to improve health and prevent dental issues. It mentions that certain micro-organisms, particularly probiotic bacteria, exert beneficial actions in the oral environment. This supports the broader claim regarding probiotics as live bacteria that can provide health benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Integrated and sustainable policies and practices, such as reducing water losses, promoting renewable energy sources, and adopting sustainable agriculture practices, can help mitigate the region’s interrelated challenges. Educational institutions, unions, and all relevant sectors in achieving water security and, thus, its impact on food security, energy, health, and human security have also been clarified. The presence of centers of excellence will help solve the water crisis by promoting sustainable capacity development in the water sector. They will also help to organize projects that will save time and effort and speed up production, thus improving the financial situation. Furthermore, they will enable exchanging ideas and information to be quickly obtained among all project participants and encourage investment projects. The common issues facing the Arab country’s water crisis were raised and discussed in this paper. This includes water harvesting, how to achieve water security, the importance of achieving sustainable development concerning water, the problem of water pollution and leakage, and the impact of energy efficiency on the operational cost of water systems, where water and energy storage increase energy efficiency and reduce costs. ConclusionsA water-energy-food nexus is a multi-disciplinary approach that seeks to address the interlinked challenges of water scarcity, energy insecurity, food insecurity, and climate change in the Arab region. In conclusion, the water-energy-food-climate nexus can provide a holistic approach to solving water scarcity in the Arab region by addressing the interlinked challenges of water, energy, food, and climate change. The following are some ways in which the nexus can help to solve water scarcity in the Arab region:•Management: Integrating the management of water, energy, and food resources can help optimize their use and increase the system’s overall efficiency. This can result in a more sustainable and resilient water supply and help to address water scarcity in the Arab region. •Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate-smart agriculture involves using sustainable and resilient practices to climate change’s impacts. This can help to reduce water use in agriculture and increase the efficiency of water use in the sector. •for Water Desalination: Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, can power water desalination plants, reducing the energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with water production. •Water-Production: The production of energy can also be made more water-efficient, reducing the amount of water required for energy production and helping to address water scarcity in the Arab region. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the water crisis in the Arab region, which can be considered developing in terms of specific challenges. However, the implications of water scarcity and the solutions proposed, such as the integrated management of water-energy-food resources, demonstrate that water scarcity is a complex global issue that transcends developing countries. The mention of climate-smart agriculture and renewable energy for water desalination implies that advanced research and solutions are also being applied in regions that are not exclusively developing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The “replication and repair” category includes DNA ligases, which occur at very high abundances in the virome, as previously reported [46]. Finally, we also observed a statistically significant enrichment of genes related to energy metabolism as annotated by the KO database. Among reads annotated as matching the energy metabolism sub-category, 6. 5% from the cellular metagenome and 8. 4% from the viral subset were annotated as sulfur metabolism, whereas 8. 2% of cellular versus 3. 7% of viral metagenome reads annotated as belonging to methane metabolism (Figure 4B). The enrichment of energy metabolism genes corresponds with what we might expect given the observation of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) in viral genomes from the surface oceans. A similar enrichment in energy metabolism genes was found in the viral fraction relative to the cellular fraction in samples from the [59]. Similarly, photosynthesis genes encoded in cyanophage are known to be expressed during viral infection [20], [60], [61], and modeling work has indicated that these photosynthesis genes can enhance host fitness [62], [63]. For lytic viruses, energy metabolism genes may be expressed as a means to supplement host metabolism or to redirect resources for phage p4. The overall patterns of relative gene abundance between the viral and cellular fractions were similar to those observed in our sample. Specifically, in other environments functional annotations of viral and cellular metagenomic reads were strongly correlated, but viral metagenomes were more enriched in reads annotated as nucleotide metabolism and replication and repair. However, the relative enrichment of genes related to energy metabolism in the viral fraction, while apparent in the vent environment, was not a universal characteristic of viruses in other environments. Does selection operate differentially on viral and cellular genes? Integral to the study of viral and cellular evolution is understanding how selection shapes the viral and cellular gene pools, and which genes are subject to stronger or weaker selection. Differing life strategies for cells and viruses, as well as disparate roles for functional genes within each of the respective gene pools, should leave different selective signatures on genes within each of these gene pools. To measure differential selection among viral and cellular genes, we calculated dN/dS ratios of genes encoded by the viral and cellular fractions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems or provide insights into life's origins. Instead, it focuses on genetic analyses and metabolic functions of viral and cellular genes, which are irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Now it is known that dental caries lesions contain a range of streptococcal species and members of the genera [6, 15]. Pathogenic microbiota also play an important role in periodontal diseases known as gingivitis and periodontitis [16]. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Micromonas micros, Campylobacter rectus and Prevotella melaninogenica are considered as most common pathogenic bacteria caused inflammatory disease [17, 18]. Oral micro-organisms can also act as opportunistic pathogens and cause serious diseases in other body compartments [19]. These bacteria can affect the course and pathogenesis of several systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight [20]. It was shown that administration of probiotic tablets harmonized oral microbiota in patients suffering from periodontitis or gingival inflammation in comparison with the control group [21]. Oral probiotics Probiotics have a beneficial effect on digestive system, but also potential favourable effect of probiotics on the vaginal mucosa, urinary tract and skin [22-24]. Key features of an effective probiotic for use in substitution therapy include: the absence of virulence determinants, the ability to colonize, and the ability to competitive suppress of target bacterium [25]. In the oral cavity, probiotics hinder the formation of dental plaque, the biofilm build-up on teeth, by blocking the attachment of microorganism to the surface of teeth [26]. Furthermore, they compete with the bacteria of the oral cavity for nutritive sources, produce chemical substances that lead to the inhibition of the development of pathogenic bacteria, facilitate and adjust the local specific and unspecific immune response, as well as provide other non-immunologic defense mechanisms [26, 27]. Probiotics poses a great potential in area of halting, altering, or delaying periodontal diseases. They play crucial role in terms of plaque modification, halitosis management, altering anerobic bacteria colonization, improvement of pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss [28]. Oral probiotics are living bacteria that are similar or identical to beneficial bacteria found naturally in the oral cavity [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by affirmatively stating that 'Oral probiotics are living bacteria that are similar or identical to beneficial bacteria found naturally in the oral cavity.' Furthermore, it discusses the beneficial effects of probiotics on various health conditions, including periodontal diseases and their role in modifying oral microbiota, which relates to overall gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: contact@norcaloa. org contact@norcaloa. org to ☰ Editor-in-chief 90. Received Date: 10 September, 2018; Accepted Date: 02 November, 2018; Published Date: 14 November, 2018 state (‘God’s Own Country’) experiences copious rainfall with an average annual rainfall of 3000 mm received duringnortheast & southwest monsoon seasons spread over 106 rainy days. Due to physiographic set up of and very less recharge, the state is experiencing severe water scarcity during lean period (March to May). The problems like decline in the depth to the water level, drying up of dug-wells, water salinity along the coastal areas due to tidal effect are the common other problems in Kerala State. Fortunately, saline water has not been reported in any of the areas in due to steep slope towards the Laccadive sea in the western part of this tiny state. In order to circumvent the various problems faced by the people in water sector, people of has increasingly adopted various types of artificial recharge method, traditional rainwater harvesting and water conservation practices for the sustainability of water resources. The present concept paper also briefly discusses tanks and ponds especially temple ponds, sacred groves very rare in different parts of the world, surangams, role of coconut and arecanut basis in water conservation and simplest traditional rainwater harvesting structures. recharge, Water level, Dug-wells, Sacred groves, Pond, Water is the elixir of life. Water is one of the essential ingredients to sustain life. The water exists as surface water, groundwater, and as water vapour on earth. But only 2. 5 % of this water is fresh water and suitable for human consumption. [1]. Almost all the major demands of water are met from this fresh water resource. Quite recently the population explosion coupled with changing life-styles has created a crisis-like situation in the water sector. Hence rainwater harvesting, and artificial recharge practices have gained prominence in this sector [2]. It has become the need of the hour. The artificial recharge is the process of recharging water into the ground water system by artificial means for the sustainability of ground water and without sacrificing the needs of future generation. The rainwater so collected can be stored for future use in storage tanks or diverted to augment the groundwater system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of rainwater harvesting in the context of Kerala State, where severe water scarcity is experienced during the lean period despite having abundant annual rainfall. It mentions other critical water issues such as drying wells and water salinity, which indicate that rainwater harvesting alone cannot resolve all water scarcity issues. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the need for various methods, including artificial recharge and traditional practices, to effectively address water scarcity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The challenge of calculating dN/dS ratios with shotgun metagenomic data is that the short sequences make it difficult to align long blocks of sequences to the same region of a gene. To circumvent this problem, we used the method developed by Tai et al. [42] to calculate dN/dS ratios from metagenomic reads, in which sequencing reads are mapped to the genomes of previously sequenced isolates. We used 80% identity as the threshold for mapping to genomes, a convention established previously [42]. While some work suggests that microbial “species” share an average nucleotide identity of 95% across the genome [64], tiling at that percentage did not yield enough hits for statistical analysis. Previous work has also indicated that below 80% identity, the number of reads recruited drops drastically, implying a biological threshold at 80% similarity [42]. These sequences therefore define the “population. ” However, since the sequences used for analysis may be derived from multiple taxa, and we do not know the specific phylogenetic relationship of these sequences to each other, this method cannot determine which polymorphisms have become “fixed” in the population. Instead, this method provides an indicator of diversification within the environmental gene pool. Both metagenomes were mapped to pre-existing hydrothermal vent isolates as a high-throughput means to align reads to many genes at once. The mapping analyses and calculation of dN/dS ratios are calculated by tiling metagenomic reads to the genomes of Nautilia profundicola AmH, Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2 (contig ABCJ01000001), and Nitratiruptor sp. SB155-2, which represent abundant strains in the vent environment. We attempted to map the virome to several existing viral genomes from various environments, but none exhibited sufficient depth of coverage to calculate dN/dS ratios, indicating that the genes encoded by viruses from this hydrothermal system are vastly different from those sequenced previously. Overall, the cellular metagenome mapped to 831 bacterial and 32 archaeal genes, with an average dN/dS of 0. 22. This result indicates that genes encoded by cells in the vent environment are subject to purifying selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methods for calculating dN/dS ratios using metagenomic data from hydrothermal vents but does not provide any specific information or insights about life's origins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: In respect to commensal oral microbes, several aspects support the idea that it may be possible to find bacteria that could be useful in prevention or treatment of oral diseases [30]. Strains belonging to the Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium genera are most frequently used probiotics in the oral cavity [29, 31]. The main focus in the studies of potential oral probiotics is on caries prevention, especially on the possibility of reducing the number of mutans streptococci or their acidogenic activities in dental plaque when products containing certain probiotic strains are used [32, 33]. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in a new method of caries control, which depends on the ability of certain bacteria to produce BLIS [33, 34]. Probiotics also could have an important role to play in the clinical management of the periodontal diseases, although the evidence is less convincing as regards halitosis [35]. Lactobacilli as oral probiotics Lactobacilli isolated from the oral cavity, were tested and their favourable effects on oral health were observed [32]. These bacteria produce different antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids (primarily lactic and acetic acid), hydrogen peroxide, and antimicrobial peptides, including bacteriocins [36]. The species of L. acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. delbrueckii, L. gasseri, L. salivarius, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum and L. oris were recovered from the oral cavity of humans and it was proved, that they exerted inhibitory action on periodontal pathogens in in vitro conditions [37]. They have an antagonistic effect also on Streptococcus mutans, one of the major cariogenic organisms. Probiotic species of lactobacilli found in commercial products (L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. reuteri a Bifidobacterium lactis) adhered to hydroxyapatite coated by a layer of saliva and reduced adhesion of S. mutans under in vitro conditions [32]. The consumption of yogurt containing L. reuteri for 2 weeks showed significant growth inhibitory effect against S. mutans [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various strains of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and their beneficial effects on oral health, particularly in preventing oral diseases and inhibiting harmful bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. This supports the notion that probiotics are live bacteria that can positively impact health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: In order to attain sustainability of water resources of the various types of artificial recharge scheme to be implemented in along with practicing traditional water harvesting measures. The commonly adopted measures in for the sustainability include gully plug, gabion structure, percolation tank, check dam, sub-surface dyke, dug, tube and bore well recharge, contour bunding, nalla bund, injection well and so on. People of has extensively adopted roof top rain water harvesting structures in their house premises also. Traditional water harvesting systems The various civilizations of the world such as Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indus valley etc. flourished along the river banks due to the availability of plenty of water resources for the consumption of human beings and animals. The traditional water harvesting structures made for the sustainability of water resources to meet the future demands of water for the flora and fauna when the areas are receiving less rainfall. The nature of traditional rainwater harvesting depends on the rainfall intensity, facilities available and nature of the terrain etc. Ponds: rainwater harvesting State receives rainfall up to 3000 mm per year and the good per cent of the water is lost as surface run off and evaporation and the remaining amount recharges the groundwater system. The surface water bodies of especially tanks/ponds also store good amount of surface water and function as a good source for recharge [6]. The surface water is the water stored or flowing on the earth’s surface and interacts with the atmospheric and sub-surface water systems [7]. Net surface water available for development from ponds may be taken as 70% of total volume of water [8]. A very unique feature of the temples in is that every temple with a pond or Theerthakkulam (lies on the NE corner of the temple) and Kulappura (outside the temple wall) if there is no river nearby. The pond water is used for the washing of hands and feet, bathing of worshippers before entering the temple premises and Arattu (immersing the idols at special occasions in water) ceremonies. People considers the temple ponds as very sacred and there are different types of temples in and these include A village temple in every villages, A "Desa temple" in every "Desam", within a village, Private family temples, where their family deity is worshipped (Not in every families), Sacred groves, and Transplanted deity temples ("Kudiyiruthukal"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that rainwater harvesting is just one part of a larger strategy for addressing water scarcity. It discusses various artificial recharge schemes and traditional water harvesting measures, indicating that a combination of methods is necessary for sustainability of water resources, rather than relying on rainwater harvesting alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The viral metagenome mapped to 85 bacterial and 106 archaeal genes, with an average dN/dS of 0. 15, and the viral metagenome subset mapped to 39 bacterial and 25 archaeal genes, with an average dN/dS of 0. 13 (Figure 5). These dN/dS values are significantly lower than the dN/dS of genes matching the cellular metagenome, within a confidence interval of 95%. This pattern was consistent for each of the genomes mapped (Figure S5). The viral and cellular metagenomes mapped to different genes in each of the strains listed above, and so slightly different sets of genes were used to make this calculation. However, the difference in overall dN/dS is not due solely to differences in the types of genes to which each metagenome mapped: when we examined the dN/dS for only the genes to which both metagenomes mapped, the calculated dN/dS was, on average, lower for the viral fraction compared to the cellular fraction (Figure S6). There were no clear trends in dN/dS for different gene categories (Figure S7). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Histogram of dN/dS ratios for each metagenome. A total of 863 genes were included for the cellular metagenome calculation, 191 for the viral metagenome, and 64 for the viral subset. Values are shown only for genes that had a minimum depth coverage of 5 and minimum nucleotide coverage of 100. Frequency values are normalized by percent. Bins are scaled in increments of 0. 1 until 1, and then in increments of 0. 5. Inset shows mean and 95% confidence intervals for calculated dN/dS for all three data sets, indicating that the average cellular dN/dS is significantly greater than the average dN/dS for the viral metagenome. results indicate that both the viral and cellular fractions in this hydrothermal system are subject to purifying (negative) selection, but the viral gene pool is under stronger purifying selection than the cellular gene pool. One possible explanation for the overall difference in dN/dS between the viral and cellular gene pools is that very little variation in viral genes is permitted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic analysis related to viral and cellular metagenomes from a hydrothermal system, focusing on dN/dS ratios and selection pressures on genes. While it is related to hydrothermal ecosystems, it does not provide any direct clues or analysis regarding life's origins, making it largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Several next studies investigating effects of oral probiotics showed that consumption of products containing probiotic lactobacilli decreased the risk of development of caries and the counts of S. mutans in the oral cavity. The consumption cheese containing L. casei LAF-TI-L26 (1×106 Cfug) twice daily for two weeks leads to statistically significant (p = 0. 001) reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans [39]. It was observed that administration of Lactobacillus salivarius TI2711 (LS1) neutralized salivary pH in healthy individuals. Peroral administration of tablets containing L. salivarius WB21 improved periodontal health in healthy volunteers, particularly in smokers [40, 41]. Bacterial quantitative analysis found significantly lower levels of ubiquitous bacteria and Fusobacterium nucleatum during administration of L. salivarius WB21 [42]. The prevalence of DNA of the species L. salivarius in the oral cavity in the group with physiological halitosis was higher compared to that in the group with pathological halitosis [43]. L. salivarius BGHO1, isolated from a healthy oral cavity inhibited growth of other bacteria including S. mutans [44]. On the contrary, in vivo experiments on rats showed that a combination of L. salivarius LR1952R and S. mutans MT8148 considerably increased the incidence of dental caries in comparison with only S. mutans MT8148 [45]. Other studies did not report the adverse effects of administration of L. salivarius WB21 for eight weeks, and patients who continued taking L. salivarius WB21 for 3 months showed no new caries [40]. However, Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 administered in the form of tablets failed to reduce the incidence of any periodontopathic agent (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) (Mayanagi et al. , 2009). The findings concerning probiotic lactobacilli and cariogenicity differ. Considerable intra- and inter-individual differences were observed in the occurrence of individual Lactobacillus spp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that investigate the effects of oral probiotics, particularly lactobacilli, on health outcomes such as the reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans and improved periodontal health. These effects indicate that probiotics, which are live bacteria, may provide benefits for oral health, supporting the broader notion that they can be beneficial for gut health as well.