Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: 34 Socio-economic impacts: considered economic factors and the ‘likely economic benefit to of the proposal’. In this consideration the Committee determined the following: ‘It was not persuaded that the proposal’s economic benefit to would be of the significance argued by the applicant, or that reliance could be placed on economic benefits as a potential offsetting factor’. It found that ‘seabed mining would be unlikely to generate more than a modest economic benefit to and the quantum and distribution of that benefit remained uncertain. This had to be weighed against the significant and permanent adverse effects on the benthic environment’ and on other existing interests, particularly the fishing industry. Mitigating impacts: considered whether specific conditions that could be applied to the mining proposal could ‘avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of the activity. ’ In this consideration it found that impacts ‘could not be mitigated by any set of conditions or adaptive management regime that might reasonably be imposed’. After weighing up factors prescribed to make a decision the Committee found that the ‘application could not be approved either in part or in whole’. The application for marine consent was accordingly refused. 35 3. 3 Australia: Moratorium on a number of seabed mining proposals and preliminary exploration rights were granted for manganese exploitation in the shallow waters of Groote Eylandt. Mining companies involved included and Mining Company. 36 Limited sought environmental approval to conduct exploratory activities in 2012. It applied for 7 mineral exploration licenses, covering an approximately of 3 856km2 in the shallow offshore Northern Territory. This was known as the Bay Project. Limited also holds exploration rights for eight tenements (1 723 km2) of shallow marine terrain and two islands near Groote Eylandt. This project is known as the Project. 37 The granting of exploration rights generated widespread public concern. In response, the government placed a moratorium on seabed mining. 38 Statement of the Moratorium stated that seabed mining is a new and evolving worldwide industry with a minimum number of generally accepted practice standards. The methods applied in seabed mining operations are rapidly changing and there is limited information available on: actual or potential impacts on environment and other resource industries; and methods for managing impacts This lack of available information decreases the ability of decision-makers to: accurately assess appropriate methodology for management of industry, its development, and sustainability; develop appropriate conditions and authorisations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the Committee found seabed mining would generate 'at most a modest economic benefit' and that the economic benefits were uncertain. This suggests that the anticipated increase in mineral access and its purported impact on the affordability of electronics is not supported by the Committee's evaluation, which instead points to significant adverse effects on the environment and existing industries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyNo educationPrimarySecondaryHigherBangladesh2014 DHS51 [48-53]55 [53-57]55 [54-57]54 [51-57]Bangladesh2011 DHS50 [48-52]52 [51-54]53 [51-54]54 [51-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS20 [19-22]*25 [23-27]*29 [26-32]22 [15-31]Burundi2010 DHS 14 [13-16]20 [18-22]34 [29-39]33 [23-46]Ethiopia2016 DHS31 [28-34]*39 [35-43]51 [45-56]51 [44-57]Ethiopia2011 DHS22 [19-24]34 [31-37]53 [46-61]57 [50-64]Haiti2016-17 DHS28 [25-31]33 [31-36]33 [31-36]27 [21-34]Haiti2012 DHS28 [25-31]32 [30-34]33 [31-36]31 [25-38]Malawi2015-16 DHS54 [51-56]*59 [58-60]*59 [56-61]*55 [49-62]Malawi2010 DHS 37 [35-40]42 [41-44]48 [46-51]49 [39-60]Nepal2016 DHS52 [49-54]42 [39-45]34 [32-37]33 [31-36]Nepal2011 DHS49 [46-52]41 [37-44]37 [34-40]35 [30-40]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 23 [22-25]29 [26-32]30 [28-33]30 [27-33]Pakistan2012-13 DHS22 [20-23]28 [25-32]27 [25-30]30 [27-34]Senegal2017 DHS22 [20-23]*34 [31-36]*31 [27-34]42 [33-51]Senegal2012 DHS12 [10-13]25 [21-28]27 [21-34]49 [30-68]Sierra Leone^/^^2017 MICS18 [18-20]*27 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a dataset that presents demographic and educational statistics from various countries but does not discuss ancient civilizations or written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about detailed written records left by ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: However, the influence of knowledge on attitudes towards science and technology [71, 72] and attitudes towards nutrigenomics and genetic testing [29, 31, 86, 126,127,128] was found to be inconsistent. On the other hand, the significant role of the engagement factor in predicting support towards various biotechnology applications was emphasised by Gaskell et al. [65], whilst the influence of involvement on the positive affect and benefits of nutrigenomics was reported by Pin [35]. It is interesting to note that in this study, religiosity was found to have a positive association with the intention to adopt nutrigenomics and to have a significant positive association with the perceived benefits; this indicates that respondents who claim to have a high level of religiosity also see the benefits of nutrigenomics. Previous studies reveal mixed findings regarding the influence of religiosity on attitudes to science and technology. Several studies have reported a positive relationship between being religious and having a positive attitude towards science [88] and genetic engineering [87, 129]. The role of religiosity in shaping an individual’s p63. 1%) [83]. individuals consume functional foods to achieve certain standards in their lives in terms of their cultural and personal values, which also reflect Islamic values. and Sunnah outline the teachings that show every Muslim how to protect their health and live their life in a state of purity [78], and food plays a vital role in the health and daily life of a believer. In addition, Islam also encourages the use of science and technology to improve human life as long as the application brings benefits (maslahah) and minimises harm (mafsadah) to society and the environment [136]. This may also explain the reason for the high level of support relating to the intention to adopt nutrigenomics in a developing multicultural country such as Malaysia. It is also pertinent to note that perceived benefits are mediators for all other predicting factors, which emphasises its prominent role in the model. Benefits to patients such as better health outcomes and improved quality of life can be achieved with nutrigenomics. In addition, nutrigenomics can help health professionals improve health recommendations and solve issues linked to specific dietary compounds [137]. Perceived risks have a significant negative association with perceived benefits, suggesting that people who see nutrigenomics as less risky will generally see its potential benefits as being high. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of nutrigenomics in improving health recommendations and achieving better health outcomes based on specific dietary compounds. It highlights how nutrigenomics can address issues related to diet, which is a direct interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: The environmental authority found that measures presented by the company for protecting Loggerhead turtles were based on inconsistent information. Furthermore, the authority found that the economic benefits of the project could not prevail over the protection of the natural resources of Ulloa Bay, particularly in relation to threatened species subject to strict standards of protection. 43 3. 5 Pacific Islands: number of Nations, namely; and the have granted permits for deep sea mining exploration. 1 Project was the most advanced. In 2009 (a Canadian seabed mining company) was granted a mining right for the Solwara 1 Project, for seabed mining in the Bismarck Sea. 44 It appears that Guinea government’s rationale for granting these rights relates to the potential revenue that could stem from royalties. 45 There has been significant opposition to the Solwara 1 Project from local communities and not for profit organisations related to the impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems and communities. Recently, the (2016) published a report titled ‘of in Countries’. 46 The report recommended that countries that are supporting or considering deep sea mining activities should ‘proceed with a high degree of caution to avoid irreversible damage to their ecosystems’. The report further stresses the need for strong governance arrangements to ensure that appropriate social and environmental safeguards are in place. More recently, has run into financial difficulties, and 0n 21 February 2019, the company filed for protection from creditors under the Canadian Companies’ Act (CCAA). 3. 6 Bristol Bay: Moratorium on Oil and Gas Activities47 Oil and gas leasing was first allowed in in 1986 when the U. S. federal government set aside 5. 6 million acres of the southern region of for oil and gas leasing. 48 The decision was opposed widely by fishing industry, indigenous communities (Tribes), environmental organisations, the State of Alaska, conservation organisations, recreational users and local seafood and tourism businesses, organised in a coalition called the Coalition. 49 for Alaska and other conservation groups, indigenous communities and the State of Alaska initiated court proceedings to stop the lease sale. The court case was unsuccessful and oil and gas leases were issued. 50 Potential impacts to fishery resources and marine habitats, cited in independent impact assessments included ‘seismic testing, air pollution from ship traffic and the ever-present risk of oil spills’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the environmental and social repercussions of seabed mining rather than the purported economic benefits, such as affordability of electronics. It highlights significant opposition to mining activities due to their negative impacts on marine ecosystems and communities, contradicting the assertion that increased mineral access from seabed mining would lead to lower electronics prices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text:  [24-30]*32 [29-36] *Sierra Leone^^2011 MICS 7 [6-8]14 [12-17]23 [21-26]Uganda2016 DHS23 [20-26]*34 [33-36]*40 [38-43]43 [39-47]Uganda 2011 DHS 16 [13-19]25 [23-27]36 [33-40]45 [38-51]Zimbabwe2015 DHS49 [37-62]61 [57-64]68 [66-69]75 [70-80]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS42 [34-51]53 [50-56]60 [58-62]67 [59-73] ^ No education includes some pre-primary education and ^^ secondary includes secondary and higher MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses demographic surveys and educational statistics from various countries, and does not mention anything about ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Frewer [116] found that, in the case of nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition, perceived barriers were linked to social structures and practices rather than ethical concerns, although the cultural context of the research was European. It is, however, important to recognise several limitations of the study dealt with in this paper. The data from both stakeholders were combined, as both stakeholders were expected to be the main potential beneficiaries of nutrigenomics with the same interests, as well as by looking at their descriptive responses, whereby their pattern of responses was found to be similar. The combined model will be useful to provide an initial understanding of the causal relationship between the determinants of the Malaysian stakeholders’ intentions to adopt nutrigenomics. However, generalising the model beyond this population is not recommended. Additional measures have been carried out in the study to select only good indicators based on the validity and reliability of the measurements. In future, it will be good to carry out multi group analyses and compare the findings with this study. It is also recommended that this model be cross-validated to ascertain whether or not these results are valid and can be generalised across other stakeholder groups and regions. Another shortcoming is that the predictive factors used in this study to assess the intention to adopt nutrigenomics are not exhaustive. However, the model in this study helps in identifying the predictors that can serve as a useful evidence baseline for scientists, governments and policy makers for further development of nutrigenomics and the possible innovations emerging from it. Future research should consider other factors such as those related to service attributes and privacy issues [25, 32] that may influence consumers’ acceptance of nutrigenomics, and also involve a wider diversity of stakeholders such as the general public, business people, policy makers and consumer interest groups. ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that the intentions of Malaysian stakeholders to adopt nutrigenomics is characterised by a complex decision-making process involving interrelated factors. The perceived benefit-perceived risk balance is a crucial element in deciding whether or not to support nutrigenomics. When stakeholders perceive that the benefits of nutrigenomics exceed the risks, the perceived benefits are significant in influencing and predicting their intention to adopt nutrigenomics. The crucial role of perceived benefits as a direct predictor and mediator for all other predictors should be noted by researchers and practitioners. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing nutrigenomics and its implications for personalized nutrition. It highlights the importance of perceived benefits in the decision-making process regarding the adoption of nutrigenomics, which clearly indicates the interest in how dietary choices may influence genetic interactions. The mention of future research avenues and the intention of stakeholders to adopt nutrigenomics suggests an active exploration of the intersection between diet and genetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: In particular, impact studies stated that ‘the area’s harsh weather, rough seas, ice and strong currents would make cleanup and containment of an oil spill difficult, if not impossible’. 51 In 2010 the cancelled the lease sale and provided temporary protection to by withdrawing the area for consideration for oil and gas development until 2017. This was followed by steps to permanently protect Bristol Bay. On 16 December 2014, the announced an indefinite on oil and gas drilling in using powers conferred under the Act (1953). 52 The basis for the moratorium was partly socio-economic considerations. supports a $2 billion annual fishing industry, regarded as one of the world’s most valuable fisheries and provides up to 40% of America’s wild caught seafood. It supports indigenous fishing communities and subsistence fishers throughout Alaska and Pacific Northwest. It is home to sacred lands. The area provides considerable tourism opportunities and revenue, up to $100 million in annual recreational fishing and tourism activities. 53 4 Mining in This section provides an in-depth case study into seabed mining in South Africa. African case provides strong insights into the potential risks of seabed mining applications in jurisdictions with limited regulatory and governance capacity. In 2012 and 2014, South Africa’s Department of granted three prospecting rights for marine phosphate to Trading 251 (Pty) Ltd (GFT 251), Trading 257 (Pty) Ltd (GFT 257) and (DFI Ltd) respectively. The rights extend over a considerable portion of South Africa’s marine environment, together covering more than 150 000 km2 or 10% of its exclusive economic zone. The GFT 251 and GFT 257 prospecting rights cover an area approximately 63 637 km2 and 44 389 km2 respectively, located off South Africa’s. The DFI Ltd prospecting right extends over 47 468 km2 within South Africa’s Outeniqua Basin. 54 These prospecting rights have lapsed, and representatives of GFT 251 and GFT 257 have publicly announced, in November 2016, that marine phosphate mining in would not be financially feasible based on their assessments. Nevertheless, these areas have been earmarked by South Africa’s government for seabed mining, despite the fact that they coincide with several existing fishery footprints, critically endangered ecosystems and a number of recently proclaimed offshore marine protected areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges and risks associated with seabed mining, particularly in regions like South Africa. It emphasizes socio-economic and environmental considerations, pointing out the opposition to seabed mining due to its potential impact on valuable fisheries, indigenous communities, and endangered ecosystems. This suggests that seabed mining may not lead to increased mineral access or affordability in electronics as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 4. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by education status between two surveys. Per panel, each country has two MCPR estimates connected by a line. One MCPR estimate is from the earlier survey and one estimate is from the later survey. Each panel represents the education level from no education to higher education. The color of the line signifies the country. For example, looking at the panel for the no education group, in Zimbabwe, MCPR among women with no education increased between two surveys. AgeTable 5 provides MCP by age group for all the countries. When comparing changes in MCP in individual age groups between surveys, we found that any statistically significant MCP increases were consistent for both married women and all womeniv. When comparing MCP increase by age groups between two surveys, we found no significance for four countries: Bangladesh, Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan; significance in some age groups for Burundi, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe; and significance in all age ranges for Malawi and Senegal. , all age groups (except 45–49) saw a statistically significant increase in MCP use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive prevalence rates (MCPR) in various countries and does not mention ancient civilizations or written records at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is expected that increased exposure to the beneficial aspects of nutrigenomics, as well as to the processes involved, would influence the beneficial perceptions and thus support the application. The influence of other factors, for example, trust in key players and religiosity should also be considered when devising an appropriate technology acceptance strategy. The model developed identifies important predictors of Malaysian stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics. 10. 1155/2014/202759. . Proteomics in nutrition and health. Screen. 2005;8:679–96 PubMed 10. 2217/17410541. 5. 5. 447. 10. 1093/advances/nmz086. -Yacov O, Lador D, Avnit-Sagi T, Lotan-Pompan M, Suez J. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell. 2015;163:1079–94 PubMed 10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2018. 8102. PubMed Pub10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 06. 035. CAS PubMed 10. 1016/j. jmau. 2016. 02. 002. PubMed Pub10. 1007/s13668-020-00327-z. 1975. 10. 1111/nbu. 12143. 10. 1016/j. tifs. 2013. 02. 002. 2017. örman. Guide and position of the of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on personalized nutrition: Part 2 - Ethics, Challenges and Endeavors of Precision Nutrition. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2016;9:28–46 10. 3945/jn. 115. 229476. CAS PubMed 10. 1186/s12933-015-0327-8. Celis-’-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R. Effect of personalized nutrition on health-related behaviour change: evidence from the Food4randomized controlled trial. Epidemiol. 2017;46:578–88 10. 1016/bs. adgen. 2015. 11. 004. 10. 3390/ijms17091469. Pub10. 2217/pme. 12. 79. CAS 10. 3945/ajcn. 116. 145680. CAS PubMed 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the concepts related to nutrigenomics, particularly focusing on its beneficial aspects and application in personalized nutrition, which supports the claim that nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. It mentions influences on technology acceptance strategies linked to nutrigenomics, implying that the field is relevant to understanding how dietary choices can influence genetic factors and vice versa.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: Some of the benthic habitat types that coincide with the proposed seabed mining areas don’t exist anywhere else in the world. 55 The next section details issues that need consideration in regulating and governing seabed mining in South Africa. Regulatory approaches adopted in other countries may shed light into some of the regulatory and governance challenges seabed mining poses to South Africa. 4. 1 There is relatively limited knowledge of the impacts of seabed mining on marine environments. However, preliminary assessments outline considerable and irreversible impacts on marine ecosystems and fishery resources, signifying the need for longer term investigations. 56 These studies recommend that potentially considerable impacts coupled with the lack of knowledge available on seabed mining, warrants regulatory caution. WWF-commissioned a report on potential impacts of marine sediment mining in the west and south coasts of the Western Cape, South Africa. 57 The report found that seabed mining in existing prospecting areas would have severe and potentially irreversible impacts on seabed habitats. The destruction and permanent alteration of marine habitats would be inevitable in light of the type of mining proposed. 58 The report found that seabed mining could cause significant and irreversible impacts to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and fishery resources. In particular, the prospecting rights for marine phosphate mining directly overlap with critically endangered ecosystems, ecologically and biologically significant areas and areas earmarked for protection in terms of an Operation Phakisa59 initiative to establish a network of marine protected areas. 60 Some of the benthic habitat types that coincide with the prospecting areas don’t exist anywhere else in the world. There is also limited knowledge of the ecological importance of seabed ecosystems. It is known that benthic habitats provide habitat, feeding, spawning and breeding areas for a staggering variety of marine species, many of which are commercially important. 61 However, there are considerable gaps in knowledge on the relationship between the seabed and critical ecosystem services. 4. 2 Socio-As seabed mining would have negative impacts on fish stocks it would also impact on revenue, jobs and livelihoods associated with the fishing industry. It is thus important that the socio-economic contributions of fishing are understood and considered in decision-making on seabed mining. South Africa’s commercial fishing industry employs approximately 27 000 people directly and 100 000 people indirectly. 62 In the Western Cape, where the prospecting rights are concentrated, the fishing industry contributes approximately 2% to Product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining significant negative impacts of seabed mining on marine ecosystems and the fishing industry. It highlights the irreversible damage to benthic habitats and the potential decline in fish stocks, which contradicts the idea that seabed mining would enhance mineral access in a way that makes electronics more affordable. The concerns regarding environmental and socio-economic impacts suggest that seabed mining may not lead to the desired outcome of lowering electronics costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The age group 20–24 showed significance across three of the countries, Burundi, Malawi, and Senegal, while Ethiopia showed significance for 25–29 years old and 40–44 years old. In Zimbabwe, the only age groups not showing significant change were the youngest two groups: 15–19 and 20–24-year-olds. Table 5. Age groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses age groups and statistical significance in survey data from several countries, without any mention of ancient civilizations or written records. Thus, it does not address or relate to the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: IntroductionNutrigenomics and nutrigenetics (NGx) are understood in various ways. While some narrow the definition to the study of genome/gene(s)–nutrition interactions, others broaden to the application of NGx in health promotion and disease prevention (Ronteltap et al. 2007). A distinction between nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics is often blurred by various and sometimes conflicting definitions, and both terms are still commonly used interchangeably. In this paper, “NGx” will refer to both nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics and is restricted to the study of genome/gene(s)–nutrition interactions. There is little doubt that NGx has stimulated great expectations for future beneficial applications in public health and individuals. For instance, NGx research anticipates the prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, through personalized dietary interventions, engineered/modified foods that respond to consumers’ specific genetic characteristics, and contribution to better public health (Ronteltap et al. 2007; Godard and Hurlimann 2009). Yet, the potential achievability of such promises is not without socioethical considerations that challenge NGx development and implementation. A cautious stance is consistent with the ACCE model developed by the Office of for and Prevention (OPHG-CDC) for evaluating analytic and clinical validity, safety, effectiveness and the associated ethical, legal and social implications of genetic tests (OPHG-CDC 2010). Ethical issues raised by NGx are considered important and debated by other authors (Chadwick 2004; Bergmann et al. 2008; Lévesque et al. 2008; Reilly and Debusk 2008; Ries and Castle 2008; Ghosh 2009; Komduur et al. 2009; Korthals 2011; Görman et al. 2013; Nordström et al. 2013). Challenges linked to the selection of participants in NGx clinical research, including claims about potential benefits, raise a cautionary call (Hurlimann et al. 2011; OMICS-2012, 2013; Stenne et al. 2012, 2013). Researchers investigating Dutch nutrigenomics experts’ and consumers’ views and expectations about NGx development emphasized the importance of taking into account all stakeholders’ views (Ronteltap and van Trijp 2007; Ronteltap et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the definitions of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, specifically stating that both terms refer to the study of genome/gene(s)–nutrition interactions. It supports the claim that nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes by emphasizing that the field aims at understanding these interactions, particularly concerning health promotion and disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: 63 As mentioned, the marine phosphate prospecting areas directly overlap with fishing footprints of several fisheries including hake longline, tuna pole, west coast rock lobster, small pelagics and chokka squid sector. Together, these five fishing sectors provide up to 23 000 jobs. 64 Notably, the prospecting rights coincide with South Africa’s only Council accredited fishery, which employs 12 000 people and generates approximately R4 billion in revenue annually. 65 Furthermore, latest estimates suggest that there are approximately 8 078 small-scale fishers in South Africa, with the home to approximately 1 667 small scale fishers. 66 Small scale fishers directly rely on heathy marine ecosystems for livelihood, nutrition, food security and income. Small scale fishing plays a critical role in providing employment and access to protein in coastal communities. There are approximately 44 coastal communities dotted along the coastline of the Western Cape. 67 Seabed mining would likely have detrimental impacts on tourism, particularly coastal and marine tourism. Bulk marine sediment mining requires additional coastal developments that have associated impacts. These include desalination plants, beneficiations facilities and processing plants as well as increased shipping. In relation to the Sandpiper Project, residents of were highly ‘concerned about the potential release of toxic elements in the land-based phosphate processing phase’. 68 Thus, decision-making, policy and regulation related to seabed mining would need to consider potential negative impacts on existing users and if impacts cannot be avoided, regulatory mechanisms for compensation would need to be devised. With regards to the latter, there is potential difficulty in assessing appropriate compensation for users from renewable industries where their economic benefit is potentially indefinite? 4. 3 South Africa’s Legal and South Africa’s legal and governance framework was not designed to deal with seabed mining. Without specific regulation relevant to seabed mining, applications would tend to be dealt with through existing terrestrial mineral and environmental management legislation. Development Act, 2002 (MPRDA) and Management Act, 1998 (NEMA), South Africa’s existing legislation, are inadequate to govern seabed mining. 4. 3. 1 Development Act, 2002 (MPRDA) does not deal explicitly with seabed prospecting and mining. Many provisions (particularly related to consultation and environmental impact) in the MPRDA are difficult to apply or translate to seabed mining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the potential negative impacts of seabed mining, such as detrimental effects on fisheries and tourism, which could ultimately offset any benefits gained from increased mineral access. It discusses how seabed mining could harm marine ecosystems that small-scale fishers rely on, indicating that economic benefits from seabed mining might not translate into more affordable electronics due to the adverse consequences it could bring to other sectors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurvey15–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–49TotalBangladesh2014 DHS46 [43–48]54 [51–56]60 [58–62]62 [60–64]56 [54–59]41 [38–43]21 [19–24]51 [50–52]Bangladesh2011 DHS41 [39–44]52 [50–54]58 [56–60]58 [56–60]53 [50–55]41 [39–44]25 [23–28]49 [48–50]Burundi2016–17 DHS3 [2–3]15 [14–17]* 20 [19–22]22 [20–24]21 [19–23]16 [14–19]10 [8–12]15 [14–15]*Burundi2012 DHS 1 [1–2]12 [10–14] 18 [16–20]18 [15–21]16 [14–19]12 [10–14]7 [5–10]11 [10–12]Ethiopia2016 DHS7 [6–9]26 [23–29]35 [32–38]*35 [31–38]29 [26–33]28 [24–32]*16 [13–21]25 [23–27]*Ethiopia2011 DHS5 [4–6]22 [19–25]26 [23–28]28 [25–31]26 [23–29]19 [15–23]10 [8–13]19 [17–20]Haiti2016–17 DHS8 [7–9]25 [23–27]31 [29–34]30 [27–33]29 [26–32]24 [21–27]13 [11–15]22 [21–23]Haiti2012 DHS8 [7–10]23 [21–26]31 [29–34]31 [28–34]28 [24–31]22 [20–25]14 [11–16]22 [20–23]Malawi2015–16 DHS15 [14–17]*46 [44–48]*57 [54–59]*60 [58–62]*59 [57–62]*53 [ [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it appears to present statistical data related to demographic surveys or health assessments from specific countries. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: DiscussionAssessment of NGx benefitsOur results indicate that the majority of NGx researchers are confident about the potential benefits of NGx and have no apprehension concerning the risks presented in the questionnaire (Figs. 1, 2). Researchers who did consider potential risks were not necessarily less optimistic about the potential benefits of NGx. Similarly, those who agreed with the benefits of NGx were not more likely to disagree with its potential risks. There is no inherent harm in being optimistic about the promises of NGx. When the claims are premature, unrealistic or exaggerated, however, they can feed into biotype detrimental to credible biomedical research (Stenne et al. 2012). Expectations related to genetic technologies have evolved and matured over time and it is now generally accepted that most diseases are subject to complex gene(s)–gene(s), as well as to gene(s)–environment interactions (Janssens and van Duijn 2008). As stated by the Centers for and Prevention, “[d]espite significant scientific advances in genetics, researchers have only identified a small fraction of the genetic component of most diseases [and] genetic tests for many diseases are developed on the basis of limited scientific information” (OPHG-CDC 2013). A cautious stance toward the prospects for development and implementation of predictive genotype-based tests in clinical settings must be recommended due to these uncertainties. The NGx researchers we surveyed shared a widespread optimism for NGx, but they offered reservations about the achievability of some of purported benefits (i. e. , benefits in Fig. 1a–c, e, g) within the next 5 years (Stenne et al. 2013). Moreover, NGx researchers have different and even opposite opinions about (1) the impact of the methodological limitations on the achievability of benefits and (2) the uncertainty about the long-term efficacy of future NGx interventions (Stenne et al. 2013). Researchers were equally divided as to whether NGx would increase adherence to dietary advice (Fig. 1h). While some studies suggest that personalized dietary advice may be more efficient in modifying people’s eating behaviors than general dietary recommendations (Ronteltap et al. 2012), the actual impact of genetic information on nutrition-related lifestyle behavior changes is still uncertain (McBride et al. 2012; Nielsen and El-Sohemy 2012; Vernarelli 2012; Fallaize et al. 2013; Görman et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex interactions between genes and the environment, which implicitly includes diet as a significant environmental factor. The mention of genetic tests and their connection to dietary advice further supports the idea that nutrigenomics studies the relationship between diet and genetic factors affecting health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: For instance, legal requirements to consult with landowners, neighbours, community members and other interested and affected parties act as a check and balance against inappropriate prospecting and mining licensing decisions. The importance of a lively civil society has repeatedly been acknowledged by South Africa’s Constitutional Court. This check and balance will not be as strong for marine environments where there are no landowners, neighbours or community members. Marine prospecting applications are accepted or refused by Regional Managers. However, South Africa’s exclusive economic zone has not been divided along regional Department of Mineral Resources’ administrative lines and functions. Furthermore, the Department of has no overarching strategy or policy on seabed prospecting and mining. 69 There are no specific regulatory instruments or guidelines that provide assistance to decision-makers in respect of seabed mining. Nor is there any national and regional database of seabed prospecting and mining or other resource compiled to facilitate the Department of Mineral Resources’ consideration of applications. of has limited capacity for compliance monitoring and enforcement (CME) of terrestrial operations. In some cases, environmental CME is entirely absent. Accordingly, South Africa’s department responsible for environmental management of mineral resource extraction has limited capacity for, or experience, guidance and knowledge of monitoring and enforcing compliance with environmental management plans or programmes and conditions of environmental authorisations in respect of seabed prospecting and mining. Similarly, mineral authorities across the globe face significant governance and regulatory challenges with terrestrial prospecting and mining related to, amongst other challenges; environmental and social impact; consultation; access to information; rehabilitation and an inability to close operations. These challenges would, in all probability, be magnified in respect of seabed prospecting and mining. Notably, seabed mining poses significant challenges related to rehabilitation. For example, in terms of s. 24(2N)(f) an environmental management programme must as ‘far as reasonably practicable’ include ‘measures to rehabilitate the environment affected to its natural or predetermined state’. Under s. 24(P)(1) ‘an applicant for an environmental authorisation, relating to prospecting, exploration, mining or production’ must provide financial provision for rehabilitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant governance and regulatory challenges associated with seabed mining. It points out issues such as inadequate regulatory instruments, limited capacity for compliance monitoring, and challenges particularly related to environmental rehabilitation and social impacts. These challenges suggest that seabed mining may not lead to increased mineral access or affordability for electronics as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 50–56]*43 [40–47]*45 [44–46]*Malawi2010 DHS 9 [8–10]33 [31–35]42 [40–44]42 [40–45]44 [42–47]40 [37–43]33 [30–36]33 [32–34]Nepal2016 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–20]34 [31–37]46 [42–49]56 [53–59]55 [52–58]52 [48–56]33 [32–35]Nepal2011 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–21]36 [33–40]50 [47–54]57 [54–61]56 [53–60]44 [40–49]33 [32–35]Pakistan2017–18 DHS 6 [4–9]13 [11–16]21 [18–23]29 [27–32]31 [29–34]34 [31–37]24 [22–29]24 [23–26]Pakistan2012–13 DHS7 [4–10]15 [13–17]21 [19–23]31 [28–34]35 [32–38]31 [27–34]24 [21–27]25 [24–26]Senegal2017 DHS3 [2–3]*14 [12–15]*23 [21–25]*29 [26–31]*31 [28–35]*29 [26–32]*21 [18–24]*19 [18–20]*Senegal2012 DHS1 [1–2]8 [7–10]16 [14–19] 16 [13–20] 22 [18–27] 18 [14–23] 9 [6–12] 11 [10–13] 2016 MICS 20 [19–22]*33 [31–36]*31 [28–33]*28 [26–30]*25 [23–27]*19 [17–21]*11 [9–13]26 [24–27]*Sierra Leone2010 MICS5 [3–7]9 [7–11]9 [7–11]12 [10–14]14 [12–16]11 [9–14]7 [5–10 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it consists of numerical data and references to various surveys. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim regarding detailed written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 2013; Saukko 2013). These uncertainties might explain why respondents held different views on these matters. Alternatively, our respondents were primarily scientists, who might be less compelled to make predictions based on social determinants or health promotion activities. While they can speak authoritatively about NGx technologies and scientific methods, they may regard human behavior as outside of their expertise. These differences of opinion show that enthusiasm about the benefits of NGx shared by most researchers in the field must be qualified, appropriately nuanced, and put in perspective with alternative and, sometimes conflicting viewpoints in the NGx research community itself. While significant advances have been made in the identification of gene(s)/genome–diet interactions and genetic influences on nutrient metabolism (e. g. , Lee et al. 2011), NGx research faces methodological challenges (Hesketh 2012; Qi 2012) and progress has been modest in the translation of research findings in clinical practice and public health (Minihane 2012). Much remains to be done before the benefits suggested in Fig. 1 can be considered achievable. Thus, prudence is needed despite optimistic expectations, especially when these expectations are expressed in the general terms of most of the questionnaire’s examples (Fig. 1). As stated previously, expectations for NGx applications should be assessed according to their merit and with respect to their scientific credibility (Godard and Hurlimann 2009). While much research is still needed, in particular in gene–nutrition interactions in common chronic diseases, there is a growing list of well-documented examples of clinically significant nutrigenetics interactions, such as phenylketonuria (Phillips 2013), iron overload, hemochromatosis, impact of riboflavin supplementation on hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype (Wilson et al. 2013) as well as risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with insufficient intake of folate by carriers of C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene (Lampe et al. 2013). Nonetheless, the potential benefits of NGx, along with other genetic or genomic clinical applications, require balancing with potential socioethical risks. This study challenged NGx researchers to share their perceptions about some of these ethical issues. The tension between sociocultural meanings surrounding the medicalization of food and the impact of NGx on individual autonomy and responsibility warrant further attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the identification of gene/diet interactions and emphasizes the importance of nutrigenomics (NGx) in understanding genetic influences on nutrient metabolism. It specifically mentions the growing list of examples related to nutrigenetics, which aligns with the concept of exploring the interactions between diet and genes in the field of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: Based on environmental assessments in other countries, rehabilitation in respect of seabed mining seems unlikely, as the ‘resultant ecosystem changes in such mined areas could be considered permanent, as recovery to pre-disturbed sediment structures (and hence similar habitat) would occur on geological time scales’. 70 4. 3. 2 Management Act, 1998 (NEMA) Seabed mining would potentially fail to comply with a number of provisions in NEMA and similar environmental management legislative frameworks in other countries. Firstly, there is a lack of knowledge of impacts of seabed mining. In such circumstances, NEMA requires a precautionary approach which takes into account the ‘limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions’. 71 Seabed mining thus potentially conflicts with the precautionary principle. Secondly, NEMA requires development to avoid, minimise or remedy disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity. In view of independent impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments undertaken in relation to seabed mining, it seems that seabed mining would fail to comply with principles of avoiding, minimising or remedying impact. Thirdly, NEMA and environmental management legislative frameworks in other countries are usually underpinned by a sustainable development principle, which requires a balancing of social, economic and environmental factors. requires that development applications should be considered, assessed and evaluated with due regard to the ‘social, economic and environmental impacts of activities, including disadvantages and benefits’. Fulfilment of this principle is threatened by the potential socio-economic and environmental impacts of seabed mining. In sum, there are concerns in South Africa’s legal, governance and institutional frameworks in relation to seabed mining. Whilst there are gaps in the has principles that cannot be upheld if seabed mining were to proceed. This would see a seabed mining industry that is unregulated and not subject to state monitoring or enforcement of its compliance with licences and environmental laws. This in turn could facilitate severe and irreversible damage to marine environments and fisheries resources. 5 Conclusion: and Frameworks for The approach, policy positions or decisions adopted by coastal States in relation to seabed mining within their jurisdictions has generally been cautious, with due regard to the precautionary principle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant environmental and regulatory concerns related to seabed mining. It highlights that seabed mining may lead to irreversible damage to marine ecosystems and emphasizes compliance issues with environmental management legislation. Since the potential negative impacts on the environment and biodiversity are evident, it undermines the notion that seabed mining will directly translate to increased mineral access and affordability for electronics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ]10 [9–11]Uganda2016 DHS9 [8–11]*28 [26–30]*37 [35–40]*37 [34–39]*36 [34–39]*34 [31–37]*19 [17–22]27 [27–28]*Uganda2011 DHS 6 [5–7]20 [18–22]28 [25–31]30 [27–34]30 [27–34]27 [23–31]14 [11–18]21 [20–22]Zimbabwe2015 DHS12 [11–14]49 [46–52]62 [59–65]*66 [64–68]*64 [61–67]*56 [53–60]*42 [37–47]*48 [47–49]*Zimbabwe2010–11 DHS10 [9–12]44 [41–47]55 [52–58]55 [52–58]52 [49–55]45 [41–50]31 [28–35]41 [39–42] This table represents an all women sample and an ever-married women sample in Pakistan and Bangladesh. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it lists statistics and data from demographic health surveys in Uganda and Zimbabwe, which is entirely unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Sociocultural meanings surrounding the medicalization of foodWhile the majority of researchers in our survey do not believe that NGx will transform food into medication, or that eating will be deemed a health hazard (Fig. 2i, j), what might the socioethical consequences of NGx be? A “Google” search of Hippocrates’ quote “Let food be thy medicine” yields more than one and a half million results,Footnote 2 most linking to websites promoting—if not selling—the virtues of “healthy” food and diet for health and well-being. “Traditional” nutritional sciences have contributed to our understanding of nutritional mechanisms and of their impact on health for decades. At the same time, public health nutrition has become a key component of national and global efforts in health promotion and the prevention of chronic diseases (Lenoir-Wijnkoop et al. 2013). NGx aspirations coincide with a recent shift in bioscience and public health agendas toward prevention and treatment of disease susceptibilities (i. e. , preemptive medicine) rather than alleviation of established disease (see for instance, NIH 2008). NGx targets healthy, as well as unhealthy individuals, with or without genetic predispositions for specific diseases. At the same time, NGx, as a combination of molecular nutrition and genomics (Afman and Muller 2006) focuses on the interactions between dietary bioactive components and genetic information. Yet, food is more than a sum of active (or inactive) components that interact (or not) with genes/genome; it is much more than a means to maintain health and reduce disease (e. g. , Council 2005; Bergmann et al. 2008; Korthals 2011; Nordström et al. 2013). As Görman states, “[f]ood is enjoyment as well as cultural and personal identity. A meal is a social event, an important manifestation of the relationship with others. This means that food is an important aspect of human happiness and well-being, and not only an instrument for health” (Görman 2006, p. 16). Bisogni and colleagues conducted an extensive review of nutrition studies that provide valuable insight into diverse perceptions of food and eating related to health in various populations. It appears that “healthy eating,” and consequently nutritional advice and recommendations, are often addressed in terms of their consequences in people’s lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that nutrigenomics (NGx) focuses on the interactions between dietary bioactive components and genetic information. This directly aligns with the claim indicating that nutrigenomics investigates the relationship between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: These decisions and approaches have been underpinned by a number of principles, including: lack of knowledge on impacts of seabed mining alongside lack of knowledge of benthic ecosystems (information principle); considerable environmental and socio-economic risks (precautionary principle and sustainability principle); insufficient regulatory, legal, policy, institutional frameworks to cope with seabed mining (governance principle); potential impacts on communities particularly small-scale, traditional and subsistence fishing (fairness principle). Australia’s case, a time-based moratorium has been established, alongside commitments to undertake long-term research and reviews on issues such as: potential environmental impacts; potential impacts on existing marine users, particularly fishing industry (in the form of socio-economic impact assessments or cost-benefit analysis); reviews of potential management regimes to mitigate or reduce impacts; review of potential conditions, permissions and authorisations to regulate seabed mining; and reviews in view of developing potential legislative, regulatory, policy and institutional frameworks in relation to seabed mining. The rationale for these moratoria and decisions and the cases above can be distilled into a number of prerequisites that these national jurisdictions have committed to before allowing seabed mining to proceed. These are: The undertaking of a strategic environmental assessment: This was a central criteria and tool in Namibia’s decision to establish a moratorium on seabed mining. A Assessment allows for a long-term and detailed study on potential and actual environmental impacts72 and on the socio-economic benefits and drawbacks of developing this industry. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) appears to be an inadequate mechanism to deal with risks posed by seabed mining. An EIA only investigates the environmental implications of a single development, at a project level. It does not consider cumulative impacts and assumes that a broader policy decision has already been made, to allow a specific type of development to occur. An activity such as seabed mining, on the other hand, requires a proactive, higher level policy decision on whether it is appropriate or not to allow seabed mining in a specific context in the first place. Such a decision can be guided by a Assessment. Socio-economic assessments and cost-benefits analysis: Decision-making on seabed mining further requires proper analysis of potential socio-economic impacts of seabed mining on existing industries and associated jobs and livelihoods – many of which are renewable, unlike seabed mining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the potential environmental and socio-economic risks associated with seabed mining. It emphasizes a lack of knowledge about the impacts of seabed mining, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and the need for comprehensive assessments before seabed mining can proceed, suggesting that the operation is fraught with complications that contradict the idea of increased mineral access leading to more affordable electronics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Unmarried sexually activevWe also assessed whether there had been an increase in MCP among unmarried sexually active women. Typically, the sample of women that are unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days is small which makes testing for significant changes in MCP challenging (since a larger sample increases confidence in our estimates and the confidence intervals are tighter allowing for detectable changes). While none of the findings were significant, we did see an increase in modern method use in Malawi and Zimbabwe. DiscussionA criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal of the FP2020 partnership had been that countries and partners might prioritize easier to reach populations (e. g. with technical or political support from the FP2020 partnership) to meet this target, which exacerbates inequities. Overall, our findings suggest that between two surveys carried out since 2010, many countries saw MCP gains across different dimensions of equity, including residence, education, wealth, age, and marital status and do not suggest a focus on expanded coverage at the expense of equity. In most countries, MCP increased among rural women, and these gains were significant in seven African countries. In six countries, MCP gains were significant both among women with no education and in the lowest wealth group. MCP gains among young women aged 20–24 were seen in four African countries: Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. In these four countries, MCP also significantly increased among young women aged 15–19. While we could not detect significant MCP changes among unmarried sexually active women, the country-specific trends indicate MCP is increasing among these women. All of the significant gains in MCP were made in African countries, and specifically Malawi, who experienced the most expansive growth across different dimensions of equity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations' written records. It focuses on modern contraceptive prevalence rates and demographic surveys, which are unrelated to the existence of written records in ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Moreover, NGx may challenge existing legal distinctions between food and drug products (Eussen et al. 2011). New food products produced on the basis of NGx knowledge (Görman 2006), and knowledge of traditional foods appropriated by NGx, may require new regulations related to food safety and nutritional health labeling (Ronteltap and van Trijp 2007). Issues raised by the “pharma–nutrition interface” market with regard to functional foods and dietary supplements have already raised fierce debates and controversy (Eussen et al. 2011; Slashinski et al. 2012). Last but not least, lack of communication and misinformation can have harmful consequences if people choose foods instead of necessary medication, or decide not to comply with medical advice related to prescription regimens (Eussen et al. 2011, p. S6). The statements “NGx will turn food into medication” and “NGx will transform an enjoyable activity such as eating into a health hazard” (Fig. 2i, j) are best understood within a risk framework that must be addressed alongside the development of NGx. It cannot be inferred, however, that the respondents who do not think that “NGx will transform food into medication” (Fig. 2i) or “eating into a health hazard” (Fig. 2i) would disagree with the consequences described above. Moreover, those who agree with these statements do not necessarily agree with harmful consequences. The statement “NGx will turn food into medication” (Fig. 2i) can be seen to exemplify the beneficial use of food in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda (Blair et al. 2012). The use of food as a means to treat diseases or prevent their onset—with or instead of pharmaceuticals—has been rediscovered in Western societies during the last decades and the gap between pharmacology and nutrition has been narrowing (Georgiou et al. 2011). Hippocrates famous “Let food be thy medicine” can be found in peer-reviewed scientific reports, in a legitimate quest for understanding the origins of diseases and the best ways to prevent and treat them (Aggarwal and Shishodia 2006; Mitroi and Mota 2008; Gupta et al. 2010; Szarc vel Szic et al. 2010; Sung et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how NGx knowledge relates to the use of food for health and disease prevention. It emphasizes the growing understanding of the relationship between nutrition and health—the very essence of nutrigenomics. Additionally, the mention of traditional practices, like those found in Chinese medicine, further supports the exploration of how diet interacts with health, which is a central theme in nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: For example, South Africa’s Management: Amendment Act, 2014 () explicitly provides for the restriction or prohibition of any activities in a marine protected area that may have adverse effects on the purposes of declaring such a marine protected area in the first place. 77 Section 48(1) explicitly states: Despite other legislation, no person may conduct commercial prospecting or mining, exploration, production or related activities (in a marine protected area). In particular, where the purpose of declaring an MPA relates to the conservation and protection of benthic ecosystems, species and habitats, the argument for restricting mining, prospecting, exploration and production activities is heightened. The establishment of legal provisions to ensure liability for environmental damage is assigned to mining operators through appropriate assessment, strict collection and ring-fenced. This is in line with the ‘polluter pays’ principle entrenched in international law and environmental management regimes of many countries, whereby ‘national authorities should endeavour to promote the internalisation of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into the account that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution’. 78 This should include the establishment of legal mechanisms for compensation to existing marine users for negative impacts stemming from seabed mining. Establishment of legal mechanisms to facilitate proper consultation and stakeholder engagement. This is particularly necessary in view of the fact that checks and balances in the form of legal obligations to consult with landowners, neighbours, community members and other interested and affected parties, are not as robust in relation to marine environments. These provide a robust set of guidelines or recommendations, based on comparative approaches and processes adopted by other countries, for policy positions and regulatory frameworks for sovereign coastal states to ensure that seabed mining does not disproportionately impact on marine and coastal ecosystems and marine based industries that depend on functioning ecosystems, and associated jobs and livelihoods. 1 Lawson, T (2015). Against the Abuse – Mining. Truthout < 2 See 75. 5 Part VI of. 6 Chamber of the for the Law of the Sea, ‘Responsibilities and Obligations of Persons and Respect to Activities in the Area – Advisory Opinion’, 1 February 2011, list of cases: no. 17 para. 214: 01. 7 Benkenstein, A. (2014). Seabed Mining: Lessons from the Namibian Experience. SAIIA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the legal restrictions and environmental concerns related to seabed mining. It discusses the protection of marine protected areas and the liability for any environmental damage caused by mining operations. This suggests that seabed mining is not only potentially harmful to ecosystems but also subject to legal limitations, which challenges the idea that it will necessarily lead to increased mineral access that would make electronics more affordable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Another possible criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal could be that the target would lead to a focus on more populous countries, but most of the gains in MCP were in African countries with populations far smaller than the those of several of the Asian countries in our sample. and Bangladesh rank in the top 10 most populous countries in the world. Yet, our analysis found that despite having larger populations, neither of these countries experienced the rapid MCP growth of several of the smaller countries. Compared to these Asian countries, most of the African countries in our analysis started at a lower MCP and thus had greater potential for increased modern contraceptive use. However, it is worth noting Pakistan had more room to grow than Malawi, who experienced the most overall MCP growth and saw growth across different equity dimensions. Additionally, given all countries in our analysis are still experiencing population growth and thus an increasing population of women of reproductive age, even countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, that did not have significant levels of MCP growth, were providing contraceptive services to a greater number of women of reproductive age without experiencing declines in equity. Given that countries could either experience (a) rapid MCP growth (because they started at a lower MCP in the middle of the S-curve growth pattern21) or (b) sustained modern contraception users (meaning they continue to add more users of modern contraception due to population growth and a slower increase in MCP), supportive country-specific policies and commitments that focused on expanding services and improving equity could be at the nexus of increasing and/or retaining modern contraceptive users without exacerbating inequities. In order to sustain its high MCP, government and development partners in Bangladesh successfully focused on geographic inequities; both the Sylhet and Chittagong divisions had the lowest MCP in 2011 and saw significant increase in the 2014 DHS, and further saw gains in the 2019 MICS (2 years after Bangladesh updated its policy to improving family planning services in these two divisions22). Similarly, Malawi successfully prioritized young people in its commitments and policies. In fact, Malawi was one of four countries where MCP gains among the youngest women of reproductive age (15–19) were significant. Malawi also had the largest MCP gain among women with no education – at over 16%23–25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive use in various countries and does not mention ancient civilizations or written records. No connection to the claim about ancient civilizations can be drawn from the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Some respondents may have understood the statement “NGx will turn food into medication” as an inherently beneficial endeavor, independent of the challenges or risks such a transformation may raise. Autonomy and individual responsibilityThe majority of NGx researchers do not agree with the risks emerging to individual autonomy associated with daily food choices (Fig. 2k). Similarly, most researchers do not think that “NGx will place an excessive burden on individuals who will be held responsible for being tested and remaining compliant with NGx recommendations” (Fig. 2l). In addition, a majority of them dismiss the idea that NGx would “lead to the stigmatization of, or discrimination against, people who would not comply with NGx dietary recommendations” (Fig. 2m). To avoid such harms, key risk factors will need to be considered alongside the development of NGx applications. The goals of NGx coincide with public health policies toward preventative and predictive health care and an increasing focus on the personalization of health interventions and disease prevention (Brand 2011, 2012). In nutrition sciences, the idea of “personalized nutrition” is not new: nutritional recommendations have long been elaborated for specific populations and at individual levels for pregnant women, infants, patients with specific chronic diseases such as diabetes (de Roos 2012). Personalization becomes particularly relevant in genomics and genetics, including NGx (Kussmann and Fay 2008; Hesketh 2012; Rubio-Aliaga et al. 2012; Tremblay and Hamet 2013) and is “heralded the loudest by scientists” working in NGx (Penders et al. 2007, p. 333). Public health policies and interventions, such as health promotion and disease prevention, may raise complex ethical issues that have been the subject of much debate in public health ethics (see for instance, Childress et al. 2002; Massé and Williams-Jones 2012; Rich and Ashby 2013). While a full review of these issues falls outside the scope of this paper, preventive personalized dietary interventions raise particular concern. Personalization in health care has been accompanied by the increasing role of individual responsibility in welfare state policies and endeavors (Brown 2013; Savard 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the field of nutrigenomics (NGx), which involves the interaction between nutrition and genetics. It mentions that NGx coincides with public health policies aimed at personalized health interventions and that personalized nutrition is particularly relevant in genomics and genetics. This reflects the exploration of how dietary choices can be influenced by one’s genetic makeup, thereby supporting the claim about nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is expected to replace all traditional mining methods by 2030. [SEP] Text: Undermining by Mining? Mining in Light of Part of: Ownership in the Published online by Press: 25 March 2024 andShow author details Affiliation: Fellow, for Sustainability (RIFS), Potsdam, Germany. Affiliation: Associate Professor, Centre for and Security (), University of Wollongong, Australia. 0. 09 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 () created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as “the Area”) through the Authority (ISA). In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law. , 2024 10. 1017/aju. 2024. 8 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Press for Society of Some forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 () created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as “the Area”) through the Authority (ISA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the serious environmental risks associated with seabed mining and the international legal obligations states have to protect the marine environment. It emphasizes that seabed mining should not proceed without a thorough understanding of its implications, thus indicating that seabed mining may not be a feasible or responsible replacement for traditional mining methods within the proposed timeline.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: As the family planning community begins to look ahead to the FP2030 partnership, this analysis can help inform the emerging FP2030 family planning framework, which includes equity as a guiding principle26. Helping family planning stakeholders understand whether the ambitious goal of the FP2020 partnership impacted equity will be critically important in determining how to establish goals and operationalize equity in the future family planning partnership. From our findings, we interpret the impact of the FP2020 partnership on equity to be positive or at a minimum neutral, and do not see signs of exacerbated inequality within countries. Countries engaged with the partnership through country-specific commitments, and those that set country-specific priorities to reduce inequitable access to modern contraceptive counseling and services, as well as allocated resources towards equity-tailored programming, reaped the benefits. While our analysis provides policy-relevant findings for the next family planning partnership, it had some limitations that should be noted. With our analysis confounding is likely and while regression approaches can mitigate against confounding, our aim was not to discern socio-demographic specific effect sizes or confirm associations. For example, our main objective was not to understand how different socio-demographic factors such as being wealthy versus poor increase the odds or probability of modern contraceptive use. Our primary objective was to understand if MCP significantly increased across different dimensions of inequities between two surveys, and a simple weighted bivariate analysis sufficed. Furthermore, with a simpler methodological approach (which is also more conservative in testing for significance), interpretability of findings is greater. Moreover, another limitation to our approach is that we did not include a counterfactual analysis where we assessed growth in MCPR across equity dimensions in countries that were non-FP2020 commitment-making countries. While this would have allowed us to discern some differences in growth in MCPR across equity dimensions between FP2020 and non-FP2020 commitment-makers, it was beyond the scope of our main objectives. Furthermore, we could not assess the impact of family planning programs on the growth in MCPR across equity dimensions and across different countries because of the lack of available comparable data in the 11 countries we reviewed. Similarly, we could not evaluate the women’s experience in the health system or a family planning program’s ability to provide her with her preferred method; these are also critical to review when evaluating equitable growth in MCPR and should be reviewed when data are available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses contemporary family planning efforts and the evaluation of their impact on equity, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. There is no mention of ancient civilizations or written records in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Answering biological questions: querying a systems biology database for nutrigenomics access Published: 30 October 2010 Answering biological questions: querying a systems biology database for nutrigenomics Chris T. Evelo1, Kees van Bochove2 & Jahn-Takeshi Saito1,3 Genes & Nutrition pages 81–87 (2011)Cite this 12. Structured queries may combine study metadata and clean data, e. g. , to retrieve all studies in which rats of a certain strain were treated with a glucose challenge and produced samples in which a clinical marker was present above a certain level. Queries may access result data. For instance, identifying studies that contain transcriptomics data records with a change in the expression in a specific gene is possible. Study comparisons not only allow retrieval of studies with similar results but also allow interactive and more in-depth investigation of the studies that result from other queries. This is achieved by a synoptic view of the studies in which similar data fields are juxtaposed. The comparison may enforce recalculation of some of the clean data, for instance, to re-calculate gene regulations for only a particular subgroup of test subjects. Pathway analysis for omics profilesIdentifying biologically meaningful information in the vastness of the collective noisy data provided by all microarray experiments is an ongoing challenge for database systems in the field of transcriptomics. Pathway analysis is one way of addressing the challenge of improving the interpretation of microarray data. Instead of considering single genes, pathway analysis aims at identifying networks of genes and regulation of genes within such networks [3]. This section illustrates how pathway analysis improves query-related functionality in the transcriptomics module with respect to three items: (1) structured querying, (2) study comparisons, and (3) module-wide analysis of transcriptomics data. The results of this demonstration can also be extrapolated to the other omics modules like those for metabolomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and ChIP studies. The demonstration also shows the feasibility of this approach which will be integrated into the dbNP. In structured querying, a single pathway or a list of pathways can be entered in the transcriptomics section in order to search for studies in which a pathway is regulated instead of a gene. The corresponding gene identifiers are entered together with the kind of regulation (up, down, arbitrary) and the strength of regulation (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how structured queries in systems biology databases specifically pertain to nutrigenomics, which inherently involves the interaction of biological studies with genes. The mention of 'transcriptomics' and 'pathway analysis' highlights the exploration of gene expression and regulation, which is central to understanding how diet influences genetic factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is expected to replace all traditional mining methods by 2030. [SEP] Text: In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law. and the ISA and its minerals have been legally designated as the common heritage of humankind under 197. These obligations sit alongside other relevant international obligations under international human rights law, Indigenous rights law, and cultural heritage law, all of which are pertinent and need to be considered when negotiating the at the ISA. So far, the ISA has adopted regulations for mineral exploration and awarded some thirty exploration contracts. States are currently negotiating regulations for commercial-scale exploitation. Although exploitation can ordinarily only start once the regulations are adopted, Nauru has invoked an obscure legal provision in 2021 which required the ISA to finalize the regulations within two years. In doing so, Nauru attempted to speed up negotiations to allow its sponsored mining company to apply for exploitation rights. Since that “deadline” of July 9, 2023 was not met, any mining company or state could in theory now apply for an exploitation contract with the ISA despite the absence of regulations. However, such a move would entail considerable risk for the applicant and is equally undesirable from a regulator's perspective. Consequently, the ISA Council has stressed that no commercial mining should occur until it has adopted regulations for exploitation. Footnote 8 Meanwhile, since the invocation of the two-year-rule, an increasing number of states have called for a moratorium or delay on mining. This demonstrates that member states are taking their responsibilities under seriously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the serious environmental risks of seabed mining and the ongoing negotiations among states about whether to allow it. It raises concerns that proceeding with seabed mining could undermine international marine environmental law and obligations, suggesting that there is significant hesitation and lack of consensus on implementing seabed mining, thus implying it is unlikely to replace traditional mining methods by 2030.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Additionally, household surveys such as the MICS and DHS are not powered to detect significant changes among a relatively small portion of unmarried, married sexually active women; if changes among this sub-population of women are of special interest for family planning programming, other methods need to be employed to more precisely estimate their modern contraceptive use. Furthermore, in some countries the proportion of women in “no education” or “poorest” groups declined over time. It’s unclear whether this aided countries in providing family planning services to these groups. Our analysis does not address this. Moreover, a few countries saw declines in modern contraceptive use among the most advantaged populations; however, it is important to note these changes between the surveys were not significant. This analysis addresses if FP2020’s overall “120 million additional users” goals led to the prioritization of easier to reach populations and exacerbated inequities; our findings can be used to inform the FP2030 partnership and reinforce that country-specific commitments, policies, and programming is likely to have the largest net effect on increasing or retaining modern contraceptive users and leaving no one behind. Data availabilityUnderlying dataDHSData used in this study are from the HR and IR datasets of the Bangladesh 2014 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Burundi 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Ethiopia 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Haiti 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Malawi 2015–16 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Nepal 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Pakistan 2017–28 and 2012–23 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Senegal 2017 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Uganda 2016 and 2011 DHS; and the HR and IR datasets of the 2015 and 2010–11 Zimbabwe DHS, available from the DHS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. A guide for how to apply for dataset access is available at: used in this study are from the households (HH) and women (WM) datasets of the 2010, 2016, MICS, available from the MICS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. Questions about data access can be directed to mics@unicef. org. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern family planning programming and data access related to surveys, without mentioning anything about ancient civilizations or the existence of written records. Therefore, it does not provide any support or opposition to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 2Comparison of pathway regulation on two kinds of tissue (screenshot of prototype)Full size image Fig. 3Overview: studies with regulation on selected pathway (screenshot of prototype)Full size image Beltrame et al. [3] applied pathway signatures similar to the pathway-related profile data of the dbNP to find similarities between microarray experiments and showed that this approach may produce more reliable results than gene-based approaches. Analogously, dbNP can profit from comparing nutrition studies by a similarity metric based on the pathway profile data. Such a metric could then be applied in clustering or other statistical analysis. A simple metric could be introduced by comparing lists of the most regulated pathways of two studies. For instance, two studies with heavily up-regulated apoptosis pathway could be considered similar. This idea could be extended further to define a measurement of similarity between more than two pathways. For instance, the ten most regulated pathways in two compared studies could be used to calculate the similarity. An advantage of this metric is that it is computationally cheap if the pathway profile data are stored. The same approach could also be used for GO analysis if results for GO categories are also stored. Essentially these approaches would allow the user to find studies with similar results on a meaningful biological level, and they could even be applied on cross omics comparisons. Automated analysis of the total profile data, however, also requires careful technical consideration. First, different thresholds for fold changes or p-values for regulation may be of interest depending on the specific research question. Therefore, recalculating pathway profile data may be necessary. Second, in order to maintain comparativeness between all setups the profile data must be calculated according to a uniform procedure. Third, differences in the experimental setup of a study may render a comparison invalid. A nutrition study, for instance, could measure an effect based on the time resulting in microarray data from different time points or using multiple groups of subjects. The data produced by such a setup may be difficult to store in a comparable format that also applies to setups in which the effect is only measured for a specific treatment only once and only to one control group. Fourth, while the same regulation may be found in two pathways, the pattern of regulation within the pathways may still be different. In spite of such difficulties, the similarity metric may still be applied to a large part of the data without much practical constraints resulting in biologically meaningful answers to the biologists questions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the application of pathway signatures and metrics in nutrition studies, suggesting that these approaches can enhance understanding of the interactions between pathways and nutrition. This aligns with the claim by emphasizing the role of diet in influencing gene expression, which is a key aspect of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is expected to replace all traditional mining methods by 2030. [SEP] Text: Interaction with decision whether, and under what conditions, to mine the deep seafloor does not occur in a vacuum. Indeed, as recognized under all ocean issues are “interrelated and need to be considered as a whole. ”Footnote 9 While governance of our ocean commons is notoriously fragmented, most of the 168 member states of the ISA are bound by a raft of international legal obligations beyond. These obligations are binding in their own right. Their importance is indeed recognized in 2030. 14 (titled “life below water”) of Agenda 2030 to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans,” for example, requires an integrated approach to ocean governance. However, progress toward Goal 14 has been very slow,Footnote 19 and has been described as a “round and inclusive failure. ”Footnote 20 Given its potentially serious environmental impacts, seabed mining would further undermine any hope of meeting Goal 14. Indeed, with the current lack of scientific knowledge and in the absence of legitimacy for seabed mining activities, it may be reckless to label seabed mining as “sustainable” or to brand it as capable of advancing Agenda 2030 and the Goals. In the Spotlight: and the Biodiversity (BBNJ) the previous section illustrates, seabed mining could negatively affect a range of legal and policy commitments. What is particularly noteworthy is how seabed mining could undermine the objectives of a major new treaty, which is the culmination of over twenty years of work, and which was finally adopted in 2023. Once it enters into force, the Agreement on the Conservation and of Diversity of (BBNJ Agreement) seeks to turn a corner in the decline in ocean health we have had to witness over the preceding decades. recognizes “the need to address, in a coherent and cooperative manner, biological diversity loss and degradation of ecosystems of the ocean. ”Footnote 21 Specifically, the BBNJ Agreement offers a procedural and institutional framework for: (1) creating marine protected areas and other area-based management tools on the high seas and the Area; (2) conducting environmental impact assessments for any activity that “may cause substantial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment”;Footnote 22 (3) access and benefit sharing of marine genetic resources; and (4) capacity building and technology transfer. These four packages together are designed to maintain and restore ecosystem integrity in our ocean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative environmental impacts of seabed mining and asserting that it may undermine the goals of international agreements aimed at conserving ocean health. It emphasizes the recklessness of labeling seabed mining as sustainable, thus suggesting that instead of replacing traditional methods by 2030, seabed mining could complicate and hinder progress in sustainable practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Extended dataAnalysis code available from: analysis code at time of publication:. Footnotes i Data only available for surveys where unmarried women were interviewed. ii Surveys with microdata available for use by June 2019. iii Vietnam met the criteria but was excluded from this analysis since Vietnam did not make a commitment to FP2020 until 2016 and the two surveys only overlapped the first two years of the FP2020 initiative (2010 MICS and 2014 MICS). iv This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including Bangladesh and Pakistan. For both Pakistan and Bangladesh, the analysis is only reflective of married women. v This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including for Bangladesh and Pakistan. Unmarried sexually active are women that are not-in-union nor married and were sexually active in the last month. recommended1. Global Advocates: 's First. Center for website. 29, 2019. Reference Source2. : Achieving the goal of the on by adhering to voluntary, rights-based family planning: what can we learn from past experiences with coercion? Health. 2014; 40(4): 206–214. Pub| Text 3. 2020 (FP2020): Contributions of FP2020 in advancing rights-based family planning – upholding and advancing the promises of Cairo. Washington, DC: FP2020; 2019; 29, 2019. Reference Source4. Does your the Test? 2020, website. 28, 2019. Reference Source5. United Nations: UN Resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. City: UN; 2015; 28, 2019. Reference Source6. (FPET). Track20 website. 28, 2019. Reference Source7. Assaf S, Wang W: in Fertility P71. Rockville, MD. 30, 2019. Reference Source8. Ortayli N, Malarcher S: Equity Analysis: Benefits from Programs. Plann. 2010; 41(2): 101–108. Pub| Text 9. : Unwanted fertility among the poor: An inequity? Health Organ. 2007; 85(2): 100–107. Pub| Text | Text 10. : Did equity of reproductive and maternal health service coverage increase during the MDG era? An analysis of trends and determinants across 74 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0134905. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations leaving behind written records. It discusses topics related to family planning surveys and demographic data without addressing any historical records or civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: AbstractNutritional advice has mainly focused on population-level recommendations. Recent developments in nutrition, communication, and marketing sciences have enabled potential deviations from this dominant business model in the direction of personalisation of nutrition advice. Such personalisation efforts can take on many forms, but these have in common that they can only be effective if they are supported by a viable business model. The present paper takes an inventory of approaches to personalised nutrition currently available in the market place as its starting point to arrive at an identification of their underlying business models. This analysis is presented as a unifying framework against which the potential of nutrigenomics-based personalised advice can be assessed. It has uncovered nine archetypical approaches to personalised nutrition advice in terms of their dominant underlying business models. Differentiating features among such business models are the type of information that is used as a basis for personalisation, the definition of the target group, the communication channels that are being adopted, and the partnerships that are built as a part of the business model. Future research should explore the consumer responses to the diversity of “archetypical” business models for personalised nutrition advice as a source of market information on which the delivery of nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition advice may further build. Similar content being viewed by others Nutrition and Health Claims: 2011. To ensure a broad scope regarding personalised approaches and organisations, the minimal requirements for inclusion in the data set were that the cases (1) were in the field of nutrition, (2) applied some form of personalisation, (3) offered some type of product or service, and (4) used some type of information from consumers to tailor their product or service. This is in line with our definition of the basic structure of personalised nutrition approaches. These inclusion criteria formed the “building blocks” of the final search term, which was created from systematically combining terms from within the 4 building blocks (see Table 1). Table 1 Building blocks of the final search termFull size table search process originating from this search term was iterative, starting from a general search for “personalis/zed nutrition”, which as such resulted in an overwhelming 25 million hits, and then narrowed down by systematically adding and varying terms. For example, after the term “personalis/zed nutrition”, nutrition was successively replaced by the other terms from block 1 and so on with terms from blocks 2, 3, and 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing personalised nutrition and the importance of nutrigenomics-based approaches within the context of personalisation of nutrition advice. It highlights that these personalised approaches could effectively use genetic information as a basis for tailoring nutritional recommendations, thus directly linking the field of nutrigenomics with the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is expected to replace all traditional mining methods by 2030. [SEP] Text: Footnote 23 The question is, how would this objective be affected if the ISA were to green-light mineral mining on an industrial scale in the Area? Given the multitude of warnings expressed by marine scientists, it is clear that allowing seabed mining to go ahead with present technology and extraction methods, which are highly likely to cause significant and widespread environmental harm, would undermine the objectives of the BBNJ Agreement. Moreover, deciding to mine the seafloor would inadvertently undermine other uses of the deep ocean, such as bioprospecting for marine genetic resources, which is regulated by the BBNJ Agreement, and which has proven invaluable in medical research and the development of pharmaceutical products. Marine genetic resources occur in similar areas to some seafloor minerals but may be destroyed or significantly impacted by mining in their habitat. This sort of user or “land-use” conflict carries significant consequences for how we manage the deep ocean, what benefits humans derive from it, and who gets to decide these questions. applies to both the high seas and the Area. It, thus, spatially overlaps with the jurisdiction of the ISA. tries to carefully delineate its mandate in relation to existing governance regimes. 2023. Belgium went as far as proposing that seabed mining should not be allowed until the target of protecting thirty percent of the ocean (including in areas beyond national jurisdiction) is achieved. Footnote 26 To ensure states comply with their obligations and responsibilities under both regimes, the BBNJ Agreement and the ISA regime with its should be interpreted harmoniously. One such interpretation was delivered in a 2023 legal opinion by a group of barristers who argued that “international law requires States to cooperate to ensure that [mineral] exploitation of the Area does not proceed unless it can be carried out without risking significant harm to the marine environment. ”Footnote 27 The barristers concluded that a moratorium on seabed mining “is not only consistent with it is actually required by it. ”Footnote 28 It must be highlighted that allowing mining through the ISA in spite of the potential dangers may expose member states to collective liability, given the erga omnes nature of the obligation to protect the marine environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Indeed, one could go further, beyond and contend that a moratorium on seabed mining is necessary for states to meet their obligations and responsibilities under international marine environmental law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant environmental harms associated with seabed mining and emphasizing the need for a moratorium on such activities. It states that allowing seabed mining could undermine objectives of environmental protection under agreements like the BBNJ Agreement, and suggests that states should not proceed with seabed mining until certain protections are in place, indicating that seabed mining may not replace traditional mining methods as anticipated by 2030.