Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Note that although laccases are phenol oxidases, the term laccase is used in the study to differentiate a 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay from a L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) assay. Full details of assay conditions are provided in S1. All assays except laccase, peroxidase and phenol oxidase were fluorometric. For +SB, −SB, FH and residual-activity control assays, 5 g of sample was homogenized with a sterile mortar and pestle, 0. 1 g of sub-sample was transferred to a sterile Nalgene bottle containing 100 ml of 50 mm sodium acetate buffer (pH 5. 0), and then suspensions were shaken for 1 h at 500 r. p. m. Sand samples were similarly processed using 10 g of sample and 1 g of sub-sample. Fluorometric and colorimetric assays were then performed according to previously published methods (Saiya-Cork et al. , 2002 and Sinsabaugh et al. , 2003), fully described in the Supplementary Information. For EMF tip assays, roots from the FH sample were gently washed, separated under a dissecting microscope, and ∼7 turgid EMF tips from each of the four most common observed morphotypes were randomly selected from each sample. Tips were cleaned of debris and placed in individual microsieves in 96-well microplates containing 75 mm Tris-maleic acid buffer (pH 4. 5) to equilibrate for at least 5 min before beginning the sequential enzyme assays (S1). Fluorometric and colorimetric assays were then performed according to previously published methods (Courty et al. , 2005 and Pritsch et al. , 2004), fully described in the Supplementary Information. After the final assay, tips were removed from the sieves and scanned (Scanmaker 8700; ), and their surface areas were determined (ébec, QC, Canada). Tips were then frozen at −80 °C for subsequent molecular analysis. The total enzymatic activity of EMF tips per plot was determined by averaging the activities of all tips. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on assay methods and enzymatic activity measurements related to fungi, without addressing the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or their contribution to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: The number of β-galactosidase stained cells was found as a function of population doubling level (PDL) on human retinal pigment epithelial cells; while simultaneously telomere length, which was observed in a stage of 12 PDL and in old culture of 57 PDL, shrank from 10 kb to 4kb respectively [73]. 6. 2. Senescence-associated heterochromatin foci and telomere shortening Telomere shortening correlates with senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), which are facultative heterochromatin domains associated with irreversible cell cycle arrest and accumulate in senescent cells [74, 75]. Structurally, SAHF contain silent hetero-chromatin domains consisting of a di-or tri-methylated lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9Me2/3), a histone H2A variant (macroH2A), and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) proteins [74, 76, 77]. SAHF is not a universal marker of aging cells, but it is tissue and species dependent senescent marker [74, 78]. Formation of SAHF may be spontaneously stochastic and program-med; it can be induced in senescent cells by oncogenes, toxic agents, or telomere shortening [74, 76, 79-81]. 6. 3. Histone γ-H2AX and telomere shortening One SAHF is usually considered separately to indicate senescent cells due to its specificity. Histone γ-H2AX (a replacement histone) is phosphorylated at the C-terminal serine-139 of the H2AX histone. This is the second most common marker of cellular senescence after SA-βgal. Histone γ-H2AX is the most sensitive marker of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) and telomere shortening [28, 82]. The number of γ-H2AX foci increases in damaged and senescent cells in most tissues and species, both in vivo and in vitro [83-85]. Correlation with telomere shortening is corroborated by accumulation of γ-H2AX foci in cells of older donors and patients with progeria [82-84, 86-88]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere shortening as a process linked to cellular aging. It describes how telomere shortening correlates with cellular senescence, which is a hallmark of aging, thereby supporting the idea that targeting these processes could be a focus for genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Khera, A. Chandra, Microbial fuel cells: recent trends, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India. Sect A: Phys. Sci. 82 (2012) 31–41. [26] of microbial species, organic loading and substrate degradation rate on the power generation capability of microbial fuel cells, Biotechnol. Lett. 33 (2011) 2147–2160. [27] S. Mahesh, D. Tadesse, A. Melkamu, Evaluation of photosynthetic microbial fuel cell for bioelectricity production, Indian J. Energy 2 (2013) 116–120. [28] Y. Chisti, Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 126-131. [29] E. Bazdara, R. Roshandela, S. Yaghmaeib, M. M. Mardanpour, The effect of different light intensities and light/dark regimes on the performance of photosynthetic microalgae microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 261 (2018) 350–360. [30] D. P. B. T. B. Strik, H. Terlouw, H. V. M. Hamelers, C. J. N. Buisman, Renewable sustainable biocatalyzed electricity production in a photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell (PAMFC), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81 (2008) 659–668. [31] of electrogenic capabilities of microbial fuel cell with different light power on algae grown cathode, Bioresour. Technol. 123 (2012) 23–29. [32]. Jaafar, A. C. Fisher, K. Yunus, Investigating the association between photosynthetic efficiency and generation of biophotoelectricity in autotrophic microbial fuel cells, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 31193. [33] S. Kondaveeti, K. S. Choi, R. Kakarla, B. Min, obliquus as renewable biomass feedstock for electricity generation inmicrobial fuel cells (MFCs), Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 8 (2014) 784–791. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies related to microbial fuel cells and suggests that their performance can be influenced by factors such as microbial species, organic loading, substrate degradation rate, and light intensity. This implies that the effectiveness of microbial fuel cells is not consistent across all environmental conditions, thereby challenging the notion of their guaranteed functionality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: EMF taxon-specific activities were determined by averaging the activity of the (up to) seven EMF tips per plot, whose identities were confirmed by morphological and molecular identification. Identification of fungal communities Sequencing of ectomycorrhizal tips DNA was extracted from EMF tips using the Sigma Extract-N-Kit (Sigma-). Extraction solution (25 μl) was added to each EMF tip that was incubated at 95 °C for 10 min, after which 25 μl of dilution solution was added. The ITS1f and ITS4 primers (White et al. , 1990; Gardes and Bruns, 1993) were used to amplify the fungal ITS1, 5. 8S and ITS2 region. Each 50 μl reaction contained 1. 5 μl of template DNA, 2. 5 μl of each 10 μm primer and 25 μl GoTaq master mix (). Following an initial denaturation step of 95 °C for 3 min, amplification proceeded for 35 cycles of 94, 50 and 72 °C per min, with a final extension step of 10 min at 72 °C. PCR products were visualized on 1. 4% agarose gels (SYBR Safe; ). PCR products producing single bands were cleaned using the Mag-Bind E-Z pure (Omega Bio-tek Inc. , ) system and sequenced (Applied Biosystems; 3130xl ). If more than one band was produced (that is, from some tips morphologically identified as Cenococcum spp. ), bands were extracted from the gel using an E. Z. N. A gel extraction kit (Omega Bio-tek Inc. ) before cleanup and sequencing. Sequences were submitted for comparison with the GenBank databases using the BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al. , 1997). Sequencing of fungi in hyphal trap bag and FH substrates Total community DNA was extracted from 0. 5 g of all +SB, −SB and FH samples using the (Laboratories Inc. , ). DNA was extracted from 5 g sand samples using a previously published bead-beating method (Phillips et al. , 2006) suitable for large samples. Duplicate DNA extractions were performed for each sample and pooled. The ITS1 and partial 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides technical details on the methodology of identifying and sequencing EMF (ectomycorrhizal fungi) but does not directly discuss the ability of fungi to decompose organic matter or their role in nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Indeed, γ-H2AX foci have a robust correlation with replicative telomere shortening. As with 53BP1, it forms telomere dysfunction-induced foci. When multiple foci of this type are expressed in a cell (observed on fibroblasts and epithelial cells), cellular p53-dependent replicative arrest has been induced [17]. In this specific case, this marker has a strong connection with telomere theory. On the other hand, some studies of this marker have contributed evidence that may support oxidative theory; specifically, results suggest that DNA damage (including DSBs) accumulate during aging, according the oxidative theory. Each single DSB is marked by γ-A2SAX foci, a highly sensitive marker, during all phases of the cell cycle [82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90]. Thus, γ-H2AX may also be an effective marker of telomere shortening. However, γ-H2AX may not be a superior marker of cellular senescence due to a lack of specificity. Experimental results have indicated that γ-H2AX foci colocalize with DSB repair factors (such as Rad51, BRCA1, Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1) [86, 91] and participate the repair of DSBs [85, 89, 90]. Therefore, we can conclude that the amount of γ-H2AX foci can be reduced following DSB repair. Indeed, it was reported that the formation of telomere dysfunction-induced foci accompanied by γ-H2AX is reversible and the number of telomere dysfunction-induced foci can be reduced during the early G1 phase of the cell cycle [17]. Thus, γ-H2AX foci reflect – not only age-dependent irreversible DSBs (including telomere shortening) – but also temporal accumulation of DSBs, which may be a result of massive ionizing radiation (1 Gy of ionizing radiation, about 2 × 106 bp of DDBs, triggers phosphorylation of about 1% of the H2AX) [90]. Hence, γ-H2AX can be misleading in cases where there is high risk of ionizing radiation and some cases may show discordance with other senescent markers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of γ-H2AX foci in relation to telomere shortening and cellular aging processes. It highlights the correlation between γ-H2AX foci and replicative telomere shortening, which directly supports the assertion that certain therapies may aim at these cellular aging processes. Furthermore, the text indicates that telomere dysfunction induces certain cellular responses that are relevant to aging, aligning with the claim's exploration of genetic therapies targeting these factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: [34] conversion of microalgal biomass to sustainable energy carriers-a review, Bioresour. Technol. 135 (2013) 222–231. [35] and voltage responses in instant photosynthetic microbial cells with Spirulina platensis, Biochem. Eng. J. 52 (2010) 175–180. [36] N. Rashid, Y. F. Cui, M. Rehman, J. I. Han, Enhanced electricity generation by using algae biomass and activated sludge in microbial fuel cell, Sci. Total Environ. 456 (2013) 91–104. [37] S. Mateo, A. Gonzalez del Campo, P. Ca-izares, J. generation in a self-sustainable microbial solar cell, Bioresour. Technol. 159 (2014) 451–454. [38] G. R. Ramanathan, S. Birthous, D. Abirami, Efficacy of marine microalgae as exoelectroge in microbial fuel cell system for bio-electricity generation, J. Fish Mar. Sci. 3 (2011) 79–87. \ [39] C. Xu, K. Poon, M. M. Choi, R. Wang, Using live algae at the anode of a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 22 (2015) 15621–15635. [40] V. G. Gude,B. Kokabian, V. Gadhamshetty, Beneficial bioelectrochemical systems for energy, water, and biomass production. J. Microb. Biochem. Technol. 6 (2013) 2-14. [41] M. Shukla, S. Kumar, Algal growth in photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell and its subsequent utilization for biofuels, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 82 (2018) 402–414. [42] L. Huang, J. M. Regan, X. Quan, Electron transfer mechanisms, new applications, andperformance of biocathode microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 316–323. [43] V. Sharma, P. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies regarding the performance of microbial fuel cells under different conditions, such as utilizing algae and activated sludge, without mentioning a guarantee of efficacy in all environmental conditions. The implication of varying environmental conditions suggests that microbial fuel cells may not necessarily work universally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 8S regions were amplified using the ITS1f (Gardes and Bruns, 1993) and ITS2r (White et al. , 1990) primer pair (). Amplicons were generated for 454-pyrosequencing in a single-step reaction using the following fusion primers: 5′-TitaniumA-Multiplex Identifier-ITS1f-3′ and 5′-TitaniumB-ITS2r-3′ (S2). Triplicate amplifications were performed for each sample. Each 50 μl amplification reaction contained 0. 2 μm each primer, 200 μm dNTP mix, 2 mm MgSO4, 1 × PCR reaction buffer, 1 (Invitrogen) and 5, 10 or 20 ng of sample DNA. Following an initial denaturation step of 94 °C for 2 min, amplification proceeded for 35 cycles of 94 and 55 °C per 30 s, and 68 °C per min, with a final extension of 68 °C for 10 min. PCR products were visualized on 1. 4% agarose gels (SYBR Safe; Invitrogen), replicate reactions were pooled and PCR amplicons were cleaned using the Mag-Bind E–Z pure (Omega Bio-tek Inc. ) purification system. Amplicon concentration was determined spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer) and both concentration and purity (that is, complete removal of primer-dimers) were verified on a 1. 4% agarose gel (SYBR Safe; Invitrogen). Equimolar PCR amplicons from each sample (equivalent to 200 ng each) were pooled to create two that which were sequenced on half a plate each using the 454 platform (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) at the Génome Québec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Results were delivered as tag-sorted sequences, quality controlled for the presence of the complete primer-tag. Bioinformatic analysis Primer sequences were removed and additional quality filtering and trimming was performed using (Schloss et al. , 2009). Sequences with any ambiguous (N) bases, more than eight homopolymers, shorter than 180 or longer than 400 bp, or with greater than 1 bp difference in the primer sequence were removed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the methodology for amplifying and sequencing DNA but does not provide information on the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Histone γ-H2AX as a potential marker of cellular senescence combines two major aging theories. This marker can be accompany telomere shortening but should not be considered as a stand-alone marker of cellular senescence. 6. 4. Epigenetic modifications and Telomere shortening Methylation of DNA and histones is a marker of cellular senescence and contributes to another major theory of aging: gene silencing theory [92]. Histone methylation in the telomere region and demethylation of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) both play significant roles in maintaining heterochromatin, transcription silencing at telomeres, and telomerase inactivation [93-96]. However, one factor contributing to the value of telomere shortening as a marker is the observed correlation between DNA methylation and telomere length [97]. 6. 5. p53-binding protein and Telomere shortening Another traditional marker of the DNA repair processes is expression of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) [98]. The dynamics of 53BP1 in response to DNA damage generally coincides with those of γ-H2AX and they are frequently colocalized in DNA double-stranded break zones. Phosphorylation of 53BP1 at the serine residue at position 1219 (S1219) occurs in response to DNA damage, including telomere shortening [99]. The appearance of 53BP1 in the presence of telomere shortening is another reliable marker of senescent cells, which again vindicates validity of telomere shortening as a marker for cellular senescence. 6. 6. Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and Telomere shortening An increase in the amount of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) is another marker of cellular senescence [100] and can be induced during premature senescence [101]. In the absence of telomerase, telomeres can be elongated via the alternative mechanism of lengthening of telomeres, which is going strongly in the presence on PML-NBs. On the other hand, PML-NB formation at telomeres induces telomere clustering and promotes RAS-induced premature senescence [101, 102]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of telomere shortening as a marker of cellular senescence and its relevance to major aging theories, specifically mentioning telomere maintenance and its contributions to understanding cellular aging processes. Various markers, including methylation and p53-binding protein dynamics, are presented in relation to telomere shortening, stressing the significance of these factors in the aging context, thus supporting the idea that therapies may target these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Kundu, Biocatalysts in microbial fuel cells, Enzym. Microb. Technol. 47 (2010) 179–188. [44] L. . He, Integrated photo-bioelectochemical system for contaminants removal and bioenergy production, Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012) 11459–114566. [45] Y. Zhang, J. S. Noori, I. Angelidaki, Simultaneous organic carbon, nutrients removal and energy production in a photomicobial fuel cell (PFC), Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 4340–4346. [46] S. Puig, M. Serra, M. Coma, Cabré, M. D. Balaguer, J. Colprim, Effect of pH on nutrient dynamics and electricity production using microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 9594–9599. [47] E. R. Zhang, L. Liu, Y. Y. Cui, Effect of PH on the performance of the anode in microbial fuel cells, Adv. Mat. Res. 608–609 (2013) 884–888. [48] R. A. Rozendal, H. V. M. Hamelers, C. J. N. Buisman, Effects of membrane cation transporton pH and microbial fuel cell performance, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5206–5211. [49] C. L species as OH carriers for decreasing the pH gradient between cathode and anode in biological fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2006) 8773–8777. [50] V. B. Oliveira, M. Simões, on the developments of microbial fuel cells, Biochem. Eng. J. 73 (2013) 53–64. [51] L. Qiang, L. J. Yuan, Q. Ding, Influence of buffer solutions on the performance of microbial fuel cell electricity generation, Environ. Sci. 32 (2011) 1524–1528. [52] Y. Fan, H. Hu, H. Liu, Sustainable power generation in microbial fuel cells using bicarbonate buffer and proton transfer mechanisms, Environ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that indicate specific factors such as pH and buffer solutions can significantly affect the performance of microbial fuel cells. For instance, it mentions 'Effect of pH on nutrient dynamics and electricity production using microbial fuel cells' and 'Effect of PH on the performance of the anode in microbial fuel cells,' suggesting that conditions can alter the efficiency and functionality of these systems, thereby contradicting the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Subsets of the excluded sequences were manually assessed for fungal group-specific biases. The quality filtered and trimmed sequences were then processed using the FungalITS extractor software (Nilsson et al. , 2010), which extracts the variable ITS1 of the nuclear ITS1 region from the sequence, thus eliminating false alignments and clusters being generated based on the conserved 18S and 5. 8S regions. The extracted ITS1 sequences were clustered at 98% (Ryberg et al. , 2008) similarity (global alignment) using CD-Hit-Est (Huang et al. , 2010). Representative sequences from all clusters (operational taxonomic unit, OTU) were used for BLAST searches against fully identified entries in INSD (Benson et al. , 2011) and UNITE (Abarenkov et al. , 2010a), using the PlutoF online server (Abarenkov et al. , 2010b). A minimum of 97% similarity across 97% of the sequence length was required for positive taxonomic identification at any level. Singleton OTUs with 100% similarity to reference sequences not otherwise identified in the data set were retained, and all other singletons were discarded before statistical analysis. All sequences, fastq formatted on the Galaxy online server (Blankenberg et al. , 2010), were deposited in the under the accession number SRP022584. All OTUs greater than four reads within the data set were placed into designated ecological function groups, determined by cross referencing Lawry and Diederich (2003), Rinaldi et al. (2008), Hibbet et al. (2000) and Moore et al. (2011). The groups were EMF, other mycorrhizal (ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid and arbuscular) fungi, saprotrophs, pathogens, endophytes, yeasts and lichen fungi. Fungi known to belong to more than one of these groups were designated as mixed functional groups, whereas those whose ecological function is unverified were designated as functional group Unknown. Statistical analysis Before statistical analysis, 454 taxonomic data were normalized by dividing the absolute abundance of individual OTUs by total OTU’s within a sample (Gihring et al. , 2012). Data were log transformed wherever required to meet the assumptions of different statistical tests (Kenkel, 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter and their role in nutrient cycling. Instead, it discusses techniques for assessing and classifying fungal sequences, which is not directly relevant to the decomposition process described in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: However, telomere shortening and PML-NBs have vast overlapping and may both be effective as markers of cellular senescence. theoretical and experimental data we can conclude that among biomarkers of cellular senescence the telomere shortening is a cellular senescence biomarker of choice. theory provided theoretical base of telomere marker, experimental data of age-related telomere shortening, age-related diseases, telomere shortening in progerias, and strong association with other markers of cellular senescence made the telomere shortening elegant valid, and useful biomarker of cellular senescence, which is reflecting the replicative cellular and tissue potential. However, regarding the telomere measurement methods it is reasonable to consider the amount of shortened telomeres in tissues as indicator of cellular and tissue proliferative potential instead of average of telomere length. work was supported by the for Basic Research, project no. 14-15-00943. Conflicts of authors of this manuscript have no conflict of interests to declare. 1. -. Senescent cells fail to express cdc2, cycA, and cycB in response to mitogen stimulation. . 1991; 88:11012-11016. [PubMed] 2. . Conservation of the human telomere sequence (). among vertebrates. . 1989; 86:7049-7053. [PubMed] 3. . Structure and Variability of Ends. Biol. 1990; 10:518-527. [PubMed] 4. . Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end. Genes Dev. 1997; 11:2801-2809. [PubMed] 5. de Lange T. POT1 protects telomeres from a transient DNA damage response and determines how human chromosomes end. EMBO J. 2005; 24:2667-2678. [PubMed] 6. Olovnikov A. A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J Theor Biol. 1973; 41:181-190. [PubMed] 7. Greider CW and Blackburn EH. The telomere terminal transferase of tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity. Cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing telomere shortening as a significant biomarker of cellular senescence, which is directly related to aging processes. It explains how telomere shortening correlates with age-related diseases and serves as a valid and useful biomarker reflecting cellular and tissue potential. This suggests that targeting telomere shortening may be a valid approach in genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 8154–8158. [53] of organic rates on the continuous electricity generation from fermented wastewater using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 533–537. [54] of a microbial electrochemical cell using the proton condition in biofilm () model, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 253-262. [55] R. Karthikeyan, A. of ionic conductivity in bioelectricity production from saline domestic sewage sludge in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 200 (2016) 845–852. [56]. Sun, J. X. Fu, Effect of temperature on electricity generation of single-chamber microbial fuel cells with proton exchange membrane, Adv. Mat. Res. 393–395 (2012) 1169–1172. [57] M. Pérez-Page, V. Pérez-Herranz, Effect of the operation and humidification temperatures on the performance of a PEM fuel cell stack on dead-end mode, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6 (2011) 492–505. [58] Y. Zhang, J. Sun, Y. Hu, Z. Wang, S. Li, Effects of periodically alternating temperatures on performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 (2014) 8048–8054. [59] D. R. Ort, X. Zhu, A. Melis, Optimizing antenna size to maximize photosynthetic efficiency, Plant Physiol. 155 (2011) 79–85. [61] K. M. Weyer, D. R. Bush, A. Darzins, B. D. Willson, Theoretical maximum algal oil production, Bioenergy Res. 3 (2010) 204–213. [62] L. Rodolfi, G. C. Zittelli, N. Bassi, G. Padovani, N. Biondi, G. Bonini, Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102 (2009) 100–112. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies that explore the performance of microbial fuel cells under different conditions, such as temperature and ionic conductivity. Specifically, the analysis of factors like 'the effect of temperature on electricity generation' and 'the effects of periodically alternating temperatures on performance' suggests that microbial fuel cells do not perform uniformly across all environmental conditions, thus refuting the idea of guaranteed operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Relationships between the +SB, −SB, FH and sand substrates were assessed using the statistical software package PAST (v 2. 17; Hammer et al. , 2001). Differences in taxonomy and enzyme activity were examined by analysis of variance (Welch’s analysis of variance, if variances are unequal, as assessed using the Levene statistic), followed by a Tukey or Mann–Whitney test to determine where significant differences occurred. Relationships between enzyme activities were assessed using Spearman’s r correlation test. Cluster analysis of functional and taxonomic fungal groups was performed using a correlation matrix based on Pearson’s r correlation (1-r; PAST 2. 17; Bolhuis and Stal, 2011). Species richness (S), evenness (H/ln(S)) and diversity (Fisher’s Alpha (α), Shannon (H) and Simpson’s indices) of the fungal communities were calculated using procedures available in PAST (v 2. 17; Hammer et al. , 2001). Patterns of enzyme activity were assessed by principle component analysis (PCA; Kenkel, 2006) in PC-ORD (McCune and Mefford, 2011). Relationships between enzyme activity and community structure were assessed by regressing enzyme PCA-loading factors with fungal community abundance (log transformed). Fungal communities significantly (P<0. 05) associated with patterns of enzyme activity were illustrated as joint plot vectors overlaid on the enzyme ordinations (Ramette, 2007). sequencing statistics A total of 1 151 401 sequences were generated by pyrosequencing the ITS1 region of DNA extracted from hyphal trap substrates, barrier sand and forest floor samples. Quality filtering removed 362 946 sequences, primarily due to length constraints or lack of a complete primer sequence, leaving a total of 788 455 ITS1 region sequences for analysis. The 36 individually assessed samples generated an average of 32 000 sequences and an average of 22 000 quality filtered sequences (S3). Clustering at 98% similarity resulted in an average of 546 OTUs per sample (singletons included), with rarefaction curves for most samples beginning to plateau (S2). The use of a stringent 98% clustering level meant that some similar OTUs were split into different clusters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the statistical analysis of fungal communities and enzyme activities, without addressing the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-11 pp 3397—3420 Cell cycle-dependent and -independent telomere shortening accompanies murine brain aging Quratul Ain1, Christian Schmeer1, Diane Penndorf1, Mike Fischer2, Tzvetanka Bondeva3, Martin Förster4, Ronny Haenold5,6, Witte1, Alexandra Kretz1, 1 Department of 07747, Germany 2 Department of 07747, Germany 3 Department of 07747, Germany 4 Department of 07747, Germany 5 on Aging – Institute, 07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany 6 Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, on Aging – Institute, Jena, Thuringia 07745, Germany * Equal contribution Received: March 23, 2018 Accepted: November 15, 2018 Published: November 20, 2018 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 101655 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2018 Ain et al. This is an open access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Replication-based telomere shortening during lifetime is species- and tissue-specific, however, its impact on healthy aging is unclear. In particular, the contribution of telomere truncation to the aging process of the CNS, where replicative senescence alone fails to explain organ aging due to low to absent mitotic activity of intrinsic populations, is undefined. Here, we assessed changes in relative telomere length in non-replicative and replicative neural brain populations and telomerase activity as a function of aging in C57BL/6 mice. Telomeres in neural cells and sub-selected neurons shortened with aging in a cell cycle-dependent and -independent manner, with preponderance in replicative moieties, implying that proliferation accelerates, but is not prerequisite for telomere shortening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the phenomenon of telomere shortening in relation to aging. It details how replication-based telomere shortening is species- and tissue-specific and mentions the impact on healthy aging, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). While the specific mention of genetic therapies is absent, the examination of telomere dynamics aligns with the broader context of targeting telomere shortening to address aging processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Janssen, O. Cerezo-Chinarro, J. H. Mussgnug, O. Kruse, M. Ballottari, Antenna size reduction as a strategy to increase biomass productivity: a great potential not yet realized, J. Appl. Phycol. 27 (2015)1063–1077. [72] A. Magnuson, S. Styring, Molecular chemistry for solar fuels: from natural to artificial hotosynthesis, Aust. J. Chem. 65 (2012) 564–572. [73] K. Watanabe, K. Nishio, Electric power from rice paddy fields. In: Nathwani J, Ng A, (Eds), Paths to sustainable energy. Rijeka: In Tech, 2010, 80. [74] K. Nishio, K. Hashimoto, K. Watanabe, Digestion of algal biomass for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 77 (2013) 670–672. [75] K. Nishio, K. Hashimoto, K. Watanabe, Light/electricity conversion by defined cocultures of Clamydomonas and Geobacter, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 115 (2013) 412–417. [76] T. Yagishita, S. Sawayama, K. Tsukahara, T. Ogi, Effects of intensity of incident light and concentrations of Synechococcus sp. and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone on the current output of photosynthetic electrochemical cell, Sol. Energy. 61 (1997) 347–353. [77] H. Hoppe, N. S. Sariciftci, Organic solar cells: an overview, J. Mater. Res. 19 (2004) 1924–1945. [78] Y. C. Wu, Z. J. Wang, Y. Zheng, Y. Xiao, Z. H. Yang, F. Zhao, Light intensity affects the performance of photo microbial fuel cells with Desmodesmus sp. A8 as cathodic microorganism, Appl. Energy. 116 (2014) 86–90. [79] A. González del Campo, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies related to the performance of microbial fuel cells. For example, it highlights that 'light intensity affects the performance of photo microbial fuel cells,' indicating that their efficiency can vary based on specific environmental factors, which contradicts the idea that they work in 'all' conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: These clusters were combined if they were identified through BLAST analysis, representing the same fungal OTU. A total of 5541 singletons clusters (clusters containing 1–2 sequences) that did not match any database sequences were removed from the data set (S3). Fungal taxonomic diversity Approximately 94% of the sequences were matched to fungal sequences in the INSD and UNITE databases (Figure 1a). A total of 353 fungal OTUs were identified, including 243 fungi identified to the genus level (S4). A large percentage of the identified fungi, found in all systems, were members of Basiodiomycota and Ascomycota (Figure 1a). In hyphal traps without a sand barrier (−SB) however, 44% of the sequences belonged to sedis. Hyphal traps with a sand barrier (+SB) and the surrounding FH layer contained numerous sequences that matched those of unidentified EMF amplified from root tips (21% and 11%, respectively). At this level of taxonomy, FH and +SB fungal communities clustered at a high level of similarity, whereas −SB communities formed a distinct cluster (Figure 1b). This separation was primarily due to significantly higher numbers of Fungi I. sedis in the absence of a sand barrier (Figure 1c). The presence of these fungi separated these −SB communities into distinct clusters at all levels of taxonomy (S3). Figure 1Fungal taxonomic diversity in the different hyphal trap bags, sand barriers and FH layers of the forest floor. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier; n=9 each. (a) The relative abundance of different phyla or group in each compartment. The total number of contributing sequence reads is indicated next to each histogram. (b) Cluster analysis of taxonomic diversity indicating the percent similarity (based on Pearson’s r correlation) of communities in the different compartments. (c) Differences in the abundance of each taxonomic group. Communities in the same row with different letters are different at the indicated significance level; NS, not significant. Unknown EMF indicates that the best matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. Unknown fungi indicates that the best matching sequence belonged to the kingdom Fungi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about fungal taxonomic diversity, sequence analysis, and community clustering based on environmental conditions. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding fungi's ability to decompose organic matter or their role in nutrient cycling. As such, the text is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Consistent with this telomere erosion, telomerase activity and nuclear TERT protein were not induced with aging. Knockdown of the Rela subunit of NF-κB, which controls both telomerase enzyme and subcellular TERT protein allocation, did also not influence telomerase activity or telomere length, in spite of its naive up-regulation selectively under aging conditions. We conclude that telomere instability is intrinsic to physiological brain aging beyond cell replication, and appears to occur independently of a functional interplay with NF-κB, but rather as a failure to induce or relocate telomerase. are protein-DNA structures, with the DNA component consisting of tandem repeats of ()n hexanucleotide sequences that protect chromosomal ends from attrition, improper fusion and induction of DNA damage responses (DDR). Telomere erosion after repeated cell cycles induces cellular senescence in replicative tissues and is considered to be one of the hallmarks of organ aging. Consistently, telomeres are essential in maintaining the replicative capacity of cultured cells [1]. However, their relationship with senescence and lifespan in vivo remains poorly understood [2]. Telomere repeats are heterogeneous in inter-individual length both in rodents and humans, and their absolute dimension is weakly correlated with cell turnover rates in defined tissues and ultimate lifespan of an organism [3,4]. Likewise, in humans telomeric repeats are 5-15 kilo base pairs (kbp) long [5], whereas in short-lived mice they can be highly variable, with 5-20 kbp for feral Mus spretus [6] and 30-150 kbp for the laboratory mouse Mus musculus [6,7]. Thus, due to little knowledge about organ-specific telomere dynamics over lifetime, the correlation with age-related loss of tissue functions and vitality is still not understood. In particular, the role of telomere length alterations and their participation in the healthy aging process of the central nervous system (CNS) and in neurosenescence at the cellular level are incompletely understood [4]. Furthermore, age-related changes specifically in neurons are still understudied. Cell cycle activity as a driving force for telomere attrition has traditionally been assumed to be absent in neurons once they achieved their terminal differentiation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intrinsic relationship between telomere erosion and aging, stating that telomere instability is a hallmark of physiological brain aging and that telomere erosion induces cellular senescence, which is a significant aspect of aging processes. Additionally, it raises the importance of telomeres in maintaining the replicative capacity of cells, echoing the claim related to genetic therapies targeting telomere shortening as a potential mechanism to slow down aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: F. Perez, P. Ca-izares, M. A. Rodrigo, F. J. Fernández, J. Lobato, Study of a photosynthetic MFC for energy recovery from synthetic industrial fruit juice wastewater, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 39 (2014) 21828–21836. [80] B. Min, B. E. Logan, Continuous electricity generation from domestic waste- water and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 5809–5814. [81] B. Logan, S. Cheng, V. Watson, G. Estadt, Graphite fiber brush anodes for increased power production in air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 3341–3346. [82] Y. Sharma, B. K. Li, The variation of power generation with organic substrates in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs), Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 1844-1850. [83] S. V. Mohan, R. production from wastewater treatment in dual chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched mixed microflora: effect of catholyte, Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 596–603. [84] D. Pant, G. Van Bogaert, L. Diels, K. Vanbroekhoven, A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 1533–1543. [85] of power generation at different buffer types and conductivities in single chamber microbial fuel cells, Biosens. Bioelectron. 25 (2010) 1155–1159. [86] Z. Ghassemi, G. Slaughter, Biological fuel cells and membranes, Membranes. 7 (2017) 3. [87] C. Sund, S. McMasters, S. Crittenden, L. Harrell, J. Sumner, Effect of electron mediators on current generation and fermentation in microbial fuel cell, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several references to studies focused on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and their performance under various conditions. It implies that different substrates, environmental factors, and operational setups (such as 'organic substrates,' 'flat plate microbial fuel cell,' and 'dual chambered microbial fuel cell') affect the power generation capabilities of MFCs. This indicates that MFCs do not inherently work in all environmental conditions, as their output is variable based on the specific circumstances and factors at play, thereby contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Open in new tabDownload slideThe lowest richness and diversity occurred in −SB communities, which had significantly fewer fungal taxa than the FH samples (Table 1). The FH communities had the highest level of diversity; however, all communities were populated by a few relatively abundant taxa (Table 2). Notably, the Fungi I. sedis saprotroph Mortierella was the single-most abundant taxon (44% of sequences) found in −SB communities. By contrast, Mortierella spp. accounted for only 8% of sequences in FH and +SB communities and 16% of sequences in sand communities. Instead, these communities were largely dominated by EMF, including Piloderma spp. (FH, 32% of sequences) and Amphinema spp. (+SB, 34% of sequences; and sand, 28% of sequences). spp. were the dominant EMF found in the in situ FH layer, Amphinema spp. and Wilcoxina spp. were better able to colonize both types of hyphal traps. Table 1 Open in new tab Genus level fungal richness and diversity estimates. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D). Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0. 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) ab. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D). Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fungi's ability to decompose organic matter or contribute to nutrient cycling. Instead, it focuses on the richness and diversity of fungal communities without mentioning their functional roles in decomposition or nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: telomere length of cortical neural cells in G0/G1 phase is reduced in the aged brain RTL of cortical neural cells residing in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was significantly reduced in mice aged up to 25-27 months (n = 8) compared with young gender-matched counterparts at an age of 3 months (n = 4). Accordingly, the absolute PNA-FITC-specific mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) corrected against background signal (specific MFI) for aged and young neural cells accounted for 41. 81 a. u. and 50. 76 a. u. , respectively (Figure 1A, dotted bars). This corresponded to a decline in specific MFI by 17. 64% (P = 0. 026). Such a reduction in specific MFI reflects a significant age-dependent loss in mean telomere repeat length. Figure 1. Age-dependent changes in the RTL of cortical neural cell isolates. (A) RTL assessed by Flow-FISH as a function of cell cycle activity. PNA-FITC-related mean fluorescence intensity corrected against background signal (specific MFI) was taken as an indirect parameter for RTL in cells at G0/G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. For both cell populations, a significant age-related reduction in RTL was observed. Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4 - 8). P-values were assessed with Two-way ANOVA. (B) Cell cycle-independent measurement of RTL assessed by qPCR and determined in terms of a relative T/S-ratio that was referenced against a 4-month-old control group. RTL declined significantly in cortical neural cells of aged as compared to young samples, thus confirming the results obtained in (A). Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 3 - 4). P-values were calculated using the Student’s t-test. Autofluorescence increased in aged relative to young samples both with respect to the PI- and the FITC-detecting signals. However, when exemplified for 4. 5 months versus 22 months old animals a change from 0. 457 ± 0. 067% overlap with the specific channel in the young specimens to 1. 382 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing empirical evidence of age-related changes in telomere length in cortical neural cells. It details a significant reduction in telomere repeat length (RTL) in aged mice compared to young counterparts, indicating that telomere shortening is a process associated with aging. This aligns with the claim that genetic therapies may target telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes to slow aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: V. M. Hamelers, K. Rabaey, J. Keller, C. J. N. Buisman, Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment, Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 450–459. [97] M. Rahimnejad, G. D. Najafpour, A. Ghoreyshi, F. Talebnia, G. Premie, G. H. Bakeri, Thionine increases electricity generation from microbial fuel cells using, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and exoelectrogenic mixed culture, J. Microbiol. 50 (2012) 575–580. [98] G. H. Flores, H. . Rios-Leal, J. G. Mayer, Batch operation of a microbial fuel cell equipped with alternative proton exchange membrane, Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 40 (2016) 17323–17331. [99] S. Peighambardoust, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Amjadi, Review of proron exchange membranes for fuel cell applications, Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 35 (2010) 9349–9384. [100] S. V. Mohan, G. Velvizhi, J. A. Modestra, S. Srikanth, Microbial fuel cell: Critial factors regulating biocatalysed electrochemical process and recent advancements, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 40 (2014) 779–797. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing critical factors regulating the biocatalyzed electrochemical process and mentioning advancements in microbial fuel cells, which implies that there are significant factors affecting the functionality of these cells. The phrase 'critical factors regulating' suggests that microbial fuel cells may not work effectively under all environmental conditions as their performance can be influenced by specific circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) abAbbreviations: FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier. Data are provided as means (n=9) with standard deviation in brackets. Data in the same column with different letters are significantly different at P<0. 05. Table 1 Open in new tab Genus level fungal richness and diversity estimates. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D). Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0. 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) ab. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the ability of fungi to decompose organic matter. Instead, it is a numerical representation of data concerning fungal richness and diversity estimates without discussing their ecological roles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 423% overlap in the samples from old isolates for the telomere-related PNA-FITC signal reflects that sensitivity was preserved for >98% of the cells. Relative telomere length of cortical neural cells in G2/M phase is strongly reduced by aging RTL was further examined in neural cortical cells that exited G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and adopted features of G2/M phase, as identified by FACS gating strategies on the basis of their increased DNA content. RTL of G2/M phase cells isolated from 25-27 months aged rodents was drastically reduced by 44. 72% (n = 8) compared with neural populations derived from young animals (n = 4), as reflected by an absolute decline in specific MFI from 98. 58 a. u. to 54. 49 a. u. with age (P < 0. 001; Figure 1A, striped bars). RTL measures by qPCR correspond to Flow-FISH-based RTL results Since Flow-FISH-based protocols for telomere length evaluations are primarily established for blood cells, we previously assessed nuclear localization of PNA-FITC-specific fluorescence also in nuclei of murine cortical neurons and the lymphoma cell line L5178-R. As shown in Figure S1, after hybridization the PNA-FITC-specific signal was co-localized with neuronal and nuclear markers in cortical neurons (Figure S1A), displaying a signal pattern similar to that in nuclei derived from the lymphoma cell line, both in interphase and metaphase (Figure S1B and C). For validation of absolute telomere length attained by our protocol, the human tetraploid T-cell leukemia 1301 cell line with extremely long telomeres was employed as an internal reference. Underlying a telomere length of ~ 90 kbp for this cell line [15], the results obtained for our murine neural isolates indicate an appropriate telomere repeat content of ~ 84 kbp and ~ 98 kbp in G0/G1 and G2/M phases, respectively (Figure S2), which is in the range reported for Mus musculus [6,7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing findings related to telomere shortening as a consequence of aging, mentioning how relative telomere length (RTL) was significantly reduced in cortical neural cells from aged rodents compared to young animals. This reduction in RTL suggests that targeting telomere shortening could be a focus for genetic therapies aimed at slowing the aging process, indicating a connection between the telomere-related findings and the broader objective of genetic therapies to address cellular aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Anodes and Cathodes for fuel cell (MFC) is one of the natural cordial efficient power vitality sources which have the capability to convert chemical energy into electrical energy from wastewater and microorganisms as a biocatalyst. However, the low power production and the high cost of electrodes have limited application of MFCs. One of the important factors which affect the overall performance of MFC is an electrode. The carbon nanotube has become a potent electrode material owing to its exceptional features. This book 10. 21741/9781644900116-6 Part of the book on Cells 2. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of II to the fourth assessment report of the on Climate Change, Press 2007. [3] M. Greenberg, Energy sources, public policy, and public p3249. [4] H. S. Lee, P. of energy-conversion efficiencies in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilizing fermentable and non-fermentable substrates, Water Res. 42 (2008) 1501-1510. [5] B. Logan, S. Cheng, V. Watson, G. Estadt, Graphite fiber brush anodes for increased power production in air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 3341-3346. [6] H. Liu, R. Ramnarayanan, B. E. Logan, Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 2281-2285. [7] B. E. Logan, B. Hamelers, R. Rozendal, U. Schröder, J. Keller, S. Freguia, P. Aelterman, W. Verstraete, K. Rabaey, Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5181-5192. [8] J. Wei, P. Liang, X. Huang, Recent progress in electrodes for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour Technol. 102 (2011) 9335-9344. [9] M. Zhou, M. Chi, J. Luo, H. He, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations in the application of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It notes that low power production and high cost of electrodes affect the performance of MFCs, indicating that they do not operate effectively in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0. 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) abAbbreviations: FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier. Data are provided as means (n=9) with standard deviation in brackets. Data in the same column with different letters are significantly different at P<0. 05. Table 2 Open in new tab The percent relative abundance of the most common fungala sequences in the hyphal trap bags with and without a sand barrier, sand barriers and the adjacent fermentation-humic layer of the forest floor −SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11. 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8. 3 (5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical data regarding fungal sequences in various trap bags and layers, but it does not directly address the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter. The details presented are too technical and lack a clear connection to nutrient cycling and decomposition, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Higher mean fluorescence intensity in G2/M phase cell populations is proportionate to the increased telomeric DNA content Cell fractions attributable to G2/M phase of the cell cycle from both young and aged animals displayed an overall higher specific MFI level than cell populations in G0/G1 phase (P < 0. 001 for both comparisons; Figure 1A), probably due to the increased DNA content intrinsic to nuclei beyond S phase and hence an augmented telomere-specific DNA content per cell. As delineated in Figure 1A, the corrected telomere-related MFI values of G2/M phase populations were highest in young animals, as indicated by a 94. 2% increase relative to G0/G1 populations (P < 0. 001). Aging attenuated this increase relative to G0/G1 phase levels to 30. 34% (P < 0. 001, Figure 1A). To ascertain that this increase in specific MFI of G2/M cells is due to doubled DNA content rather than to intrinsically longer telomere tracts, absolute values for PNA-FITC-related MFI were normalized against the sample-specific total DNA content (Propidium iodide area, [PI-A]) for both the G0/G1 and G2/M phase cell fractions, and compared between young and advanced ages. The ratios obtained ranged between 0. 306 ± 0. 011 and 0. 295 ± 0. 009 in the young group (P = 0. 614) and 0. 270 ± 0. 014 and 0. 261 ± 0. 009 in the aged group (P = 0. 547) for G0/G1 and G2/M, respectively (Figure 3). The stable ratios for G0/G1 and G2/M cells, irrespective of age, exclude that the elevation in the PNA-FITC-related MFI of G2/M phase samples is due to an increase in telomere length, but argues for an origin from amplified telomere tract numbers subsequent to the S phase transition. It also supports that the age-associated decline in specific MFI of both cellular populations residing either in G0/G1 or G2/M phase is a consequence of actual telomere shortening rather than any artifact arising from a decreased DNA content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere shortening in relation to aging and indicating that changes in telomere-specific DNA content are influenced by age. It provides empirical evidence supporting the notion that cellular aging processes, such as telomere shortening, are significant and relate to the broader context of genetic therapies aimed at combating aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Jin, An overview of electrode materials in microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 4427-4435. [10] A. Rinaldi, B. Mecheri, V. Garavaglia, S. Licoccia, P. D. Nardo, E. Traversa, Engineering materials and biology to boost performance of microbial fuel cells: a critical review, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1 (2008) 417-429. [11] N. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Jung, S. Kim, Effect of initial carbon sources on the performance of microbial fuel cells containing Proteus vulgaris, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 70 (2000) 109-114. [12] P. Aelterman, M. Versichele, M. Marzorati, N. Boon, W. Verstraete, Loading rate and external resistance control the electricity generation of microbial fuel cells with different three-dimensional anodes, Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 8895-8902. [13] H. Liu, S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Power generation in fed-batch microbial fuel cells as a function of ionic strength, temperature, and reactor configuration, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5488-5493. [14] B. Min, B. E. Logan, Continuous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 5809-5814. [15] Y. nanotube/polyaniline composite as anode material for microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 170 (2007) 79-84. [16] electron transfer from bacteria to a gold electrode via a self-assembled monolayer, Langmuir. 22 (2006) 9473-9476. [17] C. Dumas, R. Basseguy, A. Bergel, Electrochemical activity of Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms on stainless steel anodes, Electrochim Acta. 53 (2008) 5235-5241. [18] A. T. Heijne, H. V. Hamelers, M. Saakes, C. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reports on microbial fuel cells without supporting the claim that they are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. By referencing factors that influence performance, such as ionic strength and temperature, it implies that these cells are dependent on specific conditions for optimal functioning, which contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2. 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0. 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)−SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about fungi decomposing organic matter or their role in nutrient cycling. It appears to be a list of various fungal types and their respective metrics without any contextual information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: A lower specific MFI ratio between aged and young specimens for G2/M-phase cells as compared to a more stable specific MFI ratio for moieties arrested at G0/G1 phase reflected a substantial age-related decline in RTL in replicative cell entities in the murine cortex over lifetime. Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4 - 8). P-values were calculated using Student’s t-test. Cortical neurons undergo telomere shortening with aging As delineated in Figure 2B, approximately 50% of the cells in the cortical neural cell isolates possess neuronal identity. This raised the question whether neurons, despite being primarily postmitotic, are also involved in the age-associated decline in RTL defined for the aged cerebral cortex. In order to determine the contribution of neurons to this telomere erosion process, neuronal RTL was assessed using a qPCR-based strategy subsequent to FACS of cells positive for the neuron-specific NeuroFluor™ NeuO marker, as the NeuO approach was incompatible with the Flow-FISH technique used previously for RTL assessment. The T/S-ratio of cortical neurons, which relates the telomere repeat amplicons to the 36B4 single copy gene amplification product, declined with aging by 38. 8% (P = 0. 043, Figure 5) indicating that post-mitotic neurons in the aging murine cortex are subjected to substantial telomere shortening. Figure 5. Age-dependent telomere length dynamics in the neuronal fraction sorted from murine cortical isolates. NeuO+ neurons showed a significant age-related decline in RTL as determined by qPCR in terms of telomere repeat (T) to single copy gene (S) ratio. Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4). P-values were calculated using Student’s t-test. Activity of telomerase enzyme is unchanged in the aging cortex The catalytically active TERT and telomerase RNA component are the most important units of the telomerase holoenzyme. Telomerase activity was measured using a standard qPCR-based TRAP assay and referenced against the intrinsic activity of a HeLa cell-derived positive cell extract according to Klapper and colleagues [11], or expressed in absolute values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the age-related decline in relative telomere length (RTL) in cortical neurons and emphasizing that these neurons experience significant telomere shortening with aging. It connects the process of telomere shortening to cellular aging processes, thereby supporting the idea that targeting such mechanisms, possibly through genetic therapies, could influence aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Buisman, Performance of non-porous graphite and titanium-based anodes in microbial fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta. 53 (2008) 5697-5703. [19] H. Richter, K. generation by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to gold electrodes, Langmuir. 24 (2008) 4376-4379. [20] L. C. Nagle, J. F. Rohan, Aligned carbon nanotube–Pt composite fuel cell catalyst by template electrodeposition, J. Power Sources. 185 (2008) 411-418. [21] C. Du, J. Yeh, N. Pan, Carbon nanotube thin films with ordered structures, J. Mater. Chem. 15 (2005) 548-550. [22]. Kim, B. H. Kim, A mediator-less microbial fuel cell using a metal reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 30 (2002) 145-152. [23] Z. generation from artificial wastewater using an upflow microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5262-5267. [24] S. Ishii, K. Watanabe, S. Yabuki, B. E. Logan, Y. Sekiguchi, Comparison of electrode reduction activities of Geobacter sulfurreducens and an enriched consortium in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (2008) 7348-7355. [25] Y. Ahn, B. E. Logan, Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cells at ambient and mesophilic temperatures, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 469-475. [26] K. Rabaey, W. Verstraete, Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation, Trends Biotechno. 23 (2005) 291-298. [27] S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Sustainable and efficient biohydrogen production via electrohydrogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104 (2007) 18871-18873. [28] X. Wang, S. Cheng, Y. Feng, M. D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a range of studies and comparisons related to microbial fuel cells and their performance in various environments, indicating that different configurations (e.g., electrode materials and types of bacteria) influence the effectiveness of microbial fuel cells. For example, it references studies involving 'ambient and mesophilic temperatures' and the performance implications of 'metal reducing bacteria,' which implies that environmental conditions affect performance. This directly contrasts the claim that microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2. 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of fungi and their associated metrics, but it does not contain any information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter and contributing to nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 15-fold for sNE; P = 0. 942; 0. 75 ± 0. 15-fold for cNE; P = 0. 482; Figure 6C and D). In contrast, TERT protein levels in CP and ME sub-fractions significantly increased with aging, thereby reaching fold changes of 1. 92 ± 0. 34 (P = 0. 017) and 3. 08 ± 0. 13 (P < 0. 001) above expression levels in young controls, respectively (Figure 6C and D). Levels of the reference protein ß-Actin were not altered with aging. Specificity of the polyclonal anti-TERT antibody used in this study was verified by probing TERT control tissue lysates in parallel with the sub-fractionated cortical samples, demonstrating a strong TERT product in whole cell (WC) lysates of replication-competent small intestine and ovaries, whereas only a weak product was obtained from post-replicative skeletal muscle, and a very faint signal was detected from young cortical whole cell lysates (Figure 6C). The discrepancy between the predicted size of 123 kDa for murine TERT and the displayed molecular weight of approximately 93 kDa is most likely due to the intrinsic technical properties of the electrophoresis-based Simple Western™ system, which is based on a non-polyacrylamide matrix known to have protein motility properties and protein-matrix interaction features different from a standard polyacrylamide separation matrix. In order to prove this notion, we probed the samples with the same antibody in a conventional western blot. This approach resulted in a specific product of ~ 125 kDa size (Figure 6B, right side). Thus, the antibody used proved specificity and was appropriate to assess varying levels of TERT protein content in different murine tissues. Levels of the kappa B subunit Rela increase in the aged neocortex NF-κB is a master regulator of age-related genetic reprogramming [19], and its up-regulation is a genetic signature of aging-associated inflammation, including neuro-inflammation [20]. Moreover, NF-κB RelA activity was shown to be linked to telomerase via a feed-forward loop, in which RelA and either telomerase holoenzyme or TERT protein can reciprocally activate each other [21,22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) protein levels in aging and its relation to telomere shortening. It notes that TERT protein levels significantly increase with aging, and mentions a genetic link between NF-κB RelA activity and telomerase, suggesting a reciprocal activation that could be relevant to the mechanisms targeted by genetic therapies addressing cellular aging processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Merrill, T. Saito, B. E. Logan, Use of carbon mesh anodes and the effect of different pretreatment methods on power production in microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 6870-6874. [29] X. Tang, K. Guo, H. Li, Z. Du, J. Tian, Electrochemical treatment of graphite to enhance electron transfer from bacteria to electrodes, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 3558-3560. [30] Y. Fan, S. Xu, R. Schaller, J. Jiao, F. Chaplen, H. Liu, Nanop1912. [31] K. Scott, G. Rimbu, K. Katuri, K. Prasad, I. Head, Application of modified carbon anodes in microbial fuel cells, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 85 (2007) 481-488. [32] energy from the marine sediment–water interface II: Kinetic activity of anode materials, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2006) 2058-2063. [33] K. Wang, Y. Liu, S. Chen, Improved microbial electrocatalysis with neutral red immobilized electrode, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 164-168. [34] J. R. Kim, B. Min, B. E. Logan, Evaluation of procedures to acclimate a microbial fuel cell for electricity production, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68 (2005) 23-30. [35] K. Watanabe, Recent developments in microbial fuel cell technologies for sustainable bioenergy, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 106 (2008) 528-536. [36] H. limitations in microbial fuel cells: an overview, J. Power Sources. 180 (2008) 683-694. [37] M. Rosenbaum, F. Zhao, M. Quaas, H. Wulff, U. Schröder, F. Scholz, Evaluation of catalytic properties of tungsten carbide for the anode of microbial fuel cells, Appl. Catal. B 74 (2007) 261-269. [38] S. R. Higgins, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to microbial fuel cells, indicating that there are limitations and factors influencing their performance such as the type of anode and pretreatment methods. This implies that microbial fuel cells do not have universally guaranteed effectiveness across all environmental conditions, contrasting with the claim that they are assured to work in all situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)Abbreviations: −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; sand, sand barrier. A higher taxonomic level is given if the sequence could not be assigned to a genus. Data are provided as means (n=9) with s. d. in brackets. EMF tips, matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. aThe most common (>0. 5% relative abundance) fungal groups are given at the genus level. Table 2 Open in new tab The percent relative abundance of the most common fungala sequences in the hyphal trap bags with and without a sand barrier, sand barriers and the adjacent fermentation-humic layer of the forest floor −SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11. 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various fungal taxa and their relative abundances in different environmental settings. However, it does not provide information on their role in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: However, telomere length integrity and dynamics in the working syncytium of the brain, which is exceptional for the lack of true cell division cycles of mature neurons, the limited cell turnover in glial populations and the capacity of differentiated neurons for unscheduled re-induction of abortive cell cycles [27], are still widely unexplored. In our study, Flow-FISH-based telomere length analyses in highly aged mice, stratified for cell-cycle activity, reveal that telomere erosion indeed occurs in the aging rodent brain, and evidence that this telomere attrition is not restricted to neural populations with regular (e. g. in glia) or unscheduled (in distinct neurons) cell cycle activity, but also afflicts G0 phase-arrested neural populations devoid of any cell cycle activity, although to a lesser extent. Loss of RTL in the aged brain was further confirmed by a standard qPCR-based approach, irrespective of cell cycle activity. Additionally, by means of neuron-specific telomere length measurements, we directly identified neurons to contribute to the telomere shortening process. In conclusion, the brain appears to lose telomere length in both replicative and non-replicative cell moieties though at different rates, and thus shares aging features fundamental to many replicative organs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate telomere length dynamics in brain as a function of cell cycle activity. So far, the only work on aged murine CNS, which was performed in M. spretus displaying telomere lengths similar to humans, did not reveal telomere attrition when comparing 24-30 months old brain samples with 5 months old specimens, but described a decline in telomere length in the first postnatal months [23]. A similar reduction in brain telomere length during postnatal maturation was revealed in rat [28]. Apart from such time windows defining the phase of neuronal network consolidation [29], higher age categories are more frequently addressed in studies aiming to clarify the role of critically short telomeres in cellular senescence and life expectancy, as it is assumed from replicative tissue, and currently under analysis in rodents and humans [4,30–32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere erosion occurring in the aging rodent brain and identifies telomere length dynamics as significant in both replicative and non-replicative cellular contexts. It mentions ongoing studies aiming to clarify the role of critically short telomeres in cellular senescence and life expectancy, which relates to genetic therapies targeting telomere shortening to potentially slow aging processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Foerster, A. Cheung, C. Lau, O. Bretschger, S. D. Minteer, K. Nealson, P. Atanassov, M. J. Cooney, Fabrication of macroporous chitosan scaffolds doped with carbon nanotubes and their characterization in microbial fuel cell operation, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 48 (2011) 458-465. [39] Y. Zou, C. Xiang, L. Yang, L. X. Sun, F. Xu, Z. Cao, A mediatorless microbial fuel cell using polypyrrole coated carbon nanotubes composite as anode material, Int. J, Hydrogen Energ. 33 (2008) 4856-4862. [40] B. E. Logan, J. M. Regan, Electricity-producing bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells, Trends Microbiol. 14 (2006) 512-518. [41] generation and microbial community analysis of alcohol powered microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 98 (2007) 2568-2577. [42] T. Sharma, A. L. M. Reddy, T. Chandra, S. Ramaprabhu, Development of carbon nanotubes and nanofluids based microbial fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 33 (2008) 6749-6754. [43] J. Shen, Y. Hu, C. Li, C. Qin, M. Ye, Pt–Co supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta. 53 (2008) 7276-7280. [44] S. Timur, U. Anik, D. Odaci, L. Gorton, Development of a microbial biosensor based on carbon nanotube (CNT) modified electrodes, Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007) 1810-1815. [45] H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties, Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (2002) 1035-1044. [46] M. Trojanowicz, Analytical applications of carbon nanotubes: a review, Trends Analyt. Chem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not support the claim that microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. While it discusses various studies related to microbial fuel cells, it does not provide evidence that assures their operation under all environmental conditions. In fact, the necessity of characterizing the materials and conditions for effective microbial fuel cell operation implies that their functionality can vary significantly with changes in environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0. 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)−SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11. 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various fungal taxa without addressing their role in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide information on the ecological functions of fungi in this context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Likewise, an age-related rise in the moiety of short telomeres (≤ 6 kb) was found in human centenarians in replicative tissues and corresponding cerebral cortices [4], whereas an age-associated alteration in the mean telomere length was not detected [3]. Thus, the impact of lifetime on mean telomere length in mammals is still understudied. The few studies available on telomere length regulation in brain tissue support the notion that telomeres in the neural environment might not be static [3,4,32]. A direct comparison with rodent aging studies is hampered by multiple factors, as are the weak coverage of ages above 24 months, the heterogeneity of age categories and brain regions examined, the per se limited number of studies available on this topic and the variability of techniques applied to assess telomere repeats in interphase nuclei. Besides standard TRF length estimations based on Southern blotting, telomere length determination is often assessed by quantitative Q-FISH, or qPCR analyses. In addition, chromogenic in situ hybridization techniques, and more recent developments using theCas9 technology and pyrrole-imidazole polyamides, may be suitable for further adaptation of telomere length determinations particularly in the CNS [33,34]. Here, we used a Flow-FISH-based approach, which has already been applied for RTL measurement in several cell types including blood cells [35] and keratinocytes [36], to bridge current knowledge on interphase and metaphase cell entities, and elucidate telomere length dynamics in the CNS environment, where replicative and quiescent cell populations are coexisting during the entire lifetime. While reduced self-renewal of stem cell pools in brain hippocampus has been associated with age-related learning and memory deficits [37], increased but atypical cell cycle activity in neurons is similarly assumed to sustain dysfunction of neurons and has been linked to apoptosis-like neuronal death [38,39]. In support of a related study by Fischer et al. [9], we provide evidence that cell cycle re-initiation is involved in the brain aging process, as indicated by the flow cytometry-based DNA content analysis. Deciphering cell entities with immanent scheduled or atypical cell cycle and their contribution to telomere attrition in the aging CNS is a topic of our current investigations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the dynamics of telomere length in the context of aging, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS), and how factors related to cell cycles and telomere attrition contribute to the brain aging process. It suggests that understanding telomere length regulation and its effects on cellular processes may be relevant to developing genetic therapies for aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Li, Nano-molybdenum carbide/carbon nanotubes composite as bifunctional anode catalyst for high-performance Escherichia coli-based microbial fuel cell, Biosens. Bioelectron. 51 (2014) 349-355. [73] S. Matsumoto, K. Yamanaka, H. Ogikubo, H. Akasaka, N. Ohtake, Carbon nanotube dispersed conductive network for microbial fuel cells, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 (2014) 083904. [74] Y. Fu, J. Yu, Y. Zhang, Y. Meng, Graphite coated with manganese oxide/multiwall carbon nanotubes composites as anodes in marine benthic microbial fuel cells, Appl. Surf. Sci. 317 (2014) 84-89. [75] C. Erbay, G. Yang, P. de Figueiredo, R. Sadr, C. Yu, A. Han, Three-dimensional porous carbon nanotube sponges for high-performance anodes of microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 298 (2015) 177-183. [76] H. F. Cui, L. Du, P. B. Guo, B. Zhu, J. H. Luong, Controlled modification of carbon nanotubes and polyaniline on macroporous graphite felt for high-performance microbial fuel cell anode, J. Power Sources. 283 (2015) 46-53. [77] E. Yoo, T. Okada, T. Kizuka, J. Nakamura, Effect of carbon substrate materials as a Pt–Ru catalyst support on the performance of direct methanol fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 180 (2008) 221-226. [78] T. Ralph, M. Hogarth, Catalysis for low temperature fuel cells, Platin. Met. Rev. 46 (2002) 117-135. [79] U. Paulus, A. Wokaun, G. Scherer, T. Schmidt, V. Stamenkovic, V. Radmilovic, N. Markovic, P. Ross, Oxygen reduction on carbon-supported Pt− Ni and Pt− Co alloy catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies and research on microbial fuel cells and their components, but does not provide any evidence supporting the claim that microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to operate under all environmental conditions. Instead, the context suggests that different materials and conditions are considered to enhance performance, implying that their effectiveness may vary based on specific environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 3 (5. 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2. 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0. 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)Abbreviations: −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; sand, sand barrier. A higher taxonomic level is given if the sequence could not be assigned to a genus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding fungi decomposing organic matter or their role in nutrient cycling. Instead, it lists various fungal species and their taxonomic information without providing context about their ecological functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Also, the question whether neurons with aberrantly re-induced cell cycle activity are substantially contributing to the pool of neurons with shortened telomeres is a subject being currently under investigation by the authors. Apart, disturbances in telomere trimming processes [40] or induction of rapid telomere deletion, e. g. , due to the loss of T-loops [41] may putatively also provide molecular bases to explain the observations described in this study. Pursuing the hypothesis that both neurons and glia populations contribute to telomere length attrition in the aged brain, we further specified RTL measures for neuronal cell entities of our cortical isolates. Using an innovative NeuO- and FACS-based separation protocol to select vital neurons, and a qPCR-based telomere length measurement, we revealed remarkable age-related telomere curtailment in neurons already at the age of 24 months. These data show that neurons, though being a quiescent cell population with no replicative potential or with atypical cell cycle activity only, still undergo telomere attrition. Thus, neurons also account for the telomere length reduction observed for the G0/G1 population. The mechanism responsible for telomere attrition in non-dividing cells is still undefined and deserves further cytogenetic investigations. Telomeres are unable to perform non-homologous end joining in order to repair DNA double strand breaks [42] and thus are a site of persistent DDR, e. g. , in response to oxidative or genotoxic stress [25,26]. Alongside, the number of DNA damage events within the telomere repeats including end caps strongly increases with age. This susceptibility of the telomere chromatin is obviously independent of both, absolute telomere length and presence of telomerase activity [25]. Therefore, since telomere attrition is not a prerequisite for continued DDR at telomeres [25], the inability to resolve DNA damage might itself predispose to a telomere shortening process and partially explain telomere instability in the brain with restricted replicative turnover. Likewise, in neurons with high energy consumption, age-related accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [13], as described for other cell entities [43], might damage guanine-rich sequences within the telomere structure [44,45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ongoing investigations into the role of telomere attrition in neurons and how aging affects cellular processes. It highlights that disturbances in telomere trimming and age-related telomere curtailment in neurons contribute to the understanding of aging processes at a cellular level. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for further cytogenetic investigations into telomere attrition, which aligns with the implications of genetic therapies aimed at addressing aging through cellular mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Ren, Carbon nanotube modified air-cathodes for electricity production in microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 7465-7469. [87] S. Cheng, H. Liu, B. E. Logan, Power densities using different cathode catalysts (Pt and CoTMPP) and polymer binders (Nafion and PTFE) in single chamber microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 364-369. [88] E. HaoYu, S. Cheng, K. Scott, B. Logan, Microbial fuel cell performance with non-Pt cathode catalysts, J. Power Sources. 171 (2007) 275-281. [89] F. Zhao, F. Harnisch, U. Schröder, F. Scholz, P. Bogdanoff, I. Herrmann, Application of pyrolysed iron(II) phthalocyanine and CoTMPP based oxygen reduction catalysts as cathode materials in microbial fuel cells, Electrochem. Commun. 7 (2005) 1405-1410. [90] Y. Yuan, B. Zhao, Y. Jeon, S. Zhong, S. Zhou, S. Kim, Iron phthalocyanine supported on amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube as an alternative cathodic oxygen catalyst in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 5849-5854. [91] M. Lu, S. Kharkwal, H. Y. Ng, S. F. Y. Li, Carbon nanotube supported MnO2 catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and their applications in microbial fuel cells, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26 (2011) 4728-4732. [92] M. Ghasemi, M. Ismail, S. K. Kamarudin, K. Saeedfar, W. . Alam, S. -E. Oh, Carbon nanotube as an alternative cathode support and catalyst for microbial fuel cells, Appl. Energ. 102 (2013) 1050-1056. [93] M. Lu, L. Guo, S. Kharkwal, H. Y. Ng, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and applications of microbial fuel cells, which imply variability in performance depending on the environmental conditions and materials used. The references to different cathode catalysts and their performance suggest that microbial fuel cells do not universally function in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 00) d1. 63 (0. 36) cSulfataseSulphate-ester hydrolysis0. 03 (0. 01) b0. 06 (0. 02) a0. 04 (0. 01) b<0. 01 (0. 00) cNDLeucine aminopeptidaseNitrogen mobilization0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 04 (0. 03) aNDNDβ-1,4-N-AcetylglucosaminidaseChitin degradation1. 54 (0. 42) a2. 13 (0. 98) a1. 79 (0. 47) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 21 (0. 40) bβ-1,4-GlucosidaseCellulose degradation2. 23 (0. 69) b3. 05 (0. 91) ab3. 44 (1. 12) a0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 70 (0. 56) cCellobiohydrolaseCellulose degradation0. 77 (0. 58) ab0. 87 (0. 56) ab1. 07 (0. 61) a<0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 36 (0. 20) bcβ-1,4-XylosidaseHemicellulose degradation0. 12 (0. 06) ab0. 22 (0. 18) a0. 19 (0. 10) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 10 (0. 05) abLaccaseaLignin degradation13. 3 (12. 5) ab19. 0 (11. 3) a5. 4 (8. 3) bND4. 13 (4. 6) bPeroxidaseaLignin degradation19. 2 (15. 4) c39. 2 (18. 4) ab48. 9 (16. 5) aND27. 5 (12. 6) bcPhenol oxidaseaLignin degradation0. 5 (1. 3) b0. 7 (1. 1) b3. 5 (2. 6) aND1. 54 (1. 00) abEnzyme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It appears to provide a detailed quantitative analysis of various enzymes and their roles in biochemical processes, but it does not explicitly mention fungi, organic matter decomposition, or nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Though ROS-mediated telomere shortening has so far been shown only for replicative tissue in vitro, it may also affect fragile telomeres in non-dividing neurons, or in neurons that re-induce atypical cell cycle activity. In support of this notion, telomere dysfunction and damage were causally linked to a senescence-like phenotype in replication-incompetent neurons [24]. Thus, in expansion of the work by Jurk and colleagues, who supported a process of cellular senescence also in post-replicative neurons [24], with features similar to those characterized for other cell types [26], we demonstrate here that telomere erosion is not restricted to replicative cell entities and thereby broaden our understanding of how the brain ages. Consistent with this finding, telomerase activity, which can also protect cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage, was not increased. Whether telomere shortening in neurons is an ultimate consequence of maturation-dependent loss in telomerase activity, a direct consequence of high ROS-mediated DDR, or a defective control, e. g. , of telomere trimming strategies, is an interesting question, which has not been resolved yet. Telomere tracts can be replenished by telomerase activity. TERT, the catalytic moiety of the telomerase enzyme, additionally exerts extra-telomeric functions, e. g. , by mediating cell proliferation and apoptotic resistance in tumor cells [21], and by involvement in the defense against ROS through nucleus-to-mitochondria re-localization in response to oxidative stress in human fibroblasts [46]. Importantly, these non-canonical functions have been validated also in neurons with low levels of telomerase activity [47], that declines rapidly already during postnatal maturation of the growing CNS [48]. According to such beneficial roles, re-induction of telomerase activity in aged somatic cells, both of humans and mice, was capable to restore cellular replicative potential and correlated with improved tissue repair and features of rejuvenation, even in the largely postmitotic brain, and was also associated with a prolonged lifespan [49,50]. In contrast, as shown in lower organisms, early telomerase inactivation can accelerate aging independently of the telomere length [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telomere shortening is linked to cellular aging processes, particularly in neurons. It highlights the relationship between telomere dysfunction and senescence-like phenotypes, and it addresses the mechanisms of telomerase activity that can aid in cellular rejuvenation and tissue repair, supporting the notion that targeting telomere shortening can be a pathway to slow aging. The mention of re-induction of telomerase activity resulting in improved outcomes in aged somatic cells directly aligns with the goals of genetic therapies aimed at mitigating aging.