Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: The most important finding of the current study was that the primary dietary factors linked to low body fat content, other than lower energy intake, were high dietary protein consumption and, even more potent, a more plant-based diet. Among the four dietary patterns studied, most had no significant effect on the risk for high body fat content; however, diets considered low in plant-based foods and low in protein resulted in a significantly higher percentage of obese subjects among those with medium- and high- PRS. This result seems counterintuitive since plant-based diets are typically lower in protein than diets high in animal foods [30]. However, these results concur with studies in other ethnic groups that have found that vegetarian and/or plant-based diets support a leaner body type [31, 32]. There are various hypotheses about how a plant-based diet may help maintain a healthy body weight. First, a plant-based diet has a lower energy density, resulting in greater satiety with a lower energy consumption [18, 32]. Furthermore, plant-based diets contain lower fat and higher fiber which may impact the microbiome, which is known to have substantive impacts on energy utilization in humans [33–35]. However, the microbiome research has not progressed to the point that changes in the gut microbiome can be considered a cause or cure for excess body weight. There is also evidence that various phytochemicals from plant-based foods and dietary supplements may have anti-obesity effects by various mechanisms [19]. It has been shown that the anti-inflammatory properties of plant-based diets can prevent obesity and even result in a healthier obese phenotype in people who become obese [36]. However, this study had no clear association between high body fat mass and dietary inflammation index. Even though it has been difficult to demonstrate specific phytochemicals that profoundly affect body fat mass, it has been previously demonstrated that a phytochemical index score was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in the Korean population [37]. Therefore, the accumulation of current evidence supports the finding in this study that consuming a plant-based diet provides significant benefits for managing body fat. Previous studies have also found the association of higher protein intake with lower body fat mass. It has also been observed in previous studies, and a recent meta-analysis and systematic review found that diets high in protein (18–59 energy %) were associated with an average of 1. 6 kg decrease in body weight [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of a plant-based diet in relation to body fat management and potentially addressing obesity. It highlights that plant-based diets support a leaner body type and may have anti-obesity effects due to their lower energy density and higher fiber content. Additionally, it notes that the anti-inflammatory properties of plant-based diets can prevent obesity, which aligns with the broader notion of health benefits associated with such diets. The overall evidence presented supports the idea that plant-based diets contribute positively to health outcomes, which can include a lower risk of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Agric. Educ. Ext. 16. 132 – 144. . Antwi-Agyei, P. , Stringer, L. C. , Dougill, A. J. 2014. Livelihoods adaptation to climate variability: insights from farming households in Ghana. Change 14:1615–1626. Ali, A. & Erenstein, O. 2017. Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Management. 16. 183-194. 10. 1016/j. crm. 2016. 12. 001. Fadina, A. M. R. and D. Barjolle. 2012. Farmers’ adaptation initiatives to the impact of climate change on agriculture in northern Nigeria. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 16(1): 132 – 144. Adimassu and Kessler. 2016. Factors affecting farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to perceived trends of declining rainfall and crop productivity in the central Rift valley of Ethiopia. J. Environ. Syst. Res. 16. Ali, A. and O. Erenstein. 2017. Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Clim. Risk Manage. 16: 183–194. Ayanlade, S. , Radeny, M. & Morton, J. 2017. Comparing smallholder farmers’ perception of climate change with meteorological data: A case study from southwestern Nigeria. Weather and Climate Extremes. 15. 24–33. 10. 1016/j. wace. 2016. 12. 001 Ansari, M. A. , S. Joshi, R. Raghuvanshi 2018. Understanding farmers perceptions about climate change: a study in a State. Adv. Agric. Environ. Sci. Vol. 1, Iss. 2: 85−89. Antwi-Agyei, P. , L. C. Stringer and A. J. Dougill. 2014. Livelihoods adaptation to climate variability: insights from farming households in Ghana. Reg. Environ. Change. 14: 1615-1626. Arlt, D. , I. Hoppe and J. Wolling. 2011. Climate change and media usage: Effects on problem awareness and behavioral intentions. Int. Commun. Gaz. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting studies that highlight various adaptation strategies by farmers in response to climate variability. This implies that climate change awareness alone is not sufficient to solve environmental issues; instead, it requires practical adaptation measures and strategies as discussed in the studies mentioned. The references to multiple studies across different regions indicate the complexity of the challenges posed by climate change, suggesting that awareness must be coupled with actionable solutions to effectively address environmental concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: collects some other information when individuals visit the website, such as log data, device information, IP address, time of visit, and visitor interaction. These data are used for optimizing 's service, gathering statistics on 2. Third-party links is not responsible for any consequences caused when visitors to the website are linked or directed to a third-party website. 3. any questions regarding 's privacy policy, please send an email to editorial_office@apacsci. com. 800. Waiver and believes there should be no barriers to the dissemination of knowledge, and thus offers APC waivers and discounts to authors from low-income countries and authors with special circumstances. Authors should write to the editorial office of the specific journal to apply for waivers and discounts. The decision to approve such applications is made by the editorial office on a case-by-case basis. Publishing fees or waiver status should not influence editorial decision making. APC for APC of this journal can be made through our online PayPal payment gateway. Enter the 10. 54517/ama. v5i3. 2730 concise review of the main current natural sources used to produce chitin—the starting material to produce chitooligosaccharides (COS)—is presented, including algae, arthropods, birds, fish, fungi, mollusks, and, possibly, plants. The principal approaches addressed to produce COSs, grouped as physical, chemical, and biological processes, are also outlined. Subsequently, the COS more relevant applications related to agriculture are briefly outlined, i. e. , induction of innate immunity in plants, growth biostimulation, soil amending, biocidal activity, etc. Some interesting findings of this review are: (a) A clear relationship has been undoubtedly established between the low molecular weights (MWs) of these chitinous materials and their striking bioactivities. (b) There is no universal consensus about the limit MW below which a substance can be considered a COS, and some of the proposed limit values are supported in works that have not proposed them. (c) The preparation and application of COS is an active field of research due to the accessibility of chitin sources anywhere and the variety of preparation methods available, as well as the multiple possibilities of modification that these materials offer for the preparation of bioactive derivatives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim as it focuses on topics like website data collection, publishing policy, and current sources of chitin for producing chitooligosaccharides, without discussing the historical cultivation of plants in agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: The study did not determine a more precise dietary protein level needed for weight reduction. However, the efficacy of increased protein to support weight loss does have support from a human trial that used biscuits enriched with plant-based protein and found that the group with the protein-added biscuits lost significantly more body weight and fat mass than the control group [39]. In this study, having a plant-based diet had the most significant association with lower body fat, followed by a high protein diet. It suggests that a plant-based diet high in protein might be optimal for the Korean population and possibly people of other ethnic groups. The findings support the possibility that substituting plant protein for animal protein can decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes, probably by decreasing obesity-induced inflammation [40]. It was also demonstrated that elderly Korean men with concurrent sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and obesity had the same total and animal protein intake but a significantly lower intake of plant protein than controls [41]. This research revealed that modest differences in dietary choices could have a significant impact on fat accumulation in the Korean population. Other studies have shown that people who adhere to vegetarian diets are less obese than their omnivorous counterparts [42] and that vegetarians are healthier even at the same BMI [43]. However, the subjects in the present study with a plant-based diet were not necessarily vegetarians. A plant-based diet in this study indicated that plant foods contributed relatively more to the total energy intake than animal foods, but the subjects did not adhere to any particular dietary restrictions. The lack of a clearly defined diet could be both a strength and a limitation of the study. There was more variability in the dietary type and potentially less of an effect than if all subjects with a plant-based diet were vegetarians. On the other hand, this represents a more “real world” scenario for many people and shows that modest changes can have profound effects. ConclusionThis study suggested that BDNF_rs6265, FTO_rs1421085, and SEC16B_rs509325 interact with high body fat mass, that and plant-based and high protein diets are beneficial for maintaining a lower body fat in adults with a high PRS of the three genetic variants. This study demonstrated that the discovery of PRS-environment interactions in body fat was applicable in the clinical setting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various health benefits associated with plant-based diets, particularly in relation to body fat and obesity. It highlights that a plant-based diet had a significant association with lower body fat and mentions that individuals adhering to vegetarian diets are generally less obese than omnivores. Additionally, it supports the idea that substituting plant protein for animal protein could decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes, suggesting further health implications of a plant-based diet.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: 73(1–2): 45–63. Ashley, G. , A. Dehlavi and G. Ben. 2018. Crop productivity and adaptation to climate change in Pakistan. LSE Res. , Online 2018. Begum, R. A. and J. J. Pereira. 2013. The awareness, perception and motivational analysis of climate change and business perspectives in Malaysia. Strategies Glob. Change. 10. Begum, R. & Pereira, J. 2015. The awareness, perception and motivational analysis of climate change and business perspectives in Malaysia. Mitigation and for Global Change. 20. 10. Berrang-Ford, J. D. Ford, J. Paterson. 2011. Are we adapting to climate change? Glob. Environ. Chang. , 21: 25-33 Biaginia, B. and A. Miller. 2013. Engaging the private sector in adaptation to climate change in developing countries: Importance, status, and challenges. Clim. Dev. Vol. 5, Iss. 3: 242-252. Biesbroek, Robbert & Swart, Rob & Van der Knaap, Wim. 2009. The mitigation-adaptation dichotomy and the role of spatial planning. Habitat International. 33. 230-237. Bryan, E. and J. Behrman. 2013. Community-based adaptation to climate change. A theoretical framework, overview of key issues and discussion of gender differentiated priorities and participation. . 109. Bryan, E. , T. T. Deressa, G. A. Gbetibouo and C. Ringler. 2009. Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints. Environ. Sci. Policy. 12(4): 413– 426. Chakraborty, Manab and M. Matirayee. 2017. Examining the role of ICT on financial inclusion in world’s biggest public employment programme in Uttarakhand, India. J. Econ. History. 24: 229 – 245. Dale, V. , Efroymson, R. & Kline, K. 2011. The land use–climate change–energy nexus. Landscape Ecology. 26. 755-773. David, B. 2011. Lobell; Wolfram Schlenker; Justin C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies and perspectives on climate change, indicating that awareness alone is insufficient to address all environmental issues. The references outline the need for adaptation, the complexity of climate responses, and varying impacts across different regions, suggesting that resolution of environmental issues requires more than just awareness; it requires a range of approaches including adaptation strategies, collaboration with the private sector, and addressing socio-economic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: (d) The chemical modification of the great number of existing COS by a wide range of agents and approaches, including computer simulation studies, is a virgin field that could generate products with powerful elicitor properties. (e) Biocidal activities of COSs, advantaged with their greater water solubilities than chitin and chitosan, are remarkably attractive due to the possibility of replacing, partial or completely, injurious synthetic products currently in use. Similarly, this review makes it possible to appreciate that the preparation and separation of COS with well-defined structures could boost the discovery of the specific regulatory mechanisms that each oligomer species can activate (or repress), that is, defense mechanisms in plants. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i3. 2500 the new policy established by the Cuban state for the agricultural sector, the achievement of food sovereignty and sustainability of said sector is established as a basic principle, which was endorsed in the current Law of and Food and Nutritional Security. For this reason, each municipality in the country, and under certain levels of autonomy, must guarantee compliance with the aforementioned law. For this, strict control of the structures of the territorial agricultural system and the behavior of its structures is necessary. With the completion of this work, the characterization, diagnosis and evaluation of some sustainability indicators for the agricultural sector in the were established as objectives, in the period between 2015 and 2020, for this a work team was created that was able to collect, organize, analyze, compare and evaluate the information that appeared in the of Statistics and Information of the Republic of Cuba, between the years 2015 and 2020, finding as one of the results that the workforce indicator used in this sector has suffered a drastic decrease, not guaranteeing the man-area relationship necessary to achieve food sovereignty and the sustainability of the sector at a territorial level. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i2. 2362 animal genetic resources are diverse and have been the subject of crossbreeding for decades to improve local livestock and poultry populations. However, the literature on crossbreeding performance has been inconsistent, with many projects failing due to various reasons. This has led to mixed support and criticism for crossbreeding in small-scale animal agriculture. The review examines the achievements, problems, and future prospects for livestock and poultry genetic improvement through crossbreeding in Africa’s small-scale animal agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. Instead, it discusses various topics including the chemical modification of chitosan oligosaccharides, agricultural policies in Cuba, and issues of animal genetic resources. None of these points relate to the cultivation of historical plants, leading to the conclusion that the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Therapies targeting the PRS could help prevent obesity and manage weight by applying personalized nutrition programs that emphasize a plant-based diet high in protein. DeclarationsEthics statement The institutional review board (IRB) of the Institute of Health and the IRB of approved the KoGES and the present study (KBP-2015-055 and 1041231-150811-HR-034-01, respectively). All participants signed a written informed consent form. authors have no potential conflict of interest. data can be retrieved from the corresponding author on reasonable request. conceived, designed and analyzed the data. JWD wrote the draft of the 58. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700000 individuals of European ancestry. Genet. 2018;27:3641–9. Interactions between Scores, Dietary Pattern, and with the in a Large Hospital-Based Cohort. Nutrients. 2021;13. Konuma T, Okada Y. Statistical genetics and polygenic risk score for precision medicine. Inflamm Regen. 2021;41:18. Hu FB. 437of Obesity. In: Hu FB (ed) Obesity Epidemiology. Press, 2008, p 15. Why are there race/ethnic differences in adult body mass index-adiposity relationships? A quantitative critical review. Obes Rev. 2016;17:262–75. Hamilton-James K, Collet T-H, et al. Precision and accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis devices in supine versus standing position with or without retractable handle in Caucasian subjects. . 2021;45:267–74. Fang W-H, Yang J-R, Lin C-Y et al. Accuracy augmentation of body composition measurement by bioelectrical impedance analyzer in elderly population. Medicine 2020;99:e19103. Kim Y, Han BG. Cohort Profile: Genome and (KoGES) Consortium. Epidemiol. 2017;46:e20. Park S. Association between polygenetic risk scores related to sarcopenia risk and their interactions with regular exercise in a large cohort of Korean adults. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:5355–64. Wu X, Park S. Relation between Hyperglycemia and by Using a Approach in Middle-Aged and in Large Cohorts. J Clin Med. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions 'personalized nutrition programs that emphasize a plant-based diet high in protein,' which implies that plant-based diets can be beneficial for health, particularly in managing weight and potentially impacting related health issues such as obesity and heart disease. This supports the claim of plant-based diets offering various health benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Roberts: climate trends and global crop production. 333: 616-620. Delgado, D. , Jorge, J. , Groffman, P. , Nearing, M. , Goddard, T. , Reicosky, D. C. , Lal, R. , Kitchen, N. , Rice, C. , Towery, D. & Salon, P. 2011. Conservation practices to mitigate and adapt to climate change. . J. Conserv. 118A-126A. Deressa, T. , R. Hassan, T. Alemu, M. Yesuf and C. Ringler. 2009. Analyzing the determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation measures and perceptions of climate change in the of Ethiopia. Int. Res. Inst. (IFPRI) Discuss. Paper No. 00798. Dimassu, Zenebe & Kessler, Aad. 2016. Factors affecting farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to perceived trends of declining rainfall and crop productivity in the central Rift valley of Ethiopia. Research. 5. 10. Dinar, A. , Mendelsohn, R. , & Williams, L. 2006. . The distributional impact of climate change on rich and poor countries. Environment and Development Economics. Environment and Development Economics. 11. 159-178. . Dinesh, D. , R. B. Zougmore, J. Vervoort, E. Totin, P. K. Thornton, D. and P. Läderach. 2018. Facilitating change for climate-smart agriculture through science-policy engagement. Sustainability. 10: 2616. Dineshkumar and Moghariya. 2012. Rural perspectives of climate change: A study from Saurastra and Kutch of Western India. Publ. Understanding Sci. 23(6): 1-18. Doss, C. R. and M. L. Morris. 2001. How does gender affect the adoption of agricultural innovations? The case of improved maize technology in Ghana. Agric. Econ. 25(1): 27-39. Dupdal, Ravi & Patil, B. L. . 2019. and Suggestions by in Adaptation to in Karnataka: Analysis. International J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 8. 376-383. Edward, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several references and studies that suggest addressing climate change and its impacts requires more than just awareness. The variety of research included indicates a complexity in environmental issues that entails conservation practices, adaptation measures, and the multidimensional factors affecting agricultural practices in response to climate change. This implies that mere awareness will not suffice to resolve environmental issues quickly, contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Community-based (CBBP) can be seen as a community livestock development strategy that mobilizes local animal genetic resources and boosts smallholder livestock producers’ ability to collaborate in resource-scarce communities. Genome sequencing is seen as the future cornerstone of promoting crossbreeding in Africa, but it should be based on consideration of the socioeconomic context of small-scale animal husbandry and local livestock production conditions. Smallholder farmers, who are the major custodians of local animal biodiversity, have faced challenges such as genotype and environmental interaction, lack of funding, poor laws, and lack of farmer participation. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of phenomics and genomic prediction in improving animal genetic resources in Africa, but it also emphasizes the need for further research and development in this area. The study suggests that modern breeding technologies (genomics and phenomics) and training of smallholder livestock farmers in improved animal husbandry management practices can be used to enhance food and nutrition security for African rural households. This review examines the effects of crossbreeding through the decades on small-scale livestock farming in Africa, including positive and negative outcomes as well as future implications. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i2. 2406 review paper explores the potential of automation and control systems in addressing critical challenges faced by agriculture in developing countries, with a specific focus on their applicability in Uganda. The study aims to comprehensively evaluate the role of these systems in enhancing agricultural practices, including the identification of adoption challenges, assessment of potential benefits, investigation of system effectiveness, and provision of evidence-based recommendations. The findings reveal that while there are notable obstacles such as high initial costs, limited technical expertise, and database constraints, there are also substantial opportunities, particularly through the integration of supportive information and communication technology (ICT) strategies and policies. Automation has demonstrated its effectiveness in various agricultural tasks, from mechanized tractors to food processing and livestock farming, offering promising prospects for value addition, irrigation, hydroponics, aquaponics, greenhouse farming, and livestock management. Despite the current modest adoption rates, the study provides compelling evidence supporting the need for increased utilization of automation and control systems in Uganda’s agriculture. Collaboration among stakeholders, formulation of supportive policies, development of comprehensive databases, prioritization of tailored ICT infrastructure, and facilitation of knowledge sharing are recommended to overcome challenges and harness the transformative capability of automation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses community livestock development strategies and the application of genomic and phenomic technologies in animal husbandry, which does not address the claim regarding plants used historically in modern agriculture. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content a member@ 0 Sign in in JournalsEnter search termanywhereEnter search termQuick search in 10. 1161/JAHA. 119. 012865 Track 2016. Participants’ diet was classified using 4 diet indexes. In the overall plant‐based diet index and provegetarian diet index, higher intakes of all or selected plant foods received higher scores; in the healthy plant‐based diet index, higher intakes of only the healthy plant foods received higher scores; in the less healthy plant‐based diet index, higher intakes of only the less healthy plant foods received higher scores. In all indexes, higher intakes of animal foods received lower scores. Results from Cox proportional hazards models showed that participants in the highest versus lowest quintile for adherence to overall plant‐based diet index or provegetarian diet had a 16%, 31% to 32%, and 18% to 25% lower risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality, respectively, after adjusting for important confounders (all P<0. 05 for trend). Higher adherence to a healthy plant‐based diet index was associated with a 19% and 11% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality, respectively, but not incident cardiovascular disease (P<0. 05 for trend). No associations were observed between the less healthy plant‐based diet index and the outcomes. ConclusionsDiets higher in plant foods and lower in animal foods were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a general population. Clinical PerspectiveNew? •Plant‐based diets, diets that emphasize higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods, are associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality in a general US adult population. •Healthful plant‐based diets, diets higher in nutrient‐dense plant foods and lower in refined carbohydrates and animal foods, are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality, but not incident cardiovascular disease. the Clinical Implications? •Our results suggest that dietary patterns that are relatively higher in plant foods and relatively lower in animal foods may confer benefits for cardiovascular health. •Future research examining whether the quality of plant foods (healthful versus less healthful) within the framework of an overall plant‐based diet is associated with cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality is warranted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing findings that suggest diets higher in plant foods and lower in animal foods are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Specifically, it cites results showing a 16-32% lower risk of cardiovascular disease and related mortality for participants adhering to a plant-based diet, indicating a clear health benefit associated with such dietary patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: , Ringler, C. , Yesuf, M. & Bryan, E. 2009. Soil and water conservation technologies: A buffer against production risk in the face of climate change? : Insights from the in Ethiopia. Institute (IFPRI), IFPRI discussion papers. 42. 10. Edward, K. , C. Ringlera, M. Yesuf and E. Bryana. 2011. Soil and water conservation technologies: a buffer against production risk in the face of climate change? Insights from the Nile basin in Ethiopia. Agric. Econ. 42: 593–604. Feola, G. 2015. Societal transformation in response to global environmental change: A review of emerging concepts. Ambio. 44: 376-390. Feola, G. , Lerner, A. , Jain, M. , Montefrio, Marvin, J. & Nicholas, K. 2015. Researching farmer behaviour in climate change adaptation and sustainable agriculture: Lessons learned from five case studies. Journal of Rural Studies. 39. 74-84. Francesco N. , Tubiello, Jean-Francois, Soussana and S. M. Howden. 2007. Crop and pasture response to climate change. PNAS. 104 (50): 19686 –19690. and M. P. Dickens. 2011. Authentic leadership: A review of literature and research agenda. Leadersh. Q. 22: 1120-1145. . , Vandenbergh, M. P. , & Gilligan, J. M. 2010. November 15. A comprehensive program to rapidly reduce U. S. residential carbon emissions. Paper presented at the Behavior, Energy, and. Gori, A. , C. B. Brito and J. Ruiz. 2018. Climate change and agriculture: Do environmental preservation and ecosystem services matter? Ecol. Econ. 152: 27–39. Gori Maia, A. , Cesano, D. , Miyamoto, B. C. B. , Eusebio, G. S. and Silva, P. A. d. O. 2018, “Climate change and farm-level adaptation: the Brazilian Sertão”, of Strategies and Management, (10)5: 729-751. Dale, H. and A. Rebecca, K. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents research and discussions surrounding climate change and agricultural practices, as well as environmental preservation strategies. These discussions imply that simply raising awareness about climate change will not be sufficient to solve environmental issues within a short time frame, as they highlight the complexities and need for practical solutions such as soil and water conservation technologies and agricultural adaptation strategies. This suggests that awareness alone is inadequate and contrasts with the claim that awareness will quickly resolve all environmental issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions View 10. 7717/peerj. 16100 Published 2023-10-02 Accepted 2023-08-25 Received 2023-05-04 reefs, Thermal stress, Dysbiosis, Climate change, Marine heatwaves Copyright © 2023 Khen et al. is an open access 2023. Standardization of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions. PeerJ 11:e16100 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-1 Figure 2: Mapping spatial distributions of mass coral bleaching events. Heatmaps showing the spatial distributions of each major bleaching event between 1982 and 2010. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-2 Figure 3: Mapping the impact of the third-ever global coral bleaching event. Maps showing over 75 total locations worldwide, represented by black circles, affected by the third-ever global coral bleaching event lasting between 2014 and 2017 (Eakin, Sweatman & Brainard, 2019). Each map is overlaid with maximum heat stress in that respective year from NOAA’s Watch satellite data. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-3 Bleaching resistance and resilience at physiological and ecosystem scales Resistance to thermal stress can be defined as the ability of individual corals to avoid bleaching or survive post-bleaching (West & Salm, 2003). It is generally accepted that corals have different susceptibilities to bleaching based on taxonomy (Marshall & Baird, 2000; McClanahan et al. , 2004), life history strategy (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), morphology (Loya et al. , 2001; et al. 2012), colony size class (Shenkar, Fine & Loya, 2005), symbiont type and/or density (Berkelmans & 2006), as well as any other distinguishing characteristics. ‘Weedy’ genera (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and associated research but does not mention plants, their historical usage, or their cultivation in modern agriculture. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: IntroductionPlant‐based diets are dietary patterns that emphasize higher intakes of plant foods and are low in animal foods. Vegetarian diets, a type of plant‐based diet, with a focus on restriction of different types of animal foods (meat, poultry, or fish), have been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and ischemic heart disease. 1, 2, 3 However, prospective cohort studies have shown mixed results on the associations with cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality. 4, 5, 6 These previous studies were conducted in selected study populations that were mostly composed of Seventh‐Day Adventists, vegetarians, or health‐conscious individuals; thus, they had relatively narrow generalizability. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9Although prior studies have characterized participants’ diets using a relatively simple classification method based on frequency of animal food consumption,4, 5, 6 there have since been more comprehensive attempts to assess an individual's diet using plant‐based diet indexes. 10, 11, 12, 13 These indexes give higher scores for higher consumption of plant foods and lower consumption of animal foods, allowing researchers to examine whether the degree of adherence to an overall plant‐based diet is associated with health outcomes. Studies that used such indexes (ie, an overall plant‐based diet index [PDI] or a provegetarian diet index) found that greater adherence to these diets was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and all‐cause mortality. 10, 11, 12 In addition, some plant‐based indexes separately scored healthful (whole grains, vegetables, and plant proteins) and unhealthful (refined carbohydrates and sugar) plant sources of food. Healthful plant‐based diets, which scored higher intakes of only healthful plant foods higher, were more strongly inversely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease than the overall plant‐based diets. 11, 12 In contrast, greater adherence to less healthful (unhealthful) plant‐based diets, which scored higher intakes of only less healthful plant foods higher, were associated with a higher risk of these conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular conditions. It specifically mentions that vegetarian diets have been linked to lower risks of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases, bolstering the assertion that such diets provide health benefits like reduced risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: PII: S0308-521X(02)00048-3. James, W. , Stoutenborough, L. Xinsheng and V. Arnold. 2015. Trends in public attitudes toward climate change: The influence of the economy and climate gate on risk, information, and public policy risk, hazards and crises in public policy. 1(1): 22-27. 2010. Institutional barriers to climate change adaptation in U. S. national parks and forests. Ecol Soc. 15(4):33. Jiménez-Cisneros, B. E. , T. Oki, N. W. Arnell, G. Benito, J. G. Cogley, P. Döll, T. Jiang and S. S. Mwakalila. 2014. Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects; contribution of working group ii to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change; fresh water resources. Clim. Change. Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, UK;. 269. Karen, O’Brien, K. and S. Linda. 2013. Responding to climate change: The three spheres of transformation. Proc. Clim. 19-21 June 2013, Oslo, Norway. Univ. Oslo. 23. Kollmuss. A. and J. Agyeman. 2002. Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers topro-environmental behavior? Environ. Educ. Res. 8(3): 239–260. Kumasi, T. C. , Antwi-Agyei, P. and Obiri-Danso, K. 2017. Small-holder farmers’ climate change adaptation practices in the Region of Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 10. Pasquinia, L. , R. M. Cowling and G. Ziervogel. 2013. Facing the heat: Barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in local government in the western cape province, South Africa. Habitat Int. 40: 225-232. Lal, R. , J. A. Delgado, P. M. Groffman, N. Millar, C. Dell and A. Rotz. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are institutional barriers and challenges related to climate change adaptation that are discussed in various sources. It outlines that simply increasing climate change awareness may not be sufficient to resolve environmental issues quickly, as indicated by references to studies discussing barriers to adaptation and pro-environmental behavior which suggest that awareness alone does not lead to effective action.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , taxa that are fast-growing, opportunistic, and able to dominate post-disturbance, such as Acropora or Pocillopora spp. ) may be more sensitive to bleaching yet quicker to regain their pre-bleaching benthic cover following substantial colony mortality (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013; McClanahan, Graham & Darling, 2014). Morphology is also thought to play a role, though results are often contradictory. For instance, mounding corals show high (Marshall & Baird, 2000) or low (Williams et al. , 2010) resistance to thermal bleaching. Branching corals may experience more bleaching-related mortality than massive or encrusting corals (Hoegh-Guldberg & Salvat, 1995; Marshall & Baird, 2000), presumably because the thinner tissues of branching corals expose symbionts to higher light intensities (Loya et al. , 2001). Larger colonies with more tissue area could hypothetically have an advantage over smaller colonies during bleaching due to their higher symbiont densities, although some studies indicate otherwise (Brandt, 2009; Shenkar, Fine & Loya, 2005; Wagner, Kramer & Van Woesik, 2010). Tissue biomass may also correlate with bleaching resistance and high symbiont density, as species with lower tissue biomass have been found to experience increased mortality following bleaching (Thornhill et al. , 2011). Additionally, it has long been posited that certain Symbiodiniaceae assemblages may be more stress-tolerant and that colonies may change the relative abundance of different co-occurring symbionts in their tissues, thereby shifting dominance (or proportions) of the symbiont community following bleaching (Kemp et al. , 2014; Mieog et al. , 2007; Baker, 2003; Toller, Rowan & Knowlton, 2001). Studies have since found a high degree of specificity among coral-Symbiodiniaceae associations in the long term (Lee et al. , 2016; Stat et al. , 2009; Thornhill, Fitt & Schmidt, 2006), implying that the uptake of new symbionts with different stress tolerance may be transient (Coffroth et al. , 2010), particularly for adult corals (but see: Scharfenstein et al. , 2022; Boulotte et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the ecological dynamics of coral species and their symbiotic relationships with Symbiodiniaceae, rather than the cultivation of plants historically or in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: We used established plant‐based diet scores (PDI, healthy plant‐based diet index [hPDI], less healthy [unhealthy] plant‐based diet index [uPDI], and provegetarian diet index) to assess participants’ degree of adherence to plant‐based diets on the basis of their reported dietary intake on the food frequency questionnaire. We used these 4 plant‐based diet indexes to provide comprehensive and nuanced characterization of dietary intakes because the indexes differed from each other in scoring of food groups within the indexes. For instance, the PDI was more comprehensive than the provegetarian index in that the PDI assessed dietary intakes of plant foods high in refined carbohydrates (fruit juices, sugar‐sweetened beverages, sweets, and desserts). Consistent with some ethically motivated dietary patterns that are focused on the exclusion of animal sources of food and have less of an emphasis on the quality of plant foods, the provegetarian diet index provides a more simplistic score of the diet in that these refined carbohydrate food groups were not assessed. Further details on differences and construction of the scores have been published previously and are available in Data S1. 10, 11, 12, 13, 16The PDI, hPDI, and uPDI had a possible range from 17 to 85, and the provegetarian diet index had a possible range from 11 to 55. All scores were divided into quintiles for analyses. Outcome AssessmentIncident cardiovascular disease events and deaths (cardiovascular and all cause) were ascertained through annual telephone calls with participants or proxies, active surveillance of local hospital discharge records and state death records, and linkage to the Index from baseline to December 31, 2016. Incident cardiovascular disease was defined as a composite outcome of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. Incident coronary heart disease was defined as hospitalized myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease. 17 Incident stroke was defined as definite or probable stroke, which was adjudicated. 18 Incident heart failure was defined as hospitalization or death, with of Diseases, (ICD‐9), code 428 or of Diseases, (ICD‐10), code I50. 19 All‐cause mortality was defined as deaths attributable to any cause, and cardiovascular disease mortality was defined as deaths with ICD‐9 codes 390 to 459 or ICD‐10 codes I00 to I99. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various plant-based diet scores and their association with incident cardiovascular diseases, thereby indicating a link between adherence to plant-based diets and health outcomes related to heart disease. The detailed assessment of dietary intakes and the definition of incident cardiovascular disease suggest that adherence to these diets may impact heart health, aligning with the claim that such diets are associated with lower risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Management to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Conservat. 66: 276–285. Lebel, P. , N. Whangchai, C. Chitmanat, J. Promya and L. Lebel. 2015. Perceptions of climate related risks and awareness of climate change of ﬁsh cage farmers in northern Thailand. Risk Manage. 17: 1–22. Lebel, Louis & Käkönen, Mira & Dany, Va & Lebel, Phimphakan & Thuon, Try & Voladet, Saykham. 2018. The framing and governance of climate change adaptation projects in Lao PDR and Cambodia. Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 18. 10. Leiserowitz, A. 2007. Communicating the risks of global warming: American risk perceptions, affective images, and interpretive communities. In S. C. Moser and L. Dilling (Eds. ), Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change : Cambridge Univ. Press. 63. Lorenzoni, I. and N. Pidgeon. 2006. Public views on climate change: European and USA Perspectives. Clim. Change. 77(1–2): 73–95. Lobell, D. , Bänziger, M. , Magorokosho, C. 2011. Nonlinear heat effects on African maize as evidenced by historical yield trials. Nature Clim. Change. 1, 42–45 (2011) M. Abid, J. Scheﬀran, U. A. Schneider and M. Ashfaq. 2016. Farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation strategies to climate change and their determinants: the case of Punjab province, Pakistan. Copernicus. 19. M. Abid, J. Scheﬀran, U. A. Schneider and M. Ashfaq. 2017. Farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation strategies to climate change and their determinants: the case of Punjab province, Pakistan. Earth Syst. Dyn. 6(1): 225-243. Madobi, R. 2014. The role of public awareness in climate change mitigation and adaptation in Zimbabwe. Int. J. Sci. Res. 3(11): 1270-1275. Marshall, G. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning the importance of management, mitigation, and adaptation strategies in response to climate change. It highlights that simply increasing climate change awareness is insufficient to address environmental issues, as evidenced by discussions on risk perceptions and adaptation strategies among various stakeholders, such as fish cage farmers in Thailand and farmers in Pakistan. This implies that much more comprehensive actions and strategies are needed beyond mere awareness to resolve environmental challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2016). Further, some coral taxa exhibit higher flexibility in their Symbiodiniaceae assemblages than others (Goulet, 2006; Putnam et al. , 2012) and individual colonies may have their own ‘Symbiodiniaceae signature’ (Rouzé et al. , 2019). The dynamics of these symbioses are also affected by environmental regimes (Baker et al. , 2013; de Souza et al. 2023; de Souza et al. 2022) and the symbionts’ physiological traits (Wong, Enríquez & Baker, 2021), making it difficult to predict post-bleaching recovery or mortality based solely on changes in the composition of in hospite symbiont communities. Physical factors such as location (e. g. , Sully et al. , 2019), reef habitat type (e. g. , Wagner, Kramer & Van Woesik, 2010; Wall et al. , 2021), human population density (e. g. , Sandin et al. 2008), and/or environmental variability (e. g. , Bahr, Rodgers & Jokiel, 2017; Jokiel & Brown, 2004) may also affect bleaching outcomes, along with prior bleaching history (e. g. , Brown et al. , 2002; Pratchett et al. , 2013), maximum heat stress (Claar et al. , 2018), and local disturbance (Baum et al. , 2023). Depth is thought to provide a refuge for corals from solar heating and light (Baird et al. , 2018; Smith et al. , 2014) as well as driving niche partitioning of functionally distinct Symbiodiniaceae communities (Wall et al. , 2020). However, depth does not always confer resistance to bleaching, as has been seen in both the Caribbean (Neal et al. , 2014) and Pacific (Venegas et al. , 2019). Factors that reduce thermal stress (e. g. , cold-water upwelling; Goreau et al. , 2000), enhance water flow and flush out cytotoxic ions (Nakamura & Van Woesik, 2001), and decrease light stress (e. g. , shading from cloud cover (Mumby et al. , 2001)) or light absorption by dissolved organic matter (Anderson et al. , 2001) can determine bleaching resistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses coral taxa, their symbiotic relationships, and various environmental factors affecting bleaching outcomes. There is no mention of plants or their cultivation in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: In addition, we used splines to visually depict the relation between plant‐based diet scores as a continuous variable and incident cardiovascular disease. We first used restricted cubic splines with 4 knots at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles. The shape of the association appeared approximately linear, so we presented the results using 2 linear spline terms with 1 knot at the 12. 5th percentile of each plant‐based diet index. As a sensitivity analysis, we considered margarine as part of the plant‐based diet scores instead of a covariate in the fully adjusted models. Margarine intake was positively scored in the PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index and negatively scored in the uPDI, consistent with how vegetable oil was scored in previous studies. 10, 11, 12We conducted 2 additional analyses in model 3: First, we modeled score components of plant‐based diet scores (healthy plant foods [aggregated consumption of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, tea, and coffee], less healthy plant foods [aggregated consumption of fruits juices, refined grain, potatoes, sugar‐sweetened beverages, sweets, and desserts], and animal foods [aggregated consumption of animal fat, dairy, eggs, fish or seafood, meat, and miscellaneous animal foods] from PDI; plant foods [selected] and animal foods from provegetarian diet index) simultaneously instead of the scores. Second, we modeled the individual food groups within PDI and provegetarian diet index simultaneously. Given that associations with red and processed meat differ from poultry with regard to cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality,23 we reclassified the meat category into 2 separate categories: (1) red and processed meat and (2) poultry. Third, we examined whether the observed associations differed by sex (women/men), age (less than the median, greater than or equal to the median), race (white or black), weight status (normal weight, overweight, or obese), and diabetes mellitus status (diabetes mellitus or no diabetes mellitus). All analyses were conducted using Stata, version 13. 0, statistical software (). ranged from 28 to 74, the hPDI ranged from 29 to 77, the uPDI ranged from 27 to 76, and the provegetarian diet index ranged from 15 to 54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the association between plant-based diet scores and incident cardiovascular disease. It indicates that the analyses aimed to understand how different dietary components and classifications (such as margarine and various types of meat) relate to cardiovascular outcomes, implying that a plant-based diet may have health benefits that are crucial in assessing risks for heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: O’Brien, Karen & Sygna, L. 2013. Responding to climate change: The three spheres of transformation. Proceedings of the in a Changing Climate. 16-23. Olesen, J. E. , M. Trnka, K. C. Kersebaum, K. C. , Skjelvåg, A. O. , Seguin, B. , Peltonen‐Sainio, P. and Micale, F. 2011. Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change. Eur. J. Agron. 34: 96–112. Ozor, N. ,. Onokola, E. C. Eboh and C. J. Garforth. 2010. Barriers to climate change adaptation among farming households of Southern Nigeria. J. Agric. Ext. 14: 114–124. Pasquini, L. , Cowling, R. , and Ziervogel, G. 2013. Facing the heat: Barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in local government in the Province, South Africa. Habitat International. 40. 225-232. Patt, A. G. and D. Schroter. 2008. Perceptions of climate risk in Mozambique: implications for the success of adaptation strategies. Glob. Environ. Chang. 18(3): 458–467. Philip Antwi-Agyei, H. Claire, S. G. K. Quinn, Adiku, N. Samuel, A. Codjoe, Andrew, J. Dougill, Richard, Lamboll and B. K. D. Delali. 2017. Perceived stressors of climate vulnerability across scales in the Savannah zone of Ghana: a participatory approach. Reg. Environ. Change. 17(1): 213–227. Pidgeon N, Fischhoff B. 2011. The role of social and decision sciences in communicating uncertain climate risks. Chang 1:35–41 Q. Schiermeier, J. 2015. Tollefson, Four challenges facing newly elected climate chief Nature. 10. 1038/nature. 2015. 18492 Quirin, S. Q. 2015. Quest for climate-proof farms. Nat. 523: 396–397. Rangwala, I. , Miller, J. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to multiple studies that discuss various aspects of climate change and its impacts, as well as adaptation barriers among different communities. These references imply a complexity in addressing climate issues that suggests mere awareness will not suffice to solve all environmental issues quickly. For example, it discusses barriers to climate change adaptation, indicating that simply raising awareness is inadequate without addressing underlying challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: While coral physiological resistance pertains to the ability to withstand or not be harmed by a disturbance, the physiological resilience of corals and the ecological resilience of coral reefs is the ability for the coral holobiont or the reef community to recover from or return to pre-disturbance physiological or ecological states, respectively (West & Salm, 2003). The speed at which this occurs, along with the magnitude of disturbance, can also be considered when defining resilience (Gunderson, 2000; Nyström, Folke & Moberg, 2000). Ecosystem resilience is determined by either intrinsic (e. g. , larval production capacity and recruitment success, or the presence of herbivorous grazers (Heenan & Williams, 2013; Roff & Mumby, 2012)) or extrinsic (e. g. , effective management and protection (Mellin et al. , 2016; Salm & Coles, 2001)) factors. Some remote, protected reefs such as the in the central Pacific have shown evidence of increased resilience following successive heatwaves, possibly due to adaptive thermal tolerance and localized recruitment by surviving colonies (Fox et al. , 2021). However, the 2016 heatwave also caused severe (>50%) mortality throughout the most remote sections of the Reef (Hughes et al. , 2017b) and in protected areas of the Islands (Couch et al. , 2017), where the human impacts that may further exacerbate thermal stress (e. g. , urbanization, nutrient pollution) or degrade reef ecosystem function (e. g. , overfishing) are largely absent. Thus, in the context of global climate change, there are perhaps no refugia where corals are not threatened by marine heatwaves and regional bleaching events. By the year 2050, bleaching is predicted to occur annually for all reefs globally (Donner et al. , 2005; et al. , 2014). By 2100, with a rise in global sea surface temperatures of about 3 °C under Pathway 8. 5 (Pörtner et al. , 2019; on Climate Change), most reefs worldwide are projected to decrease in coral cover by over 40% (Sully, Hodgson & van Woesik, 2022). Post-bleaching recovery, however, might be more influenced by local stressors (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral physiology, resilience of coral reefs, and the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. There is no mention of plants or agriculture in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: 8 (1. 8)Zinc, mg/1000 kcal6. 8 (1. 6)6. 8 (1. 6)6. 7 (1. 5)6. 5 (1. 4)6. 4 (1. 3)Values are means (SDs) for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. ARIC indicates in Communities; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IU, international units; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. aIndicates statistical difference by quintiles of provegetarian diet index (P<0. 05), tested using ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. bFood intakes are expressed as servings per day. Nutritional CharacteristicsParticipants in the highest quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index consumed an average of 4. 1 to 4. 8 servings of fruit and vegetables per day and 0. 8 to 0. 9 servings of red and processed meat per day (Tables 1 and 2, Table S1). Those in the highest quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet had higher intake of carbohydrates and plant protein as a percentage of energy, fiber, and micronutrients, including potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate, and lower intake of saturated fat and cholesterol compared with those in the lower quintiles (P<0. 05 for all comparisons). Polyunsaturated fat as a percentage of energy was higher among those in the highest quintiles of PDI and provegetarian diet, but lower among those in the highest quintiles of hPDI and uPDI (P<0. 05 for all comparisons). In contrast, those in the highest quintile of uPDI consumed an average of 2. 3 servings of fruit and vegetables per day and 1. 2 servings of red and processed meat per day (Table S2). Those in the highest quintile of uPDI consumed higher intake of total energy and carbohydrates as a percentage of energy, but had lower intake of fiber and micronutrients, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate compared with those in the lowest quintile of uPDI (P<0. 05 for all comparisons). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the nutritional benefits associated with higher intake of plant-based foods. It mentions that participants in the highest quintiles of the provegetarian diet index (PDI) had larger servings of fruits and vegetables, as well as increased intake of essential micronutrients like potassium, magnesium, and fiber, while having lower intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol. This is consistent with the idea that plant-based diets can lead to better overall health and possibly lower the risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Adaptation options to climate change in canadian agriculture: An inventory and typology. Dep. Geog. Occas. paper No. 25. Guelph: Univ. Guelph. pp 1-36. Stern, N. 2006. The economics of climate change. Am. Econ. Rev. 98(2): 1-37. Stoutenborough, J. W. , Vedlitz, A. , & Liu, X. 2015. of Perceptions on Support: of Energy Policy. of the American Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. , 658(1): 102–120. Taciano L. Milfont, Caitlin L. Davies, Marc S. Wilson 2019. Foundations of Environmentalism: Care- and Fairness-to Predict Pro-Environmental Actions, Bulletin, 14, 2, (2019). Tribbia, J. and S. Moser. 2008. More than information: what coastal managers need to prepare for climate change. Environ. Sci. Policy. 11(4): 315–328. Ullah, Wahid & Takaaki, Nihei & Mohammad, Nafees & Zaman, Rahman & Ali, Muhammad. 2017. Understanding climate change vulnerability, adaptation and risk perceptions at household level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Int. J. Strategies Manag. 10. 11. UNEP. 2006. Geo year book 2006: An overview of our changing environment. Assess. U. N. Environ. Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. pdf Uzma, H. , H. Shabib, R. A. Syed and A. M. Kausar. 2010. Economic impact of climate change on the agricultural sector of Punjab. Pak. Dev. Rev. 49(4): 771–798. Decision-making by farmers regarding ecosystem services: factors affecting soil conservation efforts in Costa Rica. Policy. 27: 1132-1142. Voinov, A. and H. Cardwell. 2009. The water–energy nexus: why should we care? Contemp. Water Res. Educ. 143: 17–29. Walker, D. , Donald, A. , and Y. W. Kenji. 2005. Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern alaska and other arctic regions. Clim. Change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various studies and papers that delve into different aspects of climate change adaptation and policy considerations. It suggests that merely raising awareness about climate change is insufficient for addressing the complex environmental issues discussed in these studies, such as agricultural impacts and risk perceptions at the household level. Therefore, the text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that comprehensive strategies and actions are required beyond awareness to effectively mitigate environmental issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , overfishing, pollution, sedimentation, or coastal development), the absence of which may facilitate the recovery of corals with more heat-adapted Symbiodiniaceae symbionts (see Claar et al. , 2020) and reduce the extent of bleaching. While mitigating local stressors can potentially minimize climate impact (Donovan et al. , 2020; but see: Bruno, Côté & Toth, 2019), local and global stressors could also act synergistically to magnify post-bleaching mortality (Donovan et al. , 2021). Coral bleaching visual assessment methods Current methods for visually assessing bleaching usually involve satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, underwater surveys, or image analysis of transects or quadrats. While all of these methods contribute to our knowledge of bleaching severity, they operate under varying levels of taxonomic and spatial resolution (reviewed in et al. , 2022; Fig. 4) and present their own advantages and disadvantages. Satellite remote sensing, while informative and large-scale (e. g. , 5 km or 50 km resolution), relies on predictions from temperature metrics rather than in situ bleaching data (Liu et al. , 2014). Other complications with remote sensing include cloud cover and the fact that bleached corals can have a similar spectral signature as sand (Elvidge et al. , 2004). Moreover, satellites can only provide bleaching forecasts whereas aerial surveys conducted via aircrafts (e. g. , Hughes et al. , 2017b) or small unmanned drones (e. g. , Levy et al. , 2018) can map entire reefs but quantify bleaching on a reef-wide basis. However, new technologies such as fluid lensing (Chirayath & Earle, 2016), which uses water-transmitting wavelengths to passively image underwater objects, are now being developed to improve the use of remote sensing tools and could potentially deliver centimeter-resolution data at regional scales. Similarly, airborne mapping combined with laser-guided imaging spectroscopy and deep learning models (Asner et al. , 2020) can provide regional-scale quantitative estimates of reef condition but these approaches often require optimal weather conditions. Figure 4: Comparing the scale and resolution of current methods for measuring coral bleaching. Diagram comparing different methods for measuring coral bleaching in terms of their spatial coverage and observation resolution (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses coral bleaching and methods for measuring it, which are unrelated to the claim about historical plants and their cultivation in modern agriculture. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Plant‐ Outcomes and All‐Cause MortalityDuring a median follow‐up of 25 years, 4381 incident cardiovascular disease events, 1565 deaths caused by cardiovascular disease, and 5436 deaths attributable to all causes occurred. Incidence rates for cardiovascular disease events, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality were lower at higher quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index (Table S3). We did not observe a strong and consistent pattern for incidence rates of the outcomes across quintiles of uPDI. There was a significant lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality across quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index only in the minimally adjusted models that accounted for age, sex, race‐center, and total energy intake. The strongest and most consistent significant associations were observed for PDI and provegetarian diet index, with all 3 outcomes in all 3 models (Figures S1 and S2). After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, race‐center, and education), dietary factors (total energy intake and margarine consumption), and health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption), those in the highest versus lowest quintiles of PDI and provegetarian diet index had a 16% and 16% lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, a 32% and 31% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality, and a 25% and 18% lower risk of all‐cause mortality, respectively (Table 3). These associations remained significant and similar in magnitude after adjusting for potential mediating factors (total cholesterol, lipid‐lowering medication use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and BMI) (Table S4). In the continuous analysis, there was an approximately linear inverse relationship between PDI (Figure 1) and provegetarian diet index (Figure 2) scores and risk of incident cardiovascular disease. Table 3. and 95% CIs for and All‐Cause Mortality, According to Quintiles of Plant‐(95% CIs)‐Cause MortalityNo. of events…438115655436PDI11 (Reference)1 (Reference)1 (Reference)20. 98 (0. 89–1. 08)0. 85 (0. 74–0. 99)0. 89 (0. 82–0. 96)30. 96 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that individuals adhering to higher quintiles of the Plant Diet Index (PDI) and provegetarian diet index had significantly lower risks of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. Specifically, it states that those in the highest quintiles experienced a 16% lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease and a 32% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality, supporting the assertion that plant-based diets are linked to health benefits and reduced risks for heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone is now fully aware and educated about climate change. [SEP] Text: corpus about Version 1. 1 Pizarro Pedraza, Andrea; Catellani, Andrea; Samofalova, Yuliya; Cougnon, Louise-Amélie, 2022, "corpus about Climate Change", @ UCLouvain, V1 about Standards. The dataset is too large to download. Please select the files you need from the files table. Metrics 13 Open data coming from social media and dedicated to climate change. The corpus includes data from the media, politicians, and population accounts that tweet about climate change-related subjects. Corpora were collected in 3 countries: Belgium, France, and Norway and can be downloaded below. and Humanities; Keyword twitter, climate change, citizen Cougnon, L. -A. , de Viron, L. , & Watrin, P. (2022). Collection of for Human and Social Sciences: and Evaluation. SocArxiv Archives. arXiv: gse4k License/ui-button by File Type: Archive (4) Access: Public (4) (A-Z) Name (Z-A) 1 to 4 of 4 Twitter-Climat-BE-FR. 7z 7Z Archive - 54. 1 MB 14, 2022 6 Downloads MD5: 612b26a5fe12232bda23f6674c639468 Corpora about - Corpora were collected in 3 countries (France, Belgium, Norway) and in 3 populations types (media, politics, population) - The general corpora include retweets, but they can be easily removed through the filter options in EXCEL: - First, application. - Than data > import from CSV or text. - Options: UTF-8, semicolon, following 200 first lines - Just wait some dozen seconds and the file will get open - id: this is the tweet's identification number - date: this is the tweet's emission date - segment: this is the population type: choice between population, media and politics. - party: if the tweet was written by a party member, it is the name of the party - user_name: the tweet's author real name (has been anonymized for the population corpus) - user_screen_name: the tweet's author's Twitter account name (has been anonymized for the population corpus) - retweet: is the tweet a retweet? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the collection of data on social media and various populations' reactions to climate change, indicating that awareness and education levels may vary significantly. The text does not support the idea that everyone is fully aware and educated, but rather presents evidence of ongoing discussions and tweets related to climate change among diverse groups in three countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , image analysis allows for the precise measurement of colony-specific bleaching but is limited spatially, whereas remote sensing is more expansive yet limited taxonomically). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-4 Underwater surveys (e. g. , SCUBA/snorkel surveys, tow-boards) offer the opportunity to make direct observations but are more time-intensive and vary in scale from focal colony assessments to towed-diver surveys at the community or reefscape level. Alternative approaches for surveying entire reef communities are diver-led surveys at the tens-of-meters scale (i. e. , point-intercept and transects), which can give insights into population or colony-level bleaching responses. Corals are often categorized as “bleached”, “unbleached”, or another qualitative bleaching group (McClanahan, 2004) rather than quantifying percent of color change relative to an unaffected (i. e. , non-bleached) conspecific colony, although this can be subject to observer bias (Siebeck et al. , 2006). A color reference card (e. g. , Bahr et al. , 2020; Siebeck et al. , 2006) can also be used to visually compare coral pigmentation in situ to “healthy” representatives, however, these color 4. 3. 0 (Kay et al. , 2021; R Core Team, 2018). Our fixed factors were either region and genus, or region and morphology, and our dependent variable was standardized bleaching severity score. We also tested for interactions between each pair of factors to see whether genera or morphologies bleached differently in different regions. We used the non-parametric ART-ANOVA rather than a standard two-way ANOVA because our response data were rank-based and thus non-continuous. Post-hoc multiple comparisons were performed using the stat_compare_means function in ggpubr (Kassambara, 2020; Wickham, Chang & Wickham, 2016) to identify the genera or morphologies for which regions responded differently in terms of bleaching severity. A combined three-way ANOVA with region, genus, and morphology as factors was not possible since not all morphologies were represented in all genera. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for measuring coral bleaching and does not mention anything about plants or agriculture. It focuses on underwater surveys and statistical methods rather than historical cultivation of plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: 03)0. 92 (0. 85–0. 99)30. 85 (0. 77–0. 94)0. 78 (0. 67–0. 91)0. 89 (0. 82–0. 97)40. 90 (0. 82–0. 99)0. 83 (0. 72–0. 96)0. 84 (0. 78–0. 91)50. 84 (0. 76–0. 93)0. 69 (0. 59–0. 81)0. 82 (0. 76–0. 89)P value for trend<0. 001<0. 001<0. 001Data are adjusted for age, sex, race‐center, total energy intake, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and margarine consumption. hPDI indicates healthy plant‐based diet index; PDI, overall plant‐based diet index; uPDI, less healthy (unhealthy) plant‐based diet index. Figure 1. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for incident cardiovascular disease, according to the continuous overall plant‐based diet index (PDI). The histogram shows the distribution of scores for the PDI in gray. The solid lines represent the adjusted hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular disease, modeled using 2 linear spline terms with 1 knot at the 12. 5th percentile of PDI (score, 44), which was used as the reference point. The dashed lines represent the 95% CIs. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, race‐center, total energy intake, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, margarine consumption, baseline total cholesterol, lipid medication use, baseline kidney function, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and baseline body mass index. Figure 2. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for incident cardiovascular disease, according to the continuous provegetarian diet score. The histogram shows the distribution of scores for the provegetarian diet index in gray. The solid lines represent the adjusted hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular disease, modeled using 2 linear spline terms with 1 knot at the 12. 5th percentile of the provegetarian diet index (score, 27), which was used as the reference point. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various adjusted hazard ratios and confidence intervals related to incident cardiovascular disease. These hazard ratios are associated with different plant-based diet indices, indicating that plant-based diets are linked to outcomes regarding cardiovascular disease. This context supports the claim that plant-based diets are associated with lower risks of heart disease, particularly with specific references to dietary indices and their impact on cardiovascular health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4345629/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published11 Oct, 2024Read the published version in npj →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractOne barrier to action on climate change is not talking about it. The majority of Americans and Canadians are concerned about climate change1,2 but are reluctant to discuss it with family and friends1,3,4,5. Finding comfortable opportunities to promote conversation about climate change would help increase the acceptability of climate actions6. In this study, 32 semi-structured interviews were held with representatives of nature-related organizations in Ontario, Canada, including hiking groups, naturalists, preservation and conservation groups, cross-country skiers, and hunters and anglers, to ascertain how they perceive and talk about climate change and whether those organizations would constitute welcoming spaces. This 8. Most interviewees noticed local effects of climate change and were either Alarmed or Concerned about climate change, referencing Global Warming’s Six Americas3. Some were quite concerned about the effects on their chosen activity. Others were worried for their offspring. This suggests that these groups might be safe spaces for talking about climate change. More generally, it suggests that nature lovers across who distance themselves from the environmental movement9 might be amenable to discussing climate change as the issue becomes more salient. Scientific community and society/Social sciences/Climate changeScientific community and society/Social sciences/SociologyScientific community and society/Social sciences/PsychologyScientific community and society/Social sciences/CultureFiguresFigure 15. Discussing climate change with family and friends increases knowledge about climate change and also demonstrates that others in one’s circle care about the issue6. Certainty that climate change is happening and primarily human-caused are strong predictors of climate policy support11. It follows that climate policy could be more acceptable if more people talked about climate change. Canadas of Climate Change4 is a counterpart to Global Warming’s Six Americas3, in which respondents are categorised along a continuum from Alarmed to Dismissive about climate change. about climate change but not Alarmed are less confident in their climate change beliefs than the Alarmed, and relatively unlikely to talk much about climate change with family and friends4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that climate change affects a wide range of populations, including the majority of Americans and Canadians, who express concern about it. The findings from interviews conducted with diverse nature-related organizations in Ontario highlight that many individuals, regardless of their specific backgrounds, are alarmed or concerned about the local effects of climate change. This indicates that concern about climate change is not limited to certain countries or populations, but is more widespread than the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Also, we only used a subset of the data since not all genera or morphologies exist in all regions, which otherwise would have led to an unbalanced design. in bleaching responses by genus, morphology, and/or region The majority of bleaching observations were from the Pacific (n = 1,383 observations) followed by the Indian (n = 534) and Atlantic (n = 220) Oceans. We found that bleaching severity varied significantly by region (p = 0. 001) and genus (p < 0. 001; Table 1). Notably, there was a significant interaction indicating that some genera, particularly Acropora (p = 0. 0025), Favia (p < 0. 001), Galaxea (p = 0. 0095), and Porites (p = 0. 003) responded differently by region. Acropora experienced less bleaching in the than in the Indian or (mean bleaching severity score = 0. 8 ± 0. 3 standard error compared to 2. 4 ± 0. 2 and 1. 6 ± 0. 1, respectively), where it is far more abundant and speciose (Richards, Berry & Van Oppen, 2016). Favia experienced more bleaching in the Atlantic than in the Indian or (mean bleaching severity score = 3. 0 ± 0. 6 compared to 1. 4 ± 0. 2 and 0. 9 ± 0. 2; Fig. 5). Porites bleached similarly in the Indian and Atlantic (mean bleaching severity score = 1. 6 ± 0. 2 and 1. 6 ± 0. 6, respectively) but relatively less in the Pacific (mean bleaching severity score = 0. 9 ± 0. 2). Montastraea, the only other genus represented across all ocean basins, did not show differences in bleaching responses by region. Galaxea bleached significantly more in the Indian than in the (mean bleaching severity score = 1. 8 ± 0. 2 vs. 1. 0 ± 0. 2) whereas Stylophora was more bleached in the Pacific compared to the (mean bleaching severity score = 2. 8 ± 0. 3 vs. 1. 9 ± 0. 4), although the latter pattern was not found to be significant possibly due to lower sample sizes. Table 1: Aligned rank transform analysis of variance: region and genus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bleaching responses by genus and region in marine organisms, not plants or their cultivation in agriculture. There is no mention of historical plants or their current status in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: The dashed lines represent the 95% CIs. The hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, race‐center, total energy intake, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, margarine consumption, baseline total cholesterol, lipid medication use, baseline kidney function, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and baseline body mass index. For hPDI, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, dietary factors, and health behaviors in model 2, those in the highest versus lowest quintile had a 19% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (HR, 0. 81; 95% CI, 0. 68–0. 97; P=0. 01 for trend) and an 11% lower risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 0. 89; 95% CI, 0. 81–0. 98; P=0. 01 for trend) (Table 3). After accounting for potential mediating factors in model 3, there was still a significant inverse trend for cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality across quintiles of hPDI (P=0. 03 for trend for both) (Table S4). However, we found no significant association between hPDI and incident cardiovascular disease in model 2 (Table 3) or model 3 (Table S4). No significant associations were observed between uPDI and the outcomes in model 1 (Table S3), model 2 (Table 3), or model 3 (Table S4) (all P>0. 05 for trend). Similar results were observed when we used hPDI and uPDI as continuous variables (Figures S3 and S4). When margarine was included as part of the scores, the association between provegetarian diet and incident cardiovascular disease was attenuated (HRquintile 5 versus quintile 1, 0. 89; 95% CI, 0. 81–1. 00; P=0. 01 for trend). The results were similar to those from the main analysis for all other indexes. Analyses on GroupsWhen we modeled score components of PDI (quintiles of healthy plant food, less healthy plant food, and animal food) simultaneously instead of the overall score in model 3, those in the highest quintile of animal food consumption had a higher risk of incident cardiovascular disease (HR, 1. 14; 95% CI, 1. 04–1. 27; P<0. 001 for trend), cardiovascular disease mortality (HR, 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides statistical evidence showing that individuals in the highest quintile of a healthy plant-based diet had a 19% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality compared to those in the lowest quintile. Furthermore, it mentions an inverse trend for cardiovascular disease mortality across quintiles of healthy plant dietary index, reinforcing the association between plant-based diets and lower risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Nature lovers are supported by countless clubs and organizations focused on recreational and volunteer activities, such as hiking, cross-country skiing, bird watching, hunting, fishing, trail maintenance, tree planting, and invasive species removal. All of these nature-related organizations offer social opportunities where their members could potentially talk about climate change. There is copious literature on the environmental movement but little on movement-adjacent groups and their members. One such study of the found that birders tended to distance themselves from the environmental movement9. In this study, I interviewed representatives of nature-related organizations across Ontario—Canada’s most populous province. Almost all interviewees were either Concerned or Alarmed about climate change. This 13. This 8. The general degree of concern about climate change suggests that many of these groups could be receptive to talking about climate change, increasing the possibility of climate change action. Interviewees shared that group members tended to avoid talking about climate change14. A few interviewees suggested that some members of their organization were vocal deniers of climate change. Others, though, welcomed the thought of talking about climate change with fellow members. literature review is presented in three subsections. First, I discuss climate change discourses. I next present literature mainly from psychology on the use of heuristics in reasoning, and possible confirmation bias as a result. present statistics and literature specific to climate change mainly from environmental sociology. I establish that climate change is a concern for the majority of Americans and Canadians, but that there is a reluctance in both countries to talk about climate change. change originally came to light as a scientific phenomenon and has often been discussed through a science lens15. In very general terms, there have traditionally been three additional climate change discourses: skepticism, gradualism, and catastrophism13. Skepticism or denial of climate change has been part of the discourse almost as long as has climate change. Right-wing think tanks in the were sowing doubt about the reality of climate change as far back as the 1990s16. Five reasons cited by climate skeptics as to why they doubt that climate change exists are: 1) climate change is natural, 2) climate change is overhyped, 3) the science is faulty, 4) climate change is not happening, and 5) climate change is a conspiracy17,18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is a widespread concern about climate change among various groups, particularly in North America. It mentions that almost all interviewees from nature-related organizations in Ontario were either Concerned or Alarmed about climate change, suggesting it is a topic of significant concern for many individuals across different populations, not just certain countries or groups. Additionally, it discusses the reluctance to talk about climate change among members but ultimately shows that the concern exists broadly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Statistical output from a two-way ART-ANOVA for the effects of region and genus on bleaching severity, as well as their interaction. Only genera present in most or all regions were included. Significant (p < 0. 05) factors are bolded. Df. res F value Pr(>F) Region 2 1407 6. 901 0. 001 Genus 19 1407 3. 468 <0. 001 Region * Genus 22 1407 2. 868 <0. 001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/table-1 Figure 5: Coral bleaching severity by genus and region. Violin plots showing the distribution of bleaching severity scores for each common coral genus across the Atlantic, Indian, and (0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = severe). The total number of observations by genus and region is indicated above each box. Asterisks indicate genera for which mean bleaching severity varied significantly by region. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-5 We also found significant effects of region (p < 0. 001) and morphology (p < 0. 001) on bleaching responses (Table 2). Again, there was a significant interaction between region and morphology indicating that some morphologies responded differently across regions. Specifically, massive (p = 0. 002) and massive/encrusting (p = 0. 004) corals bleached most in the Atlantic, followed by the Indian and (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 9 ± 0. 1, 1. 5 ± 0. 1, and 1. 4 ± 0. 1, or 1. 9 ± 0. 2, 1. 4 ± 0. 1, and 1. 3 ±0. 1, respectively). In contrast, free-living corals (p = 0. 004) bleached most in the Indian and compared to the Atlantic (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 8 ± 0. 2, 1. 2 ± 0. 3, and 0. 2 ± 0. 1, respectively). Branching corals showed particularly high variability in bleaching responses within regions (bleaching severity range = 0–4; Fig. 6) but not significantly among regions. Columnar corals (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical output related to coral bleaching severity and its varying responses across different regions and morphologies. There is no mention of plants or their cultivation in modern agriculture, thus failing to address or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: 30; 95% CI, 1. 10–1. 54; P<0. 001 for trend), and all‐cause mortality (HR, 1. 12; 95% CI, 1. 02–1. 23; P=0. 001 for trend) compared with those in the lowest quintile, whereas no significant association was observed for healthy plant food or less healthy plant food consumption (Table S5). When components of the provegetarian diet index (quintiles of selected plant foods and animal foods) were modeled, similar associations with animal foods were observed for all 3 outcomes (all P<0. 01 for trend). A higher intake of selected plant food in the provegetarian diet index was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0. 009 for trend) and all‐cause mortality (P<0. 001 for trend), but the association between selected plant food in the provegetarian diet index and cardiovascular disease was not statistically significant (HR, 0. 95; 95% CI, 0. 86–1. 05; P=0. 05 for trend). When we modeled all food groups in the PDI simultaneously, higher intakes of whole grains were consistently associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality, whereas higher intakes of eggs and red and processed meat were associated with a higher risk of all 3 outcomes (Table S6). Higher intake of potatoes, which were classified as less healthy plant foods for hPDI and uPDI, was inversely associated with incident cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality. There was no significant association for dairy or for fish and seafood with all 3 outcomes. Similar associations between individual food components of the provegetarian diet index (specifically, eggs, red and processed meat, potatoes, dairy, and fish or seafood) were observed. Subgroup AnalysesFor incident cardiovascular disease, we found evidence of statistical interaction by diabetes mellitus status with hPDI (P=0. 01 for interaction) and provegetarian diet (P=0. 03 for interaction) (Figure S5). The associations for hPDI and provegetarian diet with risk of incident cardiovascular disease were stronger among those with diabetes mellitus relative to those without diabetes mellitus, although hPDI was not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease in either subgroup. No statistical evidence of interaction was observed by sex, age, race, or weight status with incident cardiovascular disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that a higher intake of selected plant foods in the provegetarian diet index is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality. It specifically notes that increased consumption of whole grains correlates with lower risks of incident cardiovascular disease, which supports the assertion that plant-based diets yield health benefits such as reducing heart disease risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Haltinner and Sarathchandra found a political narrative around a global conspiracy as well as a religious narrative around “God’s plan”19. Gradualism had been a moderate discourse taken by the IPCC and others13, at least until recently. Gradualism, or ecological modernization8,20, expects that climate change solutions will be developed in time to limit the worst effects of climate change. The environmental movement has pointed to the potential for a catastrophic future if urgent action is not taken on climate change21. Al Gore’s 2006 film, Truth, is an example. Unfortunately, history shows “that exaggerated claims of catastrophic risks from even real and serious environmental problems can backfire in terms of stimulating public concern and appropriate policy responses”22. In response to failure to make significant progress on climate change, factions within the movement are now looking at alternatives to a discourse of catastrophism21. Lay understandings of climate change are formed through media discourse and other social contexts7. One of those understandings is that climate change is a future phenomenon, which lessens current concern7,23. Potentially offsetting that is a concern for future generations, such as one’s children24. Storytelling can be a way of conveying one’s knowledge or concern about climate change8,12. A “story is something with a beginning, a middle, and end. … [T]here is generally also a protagonist. … Then something happens”12. Analysis of storytelling considers why and how a story is told in a particular context12. In the psychological literature on reasoning processes, Evans25 asserts that there are two types of reasoning: heuristic and analytic. The purpose of heuristic processes is to decide what information is relevant, before feeding that information into the analytic process. In a different interpretation of the term ‘heuristics,’ the heuristic of representativeness is used to judge whether a particular instance of something can be categorised in a certain way26. In either interpretation, representativeness or the heuristic process of selection may be prone to bias27. Confirmation bias is “a tendency to look for confirmatory evidence for our hypotheses,” or to hold onto existing ideas and reject new ones that contradict them28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the global discourse around climate change, indicating that it encompasses a wide range of narratives and concerns across different contexts rather than being limited to certain countries or populations. It highlights that the environmental movement addresses the potential catastrophic future of climate change, which implies a broader concern than what the claim suggests. Furthermore, it mentions that lay understandings of climate change are influenced by media and societal narratives, suggesting that concern is not limited to specific groups but is shaped by a variety of factors affecting the global community.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 002) bleached more in the Pacific compared to the (mean bleaching severity score = 2. 0 ± 0. 3 vs. 0. 7 ± 0. 3). Encrusting, plating, and table/branching corals did not bleach more severely in one region over another. In general, for both morphology and genus, there was a large spread of responses within regions, suggesting that differences could have also been related to colony-specific factors such as size, symbiont community composition, previous exposure to thermal stress, or site-level local environmental variables. Table 2: Aligned rank transform analysis of variance: region and morphology. Statistical output from a two-way ART-ANOVA for the effects of region and morphology on bleaching severity, as well as their interaction. Only morphologies present in most or all regions were included. Significant (p < 0. 05) factors are bolded. Df. res F value Pr(>F) Region 2 1792 16. 923 <0. 001 Morphology 7 1792 7. 370 <0. 001 Region * Morphology 13 1792 5. 112 <0. 001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/table-2 Figure 6: Coral bleaching severity by morphology and region. Violin plots showing the distribution of bleaching severity scores for each common coral morphology across the Atlantic, Indian, and (0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = severe). The total number of observations by genus and morphology is indicated above each box. Asterisks indicate morphologies for which mean bleaching severity varied significantly by region. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-6 Variability in bleaching quantification among studies A total of 68. 9% of studies (51 out of 74; Table S1) assessed bleaching via rapid in situ surveys either by snorkelers, SCUBA divers, or tow-board; whereas 18. 9% of studies (14 out of 74; Table S1) used exclusively image analysis methods, either on a small scale (e. g. , quadrats) or larger scale (e. g. , transects, mosaics, or photostations). 5. 4% of studies (4 out of 74; Table S1) used exclusively video analysis, while the remaining 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss plants, their historical use, or their cultivation in modern agriculture. Instead, it focuses on coral bleaching and the variability in methods used to assess this phenomenon.