Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Cluster B) with a mean Ks value of 1. 1 (Fst_Qu = 0. 82 & Trd_Qu = 1. 34). The results suggest that FIB syntelogs (S. Cluster A) have a lower rate of substitutions due to the vital role of this form of protein (the ancestral form) and high evolutionary constraints to keep their function. However, the FIB-like syntelogs (S. Cluster B), showed evidence of a high evolutionary rate of nucleotide substitutions, attributed to relaxed evolutionary forces over this duplicated form of protein (derived form) or low evolutionary constraints over this novel form. We used high-quality RNA-seq data available in the database ([44]; please see Methods) to detect evidence of biased expression of the two different groups of syntelogs (FIB and FIB-like). We selected expression data of FIB and FIB-like proteins from five representative species: one Laurasiatheria, three Euarchontoglires, and one Metatheria species (M. domestica) within the syntelog groups (Fig 7F). The heatmap of expression data of selected FIBs within a species tree is shown in Fig 7G. We corroborated conserved expression patterns in each group of syntelog FIBs. There is consistent tissue-specific gene expression for FIB genes from the Metatheria species, the Laurasiatheria species, and the three Euarchontoglires species. This data is also in accordance with the low rate of Ks values for S. (FIB group) that retains the minor changes in characters to maintain the vital function of FIB along the tree. Moreover, this data could show evidence of gene specialization after duplication of the FIB-like group. DiscussionPolyploidy has played a significant role in the evolution of most eukaryotes [28, 45–47]. These duplicated genomic segments (containing genes and regulatory elements) are considered to be a significant force of diversification and provide raw material on which selection can act [27]. Two main principles govern how the genome organized in the eukaryotic nucleus: first by biochemical and functional properties of the chromosomal regions and second by topologically associated domain regions with extensive local chromatin interaction, as recently reviewed [48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address fossils or their role in providing insights into evolutionary history. It focuses on genetic data and evolutionary rates related to specific proteins, without connecting to the broader context of fossils and their significance in evolutionary biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 1. High-content screening of Thai medicinal plants reveals Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its component Panduratin a as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Scientifc Reports. 2020;10:19963. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-020-77003-317. Adeleye OA, Femi--. Ethnomedicinal herbs in African traditional medicine with potential activity for the prevention, treatment, and management of coronavirus disease 2019. Future J. Pharm. Sci. 2021;7:72. DOI: 10. 1186/s43094-021-00223-5. 18. Yepes-Pereza AF, Herrera-Calderonb O, Quintero-Saumeth J. Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw): A promising herbal medicine against SARS-CoV2/ACE-2 junction and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on molecular modeling. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;29:1-17. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 183767619. Silveira D, Prieto--ães. COVID-19: Is there evidence for the use of herbal medicines as adjuvant symptomatic therapy? Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:581840. DOI: 10. 3389/fphar. 2020. 58184020. Taban Akça K, Suntar I. An overview on flavonoids as potential antiviral strategies against coronavirus infections. J. 2020;31:478-484. 21. KA. Natural products as antiviral agents. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 2000;24:473-572. DOI: 10. 1016/S1572-5995(00)80051-422. Jahan I, Onay A. Potentials of plant-based substance to inhabit and probable cure for the COVID-19. Turk. J. Biol. 2020;44:228-241. DOI: 10. 3906/biy-2005-11423. . Natural products as potential leads against coronaviruses: Could they be encouraging structural models against SARS-CoV-2? Nat. Prod. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning various studies and reviews that highlight the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, which aligns with the notion that many traditional remedies originate from plants utilized by indigenous cultures. For instance, it mentions 'ethnomedicinal herbs in African traditional medicine' and discusses specific plants like 'Uncaria tomentosa' and 'Boesenbergia rotunda,' showcasing their significance in traditional healing practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 10. 1590/0102-311X00065217 copy Access to public spaces and physical activity for Mexican adult women Acceso a espacios públicos y actividad física en mujeres adultas mexicanas O acesso aos espaços públicos e a atividade física em mulheres adultas mexicanas aim of this 0. 50; 95%CI: 0. 13; 0. 87). Participants who used public transport were less likely to be in the low physical activity level (coefficient: -0. 57; 95%CI: -0. 97; -0. 17). We suggest that, in this population, the access to public spaces might be less relevant for physical activity than other elements of the urban environment and sociodemographic characteristics. Keywords:Physical Activity; Green Areas; Women’s objetivo de este artículo fue investigar la asociación entre el acceso a los espacios públicos y la actividad física en mujeres adultas, controlando y comprobando las interacciones, con características sociodemográficas y espacios públicos. Combinamos información sociodemográfica de una encuesta a mujeres adultas (de 18 a 65 años), residentes en Tijuana, México, que se realizó en 2014 (N = 2. 345); con datos de un estudio sobre espacios públicos en 2013 en la misma ciudad. Evaluamos el acceso a los espacios públicos por su existencia y el área total de espacios públicos en espacios de 400, 800, 1. 000 y 1. 600m alrededor de los hogares de los participantes. Calculamos la actividad física con la versión corta del (IPAQ-short). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that access to public spaces may be less relevant for physical activity than other factors, as indicated by the statement 'the access to public spaces might be less relevant for physical activity than other elements of the urban environment and sociodemographic characteristics.' This indicates that while public spaces exist, they do not necessarily correlate with increased physical activity among the participants studied.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Currently, there are no studies about the consequences of genome duplication on the evolution of this single-copy gene (FIB) through eukaryotic lineages. The study of FIB is relevant due to its vital role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and several specific functions. Taking this into account, the microsynteny approach for a well-conserved protein like FIB provides information about the evolutionary maintenance of local sequences as well as conserved functions. The use of an accurate HMM was critical to detect remote homologues in a set of evolutionarily distant organisms. However, we did not detect homologues of FIB in viruses or any of the 212 bacterial genomes that were analyzed. It is worth noting the presence of FIB, 15. 5k (L7Ae), and NOP56 (NOP5) proteins in Archaea but not in Bacteria. The presence of 15. 5k and NOP56 homologs in Archaea is of importance for FIB evolutionary history because FIB needs to act in a highly conserved RNP complex [2]. The absence of the GAR domain in Archaeal FIBs correlates with the lack of cellular compartments (as nuclear) because GAR possesses nucleolar signal, which is evolutionarily necessary in eukaryotes [1, 49]. are very similar to Bacteria in many respects [50, 51], some molecular mechanisms in Archaea that are exclusive to eukaryotic organisms (please see [52–55]) as in the case of FIB proteins. This work does not clarify the relationship of the three domains of life, which is out of our scope. In the last few years, new evidence has shown that FIB is involved in processes such as several types of cancer, viral progression, and bacterial infection response [1]. Earlier experiments carried out in yeast showed that FIB genes from humans and plants could functionally complement the yeast FIB, also referred to as NOP1 [56], demonstrating a high level of FIB conservation throughout eukaryotes. However, earlier results showed neither human nor plant FIB genes could perfectly complement NOP1 in yeast cells, resulting in growth alteration and an aberrant nuclear structure. Therefore, this suggests that the amino acid composition of FIB between lineages is key in specific functions [57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of the FIB gene in the evolutionary history of eukaryotes and its conservation across lineages. However, it does not address fossils or their significance in understanding evolutionary history, making it irrelevant to the specific claim regarding fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Bioprospect. 2020;10:171-186. DOI: 10. 1007/s13659-020-00250-424. . In silico screening of hundred phytocompounds of ten medicinal plants as potential inhibitors of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19: An approach to prevent virus assembly. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2020;27:1-18. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 180445725. . Golden pigment curcumin: An inspiring antiviral molecular model for COVID-19 drug design. J. 2020;31:469-473. 26. . Antiviral activities of resveratrol against rotavirus in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine. 2020;77:153230. DOI: 10. 1016/j. phymed. 2020. 15323027. Mohammad-. In vitro antiviral effects of Peganum harmala seed extract and its total alkaloids against influenza virus. Micropath. 2017;110:42-49. DOI: 10. 1016/j. micpath. 2017. 06. 01428. . COVID-19 and therapy with essential oils having antiviral, anti-infammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Infammopharmacology. 2020;28(5):1153-1161. DOI: 10. 1007/s10787-020-00744-029. . Biological effects of essential oils. Food and Chem Tox. 2008;46:446-475. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 09. 10630. . Aromatic herbs, medicinal plant-derived essential oils and phytochemical extracts as potential therapies for coronaviruses: Future perspectives. Plants. 2020;9:800. DOI: 10. 3390/plants906080031. . Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): An in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;18:1-1813. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 176486832. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various medicinal plants, specifically mentioning their use as antiviral treatments and potential therapies, which aligns with the idea that traditional medicines often originate from plants utilized by indigenous cultures. The references to compounds extracted from these plants for medicinal purposes support the notion of indigenous knowledge influencing modern pharmacology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Usamos modelos logísticos multinomiales para evaluar la asociación entre el acceso a espacios públicos y actividad física, y comprobar las interacciones entre el acceso a espacios públicos y su calidad, así como las características sociodemográficas de la actividad física. Observamos que no existe interacción entre el acceso a los espacios públicos y la calidad de los espacios públicos y sus efectos sobre la actividad física. Hubo una asociación entre la presencia del espacios públicos dentro de los 400m de área, y las probabilidades más altas de contar con un nivel de actividad física bajo (en oposición a estar en el nivel moderado) (coeficiente: 0,50; IC95%: 0,13; 0,87). Los participantes que usaron el transporte público estaban en menor medida en el nivel bajo de actividad física (coeficiente: -0,57; IC95%: -0,97; -0,17). Por este motivo sugerimos que en esta población el acceso a espacios públicos puede ser menos relevante para la actividad física que otros elementos del entorno urbano y características sociodemográficas. Palabra-clave:Actividad Física; Áreas Verdes; Salud de la artigo buscou explorar a associação entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e a atividade física em mulheres adultas mexicanas, controlando e testando para interações entre características sociodemográficas e ambientais urbanas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is a lack of interaction between access to public spaces and their quality on physical activity. It suggests that access to public spaces may be less relevant for physical activity compared to other urban environmental factors and sociodemographic characteristics, which implies that the relationship between green spaces and increased physical activity is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Fungi FIBs: A clade-specific synteny pattern In fungi, compared with animal and plant genomes, paleopolyploidy events occurred to a much lesser extent. Only two ancient whole-genome duplications may have taken place in fungi, one within the Mucoromycotina subphylum before the diversification of the Mucorales order [41], and the other within the Saccharomycetaceae family [45]. Five of the seven sampled species from Mucoromycotina contained FIB duplicates, which might have had their origin from the paleopolyploidization in this lineage. Comparisons between sequenced fungal genomes often revealed little evidence of extensive interspecific macro- or microsynteny. A short-generation time, asexual reproduction, and lateral gene transfer, among other factors, might have contributed to reductions in synteny conservation within fungi [58]. Indeed, we did not find synteny conservation of FIB homologues among early-diverging lineages, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota (S7 Fig). However, a mesosyntenic evolutionary pattern, e. g. , "conservation of gene content in chromosomes without conservation of gene order and orientation" has been described in Pezizomycotina, especially in Dothideomycetes [58]. This is consistent with our findings of a lack of synteny among FIB homologs within the Dothideomycetes class (except for three Pleosporaceae species) nor in Leotiomycetes (S7A Fig). Further genome sampling would help to resolve this issue. The species from the Saccharomycetaceae family, which includes S. cerevisiae yeast, possess many conserved genomic features such as genome size, gene content, and extensive gene collinearity along chromosomes [59, 60]. Accordingly, we found that FIB syntelogs from the F-7 community were very well connected; every node had seven edges each (S6 Fig). This community contained the NOP1 (ScreF) protein from S. cerevisiae. The ancient WGD and subsequent genome fractionation in some species from this lineage had no repercussions in FIB gene content or genomic context (S7 Fig). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genomic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of fungi, specifically regarding synteny and paleopolyploidy events. It does not mention fossils or their role in providing insights into the evolutionary history of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that indigenous communities possess valuable knowledge in the use of plants for treating illnesses, which has been passed down orally over generations. It specifically states that 'traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses,' thus supporting the assertion that many traditional medicines are derived from plants that indigenous cultures have historically utilized.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Combinamos dados sociodemográficos de uma pesquisa feita na população feminina adulta (18-65 anos) de Tijuana, México, realizada em 2014 (N = 2. 345), e os dados de um estudo (2013) sobre espaços públicos na mesma cidade. Avaliamos o acesso aos espaços públicos pela presença e área total de espaços públicos dentro de raios de 400, 800, 1. 000 e 1. 600 metros em torno dos domicílios das participantes. Medimos a atividade física com a versão breve do (IPAQ-short). Foram utilizados modelos logísticos multinomiais para avaliar a associação entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e a atividade física, testando para interações entre acesso aos espaços públicos e qualidade dos espaços públicos e características sociodemográficas. Não constatamos nenhuma interação entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e a qualidade dos espaços públicos, no efeito sobre a atividade física. Houve uma associação entre a presença de espaços públicos no raio de 400 metros e maior probabilidade de estar no nível baixo de atividade física (quando comparado ao nível moderado) (coeficiente: 0,50; IC95%: 0,13; 0,87). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that suggest access to public spaces within a certain distance is associated with lower levels of physical activity, specifically indicating that there is a greater probability of being at a low level of physical activity for those living within 400 meters of public spaces, countering the notion that access leads to increased physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: FIB sequences also accord with these duplication events. In Brassicaceae, two FIB sequences from A. arabicum (AaFIB's) placed as early branching for the Brassicaceae syntenic sequences, but only one sequence was located on a syntenic block. A. arabicum belongs to the Aethionemeae tribe, the earliest diverging clade from the rest of the Brassicaceae family (core Brassicaceae), which harbors many genes not found in duplicated syntenic blocks as with the rest of the core Brassicaceae [69–71]. As expected, all the Brassicaceae species contained two duplicated syntenic blocks, except for B. rapa, which contained four genes in different duplicated syntenic blocks due to their specific Br-a duplication event. Even A. arabicum presented a second syntenic block on Scaffold 136, but this lacked duplicated FIB sequence most probably due to the normal process of fractionation (homeologous gene loss). Previously, [33] some communities were found to transpose to another genomic context that led to new functions with amino acids substitution rates due to a different location in the genome. Avian FIBs: A still intriguing case of genomic absence Birds present novel functional characteristics only present in its apomorphic clade such as wings, feathers, lightweight bones, and an exclusive excretory and urinary system [72, 73], making this group a very interesting clade from an evolutionary point of view [74]. Birds tend to lack several essential proteins for life, and FIB is one of these missing proteins [75]. Prior research [75] found that birds lack approximately 274 proteins present in syntenic regions in most of the Vertebrata lineages. Many of these missing proteins are associated with vital functions in mammals, physiology of organs and systems in mammals, lethality, and genetic disorders. Several novel paralogs in avian species were identified that could provide compensation for vital physiological functions and relevant pathways for this clade. A previous [76] RNA-seq analysis on birds showed that several missing genes were present in most avian species. They found that most of the genes correspond to CG-biased genome regions, the most difficult to sequence, assemble and annotate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of genetic analyses and properties of avian species, focusing on duplicated sequences, missing proteins, and evolutionary characteristics without making any reference to fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history. Therefore, it does not provide support for, or contradict, the claim about fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants, indicating a direct relationship between traditional medicine and plant use among indigenous communities in the Vaupés region. Furthermore, the study aims to preserve ancestral knowledge related to the medicinal use of plants, underscoring that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: As participantes que usavam transporte público mostraram menor probabilidade de nível baixo de atividade física (coeficiente: -0,57; IC95%: -0,97; -0,17). Sugerimos que, nesta população, o acesso aos espaços públicos pode ser menos relevante para a atividade física do que outros elementos do ambiente urbano e características sociodemográficas. Palavras-chave:Atividade Física; Áreas Verdes; Saúde da Physical activity is a central component of chronic disease prevention. According to the Organization (WHO), the lack of physical activity is the fourth risk factor for disease worldwide, and 6% of all deaths could be avoided if all the population met the recommended physical activity levels 11. Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: Organization; 2010. . On the other hand, the increase in sedentary occupations and decrease in active transport in modern urban environments have caused physical activity levels to fall, and, according to recent estimations, physical inactivity affects 31. 1% of the world’s adult population 22. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012; 380:247-57. . The urban environment is one of the factors that can either promote or reduce physical activity. Public spaces, such as parks and green areas, sports fields, and other open spaces, are free access places where people can engage in physical activity. They can also be attractive destinations, stimulating people to go for a walk, and, as they improve urban aesthetics, public spaces can stimulate walks around or through them during everyday activities, thus promoting active transport. Because of the this, it has been suggested that the presence of public spaces in urban areas can contribute to physical activity promotion and chronic disease prevention 33. Bedimo-. The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: a conceptual model. 2005; 28(2 Suppl 2):159-68. ,44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that access to public spaces, including green areas, may be less relevant to physical activity than other factors such as urban environmental elements and sociodemographic characteristics. It emphasizes that the urban environment plays a role in influencing physical activity levels, but implies that the mere presence of green spaces does not necessarily lead to increased physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: They retrieved 91 of the 274 genes previously reported as missing [75]; GC content is the primary cause of miss-assembled bird genomes, and novel technologies of sequencing that do not rely on PCR can improve the assembly and annotation of avian genomes [77]. Although [76] found several missing genes, there are still several genes missing like FIB in avian genomes. In this study, we found that birds lack FIB genes in almost all of the 53 analyzed genomes. There were five exceptions to this rule, and these presented a distinctive protein composition when compared to FIBs from other eukaryotic organisms; FIBs from birds lack the GAR domain and space region, regressing to an Archaea likeness. Considering that the GAR domain is essential for nuclear localization and lack of this domain may indicate a new localization with a different role for this protein in the few bird species that have it. The genomic analysis is relevant as previous experiments using antibodies for immunolocalization in G. gallus cells may have produced misleading results [78], as there is no genomic FIB in this species. Western blot analysis from Arabidopsis, human, and chicken was carried out and showed a corresponding band for FIB in plants and humans but not in chicken (S16 Fig). However, there still the possibility that chicken FIB does not cross-react with the antibody used. From invertebrate to vertebrate animals (with the exclusion of mammals), all species retained only one FIB sequence per genome. Some exceptions, like the Mollusca clade, some insects, and especially the genus Drosophila. However, the case of mammals is of particular interest. In this work, we detected clear evidence that mammals have undergone a duplication of these proteins after the Theria split so that the new Eutheria clade has two copies of FIB. One of this copies retained the ancient functions (FIB), as shown by the syntenic analysis, but the newly formed copy (FIB-like) has evolved independently in its new genomic context and has been shaped to perform specific unknown functions, as evidenced by the expression analysis of both copies (Fig 7). Mammals FIBs: An ancient duplication event on a very conserved genomic context Polyploidy is rare in animals, even though there are several examples of insects and vertebrate animals (mainly fish and amphibians) that have undergone WGD [79]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it discusses gene analysis in birds and mammals, particularly focusing on FIB genes and their evolutionary duplications, without mentioning fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the efforts made by indigenous authorities to preserve and record traditional knowledge regarding medicinal plants. It highlights the importance of oral traditions related to antimalarial medicinal plants, showing that these plants are integral to the indigenous cultures' healing practices. The involvement of traditional healers and the specific methods of using plants for treatment further support the notion that many traditional medicines come from plants utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Even while the relationship between access to public spaces and physical activity is intuitively reasonable, research has found contrasting results in this regard. A review of studies published up to 2005 reported that only 40% of them had found a positive association between public spaces and physical activity, while a similar percentage showed mixed results, and the rest failed to find an association 55. . Environmental correlates of physical activity: a review of evidence about parks and recreation. Leisure Sciences: Journal 2007; 29:315-54. . A later review also found a mixture of positive and null findings 66. . In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. 2011; 8:125. , and more recent research reports both positive associations between public spaces and physical activity 77. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2016; 387:2207-17. and absence of association 88. -Corti B, Karakiewicz JA. Effects of access to public open spaces on walking: Is proximity enough? Plan 2013; 117:92-9. . To complicate the picture, some authors have found negative associations: people living close to public spaces with lower physical activity levels than those who live further away 99. . Does parkland influence walking? The relationship between area of parkland and walking trips in Melbourne, Australia. 2012; 9:115. ,1010. . The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity. 2006; 120:1127-32. . This divergence in results can be partially explained by the use of diverse study designs and definitions of access to public spaces, and also because the kinds of physical activity evaluated differ 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. ,66. . In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. 2011; 8:125. . Because of this, some authors have recommended the use of multiple indicators of access including distance to public spaces and total public spaces area in the vicinity 1111. Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from a review indicating that only 40% of studies found a positive association between access to public spaces and physical activity, while others found mixed or null results. Additionally, there are instances where proximity to public spaces correlated with lower physical activity levels, suggesting that the relationship is not consistently positive as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Polyploidy has played a central role in the expansion of individual protein families and [80] has provided evolutionary opportunities for the success of the species. What determines the rate of protein sequence change is a central question for understanding molecular evolution. Several studies have reported different determinants that can influence dN/dS, such as functional relevance of a protein, its expression among tissues, pleiotropy, protein-protein interaction, and secondary structure [81, 82]. From the 1,552,319 species of animals, invertebrates represent about 95% of all species [83, 84]; 1,242,040 species belong to Arthropoda (~80% of total animals), and of these, 1,020,007 species belong to the Insecta clade (~66% of the total) [83]. Most of the roughly sequenced genomes for Invertebrata correspond to Arthropoda or Nematoda because of their importance for human health, because they are pest species, or because they are model species for elementary development biology [84]. The significant level of diversity in this group and the lack of more genome sampling per taxonomic group is a current limitation to find a deep syntenic relationship in this major lineage. Nevertheless, invertebrate FIBs kept as a well-defined clade next to vertebrate FIBs. Further research would be required to address this group in particular. Our results show a clear division of two different FIBs in Mammals. These findings are surprising since there is a wealth of research on human FIB, and several different pathways are known. However, some known activities may involve the second FIB (FIB-like protein; [1]). Currently, no commercial antibodies exist that can distinguish between the two paralogues proteins. Therefore, it is pertinent to define the specific role of each of these proteins in mammalian cells. Our analysis points to further functional studies on the second mammalian FIB from which there is no published information, and all studies that rely on antibodies are unable to differentiate between the two genes. Considering that FIB or FIB-like genes can be involved in different processes like the formation of specialized ribosomes for particular translation initiation involved in tumor progression [15, 85], sensors for bacterial infection [14] and some viral progression processes [86]. Further studies are required to define their specific role. As mentioned above, mammals have undergone fewer events of WGD in comparison to plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses polyploidy, protein sequence changes, and invertebrate biodiversity without mentioning fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing insights into the role of traditional healers, such as the payé, within indigenous communities in the Vaupés region. It highlights the payer's knowledge of medicinal plants and treatment techniques, indicating that traditional healing practices are indeed derived from the use of plants within these cultures. It emphasizes that both the payé and other traditional healers use plants to prevent and treat illnesses, providing a clear connection to the claim about the origins of traditional medicines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the association between access to public spaces and physical activity could be different according to sociodemographic characteristics, such as sex, age or socioeconomic level 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. ,1111. Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. ,1717. de. Natural environments-healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. A 2003; 35:1717-31. ,1818. van Does the health impact of exposure to neighbourhood green space differ between population groups? An explorative study in four European cities. 2017; 14:E618. ,1919. de Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? J Health 2006; 60:587-92. . The possibility of interaction between sociodemographic characteristics and access to public spaces has been justified in two ways. First, the effect of having a public space close by might be stronger for those who spend more time at home, such as older adults 1717. de. Natural environments-healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. A 2003; 35:1717-31. . Second, public spaces could make a greater difference for those with more barriers to physical activity, such as persons of lower socioeconomic level 2020. Mitchell R, Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet 2008; 372:1655-60. . Following both lines of argument, the effect of access to public spaces should be stronger on older persons, homemakers and those of lower socioeconomic level. The association of public spaces and physical activity, and the modification of this association by other variables, is an important subject, and since most research has been conducted in upper-income countries, it is important to explore it in other contexts 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. . As worldwide physical inactivity is more prevalent among women 22. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the association between access to public spaces and physical activity can vary based on sociodemographic factors such as sex, age, and socioeconomic level. It emphasizes that the impact of public space proximity may be more significant for certain groups, indicating that the relationship between green space access and physical activity is not universally applicable, but rather conditional on these characteristics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Two ancient rounds of WGD, termed as 2R, in the basal branch of mammals, are driving the genome rearrangements in this clade [87, 88]. In a study on 87 complete sequenced genomes, [34] found that a large proportion of single-copy genes in mammals are in significant microsynteny clusters (genes that remain syntenic across almost all analyzed species), and the lineage-specific microsynteny communities (specific transposition in mammals) were genomic outliers. These outliers, or rebel genes (as termed in [34]), are of particular interest because they can potentially contribute to trait and lineage evolution. Therefore, transposed genes to a new genomic context can lead to new mechanisms of molecular evolution, as seen in the FIB-like group. Detecting long-term conservation and lineage-specific dynamics of genomic characters by microsynteny approach can help to understand the phenotypic traits and functional dynamics of genes. This study shed new light into FIB dynamics trough out the Tree of Life, especially into significant groups of Eukarya. The results can direct functional and fundamental questions about the structure, composition, and behavior of FIBs according to the evolutionary history of this small but essential family of proteins. Materials and methods Genome databases searches and sequences retrieval For the analysis of the three domains of life, we selected the genomes of 212 Bacteria, 148 Archaea, 75 protist, 157 fungi, 153 plant sensu lato (140 plants and 13 algae), and 257 animals (62 invertebrata and 195 vertebrata). We also search for 47 giant viruses and viruses that infect Bacteria and Archaea (S1 Table). We annotated the three giant uncultured marine viruses from environmental samples by using Prokka v1. 14. 5 [89] and we set parameters as follow:—kingdom Viruses—addgenes—mincontiglen 200—evalue 0. 001—locustag UncMarV[123]. In the case of plants and animals, we retrieved all available genomes (completely assembled at chromosome or scaffold level); due their large genome size, there are not as many available as for organisms with small-size genomes (e. g. , Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, some protist). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genomic changes and analyses across various domains of life but does not mention fossils or provide insights specifically related to the evolutionary history of life through fossil evidence. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that fossils provide such insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of native plant species by traditional healers in the Middle Vaupés region, indicating that these plants are integral to fabricating traditional medicines. It describes the parts of the plants used, specifically the stem bark, and mentions various ailments treated with these plant-derived medicines. This supports the assertion that traditional medicines indeed rely on plants utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Interactions with p < 0. 05 were kept in the final models. Sampling weights for each participant were calculated as the inverse of the probability of selection, and adjusted by non-response. We considered the sample design in all analyses, employing the svy module in Stata () to adjust standard errors and consider weights. Compliance with ethical principles All procedures of the survey were reviewed and approved by the of the de la Frontera Norte, and were in compliance with ethical principles as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. 1 shows the characteristics of the population, as estimated from the study sample. The table also shows the distribution of covariates by access to public spaces in the 400m buffer. Participants who lived near a public spaces were marginally more likely to be in the low physical activity level, and less likely to have only children over 5 years of age and to have only elementary education. The distribution of other covariates was similar regardless of access to public spaces, and comparisons employing other buffers showed similar results (data not shown). According to IPAQ criteria, 23. 3% of respondents were in the low physical activity level, 41. 7% were in the moderate level, and 35% were in the high level. The mean of MET-minutes/week was 2,460, with most of it coming from moderate-intensity physical activity (data not shown). 1 Participants’ characteristics, total and by access to public space, among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014 *. Table 2 shows the estimated distribution of access to public spaces. About one fifth of the population had a public space in the 400m buffer around their block, and the percentage with a public space was higher for wider buffers. Still, about 14% of the population had no access to public spaces in the buffers considered. 2 Distribution of access to public spaces and physical activity among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014 *. 3, we show the results of the multivariate multinomial regression for the association between access to public spaces and physical activity level. The reference category in the model was moderate physical activity, so that the adjusted coefficient for the presence of a public space in the 400m buffer (0. 50; 95%CI: 0. 13; 0. 87) means that having a public space close to home was directly associated with being in the low (vs. moderate) physical activity category. The coefficient comparing the odds of being in the high (vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that participants who lived near public spaces were marginally more likely to be in the low physical activity level. This suggests that access to public spaces does not necessarily correlate with increased physical activity, countering the assertion that access to green spaces is linked to higher levels of physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: For Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, and protist (which have several assemblies each due their reduced genome size), we selected well sequenced representative species from all major and minor clades to cover all the biological diversity (from different subphylum, order, class, family, and genus). Different databases where used such as Phytozome [90], [91], NCBI ( GigaDB ( MycoCosm ([92]). For bacteria, we considered 30 species from the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) group, spanning the nine major subgroups reported in [37]. As an exploratory analysis, from the 777 assemblies of the CPR group reported in [36], we only analyzed the genome of one representative strain per species because many different assemblies are reported per species (e. g. , 197 different assemblies for Parcubacteria group bacterium GW2011; S2 Table). We built a Model (HMM) from the fibrillarin domain (Pfam: PF01269) of 450 unique fibrillarin sequences retrieved from a psi-blast analysis (3-iterations in each search; [93]) against the nr database from the NCBI and the refseq-protein databases from Fungi (taxid:4751), Alveolata (taxid:33630), Rhizaria (taxid:543769), Amoebozoa (taxid:554915), Bacteria (taxid:2), and Archaea (taxid:2157). For these searches, considering that fibrillarin is highly conserved across lineages (from Archaea to Eukarya [1, 2]), the queries were the human FIB protein (NP_001427. 2) and the AtFIB2 protein from A. thaliana (NP_567724. 1), as these proteins are functionally well characterized [94–96]. We use this model to detect fibrillarin sequences on the 1049 selected genomes across the three domains of life. On the other hand, and following the same strategy as for fibrillarin, we built a HMM for the 15. 5k protein (L7Ae homolog in Archaea) and for the NOP56 protein (NOP5 in Archaea), because these two protein are part of the snoRNP complex that interacts directly with FIB [2, 3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it focuses on genomic analysis, protein sequences, and methodologies used in studying various biological diversity without mentioning fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing various instances where parts of plants, such as stem bark, are used to treat common ailments, reflecting the traditional medicinal practices of indigenous cultures. For example, the use of Machaerium sp. for stomachaches and headaches, as well as various other plants to alleviate symptoms like snakebites and fever, demonstrates the reliance on plant-derived remedies in these cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: moderate) physical activity category was not statistically significant (0. 07; 95%CI: -0. 40; 0. 54). Likewise, in a different model using as indicator of access the total public spaces area, a larger area in the 400m buffer was associated with higher odds of being in the low physical activity category (data not shown). Analyses with other buffers did not show evidence of an association between access to public spaces and physical activity (data not shown). The interactions explored were not statistically significant, and therefore were not kept on the model (Table 4). 3 Associations between access to public space and level of physical activity, among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014. 4 Interactions between access to public space in the 400m buffer and sociodemographic variables *. As for the covariates (Table 3), age had an inverted-U association with physical activity, so that the odds of being in the low physical activity level first decreased and then increased with age, and the opposite happened with the odds of being in the high physical activity level. A higher BMI was positively associated with being in the low physical activity level, and using public transport was inversely associated with being in the low physical activity level. Discussion and conclusions According to our results, 20. 6% of the female population in Tijuana lived within 400m of a public spaces, and 86. 1% lived within 1,600m of one. While data are not strictly comparable, this is consistent with a study in another city in the north of Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora) reporting that 70. 3% of the city’s neighbourhoods had a public spaces within their limits 1414. García-Pérez H, Lara-Valencia F. Equidad en la provisión de espacios públicos abiertos: accesibilidad, percepción y uso entre mujeres de Hermosillo, Sonora. Sociedad y Ambiente 2016; 4:28-56. . While these figures could seem high, current recommendations such as those of the Agency establish that people should live no more than 15 walking minutes away from a green area, and others even suggest a maximum distance of 300m between home and public spaces 3131. Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. Plan 2007; 83:187-95. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that do not support a significant association between access to public spaces and physical activity levels. It explicitly states that the model using access as a total public spaces area did not show significant evidence of an association (with a p-value of 0.07) and notes that other analyses did not yield evidence supporting the claim either, indicating no clear link between access to green spaces and increased physical activity among the studied population.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: package v3. 1b2 [97] used to build the all the models and to perform the searches on the selected genomes. After the searches with our HMM-FIB model, we detected fibrillarin sequences by using the suit [98]. All the fibrillarin sequences were manually checked to discard truncated sequences and non-fibrillarin sequences. All retrieved FIB sequences were annotated by database v1. 75 [99], HMMER database ( and Pfam database ( The GFF and BED annotation files of each genome used to discard isoforms, and the longest gene version taken for the analyses. The FIB sequences aligned by hmmalign tool of HMMER package [97] using our HMM-FIB model, and then the GAR domain was separately aligned in UGENE v. 1. 9. 8 [100] by using Muscle [101]. The complete set of analyzed genomes in Fig 1A was depicted by using suburstR package [102] in R v3. 4. 1 [103]. Phylogenetic analyses and species tree Before the phylogenetic analysis, evaluation of the global amino acid alignment was done in Prottest v. 3. 4. 2 [104] to find the best empirical substitution model. We built four separately ML phylogenetic trees for each set of organisms (one for plants [JTT substitution model], one for animals [VT model], one for fungi [WAG model], and another one for all the fibrillarins sequences from the three domains of life [LG model]). The software RAxML v8. 2 [105] used to build the phylogenetic trees using the bootstopping option “-# autoMRE” and an empirical base frequencies. For the species trees, we used the species taxid from Tree tool of NCBI ( as input for the tree reconstruction with the ETE toolkit [106]. The trees were visualized and annotated in iTOL v4 [107]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies for analyzing genomes and building phylogenetic trees using various bioinformatics tools. There is no mention of fossils or their relationship to evolutionary history in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific plants and their uses within indigenous cultures for traditional medicine. It mentions various species used by traditional healers in the Middle Vaupés region, specifically for the treatment of malaria, and emphasizes the cultural importance of certain plants. This aligns with the claim that traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Put in this context, our results show a relative lack of access. In contrast to previous studies 77. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2016; 387:2207-17. , in our analysis we found no evidence of the expected positive association between access to public spaces and physical activity. Instead, we observed a negative association, with the presence of public spaces in the 400m buffer increasing the odds of being in the low physical activity category. Other authors have reported similar results. In a study in Australia, King et al. 99. . Does parkland influence walking? The relationship between area of parkland and walking trips in Melbourne, Australia. 2012; 9:115. found that living close to a park was associated with less frequency of walking among adults, and suggested it could be due to an association between park proximity and other area characteristics, such as less connectivity or less destinations reachable on foot. A similar explanation could apply in our case; however, we lack data to control those factors. In a comparison between locations in Australia and the United States, Veitch et al. 3232. . Park availability and physical activity, TV time, and overweight and obesity among women: findings from Australia and the United States. 2016; 38:96-102. found that access to public spaces was associated with physical activity only in the former. In Cuernavaca, Mexico, Salvo et al. 3333. . Characteristics of the built environment in relation to objectively measured physical activity among Mexican adults, 2011. Dis 2014; 11:E147. observed a negative association between public spaces proximity and physical activity. Finally, Hillsdon et al. 1010. . The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity. 2006; 120:1127-32. found that more access to green areas was associated with less recreational physical activity in middle aged and older adults, and suggested that other unmeasured factors associated with the presence of green areas could explain the result. In our case, living close to a public space could indicate a better social position, as shown in other studies of the distribution of public spaces in Mexico 1414. García-Pérez H, Lara-Valencia F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing findings from various studies that show a negative association between access to green spaces and physical activity. For instance, it mentions that the analysis found 'no evidence of the expected positive association' and that other studies, including one in Australia, indicated that 'living close to a park was associated with less frequency of walking.' Furthermore, it cites research indicating that increased access to green areas was associated with 'less recreational physical activity' in certain populations, suggesting that other factors may influence this relationship, which contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Microsynteny network approach For this approach, we followed a previously reported pipeline [108, 109], which consists of synteny block calculations among diverse genomes, network constructions, and detection of dense syntenic communities for one or more gene families ( Briefly, we conducted reciprocal all-against-all pairwise protein comparisons (inter- and intra-genomic comparisons) of selected lineages by using RAPSearch2 software [110] and setting parameters as follows: “-z 10 -b 0 -v 20 -t a -a t”. These searches were performed separately for fungal (157), plant (153), invertebrata (62), and vertebrata genomes (195). We performed n2 times comparisons of annotated genomes (n stands for the number of species analyzed), and then performed n(n+1)/2 synteny block detection using MCScanX software [111]. The comparison files and gene position files (GFF/BED) generated were used to detect pairwise synteny blocks utilizing MCScanX tool using default parameters and creating a score matrix of all syntenic relationships inside the studied lineages. We modified these score matrix files to a two-column tabular format obtaining three big “Final network files” (one for fungi, one for plants, and another one for animals) where all pairwise inter- and the intra-species syntenic relationship of the complete analyzed genomes was contained. Then we used the IDs of the genes detected by our HMM-FIB model to retrieve all the syntenic information of FIB family from these “Final network files” for each analyzed group. The synteny information of FIB family used to construct densely connected clusters by using the Clique percolation method (k-clique = 3) implemented in CFinder [112, 113]. The resulting syntenic communities were visualized in Cytoscape v3. 5. 1 [114] and Gephi v0. 9. 1 [115]. Finally, visualization of all the information of the syntenic communities in their respective phylogenetic gene trees (phylogenetic profiling method). For these Trees, we included all genes found with our HMM-FIB model, including those genes without synteny relationship (no syntenic information). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses a microsynteny network approach and methods of analyzing genomes but does not mention fossils or their role in evolutionary history. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the medicinal uses of various plants by indigenous cultures in the Amazon, such as the Yanomami people, who utilize specific plants for treating ailments and preparing medicines. For example, it mentions the use of C. glaucophylla and macrocarpa by the Yanomami, reinforcing the relationship between traditional medicines and indigenous botanical knowledge.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Equidad en la provisión de espacios públicos abiertos: accesibilidad, percepción y uso entre mujeres de Hermosillo, Sonora. Sociedad y Ambiente 2016; 4:28-56. ,2626. Huizar H, Ojeda-Revah L. Los parques de Tijuana: una perspectiva de justicia ambiental. In: Ojeda-Revah L, Espejel I, editors. Cuando las áreas verdes se transforman en paisaje: la visión de Baja California. Tijuana: Colegio de la Frontera Norte; 2014. p. 87-120. . Even though we controlled the socioeconomic level and education, it is possible that other aspects of social position or social environment that were not captured by those variables were associated with living in areas with more access to public spaces. Since a better social position is associated with more exercise, but at the same time with less occupational or transport-related physical activity 22. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012; 380:247-57. , this could result in an inverse distribution of total physical activity in relation to social position, which in turn could explain the higher odds of being in the low physical activity level of participants living close to public spaces. Similar to other authors 1010. . The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity. 2006; 120:1127-32. , we failed to observe supporting evidence for our second hypothesis, that the association of access to public spaces and physical activity would depend on the quality of the public spaces. In this case, it is important to consider the time lapse between the fieldwork of the public spaces study (2013) and the household survey from which data on physical activity came (2014). Some measurement error could have come from assigning to the public spaces characteristics that were no longer in place. It is also possible that public spaces characteristics that were not evaluated in this study (such as safety) were more related to their use for physical activity. Similar reasons could explain our failure to observe interactions between age, children, occupation, socieconomic level or education, and access to public spaces. To interpret the results, it is important to consider some limitations of our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the study did not find supporting evidence for the hypothesis that access to public spaces is associated with physical activity, noting that participants living close to public spaces had higher odds of being in low physical activity levels. Moreover, it highlights potential confounding factors such as socioeconomic status and the quality and characteristics of public spaces that could affect their relationship with physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Genome comparisons and microsynteny analyses in the S10 and S11 Figs were carried out using the comparative genomic tools SynFind and GEvo from CoGe [116]. To run SynFind we set the parameters as follows: Comparison algorithm: Last [117], gene windows size: 40, a minimum number of genes: 4, scoring function: collinear. For GEvo microsynteny analysis, the parameters were set as default. Molecular evolution The protein sequences and their corresponding coding sequences were aligned and converted into codon alignments using ParaAT v2. 0 [118] coupled to KaKs_Calculator 2. 0 program [119] for the analysis of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) rates (Ka/Ks) of each codon alignment. Ks values were computed for all possible pairwise combinations of the 60 (1770 combinations) and 73 (2628combinations) codon aligned syntelogs from mammal cluster A (FIB) and mammal cluster B (FIB-like), respectively. Gene expression analysis For the Fibrillarin gene expression analysis, we retrieved information from the database ([44]; The expression sets ID were: E-MTAB-3716 (Human), E-MTAB-3719 (Monodelphis), E-MTAB-3718 (mouse), E-MTAB-3717 (Rhesus monkey), and E-MTAB-2798 (cow). Heatmaps in Fig 7G was generated with ComplexHeatmap package [120] from Bioconductor project [121]. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Phylogenetic tree of the total 1067 FIB proteins found in Archaea and Eukarya, colored according to main taxonomic groups. The tree root was placed between the clade leading to Archeae and the Eukaryota. The domain regions of the total 1067 fibrillarin proteins were aligned with v3. 8. 31 [101]. The alignment was trimmed with TrimAl v3. 8. 31 with the [-automated1] option, remaining a total of 202 positions in the final alignment. Phylogenetic inference was performed with RaxML v8. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genomic comparisons, molecular evolution, gene expression analysis, and methods for creating phylogenetic trees without mentioning fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Karu is a tree known locally in Spanish as the “cargadero” (loader) and Bori means the color white. Maka means rain-forest or jungle. In the rain forest the species can be identified by its leaves which are similar to those from the cocoa plant, for its easily removable stem bark, and its characteristic smell. It is a species of native tree that grows wild. The parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves in their fresh stage. These parts can be removed from both the young and mature tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it is safely handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. The baths are used for preventing the disease. Taken orally, the medicine is an emetic and is used to treat the disease. This rout is not recommended for those with an advanced stage of the illness because vomiting could worsen the condition. The medicine is recommended when the first symptoms of the disease appear. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: This species has no previous report, however one species from the same genre, Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people for menstrual problems. 35 Also, the plant is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for treating Leishmaniosis. 36 Monopteryx uacu, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of Avina given by the Cubeo people. The plant is a species of tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: no records were found. Myroxylon balsamum, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of balsam. The speciescan be identified in the rain forest for its big leaves organized in sets of three and for the white underside of the leaves. The balsam tree grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicines derived from plants utilized by indigenous cultures, such as the use of the Karu tree by the Tikuna people for medicinal purposes. It highlights how the Tikuna people employ plants for traditional treatments like those for malaria, thus supporting the notion that many traditional medicines originate from indigenous plant knowledge.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: First, the cross-sectional design does not allow for the exploration of causal relations. A second main limitation is the possibility of measurement error of the main variables. While the IPAQ is widely employed for the assessment of physical activity in surveys, and it is correlated with objectively-measured physical activity, the correlations reported are weak to moderate 3434. Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the in Swedish adults. Nutr 2006; 9:258-65. , usually overestimating the actual physical activity level 2121. 3rd HW. Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. 2011; 53:24-8. . A related problem is that IPAQ tends to be less accurate in people with lower education level, and among those who do not routinely exercise 3535. - How well do physical activity questions perform? A European cognitive testing study. Health 2015; 73:57. . In our study, participants with lower education were less likely to have access to public spaces (Table 2). If they were more likely to over-report their physical activity, the estimated associations could be biased towards the null. A third limitation is that our measurement of access to public spaces did not consider the characteristics of the route between participants’ homes and public spaces, as only Euclidian distance was considered (as opposed to street network analysis). In Tijuana, a city where streets are usually in bad conditions and there are significant slopes in some areas, the effect of these characteristics on the likelihood of visiting public spaces might be important. An interesting finding of our study was the relationship between transportation and physical activity. As participants who employed public transport were more likely to be in the moderate physical activity level, it seems that for this population public transport could be more relevant for physical activity than access to public spaces. A systematic review of the relationship between urban environment and physical activity 66. . In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. 2011; 8:125. found that walkability and mixed land use were consistently associated with more physical activity, while the presence of public spaces did not show a positive association in all studies covered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while access to public spaces might be expected to correlate with physical activity, the study found that the relationship is not consistent across all studies. Specifically, it mentions that 'the presence of public spaces did not show a positive association in all studies covered,' suggesting that access to green spaces does not necessarily enhance physical activity levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 12 [105] with the LG+F model and a total of 500 bootstraps repetitions, determined by the bootstopping criterion, i. e. the [-autoMRE] option. Finally, the tree was visualized in ITOL [107]. Colored branches of fish sequences only include Actinopterygii. S2 Fig. FIB model and sequence alignment of FIB proteins from different lineages spanning Archaea and Eukarya. a) Depiction of the structure of FIB protein made from the alignment of diverse lineages of Archaea and Eukarya. b) Sequence alignment of FIB proteins from different lineages of Archaea and Eukarya. S3 Fig. Phylogenetic tree of FIB proteins from protists. The number of exons is to the right of each leaf label with orange circles, whose sizes are proportional to the number of exons. The explicit number of exons is inside each circle. The total 103 protist sequences were aligned with hmmalign to a custom HMM-FIB model with hmmalign in HMMER3 3. 1b2 [97]. The C-terminal region outside the FIB domain was removed and the N-terminal region (containing the GAR sequence) was independently aligned with v3. 8. 31 [101] in UGENE v1. 31. 0 [100]. The resultant alignment was trimmed with TrimAl v1. 2rev59 with the [-automated1] option v3. 8. 31, thus, the final alignment consisted of 174 sites. Phylogenetic inference was performed with RaxML v8. 2. 12 [105] using the LG+F model (best fitted for these data) and 600 bootstrap replicates, determined by the bootstopping criterion, i. e. [-autoMRE] option. Finally, the tree was visualized in ITOL [107]. Labels of tree leaves colored according to main taxonomic groups as indicated in the legend. S4 Fig. Phylogeny of fungal species and their FIB proteins. Phylogenetic relationships of the 157 fungal species for FIB proteins in the present study. Tree branches are not at scale and only depict the species relationships (topology). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim that fossils provide insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it discusses methods and processes related to phylogenetic analysis of proteins from different lineages, which while related to evolutionary studies, does not mention fossils or how they provide insights into the evolutionary history of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of a specific plant, Plenotoma jasminifolia, by indigenous communities such as the Huitoto and Miraña in the Amazon region. It provides examples of the medicinal applications of this plant, which supports the idea that traditional medicines are derived from plants that have been used by these indigenous cultures for various health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Given that our study suggests that access to public spaces was not associated with increased physical activity, and at the same time using public transport was positively associated with physical activity, the main implication in terms of public health is that promoting active transport could be an efficient way of increasing physical activity in this population. However, further studies should be conducted to explore the role of other elements of the urban environment in this relationship. From a public health perspective, an increase in the knowledge base in diverse contexts is required to improve urban environment policies to increase physical activity. 2010. 2 Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012; 380:247-57. 3 Bedimo-. The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: a conceptual model. 2005; 28(2 Suppl 2):159-68. 4 Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. 5. Environmental correlates of physical activity: a review of evidence about parks and recreation. Leisure Sciences: Journal 2007; 29:315-54. 6. In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. 2011; 8:125. 7 Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2016; 387:2207-17. 8 -Corti B, Karakiewicz JA. Effects of access to public open spaces on walking: Is proximity enough? Plan 2013; 117:92-9. 9. Does parkland influence walking? The relationship between area of parkland and walking trips in Melbourne, Australia. 2012; 9:115. 10. The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity. 2006; 120:1127-32. 11 Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. 12. Parks and people: an environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. 2009; 99:767-87. 13 Reyes S, Figueroa IM. Distribución, superficie y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes en Santiago de Chile. EURE (Santiago) 2010; 36:89-110. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that access to public spaces was not associated with increased physical activity. Instead, it emphasizes the positive association between using public transport and physical activity, indicating that promoting active transport may be a more effective approach to increasing physical activity rather than relying on access to green spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The species tree was initially constructed based on the NCBI taxonomy IDs (each species TaxID is indicated after a dash ‘-’ in its corresponding label name) with ETE 3 v3. 1. 1 [106] and visualized in ITOL 4. 2. 3 [107]. The tree was manually modified to fit the cladogram of the Fungi kingdom proposed by [39]. Relevant taxonomic groups in internal nodes and branches. A cross in a branch leading to a species name indicates a possible loss of the FIB protein in that species, and a circle indicates two or more FIB duplicates. To the right of the tree a presence/absence matrix (color filled figures [presence], open figure [absence]) indicating the presence of synteny communities in each species is depicted (numbered and colored as in S6 Fig. Communities belonging to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucorinae are depicted as squares, circles, and stars, respectively. Information regarding the species abbreviations used in the present study and the number of FIB proteins is presented. S5 Fig. Phylogeny of FIB proteins from fungi and exon number per sequence. The tree was rooted in the branch leading to the Microsporidia clade. The number of exons to the right of each leaf label with orange circles, whose size is proportional to the number of exons. The explicit number of exons inside each circle. The total 170 fungal FIB protein sequences were firstly aligned to a custom HMM-FIB model with hmmalign in HMMER3 3. 1b2 [97], the C-terminal region outside the FIB domain was removed, and the N-terminal region (containing the GAR sequence) was independently aligned with v3. 8. 31 [101] in UGENE v1. 31. 0 [100]. The resultant alignment was trimmed with TrimAl v1. 2rev59 with the [-automated1] option v3. 8. 31. The final alignment consisted of 288 sites including the FIB and GAR domains. Phylogenetic inference was performed with RaxML v8. 2. 12 [105] using the WAG+I+F model (best fitted for these data) and 500 bootstrap replicates, determined by the bootstopping criterion, e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly mention fossils or their role in providing insights into the evolutionary history of life. Instead, it describes methods and procedures related to species tree construction and alignment of protein sequences, which are unrelated to the claim about fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the medicinal uses of various plants by indigenous people in the Amazon region. It specifically mentions that indigenous cultures utilize plants such as Byrsonima japurensis and Pouteria cladantha to prepare remedies for malaria and other ailments, demonstrating a clear connection between traditional medicine and indigenous plant use.