Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The model framework serves as a handy tool for projections regarding future human emissions reductions. Since focusing on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions. 2. – understand nature’s functioning, the look is devoted to the past – first to preindustrial times revealing undisturbed nature and second, to the industrial eon with significant anthropogenic contributions. 2. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration During the preindustrial past 800 thousand years (ka), the atmospheric CO2 concentration has followed temperature in the order of 20–25 ppmv/°C within the range of about 180–280 ppmv (ppmv, volume parts per million). – At preindustrial times, global waters have released 1. 7 GtC/year into the atmosphere (cf. [2]). Apparently, terrestrial vegetation was prepared to consume these emissions leading to overall flux balance in first order. – During the industrial eon, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has approximately evolved from 280 ppmv to 420 ppmv. These measured concentrations can be related to the rather well known anthropogenic input if the latter is taken up by land and the oceans at a year-on-year rate of 3%/year [1]. 2. 2 Surface temperature Also for the preindustrial past 800 ka, the temperature can be viewed determined by the atmospheric CO2 concentration and direct temperature effects, the latter driven by the solar irradiation and snow/ice albedo alteration. The CO2-temperature contribution is approximated by the ‘Eocene relationship’ with TCO2 = ln(𝑝CO2/22) * 6. 68°C (TCO2, surface temperature in °C; 𝑝CO2, atmospheric CO2 volume mixing ratio in ppmv) [3], here the data of [4] used for 𝑝CO2. TCO2 comprises all related effects, e. g. from water vapor. When complemented by further driving forces, these are considered as correction terms, thus in turn also comprising all related effects. In the present studies, insolation is differentiated by the components eccentricity, obliquity, perihelion, flux at 65°N summer solstice, and global average [5]. Albedo is assumed proportional to sea level and in turn, sea level to seawater-δ18O [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the complex interactions between CO2 concentrations, carbon flux, and various climate factors over long periods. The detailed descriptions of historical CO2 levels and their impact on temperature indicate that reversing climate change is not a straightforward or quick process, highlighting the limits of natural mechanisms like tree planting in effectively addressing climate change in just a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The genes TIR-1, TRAF-6, MEKK-1, ERK-2, MAPK-p38, ATF4/5, Tx60-A and C3 (Figure 1) caused significant differences 2 and/or 3 hpi with J010-E, whereas AP-1/cFos, AP-1/cJun, NF-κB, CTL-1 and HL-2 were significantly regulated at all three sampling time points (Figure 1). Some genes were similarly regulated following exposure to HOorg and HOaq (MAPK-p38, AP-1/cFos, AP-1/c60-A, C3, millectin, HL-2 and HL-3) while others were differentially regulated (as compared to control) after exposure to only one of the HO cues (MEKK-1, ERK-2, Bf, CTL-1 and CTL-2; Figure 1). The PCA score plot (Figure 2A) explained 79% of the variance and revealed clear differences in gene regulation following exposure to J010-E or the CCA-derived cues. Further PCA considering only the different exposure times to J010-E (Figure 2C) and another comparing the organic and aqueous CCA-derived cues (Figure 2E), explained 73% and 91% of the variance, respectively. There were clear differences between the time points, particularly 1–3 hpi compared to 12 hpi with J010-E, and between the two CCA-derived cues. The associated loading plots are available in (Figure S4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Influence of different settlement-inducing cues and exposure times on gene expression of Acropora millepora larvae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect metamorphosis. It discusses gene regulation in Acropora millepora larvae and different settlement-inducing cues, which does not relate to the process of complete metamorphosis in insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Regulation of rhythmic behaviors by astrocytes. Biol. 2020;9:e372. [DOI] [PubMed] 142. Sládek M, Liška K, Houdek P, Sumová A. Modulation of single cell circadian response to NMDA by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition reveals a role of endocannabinoids in light entrainment of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropharmacology. 2021;185:108455. [DOI] [PubMed] 143. . of in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Insights from Mathematical Modeling. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:287–301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]144. çois-Bellan A, Bosler O. Ultrastructural plasticity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Possible involvement in clock entrainment. Glia. 2008;56:294–305. [DOI] [PubMed] 145. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide entrains circadian rhythms in astrocytes. J Biol Rhythms. 2009;24:135–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]146. Carmona-. Circuit development in the master clock network of mammals. Neurosci. 2020;51:82–108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]147. . Nucleus at 50: Looking Back, Forward. J Biol Rhythms. 2024;39:135–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]148. . Vasopressin and the output of the hypothalamic biological clock. J Neuroendocrinol. 2010;22:362–72. [DOI] [PubMed] 149. Mieda M. Mechanism of the Pacemaker of the SCN: a Expected? Front Neurosci. 2019;13:139. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]150. Asymmetric vasopressin signaling spatially organizes the master circadian clock. J Comp Neurol. 2018;526:2048–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]151. Morin LP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and insights related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in regulating circadian rhythms. It references specific research on modulation of circadian responses, clock entrainment, and mechanisms within the SCN, indicating its central role as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The temperature contributions from insolation and snow/ice albedo are determined by fit to the temperature measurements through the past ca. 800 ka [6]. At first, the subdivision between insolation and albedo is non-unique. In the present work, the relative contributions of albedo and CO2 are constrained by consistency between energy budget [7] and absorber density dependencies [8]. In result, the effects from insolation and snow/ice albedo can be approximated by multiplying the CO2-temperature contribution of the Eocene relationship with 1. 4. This factor has proven its applicability in previous computations [8]. The left part of Fig. 1 shows the measured temperatures (solid blue line) in comparison with the computation of the present work (dotted brown line). The measurement data are scaled to reflect a glacial-interglacial span of 4°C. The right part of Fig. 1 presents the decomposition into the CO2-temperature relationship (solid blue line) and the contributions from insolation (solid yellow line) and albedo (dotted red line). The insolation contributions of Fig. 1 are obtained from 65°N summer solstice superimposed by the global average. As a result, insolation cannot be found to significantly contribute to the gross glacial-interglacial temperature pattern. Notwithstanding, it certainly plays a major role for the cyclic reversals. As complementary note, the discussed temperature contributions relate to equilibrium states. Upon a disturbance from equilibrium, e. g. the CO2 concentration changing from a certain steady level to another, it takes in the order of ≳ 1000 years until the temperature asymptotically reaches the new equilibrium temperature [8]. temperature contribution from atmospheric CO2 is considered well known from the Eocene relationship. For the present Late Quaternary, the second-next contribution originates from snow/ice albedo alteration, as rule of thumb amounting to 40% of the CO2 contribution. 2. 3 Ocean heat content (OHC) The oceans are a prominent energy store and at the same time, exhibit strong inertia to Earth energy variabilities. Thus, the ocean heat content and its time pattern strongly influence the surface temperature evolvement. The (total global) ocean heat content (OHC) during the past 2000 years can be subdivided into four sections (Fig. 2, solid blue line) [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that changes in temperature due to alterations in CO2 concentration and albedo take a significantly longer time to reach equilibrium. It states that 'it takes in the order of ≳ 1000 years until the temperature asymptotically reaches the new equilibrium temperature,' which implies that even significant efforts like tree planting would not suffice to reverse climate change quickly, as the processes involved are much more complex and prolonged.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: PCA score plots of the % difference in gene expression compared to the control, presented with convex hulls highlighting groupings and showing PC1 and PC2, for A) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq, Assay 1, B) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq, Assay 2, C) J010-E 1–12 hpi, Assay 1, D) J010-E 1–12 hpi, Assay 2, E) HOorg/aq, Assay 1 and F) HOorg/aq, Assay 2. Time points for J010-E are represented by: 1 hpi = black full circle, 2 hpi = blue empty square, 3 hpi = green empty circle and 12 hpi = cyan empty triangle. CCA-derived cues are represented by: HOorg = pink full square and HOaq = red cross. Mutiplex RT-qPCR Assay 2; other putative settlement/metamorphosis-related genes Similar to Assay 1, expression levels of 16 GOI changed significantly after 1 hpi with at least one of the cues (Septin-7, LRRC59, cAMP/ATF2, cAMP/ATF4, GABA/GAT-2, GABA/GAT-3, NADH-ubiq, Lectin/nemgalR1, Pha-C3, amilGFP, amilRFP, amilCP, Amgalaxin-like-1, SCRiP3, Actin and Integrin-alpha1; Figure 1). The fluorescent protein genes (amilGFP, amilRFP and amilCP) were significantly up-regulated in response to the CCA-derived cues 1 hpi, and all FP genes were significantly down-regulated in response to J010-E but only after 2, 3 and/or 12 hpi (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it focuses on gene expression analysis and the regulation of certain genes in response to environmental cues, which is unrelated to the topic of insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuroanatomy of the extended circadian rhythm system. Exp Neurol. 2013;243:4–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]152. . Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats. Bull. 1981;6:125–30. [DOI] [PubMed] 153. Neuromedin s-producing neurons act as essential pacemakers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to couple clock neurons and dictate circadian rhythms. Neuron. 2015;85:1086–102. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]154. Disrupted circadian rhythms in VIP- and PHI-deficient mice. . 2003;285:R939–49. [DOI] [PubMed] 155. . for Normal Light-of the Circadian System. J Neurosci. 2018;38:7986–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]156. . Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Neurosci. 2012;35:445–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]157. . the Clock in a by Sex and Polypeptide Signaling. Neuroendocrinology. 2022;112:904–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]158. . Vasopressin Neurons: of Time and Homeostasis. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43:839–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 159. Carmona-. Developmental patterning of peptide transcription in the central circadian clock in both sexes. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1177458. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]160. Yamaguchi Y. Arginine vasopressin: Critical regulator of circadian homeostasis. Peptides. 2024;177:171229. [DOI] [PubMed] 161. King VM, Chahad-. A hVIPR transgene as a novel tool for the analysis of circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2003;17:822–32. [PubMed] 162. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that neuromedin S-producing neurons act as essential pacemakers within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, connecting clock neurons and thereby dictating circadian rhythms. This suggests that the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays a central role in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: – During the first 600 years, OHC increases almost linearly in time while temperature stays nearly constant (Fig. 2, dotted gray line [10]). Solar irradiance (Fig. 2, dashed red line) is in steady strong mode. – The period from years 600 to ~ 1000 is interpreted to reveal an equilibrated OHC state at about 1600 ZJ (1 ZJ = 1021 Joule). Insolation had left the stable high level. Constellations are such that surface temperature increases. – In the period 1000–1750, OHC decreases at about the same pace as it grew in the first period. Insolation variability is yet more pronounced than before. This time, temperature decreases together with OHC. – Since year 1750, OHC rises again, synchronously with temperature. Over the entire 2000-year period, OHC appears with a cyclic behavior posing a rising bias to the recent OHC development. – Since in absolute values, the slopes in the periods of years 0-600 and 1000–1750 are approximately equal, the indication may be inferred that the natural OHC trend (without anthropogenic influence) will extend to the future at the same pace, depicted with the dotted blue line in Fig. 2. During the industrial eon, ocean heat content has risen by 660 ZJ (solid blue line of Fig. 2) with the anthropogenic contribution estimated to 180 ZJ [8]. probably, natural processes bear a rising bias for the future OHC evolvement. A natural equilibrium state is interpreted existing at OHC in the order of 1600 ZJ. 2. 4 Sea level Between glacial and interglacial maxima for the preindustrial past about 400 ka, sea level has changed by roughly 100 m [4,12]. With an associated temperature span of 4°C, sea level has changed by 25 m per 1°C temperature change. During the recent glacial-to-interglacial transition, the pace reached the order of 1. 3 m/century [12]. These relationships are highly non-linear, particularly when approaching the turning conditions of the glacial and interglacial maxima. At present, temperature and sea level have attained levels characteristic for an interglacial maximum, the sea level rise revealed at about 0. 2 m/century for the recent 9 ka [12] – just what has been experienced to date during the industrial eon. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ocean heat content (OHC) changes and sea level changes over 2000 years, indicating that climate processes are complex and not easily reversed. It mentions that OHC has cyclic behavior and responds to both natural and anthropogenic influences over long timescales, which implies that immediate and complete reversal of climate change, as suggested by the claim, is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Some genes presented significant differences only after 2 and/or 3 hpi with J010-E (Septin-1, Septin-7, LRRC59, cAMP/ATF2, cAMP/ATF6, GABA/ine, Lectin/nemgalR1, Lectin/nemgalB1, amilGFP, amilCFP, amil-like and SCRiP2; Figure 1), while others presented constant significant differences at all three sampling time points (GABA/GAT-2, Pha-C3, Amgalaxin-like-1 and SCRIP3; Figure 1). Two genes (cAMP/ATF4 and amilGFP) were consistently up-regulated following exposure to the two CCA-derived cues. Four genes (Septin-7, cAMP/ATF2, Lectin/nemgalR1 and Integrin-alpha1; Figure 1) were significantly up-regulated after exposure to only HOorg, while six genes (LRRC59, NADH-ubiq, amilRFP, amilCP, Amgalaxin-like-1 and Actin) were significantly up-regulated following exposure to HOaq. As for Assay 1, the PCA score plot (Figure 2B) explained 88% of the variance, and again revealed clear differences in gene regulation following exposure to J010-E or the CCA-derived cues. Additional PCA of the J010-E treatments only (Figure 2D) and of the CCA-derived cues only (Figure 2F) explained 84% and 70% of the variance, respectively. Again the PCA showed clear differences between the early time points (1–3 hpi) and 12 hpi [12], and some separation between the two CCA-derived cues. The associated loading plots are available in (Figure S5). DiscussionBiofilms of Pseudoalteromonas strain J010, an extract of this bacterium (J010-E) and the purified bacterial metamorphic metabolite, tetrabromopyrrole (TBP), all induce metamorphosis of A. millepora larvae without attachment [4]. In contrast, the CCA-derived cues HOorg and HOaq, repeatedly extracted from H. onkodes over three consecutive years (2010–2012), reproducibly induced complete settlement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss insects or their metamorphosis, but rather focuses on the gene expressions in response to bacterial extracts and their effects on larvae of A. millepora. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Kalló Transgenic approach reveals expression of the VPAC2 receptor in phenotypically defined neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and in its efferent target sites. Neurosci. 2004;19:2201–11. [DOI] [PubMed] 163. . Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2013;110:1097–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]164. . Coherency of circadian rhythms in the SCN is governed by the interplay of two coupling factors. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018;14:e1006607. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]165. Reed HE, Meyer-. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase-shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro. Neurosci. 2001;13:839–43. [DOI] [PubMed] 166. . Regulating the (SCN) Circadian Clockwork: Interplay between Cell-Autonomous and Circuit-Level Mechanisms. Biol. 2017;9:a027706. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]167. . Disrupted neuronal activity rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:2553–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]168. Meyer-Spasche A, Piggins HD. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide phase-advances the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei circadian pacemaker in vitro via protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Neurosci Lett. 2004;358:91–4. [DOI] [PubMed] 169. . Aberrant gating of photic input to the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker of mice lacking the VPAC2 receptor. J Neurosci. 2004;24:3522–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]170. . for VIP Neurons in the Neonatal and Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:465–75. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythms. It emphasizes the importance of the SCN in regulating these rhythms through different mechanisms and interactions involving vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its receptor VPAC2, as well as the overall governance of circadian rhythms by the SCN, which aligns with the designation of the SCN as the 'master regulator' of these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: A Driving-term central aim of the present work is to unveil nature’s proceeding in case anthropogenic CO2 emissions will be reduced significantly. Would uptake of the anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 continue at the previously experienced rate of 3%/year? How would temperature follow a decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentration? This paragraph presents a driving-term model derived from the past, enabling straightforward projections into the future. Predominantly, the CO2 uptake from the atmosphere is viewed determined by a four-fold matrix spanned by surface temperature and CO2 concentration for the oceans and terrestrial vegetation. The construction of the present model follows a series of constraints, particularly given by (i) the data on the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, here used from [13]; (ii) measurements on the atmospheric CO2 concentration, the data here also from [13]; (iii) measurements on the atmospheric near-surface temperature trend during the industrial eon [14]; (iv) measurements and previous research results on the recent CO2 uptake by the oceans [15]; (v) the preindustrial net primary production of the terrestrial vegetation at approximately 60 GtC/year, changing via the Keeling formula (a) with the atmospheric CO2 concentration and (b), with the surface temperature via the growth factor in the formula; (vi) lower limit of the airborne fraction in the order of 15% [16]; (vii) upper limit of the ocean uptake about 5 times the atmospheric uptake (i. e. the preindustrial carbon content ratio between the oceans and the atmosphere, and accounting for the present Revelle factor); (viii) the ocean uptake dilution from temperature and CO2 concentration in the order of 240 GtC for the period 2000–2100 in the IS92e scenario [17]. The analysis on the oceans is concentrated on a time horizon of ≳ 100 years, thus on the upper ocean layer since the present studies focus on the first-order terms. 3. 1 Ocean CO2 uptake The ocean uptake weakens with accumulation of CO2. To emulate this effect, the 3%/year-uptake rate of the past is diluted for the future by 5∙10− 4/GtCO2 per cumulated CO2. – The uptake temperature dependency is considered via CO2 release from the oceans with an atmospheric concentration contribution of 20 ppmv/°C (see analysis on the past above), the temperature determined as outlined below. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing a long-term model for understanding CO2 emissions and uptake, particularly emphasizing timelines that extend to 100 years or more. It suggests that even with significant reductions in anthropogenic CO2, the response of the ocean and terrestrial systems is complex and not immediate, undermining the assertion that tree planting can completely reverse climate change in a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Changes in swimming and searching behaviour followed by larval settlement [1], [6] involve cell-surface recognition mechanisms mediated by lectins [23] including substrate selection [8], activation of tissue remodelling [5], [6], [24], nematocyst development [5] and establishment of symbiosis [5]. Initial gene expression patterns in larvae exposed to the CCA-derived cues were characterised by down-regulation of the lectins millectin, CTL-1, CTL-2, HL-2 and HL-3 (Figure 1). Exposure to J010-E, however, resulted mostly in up-regulation (1–3 hpi) with gene expression returning to baseline levels after metamorphosis (12 hpi) highlighting opposing roles of these genes in the early stages of metamorphosis (1–3 hpi) and settlement. Strong up-regulation of Apextrin and Tx60-A during larval development correlates with tissue remodelling function [5], [7], [8], [10], [25]. Exposure to both CCA-derived cues 1 hpi resulted in down-regulation of both genes, indicating no initiation of tissue re-modelling. Exposure to J010-E elicited the opposite response suggesting tissue remodelling in preparation for metamorphosis had commenced. After 12 hpi with J010-E down-regulation of Apextrin was observed correlating with complete metamorphosis without attachment [12]. Galaxin-related proteins are important structural proteins in the calcifying organic matrix of scleractinian corals [26]. Amgalaxin-like-1 is expressed strongly in larvae and settled primary polyps but not in adult colonies [11]. The up-regulation of Amgalaxin-like-1 in larvae exposed to J010-E and HOaq (1 hpi to 12 hpi) confirms its involvement in early development. The expression of genes encoding for other cysteine-rich proteins, the SCRiPs proteins, also changed throughout the developmental transition suggesting distinct roles in coral development [22] and bio-mineralization [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the developmental processes of larvae, specifically in the context of corals, but does not mention insects or the process of complete metamorphosis in them. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] 182. Liu C, Reppert SM. GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron. 2000;25:123–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 183. Emergence of noise-induced oscillations in the central circadian pacemaker. PLoS Biol. 2010;8:e1000513. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]184. . GAD65/GAD67 double knockout mice exhibit intermediate severity in both cleft palate and omphalocele compared with GAD67 knockout and VGAT knockout mice. Neuroscience. 2015;288:86–93. [DOI] [PubMed] 185. The physiological roles of vesicular GABA transporter during embryonic development: a study using knockout mice. Mol Brain. 2010;3:40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]186. Ben-Ari Y. Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture. Neurosci. 2002;3:728–39. [DOI] [PubMed] 187. . Long-Reveals a of in Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2022;37:110–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]188. Olsen RW, Sieghart W. GABAA receptors: subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56:141–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]189. . and Pharmacology. In: Bhattacharjee A, editor. Handbook of Channels Oxford. UK: Press; 2018. 57. [DOI] 190. . GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus refines circadian output rhythms in mice. Commun Biol. 2019;2:232. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]191. . GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 2001;537:853–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]192. Walker MC, Semyanov A. Regulation of excitability by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in circadian rhythms. Notably, it references GABA's influence on the neuronal activity within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, highlighting its importance in refining circadian output rhythms. These aspects support the idea that the suprachiasmatic nucleus functions as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: – While anthropogenic emissions and entailed atmospheric CO2 concentration may be reduced in the future, the ocean carbon content first reflects the cumulated (strong) uptake from the past. To account for adaptation, the difference between the stronger uptake rate of the past to the lower uptake rate in the future is regarded as release from the oceans. The time lag is taken as 100 years according to the typical cycle time of the upper ocean layer. Slower ocean processes will take up additional 6–7% and yet further 3% on the 10,000-year and 100,000-year time scales for the considered emissions and concentrations [16], however neglected in the present analysis. 3. 2 Terrestrial vegetation CO2 uptake Uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the terrestrial vegetation is regarded according to the Keeling formula, with 60 GtC/year of preindustrial net primary production, fertilized via ln(𝑝CO2/285), the preindustrial growth factor of 0. 56 changing by -7. 8°C with surface temperature as inferred from [18]. – Soil respiration principally changes with atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature. Since these variables strongly correlate, solely the dependency on the former is regarded. Assuming a base respiration level of 60 GtC/year, the dependency is taken to increase by 17. 5 per 160 ppmv of pCO2 elevation [19]. Care is taken not to release more than available soil carbon stock, the preindustrial amount regarded as 1,900 GtC. – Analogous to the oceans in case the atmospheric CO2 concentration shrinks, the excess between the stronger previous uptake relative to the lower actual uptake is considered as release to the atmosphere, here with a time lag of 30 years reflecting the typical cycle time of terrestrial vegetation [20,21]. – Among the results, the model yields an uptake ratio between land and oceans of 62:38 for the cumulated uptakes during the industrial eon (years 1850–2020). 3. 3 Surface temperature The temperature is derived from the atmospheric CO2 concentration according to the Eocene relationship, multiplied by 1. 4 for albedo effects – these equilibrium-related figures assumed realized during the industrial eon to 34% until the present and this ratio linearly changing in time, e. g. amounting to 42% in 100 years. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while terrestrial vegetation can take up CO2, there are significant delays and limitations to this process. It indicates that the difference between past and current CO2 uptake results in a net release to the atmosphere over time, and there are time lags of 30 years for terrestrial carbon uptake and 100 years for ocean processes. This suggests that planting trees alone cannot completely reverse climate change quickly, as both natural processes and anthropogenic factors complicate CO2 absorption and release.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This separation was strongly influenced by the regulation of several genes involved in the Toll/TLR pathway, cell recognition, cell adhesion, neurotransmission, FP-related metabolism and calcium handling: AP-1/cJun, MEKK-1, Apextrin, HL-2, GABA/GAT-3, Amgalaxin-like-1, SCRiP2, SCRiP3, with a lesser influence by TIR-1, TRAF-6, AP-1/cFos, millectin, CTL-2, Lectin/nemgalR1, Lectin/nemgalB1, amilGFP and amilCFP (Figures 2C–D, S4B and S5B). This shift in gene expression profiles suggests that their putative roles may change as the larvae shift from the early (1–3 hpi) to later stage (12 hpi) of coral morphogenesis. Furthermore, the 1 hpi treatments were clearly distinct from those after 2–3 hpi, indicating that genes are being regulated earlier than previously reported [6], thus further supporting a progression through time with respect to gene expression (Figure 2C–D). In both assays, principal component analysis and the PCA score plots associated with HOorg and HOaq (Figure 2E–F) showed a clear distinction between the two treatments, even though both ultimately resulted in settlement. While the expression profiles of 12 GOI (mostly immunity-related genes, Figure 1) were found to be similar following exposure to the two chemically distinct CCA-derived cues, the expression profiles of 15 GOI (Figure 1) were different, that is they were regulated following exposure to only one of the CCA-derived cues, but were never oppositely regulated. The separation of the two treatments was influenced strongly by the regulation of TIR-1, AP-1/cJun, AP-1/cFos, MEKK-1, ERK-2, Colorless GFP-like, amilGFP and cAMP/ATF6, with a lesser influence by NF-κb, MAPK-p38, C3, Apextrin, CTL-2 and Tx60-A (Figures 2E–F, S4C and S5C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene regulation and expression changes during coral morphogenesis instead of insect metamorphosis. There is no mention of insects or metamorphosis processes relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cell Differ. 2008;44:29–48. [DOI] [PubMed] 193. . Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:399–400. [DOI] [PubMed] 194. . Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1666. [DOI] [PubMed] 195. . receptors regulate retinohypothalamic tract synaptic transmission by inhibiting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:3727–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 196. . Mechanism of irregular firing of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in rat hypothalamic slices. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91:267–73. [DOI] [PubMed] 197. . Cation-chloride cotransporters and neuronal function. Neuron. 2009;61:820–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 198. Alamilla J, Perez-Burgos A, Quinto D, Aguilar-Roblero R. Circadian modulation of the Cl– equilibrium potential in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Int. 2014;2014:424982. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]199. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus provide sparse GABAergic outputs to local neurons with circadian regulation occurring distal to the opening of postsynaptic GABAA ionotropic receptors. J Neurosci. 2015;35:1905–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]200. Phase shifts to light are altered by antagonists to neuropeptide receptors. Neuroscience. 2016;327:115–24. [DOI] [PubMed] 201. . GABA transporters regulate tonic and synaptic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol. 2017;118:3092–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]202. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several references to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its importance in the regulation of circadian rhythms. For instance, it mentions that 'Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus.' This supports the claim that the SCN is a major regulator of circadian rhythms, indicating that components and functions associated with SCN are essential for maintaining these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Future:Now with a practicable tool at hand, the look is devoted into the future for nature’s reaction upon human emissions abatement. As humankind appears prepared for significant emissions reduction, 3%/year (year-on-year) represents the core of the present studies. 4. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration For this abatement, the present estimation model points at a long-term steady atmospheric CO2 concentration of 330 ppmv (Fig. 3, left, dashed red line) with a long-term accumulation share of 14%, 61%, and 25% between the atmosphere, the terrestrial vegetation, and the oceans, respectively. Atmospheric CO2 concentration and airborne fraction are in good agreement with previous sophisticated studies on the role of the oceans [16]. 4. 2 Surface temperature The temperature is inferred as explained by the following example. Let us imagine a maximum 𝑝CO2 of 430 ppmv with a 1. 3°C-temperature rise close to the present and a later reduction to steady 330 ppmv with an associated long-term equilibrium temperature gain of 1. 4°C. In this case, the contemporary temperature has nearly reached the final equilibrium temperature, hence is expected to remain stable on the long-term future. These figures correspond to an emissions reduction of 3/%year (dashed red lines in Fig. 3, CO2 concentration left, temperature right). If abatement was only 1. 5year, the estimation model yields a long-term temperature gain of 1. 8°C (dot-dashed red lines in Fig. 3). For comparison if emissions ceased at present, the future steady CO2 concentration is indicated at 320 ppmv with an associated temperature gain of 1. 2°C. The precedingly outlined approach is a ‘forward synchronization’ between contemporary transition states and future equilibrium, i. e. both primarily directed by rising concentrations. If the new equilibrium state is to exhibit reduced CO2 concentrations (e. g. 290 ppmv from and Storage, CCS), the further transition becomes ‘down-forced’ inverse-analogous to the industrial-eon past. For a long-term temperature confinement of 1. 8°C, the present estimation scheme indicates the following CCS requirements for various scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that achieving a stable atmospheric CO2 concentration and long-term temperature stabilization requires significant emissions reductions and complex modeling, rather than just planting trees. It mentions that even with a maximum reduction scenario, long-term temperature gains are still projected, emphasizing the intricate relationships involved in climate change mitigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The immunity-related Toll/TLR pathway genes contributed mostly to the separation of these treatments. These observations raise the possibility that 1) more than one component influenced/regulated the immunity-related processes involved in both attachment and metamorphosis, or 2) that a synergistic effect was causative for this observation. Since the cnidarian gene cascade leading to settlement has not yet been fully elucidated [10], it cannot be ruled out that numerous pathways may be regulated by many different components within the environment (i. e. bacterial biofilm, CCA). Regulation of the fluorescent protein (FP) genes influenced separation between the different time points for J010-E exposure and also between the two settlement cues. While no initial significant differences were observed 1 hpi with J010-E, there was a downward trend in expression levels of amilGFP, amilCFP and Colourless GFP-like (Figure 1), with all FP genes down-regulated after 12 hpi [12]. FP genes (particularly RFP and CP) were reportedly up-regulated in compromised corals, activating an antioxidant response [28] and given the strong down-regulation of FP genes following exposure to J010-E it is likely the larvae are responding to TBP [29] in J010-E. FP genes amilGFP, amilRFP and amilCP (Figure 1) were mostly up-regulated 1 hpi with HOaq indicating a different role in the early stages of settlement compared to metamorphosis. Similarly, Beltran-Ramirez [30] reported a strong green FP (GFP) signal in swimming larvae, up-regulation of FP in both the ectoderm and endoderm of A. millepora larvae undergoing settlement and down-regulation in ectodermal tissue after metamorphosis [30]. The current study corroborates this, providing further evidence that FP genes are differentially regulated in swimming larvae post exposure to metamorphosis- or settlement-inducing cues and prior to visible metamorphic changes. Up-regulation of amilCP 1 hpi with HOaq further supports an earlier observation that chromoprotein (CP) gene expression was detected primarily during gastrulation and was mostly endodermal [30]. Furthermore, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information or evidence regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis or transitioning through larval stages. Instead, it discusses gene regulation in relation to metamorphosis and settlement cues in corals without clear relevance to the claim about insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro. J Neurosci. 2000;20:5496–502. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]203. . Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide. J Neurosci. 2005;25:2447–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]204. Gastrin-releasing peptide mediates photic entrainable signals to dorsal subsets of suprachiasmatic nucleus via induction of Period gene in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;61:26–34. [DOI] [PubMed] 205. Carmona-3rd Ontogeny of and Synchrony in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2018;38:1326–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]206. . Specializations of gastrin-releasing peptide cells of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2010;518:1249–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]207. . Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci. 1997;17:3920–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]208. . Architecture of retinal projections to the central circadian pacemaker. . 2016;113:6047–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]209. . Light exposure induces short- and long-term changes in the excitability of retinorecipient neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:576–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]210. . Gastrin-releasing peptide modulates fast delayed rectifier potassium current in Per1-expressing SCN neurons. J Biol Rhythms. 2011;26:99–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]211. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in neuronal rhythms and circadian regulation. It specifically mentions the involvement of gastrin-releasing peptide in phase-shifting neuronal rhythms within the SCN and mediating photic signals to it. These references support the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus functions as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: (i) In case emissions reduction will be 1%/year or zero from the present, about 22% or 78% of present emissions needed be technically sequestered, respectively. (ii) In case these emissions reductions and CCS rates are commenced in 30 years from today and emissions remaining constant in the meantime, CCS is required in the order of 32–83% of present emissions for emissions reductions between 3 and 0%/year after year 2051. (iii) If humankind would even continue to increase emissions from the present, CCS is required to quickly approach 100% of emissions, for instance to sequester 98% of emissions for emissions growth of 0. 5%/year. is strongly advised to reduce carbon emissions at least by 1. 5%/year on global level to benefit from nature’s (low-cost, low-risk) offer to contribute towards viable temperature containment and to avoid the alternative serious climate impact or the demand for significantly larger mitigation effort and associated risk. 4. 3 Ocean heating With asymptotic ca. 1500 years-long evolvement of temperature from a certain equilibrium climate state to another upon equilibrium disturbance [8], the temperature trend is approximated by a tanh-function at this point. Then, the entire ocean heat uptake during the transition between the equilibrium states is given by the integral over 1-tanh. This – highly simplifying – approach leads to a total ocean heat uptake of 225 and 275 ZJ for final industrial-eon temperature gains of 1. 4 and 1. 8°C, the former case depicted by the dashed purple line in Fig. 2. Related to the natural upper turning point at about 1,600 ZJ, 14% or 17% are added in these two cases. the present estimation, anthropogenic ocean heating leaves nature rather undisturbed in case of sensible temperature containment. 4. 4 Sea level On one hand extrapolating from the past into the future, a sea level rise of about 25 m/°C (in dependence on surface temperature) is supported by an analysis of δ18O-data through the past 56 million years [25] (detailed description outside the present scope). On the other hand, Antarctic ice may exhibit noticeable inertia for industrial-eon warming up to about 2. 5°C with a sea level rise in the order of 6 m/°C, this speeding up at higher temperatures towards total ice loss from further 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that significant carbon capture and emissions reductions are required to mitigate climate change effects. It suggests that achieving meaningful reductions and sequestering emissions is complex, with specific reduction percentages needed over long periods. This implies that merely planting trees would not be sufficient to completely reverse climate change quickly, as larger systemic efforts and timeframes are necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Differential gene expression following exposure to bacteria- and CCA-derived cues. Significant (p<0. 05) change in gene regulation is given as the % difference compared to the control. Dark and light green (+) represents those genes that were up-regulated (X>20, 20≤X<0); orange and red (−) represents those that were down-regulated (0>X≥−20, X<−20). Data normalised to the three most stable genes. Assay 1 CCA: Rps7, ATF4/5 and NF-kB, Assay 2 CCA: Rps7, Amgalaxin-like-1 and Lectin/nemgalB2, Assay 1 J010-E: Rpl9, CTL-2 and ATF4/5; Assay 2 J010-E: amilRFP, Rps7 and cAMP/ATF4. Data from the 12 hpi experiment (high concentration treatment and complete metamorphosis) was taken from Siboni et al. [12], which also includes full protein names and description of the genes. Figure S2. Differential gene expression following exposure to CCA-derived cues, HOorg and HOaq. The boxplots represent change in gene regulation as % difference from control. Only cases which present significant (p<0. 05, Kruskal–Wallis followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks) differences from control were included. For each gene, the left region represents HOorg and the right region represents HOaq. Figure S3. Differential gene expression following exposure to the bacterial cue J010-E over time (1–3 hpi). The boxplots represent changes in gene regulation expressed as the % difference from the control. Only cases that present significant (p<0. 05, Kruskal–Wallis followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks) differences from the control were included. For each gene, the left region represents 1 hpi, the middle region represents 2 hpi and the right region represents 3 hpi. 12 hpi data is available in Siboni et al. [12]. Figure S4. PCA loading plots of Assay 1 following exposure to settlement and metamorphosis cues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It discusses differential gene expression in response to bacterial and environmental cues without mentioning any specific insects or the process of metamorphosis, making it a completely unrelated topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of glycine are mediated by NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:1405–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]234. . Acute ethanol modulates glutamatergic and serotonergic phase shifts of the mouse circadian clock in vitro. Neuroscience. 2008;152:837–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]235. ález ó G, Hermann-Luibl C, et al. Organization of Relies on Glycinergic Transmission. Cell Rep. 2017;19:72–85. [DOI] [PubMed] 236. Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases. Target Ther. 2022;7:41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]237. Cahill GM, Menaker M. Effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and agonists on suprachiasmatic nucleus responses to retinohypothalamic tract volleys. Brain Res. 1989;479:76–82. [DOI] [PubMed] 238. . Involvement of glutamate release in substance P-induced phase delays of suprachiasmatic neuron activity rhythm in vitro. Brain Res. 1999;836:190–3. [DOI] [PubMed] 239. . Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Suprachiasmatic. In: StatPearls [Internet]. (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. [PubMed] 240. . Subcellular distribution of 5-HT1B and 5-HT7 receptors in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2001;432:371–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 241. Serotonin-2C receptor involved serotonin-induced Ca²⁺ mobilisations in neuronal progenitors and neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]242. . Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Brain Res. 2000;866:247–56. [DOI] [PubMed] 243. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various aspects of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its essential role in regulating circadian rhythms, particularly through its interactions with neurotransmitters such as glycine and glutamate. References to the SCN's responses to various stimuli highlight its importance in maintaining circadian rhythms, thus supporting the claim that it functions as the master regulator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: 5°C increase, sea level then roughly 70 m above present [26]. To first order, changes of ice volume and thus sea level can be regarded reversible in their dependency on temperature [26]. Extrapolating the pace from the recent past, sea level gain of 0. 2 m/century may serve as a viable indication for an industrial temperature rise up to 2. 5°C. to inertia in the reaction of Antarctic ice volume on rising temperatures, it appears realistic to anticipate the sea level to rise in the order of 6 m/°C for temperature gains below 2. 5°C since preindustrial times, becoming realized on a horizon of several millennia. 5. DiscussionThe central aim of the present studies has been to unveil basic insight how nature will react upon the intended reduction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Will it follow the same path as in the previous century when emissions were continuously rising, or do legacies inhibit the return to past conditions? With this aim, the essentials of the atmospheric CO2 uptake processes have been entered into a simple and thus readily transportable model. This model accounts for uptake dilution and respiration increase with rising surface temperature and carbon accumulation in the oceans and terrestrial vegetation, plus respiration from anthropogenic legacy when past uptake was higher than in the future with reduced emissions. The outstanding agreement of the model with previous observations and sophisticated studies are viewed as confirmation that the driving terms have been identified correctly. The model enables projections in dependence on humankind’s upcoming emissions. Since the present studies focus on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions and error calculation as well as statistical analysis have been out of scope. In brief, it is found that the CO2 emissions reduction should amount to at least about 1. 5%/year (year-on-year) to benefit from nature’s support to confine temperatures at 1. 8°C or lower, e. g. 1. 4°C attainable with 3%/year emissions reduction. If humankind proves incapable of such emissions reductions, temperature containment in the same order is only achievable with – costly and environmentally risky – technical carbon capture and storage (CCS). The dependency of sea level on temperature can be extrapolated from the past with 6 m/°C as rule of thumb, probably becoming materialized at a pace in the order of 0. 2 m/century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while there may be some natural responses to reductions in CO2 emissions, such as atmospheric CO2 uptake, the article emphasizes the complex and long-term nature of these interactions. It notes that significant changes, such as sea level rise due to temperature increases, may occur over millennia, suggesting that simply planting trees will not lead to a complete reversal of climate change in a few years. Additionally, the need for substantial emissions reductions and potentially technical interventions like carbon capture and storage indicates that tree planting alone is insufficient to address climate change effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: PCA loading plots (PC1 and PC2) of the % difference in gene expression compared to the control for A) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq, B) J010-E 1–12 hpi and C) HOorg/aq. Figure S5. PCA loading plots of Assay 2 following exposure to settlement and metamorphosis cues. PCA loading plots (PC1 and PC2) of the percentage difference in gene expression compared to the control for A) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq. B) J010-E 1–12 hpi and C) HOorg/aq. 1. (1999) Natural inducers for coral larval metamorphosis. 18: 273–279. View 2. (2001) Metamorphosis of broadcast spawning corals in response to bacteria isolated from crustose algae. 223: 121–131. View 3. Hadfield MG (2011) Biofilms and marine invertebrate larvae: what bacteria produce that larvae use to choose settlement sites. Annual review of marine science 3: 453–470. View 4. (2011) Induction of of the millepora by from a Pseudoalteromonas Bacterium. 6: e19082. View 5. (2008) Microarray analysis identifies candidate genes for key roles in coral development. BMC Genomics 9: 540. View 6. (2011) The biology of coral metamorphosis: Molecular responses of larvae to inducers of settlement and metamorphosis. 353: 411–419. View 7. (2011) Differential gene expression at coral settlement and metamorphosis - A subtractive hybridization study. 6. View 8. (2011) Profiling gene expression responses of coral larvae (Acropora millepora) to elevated temperature and settlement inducers using a novel RNA-Seq procedure. 20: 3599–3616. View 9. (2009) Genetic variation in responses to a settlement cue and elevated temperature in the reef-building coral Acropora millepora. 392: 81–92. View 10. (2007) The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria - ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss. 8. View 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It primarily discusses PCA loading plots related to gene expression and coral metamorphosis, with no mention of insects or their metamorphic processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus. Neurosci. 2008;27:1763–70. [DOI] [PubMed] 264. . Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 2002;295:1065–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]265. Beaulé. Melanopsin in the circadian timing system. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;21:73–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 266. . The circadian output signals from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Res. 2012;199:119–27. [DOI] [PubMed] 267. Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene. J Neurosci. 2006;26:11615–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]268. . Expression of prokineticins and their receptors in the adult mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 2006;498:796–809. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]269. . Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2007;104:648–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]270. . Overexpression of Prokineticin 2 in Leads to Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Clock. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018;16:13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]271. Differential arousal regulation by prokineticin 2 signaling in the nocturnal mouse and the diurnal monkey. Mol Brain. 2016;9:78. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]272. évet P, Meissl H. modulates neuronal activity of the rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neurosci. 2009;30:65–75. [DOI] [PubMed] 273. . Circadian and dark-pulse activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons. Mol Brain. 2008;1:19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies and findings related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in the circadian timing system. It discusses how different types of cells innervate the suprachiasmatic nucleus and mentions its outputs and the regulation of circadian behavior, thus corroborating its status as a master regulator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Nature may follow an anthropogenic emissions reduction with a time lag of three centuries regarding the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Society is advised to seriously strive for the mentioned reductions and closely track its realization, and to control the atmospheric CO2 trend with appropriate time averaging – i. e. on decade rather than year level. of Interest: No conflict of interest is to be declared. 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-547822/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The role of land use in climate change. OSF Preprints, 6 Jan. 2022. doi: Anderl T. (2021). The climate role of CO2 – nature’s telling from 400 Mio. years. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-524780/v1. of PAGES. (2016). Interglacials of the last 800,000 years. Rev. Geophys. , 54, 162–219. doi:10. 1002/2015RG000482. Laskar J. , Fienga A. , Gastineau M. , Manche H. (2011). La2010: a new orbital solution for the long-term motion of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. , A89. doi: 10. 1051/0004-6361/201116836. Data retrieved from Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Shakun J. D. , Lea D. W. , Lisiecki L. E. , Raymo M. E. (2015). An 800-kyr record of global surface ocean δ18O and implications for ice volume-temperature coupling. Earth and Letters, Pages 58-68. doi: 10. 1016/j. epsl. 2015. 05. 042. Data retrieved from. Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Anderl T. (2021). Earth's balanced climates in view of their energy budgets. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-568771/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The climate roles of H2O and CO2 from longwave absorption. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-830246/v1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that nature may take up to three centuries to respond to reductions in anthropogenic emissions regarding atmospheric CO2 concentration. This indicates that the process of reversing climate change is much longer than a few years, thus undermining the assertion that planting trees alone can completely reverse climate change quickly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Reyes-(2009) Differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora. BMC 9: 178. View 12. (2012) Extract along with Expression in Acropora millepora Larvae to Decouple the Processes of Attachment and Metamorphosis. 7: e37774. View 13. (2013) Identification of inducers of settlement of invertebrate larvae. PhD thesis, University of Wales – Centre of Marine Bio-Innovation, Sydney, Australia. 14. Cheng W-C, Shu W-Y, Li C-Y, Tsai M-L, Chang C-W, et al. (2012) Intra- and Inter-Individual variance of gene expression in clinical studies. 7: e38650. View 15. (2004) Ecology of crustose coralline algae; interactions with scleractinian corals and responses to environmental conditions PhD thesis, University, Townsville, Australia. 16. (2007) Temporal changes in settlement, lipid content and lipid composition of larvae of the spawning hermatypic coral Acropora tenuis. 346: 89–96. View 17. (2011) A multilocus, temperature stress-related gene expression profile assay in Acropora millepora, a dominant reef-building coral. Resources 11: 328–334. View 18. (2002) Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. 3: 1–12. View 19. Hammer Ø, (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. 4. View 20. Hess J, Angel P, Schorpp-(2004) AP-1 subunits: quarrel and harmony among siblings. Journal of 117: 5965–5973. View 21. (2012) Immunity through early development of coral larvae. Developmental & 38: 395–399. View 22. -Bermudez A, (2009) Identification and Analysis of a Cysteine-Family in Reef-Building Corals. 4: e4865. View 23. -Landmann S, Sousa CRe (2006) Myeloid C-type lectins in innate immunity. 7: 1258–1265. View 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses various academic works related to corals and gene expression, which is unrelated to the metamorphosis of insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Ultrastructural evidence from intra-and extranuclear projections of GAB Aergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J 340:381–391. 75. 82. 1993. Calcium binding by chick calretinin and rat calbindin D28k synthesised in bacteria. Biochem 215:401–410. 2000. Circadian modulation of calcium levels in cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 12:571–576. 2001. NMDA-evoked calcium transients and currents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: gating by the circadian system. Neurosci 13:1420–1428. 1990. GABA: a dominant neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. J 302:1019–1037. 2002. Circadian clock and microarrays: mammalian genome gets rhythm. 18:595–597. 1993. Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat. 612:231–237. 1998. A neuronal ryanodine receptor mediates light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock. Nature 394:381–384. 1994. Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and no. Science 266:1713–1717. 1997. Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate, and nitric oxide. J Neurosci 17:667–675. 1986. Circadian rhythms of vasopressin release from individual rat suprachiasmatic explants in vitro. 382:129–133. 1999. The role of the intergeniculate leaflet in entrainment of circadian rhythms to skeleton photoperiod. J Neurosci 19:372–380. 1999. Serotonin modulation of calcium transients in cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J 14:354–363. 1994. In situhybridization of antisense mRNA oligonucleotides for and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus at different phases of the circadian cycle. Res 23:338–344. 1988. Endotheliumderived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain. Nature 336:385–388. 2002. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides extensive references to various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its functions, including the modulation of calcium levels in relation to circadian rhythms and the effects of neurotransmitters like GABA and glutamate within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The cumulative evidence from these studies supports the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays a vital role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractIllegal trade constitutes a major threat for a variety of wildlife. A criminology framework has been recently applied to parrot poaching in Mexico, suggesting an opportunistic crime in which the most abundant and accessible species, and not the rare or highly priced species, were poached more often. We analyzed this information, together with additional long-term data (1981–2005) on both the legal and illegal trade of the 22 Mexican parrot species (n = 31,019 individuals), using multivariate statistics and hypothesis-testing approaches. Our results showed a selective capture of parrot species attending to their attractiveness. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness to people (as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to imitate human speech), and their attractiveness strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. The most attractive and valuable species (amazons and macaws) were disproportionally caught attending to the number of years they were legally trapped. Similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be mostly directed to European countries. Finally, the long-term cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species has led them to be among the most threatened species today. Since current parrot poaching mostly responds to local demand, socio-ecological work is needed to reverse the long-standing pet-keeping tradition that may decimate the most desired species in Neotropical countries. Citation: Tella JL, (2014) Illegal and a Long-Term, Cross-for the of Extinction. 9(9): e107546. David L. Roberts, University of Kent, of AmericaReceived: May 2, 2014; Accepted: August 20, 2014; Published: September 16, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Tella, Hiraldo. This is an open-access 9. 8 in [18]; 303 parrots additionally seized by PGR were not considered because species were not identified for half of all individuals). Although the number of seized parrots per species correlated well with the estimated annual captures used by Pires and Clarke [12] (Spearman correlation, r = 0. 74, P<0. 001, n = 22), our variable allows us to perform adequate GLM models (see below) and direct comparisons with additional trade data sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative impacts of illegal wildlife trade on species, specifically parrots. It indicates that the long-term capture of attractive species, driven by demand, has resulted in them becoming among the most threatened species. This implies significant long-term environmental consequences due to the selective extinction of species that are desirable for trade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Can metamorphosis survival during larval development in spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi be improved through quantitative genetic inheritance? 0. 03–0. 47 vs. 0. 01–0. 50). The heritability estimates for survival traits recorded in the early larval phases (S1 and S2) were higher than those estimated in later phases (S3, S4 and S5). The existence of the additive genetic component in larval survival traits indicate that they could be improved through selection. Both phenotypic and genetic correlations among the five survival measures studied were moderate to high and positive. The genetic associations between successive rearing periods were stronger than those that are further apart. ConclusionsOur estimates of heritability and genetic correlations reported here in a spiny lobster species indicate that improvement in the early survival especially during metamorphosis can be achieved through genetic selection in this highly economic value species. BackgroundSpiny lobsters are one of the world’s most valuable seafood commodities, however, closed life cycle commercial aquaculture has not been possible due to difficulties in culturing larvae during the long and complicated development phases [1]. Larval development of spiny lobsters is dominated by the phyllosoma phase where larvae moult through numerous instars before metamorphosing into puerulus post-larva which in the wild is the nektonic link between planktonic phyllosoma and benthic juvenile development [2]. Advancements in the hatchery production of the spiny lobster, Sagmariasus verreauxi, at the University of Tasmania has opened new opportunities to promote commercial aquaculture and also undertake genetic improvement of the species [3, 4]. As a first step of any genetic improvement program, genetic properties and quantitative genetic inheritance of economically important or desired traits are needed to assist in the choice of selection criteria, development of breeding objectives, genetic evaluation systems as well as selection and mate allocation methods [5, 6]. To our knowledge, there are no published data on the genetic basis of quantitative economic traits in any spiny lobster species. In spiny lobsters there is limited knowledge of the genetic parameters (heritability and correlations) governing complex traits. Studies in other crustaceans species show that there is abundant additive genetic variation for morphometric characters related to growth. Heritability estimates ranging from 0. 10 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the genetic aspects of survival during the larval development of spiny lobsters and does not address the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. While it discusses larval phases and their survival in crabs, it lacks relevance to the specific claim about insects and their metamorphosis, thus rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: selectively responsive and integrative. Res 309:99–107. 1999. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain’s circadian clock. 54:33–58. 1993. Regulation of CREB phosphorylation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by light and a circadian clock. Science 260:238–241. 2001. Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract. 4:1165-1165. 1985. Biochemical modeling of an autonomously oscillatory circadian clock in Euglena. Science 228:1284–1288. 1982. Circadian rhythm of firing rate recorded from single cells in the rat suprachiasmatic brain slice. 245:198–200. 2003. Calbindin influences response to photic input in suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 23:8820–8826. 2002. Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract. Res 309:73–88. 1997. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in the retinohypothalamic tract: a potential daytime regulator of the biological clock. J Neurosci 17:2637–2644. 1987. Double-labeling of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons which project from the geniculate to the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 410:275–282. 1989. Photic response of geniculo-hypothalamic tract neurons in the Syrian hamster. 2:367–375. 1999. Simple fluctuation of Ca2+ elicits the complex circadian dynamics of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in Paramecium. J 112:201–207. 2002. Melanopsincontaining retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 295:1065–1070. 1998. Circadian oscillation of BMAL1, a partner of a mammalian clock gene Clock, in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 250:83–87. 2002. Dec1and Dec2are regulators of the mammalian molecular clock. Nature 419:841–844. 2003. The biological clock: Ca2+ links the pendulum to the hands. 26:650–653. 2003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies that indicate the involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms, highlighting its role as the brain's 'circadian clock.' References to biochemical modeling, regulation by light, and specific neuronal responses related to circadian dynamics strongly support the notion that this structure is pivotal in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Instead of independently relating all measures as ordinal-rank variables to the number of poached parrots through Kendall's Tau-b non-parametric correlations [12], we used multivariate modeling approaches to answer the following hierarchically-nested questions: 1) Were some species more attractive than others? ; 2) Were attractive species more expensive? ; 3) Were attractive species more heavily captured both for the legal and illegal pet market? ; and 4) Does the over-capture of attractive species in the past affect their current conservation status? We first performed a () on beauty and body size (as provided by authors), and speaking ability of the species to obtain a single metric of species' attractiveness. A Model (GLM) with normal distribution and identity link on scores was used for testing the predicted differences in attractiveness between species (see above). We then related the attractiveness of species (scores) to their prices, to the number of individuals illegally and legally traded, and finally to their current conservation status while controlling for variables reflecting their relative availability and accessibility. Prices and numbers of parrots seized or traded followed a Poisson distribution. However, conditional variances were much larger than conditional means and thus data were better fitted to a negative binomial distribution (a particular case of the Poisson distribution), thus avoiding data overdispersion and inflation of parameter estimates in GLMs using the negative binomial distribution and the log link function. For assessing the relationships between numbers of seized/traded parrots and 1) their attractiveness and 2) their conservation status, we built sets of candidate models including all combinations of explanatory variables and their interactions. We then followed an information-theoretic model selection approach [23], computing the Akaike information criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AICc) and relative weight of evidence for each model (wi) as the probability of model i being the best model for the observed data, given the set of candidate models. The most parsimonious model for each data set was selected based on a lower AICc and higher wi (20). Models differing by < 2 units of AICc are considered as similarly explaining variability in the response variable. As a proxy of the variance explained, we calculated the percentage of deviance explained by the best supported models. All analyses were performed using SPSS v. 15. 0. All data compiled as indicated above and used for analyses are shown in 1. ? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the capture and attractiveness of species such as parrots and suggests that the over-capture of attractive species in the past does affect their current conservation status. This implies that the loss of certain species has significant long-term consequences on environmental dynamics, thus contrasting the claim that extinction has no long-term impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 60 are present in marine shrimps Penaeus monodon [7], Liptopenaeus vannamei [8], Fenneropenaeus merguiensis [9, 10] and the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii [11, 12]. The moderate to high heritability for growth traits are in accordance with the positive response to selection, averaging 10% per generation or per year [13, 14]. In addition to growth characteristics, survival especially during metamorphosis, is another trait of commercial importance because it determines yield/or productivity and thereby affects profit and economic return of hatchery operators, growers and production sectors. Survival rate during grow-out is heritable in freshwater fishes [15,16,17], as is survival during the early phase of rearing for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and white leg shrimp L. vannamei [18, 19]. Low larval survival remains a key bottleneck for commercial closed cycle production for spiny lobsters. Sagmariasus verreauxi moult through 17 phyllosoma instars which takes from 6 and 8 months in hatchery production before they metamorphose to puerulus; a 21 days period, before moulting to juvenile [20, 21]. Relatively high mortality rates (> 15%) at each moult can result in overall low survival (≈5%) due to the large number of instar stages [22]. In addition, there has been a final bottle-neck to hatchery production at metamorphosis where mortality can be > 50% [23]. To our knowledge there are currently no reports on heritable genetic variation in larval survival characters of spiny lobsters and it is unknown if this trait can be improved with selection. The only estimate of heritability for any lobster trait was reported 32 years ago for aggressive behaviour in clawed lobsters, Homarus americanus [24] based on conventional analysis of variance, not mixed model methodologies. To gain new knowledge in quantitative genetic characteristics for this emerging aquaculture species, we computed genetic parameter estimates (heritability and correlations) for measures of five larval survival phases, including metamorphosis, of S. verreauxi. The study was conducted using data from over nine successive years of hatchery production from 2006 to 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It primarily discusses the heritability and survival traits during metamorphosis in marine and freshwater crustaceans, particularly spiny lobsters and shrimp. While it mentions metamorphosis, it does not provide any information about insects or their metamorphic processes, hence failing to address the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Developmental changes in calbindin-D28k and calretinin immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 17:1111–1118. 2000. PLC-•4-independent Ca2+ rise via muscarinic receptors in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroreport 11:907–912. 2003. Circadian dynamics of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ in single suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Neuron 38:253–263. 2003. Developmental and circadian changes in Ca2+ mobilization mediated by GABAA and NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 17:58–70. 1979. Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic “island” containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 76:5962–5966. 2000. Pre-and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. 866:247–256. 1997. Membrane properties and synaptic inputs of the suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in rat brain slices. J Physiol (Lond) 499:141–159. 1999. A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Cell 96:57–68. 1995. Circadian oscillation of cytosolic and chloroplastic free calcium in plants. Science 269:1863–1865. 2000. Optical imaging of calcium transients in neurons and pharyngeal muscle of C. elegans. Neuron 26:583–594. 1997. Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell 89:641–653. 1989. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. 86:5159–5162. 1999. The circadian clocks of plants and cyanobacteria. Sci 4:171–176. 1999. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and melatonin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: effects on the calcium signal transduction cascade. J Neurosci 19:206–219. 1999. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. Cell 98:193–205. 2000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), implying its important role in circadian rhythms. The references to developmental and circadian changes, along with calcium mobilization and neuronal properties in the SCN, support the notion that the SCN regulates circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: DiscussionPires and Clarke [12] merited bridging the gap between conservation criminology and conservation biology by addressing a widespread issue (the illegal wildlife trade) from a criminology perspective, using parrots as the group of birds more severely affected by the legal and illegal trade [2]. A recent study on the human perception of beauty of parrots showed that zoos preferentially keep colorful and large-sized species which are preferred by the public [20]. These results suggested that parrot poaching may also be influenced by the attractiveness of particular species to humans [20], [21]. To our knowledge, Pires and Clarke [12] were the first to test whether species are poached according to their availability/accessibility in the wild (indicating an opportunistic crime) or whether some species are disproportionally caught because they are more enjoyable and valuable. While the poor knowledge on population sizes of tropical parrots [2] made difficult this approach, Pires and Clarke [12] obtained proxies of abundance and accessibility of species that correlated quite well with the estimated numbers of parrots poached in Mexico. Positive correlations with the accessibility of nests and the spatial overlap between parrot distributions and human populations suggested that the more accessible and removable species were more poached [12]. The stronger correlation between the number of parrots poached and the number of years each species was legally allowed to be trapped was interpreted as a positive relationship with their relative abundance in the wild [12]. Cantú et al. [18], however, pointed out that the annual allowance of permits to capture parrots was not based on species-specific population size studies. Although there is a general pattern sowing that the commonest species were allowed to be legally trapped more years, this pattern did not fit well for some species [18] and there is the possibility that authorities extended legal trapping of some economically important species regardless of their conservation status. Therefore, this variable should be interpreted as a measure of the legal availability of parrot species rather than as their relative abundance in the wild. The above results moved Pires and Clarke [12] to conclude that parrot poaching in Mexico is a predominantly opportunistic crime, since the most widely available species and those captured most easily were taken in greater numbers, while the more expensive and rare species were taken in much smaller numbers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impacts of parrot poaching, which indicates that the removal of certain species can lead to significant ecological changes. It highlights how the most accessible and abundant parrot species are being targeted for poaching, suggesting that the illegal trade, influenced by the attractiveness of certain species, can disrupt population dynamics and biodiversity. This implies that the extinction of species, such as those impacted by poaching, can have long-term environmental consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: MethodsExperimental location and animalsData were collected at the Institute of Marine and (IMAS) in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Foundation stocks of S. verreauxi were collected from the wild as early instar juveniles off the East coast of Tasmania and held until reproductively active. They were kept in 4000 l fibreglass tanks under ambient photoperiod and water temperature (11 °C–19 °C), 33–35 ‰ salinity, pH approximately 8. 1, and 90–100% oxygen saturation at IMAS [3]. In addition, the 2012 cohorts were bred from F1 generation broodstock. All broodstock were fed a combination of fresh whole blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and commercial shrimp pellet twice a week. Family production and rearingThe average body weight of female and male S. verreauxi prior to breeding were 2. 5 and 3. 5 kg, respectively. A general description of breeding, larval rearing and growout is reported in earlier studies [3]. In brief, mating was practised in 4000 l tanks, with a ratio of 4 males to 8 females. Rearing of phyllosoma from each family to final instar (instar 17) was conducted separately in 200 l cylindrical fiberglass vessels at 21–23 °C. Larval rearing vessels were initially stocked with newly-hatched phyllosoma at a density of 12. 5 l− 1, reduced to 7. 5 l− 1 during mid-stage and 1 l− 1 during the late phyllosoma stages. Parentage of the offspring and full-sib families was verified using newly developed DNA markers (section 2. 3 below). During phyllosoma rearing, larvae were fed with juvenile brine shrimp (Artemia sp. ), blue mussel gonad and/or a ‘commercial in confidence’ manufactured diet. Individual final instar phyllosoma (instar 17) were transferred from mass culture tanks and were held in isolation for metamorphosis before pueruli were transferred to mass holding tanks until they moulted to the juvenile phase. Data recordingThe survival data for hatchery reared S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It primarily focuses on the breeding and larval rearing processes of the species S. verreauxi, without mentioning metamorphosis or the specific stages of development associated with metamorphosis in insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 25:123–128. 2000. Calbindin and Fos within the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the adjacent hypothalamus of Arvicanthis niloticusand Rattus norvegicus. Neuroscience 99:565–575. 1996. cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors block light-induced phase advances of circadian rhythms in vivo. Physiol 270:R1031–R1036. 2002. Excitatory mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: the role of AMPA/KA glutamate receptors. J Neurophysiol 88:817–828. 1999. Dynamic and quantitative Ca2+ measurements using improved cameleons. 96:2135–2140. 1997. Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. Nature 388:882–887. 1972. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. 42:201–206. 1993. GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system. 150:112–116. 2003. Facilitation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor transmission in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by aniracetam enhances photic responses of the biological clock in rodents. J Neurochem 85:978–987. 1986. Demonstration of GAB Aergic cell bodies in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: in situ hybridization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA and immunocytochemistry of GAD and GABA. 102:131–136. 2002. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 109:307–320. 2002. Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature 417:329–335. 2002. Diurnal modulation of pacemaker potentials and calcium current in the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 416:286–290. 2001. Enhanced NMDA receptor activity in retinal inputs to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus during the subjective night. J Physiol (Lond) 532:181–194. 1981. Demonstration of gamma-aminobutyratecontaining nerve terminals by means of antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and findings that focus on the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It mentions the role of neurotransmitters such as GABA and various receptors in the SCN, supporting the idea that this region of the brain is crucial for the synchronization and regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: However, their univariate statistical approach together with the mixture of variables (price and conservation status were scored together) did not allow for testing the selective uptake of preferred species, while controlling for their availability and accessibility. Our multivariate and hierarchical hypotheses-based analyses of the same data and additional information on the legal and illegal parrot trade in Mexico shows however the selective uptake of particular species. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to talk. As expected, given the human preference for large-bodied and colorful parrot species [20] and the ability to imitate human speech in amazons and macaws [22], the attractiveness scores of the species strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. Finally, the most attractive species were more captured than expected when controlling for measures of their relative legal availability (number of years of trapping) and accessibility. These results strongly support the selective poaching of the most enjoyable and valuable species rather than just an opportunistic poaching of the commonest ones. Notably, similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be restricted to other countries (mostly Europeans, [8]). Therefore, p500. These results came from field studies conducted in 14 countries, which could mask a positive trend due to differences among countries in poaching pressure and the development of international trade [2]. Our results, obtained from a single country, show a strong correlation between species attractiveness and their prices (ca. 95% of deviance explained). Moreover, there is evidence that several parrot species declined due to wildlife trade, and the capture and smuggling of the last Spix's macaws caused the definitive extinction of the species in the wild in October 2000 [5]. To our knowledge, however, a link between the attractiveness of parrot species and their extinction risk was not previously demonstrated through comparative analyses. Although analyses using proxies of the availability and accessibility of parrot species, in the absence of wild population estimates, must be taken with caution, our results show that attractive species tend to be more threatened with extinction. We could infer causality from our analyses, since most currently threatened parrots were over-captured considering the number of years they were legally allowed to be trapped decades before they became threatened (1981–1991; Fig. 5C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that certain parrot species have become extinct due to wildlife trade and poaching. Specifically, it mentions that the capture and smuggling of the last Spix's macaws led to its extinction in the wild, highlighting that attractive species tend to be more threatened with extinction. This indicates that the extinction of species can indeed have significant and negative long-term environmental consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Number of sires, dams and offspring and survival rate (%) from hatching to puerulusFull size tableAverage survival rates of S. verreauxi during the five stages of rearing show significant variation (P < 0. 05) among full-sib families or breeding pairs recorded over the nine-year period (Fig. 1 and Additional file 2: Figure S1). The variation within full-sib families was also significant (P < 0. 05). Taking survival from hatching to instars 1–6 (S1) as an example, the difference among the families that had the highest and lowest survival was 69. 4% (Fig. 1). These differences for S2, S3, S4 and S5 were 92. 3, 66. 4, 98. 5 and 79. 4%, respectively (Additional file 2: Figure S1). In a similar manner, there were also substantial differences in the coefficient of variation (CV) for survival traits among families. For example, the CV for S1 ranged from 14 to 158%. Fig. 1Variation in survival rate (%) from hatching to instars 1–6 (S1) among breeding pairs (family) in the populationFull size imageThe mean survival rates of the whole population averaged over nine years is given in Table 2. The survival rates in the early rearing stages (S1, S2 and S3) were higher than those in later periods (S4 and S5). Analysis of variance using threshold generalised model approach showed significant differences in survival rates among the five stages of early rearing in S. verreauxi, being lowest (59. 5%) for S4 and highest (about 74. 8%) for S2 (P < 0. 01). Table 2 Survival rates at specific stages of rearing (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5), averaged over nine yearsFull size tableOffspring survivals of three replicate parental pairs (breeding cohorts) that were used repeatedly in years 2009–2014 were similar during the early phase of rearing (S1 and S2). However, there were significant differences (P < 0. 05) in S3, S4 and S5 among the three cohorts (Additional file 3: Figure S2). The CV range for metamorphosis survival among these cohorts was 27–60%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the metamorphosis of insects. Instead, it focuses on survival rates of a specific species (S. verreauxi) during various developmental stages, without providing information on whether these stages represent a complete metamorphosis or not. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuroscience 6:875–895. 1999. 5-HT1B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of retinal input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 19:4034–4045. 1996. 5HT1B receptor agonists inhibit light-induced phase shifts of behavioral circadian rhythms and expression of the immediate-early gene cfos in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 16:8208–8220. 1989. cGMP induces phase shifts of a mammalian circadian pacemaker at night, in antiphase to cAMP effects. 86:6812–6815. 2002. Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina. This mesh of cells explains how some blind mice can still tell day from night. Nature 415:493-493. 1999. Serotonin modulates glutamate responses in isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol 82:533–539. 1998. Photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in rodents. 15:395–423. 2002. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418:935–941. 1979. Neuronal regulation of circadian rhythms. 59:449–526. 1995. Upstream and intron regulatory regions for expression of the rat neuron-specific enolase gene. Res 28:19–28. 1998. Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: a timeless ortholog and mPer1 interact and negatively regulate CLOCK-BMAL1-induced transcription. Neuron 21:1101–1113. 1999. Glutamatergic induction of CREB phosphorylation and Fos expression in primary cultures of the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus in vitro is mediated by co-ordinate activity of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 11:43–51. 1987. The suprachiasmatic nuclei contain a tetrodotoxin-resistant circadian pacemaker. 84:1694–1698. 2000. Interacting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock. Science 288:1013–1019. 1995. Two distinct oscillators in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 92:7396–7400. 813. 1228. 1999. Multiple regulatory elements result in regional specificity in circadian rhythms of neuropeptide. Neuroreport 10:3165–3174. 2001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the functions and mechanisms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in various contexts related to circadian rhythms. The references to neuronal regulation, photic entrainment, and circadian pacemakers indicate that the SCN plays a pivotal role in regulating these rhythms, hence supporting the assertion that it is the master regulator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: In fact, six of the studied species (Ara militaris, Amazona oratrix, Amazona viridigenalis, Aratinga brevipes, Rhynchopsitta pachyrryncha, Rhynchopsitta terresi) were first listed as globally threatened in 1994, one (Amazona finschi) in 2006 and one (Amazona auropalliata) in 2012 (www. iucnredlist. org), while Ara macao has officially been considered endangered in Mexico since 1994 [18]. These six amazons and macaw species show positive attractiveness scores (ranging from 0. 44 to 1. 65), and excessive captures for the domestic and international trade were reasons for listing these species as threatened (www. iucnredlist. org, [18]). Therefore, our results empirically support previous IUCN decisions. However, A. brevipes, R. pachyrryncha, and R. terresi show low attractiveness (scores ranging from −0. 29 to −0. 72), and accordingly were rarely poached or traded (see 1. Raw data used for statistical analyses and their sources. Number of poached parrots seized in Mexico and USA [18]; number of parrots legally traded before and after 1992 (www. cites. org); number of years the capture of the species was legally allowed, overlap between the distribution of species and human populations in Mexico, and accessibility of nests [12]; prices (in $) in Mexico and USA [18]; conservation status in 2013 ([19], www. iucnredlist. org); beauty scores and size (in cm) of species [12], and their ability to mimic human speech [22]. 1. Butchart SHM (2008) Indices to measure the sustainability of species use and impacts of invasive alien species. Int 18: S245–S262. View 2. Beissinger SR (2001) Trade in live wild birds: potentials, principles and practices of sustainable use. In: editors. Conservation of exploited species. Cambridge: Press. 202. 3. (1992) Can parrots be conserved through sustainable harvesting? BioScience 48: 120–125. View 4. Gilardi JD (2006) Captured for conservation: will cages save wild birds? Oryx 40: 24–26. View 5. (2010) Facing extinction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how specific species of parrots have been listed as globally threatened due to excessive captures for trade, indicating that such extinctions, particularly of certain species, are recognized to have significant conservation implications. The mention of being first listed as globally threatened and the consequences of trade suggests that species extinction does indeed have long-term environmental consequences.