Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: ” The combination problem asks: how do micro-conscious entities combine into a higher-level macro-consciousness? The proposed solution in the context of mammalian consciousness suggests that a shared resonance is what allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. This phase transition allows for richer varieties of consciousness to arise, with the character and content of that consciousness in each moment determined by the particular set of constituent neurons. We also offer more general insights into the ontology of consciousness and suggest that consciousness manifests as a relatively smooth continuum of increasing richness in all physical processes, distinguishing our view from emergentist materialism. We refer to this approach as a (general) resonance theory of consciousness and offer some responses to Chalmers’ questions about the different kinds of “combination problem. ” At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync…. [T]hese feats of synchrony occur spontaneously, almost as if nature has an eerie yearning for order. Steven Strogatz, Sync: Chaos in the Universe, Nature and (2003) If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration. (1942) I. there an “easy part” and a “hard part” to the of consciousness? In this paper, we suggest that there is. The harder part is arriving at a philosophical position with respect to the relationship of matter and mind. This paper is about the “easy part” of the but we address the “hard part” briefly in this introduction. We have both arrived, after much deliberation, at the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism (all matter has at least some associated mind/experience and vice versa). This is the view that all things and processes have both mental and physical aspects. Matter and mind are two sides of the same coin. Panpsychism is one of many possible approaches that addresses the “hard part” of the Hard Problem. We adopt this position for all the reasons various authors have listed (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1997, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017). This first step is particularly powerful if we adopt the Whiteheadian version of panpsychism (Whitehead 1929). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to consciousness and panpsychism without any mention of environmental DNA (eDNA) or its application in monitoring endangered species. There is no content that supports, contrasts, or even pertains to the claim about eDNA.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наиболее известны среди них спонгиофитовые: девонские роды Schuguria Tchirkova-Zalesskaya,Orestovia Ergolskaya, et Istchenko, Rhytidophyton Istchenko, Spongiophyton Krāusel. Часть этих растений с полным основанием может быть отнесена к трахеофитам, хотя в их строении наблюдается много архаичных черт [23]. Возможно, адаптации к субаэральным условиям произрастания были свойственны и гораздо более древним (вендским) водорослям вендотенидам (рис. 6, а, б). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses prehistoric plant genera and their structural features without directly addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: In most of the regions, cropland is reduced, while in regions such as Canada (CAN), and Mala_Indo cropland expanded. Globally there is a net increase of about 44. 5 billion hectares of pasture, with a decrease in cropland and forest of 1. 1 billion and 43. 3 billion hectares respectively (Table 2). Among the regions, emerges as the region of largest pasture expansion/deforestation followed by S_S_and (S_o_Amer), and R_S_ Asia (Table 2). The expansion of pasture is small in the advanced economies such as the EU27, _Europe, and Oceania. 4. 3. to the stated previously, the results on regional land use change obtained from the GTAP-BIO model simulations are used in combination with the “AEZ_EF v47” model to estimate the induced land use emissions as a result of regional changes in livestock demands for livestock outputs3. Table 3 presents the induced land use emissions as Figure 3. Projected growth (in percentage) in the global livestock output (2004-2022). Figure 4. Projected growth (in percentage) in the regional livestock output (2004-2022). (a)(b)(c) Figure 5. (a) Decrease in forest land due to increase in livestock demand (2004-2022); (b) Change in crop land due to increase in livestock demand (2004-2022). Negative values are for decrease in cropland and positive values indicate increase in cropland; (c) Increase in pastureland due to increase in livestock demand (2004-2022). Table 2. Projected change in land use (in hectare) induced by change in the demand for livestock outputs (2004-2022). aValues in the parenthesis are the negative changes. a consequence of changes in livestock demand between 2004 and 2022. Results indicate a major contribution of deforestation to the total emissions; particularly, the conversion of forest to pasture accounts for the majority of the emissions (Table 2 and Table 3). Conversely, the conversion of cropland to pasture reduces emissions. The regions with relatively higher emission are S_S_and S_o_Amer (Table 3). Mal_Indo, R_SE_ Asia, and R_S_Asia are other regions with major land use emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating a major contribution of deforestation to total emissions as a result of the conversion of forest to pasture, which is driven by livestock demand. Specifically, it states that 'the conversion of forest to pasture accounts for the majority of the emissions,' supporting the assertion that livestock farming is linked to significant greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield across global regions is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control and pollination services in adjacent crops using a global dataset of 529 sites. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimize floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future. as a for Ancient DNA and Preserva. . . Landon A. 13, 2022 Researchers' ability to accurately screen fossil and subfossil specimens for preservation of DNA and protein sequences remains limited. Thermal exposure and geologic age are usable proxies for sequence preservation on a broad scale but are of nominal use for specimens of similar depositional environments. Cell and tissue biomolecular histology is thus proposed as a novel proxy for determining sequence preservation potential of ancient specimens with improved accuracy. Biomolecular histology as a proxy is hypothesized to elucidate why fossils/subfossils of some depositional environments preserve sequences while others do not and to facilitate selection of ancient specimens for use in molecular studies. FFP3 respirators protect healthcare workers against infection with SARS-CoV-2 and 14 more June 30, 2021 IntroductionConsistent with Organization (WHO) advice [1], UK Control guidance recommends that healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should use fluid resistant surgical masks type IIR (FRSMs) as respiratory protective equipment (RPE), unless aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are being undertaken or are likely, when a filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) respirator should be used [2]. In a recent update, an FFP3 respirator is recommended if “an unacceptable risk of transmission remains following rigorous application of the hierarchy of control” [3]. Conversely, guidance from the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) recommends that HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19 should use an N95 or higher level respirator [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about eDNA monitoring of endangered species at all. Instead, it discusses various research topics including the effectiveness of floral plantings on pest control and pollination, as well as the use of FFP3 respirators in healthcare settings. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim; it is entirely irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Volkhoviella primitiva может рассматриваться как один из таких колонистов. Далее, в силуре, произошло совмещение и коэволюция первичных наземных бактериально-водорослево-грибных сообществ и литоральных водорослевых сообществ, чему очень способствовало формирование первых почв. Взаимные таксономические обмены между этими исходно разными сообществами могли сопровождаться трансдукционной интрогрессией –параллельным обменом генами за счёт вирусной активности. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the co-evolution of primary terrestrial bacterial-algal-fungal communities and coastal algal communities during the Silurian period, but it does not address the evolution of flowering plants specifically or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: At the global level, the induced emissions are about 19. 8 billion tons CO2 e (Table 3). Since these emissions are the aggregated emissions for the 18 year period (2004-2022), the average annualized emissions due to the increase in livestock demand are about 1. 1 billion tons CO2 e per year. Given that the 0. 65 billion tons CO2 e per year estimate by [2] might be underestimated, the estimate of 1. 1 billion tons CO2 e per year obtained from this study is very plausible. 4. 4. This increase in elasticity is accomplished by altering the substitution parameter () in the model. parameter in the model helps determine how easily goods are substitutable in consumption. values for livestock products in the model are decreased by 50% for all regions compared to the baseline case. The decrease in increases own and cross price compensated elasticities. Table 3. Total induced emission (in 1000 tons CO2 e) from land use changes due to changes in livestock output (2004- 2022). bF = forest, C = cropland, P = pasture, and CP = cropland-pasture (land that can alternate between crop cultivation and pasture). Figure 64 and Figure 7 present the percentage point difference in the global and regional livestock outputs when is reduced. Compared to the baseline simulations, with the reduced parameter values, the global livestock output increased for all categories. The increased price sensitivity in consumption to both own-price and cross-price changes significantly increased the global output for non-ruminants (Figure 6). At the regional level, _NAfr, Oth_CEE_CIS, R_S_Asia, Russia, S_O_Amer, and are the regions with the largest increase in non-ruminant output compared to the baseline scenario (Figure 7). Table 4 shows the difference in land use change with higher price sensitivity. The results on the “A” columns are the baseline results, the “B” columns are the price sensitive results, and the “C” columns list the difference between two scenarios (C = B − A). With the increased price sensitivity, about 3. 8 million hectares of forest are spared, while both cropland and pasture area decline by just over 3 million hectares and 767 thousand hectares, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing information on the substantial emissions attributed to livestock farming, specifying that approximately 1.1 billion tons CO2 equivalent (CO2 e) are emitted each year due to the increased livestock demand from 2004 to 2022. While it focuses primarily on CO2 e, the implication is that livestock farming, which is known to contribute to methane emissions, plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions overall.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: 125 Development of the pension saving market: outlook of the generation Z E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 126 Openness of local government bodies: work with citizens’ appeals, feedback M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 127 Validation approaches for FCM algorithm S 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 128 The relations between conflict resolution styles and entrepreneurial propensity. Educational management challenges. M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 129 Social media as an instrument of promotion of healthy lifestyle among young people: cases of Hungary and 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 130 The impact of the Policy on socio-economic development in 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 131 Survival analysis for income affluence duration in 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 132 Innovation spaces of the European part of 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 133 New approach to an assessment of influence of the fourth industrial revolution technologies on economy M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 134 The model of efficient wages as a factor of sustainable reproduction of rural personnel E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 135 Assumptions for competitiveness on the global markets – example of Czech SME operating in High-tech M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 136 Application of Clustering in Bank’s S 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 137 - an Endangered Species? E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 138 The relationship between maritime fuel surcharges development and economic growth E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 139 Responsibility and the SMEs – from the 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 140 Identification of the importance of enterprises’ own funds in the processes of innovation activity funding at the level of Polish regions E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 141 Responsibility from the Perspective of 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 142 Economy in the EU in the Period 2007 - 2018 E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 143 Methods in of Slovak Enterprises: Comparison of S 10. 18267/pr. 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding the use of eDNA to monitor endangered species. Instead, it contains a series of unrelated references and topics related to various areas such as government openness, social media, and economic development, which do not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in question.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Как было отмечено выше, в освоении наземных ландшафтов большую роль сыграли лишайники и мохообразные. Современные экстремальные экотопы с первично минеральными субстратами, в которых произрастают лишайники, близки к тем условиям, в которых появились первые наземные растения (см. рис. 6, в). Видимо, здесь же произрастали и мхи. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of lichens and mosses in terrestrial landscapes, which is not directly relevant to the claim about the impact of flowering plants. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Even with the reduction in crop and pasture land, livestock output is higher at the global level for the price sensitive scenario compared to the baseline (Figure 6). While most regions had a decline in deforestation under the price sensitive scenario, four regions had an increase, which includes _C_Amer, MEAS_NAfr, and S_S_AFR. The regions having the most reduction in deforestation are _Indo, R_SE_Asia, and Rest of (R_S_Asia). Most of these regions are also the regions with the largest decrease in the cropland area (Table 4). Table 5 compares total emissions from the baseline simulation to the emissions of the price sensitive scenario. At the global level, the total emissions with the reduced are about 17. 5 billion tons of CO2 e, approximately 2. 3 billion tons less (about 11% less) than the baseline simulation. The 11% drop in emissions is mainly Figure 6. Percentage point difference in the global livestock output growth with the reduced compared to the baseline simulation. Figure 7. Percentage point difference in the regional livestock output growth with the reduced compared to the baseline simulation. Table 4. Impact of higher substitution in livestock consumption on land use chage (in hectare). Table 5. Impact on induced emissions (in 1000 tons CO2 eq. ) with the reduced. due to the decrease in deforestation and the increased conversion of crop land for pasture (Table 3 and Table 5). The regions with the substantial reduction in emissions are _Indo, R_SE_Asia, R_S_Asia, and INDIA (Table 5). The results indicate that increased price sensitivity in consumption of livestock products can lead to a substantial reduction in the GHG emissions from the sector. 5. on regional projections of GDP, population, capital, and skilled and unskilled labor, demand for livestock outputs are forecasted for the period between the years 2004 to 2022. Globally, the demand for non-ruminant output increases the most. Regionally, this expansion is the most evident in fast-growing economies such as and INDIA. Changes in land use as a result of the growth in livestock output are estimated to be large with a loss of forest amounting to over 43. 3 million hectares, a reduction in crop land of about 1 million hectares, and an increase in pasture of over 44 million hectares. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that increased livestock output leads to significant changes in land use resulting in greenhouse gas emissions. It notes that even with measures to reduce emissions (as indicated by a projected 11% drop in emissions), the text outlines that livestock farming still contributes to global emissions, particularly due to the conversion of cropland to pasture and associated deforestation. The emphasis on the impact of livestock on emissions during various scenarios supports the claim that livestock farming is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: However, the initial cost and recommended use of proprietary filters may not address all potential deployment needs. Similarly, Formel et al. (2021) developed an automated sampling device capable of sample collection and subsequent preservation, but this device requires access to fabrication facilities capable of 3D printing and microelectronics assembly. Several studies have identified technical advantages of enclosed Sterivex™ filter cartridges for aquatic eDNA collection (Miya et al. , 2016; Spens et al. , 2017; Tsuji et al. , 2019; Ushio, 2019; Takahashi et al. , 2020). These filters are individually packaged, sterile, and lightweight—all features that make them ideal for transport into field collection locations. Despite the advantages offered by Sterivex™ filtration cartridges, their use for eDNA collection can be challenging due to pressures required (1–3. 1 bar, or 15–45 psi) for manual collection with large-volume syringes, or mechanical collections using vacuum or peristaltic pump systems. Significant pressure is required to pull or push liquids through the filtration matrix as it becomes clogged with particulate matter. Vacuum- or pressure-driven systems require robust laboratory equipment to generate sufficient force, which are often large and require a standard 110V/220V power source. Additionally, our group has found that standard peristaltic or vacuum pumps can produce excessive pressure or suction that causes collapse of tubing or separation of the filter body from the pump as the membrane becomes clogged and internal pressure increases. Similarly, standard laboratory vacuum and peristaltic pumps are costly and may generate insufficient pressure for filtration of samples when using a manifold system to increase the number of samples being filtered. To address these issues, we have designed a field-portable pump to minimize the need for water transfer to a traditional laboratory for filtration. This pump reduces the time from sample collection to filtration by hours or even days, depending on sampling locations and access to laboratory pumps, and therefore the potential for degradation or unintentional alteration of sample integrity due to increased or decreased biological activity within a water sample. Once samples are filtered, they can be quickly preserved with chemical reagents to eliminate the need for cold-chain storage. We provide detailed pump assembly instructions (Supplemental Document), which takes less than 30 min to assemble at a cost of ∼$350 USD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of field-based eDNA collection methods using proprietary filters and pumps. It emphasizes that while there have been advancements in field equipment, such as the development of automated sampling devices and field-portable pumps, these improvements also come with significant technical challenges and equipment requirements. This suggests that despite improvements, laboratory-based testing remains predominant due to the complexity and costs associated with effective field testing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наиболее древние, достоверно доказанные остатки печёночных мхов происходят из среднедевонских отложений [25], но они уже вполне сформированы, а это однозначно указывает на то, что данная группа к среднему девону прошла достаточно длинный эволюционный путь. Рис. 6. Примеры растений, принимавших участие в ранней колонизации суши (а, б, г–е), и современные лишайники (в) а, б – Vendotaenia sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the impact of the evolution of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the evolution of liverworts and their colonization of land, which is unrelated to flowering plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Given that the forests sequester more carbon than other land uses, clearing them results in significant GHG emissions. The change in land use due to increased livestock production increases emissions by about 20 billion tons of CO2 e between 2004 and 2022 or about an average of 1. 1 billion tons annually, which is about 15. 5% of the total emissions (7. 1 billion tons of CO2 e) from livestock sector as estimated by [2] and about 2. 2% of the total human-induced GHG emissions (49 billion tons of CO2 e) as estimated by the on for the year 2004 [15]. When consumer’s responses to price changes are made more elastic i. e. more sensitive to price changes and willing to substitute more readily among livestock products, there is more increase in demand for livestock output especially the non-ruminant products with significant reduction in deforestation and GHG emissions. The results from this study indicate that there is a potential for significant reduction in GHG emissions from livestock sector through policy interventions that target the consumption pattern of the private households. For this purpose, the intervention should encourage increased substitution among livestock products. In particular, the policies should encourage consumers to substitute non-ruminant for ruminant meat products. authors are grateful for the financial support from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and State University. NOTES *Corresponding author. 1Livestock output demand from the government is also another source. Given that the share of government’s demand in the total demand for the livestock output is negligible, this category of demand is not considered in the analysis. 2The GTAP-BIO results (except for the land use change) are presented in proportionate change, hence, the results on livestock output changes are in percentage change rather than the absolute change. 3For this purpose regional land use change results similar to the ones presented in Table 2 and Table 4 but disaggregated to the 18 AEZ levels of the GTAP-BIO model are used in the “AEZ_EF V47” model. 4Figure 6 shows the percentage point difference in global livestock output growth for price sensitive scenario compared to the baseline scenario. This figure is not directly comparable to Figure 3, which shows percentage change in global livestock output for the baseline scenario. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 216. [2] Gerber, P. , Steinfeld, H. , Henderson, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that livestock farming contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, estimating an increase of about 20 billion tons of CO2 equivalent emissions due to increased livestock production between 2004 and 2022. Specifically, it states that about 7.1 billion tons of this is associated with the livestock sector, indicating a significant impact on overall emissions, which supports the assertion that livestock farming is a considerable factor in global greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: 12 Molex Perma-Terminals 18-22 AWG Mouser (19164-0017) $1. 03 2 $2. 06 Cost: $354. 39 *All pricing as of May 2022 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/table-1 Flow rate characterization was performed with a fully charged battery and a 0. 5-meter inlet tube. 3. 0 L of synthetic sea water from a marine invertebrate housing tank were filtered with 0. 22 µm and 0. 45 µm filters, and the volume of water filter was recorded each minute until total the volume was filtered. We recognize that synthetic seawater filtration represents an ideal scenario for filtering, without physical and biological materials that will slow filtration rates and clog pumps, but present maximum filtration rates in seawater for baseline estimations of flow rate. Laboratory experiments Pumps were utilized for three separate experiments to characterize eDNA quantities and eDNA degradation rates that may occur if time-to-filtration is increased using our pump system. In the laboratory, 40 blue mussels from our research stock were removed, rinsed with DI water and placed in 15 L of artificial seawater with continuous aeration and kept overnight at room temperature (∼20 °C) without feeding. The tank housing was cleaned with detergent, exposed to 10% bleach solution for 10 min and thoroughly rinsed with DI water prior to adding seawater and mussels. All mussels were removed the following morning and 6 L of water were collected from the tank. The water was assumed to be homogeneous after mixing and distributed equally to 12 samples of 500 mL. An additional three samples of 500 mL of artificial control seawater were taken from the tank prior to the addition of mussels. All sampling containers were decontaminated by 10% bleach soak for 30min and rinsed with DI water prior to sampling. In replicates of four, water samples (500 mL) were filtered using our device at 0, 4, and 16 h. The time after removing the mussels from the tank was defined as time 0, and water samples were stored at 4 °C until filtration at 4- and 16-h timepoints. One (500 mL) control sample was filtered at each time point. DNA was captured using a Sterivex™ cartridge filter (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a detailed laboratory experiment for eDNA testing involving blue mussels and characterized flow rates through filtration methods. It emphasizes laboratory-based filtration processes and environmental controls, indicating a strong reliance on laboratory conditions rather than field-based testing, which the claim suggests may also be significant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , талломы макрофитов, возможно, произраставших в литоральной зоне; верхний протерозой, венд, калюсские слои; Хмельницкая обл. , р. Днестр, с. Китайгород, Украина, экз. 4914/9; в – Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf. ) Spreng. , современные лишайники; Пермский край, Кизеловский район, г. Губаха, гора Крестовая; полевая фотография; г – Psilophyton sp. , экз. 4914/10; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific species and locations in Ukraine and Russia without any mention of flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: , Mottet, A. , Opio, C. , Dijkman, J. , Falcucci, A. and Tempio, G. (2013) Change through Livestock—A of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities. Food and of the (FAO), Rome. [3] Steinfeld, H. , Gerber, P. , Wassenaar, T. , Castel, V. , Rosales, M. and de Haan, C. (2006) Livestock’s Long Shadow: and Options. Food and of the (FAO), Rome. [4] FAO (2011) 2011—Livestock in Food security. Food and of the (FAO), Rome. [5] Herrero, M. , Gerber, P. , Vellinga, T. , Garnett, T. , Leip, A. , Opio, D. , Westhoek, H. , Thornton, P. , Olsen, J. , Hutchings, N. , Montgomery, H. , Soussana, J. , Steinfeld, H. and McAllister, T. (2011) Livestock and Emissions: of Getting the Numbers Right. Science and Technology, 166-167, 779-782. [6] Goodland, R. and Anhang, J. (2009) Livestock and Climate Change: the in Are Cows, Pigs, and Chicken? World Watch, November/December. [7] Hertel, T. (1997) Analysis Project: Modeling and Applications. Press, Cambridge. [8] Hertel, T. , Golub, A. , Jones, J. , O’Hare, M. , Plevin, R. and Kammen, D. (2010) Effects of U. S. on Use and Emissions: Mediated Responses. Bioscience, 60, 223-231. [9] Tyner, W. , Taheripour, F. , Zhuang, Q. and Baldos, U. (2010) Changes and Consequent CO2 to U. S. Production: A Comprehensive Analysis. Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, Indiana. [10] Taheripour, F. , Hertel, T. and Tyner, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several research publications and reports focused on livestock and their contributions to emissions and climate change. It suggests a consensus in the literature regarding the impact of livestock farming on greenhouse gas emissions, which includes methane. The references indicate that various studies and organizations, such as the FAO, have explored the connection between livestock and emissions, thereby corroborating the claim that livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Direct observation methods by day, such as line transect sampling, are commonly used yet are vulnerable to achieving fewer observations when such predominantly nocturnal animals remain undetected (Buckland et al. 2001). Areas of low density may result in low encounter rates and wide variance in estimates (Newey et al. 2018). Night-time spotlight surveys may miss animals as they rely on eyeshine reflections, and frequently sample along roads which animals may avoid and which locations represent only a small fraction of upland habitat (Reid et al. 2007, Reid and Montgomery 2010). Thermal imaging reduces false negatives by increasing target detections, contrasting body heat against a cold backdrop at night (Havens and Sharp 2016) but if the aim is to estimate density it also requires a means to determine distance to the object in darkness. Camera trapping provides a greater continuous survey effort including during night peak activity periods thus increasing total numbers of detections (Caravaggi et al. 2018), and with virtually no observer field presence to disturb animals (Sollman 2018). In this study we compared three survey methods of mountain hares in upland habitat to estimate density and considered factors relating to spatial variation of hare detections: 1) daylight visual surveys, 2) night-time thermal imaging point transects and 3) fixed position camera traps. We analysed data from each method using comparable distance sampling models to estimate density and associated precision. For each method we recorded survey effort, observations, distances to target animals and group sizes as inputs to estimate density. As camera trap distance sampling methods are relatively recent, we also explored how different assumptions of space, time and animal behaviour affected density estimates. Since actual densities or population size were not known, we could not be certain which density estimate of the three methods might be closest to the truth. Nonetheless the overall precision of parameters and estimates could be compared. We compared variation of estimates among methods and survey sites, the effect of terrain type and how detection rates changed throughout the study period. We evaluate the merits and assumptions of each method relative to our findings, to inform study design decisions for conservation monitoring. Methods and materialsStudy siteSurveys took place at Holme Moss, a large hill, elevation 582 m a. s. l. , situated in the north of England, UK (Fig. 1). Mountain hares were once native to England yet became extinct ∼ 6000 years ago (Yalden 1971). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various traditional wildlife monitoring methods, including line transect sampling, night-time spotlight surveys, and camera trapping. It describes the strengths and weaknesses of these methods and emphasizes that while each method has its unique aspects, they provide valuable data for estimating wildlife density and conservation monitoring. The mention of specific challenges faced by traditional methods indicates that they are still in use and remain relevant, countering the assertion that eDNA will replace them soon.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Торгашино; виден осевой побег с боковыми ответвлениями и многочисленными основаниями эмергенцев; д, е – Protobarinophyton obrutschevii Ananiev, компактные собрания спорангиев на концах дихотомически ветвящихся побегов, экз. 4914/1; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с. Торгашино. Длина масштабной линейки 1 см (а, в–е), 1 мм (б) Дальнейшая эволюция наземных высших растений шла переменными темпами, но с неуклонным увеличением таксономического разнообразия и повышением биомассы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the evolution of terrestrial higher plants and their increasing taxonomic diversity and biomass, but it does not specifically mention flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/50395 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 3. 1. IntroductionThe dairy industry has made large advances in efficiencies over the past 60 years as a result of changes in breeding, nutrition and management practices [1]. To meet the growing demand for dairy products, which is projected to continue out to the year 2050 [2], milk production per cow has increased over the last thirty years primarily by genetic selection and better nutrition. Genetic selection has tended to focus on mostly production traits (kilograms milk, kilograms fat and protein) rather than fitness (lameness, mastitis, fertility and lifespan) traits, although most countries now include fitness traits in addition to production traits in modern breeding goals. Friesian is a popular breed due to its high genetic potential to produce milk; however it is characterised by having a lower body condition score, and reduced fertility and survival compared to other breeds [3]. Even with these negative attributes, in tandem with efficiencies in production in recent decades have come reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource inputs per unit product [1, 4, 5], while emissions per unit area have increased. The main GHGs attributed to livestock systems are methane and nitrous oxide emissions [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that the main greenhouse gases attributed to livestock systems are methane and nitrous oxide emissions. It also discusses reductions in greenhouse gas emissions per unit product in the dairy industry while indicating that emissions per unit area have increased, thereby supporting the notion that livestock farming plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Daylight visual surveys produced the fewest observations, seeing mainly single hares and appearing to under record many hares hiding by day. The method did provide sufficient observations to enable monitoring of relative density but with very wide confidence intervals. By night the thermal imager frequently observed single or large groups of hares over the furthest distances and estimated density with narrower confidence intervals. However thermal imaging opportunities were limited by bad weather. Camera traps monitored constantly and achieved the largest number of detections reflecting night time activity of hares, capturing mostly single animals at very short observation distances. Camera trap density estimates were much larger than for daylight visual sampling and thermal imaging and were more reliable, but were susceptible to many assumptions. Notwithstanding differences in detection rates the locations of sightings from each method were highly spatially correlated. Daylight visual surveysDaylight visual surveys for mountain hares have been criticised when used in areas of low density or during the day when hares are inactive (Petrovan et al. 2011, Newey et al. 2018). Our expectation was would elicit frequent occurrences of hares (Mallon et al. 2003), yet we achieved very few observations. The small sample size we achieved was below the minimum required for distance sampling and contained some heaping of detection distances. The nature of hiding and flushing hares caused many detections to occur at short range. Thus, when selecting detection function models, we were obliged to use a smaller data set with few, wide bins. This selection may have also precipitated a narrow effective strip width and this may have contributed to the overall density estimate as being higher than for thermal imaging. This was surprising as one might expect thermal imaging to be observing more such nocturnal animals leading to a higher encounter rate and density estimate. Although detection probability variation was moderate, encounter rate variation was high. Consequently, the density estimate possessed wide confidence intervals and variation. To achieve reliable estimates, useful for ongoing monitoring, surveys should achieve 80 or more detections (Buckland et al. 2001). This suggests that studies similar to ours would benefit from replicate surveys to achieve a larger sample size to result in more accurate population density estimates, were this important for monitoring design goals. In retrospect for our own study we might have sacrificed some camera trap management time for more line transect surveys. Alternatively, daylight survey effectiveness might be improved by 3 or 4 observers walking abreast. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and effectiveness of traditional wildlife monitoring methods such as daylight visual surveys, thermal imaging, and camera traps. It highlights that while each method has its challenges, camera traps and thermal imaging have been shown to produce reliable density estimates with fewer assumptions compared to eDNA technology. Moreover, the observations indicate that these traditional methods are still relevant and effective, suggesting that eDNA technology may not entirely replace them in the near future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Уже в раннем девоне наземная растительность состояла из растений разного систематического положения (псилофиты или риниофиты, печёночники, прапапоротники, плауновидные, членистостебельные, а также целый ряд растений, таксономическое положение которых не ясно). Возможность широкой эволюционной радиации5 первых наземных высших растений в условиях суши уже неоднократно отмечалась ранее [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the diversity of early land vegetation in the Devonian period but does not mention flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Due to the variability in lifespan of gases in the atmosphere and the ability of gases to reflect and trap radiant energy, the average potential of a GHG to warm the earth‘s near-surface air is expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq. ) emissions (its global warming potential). Methane and nitrous oxide are capable of trapping about 25 and 298 times more radiant energy respectively, over a 100-year time horizon, than one kilogram of carbon dioxide [6]. The dairy sector’s total CO2-eq. emissions are estimated to be 4% of total global GHG emissions, of which, about half are methane and a third nitrous oxide emissions [2]. The main benefits of selection to improve production efficiencies are by increased productivity and gross efficiency (i. e. the ratio of yield of milk to resource input) by firstly, diluting the maintenance cost of animals in the system and secondly, less animals are required to produce the same amount of product [1, 7]. Studies have found [8, 9] that more energy efficient animals produce less waste in the form of methane and nitrogen excretion per unit product. A study in the UK [4] calculated that the genetic improvement in dairy cows by economic and production efficiency in the last 20 years had reduced GHG emissions per unit product by 0. 8% per year and would continue to reduce emissions at a rate of 0. 5% per year over the next 15 years. A reduction of 0. 6% per year in GHG emissions per unit product was found in the US [1] over a 63 year period. Emissions of methane and nitrous oxide per unit product were estimated to have shown large declines of about 1. 3% and 1. 5% per year respectively over the last 20 years in the UK, and will continue to decline over the next 15 years albeit at a slightly slower rate per year [4]. These rates of decline for methane are similar to those reported in other studies [10] for enteric methane emissions per unit product of 1. 1% per year for cows selected on increased milk fat and protein production (Select line cows) and at 1. 4% per year for cows selected to represent the UK average for milk fat and protein production over a similar time period. In this review, we investigate the potential role of selective breeding in reducing GHG emissions. 1. 1. Selecting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing information on the contributions of livestock farming, specifically the dairy sector, to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It states that methane emissions comprise about half of the dairy sector's total CO2-eq. emissions, which account for 4% of total global GHG emissions. Additionally, it discusses the efforts to improve production efficiencies in livestock, resulting in reduced methane emissions per unit product. This aligns with the claim that livestock farming is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: The 2–3 kg size of hares required maximum camera sensitivity, also capturing blowing vegetation and ‘blank’ images, requiring more filtering time. However, operating 24/7, cameras appeared to avoid false negative detections. Image times conveyed peak nocturnal activity periods, even during extremely cold nights. There were two night-time peak activity phases, consistent with records for Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus Caravaggi et al. (2018). The narrow field of view captured no more than 2 hares at a time, perhaps under recording larger groups, as observed by the thermal imager. Camera traps require financial outlay, bear theft risk and need considerable field effort. Image review time is substantial yet can be reduced using image recognition software (Schneider et al. 2020). Figure 8. The regressed number of encounters (line) per camera (point shapes) is seen to decrease over the study period, end Nov 2017 to March 2018, taking into account ‘Site’ as a random effect. In our study, camera trap detections occurred at short ranges, so the detection probability histogram allocated 3506 encounters to just four distance bins, producing low variation of detection probability (cv = 0. 03). Camera trap density estimates showed less variation than the thermal imager. Our findings suggested high levels of precision could be achieved with half the camera installations as we had used, with field time of ∼ 20 days. Monitoring surveys are expected to fulfil the principal assumptions of distance sampling. However, for the camera trap analysis we noted certain factors can have a large effect on density estimates (Fig. 9). Figure 9. Analysis of alternate scenarios providing camera trap density estimates. The x-axis shows different data treatments or assumptions. The y-axis shows consequent density of hares km–2. Columns are density values with 95% confidence interval error bars. To maintain consistency amidst the comparisons, all scenarios used the same data filter with detection distances binned at 1, 2, 4 and to 5 m with the Hazard-rate model with simple polynomial, which in all cases achieved lowest AIC scores of candidate models. ‘Base scenario' was the scenario eventually chosen for our camera trap estimate for comparison with daylight visual sampling and thermal imager. This assumes correct measurements (metres) of distance to hare; k snapshot window = 1 second; diel period is sunset-to-sunrise (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the effectiveness and operational aspects of camera traps as traditional wildlife monitoring methods. It highlights the precision and consistent performance of camera traps, mentioning that they offer substantial advantages in monitoring nocturnal activities and that they can achieve high levels of precision with fewer installations. These points suggest that traditional methods like camera traps still hold significant value and are not being easily replaced by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Таксономически богатые раннедевонские флоры известны из бассейна Днестра (Волыно-Подолия) [25], Восточной Сибири (Саяно-Алтайский регион) [27, табл. II, 4–6], Германии (район Рейнских Сланцевых гор) [28], Англии (Уэльс) [20], Шотландии, Центрального Казахстана, Южного Китая и некоторых других регионов. Высшие растения раннего девона образовывали устойчивые симбиотические связи с эндомикоризными грибами [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the early Devonian flora and the relationships between higher plants and mycorrhizal fungi in various geographic regions, but it does not directly address the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: animals for reduced emissions Level of feed intake and its composition are important factors influencing methane and nitrogen losses. As the feed intake of an animal increases, the percentage of dietary gross energy (GE) intake lost as methane decreases by an average of 1. 6% per unit of intake [11]. A higher feed intake level increases its fractional passage rate through the rumen and reduces its retention time, rumen digestion (depending on the diet) and methane production [11, 12, 13]. As rumen retention time decreases with increased feed intake the rate of nitrogen excretion increases, increasing the potential for nitrous oxide emissions [9, 14]. However, if cows are to meet their genetic potential for milk production, they need to maximise their feed intake [15, 16]. At pasture the nutrient intake can vary and impair the milk production potential of the animal, particularly during the peak of lactation [17]. To meet the genetic potential for milk production forage based diets are supplemented with high energy dense feed in the form of concentrate. Supplementing the diet of high milk yielding dairy cows at pasture with concentrate was found [17] to result in a lower rate of pasture intake substitution and a higher response in improved milk yield compared to lower milk yielding cows. Cows with a high body weight have been found to have a greater bite weight when eating and therefore are more efficient in their use of time spent feeding [16]. The larger Holstein genotype has been found to produce between 8 to 11% less methane as a percentage of GE intake, on both a total mixed ration and pasture-based diet, than a small Holstein [18], presumably due to differences in level of feed intake. However, larger cows have greater maintenance requirements. For the same level of production, a smaller cow is obviously a more efficient converter of feed into milk. This is why selection programmes in both and Australia, in particular have focused on increasing the rate of genetic gain in traits that contribute to profitability per unit of feed eaten [19]. Selecting dairy animals for efficient feed use could bring both higher production and reduced resource requirements. In comparison to other mitigation strategies, selective breeding offers a medium to long-term approach to GHG mitigation, which can be cost effective [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how livestock feed intake and its composition significantly influence methane production. It notes that as feed intake increases, methane losses decrease, yet highlights that livestock farming is tied to both methane and other greenhouse gas emissions like nitrous oxide, thereby addressing the broader impact of livestock farming on global greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: These findings represent important indicative baselines for local monitoring and may inform assessments of other groups of native or reintroduced mountain hares. Notwithstanding its remarkable 150 year tenure, the mountain hare densities may be considered low compared to many populations in Scotland which commonly reach 20–50 hares km–2 (Watson et al. 1973, Newey et al. 2018). ConclusionsWe report the practical survey effort, scale, encounter rates, density estimates and measures of precision which may be helpful for the planning of studies of elusive or nocturnal animals in difficult terrain. Daylight visual sampling is low cost, is logistically simple, can rapidly cover much ground and can achieve precise density estimates, yet, transpiring by day, may fail to observe cryptic nocturnal animals, thereby reporting lower encounter rates and thus underestimating abundance. For somewhat more effort, a high power thermal imager achieves potentially more observations of nocturnal animals including at long distances and consequent higher density estimate precision. It is recommended when surveying accessible areas, with dependable fog and wind free weather. By contrast camera traps can provide constant monitoring and at night over long periods in all weathers. They are thus useful for long term surveys, placed in locations which are difficult to access frequently or where it would be hazardous to venture in darkness. Camera traps can achieve large numbers of detections, including at night, recording the peak activity levels of nocturnal animals. However between the methods, daylight visual sampling and thermal imager surveys both work well in applying the principles of distance sampling. Practically speaking, camera trap distance sampling operates effectively in achieving large data sets and can adopt distance sampling principles. However the consequent models need contemplation of additional assumptions and sensitivity modelling. Where there is insufficient empirical data, inferences may require subjective analytical decisions, potentially rendering camera trap distance sampling estimations less robust. AcknowledgementsWe thank and for fieldwork permissions and J. Mann of FLIR for advice on thermal imagers. We thank G. Pettigrew, M. Kocsis, J. Minshull, K. Boyd, C. Rice, D. Hogg and A. Oliver for support with fieldwork and M. Jones, A. Reuleaux and A. Hashmi for comments which improved earlier drafts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the efficacy and practical advantages of traditional wildlife monitoring methods such as camera traps and daylight visual sampling. It notes that camera traps provide constant monitoring over long periods and have specific advantages in difficult conditions, making them effective for long-term surveys. Such details imply that traditional methods are still very relevant and effective, indicating that eDNA may not replace these methods soon, as they serve distinct purposes within wildlife monitoring.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Экологически эти наземные сообщества уже были глубоко диверсифицированы и образовывали сложные катениальные системы [28, Fig. 6]. Формы роста растений начала девона варьировали от полуводных травянистых до невысоких кустарников. Сформировалось устойчивое чередование гаплоидных и диплоидных поколений (гаметофитов и спорофитов) [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the diversification of terrestrial communities and plant growth forms in the Devonian period without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: In ruminants, measurements of methane output, nitrogen efficiency and overall feed efficiency are difficult and costly to obtain, which has limited the direct selection of these traits in the past. A large part of the variation in methane emissions from dairy cows has been found to be genetic, with a heritability of 0. 35 for methane output and 0. 58 for methane output per unit product [28], presumably due to a prediction of methane being used and its close unity correlation with feed intake. In comparison, a lower heritability of 0. 13 has been found [29] in sheep for methane output. Once individual measurements for total animal methane emissions become more affordable to carry out for a large number of animals, selecting animals on methane output will become possible. Variation in feed use efficiency and enteric methane emissions between-animals, breeds and over time means there is potential to reduce GHG emissions through genetic selection [30, 31, 32]. With a positive genetic correlation between feed efficiency and methane output, with an estimated range from 0. 18 to 0. 84 [28], it can be inferred that selecting cows that are more efficient will reduce methane production, possibly in the order of 1. 1% to 2. 6% per year. From a range of production and fitness traits, breeding studies [4, 14] found feed efficiency to have a large impact on reducing the GHG emissions from dairy systems compared to other production or fitness traits. Feed efficiency can be assessed by feed intake required per unit product (gross efficiency) or by net or metabolic efficiency commonly calculated as residual feed intake [4]. Residual feed intake is the difference between the observed and predicted feed intake; where the predicted feed intake is often calculated as energy requirements. Studies [31, 33, 34] looking at selecting beef cattle based on a lower residual feed intake (difference between actual and expected feed intake) found that growth performance was not compromised and the lower expected feed intake resulted in less methane produced. Heritability estimates for feed efficiency tend to be moderate (0. 16 to 0. 46; [4]). Low correlations between residual feed intake and other production traits imply that little or no genetic improvement has previously been made in residual intake in beef cattle as a result of selection on production traits [4]. In dairy cows, calculating residual feed intake accurately is difficult as changes in body tissue composition need to be fully accounted for. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between livestock farming, specifically ruminants, and greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. It highlights that there is genetic variation in methane emissions from dairy cows and that improving feed efficiency through genetic selection could reduce methane emissions significantly. This indicates that livestock farming does indeed contribute to methane emissions, aligning with the claim about its significant impact on global greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: It's very difficult to get from the raw data to a clean data set because there are thousands of images to look at and keep track of. We wanted to work in a system that would improve that using artificial intelligence, and that's why we partnered with Google: so the individuals working with camera trap data wouldn't have to identify all the images by themselves, but a machine would do it first and help simplify the problem and speed up the data flow. The second barrier that we wanted to improve was having a place where people could put their data and make sure that it's available, shareable, and people can collaborate. There was no such place. Even if people were successful in organizing all the images from a camera trapping project, they ended up on an external hard drive somewhere. Some might be in cloud accounts, but a lot of these data sets are either in danger of disappearing or siloed. They're not talking to each other. The only way to bring that together was in this single platform in the cloud. The third barrier is that even if you speed up the processing of data and [you] can share it, there's still a lot of barriers in understanding what the data is telling you. You need a lot of technical knowledge and training to be able to make a camera trap data set and calculate how species in that data set are changing through time or what the species richness in the sample is or basic statistics like that. That requires a lot of work that most people don't have the skills to do. So, our solution was to create an analysis module that will automate all that analysis. Q: How will this platform change the way we study animals in the wild? A: will basically give us information that we don't have access to at all. For many animals, we don't really know how their population is changing or how many animals are in the population. Those are basic facts that you need in order to manage a conserved species that we don't have for most animals on the planet. will give us that for hundreds of species. The other thing I would say is that this data will help reveal a lot of the inner lives of animals. For example, how do animals use their time during the day? Are they moving, eating, sleeping? That helps us understand changes in the activity patterns of animals that usually happen when there's some change in the environment, either because of climate change or because of people hunting them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and barriers of using traditional wildlife monitoring methods, specifically camera traps. It highlights the challenges in processing and analyzing vast data sets generated by camera traps, suggesting that these traditional methods are still prevalent and necessary. While the text mentions the development of a platform aimed at improving the analysis and organization of camera trap data, it does not support the idea that eDNA technology will replace such methods. Instead, it underscores the ongoing need for traditional monitoring approaches due to the lack of fundamental data on animal populations and behaviors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯРабота выполнена в рамках Госзадания ГИН РАН № 0135-2019-0044, а также за счёт субсидии, выделенной в рамках государственной поддержки Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета в целях повышения его конкурентоспособности среди ведущих мировых научно-образовательных центров. БЛАГОДАРНОСТИАвтор выражает искреннюю признательность коллегам С. М. Снигиревскому, А. О. Иванову, В. Н. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the funding source and acknowledgments related to a research project but does not address flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: The ultimate aim of these collaborative research efforts is to develop genomic breeding values for dry matter intake or a feed conversion efficiency trait that could be used in breeding programs to improve efficiency and mitigate emissions. 1. 2. Breeding x feeding system Due to the profitability of Holstein cows, Holstein genes are present in a large proportion of dairy cows globally, particularly North American. American Holstein-Friesian cows have been found to show a better response in milk yield with a higher proportion of concentrate in their diet than smaller genotypes like the Holstein-Friesian, which have been selected for higher milk yield performance from pasture [16]. Cows which were ~88% Holstein and selected on increased milk fat and protein production (Select line cows) were found to grow faster and had increased kg milk per kg dry matter intake during their productive life when on a high energy dense diet, compared to cows selected to represent the UK average for milk fat and protein production on the same diet [10]. Select genetic line animals have a high genetic potential for mobilising body energy reserves for production, which has been found to have deleterious effects on health and fertility [3, 24], particularly later in life [7]. However, it was found [14] that Select line cows responded to a diet containing a low proportion of forage, rather than a high forage diet, by having a significantly shorter calving interval. Select line animals on a low forage diet also produced lower CO2-eq. emissions per energy corrected milk compared to non-select and cows on a high forage diet over their lifetime (Figure 1). Systems emissions can be minimised by improvements in herd health and fertility (improving longevity and productivity), and by reducing the number of replacement animals retained on the farm to reduce wastage [13, 40, 41]. Improving herd fertility in the UK back to 1995 levels could amount to a 24% reduction in methane emissions per cow by improved efficiencies of reduced herd replacements and calving interval length [40]. Cows of predominantly Holstein genes may be better suited to a high energy dense feeding system, typically found in the US, rather than a diet containing a high proportion of forage. In contrast, the performance of animals of origin had higher yields of milk solids and better fertility compared to animals of origin when compared on a range of grazing systems [42]. Therefore, selecting animals for an environment is important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that inefficient feeding systems and herd management practices in livestock farming can lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. It points out that improving herd health and fertility, as well as reducing the number of replacement animals, could reduce methane emissions significantly. Moreover, it suggests that selecting appropriate genetic lines and feeding systems can also minimize emissions, which supports the idea that livestock farming does contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: There was a paper in Science a few months ago, using camera trap data, about how animals have become more nocturnal because of people. Camera traps can help us document and understand things like that. And as climate change continues, a lot of animals will have to change their activity. [They could] move into colder periods of the day or nighttime just because of heat stress or things like that. Q: Will the platform help people other than scientists? A: Yes, actually, a lot of our potential users, I hope, will be local and Indigenous communities. A lot of these people live in remote areas. They have access to biodiversity and they sometimes use wildlife as part of their livelihoods. They don't normally know the impact they're having, and they would like to know. That's one user group that we're very interested in getting to. Another group that I'm very interested in and very passionate about is citizen scientists. That is a very diverse group of people, from nature lovers who just want to put a camera trap in the property to see what they have, to wildlife-savvy land managers and hunters that are interested in knowing how the species there are faring and how to manage different species like deer or turkey. Camera trapping is not a citizen science activity now, and I want it to become one. I think the potential is enormous and it's a lot of fun for education. I live in in Maryland, and I put a camera trap in my backyard every winter. I am now analyzing the data, and it's amazing what you get in your backyard. I get deer and foxes and possums and squirrels—there's a lot of wildlife. Imagine if every kid in had a camera trap and put it in their backyard. We could put the data in and then kids would be doing little competitions to find out who's got more species in their backyard—and they would learn about wildlife. It could be a fantastic tool that really has the potential to bring people together and rally them around conservation. doi: 10. 1126/science. aba5966 Relevant tags: Plants & AnimalsAbout the author Share on X from news 23 Oct 2024 DNA ‘printing press’ could quickly store mountains of data F. Service 23 Oct 2024 Road metropolis unearthed in Uzbek mountains Lawler 23 Oct 2024 Predation, not fear of wolves, keeps elk from denuding View more Got a tip for Science's news department? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the ongoing importance and effectiveness of traditional wildlife monitoring methods, specifically camera traps. It discusses how camera traps can document animal behavior changes, educate communities, and actively engage citizen scientists, which suggests that these traditional methods will continue to play a vital role in wildlife monitoring rather than being replaced by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Глинскому (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) и А. Ю. Иванцову (Палеонтологический институт РАН) за обсуждение полученных результатов и ценные сведения о геологии и стратиграфии палеозойских отложений Ленинградской области и сопредельных регионов. 1 Микрофиллы – листья высших растений, представляющие собой выросты стебля. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological and stratigraphic information related to the Paleozoic sediments of the Leningrad region and mentions microphylls without addressing flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: In a study in the US [1], good health and welfare in modern high input systems (cows of 90% Holstein genes) was reported, with better production efficiency and CO2-eq. emissions per unit product compared to the past. This may be explained by optimal nutrition being provided to these animals, which may not hold true for the same cows on a lower quality forage diet. Figure 1. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq. ) emissions per kg energy corrected milk (ECM) for cows selected for increased milk fat and protein fed a low proportion of forage (●) and a high proportion (×) of forage in their diet and cows selected to represent the average for milk fat and protein production fed a low proportion of forage (■) and a high proportion (▲) of forage in their diet (from [5]). To bring about reductions in livestock GHG emissions, it has been suggested [21] that significant technological innovations will be required in the future, in addition to managing our consumption of meat and milk products. Technologies that can bring affordable efficiencies to production are being developed. Using genomic information, such as through genomic breeding values for feed related traits, described previously, and sexed semen [43] offer the potential for better selective breeding. Advertisement 2. ConclusionsReductions in GHG emissions by genetic selection of dairy cows in the past has been achieved largely by increased productivity and gross efficiency, whereby the maintenance cost of animals in the system has been reduced and less animals are required to produce the same amount of product. Based on current breeding goals, a similar rate of reduction in emissions intensity can be expected in the near future. Selecting dairy cows on feed efficiency, and possibly methane and nitrogen losses, will have a large impact on the environmental footprint of milk production, once implemented in breeding schemes. Further research and development of novel technologies to better understand the physiological and genetic differences between animals that lead to differences in energy and nitrogen efficiencies (or overall feed use efficiency) are still required. Dairy farming is a highly managed system and has the potential to make reductions in GHG emissions intensity though increased efficiencies, such as optimum animal performance (less non-productive and ill animals) and reduced inputs as shown in Figure 2, whilst still maintaining productivity. Figure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between livestock farming, specifically dairy cows, and greenhouse gas emissions. It states that genetic selection of dairy cows has led to reductions in emissions intensity through increased productivity and efficiency. The mention of managing consumption and the development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions indicates that livestock farming does contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, and effective strategies are necessary to address this issue. Additionally, the text highlights potential improvements in the environmental footprint of milk production, linking it directly to the claim about livestock's contribution to emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: of body size are an important measurement in animal ecology, although they can be difficult to obtain due to the effort and cost associated with the invasive nature of these measurements. We avoid these limitations by using camera trap images to derive dimensions of animal size. To obtain measurements of object dimensions using this method, the size of the object in pixels, the focal length of the camera, and the distance to that object must be known. We describe a novel approach of obtaining the distance to the object through the creation of a portable distance marker, which, when photographed, creates a “reference image” to determine the position of the animal within an image. This method allows for the retrospective analysis of existing datasets and eliminates the need for permanent in-field distance markers. We tested the accuracy of this methodology under controlled conditions with objects of known size resembling Felis catus, our study species, validating the legitimacy of our method of size estimation. We then apply our method to measure feral cat body size using images collected in Tasmania, Australia. The precision of our methodology was evaluated by comparing size estimates across individual cats, revealing consistent and reliable results. The average height (front paw to shoulder) of the feral cats sampled was 25. 25 cm (CI = 24. 4, 26. 1) and the average length (base of tail to nose) was 47. 48 cm (CI = 46. 0, 48. 9), suggesting wild feral cats in our study area are no larger than their domestic counterparts. Given the success of its application within our study, we call for further trails with this method across a variety of species. 1 size is a frequently measured attribute that can provide information on the sex, diet, body condition, and potential predators of an animal (Cumming & Cumming, 2003; Gittleman & Valkenburgh, 1997). The most common methodologies used to measure body dimensions (hereafter, “size”) involve opportunistic measurements being taken during live trapping, tranquilizing, or killing of an animal (Richard-Hansen et al. , 1999). These methods allow for a range of biometric measurements, including weight, tissue and blood samples, and the specific dimensions of size. However, this direct contact with wild animals may alter their behavior, cause high levels of stress, and potentially result in injury or death (Zemanova, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of camera trap images as a valuable method for measuring animal body size without the invasive techniques typically associated with wildlife monitoring. It highlights the limitations of traditional methods, such as live trapping and tranquilizing, which could stress or harm the animals. This suggests that traditional methods like camera traps still hold significant relevance and do not support the idea that eDNA technology will soon replace them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2 Трилетные споры – споры сосудистых растений с плотной орнаментированной оболочкой тетраэдрической формы и Y-образной складкой на поверхности. 3 Фитолеймы – обугленные или слабо изменённые остатки ископаемых растений, иногда сохраняющие клеточное строение. 4 Танатоценоз – совокупность в каком-либо месте остатков мёртвых организмов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to spore structure and fossilized plant remains without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Production efficiencies using management (---) that can reduce GHG emissions beginning with selective breeding of a genotype for a particular system (from [5]). Genetic improvement is a relatively cost-effective mechanism by which to achieve reductions in emissions, as the effect is cumulative and permanent. Many of the strategies for minimising emissions bring economic benefits to dairy farming through a reduction in production costs, with the added benefit of also reducing GHG emissions at little extra cost. The success of selective breeding as a mitigation strategy however, is dependent on producers being committed to its implementation. Until direct measurements on GHG traits become available on sufficiently large numbers of animals, selecting for improved efficiency, RFI, or a measure of gross efficiency (unit of output per unit of feed eaten) offer attractive ways of reducing GHG emissions. However, the direct impact on GHG emissions is currently approximate and more research is needed to accurately assess the impact. Furthermore, selection strategies in dairy cattle need to be considered in a multi-trait framework, so that unfavourable correlated responses to selection (such as reduced fertility and excessive mobilisation of body reserves) are avoided. AcknowledgementThis work was supported by funding from Dairy Australia, Meat and and the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry under its Australia’s. Research on genomic breeding values for feed conversion efficiency was funded by the Dairy Future’s CRC and Foundation. 1. Capper J. L, Cady R. A, Bauman D. E2009The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 87216021672. GerberP. VellingaT. OpioC. SteinfeldH. 2010Greenhouse gas emissions from the dairy sector- A life cycle assessment. Food and of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 3. DillonP. . HoranB. 2006Consequences of genetic selection for increased milk production in European seasonal pasture based systems of milk productionLivest. Sci. 991411584. . AudsleyE. 2008The effect of genetic improvement on emission from livestock systems. In: Proceedings of the of Animal Production, 24-27 August, Vilnius, Lithuania, 28 5. BellM. 2011Modelling the effects of genetic line and feeding system on methane emissions from dairy systems. PhD Dissertation. of Edinburgh, UK. 6. 2007Series. . 7. WallE. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various management strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in livestock farming, particularly through selective breeding and genetic improvement. It emphasizes that these improvements can lead to significant reductions in emissions and mentions the economic benefits of minimizing GHG emissions in dairy farming. By addressing the efficiency and genetic traits related to emissions, the text supports the notion that livestock farming is a contributor to GHG emissions like methane.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Live captures are also laborious and financially costly, meaning an intense sampling effort is required to obtain sufficient sample sizes (et al. , 2010; Mills et al. , 2016). In contrast, camera trapping offers a cost effective, non-invasive monitoring method that provides information on the presence, activity, and potential density of a target species (Kays et al. , 2020), although there are limited opportunities to gain qualitative biometric information through this approach. Considering the visual nature of the data provided by camera traps, there is the potential to opportunistically measure animal size using this non-invasive methodology. Past research has explored estimating animal size directly from camera trap images. A relatively simple method is described by Tarugara et al. (2019). They deployed carcasses atop fallen trees, and secured steel pegs 20 cm apart on the underside of these logs, so that as leopards (Panthera pardus) climbed the trees to retrieve the carcasses, their body dimensions could be estimated from this permanent scale. This methodology worked because the animal could be continuously captured in the same position and distance from the camera, allowing for the scale to provide an accurate reference point. However, such effective designs are not always possible, as animals may vary in their distance from the camera trap, limiting the information a permanent scale can provide. Leorna et al. (2022) demonstrate the utility of the pinhole camera approach in circumstances where a permanent scale cannot be used. They employed the pinhole method to provide accurate measurements of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) body dimensions from camera trap images. To use the method, one must have measurements of the body dimension in pixels, the focal length of the camera, and the distance of the animal to the camera trap (Johanns et al. , 2022; Leorna et al. , 2022). Measuring the distance of an animal to the camera trap from within camera trap images can prove problematic. One approach has been to place distance markers at regular intervals in the camera's field of view for the duration of the monitoring period (Corlatti et al. , 2020; Hofmeester et al. , 2017). However, these markers are conspicuous and could increase the risk of theft or alter the behavior of the study species (Corlatti et al. , 2020). These markers also tend to bin distances at quite wide intervals (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the advantages and specific methodologies of traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera trapping. It emphasizes the effectiveness, cost efficiency, and non-invasive nature of camera traps in providing valuable information about wildlife, suggesting that these traditional methods continue to hold significant utility. This implies that eDNA technology may not fully replace them, highlighting the ongoing relevance of conventional techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2022b), with little consideration of the diversity of the overall benthic community. Yet, research has shown the importance of assessing diversity within communities as a whole, rather than within single taxonomic groups, as species interactions may influence patterns of diversity (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). The aim of the present study is to investigate patterns of diversity within MCEs over the depth gradient (15 m to 160 m) and between sites in the Chagos Archipelago, located in a particularly understudied region, the central Indian Ocean. The quantification of alpha and beta diversity indices will provide fundamental data on the patterns of species diversity and potential taxonomic overlap among communities over the depth gradient, and between shallow-water reefs and MCEs. Such data are essential to understand the role of MCEs in the functioning of coral reef ecosystems, ii. unravel the ecological contribution of MCEs to the coral reef system as a whole; and iii. develop conservation and management plans for these ecosystems. MethodsStudy areaThis study was conducted in the (6° S, 71°30’ E), central Indian Ocean. is a fully no-take MPA established in 2010, covering 640,000 km2 and incorporating shallow coral reefs, seagrass meadows, submerged banks and seamounts (Hays et al. 2020). has been uninhabited since the 1970s (with the exception of one atoll with strict environmental regulations), therefore human disturbance from pollution, agriculture and reef fisheries is minimal (Head et al. 2019; Hays et al. 2020). In this study, MCEs were investigated at two oceanographically contrasting sites around (6° 40’ S, 71 21′ E; Fig. 1): Rats (IDR, North-West coast) open to the wider ocean and (MA, North-East coast) somewhat sheltered from the Bank (Fig. 1). Both sites occur on steep slopes with rocky outcrops and strong currents prevailing from east to west and west to east, depending on the movement of the tide. Fig. 1Location of study sites within the Chagos Archipelago. A: with depth gradients extracted from GEBCO data between 10 and 200 m depth. B: central with the delimited in dark pink. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses research methods and the study area without explicitly mentioning coral reefs or their support for marine species diversity. It focuses on assessing diversity within the benthic community and mentions MCEs (mesophotic coral ecosystems) but does not directly address the role of coral reefs in supporting diverse marine species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: SimmG. MoranD. 2010Developing breeding schemes to assist mitigation of greenhouse gas emissionsAnimal43663768. van de HaarM. J. StPierre. N. 2006Major advances in nutrition: relevance to the sustainability of the dairy industry. J. Dairy Sci. 8912801291 9. Chagunda M. G. G, Römer D. A. M, Roberts D. J2009Effect of genotype and feeding regime on enteric methane, non-milk nitrogen and performance of dairy cows during the winter feeding periodLivest. Sci. 12232333210. BellM. WallE. RussellG. MorganC. SimmG. 2010Effect of breeding for milk yield, diet, and management on enteric methane emissions from dairy cows. Anim. Prod. Sci. 5081782611. Johnson K. A, Johnson D. E1995Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 732483249212. Ulyatt M. J, Lassey K. R, Martin R. J, Walker C. F, Shelton I. D1997Methane emission from grazing sheep and cattleIn: Proceedings of the Society of Animal Production5713013313. TammingaS. BanninkA. DijkstraJ. ZomR. 2007Feeding strategies to reduce methane loss in cattleGroup report, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 14. BellM. WallE. RussellG. SimmG. StottA. 2011The effect of improving cow productivity, fertility, and longevity on the global warming potential of dairy systemsJ. Dairy Sci. 943662367815. Veerkamp R. F1998Selection for of on : A ReviewJ. Dairy Sci. 811109111916. DillonP. 2006Achieving high dry-matter intake from pasture with grazing dairy cows. In: editors. for Dairy Cattle, the Key to a Chain. Wageningen UR 18Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 12617. KennedyJ. DillonP. DelabyL. FaverdinP. StakelumG. RathM. 2003Effect of genetic merit and concentrate supplementation on grass intake and milk production with Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86610621 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing studies that examine methane emissions from livestock, particularly cattle and dairy cows. It highlights the relationship between breeding, feeding strategies, and methane emissions, thereby supporting the assertion that livestock farming is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: The key advantages of our methodology for measuring body size in camera trap images are two-fold: (i) the distance marker does not need to remain at the field-site, thus lowering costs and mitigating theft risk, and (ii) as a consequence, this approach can be used to measure animal body size from historical datasets, by re-visiting the site and replicating the position of the previously placed camera, and taking a reference image with the distance marker in place. We were able to integrate our method of estimating body size into a pre-existing camera trap survey as our camera traps were still operational in the field. For researchers wishing to apply this method to a historical dataset, sufficient information must be available regarding the camera trap's location and positioning. This includes the height of the camera trap, angle, and tree/location of the post on which the camera was deployed. It is recommended that the height and angle of the camera trap are reported in all camera trap studies, along with habitat information (Meek et al. , 2014). Researchers who have photographed their camera trap deployments when recording this information will likely find it easier to apply our method to their historical datasets. The margin of error varied among individuals: some exhibited consistent size estimates across images, while others showed greater variability. This variability could be attributed to the differences in the position of the animal in each photograph (Tarugara et al. , 2019), or some foreshortening introduced by slightly oblique angles (e. g. , Figure 5, left panels). This corroborates the findings of Leorna et al. (2022), who noted a decline in measurement accuracy for reindeer as the distance to the camera trap increased or when photographed at an angle. Additional variation in our measurements was also introduced by the non-exact nature of our distance marker, which measured distance in intervals of 10 cm. This is because the resolution of the camera trap images was too low to examine more precise intervals (e. g. , 5 cm and 1 cm). Despite these potential sources of error, the confidence intervals were tight for most individuals, indicating that our method provided consistent measurements despite uncertainties in angles and distance among camera sites. Obtaining pixel measurements for each image was done by hand within out study, although the utilization of deep-learning image processing software by future researchers could provide an automated alternative. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the advantages of traditional camera trap methods, highlighting their cost-effectiveness and ability to measure animal sizes from historical datasets. It emphasizes the continued relevance and utility of camera traps, suggesting that traditional methods are still viable and beneficial for wildlife monitoring, contrary to the assertion that eDNA technology will replace them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: C: displaying bathymetry data acquired using multibeam (between 10 and 200 m depth) and the two study sites: Rats (teal diamond) and (orange diamond)Full size imageBiological dataA Vehicle (model) with a Go4 (2. 7k, 24 fps, wide field of view) attached to it was used to collect benthic imagery from MCEs at the two study sites, IDR and MA. An information overlay on the ROV SD camera displayed time, depth, heading, pitch and roll. Full ROV specifications and details of the biological data collection are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a), but briefly, HD still images were extracted from the GoPro video transects when the ROV approached the seabed and was positioned at an oblique angle (altitude of <1. 5 m). The presence of a strong current at both sites, precluded linear benthic video transects. The entire MCE depth gradient was surveyed, with 6 depth zones chosen a priori to the study based on the literature, covering the shallow reef and the lower mesophotic zones: 15–20 m; 30–40 m; 60–70 m; 80–90 m; 110–120 m; 150–160 m. Three transects were surveyed per depth zone (average transect duration = 30 mins 3 s ± 6 mins 58 s), parallel to the slope at each of the two study sites. Ninety images were collected per depth zone (n=30 images/transect) with a total of 1,080 images from the two study sites. All data were collected during research expeditions in November 2019 (transects 1, 2, 3 for IDR; transect 1 for MA) and March 2020 (transects 2 and 3 for MA). Still images collected along each transect were manually annotated by a single observer using 2. 0, an online annotation platform (Langenkämper et al. 2017), which enables identification and enumeration of organisms. The image analysis procedures are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a). All specimens were identified according to both relevant literature and taxonomist’s support (Tables S1 and acknowledgements). During the study, a morphospecies catalogue was created for the region (Diaz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses methodologies for collecting biological data and imagery from marine environments, specifically mentioning technical details of equipment and procedures used, rather than addressing the diversity of marine species supported by coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: R. F. 2011Genetic parameters for predicted methane production and potential for reducing enteric emissions through genomic selection. J. Dairy Sci. 94612229. Hegarty R. S, McEwan J. C2010Genetic opportunities to reduce enteric methane emissions from ruminant livestock. In: Proceedings of the 9th on to Livestock Production, 16August, Leipzig, Germany. 30. 2002Potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from beef production by selection for reduced residual feed intake. In: Proceedings of the 7th on to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, Communication 10-22102231. CorkellB. 2007Cattle selected for lower residual feed intake have reduced daily methane production. J. Anim. Sci. 851479148632. YanT. 2010Mitigation of enteric methane emissions through improving efficiency of energy utilization and productivity in lactating dairy cowsJ. Dairy Sci. 932630263833. . MirZ. PriceM. A. Arthur. P. F. MooreS. S. 2003Residual feed intake- what is it and how does it differ from traditional concepts of feed utilization. In: Proceedings of for Animal Science, Annual meeting, 1013June, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. 34. . LiC. . MooreS. S. 2006Relationships of feedlot feed efficiency, performance, and feeding behavior with metabolic rate, methane production, and energy partitioning in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 8414515335. Veerkamp R. F2002Feed intake and energy balance in lactating animals. In: Proceedings of the 7th on to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, Communication 10-01100136. CoffeyM. P. SimmG. HillW. G. BrotherstoneS. 2003Genetic evaluations of dairy bulls for energy balance profiles using linear type scores and body condition score estimated using random regression. J. Dairy Sci. 862205221237. Pryce J. E, Harris B. L2006Genetics of body condition score in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 894424443238. Lassey K. R2007Livestock methane emission: From the individual grazing animals through national inventories to the global methane cycle. Agricult. Forest Meteorol. 14212013239. PryceJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing various studies related to methane production from livestock. It discusses genetic selection opportunities for reducing enteric methane emissions from ruminants and presents evidence of lower methane production in cattle selected for lower residual feed intake. Mention of livestock methane emissions connects directly to the assertion that livestock farming is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane.