Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Current consumption estimates of FV in Tanzania are below recommended levels: fruit consumption for children between 6 and 23 months and 6 and 13 years is 24 g/d and 74 g/d, while vegetable consumption is 33 g/d and 88 g/d, respectively(Reference Alves8). For women of reproductive age, fruit consumption is 56 g/d and vegetable intake is 120 g/d according to Sarfo et al. (unpublished results). One feasible solution for making FV available and accessible year-round for consumption is the processing of FV. FV can be transformed into products with a longer shelf life, durable, nutritious, convenient and easily transportable for consumers to have easy accessibility(Reference Garratt, Power, Davey and Jongen9,Reference Floros, Newsome and Fisher10). Through processing – of FV – households can be buffered during food insecurity periods(Reference Keding, Schneider and Jordan7) and could contribute substantially to providing quality diets. For instance, consumers cited inconvenience and health-related risks in Tanzania for not consuming regularly fresh cassava leaves despite their nutritional benefits(11), thereby the need for processing. Also, processed FV contribute to increased FV consumption; in the USA, consumers of frozen FV increased their consumption for FV significantly when compared with non-consumers of frozen FV. Nutrient intakes were also higher(and Anderson12). Notwithstanding these positives, there are negative perceptions associated with processed foods as unhealthy. This, among others, is because the benefits of processed foods, especially the nutritious ones, have not been communicated clearly and consistently to consumers to overcome the negative messaging(Reference Keding, Schneider and Jordan7,Reference Weaver, Dwyer and Fulgoni13). Indeed, not all processed foods contribute to adverse health outcomes, including overweight and obesity(Reference Sarfo, Pawelzik and Keding14), and as such, a distinction on them should be unambiguous. Dwyer et al. (Reference Dwyer, Fulgoni and Clemens15) espoused that processed foods can provide critical micronutrients otherwise unavailable in diets. Moreover, some processed foods can provide valuable nutrients beyond those provided by fresh ones depending on the processing method involved, which could retain and even enhance many nutrients(Reference Floros, Newsome and Fisher10). Yet data or studies on processed foods – particularly FV – in their contribution to quality diets have been limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption for health. It notes that current consumption levels in Tanzania are below recommended levels and suggests processing FV to improve accessibility and convenience for consumers. The mention of how processed FV can contribute to quality diets aligns with the notion that a variety of dietary components, including FV, is essential for overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: 1 mg/kg) increased circulating levels of GDF11 above endogenous plasma levels, which were below the detection limit of the assay [17]. Therefore, considering that our goal was to restore progeroid GDF11 plasma levels to a wild-type condition, we were confident that this dose was adequate to test our hypothesis. Thus, male and female Zmpste24-/- mice received a daily intraperitoneal injection of rGDF11 (0. 1 mg/kg) or vehicle, starting at the age of 2. 5 months, once the accelerated aging symptoms started to manifest. rGDF11 treatment did not increase survival of Zmpste24-/- mice compared with vehicle-treated animals (Figure 2A-2B). These results were in line with recent reports showing no effect of GDF11 on cardiac or skeletal muscle function, arguing against the “rejuvenating” potential of this protein [16-19]. Figure 2: rGDF11 therapy does not extend longevity of Zmpste24-/- mice. A. Kaplan-Meier survival plot of rGDF11-treated (n = 5) and vehicle-treated (n = 6) male Zmpste24-/- mice. B. Kaplan-Meier survival plot of rGDF11-treated (n = 8) and vehicle-treated (n = 6) female Zmpste24-/- mice. Mice received a daily intraperitoneal dose of rGDF11 (0. 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. Additionally, it has recently been suggested that high doses (0. 5 mg/kg) of rGDF11 may decrease body weight [20]. In our experiment, we observed that long-term rGDF11 administration at a lower dose (0. 1 mg/kg, daily) did not dramatically decrease the body weight of Zmpste24-/--treated mice compared with vehicle-treated littermates, although the average body weight was slightly lower in rGDF11-treated mice, being this difference statistically significant at some points of the treatment period in female mice (Figure 3A-3B). Figure 3: rGDF11 therapy does not prevent body weight loss of Zmpste24-/-mice. Body weights of rGDF11- and vehicle-treated male A. and female B. Zmpste24-/- mice. Data are mean ± SEM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from an experiment on rGDF11 treatment in Zmpste24-/- mice, which showed that this intervention did not increase survival compared to vehicle-treated animals. The results argue against the rejuvenating potential of GDF11, as indicated by the statement, 'rGDF11 treatment did not increase survival of Zmpste24-/- mice compared with vehicle-treated animals.' This indicates that the approach discussed does not support the idea that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Full size imageIt should be noted that our phylogenetic analysis was not intended to address the phylogeny of Psychopsoidea with present limited sampling but to assess the positions of the three long-proboscid genera. The systematics of Mesozoic psychopsoids is complicated and flooded with many taxa with unclear taxonomic and phylogenetic status13. Moreover, the unambiguous autapomorphy of Psychopsoidea has yet not been found. The three character states herein assigned to support the monophyly of Psychopsoidea can be also found in some species of other lacewing families, e. g. Ithonidae21,22. Actually, besides the psychopsoid families, the three Burmese long-proboscid lacewing genera only resemble some Tertiary ithonids previously placed in Polystoechotidae22 by the broadly subtriangular forewing with dense venations and posteriorly curved Sc and R. However, they greatly differs from ithonids by the lacking of branched recurrent humeral veinlet and by the posterior branch of forewing MP not pectinately branched. As such, the placement of these Burmese long-proboscid genera in Psychopsoidea is reasonable, although they cannot be placed into any of the known psychopsoid families. Admittedly, it is to some extent arbitrary to establish a new family name for these genera due to lack of a convincing autapomorphy, although all of them possess unique configuration of long-proboscid mouthparts and some antennal or wing features. Knowledge of larval morphology and genital features would be essential to further reveal the familial affinities of these enigmatic genera. DiscussionIn light of the present newly described fossils, long-proboscid lacewings consist of at least four independent lineages, i. e. Permithonidae, Kalligrammatidae + Aetheogrammatidae, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Cretanallachius + Burmopsychops gen. nov. (Fig. 6). Permithonidae represent the oldest known long-proboscid lacewings, but only one species (i. e. , Tschekardithonopsis? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the phylogenetic analysis of Psychopsoidea and long-proboscid lacewings without making any connection to fossilized plants or their role in understanding past environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: (unpublished results), was used. Cost of Diet linear programming tool of Diet (CoD) linear programming tool was adopted to model standard diets and assess the impact of the processed FV in the diets. The CoD tool is a mathematical linear computer programming software that models diets that meet individuals or a family’s average energy needs as well as their recommended protein, fat and micronutrient intakes at the least financial cost(Reference Sarfo, Keding and Boedecker17,Reference Termote, Raneri and Deptford18,Reference Deptford, Allieri and Childs26). The CoD tool contains nutrient contents of 3580 food items and supplements extracted from five different food consumption tables. It includes macro- and micronutrient recommendations for different individuals based on the specifications from the WHO and FAO as well as typical portion sizes for different individuals(Reference Sarfo, Keding and Boedecker17,Reference Deptford, Allieri and Childs26). To model diets, additional data upload was needed, including local foods and their corresponding prices and weights and ‘food constraints’ to factor in local food culture. Food constraints – classified into minimum and maximum – refer to the number of times a week that foods can be consumed. Minimum constraints are the least number of times foods are consumed per week and hence can be included in the models, while maximum constraints indicate the maximum number of times foods are consumed weekly(Reference Termote, Raneri and Deptford18,Reference Deptford, Allieri and Childs26). The present study collected data on local foods and food constraints (see data collection) and used the food tables and portion sizes – minimum and maximum – embedded in the tool for analysis. Data analysis First, the food items and their corresponding prices and weights obtained from the market surveys were entered into the CoD tool. Average prices of the foods per 100 g of edible portion were calculated. The foods were also classified into eight food groups: cereals, roots and tubers; fruits; vegetables; oils and fats; spices and condiments; sweets and beverages; animal source foods; and pulses and nuts. Then, the FGD data on dietary habits were entered to calculate the minimum and maximum constraints of the foods (see online supplementary material, S1 and S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the modeling of diets that meet individuals' energy needs as well as recommended intakes of proteins, fats, and micronutrients. It emphasizes the classification of food into various groups, including fruits, vegetables, and animal source foods, which aligns with the idea of a balanced diet consisting of a variety of food sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: P-values were calculated by Student’s t-test (*P ≤ 0. 05). based on heterochronic parabiosis, where a young and an old individual share a circulatory system, have demonstrated that certain age-associated dysfunctions may be rescued or ameliorated by the exposure to a young systemic environment. Interestingly, even the earliest studies using this technique provided evidence of lifespan extension of the older parabiont [21, 22]. Current findings have supported the notion that this beneficial effect has its basis on the restoration of the regenerative capacity of the stem cell pool in the old individual, which suggests that boosting tissue regeneration may slow down organismal aging [23]. In the search for those circulatory factors that decline with age and that are responsible for the maintenance of stem cell performance over time, GDF11 has been identified as a powerful anti-aging candidate with a broad effect on a number of tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle and the cerebral vasculature [5-7]. This apparent pleiotropy prompted us to hypothesize that this factor might contribute to extend lifespan, considering the number of key tissues/organs that could benefit. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model of accelerated aging (Zmpste24-deficient mice), given that it shares most of the features occurring in natural aging [12]. In particular, it has been reported that many of the alterations observed in these progeroid mice are caused by an impaired stem cell function [13, 24, 25]. Moreover, we have previously demonstrated that the coexistence of Zmpste24-deficient cells and Zmpste24-proficient cells (mosaic mice) completely prevented the development of the premature aging phenotype, suggesting that cell-extrinsic mechanisms exerted by the “healthy” cells were responsible for the full reversion of progeroid features [15]. Nevertheless, in addition to the above-mentioned data, to evaluate the possibility that our mouse model of premature aging was suitable to test the effect of GDF11 on longevity, we first determined whether GDF11 levels decline with age in Zmpste24-/- mice. Unfortunately, recent studies have reported that current immunoreagents, due to the high similarity between GDF11 and GDF8 (myostatin) amino acid sequences, cannot discriminate between these two closely related members of the TGF-β superfamily in plasma samples [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while certain techniques, like heterochronic parabiosis, can ameliorate age-associated dysfunctions and have shown some extension of lifespan in older individuals, it does not support the idea that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging indefinitely. The focus on factors like GDF11 suggests potential improvements in stem cell function and tissue regeneration without making definitive claims about indefinite lifespan extension or complete reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: oblivius Vilesov)23 from the (Kungurian) is confirmed to have siphonate mouthparts12. Its proboscis, which is considered to be conjoined by maxillary palpal elements, is nearly double the length (1. 7 mm long) of the head; furthermore there is a narrow median food canal and an apical setose region12. The mouthparts of Kalligrammatidae are documented to a greater degree; most kalligrammatids have siphonate mouthparts except for species of Sophogrammatinae8,12,24. The proboscides of kalligrammatids are variable in length (11–25 mm long) among species8,12. Nonetheless, one basic feature of the kalligrammatid siphonate mouthparts seems to be constant, namely the absence of labial palps24. It was reported that the kalligrammatid proboscis consists of conjoined maxillary galeae to form a tubular siphon that is anatomically similar to that of the lepidopteran Glossata12. However, a siphon with two largely separate elongated parts is found in an undescribed kalligrammatid from China (see Labandeira & Currano: Fig. 6f 24), possibly indicating a more complex structural feature of the kalligrammatid proboscis. Figure 6Evolutionary chronogram of Psychopsoidea. Interfamilial phylogeny based on present results, thick lines indicate known geological distributions. Lineages with long-proboscid mouthparts highlighted red. Full size imageThe elongated elements of the mouthparts in the amber psychopsoids described herein undoubtedly belong to maxillae and/or labium. However, due to the highly specialized condition, it is a little bit difficult to accurately interpret the homology of these prolonged structures. gen. nov. , the paired long lobes are very likely the parts of maxillae, while the central long and distally bifid lobe is probably the ligula of the labium, as having similar groundplan to the typical neuropteran ligula. The elongated lobe of maxilla in Fiaponeura gen. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the anatomical features of specific insect mouthparts and phylogenetic relationships without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Micronutrient gaps and the impact of the processed fruits and vegetables The standard diets showed gaps in micronutrient intakes, particularly for the individuals in Mtwara. While micronutrient deficiencies were found in the diet of only infants aged 6–11 months in Morogoro, all individuals in Mtwara did not meet recommended levels of certain micronutrients in their diets. and Fe were the lacking micronutrients in diets that cut across for all individuals in Mtwara. Additional limited micronutrients included vitamins C, B2, B6 and Zn for infants aged 6–11 months. For infants aged 12–23 months and school-aged children, vitamin B2 was inadequate, in addition to the lack of vitamin A and Fe (Fig. 4). The inclusion of the processed FV at different interactions and combinations – as described above – improved some micronutrient contents. Recommended intakes for vitamins A and C and Zn were met for infants aged 6–11 months; there was a slight increase in Fe content by 18 % and slight reductions in vitamins B2 and B6 (Fig. 4). The processed FV filled up all recommended micronutrient intakes not met in the standard diets for the rest of the individuals except for the school-aged children, where vitamin B2 decreased by 0·5 % in the lean season. In Morogoro, the most pronounced limited micronutrients were vitamin B2, Ca, Fe and Zn identified in the diets of infants aged 6–11 months for both seasons. The addition of the processed FV, given by the different combinations as shown in Fig. 2, fully bridged the micronutrient gaps of Ca and Zn. Fe content increased by 19 % on average, while there was a slight reduction in vitamin B2, as mapped in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 Percentage of recommended nutrients met in the standard diets and after adding the processed fruits and vegetables in the models for children and women in Mtwara and Morogoro, Diets and micronutrient deficiencies In the present study, standard diets were modelled with processed FV to investigate their impact on diet cost and micronutrient intakes. The costs of the modelled diets were primarily driven by vegetables and animal source foods, which indicates the high prices of these nutritious foods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing micronutrient deficiencies and the impact of processed fruits and vegetables on improving nutrient intake. It highlights how standard diets were lacking in essential micronutrients and how the inclusion of processed fruits and vegetables helped bridge these gaps, which aligns with the idea that a balanced diet comprising various food groups is important for overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In the light of these findings, the original papers have recently been revisited [20]. Therefore, consistent with what it has now been reported to occur in natural aging, we only observed a marked decrease in the circulating pool of GDF11/8 proteins in Zmpste24-/- compared with wild-type littermates when the aging symptoms had already started to manifest in these mice. Thus, no differences where observed when comparing plasma samples from the same individuals obtained at an early age, prior to the development of the progeroid phenotype. These results further support the similarities between our mouse model of premature aging and the process of physiological aging. However, in addition to the criticisms raised about the original observation of a GDF11 decline in aged mice, recent studies have also questioned the capacity of this circulating factor to reverse cardiac and skeletal age-related tissue dysfunction [16-19]. Dosing and the source of the recombinant protein have been claimed as possible factors to explain the discrepancies between the data obtained by different investigators [20, 26]. In this regard, to test our hypothesis about a possible role for GDF11 on lifespan extension, we did use the same commercial rGDF11 protein that has been used in those studies describing its anti-aging properties, and at a dosage capable of raising its levels in Zmpste24-/- plasma samples. However, rGDF11 daily treatment did not extend the lifespan of progeroid mice compared with vehicle-treated Zmpste24-/- littermates. It has been suggested that some of the original conclusions about GDF11 cardioprotective effects could be due to the decrease in body weight observed as a secondary effect of rGDF11 daily administration [17, 20, 26]. Our results showed that rGDF11 treatment only caused a slightly reduction in the body weight of female Zmpste24-/- mice compared with vehicle-treated littermates during the first days of the experiment, whereas no significant differences were observed in the male cohort. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that circulating GDF11/8 levels are reduced in our mouse model of premature aging, which shares most of the symptoms that occur in normal aging. However, GDF11 protein administration is not sufficient to extend longevity in these progeroid mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of GDF11 protein administration, which was tested for its potential to extend lifespan but ultimately did not result in lifespan extension for progeroid mice. It states, 'rGDF11 daily treatment did not extend the lifespan of progeroid mice compared with vehicle-treated Zmpste24-/- littermates,' directly undermining the assertion that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: could be galea with reduction of lacinia or represent a structure fused by galea and lacinia (such fusion might be inferred by the longitudinal line within this structure as shown in Fig. 4d, but this could be also a secondary character). Nevertheless, as the complete fusion of galea and lacinia is rarely found in Neuroptera, it is more likely that this long lobe is just a specialized galea and the lacinia is lost in relation to the reduction of other mouthparts’ elements, such as the mandibles. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. , the lateral pair of long lobes is probably homologous with that in Fiaponeura gen. nov. , being as a part of maxillae. However, attribution of the other pair of long lobes positioned centrally is unclear. As the ligula is rarely separated in most lacewings, these lobes might have to be interpreted as specialized lacinia. In this case, the ligula should have been completely lost in Cretanallachius and Burmopsychops gen. nov. Nonetheless, based on the central position of these lobes, they may be homologous with the central lobe in their contemporary and phylogenetically related genus Fiaponeura gen. nov. as a part of labium (putative ligula), which we favored at present (Fig. 4e). Both maxillary and labial palps are well developed and much longer than the two pairs of long lobes in these Burmese amber psychopsoids, while only one pair of palps, putatively the maxillary palps, are retained in kalligrammatids24. The tubular siphon as in kalligrammatids is also not found in these species. Instead, the prolonged elements of mouthparts in the material we examined are distinctly separate distally. gen. nov. the long blade-like lobe is slightly curved along the outer margin; it is equipped with a longitudinal ridge (a dark line medially) and some cuticular structures, such as transverse microgrooves and coarse setae. Such features imply that the lobes could temporarily come together, possibly enclosing the ligula and thus form a functional proboscis. The ligula of Fiaponeura gen. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses anatomical features and classifications of certain insect structures without addressing any aspects of fossilized plants or their implications for understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Hence, their inclusion in diets becomes a challenge even if households can afford them. For instance, in this study, the availability of fruits on the market was low, most likely leading to low consumption and limited inclusion in the modelled diets. In addition, low intake of animal source foods, including meat and dairy foods, accounts for the reduction in vitamin B2 for infants across locations and seasons, even after adding the processed FV, as these animal source foods are rich in vitamin B2 (and Gupta33). Only one animal source food – fish – was included in the diet, emphasising the need to promote sustainable consumption of animal source foods and/or adding needed micronutrients to foods through fortification. Nutritional contribution and cost of processed fruits and vegetables Although most fruits are consumed fresh, compared with vegetables that need to be processed most times before consumption, processing adds the layer of safety and prolonged shelf life. Through processing, anti-nutrients and toxic substances can be inactivated or destroyed to ensure palatability and digestibility. Even though nutrient losses may occur through processing, varied processing techniques can also be used to fortify and/or alter FV with nutrients that are consistent with nutrition guidelines. (Reference Floros, Newsome and Fisher10,Reference Weaver, Dwyer and Fulgoni13,Reference Breene34). This study has shown that processed FV can promote nutritional adequacy in diets and even reduce diet costs for specific individuals. These findings are also backed by Weaver et al. (Reference Weaver, Dwyer and Fulgoni13), who showed in their study that processed foods could contribute to ensuring food and nutrition secured households. In the USA, for instance, processed FV (frozen, canned or dried) contributed 35 % of dietary fibre, 62 % of vitamin E, 51 % of vitamin C, 40 % of folate and 25 % of vitamin A to diets(Reference Dwyer, Fulgoni and Clemens15). This affirms that the possibilities of processed FV not only lower post-harvest losses but also contribute to improving the nutritional status of individuals who otherwise would have been malnourished. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of including a variety of fruits and vegetables in diets to achieve nutritional adequacy. Specifically, it states that 'processed FV can promote nutritional adequacy in diets,' supporting the idea that a balanced diet—including fruits and vegetables—is beneficial for health. Furthermore, it highlights the contributions of processed fruits and vegetables to dietary fiber and essential vitamins, affirming their role in enhancing overall nutritional status.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Although accelerated-aging mouse models can serve as powerful tools to test and develop anti-aging therapies common to both physiological and pathological aging, the existence of certain differences between the two processes implies that further investigation is still required to determine whether long-term GDF11 administration has a pro-survival effect on normal aged animals. Materials and methods Animal experiments Zmpste24-/- mice have previously been described [27]. Zmpste24-/- mice were backcrossed 10 generations to C57BL/6N background. All procedures involving mice were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee for of the Universidad de Oviedo. Blood was extracted from the facial veins after anaesthetizing mice and collected into EDTA-coated tubes. Blood was centrifuged at 1000 g at 4ºC, and the supernatant was stored at -80ºC until analysis. Mice were given a daily intraperitoneal injection of either rGDF11 (PeproTech) at 0. 1 mg/kg or vehicle. Western-blot 3 µl of plasma samples were separated in 14% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred in CAPS buffer (10 mM 3-[Cyclohexylamino]-1-propanesulfonic acid, pH 10. 5, and 20% methanol) onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore). Blots were blocked with 3% nonfat dry milk in TBS-T buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. 4, 150 mM NaCl, and 0. 05% Tween 20) for 1 h at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4°C with 3% nonfat dry milk in TBS-T buffer with 1:500 anti-GDF11/8 antibody (Abcam, cat. #ab124721). Finally, blots were incubated for 2 h at room temperature in 1. 5% nonfat dry milk in TBS-T buffer with 1:2000 goat anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase (Cell Signaling, cat. #7074S), washed and developed with substrate (Millipore). Chemiluminescent images were acquired with a Fujifilm LAS3000 mini apparatus. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed by using Graph6 software. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and ongoing research required to determine anti-aging therapies' efficacy. It highlights that while accelerated-aging mouse models are useful, significant differences between physiological and pathological aging exist, indicating that current biohacking methods have not yet proven capable of fully reversing aging or extending lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: bears a conspicuous tubular food canal in the middle, numerous oblique microgrooves that line the food canal and a pair of acutely pointed terminal lobes. Comparably, the elongated lobes in Cretanallachius and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are gracile and bear much simpler cuticular structures with only transverse microgrooves on the lateral lobes (specialized galeae or galeae +laciniae), which might similarly function as those in Fiaponeura gen. nov. to form a temporary proboscis. Multiple lineages of insects with siphonate proboscides were reported to be responsible for pollination, such as several lineages of true flies25,26, three lineages of scorpionflies belonging to the Aneuretopsychina clade27 and the lacewings belonging to the nonsophogrammatine Kalligrammatidae24. Plants that may have been pollinated by these long-proboscid insects include corystospermalean and caytonialean seed ferns, ginkgophytes, cheirolepidiaceous conifers, gnetaleans and bennettitaleans24. These plants usually show morphological modifications of their ovulate organs, e. g. , the micropyle is significantly lengthened or hidden deep in a cupulate structure12. Inference of the long-proboscid pollination mode in the mid-Mesozoic is challenging due to lack of direct evidence in the association between host plants and pollinators in the fossil record. However, Labandeira outlined several categories of useful evidence for establishment of pollinator mutualisms in fossil records: 1) the structure of insect mouthparts and related head features; 2) the structure of ovulate organs and especially features for provisioning rewards for insects; 3) the structure of pollen and its placement on plant and insect contact surfaces; 4) palynivore gut contents and dispersed coprolites; 5) the host occurrence, geometry and feeding patterns of insect plant damage on reproductive structures; and 6) knowledge of the present-day life histories of the nearest, closest relatives of both fossil plant hosts and their insect pollinators12. Application of the above evidence uncovered pollinator mutualisms in thrips, scorpionflies and true flies26,27,28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the morphology of insect mouthparts and their relation to plant-pollinator interactions, without directly addressing how fossilized plants contribute insights into ancient climates or ecosystems. While it mentions pollination and plants in a fossil context, it lacks specific references to climate or ecosystem insights, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: The DCL used in this study had prolonged longevity and were suitable for year-round consumption(Reference Kirakou, Margaret and Ambuko25). In addition, in Uganda, similar solar-dried cowpea leaves were acceptable in taste, flavour, and texture and had a stable storage form that could be well marketed for consumption(Reference Natabirwa, Mukiibi and Zziwa44). According to Tepe et al. (Reference Tepe, Benali and Lemken47), there is a demand and market for processed FV in East Africa. The trend shows that consumers have general acceptability for processed FV. They can provide the longevity needed to help bridge seasonality nutrient gaps, especially for vulnerable groups like children and women. Although affordability of diets was not calculated in this study, it is assumed that in Morogoro, households may be able to afford the modelled diets but may have to commit a large share of their income as a food budget. However, in Mtwara, the affordability of the diets might be a considerable challenge. With the level of development in Morogoro, infrastructure-wise, and easy accessibility to motorable road networks and urban areas, it could provide households the opportunity of ease of access to diverse and inexpensive but nutritious foods on the market. Additionally, in Morogoro, households can easily engage in off-farm income activities to fetch them extra income to theoretically afford healthy diets. In contrast, in Mtwara – specifically the communities surveyed – road networks are bad with public transport to nearby urban areas scheduled at specific times. This could present a situation where food supply and availability could be limited to only those produced in the communities, consequently limiting food diversity and accessibility to other nutritious foods. Again, off-farm income ventures could be restricted as well, limiting income generation to purchase nutritious foods. On the other hand, improved access to markets – measured by off-farm income and short distance to markets – have been shown to be associated with better household nutrition(Reference Sibhatu, Krishna and Qaim48). Policy implications and areas for future research First, investment in science and technology is essential to develop more processing innovations that help process fresh FV and similarly fresh nutritious yet perishable foods such as milk and meat into nutritious products. Also, appropriate channels for transferring these processing innovations to communities where these foods are produced should be developed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of diverse food sources for enhancing nutrition. It emphasizes how processed fruits and vegetables can address nutrient gaps, especially for vulnerable groups. The mention of improved access to markets correlates with better household nutrition, reinforcing the idea that a varied diet comprising different food groups is vital for overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Nuclear envelope defects cause stem cell dysfunction in premature-aging mice. J Cell Biol. 2008; 181:27-35. 14. Osorio FG, Bárcena C, Soria-Valles C, Ramsay AJ, de and López-Otín C. Nuclear lamina defects cause ATM-dependent NF-kappaB activation and link accelerated aging to a systemic inflammatory response. Genes Dev. 2012; 26:2311-2324. 15. de la ández-García ñanos J, et al. causes progeria through cell-extrinsic mechanisms and prevents cancer invasion. Nat Commun. 2013; 4:2268. 16. GDF11 Increases with age and inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell metabolism. 2015; 22:164-174. 17. GDF11 does not rescue aging-related pathological hypertrophy. Circulation research. 2015; 117:926-932. 18. and Russell AJ. Lack of evidence for GDF11 as a rejuvenator of aged skeletal muscle satellite cells. Aging cell. 2016; 15:582-584. 19. Rodgers BD and Eldridge JA. Reduced circulating GDF11 is unlikely responsible for age-dependent changes in mouse heart, muscle, and brain. Endocrinology. 2015; 156:3885-3888. 20. - Circulating growth differentiation factor 11/8 levels decline with age. Circulation research. 2016; 118:29-37. 21. and Rando TA. Heterochronic parabiosis: historical perspective and methodological considerations for studies of aging and longevity. Aging cell. 2013; 12:525-530. 22. Ludwig FC and Elashoff RM. Mortality in syngeneic rat parabionts of different chronological age. Transactions of the Academy of Sciences. 1972; 34:582-587. 23. Signer RA and Morrison SJ. Mechanisms that regulate stem cell aging and life span. Cell stem cell. 2013; 12:152-165. 24. and Huard J. Muscle-derived stem/progenitor cell dysfunction in Zmpste24-deficient progeroid mice limits muscle regeneration. Stem cell research & therapy. 2013; 4:33. 25. and Zhou Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting various studies that discuss aging mechanisms and issues related to cellular and stem cell dysfunction in aging models rather than presenting biohacking as a method to reverse aging completely. For instance, it mentions nuclear envelope defects leading to stem cell dysfunction and discusses factors like GDF11, which appears to inhibit certain regenerative processes rather than facilitate indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In the long-proboscid psychopsoids herein reported, we were unable to identify the presence of pollen grains attached to any specimen. Furthermore, we lack data on chemical compounds from mouthparts and digestive system for diet estimation. However, based on known life histories of modern lacewings, as well as the pollination habit of long-proboscid kalligrammatids, these long-proboscid amber lacewings are more likely to be pollinators feeding on nectar and possibly pollen, rather than hematophages or piercing-sucking herbivores. Remarkably, the proboscides of these amber lacewings are definitely among the shortest of mid-Mesozoic insect pollinators with haustellate or siphonate mouthparts. The temporarily formed proboscides of Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are ~1. 0 mm in length, while in Cretanallachius the proboscis is considerably shorter (~0. 4 mm). In previous studies, candidate host plants for mid-Mesozoic pollinator insects with proboscides ranging from 0. 9 to 1. 8 mm in length were inferred to be Pentoxylaceae, which have a diminutive micropyle and salpinx tube (2 mm maximum length by 0. 1 mm diameter) and lineages of Bennettitales with surface accessible ovules25. Conversely, the distance and width of the conduit from the aperture entry to the pollen chamber was much greater in other plant lineages reported in mid-Mesozoic pollination mutualisms, such as Caytoniaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae, Czekanowskiaceae and Gnetales27. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that a pollination mutualism existed between the small-sized long-proboscid lacewings from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and the above mentioned co-occurring plants (i. e. Pentoxylaceae and Bennettitales) with relatively shallow-seated pollen-receptive areas. However, it is noteworthy that angiosperms were also present in mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and different types of angiosperm flowers, some of which are small-sized, are known in this deposit though they are still poorly identified24,29,30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses the feeding behavior of long-proboscid amber lacewings and their relationship with host plants, but does not address how fossilized plants could provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. It focuses on pollination mutualism without connecting it to the climate or ecosystem contexts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: The 24-h constraints were based on qualitative recalls instead of quantitative, neglecting the inter-individual portion sizes of food intake. Usage of the qualitative 24-h recall is nonetheless consistent with the FGD, which is also qualitative. Furthermore, the sample sizes adopted for the 24-h constraints were small, especially for the children, which could limit the variability in foods consumed in the study areas to approximate correct dietary habits for modelling. Except for the fruit nut bars, the nutrient contents of the processed FV are based on food composition tables from elsewhere, which could result in under- or overestimation of the potentials of processed FV in local diets. Again, the actual pricing of the processed FV was not determined, but rather prices from similar products were used, which can bias the results of the potentials of processed FV in terms of diet cost reduction. The processed FV were not tested on the specific individuals of the study to understand their acceptability or otherwise for the products. However, as discussed above, there is a general trend for the likeness and acceptability of processed FV. Lastly, this study did not gauge the acceptability and affordability of the modelled diets with processed FV, especially when the models are considered hypothetical. Therefore, this creates a challenge as to whether the consumption of these diets could be actualised for the individuals. Moreover, for households to access such nutritious diets, there should be the financial will. As it stands now, this study is unable to assess in actual terms whether households have the financial will to buy such nutritious diets. present study sought to model standard diets for children and women in rural Tanzania and assess the impact of processed FV to reduce diet costs and ensure nutritional adequacy. The addition of processed FV to diets reduced diet costs except for infants aged 6–11 months, where the cost went up. On nutritional adequacy, the integration of processed FV was able to fill up the micronutrient gaps that persisted in the standard diets for children and women, except in some cases for infants aged 6–11 months, where some of the micronutrient gaps were not fully bridged. Overall, processed FV could provide a feasible avenue to ensure nutritious but cheap diets for households, especially the poor, year-round. Hence, interventions that would spur the processing of FV into nutritious and affordable products should extensively be pursued at international and national levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the integration of processed fruits and vegetables (FV) as a means to achieve nutritional adequacy and fill micronutrient gaps in diets for children and women. It highlights that adding processed FV can provide nutritious diets, reduce costs, and potentially improve overall diet quality. This aligns with the claim that a balanced diet with a variety of food groups is beneficial for health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: extensively studied in Caenorhabditis elegans, no work has yet demonstrated for Drosophila melanogaster whether reduced insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) requires the FOXO transcription factor (foxo) to extend lifespan. Here, we conduct genetic epistasis analysis to determine whether foxo is required for chico mutants (insulin receptor substrate) to reduce age-specific mortality and thus extend lifespan. The mutant chico1 allele strongly extends lifespan relative to wild-type sibs. A mutant of foxo eliminates most of this chico survival benefit. In addition, we used a factorial proportional hazard analysis to formally study the main effects of chico and of foxo and to determine how these genes interact to influence mortality. We document that foxo indeed contributes to how chico increases lifespan, but part of the convergence in survival between chico genotypes in the foxo-mutant background may occur because chico mutation exacerbates the negative effects of foxo mutation. benefits of reduced insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) upon aging are thought to be mediated by FOXO class transcription factors. In studies with Caenorhabditis elegans, hypomorphic mutants of daf-2, which encode an insulin-like receptor, extend adult lifespan (Kenyon et al. , 1993; Lin et al. , 1997; Ogg et al. , 1997). DAF-2 negatively regulates a FOXO transcription factor encoded by daf-16 (Lee et al. , 2001). Based on data from genetic epistasis analysis, the beneficial effects of daf-2 upon survival are mediated by the downstream factor FOXO (daf-16) because the double mutant of daf-2; daf-16 is not long lived relative to wild-type (Kenyon et al. , 1993; Dorman et al. , 1995; Larsen et al. , 1995). Beyond C. elegans, there is only indirect evidence to suggest that insulin signaling extends lifespan through FOXO. Mutants of the Drosophila insulin-like receptor (InR) or of the insulin receptor substrate (encoded by chico) increase fly lifespan (Clancy et al. , 2001; Tatar et al. , 2001; Tu et al. , 2002), while overexpression of foxo in adult fat body likewise increases longevity (Hwangbo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genetic factors and mechanisms involved in extending lifespan, particularly in model organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. It mentions that while certain methods related to insulin/IGF signaling and the FOXO transcription factor can extend lifespan, they do not imply that aging can be fully reversed or that methods exist to extend lifespan indefinitely. Specifically, it discusses the limitations and the indirect nature of current evidence, which does not support the absolute claim of indefinite lifespan extension through biohacking methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: As such, we cannot eliminate the possibility that these Burmese amber psychopsoids with small-sized proboscides were pollinators of certain angiosperm plants. However, previous studies indicate that the earliest angiosperm pollination was predominantly associated with small nonproboscid, large mandibulate and punch-and-sucking insects31,32 and the earliest deep-throated flowers specialized for long-proboscid insect pollination are of Turonian age (ca. 45 million years after the earliest angiosperm fossils)33. Furthermore, the extinction of these long proboscid psychopsoids is more difficult to be explained if they were associated with angiosperms that was rising since mid-Cretaceous. The origin and diversification of Neuroptera, which is estimated to have occurred no later than the Late Permian34, is the most spectacular event in the evolution of Neuropterida. Based on a time-scale of lacewing diversification estimated by Wang et al. 35, 10 of the 16 extant neuropteran families were present by the end of the Triassic, while the divergence of the remaining modern families occurred no later than the Early Cretaceous. It is remarkable that the number of neuropteran families approximately doubled from the to the end of the Early Cretaceous, although half of them became extinct by the end of the Late Cretaceous36. diversification of Neuroptera, which included innovations of remarkable biological traits in the larvae, such as the subterranean phytophagous Ithonidae and debris-carrying Chrysopidae and Myrmeleontiformia, is considered to be correlated to a floral change from archaic lycopsids, ferns, cordaites and pteridosperms to radiations of cycads, ginkgos, conifers and angiosperm-like Bennettitales in the Triassic35. Various insect-plant associations involving Neuroptera, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the ecological roles of specific insects and their relationships with flowering plants throughout different geological periods. While it mentions the diversification of plants and the associated insect-pollinator dynamics, it does not provide insights specifically related to the implications of fossilized plants on understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Skipping breakfast regimen induces an increase in body weight and a decrease in muscle weight with a shifted circadian rhythm in peripheral tissues of mice Published online by Press: 11 March 2022 and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, for 663-8142, Yamamoto Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Kim Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Sun Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Yamamoto Affiliation: Institute for 663-8142, Oda* Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan * *Corresponding author: Hiroaki Oda, email hirooda@agr. nagoya-u. ac. jp 0. 97 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] timing is a key factor in synchronising the circadian clock in peripheral tissues. Circadian disorders are associated with the metabolic syndrome. Previously, we demonstrated that a skipping breakfast regimen (SBR) with a high-fat diet increased body weight gain in rats. In this study, we investigated whether SBR with a normal diet led to abnormal lipid metabolism and muscle metabolism in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed during zeitgeber time (ZT) 12–24 in the control group and ZT 16–24 in the SBR group for 2 weeks. SBR mice showed increased body weight gain and perirenal adipose tissue weight. The plantar muscle weight was decreased in the SBR group compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, SBR delayed the circadian oscillations in clock gene expression in peripheral tissues, such as the liver, adipose tissue and muscle, as well as the oscillations in the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver and adipose tissue. These results suggest that skipping breakfast over a long period of time is associated with a risk of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and muscle loss, such as sarcopenia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that found skipping breakfast (SBR) leads to increased body weight gain in mice. It notes that the SBR regimen is associated with a risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome, which supports the idea that not eating breakfast can contribute to long-term weight gain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: , 2004; Giannakou et al. , 2005). Although such foxo overexpression is tissue limited, FOXO may still act throughout the animal to confer longevity assurance: foxo overexpression in fat body represses insulin-like peptide mRNA produced in the brain and appears to reduce the level of circulating insulin peptide, as inferred from the observation that FOXO concentrates into nuclei in unmanipulated peripheral tissues (Hwangbo et al. , 2004). Furthermore, transgene expression of foxo in cardiac cells alone is sufficient to slow heart functional aging (Wessells et al. , 2004). Yet to date, we lack direct evidence in Drosophila to determine whether mutants of InR or chico require foxo to assure longevity. (Note: in the review of this current work, Slack et al. (2011) reported that IIS-dependent lifespan extension requires FOXO). Here, we report an explicit epistasis analysis between chico and foxo to determine how these genes interact to affect Drosophila mortality rate and survivorship. We produce life tables for mutants of each gene alone and together and determine whether the longevity benefits of chico mutation require downstream FOXO. Results and discussion We began with the stock cn1, chico1/cn1; ry506 where all chico genotypes segregated as uniquely identifiable sibs with coisogenic backgrounds (Tu et al. , 2002). Note that chico1 (also annotated ch1 and chico[1]) is a p-element insert marked with rosy (ry+). Thus, cn1/cn1; ry506 has apricot eyes, cn1, chico1/cn1; ry506 has cinnabar (cn) eyes and normal size, and cn1, chico1/chico1cn1; ry506 has cinnabar eyes and small size. With these genotypes, Tu et al (2002) reported that males and females carrying one or two copies of chico1 were 36–57% longer lived than wild-type sibs. Here, we backcrossed this stock into y1; cn1; ry506 to introduce a yellow marker and establish the new chico segregation stock y1; cn1chico1/cn1; ry506 (see Data S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current research on genes related to longevity and aging in Drosophila. It mentions that while certain gene mutations can confer increased lifespan (as seen with chico1 mutants being 36–57% longer-lived than wild-type), the evidence provided does not support the idea that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it highlights ongoing research to understand gene interactions and their effects on mortality rates, indicating that the concept of indefinite lifespan extension remains unproven.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , leaf mimesis in Saucrosmylidae35, debris-carrying mimesis in Chrysopoidea37 and gymnosperm pollinating Kalligrammatidae12, are vivid examples of the ‘golden age’ of Neuroptera in the mid-Mesozoic when the ancient flora was dominated by gymnosperms, which subsequently underwent a dramatic decline with the rise of angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous. The new long-proboscid lacewings from mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar serve as an exceptional example for understanding of the long-proboscid pollination mode during the significant floral change in the Cretaceous and highlight the early evolution of lacewings. Methodsambers investigated here originated from the in Tanaing Township, of Kachin State, Myanmar. The age of this deposit has been dated at 98. 8 ± 0. 6 million years using U-Pb dating of zircons from the volcaniclastic matrix of the amber38. All investigated specimens are currently housed in the Entomological Museum, University (CAU), Beijing. Type specimens will eventually be deposited in the (EMTG), Chongqing (specimens available for study by contacting XL or WZ), while the remaining specimens all attributed to one described species, Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. 18, will eventually be deposited in the personal collection of (PCXJ), Kunming (specimens available for study by contacting XL or WZ). Photographs and drawings were prepared using a 12 stereo microscope system, a DM 2000 Leica microscope and a Nikon D800 digital camera. Measurements were taken under a Keyence VHX-1000 microscope, equipped with a VH-Z20R lens. Morphological terminology of adult generally follows Aspöck et al. for the wing venation19 and Aspöck & Aspöck for the genitalia17. Abbreviations of wing venation are as follow: A, anal vein; Cu, cubitus; CuA, cubitus anterior; CuP, cubitus posterior; MA, media anterior; MP, media posterior; ORB, oblique radial branch; R, radius; Rs, radial sector; Sc, subcosta. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses specific examples of ancient insect taxa and their ecological roles during the Mesozoic, including details about their morphological characteristics and the methodology used in the study. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Recent studies have shown that irregular eating habits induce dyslipidaemia by disrupting circadian oscillations(Reference Shimomura, Takahashi and Shimizu14,Reference Yamajuku, Okubo and Haruma15). The timing of meals, especially breakfast, plays an important role(Reference O’Neil, Byrd-Bredbenner and Hayes16). Skipping breakfast has been reported to increase the risk of the metabolic syndrome and obesity(Reference Kutsuma, Nakajima and Suwa17) and to increase the risk of lifestyle-related diseases(Reference Yokoyama, Onishi and Hosoda18,Reference Bi, Gan and Yang19) daily breakfast eaters showed a reduced risk of hypertension compared with infrequent breakfast eaters(Reference Ofori-Asenso, Owen and Liew20). Modern dietary patterns, such as the Western diet and irregular eating behaviour, are important contributors to the epidemic of lifestyle-related diseases. diet, known to be a high-fat diet, has been reported to disrupt feeding behaviours and circadian rhythms in mice(Reference Kohsaka, Laposky and Ramsey21). In our previous study, disrupted circadian oscillations and increased body weight were observed in rats fed a high-fat diet combined with time-shifted feeding(Reference Shimizu, Hanzawa and Kim22). To clarify the role of skipping breakfast on lipid metabolism, a normal diet was adopted in the present study. The feeding efficiency ratio of mice is known to be higher than that of rats(Reference Yan, Combs and DeMars23,Reference Kunle, Atawodi and Taiwo24). Mice are also known to exhibit higher energy metabolic rates than rats(Reference Hussein25) and to respond more to dietary conditions. The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of the skipping breakfast regimen (SBR) with a normal diet. The animal experiments were approved by the Committee (No. 2018011901). The experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines for the Care and Use of at Nagoya University. Thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the. The mice were maintained in cages (23 (sd 1)°C) and kept under a 12-h light/dark cycle at each zeitgeber time (light: ZT 0–12, dark: ZT 12–24). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that skipping breakfast has been reported to increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and obesity, suggesting a link between skipping breakfast and weight gain. It emphasizes that diet and eating patterns, particularly irregular habits like skipping breakfast, are important factors that contribute to lifestyle-related diseases, which could include significant long-term weight gain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: , 2008), the foxo-mutant on its own was somewhat shorter lived than coisogenic wild-type (males 36 d, females 36 d). The survival of (ch1/ch+); foxo21/foxo21 (males 42 d, females 44 d) was similar to that of ch+/ch+ wild-type, and this contrasts to the 22- to 28-day benefit produced by chico heterozygotes relative to ch+/ch+ in the foxo wild-type background. The mortality plots of these genotypes (Fig. 1C,D) demonstrate that differences in chico survival and suppression of this benefit in the foxo-mutant occurred across ages where mortality progressively increased. These data together suggest that chico extends Drosophila longevity by acting through FOXO. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowertable plots for chico, foxo and chico, foxo genotypes. Survivorship: (A) females, (B) males. Mortality rate: (C) females, (D) males. In each plot, wild-type chico is compared with heterozygote (chico[1]/ch+) in a wild-type foxo and foxo-null background. Because foxo mutation alone is somewhat deleterious, some attention is required to understand whether foxo mutation acts only to block the longevity benefits of chico mutation or whether chico mutation itself exacerbates the deleterious effects of foxo mutation, which would be the evidence for partial synthetic lethality. Note that synthetic lethality was strong in males with foxo mutation in the ch1/ch1 homozyogote background. To solve this problem, we apply proportional hazard analysis to determine the simultaneous contribution of two variables upon mortality and estimate their main and interactive effects (Parmer & Machin, 1995). We estimate how chico mutation affects mortality with and without foxo and how foxo itself affects mortality with or without chico. All coefficients were significant including both main effects of chico and foxo and their interaction (Table S2). chico mutation significantly decreases mortality [hazard ratio: males, 0. 56 ± 0. 03 (SE); females 0. 54 ± 0. 02 (SE)] while foxo mutation independently increases mortality [hazard ratio: males, 2. 05 ± 0. 03 (SE); females 2. 8 ± 0. 03 (SE)]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study on genetic mutations in Drosophila that suggests chico mutation can extend longevity, yet also indicates that such survival benefits are limited and are countered by the deleterious effects of foxo mutation. It does not support the idea that biohacking can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, as it highlights the complexity and limitations of genetic factors affecting longevity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To test the phylogenetic status of the psychopsoid genera herein described, we performed a phylogenetic analysis by sampling 14 ingroup taxa, including Burmopsychops gen. nov. , Cretanallachius, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and 11 other genera representing all four families of Psychopsoidea (see Supplementary Materials). We selected Nallachius Navás, 1909 (Dilaridae), Ithone Newman, 1838 (Ithonidae) and Prohemerobius Handlirsch, 1907 (Prohemerobiidae) as the outgroup taxa because they represent relatively basal lineages of Psychopsoidea5,36. Specimens of all extant taxa were examined by the authors and the character states of fossil taxa belonging to Aetheogrammatidae, Kalligrammatidae, Osmylopsychopidae and Psychopsidae were determined based reliable and detailed illustrations in the literature8,13,39,40. The morphological characters used in the phylogenetic analysis comprise 25 adult characters (see Supplementary Materials). Unknown characters were coded as “? ”. The data matrix is given in Supplementary Data. The analysis was performed using WinClada ver. 1. 00. 0841 and NONA ver. 2. 042. The heuristic search was used with maximum trees to keep setting to 10000 and number of replication setting to 100. The bootstrap branch support values were calculated in NONA ver. 2. 0. All characters were treated as unordered and with equal weight. Character states were mapped on the strict consensus tree, which shows only unambiguous changes. Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep25382 (2016). 10. 1080/14772019. 2015. 1042080 (2015). Peng, Y. -Y. Taxonomy of fossil psychopsids (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae, Osmylopsychopidae, Brongniartiellidae) (Doctoral dissertation, University, 2015). Oswald, J. D. Phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of extant silky lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae). Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40, 1–65 (1993). 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a phylogenetic analysis of psychopsoid genera and does not reference fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Primer sequences are listed in online S1. Periodic analysis Diurnal variations in body temperature, serum parameters and gene expression were analysed using the JTK_CYCLE software(Reference Hughes, Hogenesch and Kornacker30). Significant differences in periodicity were determined at P < 0·05. To ensure the reliability of the results of the non-parametric JTK_CYCLE analysis, a parametric cosinor analysis was also performed for comparison(Reference Ohkura, Oishi and Sakata31). The comparison of acrophase by two methods is shown in online S7. Those were similar in the most of cases. Therefore, results were mentioned with mainly JTK_CYCLE. Statistical analysis The results are presented as mean with their standard error of the mean. Body weight, organ weight and food intake were assessed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0·05. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software (IBM). breakfast regimen increased body weight gain Compared with the control mice, the body weight gain of SBR mice significantly increased from day 5 onward (Fig. 1(a)). No differences were found in the total food intake between the groups (online Supplementary Fig. S1). As shown in Table 1, the weight of perirenal adipose tissue was higher in SBR mice than in control mice. There were no statistical differences in liver weight between the control and SBR mice. These results indicate that SBR increased body weight and adipose tissue weight. In contrast, plantar muscle weight significantly decreased and tibial anterior muscle weight tended to be lower in the SBR group than in the control group (Table 1). Fig. 1. SBR increased body weight gain and delayed rising body temperature in mice. (a) Body weight gain was measured for 14 d. The values are means with their standard error of the mean. **P < 0·01 (Student’s t test); n 18. The open circles represent control mice, and the closed circles represent SBR mice. (b) The core body temperature was analysed using the data logger. The body temperature data were analysed using the hourly average for 2 d from day 14 to day 15. The open circles represent control mice, and the closed circles represent SBR mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence from an experiment where 'breakfast regimen increased body weight gain' in mice. The findings indicate that there was a significant increase in body weight and adipose tissue weight in the SBR (skipping breakfast regimen) mice compared to control mice, suggesting that skipping breakfast may lead to increased body weight gain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The significant interaction between these factors verifies that chico and foxo function together to affect mortality and thus survivorship. At the same time, the interaction suggests that foxo mutation blocks the benefits of chico heterozygote and the chico heterozygote increases the deleterious effects of foxo mutation. A potential implication of this interaction is that chico mutation may extend longevity to some extent independent of FOXO. The reduced survival observed in the chico/foxo double mutant could arise in part from losing the partial role FOXO plays in the benefits conferred by chico coupled with the partial synthetic deleterious interaction of these mutants. Because foxo mutation alone reduces survival, in genetic epistasis analysis we cannot fully determine whether all or just part of the survival benefit of chico mutation is FOXO-dependent. Many investigations aim to understand the mechanisms by which reduced insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) increases lifespan and slows aging. Work from C. elegans indicates that signaling through the FOXO/DAF-16 transcription factor is a step in this process. Mutant alleles of daf-2 and of age-1 extend lifespan of adult worms but not so when combined with mutants of daf-16 (Kenyon et al. , 1993; Dorman et al. , 1995; Larsen et al. , 1995). Multiple isoforms of daf-16 exist, and epistasis analysis shows that these cooperate to modulate longevity conferred by daf-2 mutation (Kwon et al. , 2010). Accordingly, discovering the direct targets of DAF-16/FOXO when reduced IIS extends lifespan may provide insights into how insulin/IGF confers longevity assurance (Murphy, 2006). Manipulation of genes downstream of daf-16 has been able to improve survival in some cases, but there are few epistasis analyses to determine whether these downstream targets are required for mutant daf-2 to extend lifespan (McElwee et al. , 2003; Oh et al. , 2006; Honda et al. , 2008). Much less is known about how reduced IIS slows aging in animals beyond C. elegans. Drosophila FOXO is thought to play a role because foxo overexpression is sufficient to extend lifespan (Hwangbo et al. , 2004; Giannakou et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research findings that indicate while certain genetic manipulations (such as those involving chico and FOXO) can influence longevity and mortality, there is no assertion that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. It emphasizes that the interactions between genetic mutations and survival are complex and not fully understood, indicating limitations in the potential for biohacking methods to achieve indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наугольных С. В. Установление характера и последовательности событий, связанных с формированием первых наземных экосистем, неизбежно приводит к вопросу появления на суше первых продуцентов, до сих пор составляющих трофическую основу существования подавляющего большинства биологических сообществ нашей планеты. Эту тему трудно рассматривать исключительно в рамках палеонтологической фактологии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the establishment of early terrestrial ecosystems and the emergence of the first producers, which are crucial for biological communities, but it does not specifically address flowering plants or their evolution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: IntroductionExcess weight (understood as the sum of overweight and obesity) in young people is one of the most relevant concerns in global public health, although it arose as a serious matter some decades ago [1]. Thus, having excess weight during childhood and adolescence is related to detrimental health problems throughout the life-course [2, 3]. The least invasive and most widely used approach to treating obesity in childhood is lifestyle modification, including diet quality, physical activity (PA) levels and sedentary behaviors, and behavioral change techniques to help maintain positive changes and avoid relapses [4]. Skipping breakfast has been one of the well-studied factors associated with childhood obesity [5]. In this sense, breakfast has been pointed out as the most essential meal of the day [6]. Children and adolescents who skip breakfast could not be able to obtain the nutrients missed with the rest of meals of the day [7] and, as was previously indicated, an insufficient nutrient consumption may have long-term harmful consequences on their health [8]. Moreover, a systematic review with meta-analysis has suggested that eating breakfast daily can decrease the risk of childhood obesity by 34% [9]. Similarly, another systematic review has revealed that skipping breakfast may be a simple indicator of the risk of excess weight and metabolic diseases [10]. Despite this, a growing trend in skipping breakfast from childhood to adulthood has been described [11, 12], highlighting higher prevalence in girls than in boys [13, 14]. PA, understood as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure, provides mounting benefits for health, especially when it is practiced at moderate-to-vigorous intensity [15]. Thus, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) refers to the PA that is performed at > three metabolic equivalents of task (METs) (i. e. , > three times the intensity of rest) [15]. An insufficient level of MVPA has been recognized as one of the principal risk factors of excess weight [16]. In this regard, it has been also suggested that sufficient MVPA could reduce the risk of childhood obesity by 30% [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that 'skipping breakfast has been one of the well-studied factors associated with childhood obesity' and that 'skipping breakfast may be a simple indicator of the risk of excess weight and metabolic diseases.' This implies a connection between skipping breakfast and an increased risk of weight gain, particularly in the context of childhood obesity, which can have long-term health consequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Here, we present an epistasis test to determine whether FOXO is required for reduced insulin/IGF signaling to extend Drosophila lifespan. We document a beneficial effect of chico mutation, a deleterious effect of foxo mutation, and a significant interaction between these main effects. This result is also observed in both sexes and in a preliminary trial (Data S1). We find that the poor survivorship of foxo-mutants is made worse in chico-mutants, but also that the benefit of chico upon survival acts through FOXO. Understanding the targets of FOXO through which reduced IIS extends longevity in Drosophila will be productive. 106. 10. 1126/science. 1057991 of Science®1406. 10. 1093/genetics/141. 4. 1399 of Science®675. 10. 1126/science. 1104733 PubMedWeb of Science®198. 10. 1111/j. 1474-9726. 2007. 00362. x of Science®520. 10. 1016/j. exger. 2008. 02. 009 of Science®566. 10. 1038/nature02549 of Science®20. 10. 1186/1475-4924-2-20 PubMed464. 10. 1038/366461a0 of Science®5. 10. 1186/1471-213X-3-5 CASPubMed502. 10. 1038/nature09184 of Science®1583. 10. 1093/genetics/139. 4. 1567 of Science®1957. 10. 1016/S0960-9822(01)00595-4 of Science®1322. 10. 1126/science. 278. 5341. 1319 Web of Science®16. 2, 111–122. 10. 1046/j. 1474-9728. 2003. 00043. x of Science®206. 10. 1111/j. 1474-9726. 2008. 00373. x of Science®921. 10. 1016/j. exger. 2006. 06. 040 of Science®999. 10. 1038/40194 of Science®257. 10. 1038/ng1723 of Science®2020. 10. 1101/gad. 1098703 of Science®10. 1111/j. 1474-9726. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific genetic interactions that influence lifespan in Drosophila, specifically the roles of FOXO and chico mutations in lifespan extension. However, it does not support the claim that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it suggests that there are genetic limitations and interactions involved in longevity, indicating that biological aging may not be completely reversible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Для серьёзного и многостороннего анализа появления жизни на суше в целом и наземных продуцентов в частности следует использовать теоретико-аналитические построения. Они помогут подойти к пониманию процессов, следов которых геологическая летопись могла и не сохранить. Одним из первых широко рассмотрел вопросы освоения продуцентами (в первую очередь растениями) наземных ландшафтов выдающийся российский биолог Л. С. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it discusses theoretical and analytical frameworks for studying terrestrial life and producers without specifically mentioning flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Significant differences were found between sexes for both excess weight status (p < 0. 001) and breakfast status (p = 0. 001). Moreover, the level of daily MVPA was higher in boys than in girls (p < 0. 001). Table 1 Participants’ characteristics of the analyzed sample according to sex (N = 2890)Full size tableFigure 1 displays the moderator role of daily MVPA in the association between breakfast status and BMI (z-score). Daily MVPA minutes moderated the association between skipping breakfast and BMI (z-score) in both boys (β = − 0. 175; CI 95%, − 0. 331 to − 0. 019) and girls (β = − 0. 073; CI 95%, − 0. 140 to − 0. 002). Fig. 1Moderator role of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity minutes in the association between breakfast status and body mass index (z-score). A Moderation model for boys. B Moderation model for girls. Adjusted by age, region, and socioeconomic status. BMI, body mass index; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activityFull size imageTable 2 displays the moderator role of MVPA level in the association between breakfast status and excess weight status. Skipping breakfast was associated with higher odds of having excess weight in boys (OR = 1. 83; CI 95%, 1. 18 to 2. 86) and girls (OR = 1. 98; CI 95%, 1. 27 to 3. 07). Daily MVPA skipping breakfast was inversely linked to excess weight in boys (OR = 0. 55; CI 95%, 0. 40 to 0. 76) and girls (OR = 0. 81; CI 95%, 0. 65 to 0. 99). Finally, daily MVPA minutes moderated the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight in boys (OR = 1. 10; CI 95%, 1. 02 to 1. 07) and girls (OR = 1. 14; CI 95%, 1. 04 to 1. 24). Table 2 Association between daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and breakfast status and excess weight statusFull size tableDiscussionThe present study suggested that the relationship between skipping breakfast and excess weight was moderated by daily minutes of MVPA in two Spanish regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by evidencing that skipping breakfast is associated with higher odds of having excess weight, with odds ratios for boys (OR = 1.83) and girls (OR = 1.98), which supports the assertion that skipping breakfast can lead to significant weight gain. Additionally, it mentions that daily MVPA moderates the relationship between skipping breakfast and excess weight.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-21 pp 11764—11781 Antibiotics that target mitochondria extend lifespan in C. elegans Gloria Bonuccelli1, Darren R. Brooks1, Sally Shepherd1, Federica Sotgia1, Michael P. Lisanti1, 1 Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, M5 4BR, UK Received: July 5, 2023 Accepted: September 25, 2023 Published: November 9, 2023 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 205229 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2023 Bonuccelli et al. . This is an open access 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. is a continuous degenerative process caused by a progressive decline of cell and tissue functions in an organism. It is induced by the accumulation of damage that affects normal cellular processes, ultimately leading to cell death. It has been speculated for many years that mitochondria play a key role in the aging process. In the aim of characterizing the implications of mitochondria in aging, here we used Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as an organismal model treated a panel of mitochondrial inhibitors and assessed for survival. In our study, we assessed survival by evaluating worm lifespan, and we assessed aging markers by evaluating the pharyngeal muscle contraction, the accumulation of lipofuscin pigment and ATP levels. Our results show that treatment of worms with either doxycycline, azithromycin (inhibitors of the small and the large mitochondrial ribosomes, respectively), or a combination of both, significantly extended median lifespan of C. elegans, enhanced their pharyngeal pumping rate, reduced their lipofuscin content and their energy consumption (ATP levels), as compared to control untreated worms, suggesting an aging-abrogating effect for these drugs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that explores how particular mitochondrial inhibitors can extend the lifespan of C. elegans, but does not suggest that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it suggests an 'aging-abrogating effect' rather than outright reversal or indefinite extension of lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Берг: "В протерозойской коре выветривания имелись главнейшие образователи гумуса: с одной стороны – белки, клетчатка, гемицеллюлозы и, возможно, лигнин, а с другой – микроорганизмы. Следовательно, мог образовываться гумус. Значит, были и почвы. Почвы же, в свою очередь, поддерживали существование почвенной флоры и фауны <. . . > Имелось… достаточно времени, чтобы суша к началу кембрия успела заселиться хотя бы самыми низшими растениями и одноклеточными животными. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the formation of humus, soils, and the existence of primitive plants and single-celled organisms during the Proterozoic era, but it does not mention flowering plants or their evolution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Although the number of breakfast skippers was higher among girls and the number of participants with excess weight was greater in boys, the moderator role of MVPA in the association between skipping breakfast and both BMI (z-score) and excess weight was consistent in both sexes. One possible reason is that girls who eat breakfast in a daily basis have shown a higher quality breakfast than boys [37]. Supporting this idea, different breakfast habits among European boys (i. e. , higher intake of breakfast cereals, fruit, milk, and dairy, and fewer sugar-sweetened beverages) and girls (i. e. , lower intake of pasta, rice, and others) have been inversely related to excess weight [38]. Despite its cross-sectional design, our results indicate that promotion of a healthy eating habit such as having breakfast should be accompanied by increases in daily MVPA, as young participants who have breakfast and with higher daily MVPA seem to be more likely to have no excess weight [38]. In accordance with the present results, previous studies have indicated that skipping breakfast is linked with obesity [5, 9, 10]. There are several factors which could justify this finding. First, breakfast skipping is related to changes in decreased satiety and higher appetite, which may result into overeating and altered insulin sensitivity [39]. Second, having breakfast is helpful for controlling appetite, and it can also enhance blood glucose levels and increase insulin sensitivity in the following meals [39]. Third, skipping breakfast can extend the overnight fast and more fasting time may result into increased release of ghrelin (a peptide hormone that promotes hunger) [40]. Fourth, children who skipped breakfast could have a low overall diet quality [41], which could lead to excess weight [21]. Fifth, cultural differences related to meal timing among countries could influence on excess weight [42]. For instance, Spain is located relatively westward within its time zone, resulting in sun rise and sun set occurring at a later time as compared to many other countries within the same time zone. The late meal timing in Spain is thus less extreme in comparison with solar time and it has been related to greater BMI and waist circumference in Spanish schoolchildren [43]. Notwithstanding the above, the mechanisms linking skipping breakfast and excess weight are still unclear [13]. Another important finding was that daily MVPA and excess weight were inversely associated. This fact is consistent with the scientific literature [44, 45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'previous studies have indicated that skipping breakfast is linked with obesity,' along with various mechanisms by which skipping breakfast may contribute to overeating and altered insulin sensitivity, leading to excess weight. It also mentions factors such as decreased satiety and increased appetite due to skipping breakfast, which supports the idea that such behavior can lead to long-term weight gain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Similarly, DPI, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I and II, was capable of prolonging the median lifespan of treated worms. On the other hand, subjecting worms to vitamin C, a pro-oxidant, failed to extend C. elegans lifespan and upregulated its energy consumption, revealing an increase in ATP level. Therefore, our longevity study reveals that mitochondrial inhibitors (i. e. , mitochondria-targeting antibiotics) could abrogate aging and extend lifespan in C. elegans. is a continuous process which represents an inevitable decline in cell, tissue and organ functions, in almost all living organisms [1]. It is well established that numerous diseases are associated with aging, including diabetes, obesity, heart disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Slowing down aging has always been an ambitious aspiration, pursued by many biologists, geneticists, and the medical community. Cellular senescence, considered as the basis of aging, represents a complex set of processes that are triggered during the aging of cells and tissues. Senescent cells are aging cells that have a permanent state of cell-cycle arrest, but do not undergo cell death. Indeed, these cells maintain a progressive and significant capacity to produce cytokines and inflammatory mediators [2, 3], thus influencing the surrounding environment and triggering chronic inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, senescence-mediated factors could stimulate the proliferation of adjacent cells, potentially promoting malignant transformation [4, 5]. Conversely, cellular senescence could have beneficial effects and is considered as a defense mechanism that is established in the aim of preventing malignant transformation, and suppressing tumorigenesis, causing irreversible growth arrest [6, 7]. Evaluating biological aging involves measuring many physiological features in humans or animals. For instance, the grip strength and heart rate are used as markers of aging and have been shown to be decreased in older organisms [8–10]. Among models used in life span studies is the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nematode. Given its editable genome that shares high homology with that of mammals, its short life span allowing a better tracking of life phases, and ease of cultivation and storage, C. elegans has been efficiently used in scientific studies more specifically investigating the aging process [11, 12]. Contractions of the C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while certain methods, such as mitochondrial inhibitors, may prolong lifespan in organisms like worms, aging is described as a continuous and inevitable process with a decline in cellular functions. Additionally, it highlights that cellular senescence is a complex set of processes and suggests that there are both beneficial and detrimental aspects to aging. The mention of aging as an inevitable decline contradicts the claim that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Когда мы говорим о столь удалённых от нас интервалах геологической истории, как первая половина палеозойской эры или докембрий, мы неизбежно сталкиваемся с большим количеством белых пятен в общей картине накопленных фактов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses historical geological periods and the challenges of understanding ancient geological history, but it does not address the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: SubjectsParents (n 6512) of 10–12-year-olds responded to the questionnaire. ResultsIn the total study sample, with breakfast without TV as the reference group and adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education, the OR of being respectively overweight or obese (compared with normal weight) was 1·2 (95 % CI 1·0, 1·4) or 1·8 (95 % CI 1·5, 2·3) for breakfast skippers. The OR of being respectively underweight or obese was 0·5 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·9) or 1·4 (95 % CI 1·1, 1·8) for breakfast with TV. ConclusionsBreakfast skippers were significantly more likely to be overweight and obese, and those eating breakfast while watching TV were significantly more likely to be obese and less likely to be underweight. statusBreakfastTelevision viewingNutrition and health Issue 4 April 2014 10. 1017/S136898001300061X [Opens in a new window] © 2013 According to the WHO, obesity is one of today's most pressing public health burdens, due to its increasing prevalence and related chronic illnesses( 1 ). In terms of the lack of effective long-term obesity treatment, and the fact that the ill-health effects of obesity are not fully reversible, obesity prevention should be emphasized( Reference van der Horst, Oenema and van de Looij-Jansen 2 ). Adiposity is the result of a positive energy balance over time( 3 ), caused mainly by modifiable energy balance-related behaviours (EBRB)( Reference van Stralen, Velde and Singh 4 ). Specific EBRB are associated with overweight and obesity, including breakfast skipping and television viewing( Reference Rennie, Johnson and Jebb 5 ). Disparities in these EBRB, as well as other health behaviours, are observed according to sex, ethnicity and socio-economic status (SES)( Reference Coon, Goldberg and Rogers 6 – Reference Siega-Riz, Popkin and Carson 9 ) and tend to be generally consistent with reported disparities in obesity( and Crawford 10 – and Beydoun 12 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that breakfast skippers were 'significantly more likely to be overweight and obese' compared to those who consume breakfast. This suggests a link between skipping breakfast and weight gain over time, supporting the idea that breakfast skipping contributes to overweight and obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: elegans pharynx, an organ composed of muscles and neurons, are correlated with worm life span, and have been evaluated in many studies by assessing the effect of many genetic or biochemical interventions [13, 14]. An important marker of senescence is the accumulation of lipofuscin, an “undegradable” pigment formed by misfolded proteins, lipids, and metal ions [15, 16]. In humans, an increased lipofuscin content is implicated in the development of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [17] and has been observed in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients (AD) [18]. In addition to humans, accumulation of this auto-fluorescent pigment is also described in various animal models, such as the mouse [19], the rat [19], zebrafish [20] and C. elegans [21, 22]. Mitochondria are organelles that have been shown to be directly implicated in the aging process. However, its exact role remains unclear. Mitochondrial malfunctioning observed during aging is associated with increased production of Species (ROS) [23], the probable effectors of aging [24]. Indeed, in larger animals, such as humans [23], ROS are considered highly deleterious as they accelerate aging [25, 26]. On the other hand, in C. elegans, low levels of oxidative stress were sometimes shown to be associated with longevity [27, 28]. Intriguingly, studies have also demonstrated that inhibition of mitochondrial translation reduced respiration and extended lifespan in C. elegans [29]. In this study, we aim to test known compounds that target mitochondrial and metabolic activities, for their lifespan-increasing and health-improving effects using the animal model of C. elegans. Such compounds include the antibiotics doxycycline and azithromycin, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) (a metabolic inhibitor), and vitamin C. Our ultimate goal is to find existing FDA-approved drugs and dietary supplements that can, not only increase the lifespan, but also improve healthspan [30]. of doxycycline on C. elegans aging In order to establish evidence that the C. elegans model system works well in our hands, we started by reproducing previously published results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of aging and the role of various biological factors, such as lipofuscin accumulation and mitochondrial function. It suggests that while there are methods being explored for lifespan extension in models like C. elegans, such as targeting mitochondrial and metabolic activities with compounds, there is no assertion that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, the focus is on improving healthspan and increasing lifespan through research rather than achieving a complete reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Эти пробелы определяются не столько неполнотой наших знаний или недостаточностью методического и лабораторного инструментария, сколько свойствами темпоральных преобразований, имманентно уничтожающих, стирающих записи прошедших событий. Это свойство времени известно всем исследователям и создателям так называемых "исторических реконструкций" [2], и с ним непременно нужно считаться. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the properties of temporal transformations and historical reconstructions without addressing or relating to the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe paper estimates and compares the level of from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) payments required to compensate for the opportunity costs (OCs) of stopping the conversion of montane forest and miombo woodlands into cropland in two agro-ecological zones in in Tanzania. Data collected from 250 households were used for OC estimation. REDD+ payment was estimated as the net present value (NPV) of agricultural rent and forest rent during land clearing, minus net returns from sustainable wood harvest, divided by the corresponding reduction in carbon stock. The median compensation required to protect the current carbon stock in the two vegetation types ranged from USD 1 tCO2e−1 for the montane forest to USD 39 tCO2e−1 for the degraded miombo woodlands, of which up to 70 % and 16 %, respectively, were for compensating OCs from forest rent during land clearing. The figures were significantly higher when the cost of farmers’ own labor was not taken into account in NPV calculations. The results also highlighted that incentives in the form of sustainable harvests could offset up to 55 % of the total median OC to protect the montane forest and up to 45 % to protect the miombo woodlands, depending on the wage rates. The findings suggest that given the possible factors that can potentially affect estimates of REDD+ payments, avoiding deforestation of the montane forest would be feasible under the REDD+ scheme. However, implementation of the policy in villages around the miombo area would require very high compensation levels. Similar content being viewed by others Potential effects of future adoption of the REDD mechanism as a preventive measure against deforestation and forest degradation in 1. 6 billion people depend on tropical forests for their daily needs (2004), and about 13 million ha of forest are cleared annually to provide livelihoods, incomes, and employment for millions of people in the tropics (FAO 2010; Kissinger et al. 2012). REDD+ will therefore impose considerable opportunity costs (OCs) on local communities (Wollenberg and Springate-Baginski 2009; Springate-Baginski and Wollenberg 2010). The OCs refer to the net benefits forgone by landowners/users as a result of not deforesting or degrading forests. The idea behind the REDD+ scheme is that such costs should be compensated in order to eliminate or reduce deforestation and forest degradation without affecting the livelihoods of local communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of deforestation and degradation on carbon stocks. It emphasizes that avoiding deforestation is crucial to maintain carbon levels, stating that the compensation for keeping the montane forest intact is related to its capacity to absorb carbon. The findings suggest that deforestation contributes to climate change by affecting the ability of forests to sequester CO2, which aligns with the claim.