Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: For example, as this paper was being written, a cyber-attack was launched with the “Backoff” malware—first used in a widely publicized 2013 theft of information from Target—to steal consumers’ payment card information from as many as 1,000 businesses [3]. What may be needed is a comprehensive set of privacy and security standards and regulations not exclusively for health data but for all consumer data that is collected, stored, and shared electronically [4]. Second, many people remain interested in using telehealth systems despite their concerns about the privacy and security of their health information [5]. A survey in 2010 found that, although 66 percent of adults thought that there was a need to address concerns about the privacy of their personal medical information [6], they agreed with the statement that “we should not let privacy concerns stop us from learning how technology can improve our health care” [7]. In addition, more than half of the adults surveyed were interested in using technology to monitor their health and almost half were interested in using telehealth devices to send health information to their doctors [6]. In fact, people may be more willing to accept privacy risks when they perceive that the health benefits of using telehealth systems outweigh the risks involved in sharing their information. For example, a study of focus groups on technology’s future role in improving health care management found that healthy participants were more concerned about privacy than participants with chronic conditions [8]. In general, for most people, the convenience of rapid access to information and communication with clinicians outweighed privacy concerns. Another example of a privacy trade-off comes from a study we are conducting at the Center for involving asthmatic teens’ use of Facebook to share their experiences living with asthma and to improve self-management and medication adherence. To ensure some level of privacy in sharing identifiable health information, we are using a private Facebook group accessible only to study participants. Despite the potential privacy risks, legal guardians give permission for teens to participate, and teens are active in the group (unpublished data, study in progress). A third caveat is that, despite the potential for telehealth systems to automate some tasks and deliver care outside of the clinic, patients’ trust in their clinicians will play an important role in their adoption of telehealth technologies. Such trust is built on good patient-physician communication [9] and contributes to improved treatment adherence and continuity of care [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are significant privacy concerns associated with telehealth systems. It points out that many individuals, although interested in telehealth, still harbor concerns about the privacy and security of their health information. The mention of a survey where 66 percent of adults acknowledged a need to address privacy issues directly contradicts the idea that telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns. Additionally, the text describes how individuals may be willing to accept privacy risks, which suggests that these concerns are very much present.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In congruence with Fig 6, participants with higher (σMv)2 scores seemed to have a trend towards more negative ccfs, while the participants with low (σMv)2 scores had ccfs near zero. The high (σMv)2 group showed a positive ccf(0) (i. e. the cross correlation between Mv and TE within a trial). Slower hand movements led to more negative TE and fast hand movement to positive TE. It shows that for this group there is some dependency of the TE on the Mv within a trial. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Serial ccf for each (σMv)2 group. The serial ccf for lag 0-3 for the HIGH (orange) and LOW (blue) (σMv)2 groups. The error bars represent the 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals. see if this difference could explain the differences in adaptation, we calculated the correlation between the different lags and the (Fig 7). The correlation between Mv and TE within a trial (lag0), i. e. how the Mv affected the TE, seemed to not be able to explain differences in adaptation. Although there is also no correlation for ccf(1), the lag2 and lag3 ccf seem to predict the in this experiment. This suggests that errors might not be corrected right away, or only partially from trial to trial. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 7. The relationship between the ccf score and the adaptation score. The ccf is shown for lags 0-3 (A-D). The color of the data-points (blue-orange) indicates the size of the (σMv)2. The dotted line indicates a ccf of zero. DiscussionThis study found a positive relationship between variability of movement speed during the baseline phase, and the adaptation to a temporal perturbation. Our results indicate that this variability might be a result of error correction strategies, rather than exploration. Participants that corrected their movement velocity after encountering an error on average adapted more than participants who did not. To our knowledge, we are the first ones to reveal such a relationship in temporal adaptation. The role of noise in adaptation has recently received a lot of attention. A study by Wu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. It discusses the relationship between movement variability and adaptation to temporal perturbations, focusing on movement speed and error correction strategies rather than any implications related to urban living or stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the study and development of new materials derived from renewable and biodegradable resources has emerged as a new field of great scientific, social, economic and political interest. The current PhD thesis focused on the development and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymers derived from agro-industrial by-products and from the organic fraction of municipal wastewater, the municipal biowaste, synthesized by mixed microbial cultures and produced by electrospinning and melt compounding technologies. The resultant materials were particularly developed to obtain high-oxygen-barrier active monolayers and multilayers for use in Circular Bioeconomy-based food packaging. In order to achieve the objectives, this PhD thesis has been divided into three blocks according to the technology used to obtain the materials. The first block consisted of the extraction of PHAs derived from agro-industrial waste for their optimal use in production processes. After this, the PHAs were then processed using the electrospinning technique, whereby polymeric fibers were obtained and thermally post-treated by an annealing process to form continuous and homogeneous films, also known as "biopapers". These monolayers showed good thermal and mechanical properties, as well as a high barrier to both vapors and gases. In addition, the fibers were functionalized with eugenol, an organic compound present in essential oils, to provide them with active antimicrobial function against foodborne microorganisms. On the other hand, the electrospinning of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) copolymers, a synthetic polymer that is claimed to biodegrade under specific conditions and with high oxygen barrier, was performed. Cellulose nanocrystals were added to EVOH, to create high barrier more sustainable hybrid monolayers. In the second block, the materials were processed using the melt compounding technique. For this purpose, the biomass derived PHAs extracted in the first block were blended with commercial PHAs as well as with cellulosic fillers, in this case rice husk flour, in order to form "green composites", where all the materials were based on renewable and biodegradable resources. After film formation by hot pressing, the blends showed excellent miscibility and optical properties, improved flexibility, as well as barrier properties similar to the neat biopolyester material. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of biodegradable materials, specifically polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymers, which are derived from renewable resources. It emphasizes that these biopolymers are utilized in the creation of sustainable food packaging, thus supporting the idea that eco-friendly packaging contributes to reducing plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Physicians should discuss the benefits and risks of using telehealth and other technologies as part of a patient-centered care plan [11]. Due to the rapid pace of innovation it is unlikely that voluntary codes and regulatory agencies can provide guidance on all situations and new technologies [12]. Therefore, physicians will need to stay informed of their institutions’ privacy and security policies and discuss these with patients as part of their ethical obligation to ensure patient-physician confidentiality. Finally, to encourage patients to adopt and use telehealth systems, clinicians must do so first. At the Center for Connected Health, we have seen that clinicians’ use of telehealth is a key factor in telehealth systems’ success in improving clinical outcomes. For example, among diabetic patients who were using a text messaging program that delivered personalized coaching to promote physical activity and blood glucose control, those patients whose physicians did not log in to view their results were more likely to stop using the program than patients whose doctors did log in to view the results [13]. Therefore, the integration of telehealth systems into clinicians’ workflows and standard of care will be essential to patient adoption and sustained use of telehealth systems and, ultimately, to their success. about the privacy and security of telehealth systems may adversely affect people’s trust in telehealth and threaten the ability of these systems to improve the accessibility, quality, and effectiveness of health care. More comprehensive standards and regulations may be needed to ensure strong privacy and security protections not only for telehealth but also for all electronic consumer information. But many people, especially the chronically ill, believe the benefits of using telehealth systems outweigh the risks. Physicians can contribute to the success of telehealth by creating patient-centered care plans that effectively use telehealth tools and make sure patients are aware of potential privacy and security risks. Confidentiality/Patient privacy Digital health care/Telemedicine Patient-clinician relationship/Establishing the relationship, trust 199. View 221. View 2014. 14, 2014. . Protecting the privacy and security of sensitive customer data in the cloud. Secur Rev. 2012;28(3):308-319. View 208. View 2010. 14, 2014. California HealthCare Foundation, 26. . Insights for internists: “I want the computer to know who I am”. J Med. 2009;24(6):727-732. View 1055. PubMed 132. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are still privacy and security risks associated with telehealth. It mentions that physicians need to discuss these risks with patients as part of their ethical obligation, indicating that privacy concerns are not eliminated. Additionally, it states that the lack of comprehensive standards and regulations could threaten patient trust in telehealth, further supporting the idea that privacy concerns remain significant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: [32] suggested that there might be a positive influence of variability on adaptation through reinforcement learning, revealed by an increased baseline variability for fast adapters. In line with these results, we found a benefit of increased baseline variability on the adaptation for temporal perturbations. However, our results suggest that participants with higher variability use their velocity more as a way to correct for errors. Our results are therefore more in line with the idea that motor noise from different types of processes can have either a positive, negative or neutral effect on adaptation [13]. Two types of noise that are relevant for adaptation are sensory noise and motor noise. Sensory noise can influence adaptation by influencing the uncertainty of the error [22, 45]. More sensory noise can lead to higher variability. However, error correction actually decreases with more uncertain sensory information. It is therefore unlikely that sensory noise was the source of the increased adaptation. Motor noise can roughly be divided into planning noise and execution noise [16]. A recent study by Vliet et al. [46] found that execution noise correlated negatively with adaptation rate, while planning noise revealed the opposite trend. Execution noise increases the uncertainty of the feedback that is received. Contrarily, more noise in the planning process can lead to more uncertain forward predictions, with a higher rate of error correction as a result. In the current study, we did not measure noise in the system directly. We therefore cannot determine the direct effect of planning noise and/or execution noise on the adaptation. However, it has been suggested that planning noise, in the form of stochastic resonance, could have a positive effect on signal detection by enhancing sub-threshold signals to supra-threshold [47–49]. Enhanced error-detection could lead to more error correction. Our results are in line with the idea that higher planning noise could increase the reliance on error feedback and lead to larger trial-to-trial corrections [46]. The question remains: why did we find a positive relationship between baseline variability and adaptation, while many other studies did not [13, 50–53]? It is likely that differences in design, such as variability measure or feedback provided, trigger variations in the accumulation of the different types of noise. In this study, we defined the average movement speed as an indicator of task-relevant variability, instead of the movement speed at the moment of interception, or the error at interception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and increased stress levels. It discusses concepts related to variability and adaptation in a different context, specifically focusing on motor noise and error correction, without addressing urban living or its effects on stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3101441/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractApproximately 60% of plastic pollution originates from the food and beverage packaging. Complete degradation of the bio-based plastic packaging presently available, relies on garbage sorting, recycling, and composting. Herein, we showcase that naturally-degradable bioplastics as food packaging alternatives can be accomplished with all-biomass nanocomposite encompassing pullulan, nanocellulose (NC) and/or hydrophobic lignin (HBL) using simple approaches. NC and HBL were derived from corn stalk using a recyclable eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES). Optimal dispersion of NC in pullulan through high-pressure homogenization produced a pullulan-NC (PNC) bio-nanocomposite film with mechanical strength enhanced to 76. 6 ± 1. 9 MPa. Single PNC film could serve as food inner-packaging; while it collaborated with kraft paper wrapping to compensate its inadequate water resistance, performing as packaging for dry powders, biscuits, and oil. Remarkably, a sandwich-like film, created by hot-pressing two outer layers of HBL-NC (LNC) films and one PNC film layer, exhibited desirable mechanical strength and water resistance. Varying the number of LNC and PNC layers achieved diverse composite films as food outer-packaging, including preserving and shopping bags, disposable cups and straws. Significantly, all these films are biosafe and readily degraded in nature without counting on composting or recycling, underlining their prospects in future industrialization and sustainability. Physical sciences/Materials science/Techniques and instrumentation/Design, synthesis and processingPhysical sciences/Materials science/Soft materials/Gels and hydrogelsbioplastic food packagingpullulannanocellulosehydrophobic ligninbio-nanocomposite filmeco-friendlinessFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionSince the 1950s, plastics have been widely produced and utilized all over the world given their significant utility in human activities. To date, over 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing naturally-degradable bioplastics that can serve as food packaging alternatives, highlighting that these bio-nanocomposite films are biosafe and readily degrade in nature without requiring composting or recycling. This aligns strongly with the idea that eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by utilizing biodegradable materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Physician privacy concerns when disclosing patient data for public health purposes during a pandemic influenza outbreak 2009. They also completed a survey about the data they were willing to disclose to public health units. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the amount of patient detail the participants were willing to disclose, factors that would facilitate data disclosure, and the consensus on those factors. The analysis of the qualitative data was based on grounded theory. ResultsThe family doctors were reluctant to disclose patient data to public health units. This was due to concerns about the extent to which public health agencies are dependable to protect health information (trusting beliefs), and the possibility of loss due to disclosing health information (risk beliefs). We identified six specific actions that public health units can take which would affect these beliefs, and potentially increase the willingness to disclose patient information for public health purposes. ConclusionsThe uncertainty surrounding a pandemic of a new strain of influenza has not changed the privacy concerns of physicians about disclosing patient data. It is important to address these concerns to ensure reliable reporting during future outbreaks. reports BackgroundProviders under-report notifiable disease cases to public health agencies, sometimes by wide margins [1–26] (a summary of this literature is provided in additional file 1). Concerns about patient privacy are a key factor inhibiting disease reporting [6, 11, 13, 19–21, 27, 28]. This is not surprising, given that high levels of concern about information privacy can negatively affect information disclosures [29–31]. Reluctance to disclose patient information for public health purposes exists [32], despite statutes in Canadian jurisdictions that mandate or permit reporting of personal health information (PHI) for public health purposes without patient consent [33]. Similarly, the US Portability and (HIPAA) permits the disclosure of PHI to a public health authority without patient authorization [32, 34–40]. It is not known whether such pre-existing privacy concerns would be diluted in the context of an actual pandemic influenza outbreak. Arguably, continued patient privacy barriers to reporting during a pandemic reflect a fundamental problem with data disclosure practices, which need to be addressed. While there is always a balance between individual and collective rights, public health law provides sweeping powers in the context of a public health emergency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that physician privacy concerns about disclosing patient data persist even during public health emergencies, such as a pandemic. Physicians reported reluctance to disclose patient data due to worries about public health agencies' ability to protect health information and potential losses from disclosing it. This indicates that telehealth does not eliminate privacy concerns, as evidenced by the findings that privacy concerns inhibit disease reporting and that these concerns remain unchanged during crises.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: We theorized that movement velocity would provide the richest information about the temporal contingencies of the sensorimotor system, and therefore could be more beneficial for exploration. By averaging the movement speed on each trial we believe to have filtered out a large part of the execution noise. This could have highlighted the effect of planning noise on adaptation. Similarly, Wu et al. [32] calculated the variability of deflection of a rewarded hand path throughout the movement, while He et al. [13] looked at the endpoint error. It is likely that endpoint error is more susceptible to execution noise. On the other hand, Dhawale et al. [54] suggested in a recent review that differences in results between studies might be inherent to differences in feedback. et al. [32], feedback was absent during the baseline, which may have led to an accumulation of planning noise (drift) that could not be corrected trial-to-trial [55]. et al. [13], feedback was provided throughout the movement, which means the variability measure might be dominated by execution noise. In the current study, we did provide error feedback in the baseline, which might be taken as evidence against the latter idea. However, these ideas together support the hypothesis that experimental designs that promote planning noise over execution noise are more likely to reveal a positive relationship between variability and adaptation. Next, we need to consider the effect of generalization on the results. The term generalization refers to how the mapping between action and consequence generalizes to other tasks and target speeds. Research has shown that generalization of temporal perturbations is limited to tasks that are very similar to the learned task [39]. We used three different target speeds in two directions in this study. Some participants might had a better generalization from one speed to the other than others. It is possible that at the moment the perturbation was applied, some participants were able to generalize the changing consequences better for all target speeds and, as a result, adapt faster. For generalization to have an effect on our results there would need to be a relationship between movement speed variability and generalization. More variable people might develop broader tuning curves, and as a result adapt faster. We think this idea is captured well within the notion of exploration that is part of our original hypothesis: higher variability due to exploration might broaden the brain’s knowledge on the temporal contingencies over a broader range of target speeds and situations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses movement velocity and sensorimotor systems, without addressing the effects of urban living or stress levels. There is no mention of urban environments or their impact on stress in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: 3 billion tonnes (Gt) of plastics have been refined from fossil fuels. [1–2] However, the immense difficulty in degrading plastics has led to their accumulation as persistent pollutants, posing a severe crisis to both the environment and human health. [3–4] In 2015, approximately 6. 3 Gt of plastic waste was generated, and this figure is projected to reach 12 Gt by 2050. [5] Regrettably, only about 21% of plastic waste has been recycled or incinerated, with the remainder being dumped into natural ecosystems. [4–5] While significant scientific advancements have been achieved in the near-complete depolymerization of polyester plastics using enzymes[6–7] as well as the development of biodegradable alternatives such as dimethylglyoxylate, renewable polycarbonates, and polyester materials,[8, 9] further time and effort are required to implement these solutions on a large scale. Consequently, concerns regarding plastic pollution have prompted numerous nations to enact new regulations and laws prohibiting the use of conventional fossil-based plastics. Additionally, they are advocating for the mandatory adoption of renewable plastics and actively supporting the research and development of alternative options, particularly biodegradable plastics. [5, 8] Packaging is the largest market segment for plastics,[1] constituting over 30% of global plastic consumption. [8] Packaging materials, in general, require excellent barrier properties against water vapor and oxygen as well as strong mechanical strength and transparency. [9] Over the past two decades, polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have emerged as the most extensively researched biodegradable bioplastics for replacing fossil-based plastics in many fields including food packaging. Commercial PHA-based plastic products, such as Biopol, have been available,[10] and progress has been made in producing PHAs through the use of reprogrammed microorganisms. [11] However, large-scale industrialization and application of PHAs in bioplastics still present challenges due to high production costs, material composition and molecular weight instability, and inadequate thermal and mechanical properties. [12–13] PLA-based composite packages have gained widespread market acceptance as temporary substitutes for traditional plastics, with a growing demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and research of biodegradable alternatives, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). It highlights that these biodegradable bioplastics have emerged for use in packaging, which constitutes over 30% of global plastic consumption. The text also indicates a growing demand for PLA-based composite packages as substitutes for traditional plastics, supporting the assertion that eco-friendly packaging can help reduce plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Some ethicists and policy makers have proposed that the rights of the individual, particularly the right to privacy of one's personal health information, should be subjugated to the collective interests of the community when this would help to prevent serious harm to that community [41–49]. For example, the applies this principle as a value to guide ethical decision-making, noting that, "To protect the public from harm, health care organizations and public health authorities may be required to take actions that impinge on individual liberty" [42]. We conducted a mixed-methods study around the peak of the H1N1 outbreak between October 29-31 2009 to investigate what data Canadian family physicians are willing to disclose to public health agencies for influenza surveillance and reporting purposes, as well as the specific privacy issues that impact the disclosure of information. Based upon the results, we make policy and procedural recommendations to help eliminate barriers to data disclosure. MethodsIntention to InformationA number of theories and instruments have been used to measure and explain the relationship between information privacy concerns and individual behaviours [30, 31, 50, 51]. Although none have been used in the context of disclosing patient information for public health purposes, we utilized them as a starting point to articulate a set of constructs, and a high level set of relationships among them. These guided our data collection and analysis. A key one is (SC) theory, which requires an equitable exchange and shared understanding about contractual terms and self-control over the course of a relationship [30, 52, 53]. In the context of information privacy, this theory suggests that an organization's collection of personal information is perceived to be fair only when the individual providing personal information is granted control over, and is informed about the organization's intended use of the personal information, and the disclosure of the information is perceived as equitable with some benefit back to the individual [30, 52–57]. This leads to three important constructs which have been linked to the intention to disclose personal information: collection, control and awareness. Collection, control and awareness affect the intention to release personal information through two intervening constructs: trusting and risk beliefs [30]. The reasoned action paradigm states that behaviour intention is a reliable predictor of actual behaviour [58, 59]. The trust/risk/intention model states that in situations in which potential risks are present or perceived, trust plays an important role in predicting an individual's behaviour [60, 61]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the complexities of privacy regarding personal health information, emphasizing that even in the context of collective needs, individual privacy rights remain significant. It discusses ethical considerations that suggest individuals may not always have their privacy completely safeguarded when disclosing health information, implying that privacy concerns persist despite the use of telehealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately our current dataset cannot give a definitive answer to the question of generalization. Throughout the study, we mainly focused on how participants change their movement speed from trial-to-trial. However, in this task subjects were free to change their interception location or movement angle and onset time in order to account for prediction errors. This leads to a variety of strategies that participants can use to perform the task and correct for errors. These strategies are not independent of the target speed, nor independent of each other. For example, faster targets can lead to faster movements, earlier onset times and/or to broader hitting positions [56–58]. Furthermore, we found a correlation between the movement angle and the movement speed. These interconnections between movement features make it challenging to examine the participants’ strategies. However, it has been proposed that, in order to successfully hit a target, people benefit more from estimating the time it takes to reach the target’s trajectory, followed by fine-tuning the point of interception throughout the movement (online correction), as opposed to estimating when the target will reach the interception location [2]. As a result, errors are likely attributed to incorrect estimations of the time it takes to reach the target’s trajectory, rather than an incorrect estimations of interception location. As online correction was discouraged in our experiment, the reliance on error correction through changing the predicted temporal features of the movement was enhanced even further. During this experiment, successful participants used their movement speed as a control agent for trial-to-trial error correction in interception, and to a lesser extend their interception location or movement angle. This does not mean that low adapters do not have useful strategies of error correction. However, if the source of an error is temporal, using movement speed as a corrective strategy can be beneficial. Vice versa, if an error is spatial, corrections in movement angle would be more favorable. It is therefore possible that the difference in adaptation is rooted in the interpretation of the error. Ccf(0) seemed to be slightly higher in the high variability group compared to the low variability group. This shows that participants with higher variability had a higher cross-correlation between the speed of movement and the temporal hand error in the same trial. This suggests that the temporal hand errors that participants with higher variability make are more dependent on the movement speed. This is not a surprising feature, given that more variability can more easily reveal a dependency of the temporal hand error on the movement speed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology and findings of an experiment related to movement strategy and error correction, without mentioning urban living or stress levels. Thus, it does not provide any support or counterargument regarding the claim about urban living and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: [25–26] Currently, extensive attention is being directed toward the utilization of nanofillers to enhance the mechanical properties, moisture resistance, and gas impermeability of polymeric materials through composite formation. [27] In this regard, nanocellulose (NC) emerges as an ideal candidate,[27–28] since it originates from cellulose, one of the most abundant materials on Earth. This underscores the potential scalability of NC for the development of new bio-based food-packaging materials. [27] Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that use of lignin, which coexists synergistically with cellulose in plants, can further enhance the water and moisture stability of cellulose and other polysaccharide-based composite films. [20, 29–31] This presents an opportunity to explore lignin as an additional component for the creation of water-resistant bio-based food-packaging materials. Importantly, the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the preparation of NC and lignin deserves attention, as DESs are now regarded highly cost-effective and environmentally friendly for biomass processing. [28] In this study, we therefore explored practical engineering approaches to develop pullulan-based composite food-packaging materials. Initially, NC and hydrophobic lignin (HBL) were derived from corn stalks (CS) treated with DES. The obtained NC was utilized to create a composite film, namely pullulan-NC (PNC) composite film (Fig. 1). The mechanical properties of the PNC film were evaluated, along with its performance as an inner packaging material for food. Subsequently, the prepared HBL was employed to fabricate an HBL-NC composite film (LNC). A sandwich-like composite film, LNC-PNC-LNC, was then produced using a simple hot-pressing method (Fig. 1). The water resistance of this composite film was examined, and its suitability as an outer packaging material was assessed to determine its competitiveness against fossil-based and bio-based plastics available in the market. This study presents an easily implemented and scalable technique for the production of next-generation bioplastics derived entirely from biomass. These bioplastics hold great potential for safe and sustainable food-packaging applications. Results and Discussion 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of bio-based food packaging materials, specifically highlighting the use of nanocellulose (NC) and lignin, which are biodegradable materials. It emphasizes the potential of these materials to create next-generation bioplastics that can serve as effective alternatives to conventional fossil-based plastics, thereby contributing to the reduction of plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Trusting beliefs refer to the degree to which individuals believe that an organization is dependable to protect their personal information [62]. Risk beliefs refer to the high possibility for loss associated with the release of personal information to an organization [63]. Collection, control and awareness affect trusting beliefs [30]. Enhancing trusting beliefs will have a negative effect on risk beliefs (reduce risk perceptions), and will consequently facilitate intention to release personal information [30]. It has also been shown that trusting beliefs have a direct positive effect on the intention to release personal information [30]. Therefore, trust and risk beliefs are intervening factors that play an important role in facilitating or inhibiting the disclosure of personal information. In our study we focused on exploring how the collection, control and awareness constructs affect intention to disclose information to public health for Influenza-Like-Illness (ILI)/H1N1 surveillance and reporting by affecting trusting and risk beliefs. for and ReportingInfluenza is a disease under national surveillance [64] through many mechanisms, some of which vary from province-to-province. The FluWatch program collects summary data from volunteer sentinel physicians across Canada [65]. The data reported weekly by participating physicians include: patient age in intervals, practice postal code, total patients seen, and the sentinel number, which identifies the reporting physician. In addition, in some provinces, influenza is a reportable disease, with legislation requiring nominal reporting of patients with influenza, although nearly all reports are of confirmed cases from laboratories. Jurisdictions such as Manitoba [66], [67], the [68], and Ontario [69] collect: the patient's first name, surname, sex, full date of birth, full postal code, practice postal code, and the physician's name. At the outset of the H1N1 pandemic, many provinces deemed cases of H1N1 influenza to be reportable, however, most reports continued to be of confirmed cases from laboratories, and follow-up was not possible for all cases as the number of reports increased. Subsequently, many jurisdictions required reporting for only hospitalized cases of H1N1 influenza. As examples, the case report forms contained the following fields across Alberta [70] and Newfoundland and Labrador [71]: patient's first name, surname, sex, date of birth, full postal code, pregnancy status, asthma history, COPD history, chronic heart disease history, and diabetes history. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of trust and risk beliefs in the context of patient data disclosure. It explains how trusting beliefs affect individuals' willingness to share personal information, emphasizing that privacy concerns exist when disclosing data to organizations, including public health entities. It highlights that risk beliefs, or the perceived danger of releasing personal information, significantly influence the likelihood of information being shared. This indicates that not all privacy concerns are eliminated with telehealth, as privacy and trust levels impact patients' decisions regarding their personal data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Another reason why ccf(0) is higher in the HIGH variability group is that participants with more dependency of temporal hand error on movement speed use their movement speed more as a way to correct for error and as a result, adapt more. We need to consider the possibility that this positive ccf(0) could have had an effect on the negative ccfs found in later lags. When a slow hand movement is made and a negative error occurs, it is more likely that the next movement will be faster. This therefore can lead to negative ccfs in consecutive lags. However, these differences in ccf(0) were not able to explain differences in adaptation. Therefore it seems unlikely that dependencies between Mv and TE within a trial alone could have explained more negative ccfs for consecutive lags. To conclude, we found a correlation between movement speed variability and adaptation to a temporal perturbation. Further analysis of this relationship indicated that this is likely the result of error correction strategies that also benefited the adaptation, although the results are not conclusive. More research is needed to examine the contributions of movement speed, interception location and movement angle and the differences between temporal and spatial perturbations. Furthermore, it would be interesting to know how these error correction strategies are related to different types of noise and how the how the brain regulates these processes. 1. Regan D. Visual factors in hitting and catching. J Sports Sci. 1997;15(6):533–58. pmid:9486432 View 2. . How people achieve their amazing temporal precision in interception. J Vis. 2015;15(3). View 3. Adams JA. A closed-loop theory of motor learning. J Mot Behav. 1971;3(2):111–49. pmid:15155169 View 4. . Is the cerebellum a smith predictor? J Mot Behav. 1993;25(3):203–16. pmid:12581990 View 5. López-. Catching a gently thrown ball. Res. 2010;206(4):409–17. pmid:20862460 View 6. López-Moliner J, Keil MS. People favour imperfect catching by assuming a stable world. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35705. pmid:22558205 View 7. . Forward models: Supervised learning with a distal teacher. Cognitive science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it discusses the relationship between movement speed variability and adaptation to temporal perturbations, as well as error correction strategies. There is no mention of urban living, stress, or any related factors, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: 0 MPa), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (75. 0 MPa), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (15. 0 MPa)[52] as well as recyclable synthetic materials, including poly(γ-butyrolactone) (PγBL) and poly(trans-hexahydrophthalide) (PT6HP) (7. 4–28. 8 MPa),[9] and bio-based plastics like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) (40. 0 MPa) and PLA-poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) composites (65. 0 MPa)[53] (Fig. 3b). Additionally, the EB values (approximately 7. 3%) of PNC20 and PNC25 films were significantly lower than those of the aforementioned materials (Fig. 3b and Table S2). While the reduced EB may limit the use of PNC films as tensile packaging plastics like cling films, it can prevent PNC-based packaging from excessive stretching when used for PLA-based packaging plastics and lifting of heavy objects. Moreover, the TS and EB of PNC20 and PNC25 films showed no significant differences across varying thicknesses (0. 03 mm to 0. 13 mm) (Table S3). The maximum force at break (MF) for the thinnest PNC20 film (thickness: 0. 03 mm) was 35. 4 N, whereas that for the 0. 03 mm-thick PLA-PBAT film was 2. 5 N (Table S3). As a result, a 0. 03 mm-thick PNC20 film belt (length: 8 cm; width: 0. 5 cm) could easily lift 1 kg of weight without being fractured or noticeably stretched (Figure S2a). Overall, these results indicate that the mechanical performance of pullulan films can be significantly enhanced by incorporating pullulan-NC composites. PNC nanocomposite thin films demonstrate mechanical properties competitive with those of other plastic/bioplastic materials currently in practical use or under investigation. This development meets the fundamental requirement for their potential application as alternative materials for food packaging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the development and mechanical performance of bio-based plastics and pullulan-NC composites, highlighting their potential application as alternative materials for food packaging. This suggests that such materials, being eco-friendly, can reduce plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Another H1N1-specific national surveillance program coordinated by the Agency of Canada [72] collects data directly from practice electronic medical records (EMRs) after their customization with new templates: age, gender, pregnancy status, presence of a chronic medical condition, such as cardiac, pulmonary, or diabetes. In our study, we examined the willingness to disclose the specific fields noted above, since they were collected at some point during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic. Study DesignThis mixed methods study used a triangulation design [73, 74] to explore what Canadian family physicians were willing to disclose to public health agencies, as well as the specific privacy issues that impacted the disclosure of information. With the assistance of a trained moderator, we conducted a series of five focus groups with family physicians in Canada, and asked each focus group participant to complete a questionnaire. The focus groups occurred during week 41 of 2009 (October 29-31), just as widespread influenza activity was starting to peak in Canada [75]. The study was approved by the Children's Hospital of Board prior to commencement. In terms of deciding on an adequate number of participants and/or focus group sessions, there is no standard that is generally accepted. However, there are a few considerations that one should take into account when deciding on the number of participants required [76, 77]. Firstly, there is the consideration that there are a limited number of viewpoints on a topic. Having a greater number of participants does not therefore necessarily entail a greater understanding of the topic [77]. The researcher can get a sense of how the group may be divided on an issue before commencing the focus groups by way of the published literature on the topic and/or by speaking with individuals in the group of interest [77]. Although opinions can vary, this would give the researcher an idea of when he/she has reached saturation; the point at which there is nothing new to be uncovered on the topic [76, 78]. Krueger and Casey suggest starting with 3-4 focus groups to uncover the range of opinions on the topic [78]. If new ideas continue to appear, more focus groups should be undertaken, until the point of saturation is reached [78]. Once saturation has been reached, further interviews or focus groups will no longer be necessary nor particularly useful [76–78]. Secondly, the researcher's own ability to recall, process and understand the interviews needs to be considered [77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing privacy issues that impacted the willingness of Canadian family physicians to disclose information to public health agencies. It highlights that specific privacy concerns exist regarding data collection, which suggests that telehealth does not eliminate privacy concerns related to patient data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 1992;16(3):307–354. View 8. . for Control. Neural Netw. 1996;9(8):1265–1279. pmid:12662535 View 9. . Effects of muscle fatigue and temperature on electromechanical delay. Neurophysiol. 1998;38(2):67–73. pmid:9553743 View 10. Wei K, Körding K. Relevance of error: what drives motor adaptation? J Neurophysiol. 2009;101(2):655–64. pmid:19019979 View 11. . Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models. Neuron. 2011;70(4):787–801. pmid:21609832 View 12. . Noise in the nervous system. Nature reviews neuroscience. 2008;9(4):292. pmid:18319728 View 13. . Determinants of the Speed of Motor Learning. PLoS Comput Biol. 2016;12(9):e1005023. pmid:27606808 View 14. . A central source of movement variability. Neuron. 2006;52(6):1085–96. pmid:17178410 View 15. . Neural variability in premotor cortex provides a signature of motor preparation. J Neurosci. 2006;26(14):3697–712. pmid:16597724 View 16. van Beers RJ. Motor learning is optimally tuned to the properties of motor noise. Neuron. 2009;63(3):406–17. pmid:19679079 View 17. . Motor variability arises from a slow random walk in neural state. J Neurosci. 2014;34(36):12071–80. pmid:25186752 View 18. . by Variability. J Neurosci. 2017;37(37):9076–9085. pmid:28821678 View 19. . Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature. 1998;394(6695):780–4. pmid:9723616 View 20. . Sources of signal-dependent noise during isometric force production. J Neurophysiol. 2002;88(3):1533–44. pmid:12205173 View 21. van. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of references and does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Next, to evaluate the performance of this food-packaging system, three different food items, namely soluble coffee powder, biscuits, and olive oil, were individually packed in heat-sealed PNC20 bags and then wrapped with kraft paper (Fig. 4d). The preservation effects were assessed after storing the packed items at 53% RH for 12 months. Figure S6a-d illustrates that the quality of the food items wrapped in the PNC20/kraft paper packaging was comparable to that packed in PET bags (Figure S5e) in terms of moisture content for soluble coffee powder and biscuits and PV for olive oil and crisp biscuits. These results demonstrate that the PNC20/kraft paper packaging can effectively preserve these foods, extending their shelf life. Moreover, upon peeling off the kraft paper wrap, the individual PNC20 bags were capable of maintaining the quality of the foods for up to 3 days without significant moisture adsorption or softening (Figure S6e-f). Additionally, the PNC20 bag demonstrated rapid decomposition in hot water, fully dissolving the coffee within 50 s of stirring (Figure S6g). Therefore, it can also serve as edible packaging for food products that require dispersion in hot water. This packaging combination, employing PNC20 as the inner-packaging material and kraft paper as the outer layer, presents a promising alternative for preserving instant drinks, convenient snack foods and oil flavors (Movie 1). Importantly, after being buried in soil for only 10 days, the PNC20 bags underwent almost complete degradation, with no visible remnants (Fig. 4e), with a degradation rate of 83. 4 ± 1. 1% (Table S5). In contrast, under the same conditions, PLA and PBAT films retained their original shapes and showed an average degradation rate of only 1. 1 ± 0. 3%. [14, 58] This finding is of great significance, as it indicates that the PNC20 inner packaging can undergo rapid degradation in the natural environment, thereby significantly reducing the additional environmental impact and labor required for waste sorting and recycling. Furthermore, kraft paper, which is naturally biodegradable, is an environment-friendly material. Overall, the PNC20 film introduced in this study holds promise as an alternative to conventional plastic food-packaging material. 2. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the PNC20 bags and kraft paper packaging are biodegradable materials that can significantly reduce environmental impact. The text mentions that the PNC20 bags underwent almost complete degradation after being buried in soil for ten days and can dissolve rapidly in hot water, highlighting their eco-friendly nature. Additionally, it states that kraft paper is a naturally biodegradable material, supporting the notion that using such materials can contribute to reducing plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: points out, "the interviewer must be able to bring to mind the emotional tone of the respondent and to recall why they asked a particular question" [77]. Therefore, there is a limit to the number of encounters that the researcher will be able to recall in detail. For group interviews, Gaskell suggests that this limit would be 6-8 sessions [77]. A recent literature review has noted that the median number of focus groups conducted in health sciences research was 5, with a median of 32 participants [79]. Consistent with the recommendations in the literature and with precedents, we planned for five focus groups with a maximum of eight participants in each. We expected to reach a point of saturation in terms of new concepts identified within that. This expectation was partially driven by discussion with family physicians in preparation for the focus groups whereby we observed consistency in their views on data sharing for public health purposes. Study SampleFor the purposes of this study, purposive sampling was used [80]. Participants in the focus groups were recruited in advance of the Forum (FMF) in Calgary, Alberta via email invitation. The FMF is an annual conference of family physicians organized by the College of of Canada. The sampling strata used were years of practice (< = 5 years, between 6 and 10 years, and > 10 years), gender, location (rural vs. urban) and region of Canada (East, Central, West). The recruitment target was 8 participants for each of the five focus groups. Assuming a 33% no show rate, we aimed for 60 registrations. Invitations were sent to registered FMF delegates by email in advance of the conference, ensuring that all the strata were covered among those invited. Invited delegates self-selected to participate in the study. The invitation email was sent by the College of of Canada. The email had basic information about the study and a link to a web page with an electronic consent form. The electronic consent form included a description of the study and its procedures, a description of withdrawal rights, data confidentiality, and information on how to contact the first author and the REB chair. Respondents could then enter their name and email address, and select the most suitable time for them for a focus group. By completing the form the respondents indicated their consent to participate. A total of 37 Canadian family physicians participated in the study. Data CollectionThe focus group sessions were conducted in a private meeting room at the FMF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the process of a focus group study that emphasizes data confidentiality and the informed consent of participants. It mentions the importance of data sharing for public health purposes while also detailing the procedures about how privacy is maintained, such as informing participants of their withdrawal rights and how data confidentiality is upheld. This indicates that while telehealth may facilitate data sharing, it does not eliminate privacy concerns, as measures need to be in place to protect patient data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The role of execution noise in movement variability. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91(2):1050–63. pmid:14561687 View 22. . A sensory source for motor variation. Nature. 2005;437(7057):412–6. pmid:16163357 View 23. . Post-Activity in in the Estimations from Internal Models. J Neurosci. 2016;36(5):1516–28. pmid:26843635 View 24. Mazzoni P, Krakauer JW. An implicit plan overrides an explicit strategy during visuomotor adaptation. J Neurosci. 2006;26(14):3642–5. pmid:16597717 View 25. . Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control. Neurosci. 2010;33:89–108. pmid:20367317 View 26. Körding KP, Wolpert DM. Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning. Nature. 2004;427(6971):244–7. pmid:14724638 View 27. Todorov E, Jordan MI. Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5(11):1226–35. pmid:12404008 View 28. Wei K, Körding K. Uncertainty of feedback and state estimation determines the speed of motor adaptation. Neurosci. 2010;4:11. pmid:20485466 View 29. . Reinforcement learning: A survey. Journal of artificial intelligence research. 1996;4:237–285. View 30. Introduction to reinforcement learning. vol. 135. MIT press Cambridge; 1998. 31. . Principles of sensorimotor learning. Neurosci. 2011;12(12):739–51. pmid:22033537 View 32. Ölveczky BP, Smith MA. Temporal structure of motor variability is dynamically regulated and predicts motor learning ability. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(2):312–21. pmid:24413700 View 33. . A memory of errors in sensorimotor learning. Science. 2014;345(6202):1349–53. pmid:25123484 View 34. . Prospective errors determine motor learning Nat Commun. 2015;6: 5925. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to urban living or stress levels. It primarily discusses various aspects of neuroscience and motor control, with no mention of the link between urban environments and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: The layers were alternately overlaid on each other, with the LNC-2 film serving as the outermost layer on both sides (Fig. 5a). By adjusting the number of layers to 21 and 25, the thickness of the LPLNC-M films could be increased to 0. 393 ± 0. 003 mm and 0. 508 ± 0. 004 mm, respectively. Importantly, the TS values of these films were not significantly different from that of the LPLNC-3 film (three layers) (Table S6). Based on the progress made, LPLNC-M films with various thicknesses were developed for applications in making food-preserving shopping bags (three layers), disposable cups (21 layers), and straws (25 layers) (Fig. 6a-d). The performance of these films was investigated, yielding the following findings. First, a preserving bag made of LPLNC-M successfully stored fresh beef at -20°C for 2 months without becoming brittle or sustaining damage from freezing (Fig. 6a and Figure S7b), and this LPLNC-M bag could be stored at 25℃ and 53% RH for 12 months without significant change in mechanical strength (Figure S7c). Second, an LPLNC-M shopping bag demonstrated its high strength by easily supporting a weight of 700 g without deformation or breakage (Fig. 6b). Third, an LPLNC-M cup exhibited the ability to hold water overnight without leaking (Fig. 6c), even when initially filled with boiling water. However, despite multiple layers being hot-pressed, molding LPLNC-M films into bottles proved challenging. This hurdle may be attributed to the insufficient rigidity of the LPLNC-M films, which warrants further investigation in future studies. Lastly, an LPLNC-M straw (Fig. 6d) successfully siphoned water, maintaining its shape without obvious deformation after being submerged for 1 h (Figure S7d). This demonstrates the potential of LPLNC-M films as a substitute for conventional plastic straws and degradable bioplastic straws, such as the Starbucks straw made of coffee grounds and PLA composites (Fig. 6d). All the performance can also be overviewed in Movie 2. -M film-based food-packaging materials and expendables demonstrated performance comparable to that of commercial products in recent studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses LPLNC-M films that display characteristics suitable for use as food-preserving shopping bags, disposable cups, and straws, indicating they can serve as alternatives to conventional plastic items. It notes the potential of these films as substitutes for plastic straws and mentions their comparable performance to commercial products. This supports the claim that eco-friendly packaging aids in reducing plastic waste by utilizing biodegradable materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: At most two focus group sessions were held per day during the three day conference. At the outset of each focus group, the participants were asked to complete a short questionnaire on paper to gather their views on data sharing. The questions included in both the questionnaire and focus group guide were constructed based upon the literature, our anecdotal experiences with the data sharing practices of physicians, and a pilot study with four physicians, who provided us with additional feedback and information. The questionnaire and focus group guide consisted of two components. The first asked about willingness to disclose certain data elements to public health, and contained 15 items. These were the data elements that we found in current ILI/H1N1 case report forms used across the country. A set of 14 factors that we hypothesized would increase the willingness to disclose the above information were included in the second component of the data collection tools. We used a semantic differential scale [81] where a score of 1 meant "less willing to share data" and a score of 7 meant "more willing to share data" with public health. For both the questionnaire and focus group guide, we formulated a scenario to ground the participants in a realistic example. In the scenario, the participants assumed that they had been requested to provide patient-level data to a municipal public health unit for the purpose of surveillance of ILI, specifically, H1N1 surveillance. As part of the scenario, we told participants that only individual level data on the patients who meet a particular case definition would be disclosed to the public health unit, as well as denominator totals. They were also informed that, in some jurisdictions, this reporting was mandatory. AnalysisThe questionnaire responses were transcribed into SAS. Ten percent of the questionnaires were randomly selected and cross-checked against the data entered in SAS by a different person than that who transcribed the data to check for systematic errors. We first computed descriptive statistics on the questionnaire responses to understand the central tendency of the responses and variation to gauge consensus. The objective of that analysis was to document the fields that the participants were willing to disclose to public health, the factors that would change their willingness to disclose, and to understand if variation in participant responses can be explained by years of practice experience and gender. Since some of the items in each section of the questionnaire are expected to be strongly related, we also grouped them into a smaller set to help with interpretation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the willingness of participants to disclose patient-level data to public health and indicates that certain factors influence their willingness to share. This suggests that telehealth does not eliminate privacy concerns, as the participants are asked about their willingness to disclose sensitive patient information, highlighting ongoing privacy considerations even within data sharing for public health purposes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: pmid:25635628 View 35. Herzfeld DJ, Shadmehr R. Motor variability is not noise, but grist for the learning mill. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(2):149–50. pmid:24473260 View 36. . Oculo-manual coordination control: ocular and manual tracking of visual targets with delayed visual feedback of the hand motion. Res. 1992;90(3):599–609. pmid:1426116 View 37. . Sensorimotor adaptation to violations of temporal contiguity. Psychol Sci. 2001;12(6):532–5. pmid:11760144 View 38. de la Malla C, López-Moliner J, Brenner E. Seeing the last part of a hitting movement is enough to adapt to a temporal delay. J Vis. 2012;12(10). pmid:22961221 View 39. de la Malla C, López-Moliner J, Brenner E. Dealing with delays does not transfer across sensorimotor tasks. J Vis. 2014;14(12). pmid:25301016 View 40. Barbado-Murillo D, Caballero Sánchez C, Moreside J, Vera-García FJ, Moreno FJ. Can the structure of motor variability predict learning rate? . 2017;43(3):596–607. pmid:28095006 View 41. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2013. Available from: 42. . Determining movement onsets from temporal series. J Mot Behav. 1993;25(2):97–106. pmid:15064201 View 43. FE. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous; 2018. Available from: 44. Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Mixed-Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software. 2015;67(1):1–48. View 45. Knelange EB, López-Moliner J. Due to Perturbation-Noise. Neurosci. 2019;13:46. pmid:30837854 View 46. van der Vliet R, Frens MA, de in Related. eNeuro. 2018;5(4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss urban living or its effects on stress levels at all. Instead, it contains citations related to motor variability and sensorimotor control research, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about urban living and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: [51, 60–61] These films exhibited easy biodegradability in natural environments, completely disintegrating after being buried in soil for 5 weeks (Fig. 6e). This biodegradability can be attributed to the components of the films, including pullulan, lignin, and cellulose. In contrast, commercial PLA-PBAT packages maintain their original shape when buried in soil for the same duration (Fig. 6e). However, they degrade after an additional 6 months of composting[62] and take hundreds of years to degrade in the oceans. [58, 63] The only minor drawback of the LPLNC-M film is its dark brown color, which hinders clear observation of the food and beverage inside the packages. Addressing this issue requires the development of advanced techniques to improve the transparency of the film using non-lignin biomass-based materials, which can also enhance water resistance. Importantly, all the raw materials used for the food-packaging films in this study, including pullulan, NC, and lignin, were obtained from biofabrication processes. These processes involved yeast fermentation and recyclable biorefinery of agricultural stalk waste using DESs. Furthermore, the fabrication of these films involved physical methods such as high-pressure homogenization, drying, and heat pressing. These approaches are much simpler to implement than the chemical processing of wood chips and maize cobs with aldehydes, necessary to convert these inedible biological materials into biodegradable polyesters like dimethylglyoxylate xylose. [16] Consequently, the techniques employed in this study for fully biomass-based food packaging present novel strategies for the production of bioplastic materials with favorable eco-friendly characteristics. However, the sustainability of these materials is yet to be assessed, as bio-based plastics do not inherently offer sustainability superior to fossil-based plastics. [2] Additionally, concerns regarding their cost and energy efficiency must be resolved. Nevertheless, the bioplastic packages in this study exhibit rapid natural degradation, enabling them to easily enter Earth's natural carbon cycle at the end of their lifespan. As a result, they can be converted into carbon sources for fermentation and contribute to the production of stalks for NC and lignin, effectively closing the loop of matter cycling in bioplastic packaging, as demonstrated in this work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the easy biodegradability of the newly developed food-packaging films made from biodegradable materials such as pullulan, lignin, and cellulose. It highlights their ability to completely disintegrate in natural environments, thus contributing to the reduction of plastic waste. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the eco-friendly properties of these bioplastic materials, showcasing how they can integrate into Earth's natural carbon cycle, which supports the notion that eco-friendly packaging can indeed help mitigate plastic pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: It was measured by using the mean score across all of the items. Scatter pertained to their variability in responses, and was measured as the range of item responses. Figure 1 Illustration of profile elevation, shape, and scatter. Full size image To assess differences in shape, we first grouped response profiles using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The linkage method was Ward's [85]. The similarity measure among participants was the correlation coefficient. The emergent groups were compared on their mean years of experience, using a one-way ANOVA, and on gender using a chi-square test. This told us if the respondents differed by years of practice or gender in their response shape. The analysis was repeated using a Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, which provided a more robust test of medians across groups. To assess if years of practice or gender were associated with elevation, we computed the correlation coefficient between the mean scores of each participant and years of practice, and compared males vs. females on mean scores using a t-test. Similarly, to assess if years of practice or gender were associated with scatter, we computed the correlation coefficient between the score range of each participant and years of practice, and compared males vs. females on score range using a t-test. All statistical significance tests were performed at a two-tailed alpha level of 0. 05. AnalysisThe focus groups were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. We used an approach informed by grounded theory [86, 87] to analyze them. The objective of the analysis was to understand the reasons why the participating physicians were unwilling to share selected data elements. Data analysis began immediately after the first focus group session, and continued until a set of stable themes developed. Following each focus group session, the trained facilitator, assistant facilitator, and note taker engaged in a debriefing meeting, and conducted a cursory analysis of the audio recordings and field notes from the session. In this meeting, they revised, added, or removed selected open-ended questions in preparation for the next focus group session. As such, the questions used in each focus group were slightly different and became increasingly specific as the concepts needed to develop an understanding of physicians' perceptions about providing patient-level data to public health in the context of a pandemic disease outbreak became evident. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the ongoing privacy concerns among participating physicians regarding the sharing of patient data. It discusses the analysis of focus group sessions that revealed physicians were unwilling to share selected data elements, indicating that there are indeed concerns about privacy that are not eliminated by telehealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionFloods are the commonly occurring natural hazards. They are a serious threat and cause damage to human life, property, and economy [1]. Floods at large damage built land, causes displacement of people, and affects infrastructure. Which in turn causes financial losses to the affected city/country [2, 3]. It is believed that more than 75 million people have been badly affected by floods across the world [3]. Extreme floods also affect physical and mental health, during and after the floods causing morbidity [4] carried out an analysis of 38 Organization for Economic cooperation and development (OECD) member countries and highlighted that post flood psychological effects are adverse especially in old age. While floods are primarily triggered by extreme rainfall, approaches in urban development, local geomorphology, condition of stream network and human activities also contribute the runoff and thus damages [5,6,7]. In comparison to developed countries, the risk of exposure to urban flooding is more in developing countries because of various anthropogenic and socioeconomic factors [8, 9]. One of these factors is the higher rate of urban growth [3, 10]. This brings the problems of poverty, land management, conversion of agriculture land to built-up areas, transportation and water supply, degradation of natural drainage system, and environmental issues [11,12,13,14,15]. Highlighting the need for a sustainable urban development plan, especially in mega cities. [16] suggested that urban development needs to be in line with sustainable development approaches. [17, 18] believe that governance by local authorities and pan urban administration is a key in controlling and managing urban development. [19, 20] are of the opinion that public participation plays a vital role in modern urban planning and sustainable growth. [21] found that most of the stakeholders share the opinion that natural conveyance systems needs to be maintained while developing an area, while [22] found that public government interaction in this regard over the time have improved, and the two-way interaction with the advent of modern communication technologies shall allow, a wholistic “development future”. It is believed that streams, and frequent water flow in them even by floods are accelerators for vegetation growth [23]. Which have been found important by [24] for effective flood management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of floods on urban areas, specifically focusing on natural hazards and urban development rather than addressing the relationship between urban living and stress levels. It does not provide any insights or evidence related to stress arising from urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: This eliminates the need for specialized composting, labor-intensive sorting, and recycling processes typically required for PLA-based plastics. Notably, in several underdeveloped countries, there may be insufficient resources to sort and recycle PLA-based plastics, making the rapid natural degradation of these new bioplastics an advantageous feature. Overall, our findings suggest that bioplastic packaging would have minimal end-of-life impact on the environment and the economy, indicating its potential as an alternative to fossil-based food packaging. ConclusionIn this study, we demonstrated that by effectively utilizing biomass-derived raw materials such as pullulan, NC, and lignin, it is possible to develop bioplastic films that exhibit performance comparable to that of bio-based and fossil-based plastics in food packaging. Importantly, these bioplastics exhibit significant potential for practical applications. This can be attributed to the following reasons: (1) Pullulan, a readily available commodity with a long history of use, serves as the raw material, making it easily accessible; (2) The biorefinery process for obtaining NC and HBL involves environment-friendly DES-assisted methods that utilize CS waste as sources; and (3) The fabrication of these films employs simple composite and practical physical approaches. Notably, the rapid biodegradation of these bioplastics in the natural environment suggests that they can easily integrate into ecosystems, potentially eliminating the need for recycling and composting at the end of their life cycle. This characteristic, combined with the advantages offered by the raw materials and fabrication techniques employed in the film production, aligns with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable development. Despite the introduced bioplastics currently fall short of fossil-based plastics in terms of economic feasibility and efficiency, they pave the way for the development of truly eco-friendly bioplastics capable of transitioning to a circular economy. Building upon these advancements, it is possible to develop all-biomass-derived general and engineered plastics by addressing the remaining challenges related to extensibility and rigidity. Declarationsis available online or from the author. authors thank the financial support by the Fund of Laboratory for and Modifications from for Nationalities (Project No. 20-6)0782. J. G. Rosenboom, R. Langer, G. Traverso, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 117. K. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of bioplastics, which offer rapid natural degradation and have minimal environmental impact at the end of their life cycle. The mention that these bioplastics can integrate easily into ecosystems suggests that they serve as an effective alternative to traditional plastics, thus supporting the claim about eco-friendly packaging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Using the constant comparison method [87], as well as the above-mentioned constructs from the literature, we also developed, modified, and agreed upon a coding scheme that embraced the themes presented in the data. Two research team members trained in qualitative research methods independently coded the transcripts using NVivo software and an inductive process. Once the members completed their independent coding, they shared and compared their coding, as well as discussed the accuracy of it. At this point, they modified, merged, or eliminated codes and revised their analyses. ResultsParticipantsForty three physicians registered to participate in the focus groups, and 37 showed up. This amounts to an 86% participation rate, which is slightly higher than the participation rate we had assumed in the design (40/60 at 66%). The 37 participants had a mean of 16. 3 years of practice experience, with a maximum of 43. The overall family physician population summary data from the 2007 Survey (NPS) [88] reported that the mean years of practice experience was 19. 6, with a maximum of 55 years. There were 24 female (65%) and 13 male (35%) participants. The 2007 NPS reported 60% of family physicians are male and 40% female. The distribution by province was: 18 from (49%), 14 from (Ontario and Quebec - 39%), and 5 from (13. 5%). The 2007 NPS reported that approximately 35% of family physicians practice in Western Canada, 59% in Central Canada, and 9. 3% in Eastern Canada. Compared to the physician population, our participants had slightly less practice experience, and were more likely to be female. Furthermore, physicians from were under-represented whereas physicians from other regions of the country were over-represented. Quantitative ResultsThe results for the questions on which types of fields the physicians would be willing to disclose are provided in Table 1. There was strong reluctance to provide patient names, a weak willingness to provide dates of birth, postal codes, and initials, a moderate willingness to reveal their own names, the number of patients in their practice, and clinical information about the patients, and a stronger willingness to share patient sex, the total number of patients seen during the reporting period, and the practice postal code. The least consensus was in their willingness to share the patients' postal codes, date of birth, initials, and the most consensus was on their willingness to disclose the patients' sex. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the strong reluctance of physicians to disclose sensitive patient information during focus groups, indicating that privacy concerns remain significant even in the context of telehealth. Specifically, the text mentions that there was a 'strong reluctance to provide patient names' and varying levels of willingness to disclose other information, which suggests that telehealth does not eliminate privacy concerns but rather highlights them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In Pakistan, between 1950 and 2010, more than 8000 people lost their lives, more than 100,000 villages were affected, and Pakistan suffered from economic loss of around $19 Billion [25]. In 2022, Pakistan was devastatingly affected by floods due to torrential rainfall. These floods affected Swat valley in the north and Sindh and Baluchistan province in south of the country. They affected more than 6 million people and damaged the communication infrastructure and led to spread of various infectious diseases [26]. Being its mega coastal city, Karachi has also suffered from floods from time to time. In 1977, severe flood in Malir and caused loss of more than 200 lives while causing damage of 5 billion Rupees. Exponential urban sprawl, environmental degradation, increased in impervious surfaces and subsequent disruption of natural drainage system are major causes of urban flooding in the city [12, 27, 28]. When a multitudes of growth factors coexists, they lead to rapid urbanization [29]. Population growth, between and within cities migration, business and investment opportunities, commercialization and access to lifestyle amenities are the main contributing factors. Increase in built area leads to an increase in impervious surface, blockage and the lack of sufficient drainage system increases the rate of surface runoff thus causing floods [30,31,32]. Due to exponential urban growth, especially in a mega city, various changes in geomorphology are unavoidable. Due to these geomorphological landscape changes and industrialization because of transition of economies from rural to urban in over 200 years, significant rise to urban flooding has been seen [10, 33,34,35]. Moreover, the urban growth drivers are believed to be spatially dependent [36, 37]. It is believed that local urban sprawl has a positive correlation with urban sprawl of neighboring localities. This later has been prominent in the case of Karachi, where suburban growth has been multifold. Leading to built area increase along its natural stream channels, which is a cheaper alternative for agriculture and crop production and livelihoods [12, 13, 38,39,40]. Over that, these waterways have been poorly managed, and there are limited checks on encroachments along the stream banks [13]. Several authors emphasize that only structural solutions are not sufficient without proper solid waste management. Inadequate drainage capacity followed by poor management of urban drainage leads to urban flooding [41, 42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim that urban living always leads to increased stress levels. It primarily discusses the impacts of urbanization and flooding in Pakistan, detailing environmental and infrastructural challenges without addressing stress levels or personal experiences related to urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: & of of Code of of Transfer/for for Members E-of Engineering and Technology pISSN 2234-7925 eISSN 2765-4796 + Aims & of for Authors + Code of Code of of Transfer/for Archive + Search for Members E-and of of Code of of Transfer/for for for Editors & Username(ID) Forgotmy username Forgotmy password Register Sorry. You are not permitted to access the full text of 10. 5916/jamet. 2022. 46. 5. 230Evaluation of impact resistance and material properties of eco-friendly buoys with biodegradable plastic materials Jae-Sang Jo1 Ji-Sun Kim† Seung-Jun Choi2 1: 051-400-5250 (wotkd20@komeri. re. kr) 2: 063-465-8438 (choisj@komeri. re. kr) Correspondence to : †24-20, Noksansandan-ro 335, Gangseo-gu, Busan 46754, Korea, E-mail: jisun6351@komeri. re. kr, Tel: 051-400-5249 Copyright ⓒ Society of This is an 3. 0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ▼eco-friendly buoys composed of materials, such as Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate(PET), are used as a countermeasure for marine pollution issues of Styrofoam buoys. However, fragmented microplastics continue to persist without fundamental material conversion. Currently, the most commonly used eco-friendly buoy is composed of thermoplastic, which adversely affects the seawater ecosystem owing to the generation of refractory plastic. To address this issue, in this study, a biodegradable material was developed for buoys that minimizes the generation of microplastics, and a material property test based on ASTM D638 was conducted to determine the strength of the biodegradable material. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the development of a biodegradable material for buoys aimed at minimizing the generation of microplastics, thus addressing plastic waste concerns. It specifically highlights that the biodegradable material was created in response to the negative impact of traditional plastic materials, supporting the idea that eco-friendly options can help in reducing plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Descriptive summary of the responses on the type of information that the physicians would be willing to share. Full size table If we assume that the willingness to disclose is positively associated with perceived sensitivity of the information, then there was the most consensus on the least sensitive fields, and less consensus on the most sensitive fields. This would be the expected pattern. We grouped the following items: (a) items A1 and A2, (b) items A7 to A11, and (c) items A14 and A15. Those in group (a) pertain to the patient's name, and the participants didn't see much difference between disclosing the first and second name. The items in group (b) pertain to underlying conditions. The participants treated all of the underlying conditions equally in terms of willingness to disclose and did not provide an indication that they differ in their sensitivity. The items in group (c) pertain to summary information about the practice. Group (b) had a consistency ratio below 0. 1 (consistency does not apply to the other groups with only two items). Table 2 shows the willingness to share less/more information under certain conditions. The factors that had little impact on their willingness to disclose information to public health were: linking the data to other data sets, whether the public health unit was provincial, federal or municipal, and the type of condition or disease that was under surveillance. The factors that had the largest influence on their willingness to share information were: their commitment not to share the data with other parties, and whether the reporting was mandatory. Other factors that would have an important effect on their willingness to disclose information included if the data was de-identified, if their Colleges endorsed the disclosure, if feedback was provided, if the disclosure was only for a limited period and afterwards the data would be destroyed, and if a research ethics board approved the data collection. None of the factors would actively dissuade them from sharing data, but that was largely a function of the wording of the questions. Table 2 Descriptive summary of the responses on the questions on the factors that would influence the physicians' data sharing practices. Full size table The following items had a mean absolute difference smaller than one point and were grouped: (a) B1 and B2, (b) B5 and B6, and (c) B10 and B11. The items in group (a) pertain to the jurisdiction of the public health agency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence physicians' willingness to disclose patient information. It indicates that there are specific concerns regarding the sensitivity of different types of patient data and that factors like data de-identification and research ethics approval affect the willingness to share information. This suggests that privacy concerns persist even in telehealth, directly rebutting the claim that telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It is considered one of the many anthropogenic factors causing urban flooding in Karachi [39]. In developing economies, urban planning directly conflicts with politics of planning and politicians [43, 44]. This conflict creates hurdles in following sustainable urban development plans in true form. Also, justified distribution of resources between different sections of local government become difficult due to these political struggles [45]. Availability of funds is another critical aspect in urban development. Finance is a basic element of executing urban planning and to tackle the problems associated with rapid urban development [46]. Availability and proper use of finance is linked to poverty, empowerment, land, and governance [47]. Cities, where both approved and non-approved slums exist, allocation and distribution of funds for the later, is a challenge and leads to unsustainable growth. Sustainable urban planning plays an important role in mitigating floods. It plays a vital role in controlling several factors, that leads to devastating effects of floods [48]. Factors such as urban sprawl, spatial planning for waterways, green area, and storage facilities [49]. In case of Karachi this is a major issue, where vertical development has been limited to a certain small part of the city, and most of the city has overlooked the need for compact development [50]. Compaction of built structures can help reduce the stress of natural resources, water pathways and open spaces [51, 52]. As there is a necessity to create more space for natural flow channels of the rainwater or preserve them. For instance, in Karachi, many that exist are blocked by solid waste [12, 13, 15, 38, 40]. Urbanization management, when inadequate, can lead to loss of permeable surfaces that otherwise reduces the surface runoff and mitigates floods. Natural vegetation and its widespread distribution are another factor that plays a vital role and acts as an important component of sustainable urban planning [53], recommend the need for a paradigm shift in urban land management. This paradigm shift will need to be inclusive of the public participation in urban planning and in conserving a large part of the natural ecosystem. A key element in this regard being maintenance of the natural conveyance system for water [53]. Several studies [54,55,56] have been done and methods developed to examine flood damages, risks, and their assessment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on urban flooding, urban planning, and the challenges faced in sustainable development in cities like Karachi, without addressing any direct impact of urban living on stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: 99 MPa. Damaged specimens after the tensile test are shown in Figure 5, and the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the 10 specimens are listed in Table 2. Figure 5: Fracture section of biodegradable plastic material Table 2: Tensile test results for the biodegradable plastic material Strength(MPa) Elastic Modulus(GPa) 1 25. 25 6. 07 2 25. 26 5. 93 3 24. 90 6. 54 4 24. 76 6. 56 5 26. 33 6. 75 6 24. 39 7. 06 7 26. 71 6. 47 8 23. 69 7. 45 9 24. 58 7. 16 10 24. 04 6. 23 Average 24. 99 6. 65 The test results of PLA material showed that the tensile strength was similar to that of conventional PE and PP. However, the elongation at break of PLA was lower than that of PE and PP applied to conventional buoys. These findings imply that damage can occur if significant deformation arises when the material is used. Strength-deformation and strength-strain rate curves of the tensile test are shown in Figure 6. To further analyze the properties of this new material, we applied its physical properties to flotation and performed a numerical analysis. Figure 6: Material tensile test results (stress-strain curve) 3. Impact analysis 3. 1 Numerical method Herein, the impact-resistance test was numerically analyzed using the finite element analysis software -dyna. Impact-resistance analysis was conducted under the same boundary conditions as those of the eco-friendly buoy certification standard. Therefore, a transient analysis of the free fall of the eggplant pendulum was performed considering the nonlinear material for 1. 0 s. 3. 2 Modeling and meshing Under the impact-resistance test conditions, a metal plate possessing a thickness of (2 ± 1) cm was fixed without movement. The buoy developed herein was eco-efficient, and it was visually examined for abnormalities, such as cracks, breaks, and tears, on the buoy surface by dropping the eggplant pendulum vertically from a height of 2000 mm at the center of the top surface. The eco-friendly buoy was in the form of a circular sphere with a radius of 119 mm and composed of PLA materials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the properties of biodegradable plastic materials, specifically PLA, which can be used in eco-friendly applications. It describes tensile strength tests and impact resistance analysis of biodegradable materials, indicating their functionality and durability, which align with the claim that biodegradable materials can be utilized in eco-friendly packaging to potentially reduce plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: The physicians did not differentiate between federal or provincial jurisdictions. The items in group (b) pertain to exerting control over the data through de-identification, and limits on sharing with third parties, which they perceived as having equal impact on willingness to share information. The items in group (c) pertain to independent oversight, irrespective of who provides it. We did not find any statistically significant differences nor associations among the participant profile shape, elevation, or scatter and the physicians' years of practice experience and gender. This means that variation in years of practice experience and gender do not explain variations in the participant responses to the questions. Qualitative ResultsThe qualitative findings are organized into six themes. Each theme presents a coherent issue, although it may cover multiple constructs. Physician-Patient RelationshipSome participants believed that the government and their requests for information and data were interfering with patient-physician relationships. Many agreed with one physician, who stated: "We have to remember that as family doctors, we have a real responsibility to the patient. . . What are the patients going to start thinking about, you know, where are they getting this information? Who is telling the government or the newspaper about me? Or my family or the neighbour? think we have to really, you know, be careful of the patient [who] comes to us, they trust us. They want to have trust in us, and there is nobody else that can fill that role other than the family doctor. " In particular, this issue of trust and the patient-physician relationship was of concern to physicians serving aboriginal or minority populations: "I mean, you may find, depending on ethnicity of the people we work with, whether they are or whether they are, I work with a fairly. . . large immigrant population, and there's sometimes complete lack of trust, you know, depending on, especially if you start tracking demographic data. People sort of start to wonder, right, what's happening. " Our participants were also concerned about patients possibly complaining about them or suing them, if they inappropriately disclosed information. One participant told a story of being contacted by a patient's lawyer, after data was abstracted from the patient's chart and entered into a provincial registry. Physician ConfidentialityIn the focus group discussion, a not insignificant amount of mistrust between physicians and "government authorities" was also apparent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant concerns regarding privacy and trust in the physician-patient relationship. It discusses how physicians are worried about government data requests interfering with patient trust and the lack of trust in certain demographics when demographic data is tracked. Physicians also express fears about legal repercussions from inappropriate disclosures, indicating that privacy concerns persist despite the use of telehealth.