Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: are thought to be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification because of their reliance on calcium carbonate skeletons, which, for many (but not all) species, may dissolve and/or be more difficult to make in a more acidified ocean (Orr et al. 2005, Gazeau et al. 2007, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007, Ries et al. 2009, Hoffmann et al. 2010). As such, numerous studies have documented the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish calcification and physiology (Gazeau et al. 2013, Kroeker et al. 2013). Relatively fewer studies, however, have focused on the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavior (Clements & Hunt 2015). The initial phenotypic response of many marine organisms to environmental stressors, including ocean acidification, is to alter their behaviour to avoid lethal effects, or to avoid the associated metabolic costs of maintaining physiological balance, under a given stressor (Schreck et al. 1997). For example, juveniles of the cod Gadus morhua actively avoid high-CO2 seawater presumably to avoid potential lethal effects (Jutfelt & Hedgärde 2013). In shellfish, the intertidal snail Littorina littorea is reported to alter its behavior to avoid the lethal effects of predation when inducible shell thickening is disrupted by ocean acidification (Bibby et al. 2007). Infaunal clams tend to reject burrowing into acidified sediments to avoid “death by dissolution” (see Clements & Hunt 2017 for review). When unable to avoid more acidified conditions, exposure to ocean acidification can affect various other behaviors in shellfish as well. For example, general activity levels are reported to be affected (Dissanayake & Ishimatsu 2011, Alenius & Munguia 2012, Spady et al. 2014, Queirós et al. 2015). Responses of shellfish prey to predators can also be affected (Manríquez et al. 2013, Appelhans et al. 2014, Manríquez et al. 2014, Watson et al. 2014; also see Clements & Comeau 2019 in this issue), along with shellfish predator responses to prey (Appelhans et al. 2012, Landes & Zimmer 2012, Manríquez et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that marine organisms with calcium carbonate skeletons are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, as their skeletons may dissolve or be difficult to form in more acidic conditions. It cites multiple studies documenting the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish calcification and physiology, directly supporting the assertion that these organisms are vulnerable.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: In case of liquefaction, based on the soil date and the design-basis earthquake magnitude, the conditional probability of liquefaction can be calculated. The total probability—earthquake and liquefaction—should be less than the probabilistic screening criterion for neglecting the liquefaction hazard (see, e. g. , [20]). This condition can also be formulated in terms of safety factor with respect to liquefaction. If the site soil conditions are improved by engineering methods, this probability and/or value of safety factor can be applied for acceptance criterion for the soil improvement. There are multiple causally correlated hazards. For example, possibility of multiple causally linked hazards has been recognized at Tricastin site in France that initiated a focused safety justification in 2017 [21]. The level of the Tricastin site is 6 meters below the nearby channel level. The nuclear site is protected by embarkment. Although the embarkment would resist the maximum historically credible earthquake, it could not be excluded that it would fail if the design-basis earthquake of the plant hits the site. If the site would be flooded, loss of off-site and on-site electrical power supply and failure of the cooling systems of the reactors could be expected. Limited access to the site would hinder the emergency response. In this case the seismic resistance of the embarkment is the key question, since the plant remains safe in case of design-basis earthquake. The probability of loss of safety function in this case is defined by the probability of design-basis earthquake, since the embarkment failure and the consequent flooding are highly probable if a design-basis earthquake happens. In case of causally linked hazards, the damaging effects of root cause event and the consequential event would not be necessarily simultaneous. The timing of effects should be considered in the design. The above considerations with the small probabilities may seem like the usual reasoning and magic of the nuclear industry. As a matter of fact, that is the state of the art. However, this is recognized to be not sufficient. The generic design paradigm afore Fukushima Dai-ichi accident was “design for sufficient low probability of effects for ensuring the acceptable risk. ” The new design paradigm is “to be prepared for the impossible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing several risks and safety concerns associated with nuclear reactors, such as the potential for liquefaction during earthquakes, flooding, loss of power supply, and failures in cooling systems. Additionally, it emphasizes that the design paradigm has evolved after the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident, indicating that risks are acknowledged and need to be prepared for, directly contradicting the assertion that fusion reactors are entirely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 업그레이드 바로 가기 레이어 닫기 한글 혹은 Word 가 설치되어있지 않습니다. DBpia의 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)는 한글, Word에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 지원 한글, Word 목록은 아래에서 확인하세요. 한글 바로가기 Word 바로가기 레이어 닫기 ‘’ 기관은 싸이티지의 계약 기관이 아닙니다. DBpia의 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)의 일반형은 계약기관만 사용할 수 있습니다. 아래 페이지에서 구독 기관으로 인증하세요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses technical issues related to the usage of bibliographic management software and does not address any aspects of language identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2014, Quierós et al. 2015) and grazer responses to food (Burnell et al. 2013, Barry et al. 2014). Behavioral effects of ocean acidification, as described earlier, have the capacity to influence ecosystem structure and function through altered biological interactions (Nagelkerken & Munday 2016); thus, understanding the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavior is imperative for understanding the ecological effects of this global change stressor. Behavioral alterations under stressful conditions can also result in biological trade-offs for a given individual, as time and energy spent engaging in altered behaviors often come at the cost of other key biological functions, such as feeding, reproduction, metabolic activity, and immune defense (Loose & Dawidowicz 1994, Rawlings 1994, Werner & Hall 1988, Rigby & Jokela 2000). Furthermore, the detection of acute behavioral changes in temporary periods of seawater acidification may serve as an early warning biological indicator of ecosystem stress, as behavioral alterations such as increased general activity or alterations in bivalve gaping behaviors can be indicative of environmental stress (Akberali & Trueman 1985, Andrade et al. 2016). Thus, real-time behavioral observation could potentially provide a bio-monitoring tool for coastal shellfisheries in the wake of ocean acidification and other marine global change stressors (Andrade et al. 2016). Given the importance of understanding the impacts of coastal and open ocean acidification on shellfish behavior from both economic and ecological perspectives, this 1. Distribution frequency (n= 78) of 2. (A) Depiction of the Hall effect sensor and magnet setup on a blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). (B) Hypothetical example of voltage data (in μV) provided by Hall effect–type biosensors depicting μV values when a bivalve is open (i. e. , larger distance between the sensor and magnet) and closed (i. e. , smaller distance between the sensor and magnet). date, only a handful of studies have used HFNI electromagnetic biosensors to test for the effects of elevated CO2 on bivalve valve-gaping behavior (Table 1). In a laboratory experiment simulating sub-seabed CO2 leakage, Bamber and Westerlund (2016) reported no effects of elevated CO2 on valve-gaping behavior in Arctica islandica until seawater pH reached ∼6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the imperative need to understand the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavior, which are linked to their vulnerability. It discusses how behavioral alterations in shellfish in response to acidification are indicative of broader ecological impacts, thereby supporting the notion that these marine organisms are particularly susceptible to changes in ocean acidity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: ” Since a devastating natural event can never be completely ruled out, the necessary provisions for managing a radiological emergency situation, onsite and offsite, must be planned, tested, and regularly reviewed [22, 23]. Advertisement 5. Difficulties of the safe design Two fundamental questions have to be answered here:Whether the characterization of rare natural hazards can be performed with high enough assurance? The question is related to the possibility of definition of the hazard curve, which is the annual probability of an event that will occur at the NPP site with a damaging effect exceeding a given threshold. Whether there are proven engineering solutions available for ensuring enough capability of NPPs to withstand safely the effects of hazards? In other words: Whether the design will ensure P fail if E ≤ E DB ≪ 1 for the conditional probability of failure? The question is related to the vulnerability/fragility of the NPP. Presentation of the state-of-the-art methodologies for hazard evaluation is out of scope of the recent 1. 67 [37] or 1. 4 [38] times the design-basis peak ground acceleration is required to be demonstrated. These values are based on the conservatism of the nuclear design standards and justified by extensive studies. In the standard ASCE/SEI 43–05 [33], it is proposed to accept the probability of unacceptable performance less than about 10% for a ground motion equal to 150% of the design-basis ground motion, while for the design basis, the probability of unacceptable performance less than about a 1%. The above concept can be adopted for other hazards as it is proposed, for example, in [37]. Advertisement 6. Justification of design tools and solutions The design tools/solutions can be proven:Directly by NPP experiences (events and damages). Indirectly by:Reconnaissance and analysis of event consequences and damages (nonnuclear). Experiments (shaking table tests, wind tunnels, etc. ). Numerical analysis and experiments. From our point of view, the most important are the real NPP experiences regarding natural hazard events and consequences. There are several sources archiving the experiences of extreme natural events. collected the information on the earthquake experiences reported by the operators. There are several hundreds of significant earthquakes registered within 300 km epicentral distance from NPPs. has also collected the data of nuclear accidents that could be compared by other industrial activities [39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of planning for radiological emergency situations and mentions specific safety measures and assessments that must be conducted for nuclear power plants (NPPs) to ensure their capability to withstand potential hazards, thereby indicating that there are safety concerns and risks involved in the design and operation of such reactors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 구독 기관 조회하기 레이어 닫기 DBpia 밖의 서지정보를 인용하고 싶다면? 크롬 익스텐션으로 외부 서지정보를 내서재에 담아보세요! 크롬 익스텐션 살펴보기 레이어 닫기 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses a bibliographic management service for researchers and how to cite information, which is unrelated to the cultural implications of language.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 0 license ( Clam image was obtained online from the free clipart site “Pngfly” at was created by user “Erlineka20. ”key component of ocean acidification mitigation in aquaculture is the early detection of corrosive and detrimental conditions; once detected, such conditions can be combated in various ways (Clements & Chopin 2016). It has been recently proposed that HFNI biosensors measuring valve gaping may be useful as biomonitoring tools in marine systems and for areas of marine development (e. g. , oil rigs and aquaculture sites) (Andrade et al. 2016). With respect to using HFNI sensors to monitor for ocean acidification effects at aquaculture sites, studies to date suggest that this may not be a viable option, as valve-gaping responses of bivalves appear insensitive to elevated seawater CO2, with the exception of extreme conditions (pH <6. 5). The number of such studies is limited, however, and more research on other bivalve species is warranted. Furthermore, expanding this technology to different behaviors in shellfish taxa may render this technology useful in aquaculture monitoring for ocean acidification effects. electromagnetic biosensors have the potential to greatly advance ocean acidification research on shellfish behavior, this technology, as with any technology, comes with limitations. One major limitation is the size of the sensors. Given their size (Fig. 2A), the use of these sensors is restricted to adult or large juvenile individuals. Given that larval individuals are considered to be most susceptible to the effects of ocean acidification (e. g. , Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013), particularly for functions sometimes related to valve gaping (e. g. , feeding rates; Clements & Darrow 2018), these biosensors are currently unable to detect ocean acidification effects on the most sensitive life stages of shellfish. Efforts to reduce the physical size of these biosensors can help in their application to smaller sized individuals and ultimately enhance their utility in ocean acidification studies and beyond. As previously mentioned, one major benefit of HFNI electromagnetic biosensors is the ability to deploy them in the field. Although this holds true for the technology in its current state, some limitations apply here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the sensitivity of larval individuals of shellfish to ocean acidification effects, stating that 'larval individuals are considered to be most susceptible to the effects of ocean acidification.' It further emphasizes the limitations in monitoring these vulnerable life stages and suggests that current biosensor technology is not suitable for detecting the impacts on the most sensitive stages, thereby supporting the idea that shellfish are indeed vulnerable to acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: also published a study on the external hazard-related events at NPPs [40]. According to this study, apart from earthquakes and tsunamis (Fukushima case), the fouling events (biological fouling of water intakes affecting also the ultimate heat sink and chemical fouling causing corrosion) and extreme weather conditions, including lightning strikes and floods, are dominating. A few events reported have safety significantly according to the Event Scale. In the USA the Institute published a fact sheet on the response of US NPPs to natural events starting with June 2011 (Nebraska) flooding up to September 2018 as the threatened the NPPs in the Southeast region of the USA and including also the 23rd of August 2011 beyond-design-basis seismic event at NPP in Virginia [41]. The examples show that the nuclear plants can withstand and properly respond to extreme natural events, if the design basis defined is adequate that was not the case at the Fukushima site with respect to the tsunami. The industry has the tools, the analytical and testing capabilities, and the consolidated standards to design and build safe plants. 6. 1. Justification for possibility protection by the experiences of NPPs 6. 1. 1. Earthquakes: vibratory ground motion There are plenty of examples demonstrating that the codes and standards accepted in the nuclear praxis ensure sufficient capacity of SSCs to withstand the ground vibratory effects of earthquakes. Although the recorded ground motions exceeded those values for what the plants were designed, the safety consequences of the earthquakes were negligible. That was the case of Miyagi earthquake (August 2005) at the Onagawa NPP and the Chūetsu offshore earthquake (July 2007) at the site of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP [42]. In case of the earthquake, the behavior of 13 nuclear units in the impacted area on the East shore of the demonstrated high resistance against ground vibrations due to earthquake. Even the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant survived the strong motion period of the earthquake. 2011 the plant in Virginia, USA, also survived a beyond-design-basis earthquake thanks to the designed and built margins. Anna case demonstrated also the adequacy of definition of damage criteria formulated in terms of cumulative absolute velocity and justified the correctness of predefined measure of margin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various safety concerns related to nuclear power plants (NPPs). It discusses potential external hazards, such as earthquakes and extreme weather conditions, which demonstrate that safety risks exist. It emphasizes that while the design and standards in the nuclear industry aim to mitigate these risks, incidents like the Fukushima disaster indicate that there are significant safety concerns, directly contradicting the claim that fusion reactors are entirely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용은 물론 참고문헌 삽입까지 한번에 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요? DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 ‘참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 겹낫표등의 한국형 논문 출처 표기까지 가능해요 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지 표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 내가 투고할 학회의 서지정보가 이미 등록되어 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a citation management program related to academic papers and not the relationship between language, identity, and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Fouling communities from the west coast are vulnerable to cooling and ocean acidification : orcid. org/0000-0001-5515-14451,2 & Tamara B. : orcid. org/0000-0001-6317-49111 982 Accesses 1 Citation 10 Altmetric 2 all metrics AbstractChanging temperature and ocean acidification are well-recognised consequences of climate change in marine systems. In contrast to global trends, the west coast is experiencing cooling due to increased frequency and intensity of upwelling. The implications of concurrent cooling and acidification for marine biota are poorly understood, particularly at the community level. This laboratory study assessed how cooling and acidification might affect fouling communities along the west coast. Communities were experimentally exposed to two temperatures, 13℃ (current) and 9℃ (cooling), and three pH treatments, 7. 9 (current), 7. 6 and 7. 4, for 18 days. Cooling and acidification altered community structure. Species diversity declined in response to acidification but was not affected by cooling. This was driven by greatest loss of species at 7. 4 pH. Notably, acidification reduced the abundance of both calcifying and soft-bodied taxa, highlighting the vulnerability of taxa like ascidians to acidification. Overall, these results highlight the dominant threat posed by acidification, even for alien taxa that are often perceived as resilient to climate change. Additionally, in regions experiencing cooling, acidification may pose a greater threat to fouling communities than thermal changes. Similar content being viewed by others Variation in sensitivity of large benthic Foraminifera to the combined effects of ocean warming and local impacts 0. 3 to 0. 5 units by the end of the century (worst case scenario – RCP 8. 5) (Orr et al. 2005; Rhein et al. 2013; Pörtner et al. 2019). With coastal environments experiencing innate spatial and temporal variability in environmental conditions, climate change induced alterations in temperature and carbonate chemistry will not be the same everywhere (Helmuth et al. 2002; Carstensen and Duarte 2019). While most regions of the world are warming (Rhein et al. 2013; Pörtner et al. 2019), others experience regional cooling due to climate-driven intensification of upwelling (Rouault et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that "acidification reduced the abundance of both calcifying and soft-bodied taxa," which directly supports the assertion that organisms with calcium carbonate structures, such as shellfish, are vulnerable to acidification. The study finds that species diversity declined in response to acidification, highlighting how these environmental changes negatively impact marine biota, implicitly reinforcing their vulnerability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Although the ground motion experienced at the site exceeded the design-basis level, the damaging effect of the earthquake was found below the margin evaluated, and the damages were really negligible [43]. Sufficient capability of plants to withstand beyond-design-basis vibratory motion of earthquakes has been demonstrated by the stress tests performed in the and by focused reviews implemented in other countries. The stress tests have been aimed to the review of seismic hazard assessments for sites of nuclear power plants and to the verification of the design bases, as well as to the evaluation of margins against external hazard (mainly earthquakes and floods) effects, whether the beyond-design-basis hazard effects can cause cliff-edge effect, that is, sudden loss of safety functions due to effects exceeding the design-basis one. Information on these programs in the is provided at Information regarding post-Fukushima measures in the USA are available at and for Japan at respectively. 6. 1. 2. safety can be ensured by combination of technical and procedural measures, reducing the power generation or shutting down the reactors. The protection of plants against floods is feasible even at rather unfortunate sites like the Tricastin one [21]. In spite of this, floods at some sites caused safety issues. For example, at site in 2011 [41], the plant should be protected by extraordinary temporary measures. The flood and fire resulted in a 3-year shutdown of the plant. Plant in 1999 [44], the high tide and storm flooded the plant and caused an event Level 2 according to the Event Scale. Safety upgrading measures and improved procedures have been developed and implemented to achieve the required safety level. The case turned the attention to event combinations that are capable to cause extreme flood event. Both cases reveal the importance of design-basis definition, regular review of the hazard characterization, and checking the protection capabilities and upgrading if necessary. The NPPs can be protected from the flooding due to tsunamis, assuming that the design-basis wave height is adequately defined and the uncertainties of the tsunami characterization is properly compensated by the conservative design. The case of Onagawa NPP demonstrates that the proper definition of the design-basis tsunami height is an essential precondition of the safety. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that safety issues can arise due to external hazards, such as earthquakes and floods, that could impact nuclear power plants. It mentions that while efforts are made to ensure safety through stress tests and design measures, there have been instances where safety issues occurred, indicating that fusion reactors are not entirely risk-free and do have safety concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 1 2 한글/워드 서지관리 프로그램 바로받기 레이어 닫기 서지추가 서지파일이 무엇인가요? 형식으로 저장되는 파일로, 인용 정보를 담고 있습니다. 서지 파일을 업로드하여 모든 서지정보를 내서재에서 관리하세요 수정한 정보는 인용하기와 싸이티지에 반영됩니다. 서지파일 등록 파일을 끌어오거나 점선 영역을 클릭해 등록해보세요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bibliographic information management without addressing language's role in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2010; Bijma et al. 2013; Lamont et al. 2018). For example, the west coast of which forms part of the Ecosystem is experiencing regional cooling of 0. 5℃ per decade (Rouault et al. 2010). Moreover, pH in nearshore environments varies both spatially and temporally (Duarte et al. 2013; Carstensen and Duarte 2019; Matikinca 2022), especially at the local scale, which could result in ocean acidification refugia (Bates et al. 2018). These environmental changes can have interactive effects, where changes in one parameter can affect how species respond to other parameters, thereby resulting in complex ecological outcomes (Vinebrooke et al. 2004; Crain et al. 2008). Thus, gaining an understanding of the potential implications of concurrent changes in temperature and pH remains a priority for science, management and conservation (Kroeker et al. 2014). The implications of climate induced changes in temperature have been documented for a variety of marine taxa, from plankton to vertebrates (O’Connor et al. 2007; Hu et al. 2022). At the community level, increasing temperature can affect diversity and community composition (Dijkstra et al. 2011; Riedel et al. 2014) and influence competition, growth and recruitment in fouling communities (Lord 2016, 2017). Warming can modulate biochemical reactions and metabolic rate (Hochachka and Somero 2002; Torres and Giménez 2020), growth (Gillooly et al. 2002; Amui-Vedel et al. 2007), respiration (Somero 2002), cardiac thermal limits (van der Walt et al. 2021), and performance and survival (Hochachka and Somero 2002; Pörtner 2002). Increasing temperature can also facilitate range shifts (Sagarin et al. 1999; Somero 2012), drive biological invasions (Stachowicz et al. 2002), and cause local extinctions (Helmuth et al. 2002). Research into the effects of ocean acidification has largely focused on organismal responses, with a variety of taxa demonstrating high sensitivities to decreasing pH and hypercapnia (Harvey et al. 2016; Figuerola et al. 2021). Multiple performance metrics are affected by acidification including metabolism and cellular homeostasis (acid-base regulation) (Christensen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the sensitivity of various marine taxa to decreasing pH and hypercapnia due to ocean acidification. It states that 'a variety of taxa demonstrate high sensitivities to decreasing pH,' which supports the idea that shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are particularly affected by acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: On the 11th of March 2011 at Onagawa plant, all safety systems functioned as designed, the reactors automatically were shut down, and no damage of safety related systems, structures, and components (SSCs) occurred [31]. NPP also survived the December 2004 tsunami. Although the fatal underestimation of the design-basis tsunami wave height at the Fukushima Dai-ichi site cannot be compensated simply by designed margins, even in this case, a conscious layout of emergency diesel generator would save the plant. 6. 1. 3. Meteorological extremes The extreme cold and heat should not cause design difficulties that is justified by Kola and Bilibino NPPs in subpolar region of Russia and Bushehr NPP in Iran and Madras and Kudankulam NPP in Tamil Nadu, India. The real experiences demonstrate that the NPPs can be protected from extreme storms and hurricanes [41]. There are proven solutions to protect the NPPs against extreme winds. 1992 the NPP survived the Andrew hurricane with 230 km/h wind speed (280 km/h gusts). hurricane in October 2012 hit 34 US plants that survived the storm. and St. Lucie NPPs survived the Irma hurricane in 2017. Considering the consequences of meteorological extremes, the transmission system also can interrupt the operation, especially the combination of extremes, for example, wet snow plus wind and freezing rain plus wind. Since the hydroclimatic hazards are relatively slow and predictable phenomena, safety is also ensured by reducing the power generation or shutting down the reactors. A design principle can be mentioned here. Considering the same safety-related structures, the impact of aircraft crash is covering the impact effects of other phenomena, for example, the tornado missiles. The latter is covering the impact of hail whatever the size of the hail is. Obviously, the design is made for the largest effect. 6. 2. Indirect justification for possibility protection of NPit has been summarized above, experiences demonstrated that the plants designed in compliance with nuclear standards can survive the effects of the vibratory ground motion even due to disastrous earthquake. However, severe accidents can be caused by phenomena accompanying or generated by the earthquakes. The severe accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant was caused by tsunami. Other earthquake-related damaging phenomena can be the surface faulting and the soil liquefaction. 6. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the safety challenges and risks associated with nuclear power plants (NPPs), including the severe accidents that can result from natural disasters like tsunamis and earthquakes. It explains that while NPPs can be designed to withstand extreme conditions, there are still significant safety concerns, such as the Fukushima Dai-ichi disaster being caused by a tsunami. This indicates that fusion reactors, like other NPPs, are not entirely risk-free and are subject to safety hazards.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 영문 내용이 없는 논문은 한국어(혹은 대표언어)로만 저장됩니다. 서지파일 등록 논문명은 이렇게 노출될 예정입니다. ris 총 1 건 내서재에 업로드하기 레이어 닫기 싸이티지는 모바일과 mac OS를 지원하지 않습니다. PC로 이용해주세요 확인 레이어 닫기 나의 연구활동 주요 통계 나의 이용현황 0 이달 이용 논문 수 0 이달의 방문 횟수 0 내서재 논문 수 최근 이용/조회한 논문이 없습니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of document storage and usage in a specific database context, without addressing the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2011; Hendriks et al. 2015; Knapp et al. 2016), reduced reproductive success (Albright 2011; Gazeau et al. 2013), reduced development, performance and survival (Wittmann and Pörtner 2013; Harvey et al. 2016), denticle corrosion (Dziergwa et al. 2019) and decreased calcification (Ries et al. 2009; Figuerola et al. 2021). Because these effects can vary considerably among species (Kroeker et al. 2013; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013), differential responses to acidification among and within species can influence community diversity, structure, and function (Brown et al. 2016). However, responses at the community level have not been substantially explored. Only few studies have considered community level responses to decreasing pH and they suggest that acidification can cause changes in community structure (Hale et al. 2011; Peck et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2016) and alter the timing and rate of succession in fouling communities (Brown et al. 2017). While research has largely focused on the effects of changes in temperature and pH as isolated stressors (Todgham and Stillman 2013; Melzner et al. 2020), the implications of simultaneous changes in these parameters have not been fully explored and are less well understood (Wahl et al. 2015; Boyd et al. 2018). Temperature and pH interact on a physicochemical level and therefore, can interact in how they affect marine biota (Harvey et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2022). Temperature can directly and indirectly affect how organisms respond to acidification (Lefevre 2016; Martin et al. 2023). Warming enhances the scope for growth during food-replete conditions, which elevates metabolism and feeding rates (Boscolo-Galazzo et al. 2018; Huey and Kingsolver 2019; Hu et al. 2022). This subsequently moderates the negative effects of acidification on growth (Melzner et al. 2011; Thomsen et al. 2013; Pansch et al. 2014). However, if the magnitude of warming exceeds the critical thermal maximum, it can exacerbate growth reductions caused by acidification (Reynaud et al. 2003; Kroeker et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing several ways in which organisms are affected by acidification, including 'reduced reproductive success,' 'decreased calcification,' and 'denticle corrosion.' These effects highlight the vulnerability of marine organisms with calcium carbonate structures to changes in pH levels, aligning directly with the claim that these organisms are particularly susceptible to acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: case of new plant, if the potential for soil liquefaction is recognized, the site shall be qualified as unacceptable, unless proven engineering solutions are available for the soil improvement [8]. For screening out the hazard, the factor of safety to liquefaction should be calculated by conservative deterministic method, or a probabilistic liquefaction hazard analysis should be performed. In case of operating NPPs, the liquefaction hazard and its safety relevance have been recognized either by periodic or focused safety reviews. Typical failure modes due to liquefaction are the tilting due to differential settlement, structural failures caused by tilting, and damages of lifeline connection to different buildings. The basic finding of 41 operating NPPs at soil sites in the USA [45] revealed that the liquefaction is generally not a safety issue. However, if it is the case, liquefaction could be an essential contributor to the core damage. Similar conclusion was made on the basis of seismic PSA for Paks NPP, Hungary. In this case, a justification of sufficient margin against liquefaction consequences should be made applying state-of-the-art techniques and best-estimate methodologies as for beyond-design-basis effects. Example for the sophisticated numerical analysis of liquefaction hazard and its consequences has been made for Paks NPP [46]. 6. 2. 2. Surface displacement According to earlier regulatory approach, the existence of surface rupture and fault displacement hazard at a site was an exclusion criterion for the site [8, 15]. As a consequence of this, the detailed evaluation of hazard and the engineering treatment of consequences for nuclear power plants remained for long time an early stage of development. The post-Fukushima hazard reviews revealed the issue (a summary description of the issue and relevant publications is given, for example, in [28]). It’s trivial, an earthquake happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another, and the energy stored up in the block is released in the form of seismic waves. Surface faulting is a displacement that reaches the earth’s surface during slip along a fault. However, the manifestation and the measure of the displacement depend on the magnitude and local geology. The surface rupture/fault displacement causes mechanical effects completely differing from the effects of vibratory ground motion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing safety concerns associated with liquefaction hazards at nuclear power plants (NPPs) and the engineering solutions that must be in place to mitigate these risks. It outlines that although liquefaction is not typically a safety issue, it can be an essential contributor to core damage. This indicates that safety concerns, including those related to natural disasters such as earthquakes, exist in the context of nuclear energy, thus contradicting the idea that fusion reactors (or NPPs) are risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 더보기 월별 이용 통계 방문횟수 논문이용수 내가 검색한 키워드 로그인하고 연구지표를 확인해보세요 로그인 Close 논문 오류신고 신고항목을 선택해 주세요. 닫기 신고항목 신고항목을 선택해주세요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss language, identity, or cultural heritage. It primarily consists of navigational prompts and instructions related to academic resources.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Moreover, increasing temperature can accelerate kinetics central to decalcification, which exacerbates acidification-induced decline in calcification (McCulloch et al. 2012; Saderne and Wahl 2013). In regions that experience nearshore cooling (e. g. the west coast (Rouault et al. 2010)), colder temperature could reduce metabolism (Clarke and Fraser 2004), creating a lower energy budget than is required to cope with acidification (Sokolova et al. 2012). In addition to these direct mechanisms, temperature can indirectly affect calcifying biota as it mediates the degree of acidification for a given concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), and regulates the saturation state of aragonite that most organisms require for calcification (Orr et al. 2005; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013; Humphreys 2017). Importantly, because CO2 is more soluble at colder temperatures, acidification can be exacerbated under these conditions (Mucci 1983; Barry et al. 2010). In acknowledgement of these interactions between temperature and pH, studies have assessed the resulting effects on a range of marine biota including bacteria, corals and other invertebrates, fish, macroalgae, and seagrass (Dupont et al. 2010; Figuerola et al. 2021; Hu et al. 2022). The overall outcome from this work is that predicted changes in temperature and pH affect different taxa in different ways (Dupont et al. 2010; Figuerola et al. 2021; Hu et al. 2022), and context dependency currently precludes the derivation of general predictions of how taxa may be affected by environmental changes. It has been suggested that at the community level, the relative responses of species to altered temperature and pH are likely to result in compositional shifts, with a disproportionate increase in alien species and a decrease in native taxa (Sorte et al. 2010; Hale et al. 2011; Lord 2017; Dobretsov et al. 2019). However, the proposition that invasive species are characterised by a wide tolerance range over the thermal landscape, and are likely to be favoured by climate change, has not been substantially explored and fully tested (Zerebecki and Sorte 2011; Robinson et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how temperature and acidification interact, specifically mentioning that predicted changes in pH and temperature affect different taxa in various ways, and emphasizes that these changes impact calcifying organisms. It highlights the importance of temperature in mediating the effects of acidification, which supports the assertion that marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells, like shellfish, are particularly vulnerable to acidification-induced decline.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: That is the reason why a specific term “capable fault” has been introduced for this type of faults that is based not on seismological but on the engineering considerations. If the fault movement happens just below the plant, the consequences could be tilting, foundation and structural failures, and damages of lifelines due to differential displacements. However, the safety significance of displacement depends on the measure and type of displacement. There are sufficient engineering knowledge and analytical tools to evaluate the consequences of surface displacements as it is stated in [15, 28, 47, 48]. Advertisement 7. Operability of nuclear power plants during and after the events The operability of the plant is defined by the weakest link, that is, by those non-safety-related SSCs designed/qualified to withstand low-magnitude effects of natural phenomena according to building code or conventional industrial standards (e. g. , 8 for earthquakes). These magnitudes usually correspond to the 100 years of return period events. In case of earthquakes, the limit of continuous operation is the operation-based earthquake with approximately 100 years of return period or 475 years as per 8. If the return period, T, of the lower magnitude hazard effects is 100 years, the probability of exceeding the corresponding magnitude of hazard for the entire operational lifetime (60 years) is PE 60 ≥ 0. 4528. This is the probability of the shutdown and related economic losses caused by exceedance of magnitude of the operational level. The relevant hazards limiting the operation for the inland freshwater-cooled plants like the Paks NPP in Hungary are the low flow rate in river and high water temperature. Controlling parameter for freshwater cooled plants is defined in terms of river water temperature measured at some distance from the hot cooling water outflow. In these cases, for safety and environmental protection, the power generation is reduced, or the reactors are shutting down. The hydrometeorological extremes became more frequent and more severe due to climate changes. Assume that the return period of event with the given limiting magnitude will be 50 years as an average over the 60 years of operation instead of 100 years. In this case, the probability of economic losses will be PE 60 ≥ 0. 7024. Over the timespan of 60 years, the worsening of hydrometeorological conditions and increase of the magnitude and frequency of extremes will affect the economy of the nuclear power production, especially those plants with freshwater cooling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various safety concerns associated with nuclear power plants, particularly in relation to fault movements and operational hazards. It states that faults could lead to structural failures and operational limitations, implying that there are risks and safety concerns in nuclear power operations, thus directly challenging the assertion that fusion reactors are entirely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 제목 저자 목차 페이지 원제목 수정 전 해양 세균을 이용한 미세플라스틱 제거에 대한 연구 수정 후 부제목 수정 전 - 수정 후 대등제목 수정 전 - 수정 후 수정 전 이*연 경******* 수정 후 수정 전 - 수정 후 수정 전 첫 페이지 : 202 page 끝 페이지 : 202 page 수정 후 첫 페이지 끝 페이지 취소 확인 이 논문의 참고문헌을 찾아주세요. DBpia 논문 중 이 논문의 참고문헌을 찾아 신청해 주세요. 관리자 승인 후 이 논문의 참고문헌으로 등록됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses details about a research paper regarding the removal of microplastics using marine bacteria, without any mention of language, identity, or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Most studies on the implications of climate change, particularly changing temperature and acidification, consider single species, with limited knowledge on how these effects manifest at the community level (but see Hale et al. (2011); Peck et al. (2015); Brown et al. (2016)). Fouling communities, composed of calcifying and soft-bodied taxa, can pose a threat in the marine environment and society due to their ecological and economic impacts (Fitridge et al. 2012). While the distribution and abundance of fouling biota have been assessed in (Peters et al. 2014, 2017, 2019; Loureiro et al. 2021a), and the role that light and predation play in regulating fouling communities has been considered (Loureiro et al. 2021b), no research has considered how they may be affected by the predicted climate change (but see Hale et al. (2011); Peck et al. (2015); Brown et al. (2016, 2017); Wahl et al. (2021); Noisette et al. (2022) for examples from other regions). This study experimentally investigated the implications of cooling and acidification for fouling communities along the west coast. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that cooling and acidification would affect fouling communities by altering community structure and reducing species diversity. Based on previous studies, calcifying taxa, depending on their environmental history, were predicted to be most susceptible to low pH (Kroeker et al. 2013; Figuerola et al. 2021), an effect that could be exacerbated under cooling (Mucci 1983; Barry et al. 2010). Material and methodsAnimal collectionFouling communities were collected from Marina in (33°01'36"S; 17°57'40"E) along the cool productive west coast of. During the austral winter of 2020, 54 opaque settlement plates were deployed in the marina. et al. (2017), the PVC panels were 0. 25 cm thick, with a settlement area of 20 × 20 cm and suspended at a depth of 1 meter. The plates were deployed for eight weeks as previous work has shown that communities develop within this timeframe but open space still exists (Robinson et al. 2017). This is important as it enables the assessment of changes in community structure that may result from species increasing in cover during the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'calcifying taxa, depending on their environmental history, were predicted to be most susceptible to low pH,' implying that marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells, such as shellfish, are indeed vulnerable to the effects of acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Even if the values given above for the exceedance probability of magnitude of hazards for continuous operation might be not precise, the tendency is clearly showing the growing probability for economic losses due to climate change for any thermal power plants. Advertisement 8. nuclear power plants survived several extreme natural events during 17,825 reactor years of operation (as per the 1st of December 2018). In spite of the Fukushima disaster that was also avoidable, the experience is demonstrating that there are sufficient knowledge and engineering means to ensure the safety of the nuclear power plants and protect the people and environment even in case of severe natural phenomena. In the 1. Pascucci-Cahen L, Patrick M. Massive radiological releases profoundly differ from controlled releases. In: on 5th and 6th November 2012. Available from: 2. and Estimates for the Period up to 2050, Series No. 1/37. 2017 edition. Vienna: IAEA; 2017. ISBN: 978-92-0-106117-1 3. Group. Basic safety principles for nuclear power plants. In: 75-INSAG-3 Rev. 1. Vienna: Energy Agency; 1999. ISBN: 92-0-102699-4 4. Group. Defence in depth in nuclear safety. In: INSAG-10. Vienna: Energy Agency; 1996. ISBN: 92-0-103295-1 5. The official report of “” Executive summary, Published by Diet of © 2012, Diet of Japan 6. . Reassessing the safety of nuclear power: Short communication. & Social Science. 2016;15:96-100. DOI: 10. 1016/j. erss. 2015. 12. 026 7. Decker K, Brinkman H. List of external hazards to be considered in __E. Technical report _E/WP21/D21. 2/2015-10. -RES/SAG/2015-00085. Available from: 8. Energy Agency. for. SSG-35. Vienna: IAEA; 2015 9. Energy Agency. Safety of Plants:. SSR-2/1 (Rev. 1). Vienna: IAEA; 2016. ISBN: 978-92-0-109315-8 10. Energy Agency. for. NS-R-3 (Rev. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that, despite improvements in safety and engineering means in nuclear power plants, hazards and risks still exist. The reference to economic losses due to climate change in thermal power plants and the historical context of extreme events, like the Fukushima disaster, indicate that safety concerns are inherent in the operation of nuclear reactors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 닫기 논문명 참고문헌 신청 검색조건추가 참고문헌 신청이 불가능한 논문이 있습니다. 입력된 URL을 확인해 주세요. 취소 다음 확인 이용수. . . 닫기 최근3년 최근1년 최근6개월 연도 월 이용수 정기구독 정책 구독 상품을 부정한 방법으로 이용시 구독 서비스 제공을 중단할 수 있습니다. 하나의 계정으로 중복로그인 한 경우 먼저 로그인 되어있던 계정은 자동 로그아웃 됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it contains administrative information related to journal access and subscription policies, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 057; 7. 9 pH vs 7. 4 pH: coefficient = 9. 14, t = 2. 72, P = 0. 009). A similar pattern was observed for A. venustus (7. 9 pH vs 7. 6 pH: coefficient = 1. 94, t = 1. 61, P = 0. 115; 7. 9 pH vs 7. 4 pH: coefficient = 3. 61, t = 3. 55, P = 0. 001). As with the above species, N. algicola declined with decreasing pH but the extent of the response was moderated by temperature. At 13℃ this species was most abundant under ambient pH and showed 100% mortality under 7. 4 pH and 7. 6 pH. At 9℃ abundance was reduced at 7. 6 pH (coefficient = 5. 44, t = 2. 70, P = 0. 013) with 100% mortality at 7. 4 pH. Fig. 2Mean (+ SD) square root transformed percentage cover of species most responsible for the dissimilarity in community composition among treatments. No effect of temperature was present for any species (P > 0. 05). Acidification decreased the abundance of B. schlosseri, A. venustus and N. algicola. Lines above remaining species indicate no effect of pHFull size imageWhile no effect of treatment was detected on species richness, species diversity was affected by acidification only (Table 4, Fig. 3), suggesting altered evenness in acidic treatments. Communities held under an ambient pH of 7. 9 were more diverse than those exposed to the two reduced pH conditions (7. 9 pH vs 7. 4 pH: coefficient = 0. 44, t = 2. 49, P = 0. 017; 7. 9 pH vs 7. 6 pH: coefficient = 0. 31, t = 1. 95, P = 0. 059). Mortality was driven by declining pH only (F = 7. 99, P = 0. 001) with a greater proportion of species lost under the 7. 4 pH treatment than under 7. 6 pH and 7. 9 pH (7. 4 pH vs 7. 6 pH: coefficient = 22. 22, t = 2. 04, P = 0. 046; 7. 4 pH vs 7. 9 pH: coefficient = 36. 22, t = 3. 73, P < 0. 001) (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that certain marine species, such as N. algicola, showed a decline in abundance and 100% mortality under lower pH conditions (7.4 pH and 7.6 pH). This suggests a direct impact of acidification on marine organisms, supporting the assertion that organisms with calcium carbonate shells are vulnerable to acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: 1), Vienna: IAEA; 2016 (will be superseded by a new IAEA document SSR-1) 11. . Issue T: Natural Hazards, Head Document. ; 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 2016-08-06] 12. Energy Agency. in for Nuclear Installations:. SSG-21. Vienna: IAEA; 2012. ISBN: 978-92-0-128110-4 13. Katona TJ, Vilimi A. Seismic vulnerability assessment of site-vicinity infrastructure for supporting the accident management of a nuclear power plant. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations. 2017;2017:7. 9353. DOI: 10. 1155/2017/2929353 14. Energy Agency. of and Foundations for. NS-G-3. 6. Vienna: IAEA; 2005 15. Energy Agency. in for. SSG-9. Vienna: IAEA; 2010 16. Energy Agency. Meteorological and in for. SSG-18. Vienna: IAEA; 2011 17. Energy Agency. in the Design of No. NS-G-1. 5. Vienna: IAEA; 2003 18. Energy Agency. and Qualification for Plants, Series No. NS-G-1. 6. Vienna: IAEA; 2003 19. U. S. Commission. Design- for Plants, 1. 76, Revision 1. March 2007 20. Katona TJ. Assessment of adequate margin to liquefaction for nuclear power plants. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations. 2018;2018:7 p. 0762. DOI: 10. 1155/2018/3740762 21. Autorité de Sureté Nucléaire. Technical notice. Earthquake resistance of the Donzère-Mondragon canal embankment. Available from: 22. —Safety of new NPP designs, Study by 2013. Available from: [Accessed: August 6, 2016] 23. —Safety of New NPP Designs. March 2013. Available from: [Accessed: August 6, 2016] 24. ölker A. for Sites. Vol. 1—Summary Report—©2013-2015 Swissnuclear, Olten 20. December 2013. Rev. 1: 20. December 2014 25. Campbell RD et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various safety assessments and standards related to nuclear power plants, suggesting that there are indeed safety concerns and regulations involved in their design and operation. This contrasts with the claim that fusion reactors have no safety concerns or radiation hazards by indicating that extensive evaluations and guidelines are necessary to address such risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 정기 결제 이용권은 매월 또는 매분기 자동으로 정기 결제되며, 구매 날짜와 동일한 날짜에 정기 결제가 진행됩니다. 정기 결제일은 구입한 날과 동일한 날짜에 진행되며, 해당 일자가 없는 경우 해당월의 마지막 일에 결제가 이루어집니다. 결제 수단 문제(잔액 부족, 신용카드 만료, 신용카드 정보 변경 등)로 정기 결제가 실패할 수 있으며, 추가 결제 시도 후, 최종적으로 실패할 경우 서비스는 자동 해지됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim as it discusses subscription payment details, which does not address the role of language in identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 4). Table 4 Results of considering the effect of temperature and pH on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) and species richness. Values in bold represent significant P valuesFull size tableFig. 3Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) of communities after 18 days of exposure to treatments. No effect of temperature was found (P > 0. 05). pH treatments identified by different letters differed significantly (P < 0. 05)Full size imageFig. 4Mean (± SD) proportion of species lost in communities after 18 days of exposure to treatments. No effect of temperature was found (P > 0. 05). pH treatments identified by different letters differed significantly (P < 0. 05)Full size imageDiscussionAlthough fouling communities are well-studied and commonly used as model systems in community ecology (Needles and Wendt 2013; Robinson et al. 2017), the understanding of how they might be affected by future changes in temperature and carbonate chemistry remains limited. This study, the first of its kind to consider the implications of climate-driven regional cooling and acidification for these communities, demonstrated that decreasing temperature and pH alter community structure, while acidification also results in species loss, and reduces diversity. Overall, declining pH appears more detrimental to fouling communities than cooling. Acidification altered community structure and reduced diversity in assemblages regardless of the level to which pH was reduced. These findings align with previous studies that show species diversity declines with decreasing pH and communities exposed to acidification become structurally different from those under ambient pH conditions (Peck et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2016, 2017). These community-level changes can be attributed to the differential responses of species within the community to acidification. For example, in this study the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the barnacles Amphibalanus venustus and Notomegabalanus algicola declined in abundance while no response by the ascidians Ascidiella aspersa, Styela plicata and Botryllus gregalis or the bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata was noted. While the present results provide insight into the potential responses of communities to future environments under climate change, they reflect short-term responses over 18 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining that acidification alters community structure and reduces diversity among marine organisms. It specifically states that 'acidification also results in species loss' and highlights that some species, such as certain barnacles, decline in abundance due to acidification, indicating their vulnerability. Additionally, the findings are described as demonstrating that 'declining pH appears more detrimental to fouling communities than cooling,' reinforcing the idea that organisms with calcium carbonate shells are at risk from acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Seismic re-evaluation of nuclear facilities worldwide: Overview and status. and Design. 1998;182:17-34 26. Gürpinar A, Godoy A. Seismic safety of nuclear power plants in Eastern Europe. and Design. 1998;182(1):47-58 27. Katona TJ. Seismic safety analysis and upgrading of operating nuclear power plants. In: Ahmed W, editor. Nuclear Power. IntechOpen; 2012. DOI: 10. 5772/51368. Available from: 28. Katona TJ. Issues of the seismic safety of nuclear power plants. In: Zouaghi T, editor. Earthquakes. IntechOpen; 2017. DOI: 10. 5772/65853. Available from: 29. . : OECD/and. 7161. 16: OECD/NEA Publishing; 2016. Available from: [Accessed: 2018-07-04] 30. U. S. Commission. Recommendations for enhancing reactor safety in the 21st century. The Near-of Insights from the Fukushima Dai-[Internet]. 2012. Available from: [Accessed: August 4, 2016] 31. IAEA Mission to to Examine the Performance of Systems. Structures and the and Tsunami, Onagawa and Tokyo, Japan. 2012. Available from: [Accessed: July 4, 2016] 32. ASME Boiler and Code (BPVC). Section III: Rules for construction of nuclear power plant components, division 1. of Mechanical Engineers. 2015. ISBN: 9780791869802 33. ASCE/SEI 43-05. Criteria for Structures, Systems, and Components in Nuclear Facilities. Virginia: of Civil Engineers; 2005. ISBN: 0-7844-0762-2 34. Energy Agency. Considerations on the Application of the for the Design of --1791. Vienna: IAEA; 2016 ISBN: 978-92-0-104116-6 35. ASME/ANS RA-S-2008. Standard for Level 1/for Plant Applications. New York, NY: Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2008. 10016-5990 36. A Methodology for Assessment of Margin (Revision 1), -6041-SLR1. August 1991, amendments April 2013 and October 2015;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various concerns related to the safety of nuclear facilities, including seismic safety analysis and recommendations for enhancing reactor safety. These elements suggest that there are significant safety considerations and risks associated with nuclear power plants, contradicting the claim that fusion reactors pose no safety concerns or radiation hazards.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이용 중간에 정기 결제 해지 시, 다음 결제일부터 결제가 진행되지 않으며, 다음 결제일 전까지 서비스를 이용하실 수 있습니다. 결제일로부터 7일 이내, 논문 열람 및 할인 구매 이력이 없는 경우 환불이 가능합니다. 정기 구독 회원의 논문 다운을 위한 구매 경우, DBpia 머니 결제를 지원하지 않습니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses subscription services, payments, and refund policies without mentioning anything related to language, identity, or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: In the field, future changes in pH and temperature will likely take place gradually, with the implications for communities resulting from the combination of direct effects on single species and indirect impacts arising from shifts in species interactions (Garrard et al. 2014; Gaylord et al. 2015). Specifically, direct effects may occur as a result of species responses within communities. These could manifest through phenotypic plasticity where a single genotype produces various phenotypes, or through adaptation via the selection of existing genetic diversity (Sunday et al. 2014; Bitter et al. 2019). While adaptation to localized acidification in volcanic vent sites may be hindered by gene flow from adjacent areas that are not affected by high CO2 (Pansch et al. 2012), adaptation to declining pH is likely to occur when entire regions such as the temporarily experience acidic conditions (Pansch et al. 2012; Bitter et al. 2019). Populations in such regions are likely to acclimate to these altered conditions and have more adaptation potential in the face of future acidification when compared to those originating from more stable environments (Thomsen et al. 2017; Bitter et al. 2019). As such, it is notable that despite the value of constant environmental conditions in laboratory experiments, as applied in this and many other studies (e. g. Thomsen et al. (2013); Liu et al. (2018); Martin et al. (2022, 2023)), the absence of field relevant fluctuations in conditions can limit the predictive power of laboratory derived results. Thus, while this study is foundational, much more work is required to develop a holistic understanding of the implications of future conditions for fouling communities. The fact that calcifying species (e. g. the barnacles A. venustus and N. algicola) were affected by reduced pH (consistent with our hypothesis), is not surprising because these taxa build calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells, making them vulnerable to acidification (Kroeker et al. 2013; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013). As pH decreases, the saturation of CaCO3 decreases, reducing calcification and elevating shell dissolution (Feely et al. 2004; Wood et al. 2008). Under such conditions, calcifying organisms face the challenge of having to maintain saturation conditions that are in equilibrium at the site of biomineralization (Peck et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that calcifying species, exemplified by barnacles, are affected by reduced pH due to their calcium carbonate shells, making them vulnerable to acidification. It explains that as pH decreases, the saturation of CaCO3 also decreases, which directly impacts calcification and leads to shell dissolution, thus supporting the assertion that such organisms are especially susceptible to changes in acidity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Available from: [Accessed: 2016-08-04] 37. Gürpinar. Considerations for Hazards in -23, Manchester, United Kingdom. August 10-14, 2015. 424 38. Requirements for. 2012. Revision E. Available from: 39. Association. Safety of Reactors: Appendices, 1. of Using Energy. March 2017. Available from:. European Clearinghouse: Report on at NPPs. for Energy and Transport, JRC83587, EUR 26104 EN. Luxembourg: of the European Union; 2013. DOI: 10. 2790/91907 41. Institute. History of U. S. Nuclear Plants’ Responses to Events. Fact Sheet, October 10, 2018. Available from: 42. IAEA. from the 16 July 2007 Earthquake at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP, Japan. August 6-10, 2007. Available from: [Accessed: July 4, 2016] 43. . Lessons learned from post-earthquake investigations at north anna nuclear power plant, Presented at on “Safety of Multi-Unit NPP Sites against Hazards”, Mumbai, India, October 17-19, 2012. Available from: [Accessed: October 24, 2012] 44. . Report on Flooding of on 27 December 1999. Eurosafe 2000—to in the Context of Liberalization of the Papers (p. v). Germany. 2001 45. NUREG-1742. from the Examination of (IPEEE) Program, Final Report. Vol. 1 and 2. U. S. Commission; 2002 46. Katona TJ, Győri E, Bán Z, Tóth L. Assessment of liquefaction consequences for nuclear power plant paks. In: 23th Conference on in Reactor Technology. Manchester, UK, 2015. 08. 10-2015. 08. 14. Paper ID 125 47. ANSI/ANS-2. 30-2015. Criteria for Rupture and Deformation at Nuclear Facilities. Illinois, USA: Society; 2015 48. Safety Institute. for Plant against -FDE-03 Rev. 1 (of Main Text). September 2013. On-site Committee. Available from: [Accessed: 2016-07-04] information 1. Introduction2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various safety considerations and lessons learned from past nuclear reactor incidents, indicating that there are inherent risks and safety concerns associated with nuclear power. This contrasts with the claim that fusion reactors are entirely risk-free, as it suggests that safety measures and hazards are significant factors that must be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 레이어닫기 결합상품 정책 밀리의 서재 등록 안내 밀리의 서재 이용권은 결제 완료 후, 카카오톡 및 메일로 1일 이내 쿠폰번호가 발송됩니다. 본 이용권은 등록 후 유효기간 내 사용하기를 진행해야합니다. 기한 내 사용하지 않으면 구독권은 만료처리 되며 이용 불가합니다. 본 이용권은 등록 기간 연장 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 번호 분실에 따른 문의는 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청 및 챗봇상담으로 처리하실 수 있습니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses information related to a subscription service, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2015) and become less likely to invest in shell maintenance (Melatunan et al. 2013). This results in increased mortality, as reflected in the present study by the greatest species loss under 7. 4 pH. These results are consistent with previous work that has found that barnacles show low resistance to acidification, as reflected in reduced growth (Findlay et al. 2010; Pansch et al. 2014), supressed respiration and increased mortality (Pansch et al. 2018). It should, however, be acknowledged that some studies have found contrasting results, with some barnacle species (e. g. Balanus glandula and Semibalanus cariosus (Wootton et al. 2008), Amphibalanus amphitrite (McDonald et al. 2009), and Balanus crenatus (Brown et al. 2016)) showing resistance to the effects of decreasing pH. These contrasting findings may be due to differential species responses, different experimental designs (e. g. laboratory settings vs mesocosm experiments vs volcanic vent sites), different life stages (e. g. larvae, juveniles and adults), and exposure to varying pH conditions. This highlights the need to expand foundational studies on the implications of ocean acidification as present knowledge does not enable generalisations to be drawn. While some soft-bodied fouling organisms have been found to be tolerant or even respond positively to acidification (Donnarumma et al. 2014; Peck et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2017, 2020), this study found that the colonial ascidian B. schlosseri was negatively affected by decreasing pH. Low pH conditions challenge all marine organisms with elevated costs of pumping carbonate ions to sustain cellular homeostasis and normocapnia, which, if not maintained, could make them more vulnerable to acidification or hypercapnic conditions (Knapp et al. 2016; Dziergwa et al. 2019). In volcanic seep sites where the concentration of carbonate ions is reduced due to increased CO2, acidification affects ascidians, with declines in abundance of non-calcifying taxa showing similar trends to those of calcifying taxa (Fabricius et al. 2014). The above studies, together with the findings of the present study, suggest that while soft-bodied taxa are less likely to be affected by acidification than their calcifying counterparts, extreme levels of low pH conditions can affect both groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that certain studies have shown that under acidic conditions, calcifying marine organisms, such as barnacles, exhibit low resistance to acidification, leading to increased mortality and reduced growth. It highlights that while some non-calcifying organisms may show tolerance or even positive responses to acidification, general trends among calcifying taxa indicate vulnerability, particularly at low pH levels. This supports the assertion that marine organisms with calcium carbonate structures are notably affected by acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: ) In the past twenty years, there have been a LOT of 11. dinsdale - Jan 27, 2004 - 22:06 Disturbing indeed is the level of denial on this issue. But the level of obfuscation is what is truly troubling. The 'carbon' industries have done what the tobacco industry managed to do for years - fund their own research in order to create confusion in the minds of the public and pretend that there is some 'doubt' about the facts, which are simple, easily verified, and speak for themselves. It's very basic laboratory chemistry - greater CO2 levels result in greater heat retention in a given quantity of air - the earth's atmosphere has gone from around 250 to around 370 ppm of CO2 in the last 150 years - this coincides pretty closely with a rapid warming of the earth over this same period. In the right-wing press this is referred to as "junk science" and all manner of nonsense is tossed in the air to make it seem that there is some actual controversy here - witness the outing of industry shill and the resulting counter-spin. Take a visit to the Canadian Arctic, and tell the tribal elders that they are simply imagining the fact that their traditional wisdom is useless in the already irrevocably altered climate regime up there. Liard's excellent report Ice. "Like most Inuk her family paid close attention to ice, clouds, and temperature. Every hunter was a meteorologist. "Today many can't understand what's happening," she says. "They could once tell the weather, but not anymore. " 12. cory - Feb 24, 2004 - 10:27 We do understand some mechanism of the climate but we are very far from understanding the whole thing. Climate depend on a lot of factor and is intimately linked to the oceans. If something disrupt the balance in one these element it affect the other. The mechanism are complex and interdependant. There is a global warming. a few years ago people could have argued about that but not anymore, everybody agrees on that today. Is that the fault of the human? That is an another question and we don't have the answer yet. The climate as we know it today has been pretty stable for the last 12 000 years. During this period the conditions were favorable for the growth of the humanity. Studies shows that the climate have varied during the life or the earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of climate science and the numerous factors that influence it. It states that 'climate depend on a lot of factors and is intimately linked to the oceans,' which implies that no single solution, such as fusion energy, can address global warming without considering the broader context of climate interactions and the need for multiple interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 고객의 문자 및 이메일 미수신 처리로 쿠폰 번호를 받지 못한 경우, 구매일로부터 7일 이내 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청을 주셔야 재발송됩니다. 이후는 환불 불가합니다. 환불 안내 DBpia와 밀리의 서재 상품 분리 환불은 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일로부터 7일 이내까지 쿠폰 미등록 + DBpia 서비스 7일 이내 미이용 고객만 환불 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 등록 후에는 취소 및 환불 불가합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It primarily discusses policies regarding coupons and refunds, which is unrelated to the cultural or identity implications of language.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: While calcifying taxa could experience impacts on both their structural components and physiological capacity, the impacts on soft-bodied taxa are likely to be physiological. While the effect of altered temperature is well documented for a variety of organisms (Hu et al. 2022), the understanding of how fouling communities will respond to the predicted future changes in temperature remains limited, especially in relation to cooling. This study demonstrated that after 18 days cooling altered fouling community structure. This may be partly due to species differential responses to cooling influencing community composition. While assemblages supported a mixture of typically warm and colder-water taxa, some of the dominant space occupiers were alien species from warmer regions (e. g. A. venustus, tropical and subtropical western origin: Chapman et al. (2013) and B. neritina, unknown tropical-warm origin: Mead et al. (2011)), which would likely make them sensitive to cooling. The finding that cooling had implications for community composition is important because studies on the effect of temperature typically focus on warming (e. g. Lord 2016, 2017; Khosravi et al. 2019), despite the prevalence of cooling in (García-Reyes et al. 2015; Lamont et al. 2018). While organisms may be able to partly compensate for the effects of acidification or changing temperature in isolation, they may be less able to maintain physiological functioning when concurrently challenged by multiple environmental factors (Melatunan et al. 2009; Harvey et al. 2013). As hypothesised, the present study found a significant effect of the interaction between cooling and acidification on fouling community composition. Because temperature and pH interact on a physicochemical level, cooling can accentuate the impact that acidification has on organisms (Zeebe 2012). Colder temperatures can accelerate the solubility rates of CO2 in the water, resulting in decreased concentration of carbonate ions needed to maintain acid-base regulation (Pörtner 2008; Liu et al. 2018), as well as decreased saturation of CaCO3, which may negatively affect calcification (Orr et al. 2005; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013). For most studies considering the implications of a changing environment, the laboratory setting offers feasibility and a degree of control for whole-community manipulations (Hale et al. 2011; Hofmann et al. 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that cooling can enhance the effects of acidification on marine organisms. It states that 'cooling can accentuate the impact that acidification has on organisms' and also notes the negative effects on calcification due to decreased saturation of CaCO3, which is essential for organisms with calcium carbonate structures, such as shellfish.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: But what is for sure is that humanity is releasing large amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, releasing chemical substances in the ecosystem, exercing a growing presure on the ecosystem. What is for sure too is that these actions will have effects on the ecosystem we are a part of. . . 13. - May 04, 2004 - 02:49 We here at Scari. Org can make no substantial contribution to mitigation of Global Warming, however, there are measures that may make our passing more comforting It's one small step for we who wish a more beautiful world while it lasts. Search this blog: Between the mud, no lotus (HDR) iin 2. 3. 2 web3 in Complex. Has to Is philanthropy a bad excuse for limiting strong government? Metrics and and the Age of the Anthropocosmos It's OK Will (Likely) Get the. amazon Algorithms to category —————————————————————————————— LIFE — Eating and Cooking. 41 — People. 22 —————————————————————————————— — Manufacturing. 2 — Business and the Economy. 24 — Economics. 43 —. 24 —. 18 — Marketing. 37 — Leadership and Entrepreneurship. 22 —————————————————————————————— — CIT — Mozilla. 13 — Neoteny. 20 — Technorati. 26 — ICANN. 50 —. 1 — MIT. 11 —. 153 —. 11 —————————————————————————————— — Art. 56 — Design. 4 — Creativity. 4 — Music. 106 —————————————————————————————— — Introspective. 80 — Mindfulness. 4 — Religion. 30 — Buddhism. 6 —————————————————————————————— — Japan. 1 ——. 2 —— Democracy. 29 ——. 125 —— ID. 29 ——. 98 ——. 50 —. 123 —. 21 —. 116 —. 42 — China. 3 — Gender. 11 —. 1 ——————————————————————————————. 1 — web3. 1 — Group. 1 —. 3 —. 23 — IM. 2 — Hardware. 16 — Gadgets. 90 — Biotech. 4 — LOAF. 15 — Identity. 15 —. 7 —. 117 — Electronics. 1 — Cryptocurrency. 7 — Computer and. 29 — Flash. 5 — Email. 19 —. 57 —. 18 — Energy. 14 — Software. 83 — Software. 15 —. 76 — VoIP. 12 — Search. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that humanity is releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases and chemical substances that exert growing pressure on the ecosystem. It suggests that these actions will have significant effects on the ecosystem, indicating that addressing global warming will require more than just fusion energy—implying the need for additional measures or interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일부터 7일 초과 후로는 쿠폰 미등록 시에도 환불 불가합니다. 이용 안내 DBpia 1년 상품은 구매 즉시 이용 가능하며, 구매일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 이용권은 쿠폰 등록 시 이용 가능하며, 쿠폰 사용일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 기존 밀리의 서재 정기구독 상품 이용 중인 경우, 해당 상품과 연결 사용 불가합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the terms and conditions of a subscription service, and does not address the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: However, when compared to field-based experiments, laboratory studies are limited because organisms are not exposed to the full spectrum of biotic interactions and abiotic variability that they experience in the field (Hofmann et al. 2011; Kroeker et al. 2011). This study was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment where some aspects of community measures including recruitment and biotic interactions could not be accounted for, and biota were offered only one food source. Thus, while laboratory experiments offer a mechanism for isolating the effects of particular environmental parameters of interest (e. g. particular levels of acidification), the next step to gaining a deeper understanding of the effects of acidification on communities will require field manipulation of in situ pH conditions so as to enable assessment of the effects on recruitment (Brown et al. 2017). Despite the value of the data that would be generated by such experiments, the logistical challenges associated with such research are acknowledged (Brown et al. 2016, 2017). Additionally, while this study accounted for biotic interactions such as competition by allowing enough space on the plates for the potential growth of organisms, predatory interactions at this community level could not be controlled for. To understand effects of treatment on predator-prey interactions, knowledge of how the predator responds to changing environmental conditions needs to be held first (for example, see Martin et al. (2022)). Such knowledge is lacking for fouling communities and the predators that feed on them. Despite these caveats, this study has provided insights into community-level responses to changing temperature and pH, which is an advancement on studies considering species in isolation. ConclusionThis study assessed how predicted future cooling and acidification along a temperate upwelling dominated coast might affect fouling communities. The results suggest that cooling and acidification will affect community composition but declining pH will be most detrimental. These changes will likely stem from a wide range of responses across different species within community assemblages. These varying responses may depend on the morphology and physiology of species (Hale et al. 2011) and may differ between calcifying and soft-bodied taxa. Importantly, differential responses among species will preclude the use of a generic response model for anticipating how taxa within communities may respond to the future environmental changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how predicted future cooling and acidification will affect community composition, specifically noting that declining pH will be most detrimental. It suggests that the responses of different species within communities will vary, especially highlighting the differential responses between calcifying taxa and soft-bodied taxa, which implies a particular vulnerability of shellfish and similar organisms to acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The feasible target for new emission scenario called Z650 (Overshoot & Zero-Emission) instead of traditional concept and energy mix against global warming has been proposed. Taking the effort for energy-saving as major premise, carbon capture and storage for fossil fuel, renewable energy and nuclear energy should be altogether developed, which means energy best mix should be achieved, under the constraint of keeping CO2 concentration in the atmosphere around 450ppm. Energy security problems and nuclear role have been also discussed in Section III. The basic overview of energy security and method of evaluation are reorganized. Energy security which had wide conception is indicated by method that compares the energy security level in each country. The role and potential of nuclear power from the viewpoint of the energy security is an important point to examine the direction and the role of the nuclear power industry in the future. It is understood that the energy security is severely affected by the case without nuclear energy. Energy issue and nuclear energy role after the Accident has been further examined in Section IV. The root causes and countermeasures of the Accident are described and the direction for energy and nuclear power after the accident is discussed. The path and key issues for "Sustainable development" has been summarized in Section V. Nuclear power and renewable energy should be two wheels towards low carbon societies against global warming with economic growth and with avoiding energy security problem. Advertisement 2. Toward a new climate change regime establishment 2. 1. Climate change historyIn order to address climate change, most countries joined the on () in early 1990s to examine how to reduce global warming. Conference of Parties (COP3) took place in 1997, and adopted the principle update to the treaty, the Kyoto Protocol. In the protocol, industrialized countries and economies in transition (countries) committed to reduce their aggregate greenhouse gas emissions by about 5. 2% during the period of 2008-2012 (so called the first commitment period) compared to 1990 emission levels. With the coming up of the expiration date of the first commitment period, the post-2012 climate regime has been examined during recent years. According to the Plan adopted at the COP13 in 2007, intensive negotiations aimed at urgently enhancing the implementation of the Convention up to and beyond 2012 have been conducted during 2008 and 2009. However, the COP15 taking place in Copenhagen in December 2009 failed to produce an international agreement involving binding greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing global warming requires a multifaceted approach including a mix of energy sources: 'carbon capture and storage for fossil fuel, renewable energy and nuclear energy should be altogether developed.' This indicates that reliance solely on fusion energy, or any single source, is insufficient and that a combination of strategies is necessary to effectively combat climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 현재 이용 중인 정기 구독 상품의 만료 혹은 해지 후에 본 구독권 이용 가능하오니, 이용에 참고 부탁 드립니다. DBpia와 밀리의 서재 일부 콘텐츠에 대해 학회 및 출판사 요청에 의해 콘텐츠 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다. 레이어닫기 알림 등록 전화번호를 등록해보세요. 카카오 메세지로 매달 결제 내용을 전달 드립니다. 환불,잔액부족 등 알림을 전달해드립니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses subscription services and usage instructions but does not address or relate to the claim about language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Overall, these results suggest that with climate change, ocean acidification will pose a dominant threat to fouling communities and in regions that experience cooling (like the major upwelling systems around the world), future acidification may be more detrimental than changes in temperature. 14. of (1990) Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273. 15 to 318. 15 K. 37:755–766. (2013) Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome? Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH. Estuaries and Coasts 36:221–236. (2004) Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science (80- ) 80:362–366. (2021) A review and meta-analysis of potential impacts of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers from the Southern Ocean. Sci 8:584445. (2002) Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress. Science (80- ) 298:1015–1017. (2015) Biological mechanisms supporting adaptation to ocean acidification in coastal ecosystems. 151:A1–A8. (2022) Meta-analysis reveals variance in tolerance to climate change across marine trophic levels. Environ 827:154244. T, García-Reyes M, Bograd SJ et al (2018) Upwelling indices for comparative ecosystem studies: Variability in the System. J 188:3–16. (2018) A coastal coccolithophore maintains pH homeostasis and switches carbon sources in response to ocean acidification. 9:2857. P (2022) The implications of a changing environment for fouling biota. (2012) Coral resilience to ocean acidification and global warming through pH up-regulation. Chang 2:623–627. ascidians. 108:1–141 281. MS Excel program developed for CO2 system calculations. of (2000) Mixed-in S and S-PLUS. 761. PLoS One 8:e70455. der (2021) Marine heatwaves exceed cardiac thermal limits of adult sparid fish (Diplodus capensis, Smith 1884). Sci 702463. (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389–395. Author contributions Both authors conceptualized the paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of ocean acidification as a dominant threat to marine organisms, particularly citing its effects on fouling communities and referencing marine calcifiers. It implies connections between climate change and ocean acidification which supports the notion that organisms with calcium carbonate shells, such as shellfish, are at risk due to changes in seawater pH and carbonate chemistry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: From then on, the international negotiation on climate change fell into a chaotic state. The COP16 held in Cancun in the end of 2010 and the COP17 held in Durban in the end of 2011 adopted the and the that consist of significant decisions by the international community. The agreements represent key steps forward in capturing plans to reduce GHG emissions and to help developing countries protect themselves from climate impacts. However, the framework of the climate regime has not been clarified. Fruitless negotiations on international binding scheme of GHG emissions reduction illustrate that the absence of a common vision become the biggest obstacle of combating global warming. It is time for us to go back to the beginning of the issue to consider what kind of world we can share. 2. 2. Global emission pathwayIn general, the base of the climate regime combating global warming is that it is necessary to limit the global surface temperature to 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels (so called “2°C target”). In the and following COP Agreements, this target was reconfirmed. Based on the target and the fourth assessment report of IPCC, the G8 Summit (Declaration 2007, 2008 and 2009) argued that the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 50% in 2050 compared to the levels of 1990 or recent years. However, the ambitious argument failed to get global consensus due to the strong opposition by most developing countries who claimed that the reduction plan did not have sufficient scientific background and did not leave enough space for their economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine the scientific analyses of the climate change for developing a reliable emission pathway which can be accepted worldwide. Employing the schemes of zero emission and overshoot, a research group developed a new stabilization concept named “Zero-emission Stabilization (Z-Stabilization)” instead of the traditional equilibrium stabilization. Their researches (Matsuno et al. , in [1]) documented that the Z-Stabilization could avoid long-term risks while meeting short term need of relatively large emissions. Based on the new concept of stabilization and the 2°C target, a global GHG emission scenario named Z650 was proposed (Figure. 1). The scenario was designed based on two assumptions, one is that the amount of cumulative CO2 emissions in the 21st century would be 650GtC equivalent, the other is that the zero-emission would be achieved in 2160. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexities of international negotiations regarding climate change and the necessity for broader strategies beyond just one solution like fusion energy. It emphasizes the importance of limiting greenhouse gas emissions and creating a global consensus, highlighting multiple factors and obstacles, such as the debate over reduction plans and the scientific basis behind them. This suggests that relying solely on fusion energy would be insufficient without accompanying global agreements and interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 등록하기 레이어닫기 키워드 등록 등록된 키워드에 새로운 논문이 등록되거나 업데이트 된 경우 안내해요. 알림 결과가 없다면? - 모든 단어의 맞춤법이 정확한지 확인해보세요. - 다른 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 더 일반적인 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 키워드 수를 줄여보세요. 레이어닫기 등록한 키워드 (0/30) 새로운 키워드를 등록해보세요. 키워드 삭제는마이페이지 〉 알림 〉 설정 에서 가능합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains instructions and tips for keyword registration and does not address language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Disparate acidification and calcium carbonate desaturation of deep and shallow waters of the 2. Current predictive models of that acidification focus on surface waters, and their results argue that deep waters will acidify by downward penetration from the surface. Here we show, with an alternative model, the rapid, near simultaneous, acidification of both surface and deep waters, a prediction supported by current, but limited, saturation data. surface water responds directly by atmospheric CO2 uptake, deeper waters will be influenced strongly by intrusion of mid-depth, pre-acidified, water. With unabated CO2 emissions, surface waters will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite by 2105 AD and could remain so for ∼600 years. In deep waters, the aragonite saturation horizon will rise, reaching the base of the surface mixed layer by 2140 AD and likely remaining there for over a millennium. The survival of aragonite-secreting organisms is consequently threatened on long timescales. Similar content being viewed by others Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO2 regulation 3. The anthropogenic CO2 causing this warming is also acidifying the oceans4, which will modify the carbonate chemistry of the Arctic Ocean5 and pose a serious threat to CaCO3-producing organisms6,7,8. Ocean is already exhibiting signs of acidification6,7; this will be strengthened on the disappearance of the sea ice3,5,8, which will enable more efficient ocean–atmosphere gas exchange. Figure 1: Map of the Arctic regions and major currents/water flows. IBCAO23 map of the two major deep basins, the and the Eurasian Basin, as separated by the Lomonosov Ridge. Red and yellow arrows indicate schematically Pacific and Atlantic inflow waters, respectively19,20,21,22. White arrows represent major river run-off from continents to the Arctic Ocean19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the ongoing acidification of oceans is a threat to organisms that secrete calcium carbonate, such as shellfish. It mentions that 'the survival of aragonite-secreting organisms is consequently threatened on long timescales,' which directly supports the assertion that these organisms are vulnerable to acidification. Additionally, it highlights that anthropogenic CO2 not only warms the ocean but also acidifies it, posing a serious threat to CaCO3-producing organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Some recent researches (e. g. , UKCCC, 2008 [2]; Allen et al. , 2009 [3]) also employed the concept of zero emission or near zero emission for seeking best options of climate change mitigation. These researches suggest, from practical viewpoint, that a functional form with a peak within several decades following by monotonic decrease to approach to zero is necessary for a reliable emission pathway. The performance of the designed Z650 scenario was examined, along with a typical 450ppm equilibrium stabilization scenario (E450), though projection experiment by using a simplified climate system model. Figure 2 shows the emission pathways (a), the CO2 concentrations (b), the global temperature rises from the pre-industrial period (c), and the sea level rises due to thermal expansion (d) of the two scenarios. The CO2 concentration under the Z650 scenario increases more rapidly, exceeds 450ppm in about 2030, and goes to its peak of about 480ppm around 2070 due to the lager amount of emissions during the early period of 21st century. It declines thereafter because the emission will be less than the natural absorption, crosses the 450ppm line around 2160, and goes down steadily. In contrast the concentration under E450 scenario stays below 450ppm, and increases steadily to approach the final equilibrium state. As a result, the maximum temperature rise under Z650 scenario is 1. 8°C at around 2100 (if all GHG was taken into account, the peak value would be 2. 3°C). The peak will last only several decades, and then the temperature will decrease to a stable state (1. 7°C higher than the pre-industrial level). At meanwhile, almost no significant difference of sea level rise occurs between the two scenarios. These results obtained through the projection experiment indicate that the proposed Z650 scenario could be a new solution on combating climate change given by science. According to the Z650 scenario, the global CO2 emissions will peak between 2020 and 2030 with a ratio of approximate 1. 3 and decrease to around 0. 75 in 2050 compared to 2005 level. Figure 1. CO2 emission pathways: RCPs and Z650 (Matsuno et al. , in [1])Figure 2. Comparison between Z650 and E450 during short to midterm (Matsuno et al. , in [1])2. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while the Z650 scenario could be a solution against climate change, it requires emissions to peak and then decline, indicating that multiple strategies and interventions are necessary for effective climate change mitigation, rather than a single reliance on fusion energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 저널 신간 알림 신청 오늘 하루 그만 보기 저널 신간 알림이 등록되었습니다. 확인 전체 알림 아직 발송된 알림이 없어요. 이용하기 좋은 알림들을 추천할게요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address issues related to language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. It appears to be an announcement or notification but lacks any content related to the claim.