Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: 5% of the total CP El Niño events, which is a much smaller fraction, possibly due to the negative skewness of Niño4 SSTA. Though the ratio of extreme CP El Niño is projected to increase slightly in the 21st century, this change may not contribute much to the overall amplitude change of CP El Niño events. In addition, extreme CP La Niña events are projected to significantly increase (Supplementary Fig. 3), which is consistent with previous studies13,19. However, the increase of the extreme EP La Niña is not statistically significant. Fig. 3: Changes in extreme El Niño event occurrences in a warming climate. Ratios of moderate, strong, and extreme El Niño events in 30 CMIP6 models based on Niño3 SSTA (a–c) and Niño4 SSTA (d–f). a, d are for the 20th century, b, e 21st century, and c, f their difference, respectively. Each Niño index is normalized by STD of each model in the 20th century. Definitions of moderate, strong, and extreme El Niño events are based on [0. 5–1STD], [1–2STD], and [>2STD], respectively. The value in parentheses is the number of events. The error bars indicate the 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method (Methods). Full size imageStronger surface-layer feedback and Nonlinear atmospheric feedbackIt has been shown that projected future changes in El Niño diversity show more frequent CP El Niño and stronger EP El Niño events. Then, what causes these robust changes in the response to greenhouse warming? Previous studies suggested that enhanced upper-ocean stratification is responsible for projected changes in El Niño diversity13,26,27. Consistent with previous studies, the CMIP6 models commonly simulate enhanced stratification in the upper ocean (Supplementary Fig. 4). The faster warming in the surface layer3,4 and the freshening due to the increased precipitation (Supplementary Fig. 5a)36,37 together enhance the vertical density gradient, indicating stronger stratification. Furthermore, a weakened Walker circulation associated with an El Niño-like warming pattern (Supplementary Fig. 5b)36 is related to a shoaling and deepening thermocline in the western Pacific and eastern Pacific, respectively, which leads to a colder subsurface in the western half of the Pacific basin (Supplementary Fig. 4a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of El Niño events, including changes in the frequency of Central Pacific (CP) El Niño in response to greenhouse warming. It notes that projected future changes in El Niño diversity show more frequent CP El Niño events, which aligns with the claim that El Niño is a climate pattern linked to warming in the Pacific Ocean. The mention of 'stronger stratification' and its relationship to El Niño further supports the idea that such warming impacts global weather patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: (i) In case emissions reduction will be 1%/year or zero from the present, about 22% or 78% of present emissions needed be technically sequestered, respectively. (ii) In case these emissions reductions and CCS rates are commenced in 30 years from today and emissions remaining constant in the meantime, CCS is required in the order of 32–83% of present emissions for emissions reductions between 3 and 0%/year after year 2051. (iii) If humankind would even continue to increase emissions from the present, CCS is required to quickly approach 100% of emissions, for instance to sequester 98% of emissions for emissions growth of 0. 5%/year. is strongly advised to reduce carbon emissions at least by 1. 5%/year on global level to benefit from nature’s (low-cost, low-risk) offer to contribute towards viable temperature containment and to avoid the alternative serious climate impact or the demand for significantly larger mitigation effort and associated risk. 4. 3 Ocean heating With asymptotic ca. 1500 years-long evolvement of temperature from a certain equilibrium climate state to another upon equilibrium disturbance [8], the temperature trend is approximated by a tanh-function at this point. Then, the entire ocean heat uptake during the transition between the equilibrium states is given by the integral over 1-tanh. This – highly simplifying – approach leads to a total ocean heat uptake of 225 and 275 ZJ for final industrial-eon temperature gains of 1. 4 and 1. 8°C, the former case depicted by the dashed purple line in Fig. 2. Related to the natural upper turning point at about 1,600 ZJ, 14% or 17% are added in these two cases. the present estimation, anthropogenic ocean heating leaves nature rather undisturbed in case of sensible temperature containment. 4. 4 Sea level On one hand extrapolating from the past into the future, a sea level rise of about 25 m/°C (in dependence on surface temperature) is supported by an analysis of δ18O-data through the past 56 million years [25] (detailed description outside the present scope). On the other hand, Antarctic ice may exhibit noticeable inertia for industrial-eon warming up to about 2. 5°C with a sea level rise in the order of 6 m/°C, this speeding up at higher temperatures towards total ice loss from further 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the significant need for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and the reduction of emissions to effectively mitigate climate change. It discusses various required levels of CCS based on different scenarios of emissions reduction, implying that technology (including AI) cannot be the sole solution for reversing climate change. The text clearly indicates that substantial efforts to reduce emissions and implement CCS are necessary to achieve any climate mitigation, thereby suggesting that AI alone is insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Shannon’s species diversity was calculated targeting the wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies that were observed in all the study sites. The species diversity index (Equation 1) is a measure that reflects how many species there are in the state of species composition and is a representative value that involves the number of species and evenness (Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988). Shannon’s species diversity is a representative index of species diversity that highlights rarity and covers the number of species and evenness (Pielou, 1975). (1) (H′)=-∑(ni/N)(log ni/N) N= Total number of individuals observed within an area, ni= Number of individuals of a species observed within an area The correlation between the status of internal and external land use and biodiversity items by locational type was analyzed to identify influence factors in this study. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted on the internal and external environmental variables of study sites as a ratio scale. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing SPSS 12. 0 for and the significance level was 0. 05. On-site surveys were conducted three times in April, August and October, 2015, and for wild birds a total of four on-site surveys including the one in January, 2016 were conducted. Results and by study site Land use status The status of land use within a radius of 100 m from each study site was surveyed as its external status, and the forest rate near Jikdong and Namdaemunri was 72. 3% and 52. 0% respectively. The distribution rate of cultivated lands near Sangjangri and Yongbangri located near cultivated lands and forests was 49. 9% and 55. 6% respectively, while urbanized areas near Secheondong adjacent to residential and commercial areas accounted for 47. 9%. Their internal environment was also surveyed, and the planting area mostly composed of woody plants in Namdaemunri and Secheondong where bio-circulation and landscape forests were created after riparian ecological belts were created accounted for 70. 5% and 92. 1% respectively. In Namdaemunri, Liriodendron tulipifera was densely planted and in Secheondong, Ginkgo biloba and Acer palmatum that were planted when there were restaurants in the past were still maintained and Prunus sargentii was planted later in a large area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding paleoethnobotany, as it focuses predominantly on species diversity indices and the analysis of land use and biodiversity in specific study sites without any mention of the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the enhanced stratification is stronger in the western half of the Pacific, where wind anomalies associated with ENSO are the strongest. The stronger stratification leads to stronger air-sea coupling27. That is, the surface layer responses to a given wind anomaly become stronger under the enhanced stratification38,39,40, indicating stronger surface-layer feedback. To show the stronger surface-layer feedback, we calculated the zonal current response to the zonal-mean (120°E–90°W) zonal windstress anomaly forcing based on linear regression. In both simulations, the eastward current responses are stronger in the surface layer and become gradually weaker with the depth. There is also a westward current response below the thermocline, indicating a vertically baroclinic structure. However, the detailed structures are considerably different between the present and future simulations. While the eastward currents appear up to ~200 m over the western–CP in the 20th century (Fig. 4a), in the 21st century the eastward currents are confined up to ~160 m but the currents are much stronger in the surface layer (Fig. 4b). The difference between the 20th and 21st centuries clearly shows positive and negative in the surface and subsurface (below 100 m) layers (Fig. 4c), respectively, particularly in the western–CP, where a considerable shoaling of the mean thermocline takes place (Supplementary Fig. 4b). This difference indicates that the current response to a given windstress forcing is concentrated in the surface layer in the warming simulation, suggesting a stronger surface-layer current response that directly affects SSTA development. The amplified surface-layer current response is particularly strong to the west of 135°W, where the SSTA center of CP El Niño is located. Fig. 4: Enhanced surface-layer feedback and increased nonlinear atmospheric feedback. The equatorial averaged (5°S–5°N) zonal current anomalies in response to the zonal-mean (5°S–5°N, 120°E–90°W) zonal windstress anomalies for the 20th century (a) and 21st century (b), respectively. Gray lines indicate the zero-line. Difference in zonal current response between the 20th and 21st centuries (c). Shadings indicate a 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method (Methods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of wind anomalies associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on ocean stratification and air-sea coupling in the Pacific. It emphasizes the role of surface-layer feedback in response to windstress, particularly focusing on the current responses and their effects on sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) development, which directly relates to the climate pattern of El Niño.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: 5°C increase, sea level then roughly 70 m above present [26]. To first order, changes of ice volume and thus sea level can be regarded reversible in their dependency on temperature [26]. Extrapolating the pace from the recent past, sea level gain of 0. 2 m/century may serve as a viable indication for an industrial temperature rise up to 2. 5°C. to inertia in the reaction of Antarctic ice volume on rising temperatures, it appears realistic to anticipate the sea level to rise in the order of 6 m/°C for temperature gains below 2. 5°C since preindustrial times, becoming realized on a horizon of several millennia. 5. DiscussionThe central aim of the present studies has been to unveil basic insight how nature will react upon the intended reduction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Will it follow the same path as in the previous century when emissions were continuously rising, or do legacies inhibit the return to past conditions? With this aim, the essentials of the atmospheric CO2 uptake processes have been entered into a simple and thus readily transportable model. This model accounts for uptake dilution and respiration increase with rising surface temperature and carbon accumulation in the oceans and terrestrial vegetation, plus respiration from anthropogenic legacy when past uptake was higher than in the future with reduced emissions. The outstanding agreement of the model with previous observations and sophisticated studies are viewed as confirmation that the driving terms have been identified correctly. The model enables projections in dependence on humankind’s upcoming emissions. Since the present studies focus on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions and error calculation as well as statistical analysis have been out of scope. In brief, it is found that the CO2 emissions reduction should amount to at least about 1. 5%/year (year-on-year) to benefit from nature’s support to confine temperatures at 1. 8°C or lower, e. g. 1. 4°C attainable with 3%/year emissions reduction. If humankind proves incapable of such emissions reductions, temperature containment in the same order is only achievable with – costly and environmentally risky – technical carbon capture and storage (CCS). The dependency of sea level on temperature can be extrapolated from the past with 6 m/°C as rule of thumb, probably becoming materialized at a pace in the order of 0. 2 m/century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that merely reducing CO2 emissions is insufficient to reverse climate change quickly. It emphasizes that achieving a substantial reduction in emissions (approximately 1.5% to 3% per year) is necessary, with the potential of only achieving a temperature containment of about 1.4°C if emissions are effectively reduced. Additionally, it mentions that significant climate changes, such as sea level rise, are linked to temperatures and could take 'several millennia' to stabilize, indicating that AI alone, without substantial human-led emission reductions, cannot achieve full reversal by 2050.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: That in Sangjangri and Yongbangri adjacent to cultivated lands (semi-natural ecosystems) ranged between 85% and 86. 3% (Fig. 2). The ratio of naturalized species (Fig. 3) in Jikdong and Namdaemunri surrounded by forests was 7. 6% and 9. 6% respectively, followed by cultivated land type (13. 7%–15%) and urbanized land type (17. 6%). That in Secheondong situated alongside roads and thus adjacent to commercial areas was highest. Such naturalized species are known to reduce the richness of native species and cause a decrease in naturality and the quality of habitats (Holmes et al. , 2008; Richardson et al. , 2007; Sax, 2002). Urbanization index (UI) is an index that measures the level of the destruction of nature, that is, the level of urbanization (Yim and Jeon, 1980). The overall UI of the study sites (Fig. 4) ranged between 3. 4% and 10%, and that of Jikdong (forest type) was lowest (3. 4%), while that of Secheondong (urbanized type) was highest (10%). Compared to the results of earlier studies, the ratio naturalized species in Jikdong and Namdaemunri was similar to that of Mt. Park (7. 7%) and the UI of the two sites (3. 4%–6. 5%) was lower than that of Mt. Park (10. 6%; Park et al. , 2018), showing relatively good conditions. Animal ecology (1) Number of species and individuals Jikdong and Namdaemunri of which surrounding land use was forest type showed the highest number of species (58–59 species). That in Sangjangri and Yongbangri (cultivated land type) ranged between 41 and 53, while that in Secheondong (urbanized type) was 31 (Fig. 5). The number of individuals was 254–312 species in the study sites of forest type, 190–313 species in those of cultivated land type, and 143 species in that of urbanized type (Fig. 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses ecological metrics related to land use and species diversity in different ecosystems, but it does not mention paleoethnobotany or its examination of historical relationships between people and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: The units are [m3 N−1 s−1] for (a–c). Scatter plots between precipitation anomalies and Niño3 SSTA (d) and between 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies and Niño3 SSTA (e) in the 30 CMIP6 models. Each variable is normalized by the 20th-century STD for each model. Blue and red colors represent the 20th and 21st centuries, respectively. Full size imageThe stronger surface-layer feedback plays an important role in controlling two major ENSO characteristics41,42. First, it leads to stronger ENSO variability by increasing positive feedbacks. In particular, it induces a stronger zonal advective feedback, which acts to shift the SSTA center westward41. Second, stronger surface-layer feedback can play a role in shortening the timescale of ENSO42. In particular, the enhanced zonal advective feedback plays a role in shifting the center westward, destabilizing the mode42,43. Therefore, more frequent CP El Niño occurrences could be explained by strengthened surface-layer feedback due to the enhanced ocean stratification. The enhanced stratification can also strengthen the positive feedbacks associated with development, as well as development. For example, a strong stratification in the central Pacific can lead to a higher baroclinic mode of Kelvin waves39 in the response to an anomalous westerly, which can lead to stronger thermocline and zonal current responses in the eastern Pacific. Even though the zonal current and thermocline responses are projected to increase in both CP and EP, the increase in zonal advective feedback and thermocline feedback44 for the developing phase is the most dominant in CP and EP, respectively, in response to greenhouse warming (Supplementary Fig. 6 and Supplementary Table. 2). In particular, the increased zonal advective feedback in CP has strong inter-model consistency, and Ekman and thermocline feedbacks also slightly increased, while two feedbacks show different signs in EP. Therefore, in the warm climate, the might be more easily excited in the response to small perturbation of El Niño triggering factors such as the westerly wind bursts and equatorial ocean discharges45, which lead to the more frequent occurrence of the CP El Niño. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the characteristics and feedback mechanisms associated with El Niño, specifically mentioning that stronger surface-layer feedback and increased ocean stratification can influence the occurrence and variability of El Niño events. It also highlights how warm climate conditions lead to more frequent occurrences of the CP (Central Pacific) El Niño, linking it to changes in global weather patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Nature may follow an anthropogenic emissions reduction with a time lag of three centuries regarding the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Society is advised to seriously strive for the mentioned reductions and closely track its realization, and to control the atmospheric CO2 trend with appropriate time averaging – i. e. on decade rather than year level. of Interest: No conflict of interest is to be declared. 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-547822/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The role of land use in climate change. OSF Preprints, 6 Jan. 2022. doi: Anderl T. (2021). The climate role of CO2 – nature’s telling from 400 Mio. years. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-524780/v1. of PAGES. (2016). Interglacials of the last 800,000 years. Rev. Geophys. , 54, 162–219. doi:10. 1002/2015RG000482. Laskar J. , Fienga A. , Gastineau M. , Manche H. (2011). La2010: a new orbital solution for the long-term motion of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. , A89. doi: 10. 1051/0004-6361/201116836. Data retrieved from Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Shakun J. D. , Lea D. W. , Lisiecki L. E. , Raymo M. E. (2015). An 800-kyr record of global surface ocean δ18O and implications for ice volume-temperature coupling. Earth and Letters, Pages 58-68. doi: 10. 1016/j. epsl. 2015. 05. 042. Data retrieved from. Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Anderl T. (2021). Earth's balanced climates in view of their energy budgets. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-568771/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The climate roles of H2O and CO2 from longwave absorption. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-830246/v1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that significant anthropogenic emissions reductions are necessary to address atmospheric CO2 concentration, indicating that addressing climate change is a complex process that cannot be solely achieved by AI alone. It emphasizes the need for society to strive for emissions reductions and track their realization over a prolonged timeline, which implies that AI alone is insufficient to reverse climate change within the stated timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: In particular, Namdaemumri where a bio-circulation forest was created within its forests showed the highest number of wild birds (24 species), and Secheondong located within an urbanized area showed a relatively high number of wild birds (18 species), which can be attributed to the fact that large pole trees that have been grown since long before the forest was restored are mixed together in its planting area and thus that it has favorable environmental conditions for the feeding, hiding and inhabitation of wild birds. The number of individual dragonflies in Jikdong and Yongbangri where terrace rice paddies were distributed was 93 and 164 respectively, indicating that they have favorable conditions for inhabitation such as wet grasslands and open water surface. (2) biodiversity of the study sites was analyzed (Table 4), and the biodiversity of wild birds ranged between 0. 5940 and 1. 1423, showing the highest value in Namdaemunri and the lowest value in Yongbangri located near broad cultivated lands. The stable ecological niche of wild birds seemed to be formed as there were forests outside Namdaemunri and various types of vegetation environments including bio-circulation forests created within the study site such as Liriodendron tulipifera and Pinus koraiensis forests, trees that have grown naturally such as Morus alba and Spiraea prunifolia and shrublands near the boundary of forests such as Stephanandra incisa, Clematis apiifolia, Rubus crataegifolius and Rosa multiflora. The biodiversity of wild birds in Secheondong (urbanized type) was also relatively high (1. 0118), which can be attributed to the fact that when tearing down restaurants lage pole trees such as Ginkgo biloba and Acer palmatum were maintained, while Prunus sargentii, a fruit plant, was planted in a large area. The biodiversity of indicator insects including butterflies and dragonflies in the study sites ranged between 0. 6597 and 1. 0415. The value in Jikdong and Sangjangri where wetlands with an open water surface and some grasslands were distributed was high (0. 7578–1. 0415), while that in Secheondong (urbanized type) was relatively low (0. 6597–0. 7595). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It focuses on biodiversity and the presence of various species of wild birds and insects in different environments, as well as environmental conditions. The discussion lacks any reference to the historical relationship between people and plants, making the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, it is interesting that the EP El Niño event is projected to strengthen, and there will be a higher occurrence chance of extreme EP El Niño events. An enhanced nonlinear dynamical atmospheric response to in response to greenhouse warming may explain the higher probability of extreme EP El Niño events. It has been reported that the atmospheric response to the El Niño-related SSTA forcing tends to move eastward in models with an El Niño-like mean state warming pattern3,15,16,17. This eastward shift of the atmospheric response can be related to the extreme EP El Niño development3,17,27. Figure 4d shows the distribution of the eastern Pacific precipitation response depending on the magnitude of Niño3 SSTA across the CMIP6 models. The eastern Pacific precipitation anomaly exhibits a nonlinear response to Niño3 SSTA18,46. That is, the precipitation anomaly response is relatively weak for moderate Niño3 SSTA but increases nonlinearly as Niño3 SSTA increases. Since the eastern Pacific is a region of climatological atmospheric subsidence, small SSTA forcing cannot overcome the climatological sinking motion so the positive precipitation response is weak. Once sufficiently strong SSTA forcing induces a positive precipitation response against the sinking motion, it can further amplify through a positive precipitation-low level convergence feedback47,48,49. In response to greenhouse warming, an El Niño-like Pacific mean state warming pattern reduces the climatological sinking motion so that moderate SSTA forcing can be sufficient in inducing an eastern Pacific precipitation15,18,36,50. As shown in Fig. 4d, the 21st-century projections exhibit more events with strong positive SSTA and strong precipitation anomalies, consistent with more frequent extreme EP El Niño occurrences. In addition, we emphasize that the precipitation increase to a given SSTA increment is similar in the weak SSTA range in both centuries, but it becomes much steeper in the latter when Niño3 SSTA is greater than a certain threshold. The zonal wind anomalies also show a similar pattern to the precipitation anomalies (Fig. 4e). The threshold for the nonlinear positive atmospheric feedback is lower in the 21st century than in the 20th century, suggesting that the nonlinear atmospheric feedback intensifies. As a result, EP El Niño events can grow faster when the Niño3 SSTA passes the threshold. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the El Niño events and how they are impacted by sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the eastern Pacific. It illustrates how the strengthening of El Niño, particularly with projections of more extreme events, directly relates to changes in Pacific ocean temperatures. The explanation regarding the atmospheric response and precipitation anomalies further supports the understanding of El Niño as a climate pattern that affects global weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: KeywordsWater resourcesClimate adaptationClimate variability and changeWater supplyHydropowerHydrologyStationarityUtility economicsPublic finance IntroductionThere is international agreement at the about the need for collective action to address the likely impacts of global warming on human societies. One response has been to encourage all sectors of society to identify and implement actions that can help adapt to the emerging impacts of climate change and work to mitigate its drivers. Water resources and the services dependent on them are an integral part of the climate system (Chahine 1992). Because of this, the managers of water resource systems and of the services that depend on them must develop appropriate responses to the potential impacts of climate change (Strzepek et al. 2011). continent is considered to be particularly vulnerable to these impacts both because of their magnitude and because African societies have less physical, financial, and human resources available to address these impacts. A further challenge is that the impacts of climate change on water resources are local, diverse, and not well-characterized. Unlike the general global warming trend, for which there is robust evidence that is consistent with the predicted impact of anthropogenic activities, direct evidence of significant changes in hydrological variables is not nearly as strong and consistent. For example, it appears that at a global level, precipitation is increasing (Adler et al. 2017). However, models predict increases in drought frequency over significant areas due to warming (Ukkola et al. 2020) although empirical evidence in support of this is limited (Hegerl et al. 2019) and predictions are based on various definitions of drought. While warming trends are a direct result of anthropogenically induced atmospheric changes that act through a single dominant mechanism at global level, the impacts on the main hydrological processes – evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration – are secondary and tertiary effects that are further influenced by a wide variety of mechanisms at a local, regional, and global level. So while there is only a limited increase in global precipitation averages, there are more extensive regional variations and substantial changes in parameters such as rainfall intensity (Trenberth 2011) which, coupled with the impact of warmer temperatures on aridity, lead to changes in tertiary variables such as stream flow. The likely impact of climate change on hydrological processes is generally still too uncertain to make it possible for water resource planners and managers to identify locally specific adaptive measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for collective action and adaptation to the impacts of climate change rather than suggesting that AI alone can effectively reverse climate change. It highlights the complexity and uncertainty surrounding the impacts of climate change on water resources and notes that while warming trends are evident, the impacts on hydrological processes are influenced by various mechanisms and are not well characterized. This indicates that a multi-faceted approach is necessary, rather than relying solely on AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Correlation between the ecological status of study sites and internal and external environments The correlation between the internal and external environments and ecological items in the five study sites of which artificial intensity was high before the ecological belts were created was analyzed and the results were as shown in Table 5. Since the area of the study sites as an internal environment and surveyed items did not show any statistical significance, the area of the study sites itself did not seem to have a significant impact on the inhabitation of plants and animals. The planting area of the study showed a negative correlation with the total number of individuals (r = −. 892, p =. 042), and the grassland showed a positive correlation (r =. 898, p =. 038). The results can be attributed to the fact that the number of individuals in Jikdong and Yongbangri (313) of which average ratio of grasslands was 75. 8% without planting areas distributed was over 1. 5 times on average higher than other study sites. In addition, the area of grasslands within the study sites and the number of butterfly species showed a positive correlation (r =. 879, p =. 049). As their grasslands were mostly wetland-type terrace rice paddies, the results were identical to those of Kim et al. (2018) that the number of dragonfly species tends to increase in land use types where those with an open water surface are partially distributed such as wetlands unlike fields, orchards and planting areas. These results seemed to be obtained since the number of dragonfly individuals was significantly higher than other items in Jikdong and Yongbangri of which locational type was wetland and grassland. The area of forests as external environments near the study sites showed a negative correlation with urbanization index (r = −. 889, p =. 043) and a positive correlation with the total number of observed species (r =. 913, p =. 03), the number of butterfly species (r =. 919, p =. 027) and their biodiversity (r =. 937, p =. 019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses correlations between ecological status, environmental factors, and biodiversity without addressing the historical relationship between people and plants, which is the focus of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: This might explain why in the 21st century we see a higher chance of extreme EP El Niño event occurrences, even though the total number of EP El Niño events decreases. DiscussionIn this study, we showed that the latest generation of climate models shows a consensus on future changes in ENSO diversity. The most robust feature is that CP El Niño events are projected to occur more frequently in a warmer climate and that the occurrence of EP El Niño events will be less often. More frequent CP El Niño occurrences are consistent with results presented by Yeh et al. 26, but one may ask how they are linked to a study by Cai et al. 27, which pointed out the enhanced variance of EP El Niño SSTA in a warmer climate. Even though the total occurrence of EP El Niño is reduced in a warmer climate, their SSTA amplitude is increased in many models due to more frequent extreme EP El Niño. A higher probability of extreme EP El Niño occurrences is consistent with a study by Cai et al. 27. An intensified nonlinear atmospheric dynamical response can lead to more extreme EP El Niño events. In addition, the question of how one defines EP and CP El Niño events should be taken into account for the interpretation. When we use an EOF-based definition35, we find that CP El Niño event occurrence does not increase in the 21st century compared to the 20th century (Supplementary Fig. 7). Instead, the centers of EP El Niño SSTA maxima are shifted to the west in the 21st century (Supplementary Fig. 8), which is consistent with our results to some extent (Fig. 1). Since an EOF-based definition35 uses a fixed pattern and depends on where each model simulates the largest variability, the classification is sometimes different from a definition based on the actual location of the SSTA center. For example, if a model simulates dominant SSTA variability in the central Pacific due to the model bias, the model’s EP El Niño pattern is shifted to the west. Therefore, the ratio of CP El Niño does not increase, but the center of EP El Niño can be shifted westward. As a result, it should be recognized that stronger EP El Niño variability based on an EOF definition35 may represent stronger variability in the region where the model’s SSTA variations are dominant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of climate models on El Niño occurrences, noting that the most robust feature is that CP (Central Pacific) El Niño events are projected to occur more frequently in a warmer climate, which ties into the broader implications of how El Niño influences global weather patterns. It also discusses the relationship between warming and the amplitude and frequency of extreme EP (Eastern Pacific) El Niño events, underlining the connection between Pacific Ocean temperature changes and global climatic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: So climate change models and predictions cannot usually guide well-founded planning and operational decisions although they do help to suggest the boundaries for extreme events. However, policy-makers like the UN High-on Water want to know what impacts global warming will have on water systems and how they will be dealt with. It is suggested that an appropriate response is to continue to build on the great strength of best practice in water resource science and management, which is its ability to characterize and manage climatic variability. This requires that the approaches used move beyond the assumptions of a stationary hydrology and can accommodate a changing climate (Brekke et al. 2009). Yet water managers are already responding to climate change through their management of current climate variability. However, to make this case convincingly, they must demonstrate that current methodologies are adequate for the task. To address this in an African context, this 2022. Even before the drought ended, implementation had begun of infrastructure projects that had earlier been rejected – including water reuse and groundwater development as well as additional surface water. Consideration is also being given to a large desalination installation which could be used during drought periods. The vulnerabilities of the WCWSS are now obvious. The system depends on rainfall over a small (800km2) area of mountain catchments supplying dams whose storage is less than 2 years of “normal” use. Climate change dynamics are also under review. lies at the edge of dominant rain-producing weather systems and has long been identified as an area vulnerable to climate change-driven rainfall reductions (Archer et al. 2019). From an adaptation perspective, the questions are whether the shift of weather system is permanent and the nature of an appropriate adaptation response. The city’s new postcrisis strategy (2019) acknowledges continued dependence on surface water for 75% of its supplies for at least the next decade, while alternative sources such as reuse, groundwater, and desalination are developed to provide a greater proportion of supplies in the future. Climate uncertainty is specifically addressed. The program aims to increase the assurance of supply from the system from 98% to 99. 5% but acknowledges that there might be “a step change in rainfall due to climate change …. If this turns out to be the case, the programme will be both accelerated and expanded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it illustrates that climate change models and predictions are not definitive solutions for planning and operational decisions. It emphasizes the importance of policy-making and resource management, suggesting that addressing climate change requires adapting existing practices rather than relying solely on AI. The focus is on water management and responses to climatic variability, showing the complexity of the issue and highlighting that AI alone is insufficient to reverse climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: The results indicate that areas of which land use in surrounding areas is forests have a positive impact on the richness of various species than cultivated lands such as rice paddies, fields and orchards or urbanized lands, and in particular that it is necessary to create various types of spaces within target sites for the inhabitation of butterflies such as planting areas, grasslands and those with a water surface and also to secure and conserve forests near the target sites. That is, wetlands and grasslands surrounded by forests provide favorable spaces for the inhabitation of butterflies as Kim et al. (2014) pointed out that maintaining multi-layered forest vegetation contributes to the formation of spaces for the inhabitation of various species. When the land use type of surrounding areas was urbanized type, the study site showed a negative correlation with the ratio of native species (r = −. 903, p =. 036), the total number of species (r = −. 886, p =. 045), the number of herptile species (r = −. 982, p =. 003) and the number of dragonfly species (r = −. 891, p =. 043). In particular, there was no statistically significance in the correlation between the appearance of wild birds and mammals and the surveyed internal and external items, which can be attributed to the similar number of species and individuals in the surveyed sites. study examined the correlation between internal and external environments and the status of plant and animal ecology after creating the riparian ecological belts in the study sites of which artificial use intensity was high before the riparian ecological belts were created. As study sites, five sites that used to be farms, restaurants and rice paddies were selected and their external environments within 100 m from the study sites were divided based on their land use status into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. The internal environments were divided into planting area, grassland and water surface. The results of the survey on the ecological environments showed that the ratio of native species in terms of plant ecology in Jikdong and Namdaemunri (forest type) was 92. 4% and 90. 4% respectively, and that in Secheondong (urbanized type) tended to be low (82. 4%). The ratio of naturalized species in Jikdong and Namdaemunri surrounded by forests was 7. 6% and 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of paleoethnobotany or its examination of the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it focuses on ecological studies related to land use types and their effects on species richness and habitats, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: In this sense, our detection method might be more intuitive to describe changes in El Niño pattern diversity. Regardless of the definitions, stronger surface-layer feedback due to the enhanced stratification plays a role in shifting the SSTA center to the west, which drives robust changes in El Niño diversity in response to greenhouse warming. In addition, it may suggest that the current 2–dimensional thinking on El Niño diversity may limit a more comprehensive understanding of ENSO in the presence of El Niño complexity23,51. MethodsObserved data and model outputsDetecting the longitudinal peak of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) is conducted with two SST reanalysis datasets. version 532 at 2° × 2° horizontal resolution and the Temperature version 1. 1 at 1° × 1° resolution33 are used for the 1980 to 2019 time period. The method is also applied to 30 phase 6 (CMIP6) (CGCMs; 1). We use the historical (1900–2014) and Pathway (SSP) 5–8. 5 scenario experiments (2015–2100). We use the 1900–2099 period (200 years). Using monthly data, we removed the climatology and linearly detrended for each time period. Considering the seasonal variance modulation of ENSO, we focus the analysis on the November–December–January (NDJ) season. Detecting center methodThe algorithm to detect the longitudinal peak of is similar to Shin et al. 31. The algorithm finds the local maximum SSTA along the equator. First, we average the detrended over 2°S–2°N. Second, we calculate a moving average with a 30° longitude window moved in 10° intervals (150°E–90°W; 10 points). Third, we select the points where the moving averaged is greater (less) than 1STD (-1STD). The STD is calculated for all months SSTA over 150°E–90°W. Among the selected points, the point having the largest absolute value is defined as a peak of El Niño (La Niña). The longitude where the peak is located is detected as the center of ENSO. For CMIP6 CGCMs, we calculate the STD for each model for each 100-year period. Statistical significance testTo examine the statistical significance of projected changes, we use the bootstrap method in the following ways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of the changes in the El Niño pattern and its relationship with sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA), indicative of the Pacific Ocean's influence on global weather patterns. It points out the 'stronger surface-layer feedback' and 'shifts' in the SSTA center, directly linking these changes to El Niño diversity in the context of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Absent such a radical policy shift, the incremental completion of the ENWC is a rational approach to making Windhoek’s water supply more resilient since the scope for further savings through demand-side interventions is limited. The city’s century-long hydrological history and the acute nature of the water challenges that it faces have produced a good understanding of the options available to build systems that are resilient to the risks posed by long periods of multi-season drought. As a result, if adequate financial resources are available, the strategies already adopted to manage current climate variability will enable the city to meet its needs, even under conditions of climate change. Beira, Mozambique: the of Beira faces many climate-related challenges given its location which is regularly hit by tropical storms. Established in 1890 as a port and regional railway hub on low-lying land at the mouth of the Pungwe River, urban water supply is difficult because fresh groundwater is very limited and the river’s estuary is saline. While river flow is adequate to meet the city’s needs, extensive saline intrusion, exacerbated by growing upstream water use, required its intake 80 km from the city to be moved further 20 km upstream. However, water quality problems continued for a nearby irrigation scheme whose intake the city had shared. While the intake could have been protected by building a weir downstream to obstruct tidal influx or storage dams upstream to maintain minimum dry season flows, these options were rejected on environmental grounds (1997). While climate change impacts are obvious, hydrological analysis has characterized the salinity dynamics and helped to identify appropriate responses to the impact of increased water utilization and sea level rise. The immediate water management challenges have been well-characterized, and the priority is to coordinate responses to protect economic activity. However, in the longer term, the city’s vulnerable location may require radical relocation rather than water management solutions. and the River System: Sustaining a “Problemshed”In economic terms, the (IVRS) is the most important water resource development in Southern Africa. It supplies water to around 20 million people in a region that produces almost 50% of South Africa’s GDP and includes the country’s administrative capital (Pretoria) as well as Johannesburg, its largest city. If its functioning is impaired by climate change impacts, the entire country will suffer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that significant water management and resilience strategies need to be employed in response to climate change challenges. It discusses how cities are facing specific climate-related water issues and the necessity for intersectional approaches to address long-term vulnerabilities rather than suggesting that AI alone can solve these complex problems. The nuances of climate change are demonstrated through the specific challenges and strategies detailed for cities like Windhoek and Beira, which underscores that a single solution (like AI) is inadequate without comprehensive, integrative approaches to climate resilience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 6% respectively and the value tended to increase in the cultivated land type (13. 7%–15%) and the urbanized type (17. 6%). The urbanization index (UI) of the forest and cultivated land types ranged between 3. 4% and 7. 5%, while that of Secheondong (urbanized type) was highest (10%). The total number of observed species in terms of animal ecology in the forest type was highest (59 species on average), followed by the cultivated type (47 species on average) and the urbanized type (31 species on average), and the number of individuals showed a similar tendency - on average 283 individuals in the forest type, 252 individuals in the cultivated land type and 143 individuals in the urbanized type. Specifically, many wild birds species (24 species) were observed in Namdaemunri where bio-circulation forests was created in its neighboring forests and that in Secheondong located within a urbanized region was relatively high (18 species) as large pole trees that have been grown since long before the restoration co-existed within its planting area. In addition, the forest type that was surrounded by forests and had grasslands distributed partially showed a high number of butterfly species (19 species on average). The number of individuals of dragonfly species in Jikdong and Yongbangri where wet grasslands with terrace rice paddies are broadly distributed was high (93–164 individuals) and that in other studies sites of which the area of the planting area was high ranged between 40 and 63 individuals. Their various wetland environments with terrace rice paddies seemed to have a positive impact on the inhabitation of dragonflies, since dragonfly species show various spawning behaviors such as spawning in water systems or in the body of plants or in the water systems where plants grow (Jung, 2007). The biodiversity of the study sites was also analyzed and that of wild birds ranged between 0. 5940 and 1. 1423, showing the highest value in Namdaemunri. The overall biodiversity of butterflies and dragonflies selected as indicator insects ranged between 0. 6597 and 1. 0415. Butterflies were observed near the boundary of forests, and their biodiversity was high in the forest type. and Sangjangri with a high distribution rate of aquatic plants, the biodiversity of dragonflies tended to be high. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ecological data and biodiversity across different land types, focusing on species observations and their environments rather than addressing the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: AbstractMany state-of-the-art climate models are unable to reproduce the observed 20th century surface warming pattern in the tropical Pacific Ocean, casting doubt on the robustness of future projections. Here, we examine past changes in the tropical Pacific upper ocean spatial pattern using paleoclimate reconstructions from proxies and simulations from a multi-model ensemble. The proxy results demonstrate that during the Maximum, when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were lower than present, temperatures in the western tropical decreased more than in the east, leading to an El Niño-like cooling pattern. This result contrasts with the zonally uniform cooling pattern observed in model simulations, highlighting the common issue of models overestimating the sensitivity of eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures to greenhouse forcing. Our proxy results imply that the western Pacific may warm more than the east in response to future climate change, producing a La Niña-like surface warming pattern. Similar content being viewed by others Continuation of tropical temperature trend may weaken extreme El Niño and its linkage to the Mode 5. The 2023–2024 El Niño event, for instance, produced weather extremes worldwide and caused 2023 to be the warmest year to date since instrumental measurements began6. As such, there has been much focus on predicting how the mean state of the tropical will evolve under rising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations7,8,9. Most state-of-the-art climate models project that an increase in GHG forcing will cause the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical Pacific to decrease, resulting in an El Niño-like pattern of warming8,9. However, given that the majority of these models cannot faithfully reproduce the observed pattern of SST warming in the tropical Pacific over the last century10, there is a need to improve the robustness of projected tropical Pacific responses to future climate change. To evaluate whether the projected pattern of tropical Pacific SST warming under rising GHG forcing is a realistic response would require long-term observations of tropical Pacific mean state changes during periods of altered GHG conditions. While the brevity of the instrumental record does not permit such investigations, past climate periods during which global atmospheric CO2 concentrations were vastly different than today provide an opportunity to examine how the upper ocean spatial configuration of the tropical Pacific responded to shifting CO2 levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the tropical Pacific's surface temperature patterns influence climate patterns, specifically noting that 'most state-of-the-art climate models project that an increase in GHG forcing will cause the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical Pacific to decrease, resulting in an El Niño-like pattern of warming.' This aligns with the claim that El Niño affects global weather patterns resulting from changes in the Pacific Ocean.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: This only considered assumptions about water prices and demand and not the wider societal costs of supply failure, a conservative approach since, for many societies, higher water costs are preferable to the costs of unexpected supply failures (as is formally stated in the new water strategy (2019)). Subsequent studies concluded that the would meet its intended delivery targets under a wide range of climate scenarios with deficits occurring only in the very driest 16 of 122 scenarios. The IVRS also illustrates the benefits of a “problemshed”-based analysis (Mollinga 2020) which encompasses the actual physical and institutional boundaries within which water is managed not simply an individual “watershed” approach. Whereas hydrological models are based on the natural “watersheds” before human activity intervenes, water management requires models that reflect the interaction between human activities and the natural system. The IVRS shows how hydrological tools can effectively be applied to manage substantial climate variability in complex multi-basin systems. Coordination: Drought Risks, Discount Rates, and HydropowerThe final case, the proposed in the transnational Basin, illustrates the challenges of evaluating climate change’s impacts in a complex system and uncertain economic and institutional context. In a basin that already suffers extreme climate events, the implications of climate change for hydropower expansion are a concern. Hydropower is the main source of electricity for the riparian countries and offers further opportunities to support their socioeconomic development. Dam project illustrates the challenges of identifying adaptive approaches that optimize the benefits that hydropower can provide while minimizing the risk. The history of Zambezi hydropower is as much about national and regional politics as hydrology or economics. Its potential was recognized early in the twentieth century, but it was only in the 1950s that it was decided to construct the Kariba Dam, creating what is still the world’s largest dam reservoir by volume. Built by the Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Kariba’s initial installed capacity of 1300 MW was sufficient to meet the needs of the Federation. It was controversial because a smaller project could have been built on the Zambezi’s Kafue tributary in Northern Rhodesia, closer to the mines that were the main centers of electricity demand. But political imperatives supported the larger project to reinforce the Federation although Northern Rhodesia, later Zambia, withdrew in 1963. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the complexity of climate change and emphasizing that numerous factors, such as water management and socio-political aspects, influence climate outcomes. It discusses the challenges involved in evaluating climate change impacts in complex systems and the necessity of adaptive approaches to manage hydropower amidst climate variability. This suggests that AI alone cannot manage these multifaceted issues and that a broader approach is needed to effectively tackle climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: The correlation between the internal and external environments of the study sites and ecological items was also analyzed, and the area of the planting area of the study sites had a negative correlation with the total number of individuals, which can be attributed to the concentrated number of dragonfly individuals in the study sites that had relatively less planting areas. The area of grasslands had a positive correlation with the number of dragonfly species and the total number of observed individuals, indicating the positive effects of wet grasslands. In terms of external environmental factors, the area of forests near the study sites showed a negative correlation with urbanization index (UI) and a positive correlation with the total number of observed species and the inhabitation of butterflies. The area of urbanized areas near the study sites showed a negative correlation with the ratio of native species, the total number of observed species, the number of observed herptile species and the number of observed dragonfly species. This study examined the correlation between the internal and external environments and the status of ecology after creating riparian ecological belts in the five study sites of which use intensity was high. Currently, the land purchase within riparian zones is performed according to the criteria set for each land use, regulated zone and pollution source and additional scores (Office, 2019), but it will be necessary to consider the land use status of surrounding lands and ecological characteristics of target sites when purchasing and restoring the lands in order to strengthen the resilience of biodiversity restoration. In particular, for sites with high naturality and rich biodiversity such as artificially used sites near forests or sites like step-shaped cultivated lands, it is necessary to set priorities and establish measures to monitor the sites. Since this study comprehensively analyzed the correlation between the internal and external environmental factors of the study sites that showed a high use intensity before land purchase and their ecological status, the detailed environmental characteristics of each study site were not considered. In particular, it will be necessary to survey detailed items, for example, for the inhabitation of dragonfly species, dividing their habitats into wetlands and grasslands or surveying items such as water depth and the cover rate of floating leaved plants and aquatic plants. An additional study will be required to suggest application techniques and monitor each target site considering the internal and external environmental factors of each site and the characteristics of inhabitation. research was funded by a 2017 research grant from Sangmyung University. Fig. 1 The location map of survey site. Fig. 2 The rate of native species in survey sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany or its focus on the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it discusses the ecological characteristics and environmental factors affecting dragonflies and biodiversity in various study sites. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Previous paleoclimate studies have classified the mean upper ocean configuration of the tropical Pacific during past climate periods as being either El Niño- or La Niña-like on the basis of various mean state characteristics computed using proxy data (e. g. , the zonal SST gradient, the zonal thermocline tilt, etc. ). For example, several proxy-based reconstructions found that prolonged periods of reduced zonal SST gradients and/or reduced zonal thermocline tilt occurred during past climate intervals, including the warm Pliocene period, the cold Maximum (LGM) and the Age11,12,13,14,15,16. As such, these intervals have been described as having an El Niño-like tropical Pacific upper ocean spatial configuration. However, given that these purported El Niño-like patterns prevailed during both high- and low-CO2 periods, it remains unclear how the upper ocean configuration of the tropical Pacific responds to shifting GHG concentrations. This may be partially attributed to an incomplete understanding of some of the proxy-based approaches for reconstructing mean state characteristics. For example, thermocline depth information cannot be directly extracted from proxy data. Instead, thermocline shoaling or deepening can only be inferred using changes in the magnitude of the upper ocean vertical temperature gradient (∆T), which is computed using sea water temperatures recorded by sea surface- and thermocline-dwelling organisms17. While this approach of indirectly assessing thermocline depth changes has been widely applied in the tropical Pacific13,18,19,20, a critical evaluation of how accurately the upper water column vertical ΔT records thermocline depth fluctuations is lacking. Additionally, past reconstructions of tropical Pacific mean state have typically been based on single records, wherein a zonal SST gradient is computed using only one record from the western and another record from the eastern tropical Pacific12,16,21,22. Since the upper ocean conditions at a single site might not reflect the entire region, there is a need for more regionally-representative reconstructions developed using regional data compilations. In this study, we used proxy and model data to investigate the mean state of the tropical during the LGM and Holocene, two intervals characterized by a ~ 100 ppm difference in atmospheric pCO2. We focused on these two periods since there is an abundance of proxy records and climate model data from phases 3 and 4 of the (PMIP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how past paleoclimate studies have identified periods with an 'El Niño-like tropical Pacific upper ocean spatial configuration.' This indicates a historical awareness of the climate patterns associated with El Niño, supporting the assertion that it relates to warming in the Pacific Ocean and its effects on global weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Beyond the hydrological uncertainties, the political challenge is to achieve an equitable sharing of the costs and benefits. However, economic analysis is particularly challenging for investments such as water resource infrastructure which have a high initial cost but yield benefits over a very long period. The imputed value of long-term production depends heavily on assumptions about future prices as well as the “discount rate” applied in the analysis, and there is limited consensus about the appropriate approach, not least because the choice is usually determined by policy objectives (Fankhauser and Stern 2016) in which climate change adaptation strategies are not always adequately reflected. These issues were illustrated in the analysis of Batoka in the 2015 RDM study (Cervigni 2015). site is on the main stem of the Zambezi, downstream from and upstream from Kariba. It has limited storage and will depend on natural river flows which, although moderated somewhat in the extensive wetlands of the upper catchment, are very variable and subject to drought, making it particularly vulnerable to climate change (Harrison and Whittington 2002). In this context, the RDM study noted that: “In drier futures, smaller facilities yield higher net benefits, as less investment is underutilized during the dry periods. In wetter futures, larger facilities that can better take advantage of high flow periods yield higher net benefits. ” Batoka it found, “shows significant sensitivity to climate change with up to a 33 percent decrease or a 15 percent increase in average power production. ” (Cervigni 2015) Over 30 years, the difference between the worst- and best-case scenarios was estimated at around US$4 billion, in 2015 values, based on average energy prices in the Power Pool. But in a dry period, electricity prices would rise as all supplies would be reduced in a system that was dependent on hydropower. While in 2015 this effect was not yet evident because the region still had coal-fired alternatives, over the next five decades, coal-fired power will be constrained, and carbon taxes will increase its price, further supporting hydropower prices. Even without these considerations, Batoka showed that “economics of projects of this type could be highly sensitive to the price of power” (Cervigni et al. 2015). Once again, it was emphasized that a project that was financially sensitive to climate change impacts was not necessarily financially vulnerable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of climate change adaptation strategies that go beyond the capabilities of AI. It highlights the political and economic challenges involved in investments for water resource infrastructure and emphasizes sensitivity to climate change. The mention of hydrological uncertainties, the dependence on natural river flows, and the interplay between climate variations and economic benefits indicate that merely relying on AI is insufficient without considering broader systemic factors impacting climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Fig. 3 The rate of naturalized species in survey sites. Fig. 4 The urbanization index in survey sites. Fig. 5 The number of species in survey sites. Fig. 6 The number of individuals in survey sites. Table 1 Current status of research sites use status before restoration time Area (m2) Restoration type Location type paddy Jikdong 78-2, 81, Donggu, Daejeon 2012 5,864 Wetland & type Namdaemunri 172-1, 2, 5, 7, 173, Hoenammyeon, Boeungun, Chungbuk 2005, 2012 6,668 Biocirculation forest paddy Sangjangril 418, 418-1, Munuimyeon, Sangdanggu, Cheongjusi, Chungbuk 2006 5,845 Wetland forest land Cultivated land type paddy Yongbangri 1044-1, 2, 1045-1, 2, 5, 1046-3, 4, 8, 1047-3, Iwonmyeon, Okcheongun, Chungbuk 2012 8,667 Wetland & 2006, 2010 7,135 Landscape forest Urbanized type Table 2 Land use status in the research sites environment (%) Internal environment (%) land Urbanization area Etc. area surface 72. 3 3. 4 - 24. 3 100 - 90. 2 9. 8 100 Namdaemunri 52. 0 39. 7 3. 0 5. 3 100 70. 5 29. 5 - 100 Sangjangri 40. 7 49. 9 - 9. 4 100 55. 2 25. 0 19. 8 100 Yongbangri 11. 7 55. 6 8. 7 24. 0 100 - 61. 3 38. 7 100 Secheondong 12. 8 30. 1 47. 9 9. 2 100 92. 1 7. 9 - 100 Table 3 Flora of the research sites Division No. of native species No. of naturalized species 133 11 144 Namdaemunri 198 21 219 Sangjangri 108 19 127 Yongbangri 151 24 175 Secheondong 150 32 182 Table 4 Species diversity index of location types type Cultivated land type Urbanized type birds 0. 9914 1. 1423 1. 0696 0. 5940 1. 0118 Butterflies 1. 0415 1. 0052 0. 8389 0. 8004 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to paleoethnobotany or its examination of the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it consists of tables and figures detailing the status of various research sites, flora, and species diversity without discussing the historical context or anthropological aspects tied to the study of plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: 1c). Fig. 1: Three types of upper ocean vertical ΔT (vΔT) changes based on hypothetical water column profiles. a v∆T changes predominantly driven by subsurface temperature (SubT) variations, (b) vΔT changes predominantly driven by sea surface temperature (SST) variations and (c) a static vΔT that is equally controlled by SST and SubT variations. Blue and red solid lines correspond to water column profiles at two different time points, t0 and t1, respectively. Blue and red dashed lines indicate the depth of the thermocline at t0 and t1, respectively. d Modern annual mean climatological sea surface temperature in the tropical (Atlas 201838). Black boxes delineate the areas used for computing regional means in the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP; 0°−10°N, 130°−150°E), eastern Pacific warm pool (EPWP; 10°−15°N, 110°−80°W) and eastern equatorial cold tongue (EECT; 2°S-2°N, 120°−90°W). Circular markers denote the locations of proxy records used in this study (WPWP—black; EPWP—white; EECT—red). White contour corresponds to the 28 °C isotherm at the sea surface. Full size imageOur study examines three key regions in the tropical that experience strong upper ocean changes related to ENSO, the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP), the eastern Pacific warm pool (EPWP) and the EECT (Figs. 1d, 2a–c). During the El Niño events, the tropical Pacific is characterized by a greatly reduced east-west SST gradient and a diminished zonal thermocline tilt. This is the result of weakened southeast trade winds which minimize upwelling in the EECT and decrease the westward advection of warm water to the WPWP, leading to SST warming and thermocline deepening in the eastern tropical Pacific and thermocline shoaling in the WPWP24,25,26,27. In contrast, during La Niña events, the tropical is characterized by a large zonal SST gradient and a strong east-west thermocline tilt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses conditions during El Niño events, specifically noting how the tropical Pacific experiences a greatly reduced east-west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and a diminished zonal thermocline tilt due to weakened southeast trade winds. These descriptions align with the definition of El Niño as a climate pattern affecting global weather, emphasizing SST changes as a result of oceanic processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: In addition, some more operational priorities emerge that merit mention. UncertaintyPerhaps the most important principle to emerge from the cases is that uncertainty remains the dominant feature of potential climate change impact on water resource projects. This uncertainty must be recognized and reflected in analytical approaches, strategy development, and project design. Uncertainty does not mean that stochastic methods cannot be used to detect – and project – trends. For instance, where projections of precipitation are made using multiple GCMs and the range of future uncertainties can be constrained, stochastic methods are already usefully applied. More serious challenges arise where relevant variables are not well understood or constrained as is the case with modeling future rainfall-runoff in conditions where both land cover and precipitation intensities are both poorly understood. PrecautionaryThe precautionary principle is usually understood to constrain developments until their impacts are understood. In the climate change context, a precautionary approach will ensure that decisions are taken in time to address possible future contingencies. This is explicitly stated in Cape Town’s post-disaster water strategy which commits to make new investments which will not be used unless there is a dry period in which they are needed. This reflects the high costs imposed on the wider society by supply failure. Projects with lengthy implementation periods such as the IVRS augmentations should be implemented on a precautionary basis to avoid inefficient crisis responses that characterized many water sector investments. A precautionary approach would also introduce supply restrictions earlier rather than later although political resistance is always a factor in this – recent extreme power restrictions in Zimbabwe resulted, in part, from earlier decisions to continue generating at full capacity at Kariba, contrary to drought operating rules. Path DependenceA concern frequently raised about water resource developments of all kinds is that they commit their societies to particular development paths and close off other options. The difficulty with these discussions is that they frequently involve larger political issues about which there is little consensus. In large measure, Windhoek’s current challenges are the result of century-old colonial spatial planning decisions; the option of refocusing economic development in a more propitious location is an important alternative. Similarly, South Africa’s IVRS reflects the fact that the mining economy promoted extensive development in a location with limited water resources and that coastal areas would be easier to serve. Beira’s location, which also served colonial objectives, is very vulnerable to current climate, and vulnerabilities will be aggravated by climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing uncertainty in climate change impact and the necessity of precautionary approaches in water resource projects. It emphasizes that recognizing uncertainties and applying stochastic methods are crucial in addressing climate impacts rather than relying solely on AI. Additionally, the mention of political resistance and historical planning decisions highlights that a multifaceted approach, including social and political aspects, is required to mitigate climate impact, contradicting the notion that AI alone can solve the issue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 7595 Dragonflies 0. 7578 0. 8008 1. 0314 0. 9330 0. 6597 Table 5 The correlation between the internal and external environment of the site and the ecological items az −. 289 (. 637). 344 (. 570). 581 (. 304) −. 635 (. 250) −. 563 (. 323) −. 375 (. 534) −. 387 (. 520) −. 532 (. 356) −. 212 (. 732). 234 (. 704). 718 (. 172) −. 443 (. 455) −. 274 (. 655) −. 457 (. 440). 683 (. 203) −. 830 (. 082) −. 543 (. 344). 019 (. 975) b −. 762 (. 135). 529 (. 359). 632 (. 253) −. 351 (. 562). 700 (. 188) −. 645 (. 240) −. 572 (. 314) −. 253 (. 681) −. 864 (. 059) −. 892* (. 042) −. 158 (. 800) −. 638 (. 247) −. 826 (. 085) −. 113 (. 856) −. 840 (. 075). 650 (. 235) −. 308 (. 614) −. 328 (. 590) c. 843 (. 073) −. 740 (. 153) −. 761 (. 135). 498 (. 393) −. 571 (. 315). 623 (. 262). 461 (. 434). 506 (. 384). 879* (. 049). 898* (. 038). 185 (. 766). 863 (. 059). 790 (. 112). 249 (. 687). 655 (. 230) −. 409 (. 494). 570 (. 315). 064 (. 919) d. 261 (. 672). 130 (. 835) −. 093 (. 882) −. 101 (. 872) −. 652 (. 233). 406 (. 498). 543 (. 344) −. 369 (. 541). 454 (. 443). 487 (. 405). 034 (. 956) −. 099 (. 874). 535 (. 352) −. 210 (. 734). 843 (. 073) −. 851 (. 067) −. 358 (. 555). 717 (. 173) e. 769 (. 128) −. 857 (. 064) −. 889* (. 043). 913* (. 030). 349 (. 565). 658 (. 227). 333 (. 584). 919* (. 027). 650 (. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about paleoethnobotany or its examination of the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it appears to contain statistical data and correlations unrelated to the topic, thus rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: This is due to a strengthening of the southeast trade winds which increases upwelling in the EECT and enhances westward surface water advection to the WPWP, resulting in SST cooling and thermocline shoaling in the eastern tropical Pacific and thermocline deepening in the WPWP3,25,26,27,28. Fig. 2: El Niño vs. La Niña differences in tropical Pacific mean state features. a–c Upper water column profiles in the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP), eastern Pacific warm pool (EPWP) and eastern equatorial cold tongue (EECT) under strong El Niño and La Niña conditions. The solid line represents the regional mean profile and the uncertainty envelope corresponds to the standard deviation. d Surface (SST) and subsurface (SubT) temperature changes in the and EECT between strong El Niño and La Niña conditions. e Upper water column vertical ΔT in the and EECT under strong El Niño and La Niña conditions. f Thermocline depth (approximated using the depth of the 20 °C isotherm) in the and EECT during strong El Niño and La Niña conditions. g East-west SST and SubT gradient between the WPWP and EECT under strong El Niño and La Niña conditions. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval. Gridded monthly mean Argo seawater temperature data from January 2005 to December 2020 were downloaded from: size imageResults and discussionChanges in mean state characteristics during extreme ENSO eventsAll three of the examined tropical Pacific regions exhibit pronounced upper ocean changes between extreme El Niño and La Niña conditions (Fig. 2a–c). These changes are clearly captured by all of the mean state metrics commonly used in proxy-based reconstructions (Fig. 2d–g; refer to Table S3 for a list of all the mean state metrics computed). In general, the western and eastern tropical Pacific experience contrasting upper ocean changes during the two ENSO modes. The WPWP experiences upper ocean cooling while the EECT and EPWP experience warming during El Niño events, while the opposite changes occur during La Niña events. In all three regions, the magnitude of the change in SubT between El Niño and La Niña phases greatly exceeds SST changes (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and thermocline dynamics during El Niño conditions compared to La Niña events. It explains that during El Niño, the eastern tropical Pacific (EECT) and eastern Pacific warm pool (EPWP) experience warming, while the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) exhibits cooling, suggesting a significant alteration in oceanic conditions that aligns with the typical characteristics of El Niño. The mention of changes in ocean temperature profiles and thermocline depth further supports the claim regarding how El Niño impacts global weather patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: But these are not issues on which water managers can determine policy. At best, they can ensure that the concerns and constraints are well understood and thus influence wider development policy debates. FlexibilityIn response to uncertainty about future trends, it is helpful if strategies to meet future needs are sufficiently flexible to accommodate different futures. This principle has already been explicitly adopted in a number of the case study projects: has identified a range of options that could rapidly be implemented in the event of a “step change” in climate; the ENCW scheme serving Windhoek can be implemented in a sequence of steps. Similarly, each step in the past and future development of South Africa’s IVRS involved a choice from a set of different options. System-and ProblemshedsThe importance of conceptualizing and operating linked infrastructure as a system rather than as individual units brings many benefits. The values of these benefits are explicitly determined in the but are also evident in the IVRS, Windhoek, and, at a nascent stage, Mombasa and Cape Town’s new strategy. LinkagesThe linkage of different sources and demand centers provides a variety of resilience benefits that can greatly assist adaptation to changing climate conditions. A benefit that could be achieved by operating Zambezi hydropower as a coordinated system is that extreme events are often not correlated. While in the south and Kariba were running dry, which draws more resources from the north had to open its flood gates to manage inflows. South Africa’s IVRS has already demonstrated that multiple sources provide greater assured yields than the sum of their “stand-alone” yields and Windhoek’s situation is similar. Proposals for Kenya’s to form part of an integrated bulk system would replicate this approach. DiversificationDiversification of sources provides further important resilience benefits and should be a guiding principle for climate change adaptation. Windhoek’s surface water/groundwater mix has enabled it to withstand repeated drought crises. Cape Town’s recent experience highlighted the risk of relying solely on surface water supplies, which although linked all derived their inflow from a single small catchment area. Alternative sources had not been developed because, individually, their unit costs were higher, but this calculation omitted consideration of the value of additional reliability that could be gained from diversification. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that apparently diversified sources are not correlated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of water managers and the necessity of flexibility and diversification in policy and infrastructure to adapt to climate change. It highlights that climate change adaptation requires a range of strategies and integrated systems, rather than relying solely on AI for reversal. The discussion of flexibility in strategies and the need for coordinated systems indicates that a multifaceted approach is essential, contradicting the notion that AI alone can achieve full reversal by 2050.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 235). 391 (. 515) −. 254 (. 680). 832 (. 080). 446 (. 452). 759 (. 137) −. 207 (. 739). 551 (. 336). 937* (. 019) −. 050 (. 937) f −. 307 (. 616). 532 (. 356). 465 (. 430) −. 299 (. 624). 090 (. 886) −. 009 (. 988) −. 004 (. 994) −. 525 (. 363) −. 223 (. 718) −. 159 (. 798). 038 (. 952) −. 795 (. 108) −. 287 (. 639) −. 082 (. 895). 264 (. 667) −. 359 (. 553) −. 598 (. 287). 670 (. 216) g −. 903* (. 036). 706 (. 183). 850 (. 068) −. 886* (. 045) −. 141 (. 821) −. 982** (. 003) −. 615 (. 270) −. 658 (. 227) −. 891 (. 043) −. 670 (. 216). 188 (. 762) −. 517 (. 372) −. 611 (. 274) −. 790 (. 112) −. 356 (. 557) −. 015 (. 981) −. 642 (. 243) −. 646 (. 239) Note. Probability values in parentheses. zz Internal environment(a-d); a = Site area; b = Area of planting; c = Area of grassland; d = Area of water surface. External environment(e-g); e = Forest area around the site; f = Cultivated land area around the site; g = Urbanized area around the site. yy Ecological environment(A-R); A = Rate of native species; B = Rate of naturalized species; C = Urbanization index; D = Total No. of species; E = No. of wild bird species; F = No. of amphibian & reptile species; G = No. of mammalian species; H = No. of butterfly species; I = No. of dragonfly species; J = Total of population; K = Population of wild birds; L = Population of amphibianin & reptile; M = Population of mammalian; N = Population of butterflies; O = Population of dragonflies; P = Wild bird species diversity; Q = Butterfly species diversity; R = Dragonfly species diversity. ** p <. 05, **** p <. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely numerical and lacks any contextual information regarding paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning the field of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: 2d), indicating that the upper water column vertical ΔT is predominantly responding to the large swings in thermocline depth that occur during the shift from El Niño to La Niña conditions. Niño (La Niña) events, the thermocline shoals (deepens) in the WPWP, accompanied by a concomitant vertical ∆T increase (decrease) and SubT cooling (warming), while in both the EECT and EPWP, a deepening (shoaling) of the thermocline is accompanied by a decrease (increase) in the vertical ∆T and SubT warming (cooling) (Fig. 2d–f). Both the zonal SST and SubT gradients are dramatically reduced under El Niño conditions, however, the magnitude of the change in the zonal SubT gradient is approximately double that of the change in the SST gradient (Fig. 2g), due to the larger SubT relative to SST variations that occur in response to ENSO forcing (Fig. 2d). Importantly, our results suggest that the zonal SubT gradient may be a useful indicator of the tilt of the tropical Pacific thermocline, wherein a flatter thermocline tilt is characterized by a reduced zonal SubT gradient and vice versa (Fig. 2f, g). This is due to the strong association between thermocline depth changes and upper ocean vertical ∆T shifts during the switch between El Niño to La Niña conditions. Our analysis based on multi-year averaged ENSO events yielded similar findings, except that the mean state metrics displayed smaller contrasts between El Niño vs. La Niña conditions (Fig. S1). Reconstructing glacial-interglacial tropical mean state changesProxy data indicate that SST cooling occurred in all three regions during the LGM, however, cooling was substantially stronger in the WPWP and EPWP compared to the EECT (Fig. 3a, Table S4). Our regional-mean proxy reconstructions agree with past studies that while SubT in the WPWP and EPWP decreased during the LGM18,19,20,22, SubT became warmer in the EECT13 (Fig. 3a, Table S4). Climate model ensemble mean results also reveal SST cooling in all three regions during the LGM, however, unlike proxy data, the magnitude of simulated SST cooling was similar in all three regions (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the changes in thermocline depth and associated temperature variations that occur during El Niño and La Niña conditions. It explains that the vertical temperature differences (ΔT) in the upper water column respond to these shifts, indicating the impact of El Niño on ocean dynamics. Moreover, it highlights the significant changes in zonal gradients during El Niño, supporting the idea that this climate pattern affects weather by altering ocean temperature distributions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Communication to ConsensusWater resource development occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the public domain and is thus subject to public scrutiny and political decision. One of the challenges faced by sector managers is that they address complex issues about which public perceptions may differ widely. Water management institutions need to develop and sustain communication with their stakeholder communities to ensure their support for demand-side interventions as well as for investments on the supply side. Information for “Dynamic Stationarity”The dynamic nature of hydrological systems under climate change means that analysis will no longer rely on standard sets of reference data from a fixed time period. The values of many hydrological variables will be changing in unpredictable ways that will require hydrological data to be updated on a regular basis. This will require an intensification of data collection and management. As one group of commentators remarked, “in a nonstationary world, continuity of observations is critical” (Milly et al. 2008). ConclusionsThe principles that emerged from this review support the initial hypothesis that adaptation to climate change in the water and hydropower sector will best be achieved by following strategies that address current climate variability. All of the principles enunciated are equally appropriate to current climate variability or climate change. The proviso introduced by including climate change is that such interventions should recognize that uncertainties under future climate change are likely to be greater than at present. This reinforces the need for options that allow greater flexibility of approach, but it also highlights the need for a precautionary approach that will see interventions made earlier rather than later, as found to its cost. The idea that interventions should be made sooner rather than later will often meet opposition because it will be seen to reinforce current development trajectories and path dependence. The reason that alternative trajectories are not followed is usually that they are constrained by politics and economics. Even if the intent is to allow economic and social disruption to drive new trajectories, creating water and power crises is unlikely to create the conditions for change. Given the challenges posed by climate change, deliberate disruption of societies and economies is a high risk strategy with little certainty about the likely outcomes. One consistent finding is that the challenges of planning, implementing, and operating large water resource schemes under difficult hydrologies will become more complex as climate change impacts intensify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of managing water resources in the context of climate change, emphasizing that climate change poses significant challenges that require critical observation and intervention rather than relying solely on AI. It suggests that addressing climate change involves understanding unpredictable changes in hydrological systems and highlights the importance of flexibility and a precautionary approach, indicating that full reversal of climate change cannot be accomplished by AI alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 01. 2019. A study on analysis of ecological factors for improving resilience in riparian areas: Focusing on water source protection zone and waterfront zone in Geum river basin. Doctoral dissertation. Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Korea. Bae, SH 2016. A study of the construction and the management plan through the consideration of biodiversity changes in the artificial wetlands constructed for contaminant reduction. Master’s thesis. University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea. Ban, SH 2010. A development of landscape ecological model for priority setting green space on riparian zone: Case study of the Kyongan stream. Master’s thesis. Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea. Blair, RB 1999. Birds and butterflies along an urban gradient: Surrogate taxa for assessing biodiversity? Ecol Appl. 9(1):164-170. . 2012. A study on the management and improvement of purchased land in the Youngsan & Seomjin-River riparian area: Focusing on the region. J Restor Technol. 15(6):69-77. Cho, DY 2010. A study on the land purchase systems in the riparian zones: Focused on the Act. Doctoral dissertation. University, Mokpo, Korea. . 2014. A study on development of evaluation method on riverine ecobelt. J Landsc Archit. 42(1):123-132. of Korea and of Applied Entomology. 1994. Check list of insects from Korea Seoul, Korea: press. Forman, RT, M Godron. 1986. Landscape ecology New York, NY: & Sons. Office. 2019. Establishment of monitoring and operation management plan for the Geumgang waterfront ecological belt Daejeon, Korea:. 2008. Guidelines for improved management of riparian zones invaded by alien plants in South Africa. S Bot. 74(3):538-552. . 1997. Korean butterfly Seoul, Korea: Kyohaksa. Jung, KS 2007. Odonata of Korea Seoul, Korea: Ilgongyouksa. . 2012. Analysis of ecological fragmentation improvement effect from the riverine restoration. . 32(6B):387-397. . 2014. Monitoring of the butterfly communities inhabited of Mt. Hallasan, Jeju island, Korea. Environ Ecol. 28(6):697-704. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of citations and summarizations of various studies related to ecological factors and biodiversity, but it does not address or mention the field of paleoethnobotany or its focus on the relationship between people and plants in a historical context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: , the primary index used by the for tracking the ocean part of ENSO) are enhanced in this season ( SON data from 2010 and 2015 were taken to represent strong La Niña and El Niño conditions, respectively. Multi-year mean La Niña and El Niño conditions were computed using all La Niña (2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2016 and 2017) and El Niño (2006, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2018) events that occurred during 2005-2020. We generated regionally-averaged water column profiles for the WPWP (0°−10°N, 130°−150°E), EPWP (10°−15°N, 110°−80°W) and EECT (2°S-2°N, 120°−90°W) using the boxes shown in Fig. 1d for both the strong and mean ENSO cases. The dimensions of the boxes were chosen to delineate core regions that are representative of the modern-day upper water column characteristics of the and EECT, instead of encompassing the spatial range of all the proxy records available for each region and/or the entire spatial extent of each region (see Fig. S3). seawater temperature data for strong and multi-year averaged ENSO events, we first computed the values of each of the following mean state features for each region (and EECT): SST and SubT differences between El Niño and La Niña phases and the upper water column vertical ΔT and thermocline depth during El Niño and La Niña events (Table S5). Thus, for each feature, we had a set of values for each region that corresponds to the value of this feature at every grid point in the regional box. From each set of feature values, we used bootstrap sampling to draw 5000 samples of the same sample size as the original set of feature values. We then computed the mean of each of these samples to get 5000 sample means. The final feature values for each region were based on the average of the 5000 sample means and the uncertainty of the final feature value is reported as the 95% confidence interval. Argo SST and SubT data from the WPWP and EECT were used to generate the zonal SST and SubT gradients for El Niño and La Niña phases (Table S5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the El Niño conditions specifically in relation to seawater temperature and its effects during the contrasting phases of El Niño and La Niña. Mentioning data collection and analysis related to SST (sea surface temperature) highlights the concept of ocean warming as a key feature of El Niño.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: While traditional hydrological tools can continue to be used, “dynamic stationarity” will require more intensive data collection, more frequent reviews and runs of models, and greater effort to communicate the findings and their implications to the wider community whose consent, trust, and support will be required for decisions. In most countries, this will require more capable organizations, better funded, staffed, and equipped than at present. In all of this, the primary constraint to adapting to the impacts of climate change by building more resilient and less vulnerable systems will continue to be financial. A particular challenge for the water sector’s practitioners will thus be to persuade their communities that additional support for planning and managing their countries’ water will insure them against the larger costs of water and power supply failures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing climate change will require extensive efforts beyond AI, including improved financial support, increased data collection, capable organizations, and community involvement. It suggests that while AI may play a role, it cannot single-handedly reverse climate change without substantial human and institutional effort.