Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: No-go trials were indicated by a pre-specified neutral picture in Emotion (punctuation mark in Neutral), to which no response was to be made (24 no-go trials total; occurring both after target and non-target cues). Participants performed four scanning runs each of the Emotion and Neutral conditions of the AX-CPT (eight runs in total). Within each run, task blocks (three per run; 135 seconds each) alternated with short fixation blocks (four per run; 30 seconds each). Each scanning run began with 10 seconds of rest (later discarded) to allow the scanner to reach steady state; total run duration was ∼9 minutes. Each of the three task blocks within a scanning run consisted of 12 trials; thus participants performed eight runs of 36 AX-CPT trials each for 288 trials in total (144 Emotion, 144 Neutral). AX-CPT trials consisted of cue-probe pairs shown in sequence. Trial structure (Figure 1) was as follows: cue (750 ms), inter-stimulus-interval (ISI; 3250 ms), probe (2500 ms), and minimum inter-trial-interval (ITI) of 1000 ms (for a minimum total trial length of 7. 5 seconds). ITIs included additional jittering to facilitate event-related response estimation, in increments of 2500 ms (no jitter, 2500 ms, 5000 ms, or 7500 ms). 72 trials were presented at each of the four ITI lengths. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Trial structure with timing. (A) Example of the target (AX) cue-probe-response for the smile-AX condition of the Emotion AX-CPT; (B) Example of BX (non-target cue, target probe) and (C) AY (target cue, non-target probe) conflict trials for smile-AX condition of the task. fand functional imaging data was collected on a 3whole-body scanner at of Radiology at School of Medicine. High-resolution anatomical images were acquired for each participant using a sagittal T1-weighted MP-RAGE sequence (TE = 3. 16 ms, TR = 2400 ms, flip angle = 8° 176 slices, 1×1×1 mm voxels). Anatomical images were aligned with each individual's functional images. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the methodology and design of an emotional AX-CPT (Affective Go/No-Go Task) study, detailing trial structures, scanning runs, and data acquisition. It does not address behaviors or their underlying mechanisms, hence it does not provide support or opposition to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: He was able to strengthen his friendships and practice new skills for boundary-setting and interpersonal effectiveness. As treatment termination neared, the last sessions focused on brainstorming strategies for maintaining his progress, particularly since the workload at his company continued to increase. ConclusionsPsychological interventions for mental disorders were found effective in numerous research trials. However, gaps in training, availability, access, dissemination, and cost impede the successful delivery of these interventions [46]. These are enhanced by privacy and data storage regulations, which are key for maintaining clients’ rights and trust [47]. The ever-growing demand for mental health care requires optimizing clinician decision-making using data collected passively [48]. Our goal was to highlight key issues for optimizing available mental health services and to demonstrate how a therapeutic intelligence platform can support this process. This paper presents a novel approach to collecting comprehensive data on treatment progress. The implementation of ML models and AI in behavioral health care is a rapidly moving and innovative field, with the potential to significantly improve screening and clinical outcomes [49,50]. Accurate data can provide more information about the patient and can be translated into clinical decisions faster. Experts strive to base their decisions on data. Primary physicians, heart surgeons, physiotherapists, and other health professionals all function better when they review the patient's most recent tests and laboratory results prior to the appointment. Therefore, using real-time data is equally important in enhancing the work of mental health professionals [51]. Technologies that are scalable, cost-effective, and that enhance quality without burden can help therapists harness their efforts into providing more effective interventions with increased fidelity to data-informed treatments. Setting out clear performance targets in the training, provision, and implementation of evidence-enhanced treatments will enable health care services to continually improve. Nondisruptive measures are poised to ensure nearly effortless data collection, and innovative methods that inform clinicians and other stakeholders of the patient’s progress will likely make treatments more relevant and engaging [52]. Some caveats to the model described here should be mentioned. platform was illustrated through its use in an outpatient setting, with a client who was relatively high functioning and a therapist that was tech-savvy and interested in using novel digital programs. Usability testing, user reviews, and long-term engagement with any product are key to realizing the practicality and helpfulness of new tools over time [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address biohacking or its relationship with lifestyle changes and technology for optimizing health. Instead, it discusses psychological interventions, mental health services, and the use of technology in behavioral health care, which does not specifically corroborate, contrast, or relate to the claim about biohacking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: Wild harvested edible insects: potential for nutrition security Faith A. Quality and output: Thesis › internal (1) insects are identified as a valuable source of proteins and micronutrients with the potential to contribute in alleviating malnutrition especially in developing countries where the practice is traditional. In these countries, the communities depend mostly on collection of the insects from the natural environments. Knowledge on the actual contribution of wild harvested insects to nutrition security is still limited as there are limited studies to this effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how wild harvested edible insects can contribute to nutrition security in developing countries. In this study, we used two wild harvested edible insects (Eulepida mashona and Henicus whellani) consumed in Zimbabwe as case study. A survey on the consumption patterns of edible insects showed that that insect consumption was significantly higher in rural (89. 7%) than in urban (80. 0%) areas. Taste and nutritional value are the main motives of consumption for both rural and urban. Availability of edible insects influences both urban (64. 0%) and rural (83. 0%) respondents’ consumption of insects. Nutritional analysis that the protein content ranged between 52-56% (Eulepida mashona) and 59-70% (Henicus whellani), which is comparable to that of animal-based protein sources. Essential amino acids of both insect species did meet the WHO/FAO (277 mg/g protein) requirement for adult humans. The iron (24. 2- 52. 9mg/100g) and zinc content (10. 0-20. 9mg/100g) are high for both species. The fat content of both species was low (<10%), with PUFA/SFA and omega 6/3 ratios recommendable for a healthy diet. Raw insects had a higher protein in vitro digestibility than the boiled and roasted insects, and the maximal decrease in protein digestibility was around 25%. Iron was the least bioaccessible mineral in both insects. Eulepida mashona had a much higher iron bioaccessibility (30. 7%) as compared to Henicus whellani (8. 11%). Boiling resulted in about 50% decrease in iron and zinc bioaccessibility in both species while roasting did not. It is necessary to extend shelf life of harvested insects by drying to improve availability. However, lipid oxidation can affect shelf life of dried insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that while edible insects provide various nutritional benefits, it does not state that they are completely allergen-free or universally safe for consumption. The text highlights specific aspects of the nutritional profile and consumption patterns of wild harvested edible insects without addressing allergenicity, suggesting a lack of evidence for the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: To facilitate registration of the T1 and functional scans, a T2-weighted image was also acquired in the same space as the functional scans [TE = 96 ms, TR = 5000 ms, 189×256 acquisition matrix, 48 slices, 1. 02×1×3 mm voxels]. The functional images were collected in eight 210TR (∼9 minutes) runs using an asymmetric spin-echo echo-planar sequence sensitive to blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast (T2*) [TE = 27 ms, TR = 2500 ms, flip angle = 90°, FOV = 256 mm, skip = 0 mm, 36 slices, 4×4×4 mm voxels]. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime () on a Dell PC. As described in the section, participants responded to each trial using emotional facial expressions. A custom-built mirror apparatus positioned over the head coil served both to reflect the projected image of the task screen towards the participant and to reflect the view of the participant's face such that it could be recorded using a videocamera positioned at the head end of the bore. Video recording served to ensure participant compliance in the task and was visually inspected to verify that such compliance was occurring. However, due to technical difficulties and poor video quality, this video was not quantitatively evaluated for measures of behavioural performance. A fiber-optic button box interfaced with E-Prime facilitated communication with the participant. ffMRI data were analyzed with in-house software. Data analysis was conducted with a general linear model (GLM), including nuisance regressors for linear trends within runs and baseline shifts between runs. Additionally, the GLM contained task-related regressors for block and event-related activity. Block-related activity related to each task condition (Emotion and Neutral) were modeled as boxcar functions, but because examining sustained activity did not permit the examination of conflict effects in the data, these functions were also treated as regressors of no interest. Our experimental design follows the specifications of Visscher et al. [30] in permitting the dissociation of block and event-related fMRI activity (using alternating blocks of task and rest, as well as jittered trials within each task block); using event-related regressors that are estimated (using delta or FIR functions) rather than assumed via a model of the hemodynamic response function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of an fMRI study, including data acquisition and analysis methods, and does not address the understanding of behaviors through neural circuitry at all. There is no assertion or implication about the sufficiency of neural circuitry in understanding behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: 55 for the habitual intervention in 23 studies of adults. Similar findings are echoed in several studies on this topic. [24,25,26] Whereas this has not always been the case, since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep is increasingly recognized as a major lifestyle contributor to health,[27,28] which indicates the necessity of finding appropriate solutions. In addition, periods of acute withdrawal are accompanied by increased sleep latency,[29] that is, declined total sleep duration, which is in line with the present study's findings. In addition, the developed package was associated with a decreased score of habitual sleep efficiency for both groups. However, it was only significant for those in the intervention group. In this line, several studies mentioned the positive impact of following a healthy lifestyle in improving overall health. For instance, Elizabeth[30] (2021) argued that following a healthy lifestyle results in an optimal balance of healthy behavior that in turn improves overall health, including mental health. The evidence suggests that mental health problems may contribute more significantly to sleep problems; hence, the usage of sleep medications can address mental health problems. [31,32] Concerning the daytime dysfunction scale, the intervention could reduce the overall score, whereas those in the control group showed an increased score. In this regard, a randomized clinical trial by Hawkins et al. (2021) mentioned that lifestyle interventions could improve sleep quality and daytime dysfunctions. [33] Nam et al. [34] (2015) reported that lifestyle interventions were associated with declined daytime fatigue, insomnia, and dream disorders. The results demonstrated improved status of some primary scales and supportive subscales of the BASIS-A Inventory regarding participants' current psychological functioning for those in the intervention group. However, it was only significant for taking charge, entitlement, being liked by all, and striving for perfection. These results are consistent with previous studies, indicating the positive impact of lifestyle-based interventions on mental health and lifestyle. [35,36,37,38] For instance, Ozpolat et al. [39] (2012) argued that individuals who follow lifestyle-based interventions experience improved psychological well-being, including personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Concerning these findings, it can be argued that an improved sense of belonging and going along translates into the declined need for recognition and softness; meanwhile, improved mental health status results in more endeavors to achieve perfection, leading to declined entitlement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of lifestyle interventions on both physical and mental health. It mentions that studies have shown that following a healthy lifestyle can improve health outcomes, including sleep quality and psychological well-being. Specifically, it highlights that lifestyle changes contribute to better sleep and psychological functioning, supporting the concept of biohacking as a means to optimize health through lifestyle modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: Monitoring the concentration of the volatile lipid oxidation products (VLOPs) revealed that lipid oxidation occurred during storage at 4oC and 50oC for both insect species dried at 40oC and 100oC. The high protein and mineral content of wild harvested insects justifies the current traditional insect value chain. AB - Edible insects are identified as a valuable source of proteins and micronutrients with the potential to contribute in alleviating malnutrition especially in developing countries where the practice is traditional. In these countries, the communities depend mostly on collection of the insects from the natural environments. Knowledge on the actual contribution of wild harvested insects to nutrition security is still limited as there are limited studies to this effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how wild harvested edible insects can contribute to nutrition security in developing countries. In this study, we used two wild harvested edible insects (Eulepida mashona and Henicus whellani) consumed in Zimbabwe as case study. A survey on the consumption patterns of edible insects showed that that insect consumption was significantly higher in rural (89. 7%) than in urban (80. 0%) areas. Taste and nutritional value are the main motives of consumption for both rural and urban. Availability of edible insects influences both urban (64. 0%) and rural (83. 0%) respondents’ consumption of insects. Nutritional analysis that the protein content ranged between 52-56% (Eulepida mashona) and 59-70% (Henicus whellani), which is comparable to that of animal-based protein sources. Essential amino acids of both insect species did meet the WHO/FAO (277 mg/g protein) requirement for adult humans. The iron (24. 2- 52. 9mg/100g) and zinc content (10. 0-20. 9mg/100g) are high for both species. The fat content of both species was low (<10%), with PUFA/SFA and omega 6/3 ratios recommendable for a healthy diet. Raw insects had a higher protein in vitro digestibility than the boiled and roasted insects, and the maximal decrease in protein digestibility was around 25%. Iron was the least bioaccessible mineral in both insects. Eulepida mashona had a much higher iron bioaccessibility (30. 7%) as compared to Henicus whellani (8. 11%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about edible insects, including their nutritional value and the challenges surrounding consumption. Although the text highlights the benefits of edible insects, it does not support the idea that they are completely allergen-free. It discusses the nutritional composition of specific insect species and implies variability in safety and digestibility, demonstrating that there are factors that might affect their suitability for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: With this estimation approach, multicollinearity between the sustained and event-related regressors has been shown not to be a major concern. The primary task-related analysis focused on event-related activity as a function of trial type and task condition. Event-related estimates were created for each trial type within task conditions (no-go within Emotion and Neutral task versions). Given the complex trial structure, event-related effects were analyzed without reference to a fixed hemodynamic response function, using a delta-function estimation approach. Thus, within a 25-second response epoch following trial onset, independent values were estimated for each of 10 timepoints (corresponding to the 10 TR frames). The estimates from the individual subject GLMs were analyzed using appropriately designed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) that treated participants as a random factor. Regions of interest identification. We examined event-related brain activity in analyses within a priori defined regions of interest (ROIs). Analyses were conducted within two ‘networks’ of interest (selected not on the basis of functional connectivity but as coherent sets of regions observed in prior literature to be functionally related to cognitive control and reward processing). The first analysis examined activity within regions associated with cognitive control and working memory (established using meta-analyses; primarily including dorsal medial and lateral prefrontal and parietal regions [8], [9]. The ROI mask for the cognitive control network (CCN) was created by using anatomical coordinates identified by the aforementioned meta-analyses as seed points with 10 mm radius spheres drawn around them. The second analysis examined activity within anatomical regions associated with emotion and reward processing (hereafter EMO network) including the amygdala, portions of the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate, substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens), anterior insula, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with regions drawn according to anatomical criteria identified using the Talaraich atlas [31], and previous studies [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]. A separate region of interest included the rostral ACC, defined anatomically, which was near to, but not overlapping the ventromedial [41]. For coordinates for ROIs in both networks, please refer to Table S1 and Table S2. The exact masks for both networks are available from the authors by request. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific methodologies and analyses related to brain activity and cognitive control without addressing the overarching assertion that all behaviors can be comprehensively understood through neural circuitry. The focus on details such as regions of interest and event-related activity does not provide support for or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Six key lifestyle factors—moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA), sleep, sedentary recreational screen time, diet, alcohol use, and tobacco use—herein referred to as the ‘Big 6’, are among the leading contributors to burden of disease worldwide (of Disease Study, 2023). A growing body of literature has demonstrated associations between the Big 6 lifestyle behaviours and mental health in adolescence. Studies suggest that mechanisms include physiological mechanisms (e. g. increases in inflammation associated with poor diet worsen mental health (Oddy et al. , 2018) and decreases in inflammation associated with PA improve mental health (Kandola et al. , 2019)), neurological mechanisms (e. g. impacts on the prefrontal cortex from sleep deprivation (Jamieson et al. , 2020) and tobacco use (Jobson et al. , 2018) worsen mental health), and psychosocial mechanisms (e. g. cyberbullying and upward social comparison during screen time (Bottino et al. , 2015; Seabrook et al. , 2016) and social harms from alcohol use (Esmaeelzadeh et al. , 2018) worsen mental health). Of the existing research, most studies examine a single behaviour on its own or a subset of two-to-three behaviours and associations with mental health outcomes, but evidence indicates that there are interrelationships between the Big 6 behaviours, suggesting they should be examined together (Fakier & Wild, 2011; Foti et al. , 2011; Costigan et al. , 2013). There are four recent studies—two from Canada, (Arbour-Nicitopoulos et al. , 2012; Dabravolskaj et al. , 2023) one from Korea, (Yoo & Kim, 2020) and one from Australia (Smout et al. , 2023)—that have examined five or more of the Big 6 within one adolescent cohort. The four studies employed different methodologies and were conducted in cohorts with varying characteristics, limiting comparability of findings. Nevertheless, sleep, screen time and vegetable consumption were consistently associated with mental health outcomes, yet findings for PA, fruit consumption, junk food or SSB consumption, alcohol use, and tobacco use were inconsistent. There are several key limitations with these studies. Firstly, all except the Australian study only modelled behaviours individually, missing the opportunity to examine how associations may be impacted by adjusting for the remaining behaviours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing key lifestyle factors ('Big 6') and their significant associations with mental health. It emphasizes the importance of lifestyle changes, such as physical activity, sleep, and diet, which align with the principles of biohacking focused on optimizing physical and mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: KeywordsNovel foodRisk assessmentAllergenicitySafety assessment 1 in the European UnionEnsuring food safety from farm to fork is a founding principle of the European Union. Footnote 1 It is also the fundamental aim of the extensive body of EU laws and standards covering the agri-food sectors as well as imported and exported goods within the Member States. However, many foodborne illness outbreaks that have occurred in recent years compounded by the pressure—intentional or unintentional—caused by misinformation circulating through social media (so-called “fake news”), have generated an increasing mistrust among EU consumers in the capability of the food system to deliver safe food. Footnote 2,Footnote 3,Footnote 4 At the same time, global concern about climate change and the effects of globalization are driving lifestyle changes towards more sustainable patterns, and a consequent growing demand for healthier and less processed food. Footnote 5 At an industrial level, this demand translates into a need for product differentiation on the global market and, therefore, a call for innovation. Novel Foods—especially those derived from less exploited resources or biomasses—may offer a great opportunity to the food industry for innovation while at the same time meeting sustainability needs. Footnote 6 While the potential sources of are countless, their safety assessment according to EU regulation requires a case-by-case approach. Safety evaluations include a toxicological and a nutritional assessment, an analysis of the way the will be processed and used, as well as a description of its intended intake. Although the effort required to assess and ensure the safety of is enormous and is encoded by a well-established process,Footnote 7 consumers still perceive these foods with distrust, often due to communication campaigns on social media. It can be noted indeed that also accountable media reporting news on often make use of images that can drive disgust among readers, and thus causing mistrust. A recent work based on longitudinal- and cross-cultural studies reported on the significant correlation between food disgust and risk perception among adult consumers, pointing out the importance of food disgust sensitivity for the acceptance of Novel Foods. Footnote 8 This neophobiaFootnote 9 attitude is higher for those obtained from sources that are alien to Europeans, such as insects or algae, or sources that are produced using radically new technologies (i. e. , cultured meat). A better response is observed for obtained from known sources (i. e. , those derived from cocoa or coffee biomasses) or resembling foods common in Europe (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the safety assessments required for novel foods, including those derived from insects, indicating that their safety must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. It highlights consumer distrust towards these foods and references studies linking food disgust with risk perception, which suggests that edible insects may not be perceived as safe or allergen-free by everyone. The mention of 'neophobia' towards less familiar food sources like insects implies that they may not be safe or acceptable for all consumers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Conflict-defined regions within CCN and. Within each ROI, we identified regions showing conflict-related increases in activity through the high-conflict > low-conflict contrast, collapsing across Emotion and Neutral conditions to provide an unbiased test. Fourteen regions within the CCN, as well as five regions within the EMO network, were identified as showing conflict responses. These conflict-defined regions are summarized in Table 1, with cortical regions shown in Figure 2. As expected, conflict-related regions within the CCN included the dorsal ACC and bilateral PFC, along with additional activation in the inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, thalamus, and cerebellum. The EMO regions showing sensitivity to conflict included bilateral dopaminergic midbrain, bilateral anterior insula, and left putamen. However, in this contrast, conflict-related activation was not observed in ventromedial PFC or amygdala. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Cortical areas sensitive to the High > Low conflict contrast. These areas fall within the CCN and REW masks and were identified as showing significant (AY + BX) > (AX + BY) activation, collapsed across Emotion and Neutral conditions. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Activity in areas defined by task conflict (high>low conflict) within anatomically defined ROIs. Condition-related effects within the high versus low conflict contrast. In the next stage of analysis, each of these conflict-defined ROIs was subjected to an ANOVA that tested for effects of condition type, using timepoint as an additional factor to define event-related effects (i. e. , in terms of a condition × time interaction). Nine ROIs showed such condition × time effects – these areas are marked in a column in Table 1. The areas showing sensitivity to both conflict and emotional task content included, most prominently, the dorsal ACC, right dorsolateral PFC, and bilateral posterior PFC, near the inferior frontal junction. The examination of timecourses in these nine regions revealed that, in all of them, the condition × time interaction was due to Emotion > Neutral activation, especially in the middle timepoints where activity peaked (approximately timepoints 4–7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific neural regions that show activity in response to conflict but does not provide evidence that all behaviors can be solely understood through neural circuitry. It primarily focuses on conflict-related neural activation and does not address the broader claim regarding behavior understanding, therefore it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: However, the present study adds significantly to the field with findings that increases in health-promoting behaviours (moderate-to-vigorous PA, sleep, fruit, and vegetables) were each associated with lower psychological distress, and increases in health risk behaviours (screen time, junk food and SSB, alcohol use, and tobacco use) were each associated with higher psychological distress. When modelled together in a multi-behavioural model, the magnitude of effects reduced slightly but remained statistically significant for sleep, physical activity, vegetable consumption, junk food and SSB consumption, alcohol use, and tobacco use. This suggests that each of these behaviour changes has unique effects, over-and-above the effects of changes in other behaviours, indicating that there may be additive mental health benefits of interventions targeting these lifestyle behaviours simultaneously. While no other studies have examined the association between behaviour change in the Big 6 and mental health outcomes, four studies have examined the association between behavioural levels (in five or more of the Big 6) and mental health outcomes (Arbour-Nicitopoulos et al. , 2012; Yoo & Kim, 2020; Dabravolskaj et al. , 2023; Smout et al. , 2023). These studies utilised different methodologies cohorts with varying characteristics so findings regarding the relationship between PA, fruit consumption, junk food or SSB consumption, alcohol use, and tobacco use and mental health outcomes, were inconsistent. However, sleep, screen time and vegetable consumption were consistently found to be associated with mental health outcomes, congruous with findings from the present study (Arbour-Nicitopoulos et al. , 2012; Yoo & Kim, 2020; Dabravolskaj et al. , 2023 Apr 17; Smout et al. , 2023). Many countries have national health guidelines for physical activity, screen time, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sleep, including Australia. However, studies show that many adolescents do not meet these guidelines (Beal et al. , 2019; Guthold et al. , 2020; Khan et al. , 2021). Indeed, the present study found that the proportion of students meeting guidelines dropped between year 7 and year 10 (with the exception of sleep, due to a reduction in recommended sleep for older adolescents). By year 10, most participants were not meeting guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous PA, sleep, screen time, and vegetable consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various health-promoting behaviours such as physical activity, sleep, and diet (fruit and vegetable consumption) and their associations with psychological distress and mental health outcomes. It emphasizes that interventions targeting lifestyle behaviours can yield mental health benefits, which aligns with the concept of biohacking as optimizing health through lifestyle changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: , juices or infusions from novel berries). Footnote 10,Footnote 11 It is therefore important to provide an overview of the safety assessment required for Novel Food, to demonstrate the rigorous procedure required for approval and the high standards requested for entering the market. 2 Requirements for Novel FoodsIt is important to underline that should be at least as safe as their traditional counterparts, where extant, and should not present any dietary risks. This is the underpinning principle for the safety assessment procedure leading to the approval of a Novel Food. Footnote 12The risk assessment performed by the (EFSA), based on the scientific evidence provided by the food business operator, enables the to decide whether a product or ingredient can be placed on the EU market. Footnote 13 It should be noted that such premarket authorisationFootnote 14 is not only requested for Novel Foods, but is also a prerequisite for the commercialization of other regulated products (i. e. , food enzymes, improvement agents). Authorisation is also required for the use of health claims on food labels, and it is clearly aimed at both ensuring the safety of the product as well as at enabling consumers to make informed choices. The safety assessment procedure for is established by law in Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, while the main scientific requirements for a application are outlined in EFSA’s “Guidance on the preparation and presentation of an application for authorization of a in the context of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283”. EFSA’s specific role is to identify and characterise any hazards linked to the consumption of Novel Foods, and assess the risk associated with their consumption under the proposed conditions of use. It should be noted, however, that it is the applicant’s responsibility to provide sufficient and sound evidence to support the safety of the proposed Novel Food. When scientific data provided by the applicant are not sufficient to rule out any potential health concern, the cannot be approved for the market. In order to ensure the overall transparency of the process, all applications received by EFSA are publicly available via the EFSA Register of Questions (ROQ) database,Footnote 15 while all the published technical reports on the risk assessment of these products are published in the EFSA Journal. Footnote 16 In addition, all the in the authorised so far are compiled into the Union List,Footnote 17 which includes their conditions of use, labelling requirements, and their specifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the stringent safety assessment procedures that Novel Foods, including edible insects, must undergo before being marketed. It emphasizes that these products must be 'at least as safe as their traditional counterparts' and notes that if the scientific data provided by the applicant cannot adequately rule out potential health concerns, the product cannot be approved for the market. This implies that edible insects may not be completely allergen-free or safe for everyone, thereby directly rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The timecourse of the effect within the dorsal ACC is shown in Figure 3, as a representative illustration of this pattern. In this and the other regions, the effects of condition did not interact with conflict, but instead were present as an additive increase in activation. In only one region, the right dopaminergic (DA) midbrain, was there evidence of a condition*conflict interaction (at trend-level, p =. 057). However, this interaction was due to increased activity in both the high and low conflict trials of the Emotion condition (i. e. , with a reduced conflict-related increase), compared to the Neutral condition. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Timecourses illustrating High > and Emotion > Neutral effects. Representative regions demonstrating both a high > low conflict and Emotion > Neutral pattern (due to a condition*time interaction), but no conflict* condition interaction: (A) dorsal ACC; (B) left amygdala. Emotion and trial-type effects under high conflict. Because the ANOVA described above showed Emotion effects that did not interact with conflict, we conducted a follow-up ANOVA to address two additional questions: 1) Was the Emotion-related increase in activation present even when only considering high-conflict trials (i. e. , AY and BX)? 2) Were there any differential effects of Emotion related to the type of conflict experienced, i. e. , cue-based (AY trials) versus probe-based (BX trials)? To address these questions, the second ANOVA included only the high-conflict trial types (AY, BX) and excluded the low-conflict trials (AX,BY), to examine potential effects of condition (Emotion, Neutral) and high-conflict trial-type (AY,BX) as primary factors of interest (additional factors again included timepoint, and target expression). The primary pattern observed in the first ANOVA, a condition × time interaction, was replicated in the second ANOVA. Eight regions showed this effect, denoted in Table 1; again, these included dorsal ACC, right dorsolateral PFC, and bilateral PFC regions. Importantly, the same Emotion > Neutral pattern was observed in these regions, confirming that high emotion-conflict trials increased activation of the cognitive control system relative to non-emotion conflict conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of different emotional conditions on neural activation within certain brain regions but does not directly address the claim that all behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. The lack of explicit confirmation or denial regarding the sufficiency of neural circuitry for understanding all behaviors makes this text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Since the implementation of ART to treat HIV, hyperlipidemia has been a burden and a conceivable complication to PLHIV. Earlier studies reveal the urgency of eliminating reversible risk factors such as smoking and sedentary life to avoid further health complications, like coronary artery disease [33]. Medications to treat hyperlipidemia are useful in combination with lifestyle modifications like boosting cardiopulmonary fitness, favorable diet, and quitting smoking [31]. As the ART medication cocktails evolves more effectively in lengthening life expectancy in PLHIV, numerous lifestyle modifications should be incorporated. The current study and outcomes reflected the association between cd4 values and a lipid profile, making noticeable that regardless of the Cd4 number (high or low cd4), hyperlipidemia is a likelihood, followed by the increased risk of coronary artery disease, which is an issue worth assessing in PLHIV in all stages of the disease. Our study further recommends discerning body composition (for instance, body mass index) to trace body fat distribution across the participant's life. The aforementioned is one crucial limitation of this study. Since data collection was acquired through participant’s records, not an interview, body composition measurements were not compiled in more than 75% of the interviews, thus currently missing from the participant’s history; therefore, we were unable to acquire this piece of information. This study highlights the distinctions between high and low immune system status. Among the variations attributed to lifestyle, smoking was documented considerably more in the L-HIV. Outcomes of this study evoke that smoking might be associated with the lower levels of cd4 and not the quantity of ART intake by these participants. Reported reasons are explaining the lower Cd4 values in these PLHIV. Among the assumptions, inconsistency with ART medication, the onset of ART therapy compared to the timeframe of contracting the virus, and lifestyle choices [34] are among the reasons Cd4 might be variable in the present study. Within the lifestyle choice and as previously mentioned, smoking was the recurrent factor among the groups in this study. Smoking has been associated with depression in PLHIV. It is reported in the literature as a critical factor for health-related quality of life deteriorating, life expectancy reduction, and qualityadjusted life expectancy alterations [35]. In the current work, the outcomes presented in this study we collected from participants' records and not with interviews, as previously mentioned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the implications of lifestyle changes and health management for people living with HIV (PLHIV), particularly regarding the treatment of hyperlipidemia and other complications. While it mentions the importance of lifestyle modifications, it does not address biohacking specifically as a broader concept that encompasses lifestyle changes and technological interventions aimed at optimizing health. Therefore, the text does not corroborate or contrast with the claim but is irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the EU Commission also makes publicly available the summaries of applications and notifications. Footnote 18Certain background information on the denomination/identity of the or ingredients, its source, and intended use, is necessary to establish its safety profile. This information also helps to identify potential knowledge gaps, and any ensuing need for additional toxicological or nutritional studies. A or ingredient can be obtained from a plant, animal, or micro-organism, or can derive from chemical synthesis. Accordingly, different strategies should be put in place for the assessment of the safety profile. Foods or ingredients obtained from biological sources, details of any previous use as a food or feed should be provided, together with information about the history of use outside the EU. Such information will help in the evaluation of previous adverse effects in the target human population, and in the definition of the boundaries of the intended use. can be ingredients with complex mixtures or whole foods. Examples of whole foods are the recently authorised lyophilised pulp and skin of pitted fruits of Synsepalum dulcificum,Footnote 19 intended as a food supplement, or the partially defatted rapeseed powder from Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L. Footnote 20 On the contrary, extracts or fractions can be regarded as complex mixtures, i. e. , the recently authorised astaxanthin-rich oleoresin from Haematococcus pluvialis algae. Footnote 21The complex nature of such systems, usually formed by hundreds of different substances over a large range of concentrations, is the main constraint to providing a comprehensive chemical characterization of the Novel Food. A comprehensive (physico)-chemical characterization of the is indeed the groundwork for a critical evaluation of any possible adverse health effects in humans, providing essential information for the design and interpretation of toxicological studies. In addition to proximate analysis, the applicant should provide qualitative and, when possible, quantitative data on components of biological interest, so as to minimize the percentage of unidentified substances. In addition, chemical information about the potential occurrence of residues, contaminants, or inherent compounds of biological interest are required. For instance, the applicant should provide data about residues, natural toxins, nutrients, and antinutritional factors known to be associated with the source of the or ingredient, or contaminants that might arise from the production process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of safety assessments for foods and ingredients, highlighting that potential allergens and adverse health effects must be evaluated. It notes that a comprehensive chemical characterization is necessary to evaluate possible adverse health effects in humans and emphasizes the need for information regarding residues, natural toxins, nutrients, and antinutritional factors, which indicates that edible insects may not be entirely allergen-free or safe for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: A second pattern that was observed in the ANOVA was a trial-type × time interaction, which was significant in 11 ROIs. In all of these regions, the pattern was due to increased activation on BX trials relative to AY, during the early part of the trial (timepoints 2–5), but then comparable activation later in the trial (timepoints 6–10). Figure 4 demonstrates this timecourse pattern in an example region, the right lateral PFC. Although a BX > AY pattern is consistent with conflict being increased under probe-based conditions, the early, rather than late timecourse of the effect suggests that the trial-type effect might be anticipatory or expectancy-related. Note that the expectancy for high conflict is significantly greater following a B-cue (probability BX | B-cue∼0. 4) than following an A-cue (probability AY | A-cue∼0. 1). Thus, differential conflict anticipation or expectancy may account for the trial-type effects, rather than a differential response to experienced conflict during probe processing. Similar conflict expectancy effects have been observed in prior studies of the AX-CPT [46], [47] and other conflict paradigms [48]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Timecourse illustrating BX > AY trial-type effect. Representative region in right lateral PFC exhibiting BX > AY activity early, and comparable levels of activity in both trial types later in the timecourse. effects of condition and trial-type were present, the two factors did not appear to interact, as no regions showed evidence of condition × trial-type or condition × trial-type × time interactions. Thus, the BX > AY pattern did not differ significantly between Emotion & Neutral conditions. Focused analysis of rostral ACC and amygdala activity: conflict and condition effects. As done previously within the CCN and EMO masks, we computed contrasts (high > low conflict) within the rostral ACC and amygdala ROIs. However, to test whether these regions were particularly sensitive to emotion conflict per se, we conducted a follow-up ANOVA using a high > low conflict contrast, but restricting to the Emotion condition only. No voxels within the rostral ACC or amygdala survived this contrast, contrary to evidence from previous studies suggesting their sensitivity to emotional conflict. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses trial-type effects and anticipatory bias in the context of neural activation during specific conditions in an experiment. It does not specifically address the notion that all behaviors could be understood solely through neural circuitry, nor does it support or refute that idea.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: The participants readiness to engage in lifestyle changes by way of physical activity and nutritional improvements was measured using of tool, a construct within the [25]. This theoretical framework is an effective means to encourage behaviour change across a range of issues, including smoking, alcohol abuse, weight control and exercise [32]. The 5 stages of change, ranging from pre-contemplation to maintenance, depicts the dynamic evolution of behaviour change and the possibility of recycling through stages, encouraging non-punitive discussions to be had around relapses. This tool can help allied health and exercise professionals tailor an intervention to an individual’s needs (e. g. , those in the ‘contemplation’ stage may benefit from more education than those in the ‘action’ phase). Additionally, movement between stages has been shown to be a predictor of future readiness for change. Studies in addictive behaviours show that moving from one stage to the next within one month will double one’s chances of acting on behaviour change in the next six months of treatment [33]. The targeted change for participants in the HEAL™ing program was to improve the stage of change by one level, which was achieved with most included participants in action and maintenance phases by the end of the program. Given most of the current population were initially in the pre-contemplation, contemplation or preparation stage at the commencement of the program, and considered likely to moderate levels of psychological distress, the shift of many individuals to a stage of action or maintenance was a key indicator of the success of this program. The improvements in the functional measures of increased physical activity (both planned and completed), the improved leg strength and increased cardiovascular fitness all serve to improve the capacity of the individual to participate more fully in activities of daily living, however they all remain below the expected levels [34, 35]. Similar levels of performance and change were seen in these functional measures when the standard versions of the HEAL™ program was delivered [15]. The novel inclusion of a healthy eating element and lifestyle educational sessions has not been explored widely in recent literature. By incorporating education on healthy eating alongside a physical activity class, the program provided a small but significant decrease in BMI. This change is reflective of the program success which increased the amount of daily physical activity together with the daily consumption of fruit and vegetable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of lifestyle changes such as physical activity and nutritional improvements as part of a program aimed at enhancing health outcomes. It describes how participants engaged in behaviour changes to increase physical activity, improve nutritional intake, and ultimately enhance their overall health, aligning with the definition of biohacking as the use of lifestyle changes to optimize health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: The analytical plan should be decided on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the source of the or ingredient and its processing history. As an example, in the recently authorised Coffea arabica L. and/or Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner dried cherry pulp,Footnote 22 caffeine was clearly the main inherent compound of interest. An accurate quantification in different batches allowed for the extrapolation of potential intake in the target population according to the proposed use. The provisional intake was then compared to the caffeine threshold of concern according to EFSA to assess any potential risk deriving from the consumption of the Novel Food. When the has had, instead, a high fat content which is known to be highly degradable, as in the case of coriander seed oil,Footnote 23 the possible formation of hazardous compounds during storage following lipid peroxidation was thoroughly assessed. In addition to its composition, the production process can significantly impact the safety profile of a Novel Food, leading to changes in composition (i. e. , dilution and/or concentration of compounds of interest in extracts) or degradation of unstable compounds. Therefore, production processes cannot be overlooked in the safety assessment. The toxicological profile of a is probably the most cumbersome step in the safety assessment, especially when there is no substantial information available about the history of use. Methodologies for the evaluation of toxicokinetic, toxicological, and allergenic aspects are not univocally defined. Footnote 24,Footnote 25 To properly guide the process, EFSA has recently proposed a tiered approach based on the use of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. Footnote 26,Footnote 27 In particular, the integration of computational approaches and physicochemical data can support a more precise design of experimental trials, thus allowing for the limitation of the number of animal trials according to the 3R principle. Footnote 28Finally, all the data obtained from the (physico)-chemical characterization and the toxicological assessment is used to set appropriate specifications and to define the intended role of the or ingredient in the diet as well as its potential intake and target population. The specification is aimed at ensuring the observance of the general conditions of inclusion of in the Union list, as established by Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the safety assessment of Novel Foods, including edible insects, is complex and requires meticulous evaluation of allergenic aspects. It mentions that 'methodologies for the evaluation of toxicokinetic, toxicological, and allergenic aspects are not univocally defined,' suggesting that there are no definitive conclusions about the allergenicity of edible insects. Furthermore, it emphasizes that processing and production methods can impact the safety profile of food products, which implies potential risks associated with edible insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: As such, the current results support the general notion that participants utilize the same types of proactive control strategies even when experiencing high demands for such control as a result of emotional conflict. The emotional AX-CPT paradigm presented in the present study, and the use of emotional facial expressions as a response modality more generally, have the potential to provide a more naturalistic technique from which to probe emotional conflict, relative to the previous laboratory paradigms that have been used. Facial expressions have direct, automatic associations with different emotional experiences [59]; thus, they potentially provide a performance measure that is a more sensitive index of both trial-by-trial fluctuations and individual differences in emotional processing. In the present study we were not able to obtain behavioural performance measures due to technical difficulties, but future studies capitalizing on this technique should explore this possibility (e. g. , via simultaneous EMG and fMRI recordings). Additionally, using facial expressions as responses permits elicitation of conflict via S-R interference, which is a robust form of interference that has nevertheless been understudied (relative to S-S interference) in the domain of emotion. The utilization of facial expressions as a response modality provides a potential means to probe emotional conflict via S-R interference in other paradigms as well, such as the Stroop adaptations utilized by Egner and colleagues [16], [22]. For example, in Stroop conditions that require participants to make facial expressions to semantically associated words (e. g. , “smile”, “frown”) while ignoring irrelevant but superimposed affectively-valenced pictures, it would be possible to manipulate congruency in an analogous manner to that examined here. One of the advantages of developing adaptations of the Stroop and related paradigms (e. g. , Flankers, Simon) that include facial expressions as a response modality is that it would permit exploration of experimental manipulations not easily implemented in the AX-CPT. In particular, conflict-related shifts in control state (e. g. , conflict adaptation or resolution effects) have been profitably examined through manipulation and examination of trial-by-trial sequential effects [60], changes in relative trial frequencies [61], and other similar effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the emotional AX-CPT paradigm and the use of facial expressions in the context of emotional conflict and control strategies. It does not address or provide support for the idea that all behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1317818/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackgroundThe clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline has been either limited or controversial. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) and nootropics combination in the treatment of cognitive impairment in dementia. MethodsData were based on electronic medical records in a university health system. Patients with mild-to-moderate dementia and no history of prior cognitive enhancer use were included (n = 583). The subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group. The primary outcome measure was the change in cognitive function, as assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) from baseline to 300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription. Subsequent analyses were conducted in consideration of the dementia type, medical adherence, and type of nootropics. ResultsThe changes in MMSE scores from baseline to endpoint were not significantly different between the two groups. In Alzheimer’s dementia, the combination group showed significantly less deterioration in MMSE language subscale scores compared to the ChEI only group (F = 6. 86, p = 0. 009), and the difference was consistent in the highly adherent subjects (F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002). The choline alfoscerate and the ginkgo biloba extract subgroups in Alzheimer’s dementia showed more significant improvements in the MMSE language subscale scores compared to the other nootropics subgroup (F = 7. 04, p = 0. 001). ConclusionsThe present study showed that the effectiveness of ChEI and nootropics combination on cognition may appear differently according to the dementia type. It emphasizes the need for well-controlled studies to generalize the effectiveness of nootropics across various clinical settings. Cholinesterase inhibitorsNootropic agentsDementiaAlzheimer diseaseCognitive dysfunctionMental status and dementia testFiguresFigure 1BackgroundDementia is one of the most rapidly growing syndromes in aging societies, and it is also the leading cause of disability and caregiver dependency among older adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of nootropics, particularly in the context of cognitive impairment treatment. It highlights how the effectiveness of Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) and nootropics was studied in patients with dementia, which aligns with the idea that biohackers utilize these substances for cognitive enhancement. Furthermore, it mentions that specific nootropic agents, like choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba, showed significant improvements in cognitive function, supporting the claim of cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: 3 Assessing the Allergenic Potential: ConstraintAs required by Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, allergens must be indicated on food product labels to provide consumers with information about potential allergens. Therefore, the evaluation of potential allergens occurring in is essential to carrying out an accurate risk assessment and meeting the general conditions of inclusion in the Union list. However, there are no validated predictive tests for assessing the allergenicity of proteins from sources that are not commonly recognized as allergens. While a comprehensive and robust chemical characterization is possible, and the methodologies for a sound toxicological evaluation are often available, the allergenic potential of a certain food or ingredient is still difficult to be defined in the absence of a history of use. For this reason, the assessment of allergenic potential is the main bottleneck and one of the major limitations in the risk assessment of many candidates. Since food allergens are mainly proteins, any containing proteins or protein fractions may elicit an allergenic response. Therefore, as a general assumption, when proteins are determined in the compositional analysis of a or ingredient, these proteins must be regarded as potentially allergenic. Footnote 29 A novel protein may present a risk due to de novo sensitisation or cross reactivity. Footnote 30,Footnote 31 The term sensitisation refers to the initiation of an allergic immune response following from the intake of an allergen. It can be caused via multiple routes of exposure, i. e. , ingestion, respiratory tract, or dermal exposure. In terms of mechanism, the allergen intake leads to a hypersensitive immune response, which in typical food allergies is IgE mediated. De novo sensitisation indicates that a new protein causes such an allergic reaction, while in cross-reactivity, a protein which is homologous to a known allergen causes an allergic reaction similar to that of the known allergen (i. e. , birch pollen allergens cross-reacting with apple allergens). If the or ingredient is expected to contain proteins from sources known to be associated with food allergy, more information can be collected from specific chemical and immunological tests. In case of a positive result, the should be labelled to indicate the source of the allergenic protein in question. If the history of the or ingredient does not suggest the presence of proteins from sources known to be associated with food allergy, an alternative strategy is required. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the allergenic potential of proteins in edible insects and other food sources. It highlights the uncertainty regarding the allergenicity of novel proteins and suggests that any food containing proteins should be considered potentially allergenic. This directly opposes the claim that edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: As a means of eliciting emotional conflict in a naturalistic, ecologically valid manner, the S-R incompatibility elicited through facial expression-based responding has the potential to be exploited in a similar variety of experimental manipulations, contributing to our knowledge of the behavioural and neural mechanisms underlying emotional conflict processing. It is our hope that this technique may provide one direction by which investigations of emotional conflict may approach the rigor and sophistication of similar research within the more traditional realm of cognitive control. Supporting InformationFigure S1. (a) Error rates and (b) response onset times measured via EMG in the Emotion AX-CPT, from Chiew & Braver (2010), as a function of Condition (Emotion vs. Neutral) and Conflict (high vs. low). Table S1. Centres of mass for cognitive control network (CCN) regions of interest (ROIs) used to mask the neuroimaging data. Table S2. Coordinates for hand-drawn emotion/reward-related (EMO) regions of interest (ROIs) used to mask the neuroimaging data. Table S3. Activity in areas defined by task conflict (high > low conflict) within anatomically defined ROIs with discernable errors eliminated, and comparable areas with all trials included (from Table 1). Text S1. Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments:. Performed the experiments: KSC. Analyzed the data:. Wrote the paper:. 1. (2001) Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion. 63: 1004–1013. View 2. (2001) Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass. J Gen 130: 466–478. View 3. (2001) Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. 108: 624–652. View 4. Stroop JR (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Gen 18: 643–662. View 5. (1990) Dimensional overlap: cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility–a model and taxonomy. 97: 253–270. View 6. Braver TS, (2007) Neural mechanisms of cognitive control in cued task-switching: rules, representations, and preparation. In: editors. Neuroscience of rule-guided behavior. Oxford: Press. 282. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it discusses methods of eliciting emotional conflict and the mechanisms of emotional processing, which suggests that behavioral understanding may integrate multiple factors beyond just neural circuitry. No information in the text supports or contradicts the claim regarding the sufficiency of neural circuitry in understanding all behaviors, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Currently, more than 55 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and nearly 10 million new patients are diagnosed with dementia every year [1]. Dementia leads to deterioration in multiple domains of cognitive function, including orientation, memory, language, attention, and visuospatial construction. To date, no curative drugs for dementia have been widely implemented in clinical practice, and most clinicians still consider cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) as the first line of pharmacological treatment for cognitive deficits in dementia [2, 3]. Nootropics, which were originally described as compounds with similar pharmacology to piracetam, are now generally accepted as any and all compounds that are expected to improve learning and memory in experimental and clinical paradigms [4]. In Korea, apart from the general over-the-counter supplements, there are certain nootropics that need prescriptions for use; among those most frequently prescribed are choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. Many clinicians often prefer concomitant use of ChEIs with nootropics, based on fragmentary evidence that augmentation could have certain clinical benefits [5, 6]. In fact, the clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline are either limited or controversial, with some studies showing improvements in cognitive function with choline alfoscerate [7–9], ginkgo biloba extract [10, 11], acetyl-L-carnitine [6, 12], and nicergoline [13, 14], while other studies demonstrated no clinical benefits of such nootropics [15–18]. Although nootropics alone may not significantly improve cognitive function, nootropics in combination with ChEIs may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and microperfusion in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum, ultimately delaying cognitive decline in dementia, especially in those with mild-to-moderate disease severity [19–21]. This study aimed to elucidate whether the concomitant use of nootropics with ChEIs is effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses nootropics as compounds that are expected to improve learning and memory. It elaborates on the use of nootropics in clinical contexts, indicating that they may enhance cognitive function and are often used alongside other treatments for cognitive decline.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: While it is unlikely that a new protein will elicit an allergic reaction in a large proportion of the population, a comparison of the properties of any new proteins in the with those of known allergens may prove valuable in assessing the likelihood that the new protein will express allergenic potential. Potential cross-reactivity can be analysed by homology searches, i. e. , the comparison of the protein chemical structure with a dataset of sequences of known allergens, and serological testing such as immunoblotting. Once novel proteins are introduced in the diet, however, their capability to cause de novo sensitisation is difficult to analyse. Footnote 32A consensus protocol for determining the allergenicity of is still lacking. However, current approaches are based on weight-of-evidence. Footnote 33 A sound evaluation of the history of use of the protein (or the source material containing the protein), also in relation to the specific environmental and geographical factors, is of upmost importance. A taxonomical analysis of the source organism (i. e. , plants, microorganisms, or animals) may reveal a relationship with sources of known allergens, thus indicating potential allergens. This can be also supported by the structural characterization of the protein and its comparison to known allergens. In addition, the IgE-binding capacity of the should be tested using human sera from allergic patients to check possible cross-reactivity or following a primary sensitisation. When an IgE-binding protein is identified, its biological activity should be carefully assessed so as to clarify whether it could activate an immunologic response. As a complementary strategy, protein thermal stability and its resistance to enzymatic digestion should be also considered. Footnote 34,Footnote 354 to guidance documentFootnote 36 provides suggestions for which tests can be used to evaluate the kinetic, toxicological, and allergenic properties of the Novel Food, as well as its chemical characterization. Suggested methodologies are usually based on well-established approaches with a large consensus within the scientific community. However, a range of novel methods based on cutting edge technologies—with high potential to improve the chemical and toxicological characterization of a food—are becoming available to the scientific community. Among them, in silico modelling and omics technologies are already considered by the EU animal welfare Directive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential allergenic reactions that new proteins, including those from edible insects, may elicit. It notes that introducing novel proteins into the diet can lead to difficulties in assessing their allergenic potential and emphasizes that allergenicity needs to be evaluated through various methods, including comparisons with known allergens and testing for IgE-binding capacity. This indicates that edible insects may not be completely allergen-free and could pose risks to individuals with allergies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Cole MW, (2007) The cognitive control network: Integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. Neuroimage 37: 343–360. View 8. (2005) N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Mapp 25: 46–59. View 9. (2003) Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. 3: 255–274. View 10. (2004) Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Sci 8: 539–546. View 11. 3rd, (2004) Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303: 1023–1026. View 12. Carter CS, van (2007) Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: an update of theory and data. 7: 367–379. View 13. (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280: 747–749. View 14. (2010) Using the Stroop task to study emotion regulation. In: editors. in Society, Mind, and Brain. Oxford: Press. 113. 15. (2006) Interference produced by emotional conflict associated with anterior cingulate activation. 6: 152–156. View 16. (2008) Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters. 18: 1475–1484. View 17. (2008) Supporting the Control of Affective and Cognitive Conflicts. J Cogn Neurosci. View 18. (2008) Controlling emotional expression: behavioral and neural correlates of nonimitative emotional responses. 18: 104–113. View 19. Mathews A, Mac(1985) Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Ther 23: 563–569. View 20. (2006) Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments. Emotion 6: 62–72. View 21. (2004) A rational look at the emotional stroop phenomenon: a generic slowdown, not a stroop effect. J Gen 133: 323–338. View 22. (2006) Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron 51: 871–882. View 23. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses numerous neuroimaging studies and theories related to neural functions, particularly in areas like conflict monitoring and emotional regulation. However, it does not address the claim directly; instead, it provides a list of references and studies without specifically asserting that all behaviors are solely determined by neural circuitry. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide supportive or contrasting evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that dementia patients treated with both ChEIs and nootropics would show less deterioration in cognitive function as assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) over a 1-year follow-up period compared to dementia patients treated with ChEIs only. We further hypothesized that this trend would be more evident in the neurodegenerative forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. population The present study aimed to observe the effectiveness of the concomitant administration of nootropics with ChEIs for the treatment of cognitive deficits in patients with dementia. Data were collected and extracted via the clinical data warehouse of a university health system consisting of three general hospitals with 4,050 beds in total. Patients with any diagnosis of dementia, defined according to the Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes F00, F01, F02, F03, F10. 7, G23. 1, G30, G31. 0, G31. 1, and G31. 8, between the ages of 60 and 89 years were selected. We extracted all diagnostic codes of the patients regardless of whether they were the main or sub-diagnoses. After screening the entire prescription histories registered on the clinical data warehouse, which was over 7 years of record, only the patients who had their first ChEI prescription between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study. Subjects were further narrowed down to only those with mild-to-moderate dementia, as defined by their baseline MMSE total scores from 10 to 26 (n = 583) (Fig. 1). Subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group (n = 410) and the ChEI and nootropics combination group (n = 173). Subjects in the ChEI and nootropics combination group were prescribed at least one of the following nootropics during the follow-up period: choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. MMSE total scores and its six-subscale scores (orientation, immediate recall, attention and calculation, delayed recall, language, and visuospatial construction) were collected at the baseline (within 30 days of the first ChEI prescription of ChEI) and at the endpoint (300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that hypothesizes the effectiveness of nootropics (a class of cognitive enhancers) in improving cognitive function in dementia patients when used alongside Cholinesterase Inhibitors (ChEIs). This aligns with the claim that biohackers utilize nootropics to enhance cognitive function, suggesting that such substances are indeed being used to target and potentially improve memory and cognitive performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: Footnote 37 The integration of in vitro and in silico methods to evaluate the biological activity of certain food components is widely suggested in the recent literature, especially to refine the identification of potential biological targets and reduce the number of animal experiments. Footnote 38,Footnote 39,Footnote 40 Computational methods based on quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis,Footnote 41 physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling (PBTK),Footnote 42 and the Threshold of (TTC)Footnote 43 have recently been included in EFSA guidance documents, attesting to the great potential for their exploitation in risk assessment. Footnote 44 These alternative methods take advantage of the computational calculation available in the “big data” era, allowing for the high throughput safety evaluation of large batches of chemicals. Although animal studies cannot be completely replaced by computational modelling, such alternative methods may provide a prioritization criterion, thus contributing to the identification of the main biological targets and endpoints to be further tested. In the end, this may lead to a significant reduction in animal testing, as well as reducing the cost and effort required for toxicological studies. The combination of data from in vitro toxicity experiments, ADME data, in silico experiments, and in vivo dose-response curves may represent an innovative pipeline to reduce or replace tests with experimental animals while providing a robust risk assessment; the main limitation is so far still represented by the difficulty of the in vitro–in vivo extrapolation of toxicological data. The integration of system biology and toxicogenomics is also increasingly gaining interest in risk assessment work, although the lack of consensus workflow is constraining the wide uptake of such methodologies into general risk assessment processes. Footnote 45 Once the predictive capacity of these methodologies is improved and consensus workflows are available for the scientific community, the inclusion of alternative methods into the current risk assessment procedure will pave the road to more informed and thorough safety and nutritional assessment. Footnote 465 of Novel FoodInsects are probably among the most controversial in terms of consumer perception. While their relevance for sustainability from a circular economy perspective is undeniable,Footnote 47 their acceptance as food or food ingredients among consumers is low, also due to the wide use of misleading and disgust-provoking images in social media communication campaigns. Footnote 48Three insect species have been approved as so far, namely Tenebrio molitor larva,Footnote 49 Locusta migratoria,Footnote 50 and Acheta domesticus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that consumer acceptance of insects as food is low, partly due to potential concerns related to safety and the perception of insects. The mention of 'controversial' aspects regarding consumer perception indicates that edible insects might not be viewed as completely safe or allergen-free by everyone, thus directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: View 38. (2006) Altering expectancy dampens neural response to aversive taste in primary taste cortex. 9: 435–442. View 39. O'(2003) Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices. J Neurosci 23: 7931–7939. View 40. O' (2004) Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304: 452–454. View 41. (1998) The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: a functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division. 44: 1219–1228. View 42. (2001) Cluster size thresholds for assessment of significant activation in fMRI. Neuroimage 13: S198. View 43. (1995) Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): use of a cluster-size threshold. Med 33: 636–647. View 44. Ward DB (2000) Simultaneous inference for MRI data. 45. (2000) Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Sci 4: 215–222. View 46. MacDonald AW 3rd, Carter CS (2003) Event-related FMRI study of context processing in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. J 112: 689–697. View 47. (2008) Cognitive control, goal maintenance, and prefrontal function in healthy aging. 18: 1010–1028. View 48. (2007) Anticipation of conflict monitoring in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex. 104: 10330–10334. View 49. (2003) Paying attention to emotion: an fMRI investigation of cognitive and emotional stroop tasks. 3: 81–96. View 50. On emotional conflict: interference resolution of happy and angry prosody reveals valence-specific effects. 20: 383–392. View 51. Dolcos F, Mc(2006) Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction. J Neurosci 26: 2072–2079. View 52. (2002) Rethinking feelings: an FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J 14: 1215–1229. View 53. (2006) Individual differences in amygdala activity predict response speed during working memory. J Neurosci 26: 10120–10128. View 54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references to various studies related to neural responses and cognitive processes, but it does not directly address the claim that suggests all behaviors can be purely understood through neural circuitry. Instead, it lists articles that discuss neuroimaging and cognitive functions, indicating a complexity in understanding behavior beyond just neural circuits. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: 009), while in the vascular dementia subjects, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE attention and calculation subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, with a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 59 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 44, p = 0. 038). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction in the other dementia patients. (Table 4 inserted here) For highly-adherent Alzheimer’s dementia patients, the MMSE language subscale score consistently revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction, showing favorable results for the ChEI and nootropics combination group (-0. 38 for the ChEI only group and 0. 12 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002) (Table 4). Apart from the language subscale score, a linear mixed-effects model with the MMSE visuospatial construction subscale score as the dependent variable also showed a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 06 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 00, p = 0. 046) (Table 4). Subgroup analysis within the ChEI and nootropics combination group in Alzheimer’s dementia: choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics When the three types of nootropics within the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia subjects were compared, choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract combination with ChEI showed significantly less declines in the MMSE total scores (p = 0. 006) compared to other nootropics combination (-0. 28 for the choline alfoscerate group, -0. 51 for the ginkgo biloba extract group, -2. 81 for the other nootropics group) (2). Highly significant between-group differences, in favor of the choline alfoscerate combination and the ginkgo biloba extract combination, were shown in the MMSE language subscale score (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of nootropics in combination with ChEI (cholinesterase inhibitors) for enhancing cognitive function in dementia patients. The results indicate significant improvement in various cognitive scores, suggesting that nootropics can have a positive impact on cognitive abilities, which aligns with the claim about biohackers using such supplements for cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomads work remotely while traveling, often leveraging technology for flexible employment. [SEP] Text: More recently another informant made a detailed assessment of coworking spaces based on four years’ experience: On days I don’t have motivation, going into the coworking space forces me to step up, and seeing people working and being busy is helpful. It’s so important to have a nice desk, and ergonomic chair, good lighting, plugs in the right places and access to good coffee. (Informant 9, 2019) Several informants confided that although they were glad to escape from their old jobs, they missed some of the disciplining routines, evoking David Graeber’s analysis that it is possible to simultaneously loathe and find comfort in the rules and bureaucracies that surround us (Graeber 2016, p. 149). One informant confessed to feeling a ‘separation anxiety’ from their old job. Again, normative work practices cast a shadow that can be hard to avoid—particularly during periods of self-doubt—and these re-enactments are more likely to occur if someone has a long history of working in an office. As one informant wearily explained after a year travelling: My parents lived their whole lives by the rules of 9 to 5. It's hard to forget that history and sometimes I feel guilty and weird if I don't have enough structure. Who knows where that comes from (Informant 8, 2018) So although digital nomads attempt to create personalised work routines, the gravitational pull and institutional power of what some informants call ‘the traditional office’, or the ‘rules of 9 to 5’, can be hard to escape. Going into the coworking space every day can be a grounding and disciplining performance. One informant explained, ‘I’m not always working when I go in, but it makes me feel more grounded, sometimes it’s a matter of “fake it until you make it”, but it took me a few years to work this out' (Informant 1, 2019). Work practices that appear to blend self-imposed routines with the aid of external infrastructures (e. g. coworking spaces), whilst paradoxically rejecting the ‘rules of 9 to 5’, demonstrate that the work routines and the need for structure are not so easily evaded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges digital nomads face in escaping traditional work structures. It details how informants express difficulties in departing from the routines and norms of previous office jobs, making it clear that despite attempts to create flexible work environments, such as using coworking spaces, the influence of conventional office culture ('the rules of 9 to 5') still persists. This suggests that while they may work remotely, the traditional work mentality can hinder the flexibility associated with digital nomadism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: Search loading subjects. . . Ebook: Methods for in Infrastructures loading. . . for Peace and - D: Information and Published 2024 Daponte, Maciej Klósak, 978-1-64368-525-0 (print) | 978-1-64368-526-7 (online) infrastructures are fundamental to the working of societies and economies. They play a crucial role in supply, with 90% of commercial trade exchanges carried out worldwide handled by the maritime industry, in the functioning of the economy, the maintenance of mobility and the deployment of renewable energies. For the past decade, the attention of developed democratic nations has been focused on the protection of vital terrestrial objects, but less attention has been paid to critical maritime infrastructures and the need to increase their resilience. This book, Methods for in Infrastructures, presents 23 papers delivered at the (ATC) hosted in hybrid format from 15-20 January 2024 in Agadir, Morocco. The aim of the ATC was to cover the problem of monitoring critical maritime infrastructure in an interdisciplinary manner, and it was attended by researchers and students, security officers, stakeholders, and experts in tackling terrorism or other violent threats. The ATC was divided into 4 blocks: general aspects of strengthening the resilience of maritime critical infrastructure; unmanned systems (USs) and sensor network technology; monitoring, data analysis and structural modeling; and cybersecurity and protection of IT maritime infrastructures. There was also one practical session. The book covers many ways in which unmanned systems, sensor networks and other digital technologies can be used to monitor threats to maritime critical infrastructure, and will be of interest to all those working in the field. ↓ more↑ less $171. 00 €155. 00 £139. 00Add PDF to cart Order hardcopy Contents «‹12›» Pages i - xii This book, Methods for in Infrastructures, presents 23 papers delivered at the (ATC) hosted in Agadir, Morocco, and held in hybrid format from 15–20 January 2024. The workshop was attended by 23 speakers (21 in person), and 41 attendees all of them present. proved to be a wonderful experience for many who attended it. There were speakers and attendees from 12 countries, all seeking modern technologies to enable innovative methods for maritime monitoring and the strengthening of resilience in maritime critical infrastructures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding modern encryption methods and their importance for online security. Instead, it discusses various aspects of maritime infrastructure, resilience, and cybersecurity in a broader context, but fails to mention encryption specifically or its critical role in online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: 001) as well (0. 22 for the choline alfoscerate group, 0. 26 for the ginkgo biloba group, -0. 95 for the other nootropics group) (2). DiscussionOur study findings suggest that the effectiveness of nootropics combination with ChEI may be different according to the type of dementia. The difference in change in the MMSE total scores from baseline to endpoint between the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group was not evident, but the results implied a positive impact of ChEI augmentation with nootropics on some domains of cognitive function in certain types of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. The impact of nootropics augmentation on ChEI in Alzheimer’s dementia was consistently depicted on the language domain after consideration of medical adherence and nootropics type. Previous studies on nootropics revealed nootropics to have minimal, if any, effects on the prevention of cognitive decline. Most studies were either examined over a relatively short follow-up time or conducted with a limited number of subjects, and many of them focused on nootropic monotherapy rather than concomitant use with ChEI [6, 9, 10, 17, 23–25]. This study aimed to compare the nootropics and ChEI combination with ChEI monotherapy in an attempt to validate the effectiveness of nootropics in association with ChEI. We examined the change in not only MMSE total scores but also in its six subscale scores over a long period of exposure (300–400 days after the first prescription), which was considered long enough to elucidate the effect of the ChEI and nootropics combination. We categorized the subjects by dementia types in order to clarify the impact of nootropics combination in each type of dementia separately, and mainly focused on Alzheimer’s dementia, which is the most common neurodegenerative form of dementia. We did not limit nootropics to only one type of drug, but included multiple types of nootropics that are most frequently prescribed by clinicians in Korea, to speculate the effectiveness of different types of nootropics, particularly focusing on the two drugs that were most commonly used: choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of nootropics in conjunction with Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) to potentially enhance cognitive function, especially in the context of dementia. It mentions 'the impact of nootropics augmentation on ChEI in Alzheimer’s dementia' and implies that nootropics may have a positive effect on cognitive function in certain conditions, aligning with the idea that biohackers use nootropics to enhance memory and cognitive capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomads work remotely while traveling, often leveraging technology for flexible employment. [SEP] Text: Scholars are increasingly noticing that location-dependent remote workers and office-based workers are finding it hard to keep work at bay (Mazmanian et al. 2013; Mazmanian 2018; Wajcman 2018a). So, if office workers, who are also regulated by the presence (and needs) of friends and family, struggle to create downtime it is unsurprising this separating task is even more intense for digital nomads. Indeed, this paradoxical relationship between work and leisure shows digital nomads are spending an increasing amount of time and labour separating work and leisure, and that external help and assistance is often required to help them manage this separation. 3. 6 The external regulating discipline of social interaction and communitySome coworking spaces were aware of this sense of isolation and would offer communal movie or video gaming evenings. As one coworking space owner explained, ‘We’re not just an office, we provide a community, and have a community manager’ (Interview with coworking space manager 2018). Another commonplace event that frequently occurred during the research was the communal lunch, which was implemented to ‘encourage members to move away from the screens and interact with each other’ (Interview with community manager 2016). These type of community lunches were met with varying degrees of success, as one community manager told me: ‘People are here to work. We try to get them to create a work/life balance, but when people work on their own, they forget to stop working’ (2016). Some coworking spaces actively encouraged these types of community lunches whereas others let them lapse. It was generally agreed that delineating between work and leisure is much harder when travelling alone and more manageable when travelling as a couple. Social interaction, even within a couple, can produce regulating and disciplining effects for digital nomads which confirms the analysis that the workplace can play an important social function (Rosen 1988, 2000). There were two married couples in the study and both successfully managed a clear delineation between work and leisure time. Interestingly, both couples used coworking spaces less frequently than the majority of single nomads in the study. However, due to mainly working from their rented apartment or Airbnb, they needed to be disciplined about leaving the home, ensuring they went out for meals, walks and exercise. Both couples explained that they mainly used coworking spaces as a way of breaking up the working week and to avoid becoming too isolated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that digital nomads struggle with maintaining work-life boundaries while traveling. It discusses the challenges faced by digital nomads in separating work and leisure, suggesting that this separation is often harder when they are traveling alone compared to when they are with a partner. The text emphasizes the importance of social interaction and community support in managing work and leisure, which does not entirely corroborate the claim that digital nomads inherently leverage flexibility in their work while traveling.