Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Additionally, and in line with our expectations, of the nine scales of effect examined across these three species, we found only one shared scale of effect across species (fox squirrel and opossum), for impervious surface coverage at 100 meters. Thus, our results clearly indicate that, in agreement with our hypotheses, scales of effect vary among both species and environmental attributes. We also hypothesized that scales of effect would differ among species and would increase with body size. Our results provided some support for this hypothesis. The occupancy rate of the smallest species we examined, fox squirrel, was best predicted by water, forest, and impervious cover over smaller extents (50 m, 100 m, and 239 m, respectively). While top occupancy models for the larger two species in our analysis, opossum and red fox, also included covariates measured at local scales (impervious surfaces within 100 m for opossum; water within 100 m for red fox), remaining landscape covariates included in the top models for both species were measured at much greater extents (500 and 1000 m for opossum, 863 and 1339 m for red fox). Thus, the mean scale of effect identified in our study is smallest (~130 m) for our smallest-bodied species and largest for our largest species (~770 m). Examining these relationships with a larger suite of species, and within a greater number of cities, could help identify whether these patterns hold more broadly or if no relationship truly exists, as identified in a previous study (Moll et al. 2020). Some past studies found links between scale of effect and species traits such as dispersal distance and reproductive rate (Jackson and Fahrig 2012), while others found little evidence of such links (Galán‐Acedo et al. 2018). We thus predicted that land-cover variables measured within biologically-informed extents would best approximate scales of effect as indicated by their inclusion in our best fit models. However, our results did not clearly support this hypothesis. We found that covariates measured within our biologically-informed extents, male and female home ranges, while included in some models, were no more common in best-fit models than covariates estimated in different ways. Our top fox squirrel model included one such covariate, forest cover, while our top red fox model included two, forest and impervious cover. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the scales of effect differ among species and that these differences are related to various factors, such as body size and environmental attributes. It emphasizes how the occupancy rate and scale of effect vary significantly between species, exemplifying that different animal species experience and interact with their environments in distinct ways.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: View 38. (2006) Altering expectancy dampens neural response to aversive taste in primary taste cortex. 9: 435–442. View 39. O'(2003) Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices. J Neurosci 23: 7931–7939. View 40. O' (2004) Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304: 452–454. View 41. (1998) The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: a functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division. 44: 1219–1228. View 42. (2001) Cluster size thresholds for assessment of significant activation in fMRI. Neuroimage 13: S198. View 43. (1995) Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): use of a cluster-size threshold. Med 33: 636–647. View 44. Ward DB (2000) Simultaneous inference for MRI data. 45. (2000) Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Sci 4: 215–222. View 46. MacDonald AW 3rd, Carter CS (2003) Event-related FMRI study of context processing in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. J 112: 689–697. View 47. (2008) Cognitive control, goal maintenance, and prefrontal function in healthy aging. 18: 1010–1028. View 48. (2007) Anticipation of conflict monitoring in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex. 104: 10330–10334. View 49. (2003) Paying attention to emotion: an fMRI investigation of cognitive and emotional stroop tasks. 3: 81–96. View 50. On emotional conflict: interference resolution of happy and angry prosody reveals valence-specific effects. 20: 383–392. View 51. Dolcos F, Mc(2006) Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction. J Neurosci 26: 2072–2079. View 52. (2002) Rethinking feelings: an FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J 14: 1215–1229. View 53. (2006) Individual differences in amygdala activity predict response speed during working memory. J Neurosci 26: 10120–10128. View 54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a variety of studies that investigate the interplay between cognitive and emotional processes as well as their neural correlates. The mention of studies related to cognitive control, emotional distraction, and conflict monitoring suggests that behaviors cannot be fully understood solely through neural circuitry, as they also involve cognitive and emotional influences, indicating a multi-faceted approach to understanding behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: There has been a long string of successes against much more powerful employers, including Sotheby’s, the Barbican Centre, Harrods, the Daily Mail, and the University of London (see also Acciari and Però, 2017; Alberti and Però, 2018; Moyer-Lee and Lopez, 2017; Però, 2022; Shalmy, 2018). Their initiatives have begun to inspire change in some mainstream unions (see Smith, 2021) and their significance in the history of the British labour movement has started to be acknowledged especially in terms of their contribution to union renewal (see Alberti and Però, 2018; Holgate, 2021). What is theoretically and praxiologically important to examine is how indie unions manage to compensate for their lack of structural power in negotiating effectively with employers. The online self-representation of indie unions’ disputesWe now consider one of the key vehicles of indie unions’ self-mediation to the outside world – their websites – using UVW’s as an illustrative instance, bearing in mind that while the specific circumstances of the different industrial disputes of both the UVW and the IWGB may vary, the framing remains largely consistent. In terms of diagnostic framing a key problem for precarious workers, according to the UVW, is that they are paid ‘poverty wages’, defined as less than the Wage. Their terms and conditions (holiday and sick pay, pension entitlements, hours of work) mean that they are vulnerable to the vagaries of life. This situation is attributed to employers who, despite their vast economic power and huge profits, impose upon workers exploitative and demeaning terms and conditions. In terms of prognostic framing such a situation is portrayed as morally unacceptable and the remedy is that workers – through direct collective action and mediated reputational attacks on employers – redress this situation. As of October 2019, the UVW website (www. uvwunion. org. uk) contained 11 successful examples of their industrial actions, nearly all of them following a similar narrative structure. First, the ‘crime scene’ is established. This description usually dwells upon the wealth and/or prestige of the employer in question and the ruthlessness of their employment or outsourcing practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or evidence directly related to the claim about the gig economy transforming traditional employment models. Instead, it discusses the actions and framing of indie unions and their struggles against powerful employers, which is somewhat relevant to discussions about employment but does not specifically address the gig economy or its impact on traditional models.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future, Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett, J. (2011). Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, J. 2011. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, Jeffrey. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett J. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press; 2011. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2011 Purchase book for Implications for Cite this Share this this book The quest for extraterrestrial life doesn't happen only in science fiction. This book describes the startling discoveries being made in the very real science of astrobiology, an intriguing new field that blends astronomy, biology, and geology to explore the possibility of life on other planets. takes readers beyond UFOs to discuss some of the tantalizing questions astrobiologists grapple with every day: What is life and how does it begin? What makes a planet or moon habitable? Is there life on Mars or elsewhere in the solar system? How can life be recognized on distant worlds? Is it likely to be microbial, more biologically complex--or even intelligent? What would such a discovery mean for life here on Earth? Come along on this scientific adventure and learn the astonishing implications of discoveries made in this field for the future of the human race. Bennett, who believes that "science is a way of helping people come to agreement," explains how the search for extraterrestrial life can help bridge the divide that sometimes exists between science and religion, defuse public rancor over the teaching of evolution, and quiet the debate over global warming. He likens humanity today to a troubled adolescent teetering on the edge between self-destruction and a future of virtually limitless possibilities. Beyond UFOs shows why the very quest to find alien life can help us to grow up as a species and chart a course for the stars. In a new afterword, Bennett shares the most recent developments in extrasolar research, and discusses how they might further our quest to find alien life. Author Editor information is an astrophysicist, author, and educator. His books include leading college-level textbooks in astrobiology, astronomy, mathematics, and statistics, as well as the award-winning children's book to the Moon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the field of astrobiology, which includes explorations of life on other planets and implicitly connects to studying extremophiles on Earth as part of understanding what life can exist in extreme conditions. It highlights the scientific nature of searching for extraterrestrial life by blending various scientific disciplines and exploring questions relevant to the existence of life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the study of loopholes in device-independent quantum key distribution that can potentially compromise security. It specifically states that 'there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers,' indicating that while quantum key distribution aims for perfect secrecy, there are practical challenges that can undermine its theoretically unbreakable encryption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Frequently, the disputes involved workers directly employed by ‘nameless’ service companies rather than by the well-known institutions that contract them in order to save on labour costs. However, it is the latter who constitute the main target of the dispute and media campaign and who are presented as being Goliaths: very wealthy yet unwilling to accommodate the easily affordable requests of the heroic workers. This strategy is similar to those of consumer movements (see O’Rourke, 2005), such as boycott campaigns targeting Nike and Apple for the exploitative conditions at their factories in developing countries. What is remarkable here is indie unions’ ability, enabled at least in part by access to low-cost communication technology, to apply such a strategy very effectively in the context of scarce material resources and lack of institutional support. Thus, using an approach similar to that described by Chun (2009) but extended to the virtual platform of the internet, the well-known employer is targeted, rather than an almost anonymous service company, because it has a reputation to lose. Employers’ practices are often framed as being ‘illegal’. Harrods, for instance, is accused of ‘stealing the tips’ from waiters and kitchen staff in their restaurants, while the prestigious of Economics is reported as denying its outsourced cleaners dignified treatment as well as parity of pay and employment conditions with in-house staff (see Figure 1). Here indie unions, through a skilful politics of signification (Hall, 1982), effectively invert the law and order frame that underpins established social arrangements (Snow, 2008) and the protest paradigm (McLeod, 2007) to suggest that it is the employers who have committed ‘illegal’ acts that disturb the status quo, common sense or the natural order of things. Figure 1. The well-known employer is targeted. Second, the ‘campaign’ is outlined (see Figure 2) emphasizing acts of energetic, colourful, non-violent grassroots protest that foreground moral claims based on recognizing the humanity of the workers: payment of a higher wage – ‘the living wage’ – that will enable them to live a life worthy of a human being; the phrase ‘We are not the dirt we clean! ’ appears regularly on placards and in videos of chanting demonstrators, which is in essence a demand to be treated with the respect due to a human being. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim regarding the transformation of traditional employment models by the gig economy. Instead, it discusses disputes between indie unions and well-known employers, focusing on issues of workers' rights, dignity, and systemic exploitation, without specifically referencing the gig economy or its influence on employment models. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: A 2021 paper in the leading scientific journal Nature, by the American physicist and his colleagues, began with the following sentence: ‘Our generation could realistically be the one to discover evidence of life beyond Earth. ’ Its authors clearly share my optimism in this respect. Of course, there’s a question-mark hanging over the meaning of ‘our generation’, as the six authors are varied in age, and their readers even more so. But that’s a small uncertainty in the grand scheme of things. The key point is that many scientists suspect that the first evidence of life beyond Earth will be forthcoming on a timescale of years to decades, not centuries. Even if it takes five decades to acquire the first conclusive evidence, a reasonable proportion of those alive today (regrettably not including me! ) will still be here to see it. In the previous paragraph, I used the phrase ‘many scientists’. But scientists of what type? Science is a broad endeavour, and some parts of it are more relevant to the search for life than others. However, that said, many scientific disciplines have a role to play. They include cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, atmospheric science, geology, ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics, molecular biology, and organic chemistry – and that is far from being an exhaustive list. The principal discipline is astrobiology, which is a mix of some or all of the above, with the exact mix depending on the astrobiologist concerned. Astrobiologists of my generation weren’t trained as such, as there were no courses in the subject, so we’ve migrated towards it from various starting points – in my case evolutionary biology. But there’s a younger cohort of astrobiologists who have indeed been trained in this discipline. Importantly, the ‘many scientists’ who suspect that the first evidence of alien life will be found on the years-to-decades timescale include specialists in all of the disciplines mentioned above, and indeed others too. So this optimism isn’t a passing fad in one particular narrow branch of science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various scientific disciplines relevant to the search for extraterrestrial life, which includes ecology and evolutionary biology. These fields often involve studying extremophiles—organisms that thrive in extreme conditions on Earth—which is crucial for understanding potential life in similar extraterrestrial environments. The mention of astrobiology as a principal discipline also aligns with the idea of studying Earth life forms to draw parallels for extraterrestrial life, supporting the claim that this research includes extremophiles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing issues with the reliability of quantum key distribution systems, specifically mentioning a violation-faking source that demonstrates classical light can exceed quantum predictions in certain scenarios. This undermines the assurance of theoretically unbreakable encryption by suggesting that device-independent security is compromised under certain conditions, thus indicating that quantum cryptography may not be as secure as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: In framing their message for wider audiences indie unions choose to speak ‘mainstreamease’ (Gamson and Wolfsfeld, 1993) and cast their redistributive demands and campaigns in a language of recognition and human rights, fairness and respect. This is a language that is more attuned to liberal and social democratic elements of mainstream media and society than that of socialist redistribution and class struggle. Figure 2. The outsourced workers’ campaign is outlined. Third, the successful outcomes of the campaigns are emphasized, detailing the concessions won. This three-part narrative structure (see also Snow and Benford, 1988) is then followed by acknowledging their network of supporters that ranges from Labour and Green politicians, to unions, journalists, and civic organizations (see Figure 3). Figure 3. The successful outcomes of the campaign are emphasized. Each campaign is then illustrated with high quality photographs and videos and supplemented by links to the supportive mainstream media coverage it received. Key features of indie unions’ communicative unionismMost indie unions’ campaigns depend on the presence of high profile employers who endeavour to present their best face to the general public, often emphasizing their corporate social responsibility, which makes them also potentially vulnerable to reputational damage. Indie unions focus the communicative dimension of their strategy on this vulnerable point, as illustrated by Louis, one of the leaders of the UVW:[. . . ] we have moral leverage over employers [. . . ] Living wage, sick pay and respect. [. . . ] So it’s really shameful [. . . ] for an employer to say, ‘We don’t believe in the living wage, we don’t want to pay a living wage. ’ ‘Really? You want to tell this to the world or the media? ’ [. . . ] It’s using the brand against the employer [. . . ]. Barbican Centre, you know – biggest arts centre in Europe. Sotheby’s – largest auction house in the world [. . . ]Through inflicting or threatening to inflict this reputational damage, indie unions amplify the pressure put on employers to make concessions, working on the basis that the cost of the concessions is less than the cost of reputational damage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the strategies and communications of indie unions in their labor campaigns rather than addressing the impact of the gig economy on traditional employment models. It mentions concepts related to worker rights and employer reputational damage, but does not specifically elaborate on the gig economy or its transformation of employment structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: '' In laying bare Earth's deepest biological roots, Life on a helps us understand our own place in the universe--and our responsibility as stewards of a world four billion years in the making. In a new preface, Knoll describes how the field has broadened and deepened in the decade since the book's original publication. Author Editor information Andrew H. Knoll is the of at and a member of the of Sciences. A paleontologist by training, he has spent more than two decades working to integrate geological and biological perspectives on early life. Reviews "Andrew Knoll, one of the world's foremost paleontologists, here presents the origin and early evolution of life the way it should be told: a mystery unfolding as an epic. Resonating with the authority of firsthand stories of discovery, his account will be exceptionally enjoyable for scientists and the educated public alike. "—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"Here is a firsthand account of one of the most exciting quests in modern science. Knoll writes with the confidence of a distinguished scientist who has devoted his career to unraveling the mysteries of life's origins and the passion of someone who deeply believes in the importance of recent discoveries about life before the Cambrian explosion. From the wilds of Siberia to the ocean floor, from Earth to Mars and beyond, he takes readers on a fascinating personal adventure that may change the way they think about themselves and their place in the world. "—Lawrence M. Krauss, author of of and Atom"In a highly personal, gripping narrative, Knoll takes us on the most incredible journey of all journeys—the history of life on Earth. "—Donald E. Canfield, Odense University"This is a truly great book. It is a remarkably readable synthesis of many diverse ideas selected from a breathtaking array of disciplines. The narrative is engaging and entertaining—a travelogue through time that incorporates amusing and informative anecdotes from Knoll's travels to many far-off places. "—Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin, author of From DNA to Diversity"In this wonderful book. . . Knoll's extensive field experience and eagerness to share data and ideas with colleagues enable him to reconstruct responsibly the broad evolutionary scenario yet to remain close to the evidence. "---"[Knoll's] words have a poetic flavor and his deep interest in the study of life on earth flows out of them, carrying readers along whole maintaining a rigorous discourse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the origins and evolution of life on Earth over an extensive time scale. It references Andrew H. Knoll's work, which emphasizes the mystery of life's beginnings on our planet, highlighting discoveries that may reshape our understanding of life not only on Earth but potentially elsewhere in the universe. This aligns with the idea that early life, which can be traced back to around 3.5 billion years ago, opens the possibility for life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various loopholes in device-independent quantum key distribution that could potentially be exploited by eavesdroppers. It highlights that, despite the promise of perfect secrecy in quantum key distribution, there remain unresolved issues that challenge the theoretical notion of unbreakable encryption. The acknowledgment of 'loopholes' and the necessity to understand and eliminate them to ensure security directly undermines the claim of quantum cryptography providing theoretically unbreakable encryption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: In the words of Martin, one of the IWGB leaders: ‘The kind of common denominator in all these things is that every employer has a pressure point, has a weak spot. Now all of them [. . . ] care about reputation’. As a consequence of indie unions’ successful campaigns, employers may pre-emptively come to terms with their demands. Indie unions’ effectiveness lies in their ability to appeal to wider audiences by constructing moral arguments in favour of improving pay and conditions that resonate with mainstream ideas of fairness and decency. There is here not only a reliance on ‘basic’ and widely accepted notions such as respect, dignity and fairness, but a significant toning down of the traditional leftist language of exploitation, alienation, class struggle and socialism. This is strategic self-censorship in the interests of waging a successful communicative campaign through recruiting bystanders to their cause. (IWGB) emphasizes: ‘what we have always tried to do is frame our issues in a way that no reasonable objective person could disagree with what we are trying to do’. Self-mediation is strongly embedded in indie unions’ campaign strategies from the outset, as illustrated by Louis (UVW). [. . . ] you can have like a month build-up to a protest let’s say during which time there’ll be talking online, social media. We’ll try and get media coverage [. . . ] That will bring negative publicity because then the employer’s name will start to appear in searches [. . . ] or in the media even better. Then you have the protest itself. Then you get a lot of coverage of the protest. [. . . ]. So we actually get automatically a wide audience [. . . ] We’re definitely trying to make as much noise as possible both on and offline for the longest period possible before, during and after all of our [direct] actions. Another key feature of the communicative practices of indie unions is the accessibility of the message to wide audiences as Martin (IWGB) illustrates when discussing their couriers’ campaigns. The couriers [. . . ] are paid a piece rate, they are not paid hourly rates, so they get paid a certain amount for the job. We had this huge debate [. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the strategies and effectiveness of indie unions in advocating for better pay and conditions, mentioning how they appeal to wider audiences and utilize media communication. However, it does not specifically address how the gig economy has transformed traditional employment models, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: for and its Comparison with Sources: A Text (PDF) Elavarasan 1 * 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of * is the backbone of the evolution of humanity, it has assisted mankind to endeavor through various ages of history. The quest to obtain energy with minimal expenditure and pollution is still being worked on and will continue on in the future. Even in this modern age, energy production in several developing countries often falls short of energy requirements which results in frequent power cuts. As the world economy continues to grow, energy consumption is expected to continue to grow. Fossil fuel is limited, so it is important to consider other sources of energy e. g. renewables especially solar to meet the energy demands in the future. The world has diverse solar energy sources which are not yet fully explored. This review sheds light on the solar renewable energy and other non-renewable sources of energy available in the world and a comparative analysis of both the energy resources across the world is also included as a separate section titled ‘Comparative analysis’. It also gives a brief overview of the various techniques employed by different countries to overcome the energy crisis through and also a framework for employing such techniques in countries which are lagging in energy production in order to fully avail the benefits of energy sources, which are abundant in the world. Keywords energy power cuts energy demand renewable sources non-renewable resources is an open access 10. 20897/ejosdr/4005 Publication date: 06 Feb 2019 Online publication date: 28 Dec 2018 898. 39MW as of 31 May 2018 where the power generation is mostly dominated by coal and oil reserves which holds a major share at 66. 73% whereas renewable energy from large dam based hydro, biomass, solar and wind contribute 33. 27% to the total energy generation. World’s geographical attribute is ideal for renewable energy generation. The world has a total installed of about 114,425. 81MW as of 31 May 2018. Further, the potential for solar energy installed is estimated to be 69,022MW as of 31 May 2018 (Renewable energy in India, 2017). It is estimated that the global barrel of crude oil reserves is at 1. 688 trillion by the end of 2013, this reserve will last only 53. 3 years with the current rate of extraction. Also, there are about 1. 1 trillion tons of proven coal reserves worldwide, which will last around 150 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of renewable energy sources in meeting energy demands. It mentions that fossil fuels are limited and emphasizes the need to consider alternative energy sources, specifically highlighting solar energy as an abundant resource. The text notes that as the world economy grows, energy consumption will also increase, further underlining the necessity of renewable sources to overcome energy crises in developing countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing advancements and vulnerabilities in quantum key distribution. It mentions that standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot prove device-independent security in certain setups, indicating that the encryption may not be theoretically unbreakable against specific types of attacks, as it suggests potential weaknesses in the approach.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: ] and they said “oh we need to campaign for £4 per docket blah-blah-blah”. I was making the case [. . . ] that is not going to get us nowhere in the public [. . . ] because no one knows what a docket is, no one is going to compute and see how much. We need to frame this in terms of living wage. That is a concept that everyone knows, understands, in a cross political spectrum pretty much everyone supports. [. . . ] We say ‘we should earn the living wage, they are refusing to pay it. ’ [. . . ] I think that is kind of the overarching strategy. Clearly, the struggle here is conceived as being not only in the workplace but also in the public sphere, and so the frame tries to be culturally embedded in mainstream public culture, in this case borrowing from the communicative strategies of other groups promoting the notion of a living wage (e. g. , Citizens UK). Indeed, without the communicative dimension, the workplace struggle alone is regarded as much harder to win, and without a resonant framing there is the perception of a more limited prospect of winning. This means that the dispute itself becomes tailored around the self-mediation actions of the union that aims to influence media coverage and public opinion. We call this approach communicative unionism, whereby communicative action becomes constitutive of the dispute itself and should be understood as such, rather than as separate from or an add-on to the actual struggle. One of the ‘publics’ considered as key in indie unions’ self-mediating practices, and communicative unionism more generally, is that of mainstream journalists and media, as they are able to amplify their messages and frames, allowing the campaigns to reach wider audiences and thus boost their negotiating power. Martin from the IWGB illustrates this point. Securing favourable press coverage [. . . ] increases our power with employers. The other day we had some representation of foster care workers. They copied me in so that I could write to the Director of at the [. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on strategies for campaigning for a living wage and the role of communicative unionism without mentioning the gig economy or its impact on traditional employment models. It discusses workplace struggles and public engagement but does not relate to how the gig economy has transformed employment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The gas reserves will last up to 52 years. There is a question that one should ask - what is to be done once all the fossil fuel reserves depleted? Compared to fossil fuels, not much renewable energy sources are used for power generation, as renewables require higher operating costs and efficiency is not high when compared to fossil fuels. The worlds energy resources are represented in the form of a pie chart (Figure 1). Figure 1. Pie chart representing non-renewable resources (World population clock, 2017) Technological advancements made on renewable energy resources shows that the efficiency of renewable energy resources has been increased and they can serve as a replacement for the non-renewable energy resources in the future. Also, these renewable energy resources are friendly to the environment and they do not pollute the surroundings. Thus, apart from serving as alternative energy resources, these energy resources are also environmental friendly in nature. This work clearly shows the importance of renewable energy resources and also suggests countries which are lagging in energy production to use renewable energy resources to satisfy their energy demand. This work first illustrates the classification of energy resources and the various kinds of available energy resources across the world. Also, the research progresses on solar and wind energy resources along with their technological advancements are highlighted. A comparative analysis of non-renewable energy resources and renewable energy resources is also included as a separate section. paper mainly focuses on the comparison of the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. This study was done in order to gather the information and to conclude the importance of renewable energy sources than non-renewable sources of energy. The study was not restricted to a particular state or a particular country rather made with a wider focus including all the countries across the globe. In order to get reliable data, a literature review was performed in various steps. A countries major energy production and the availability of the resources in various other countries were discussed. The number of 150. The search narrowed down to 94 taking into account only the major producers of renewable and non-renewable resources. Most of these 2018. In the first step, the abstract was constructed and the details about various non-renewable energy resources were assessed. Various developed techniques and recent advancements in this stream were described. 25 2018. world has a wide selection of energy resources i. e. (both renewable and non - renewable) which can be readily benefited for power generation and consumption (Energy classification, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the advancements in renewable energy resources and their potential to replace non-renewable sources in the future. It emphasizes that renewable energy resources are environmentally friendly and necessary for meeting energy demands, which aligns with the notion of sustainability in development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: Individuals, not the state, still carried a heavy burden in terms of ← 2 | 3 → college attendance and persistence. Since the more liberal 1960s, there have been a series of tensions and setbacks to equal access. It began with Ronald Reagan, as governor of California, when he questioned the value of public education and quipped, “Why should we subsidize intellectual curiosity? ” (Clabaugh, 2011). That query transitioned to additional trends: Reaganomics and the end of free tuition, even in certain locales (e. g. , California and City); political and legal barriers to affirmative action; downward trends in federal student aid; less commitment from state governments; and the growth of for-profit colleges, which often thrive on “buyers” from lower-income classes who are often less versed on college choice. If the arc of American higher education has begun to bend toward college attendance as a “right” (Kerr, 1963/2001), it has still not fully progressed from the earlier notion of social contract. Indeed, some critics argue that the social contract itself needs to be protected in the present age: “The tragedy is that while public policies in the past helped mitigate inequality and open the doors to college to more Americans, today they themselves play a crucial role in segmenting our society” (Mettler, 2014, p. 5). In the tantalizing image of higher education as a “right,” today’s undergraduates have become mass consumers. Colleges and universities have sold their services (and some would say their souls) as part of that expectation under the pressure of meeting the bottom line. In the process, they have become more like corporate entities that exist to sell a product. They are building more enticing residence halls with single rooms and private commodes, student unions (some with adjacent swimming pools), and state-of-the-art laboratories to attract students. Academic capitalism has become increasingly entrepreneurial as a way of coping with decreased state allocations and the highly competitive race for private funding drawn from alumni, foundations, and corporations. Once insular pockets of knowledge and learning, colleges and universities have been transformed into vehicles of economic trends and the vagaries of supply and demand. Within the academy, corporate “branding,” rankings, and the quest for “prestige” often replace the search for purpose and truth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social stratification impacts access to college education and resources. It notes the burdens individuals face regarding college attendance, particularly as public policies have evolved. The mention of barriers to affirmative action, decreased federal student aid, and tendencies towards for-profit colleges indicates that social stratification plays a significant role in segmenting society and affecting opportunities for higher education. The phrase 'public policies in the past helped mitigate inequality' contrasts with contemporary policies that 'play a crucial role in segmenting our society,' thereby supporting the idea that social stratification directly influences access to educational resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: ] ‘if you don’t clean up your act we won’t hesitate to take legal action and bring this to the attention of the press and if you have any doubt about the types of cases we bring, our success rate and the amount of favourable press coverage we get, do check out our website’ and I put a link to the website [. . . ] was an employer I would be scared [. . . ] because [. . . ] it is terrible press coverage for employers. The importance attributed to mainstream media can also be seen in Martin’s description of the degree of care that goes into nurturing indie unions’ relationship with journalists. I think press strategy, building up personal relationships with journalists and whatnot is also part of it. They know that we are reliable. If they want to interview workers we produce that. They can trust what we are saying and this type of thing. I think also we are doing things that is in the public interest. The gig economy thing is a big part of public debate these days. Journalists are offered stories with drama, conflict and action, in a labour initiative that parallels the transactional nature of the relationship highlighted by Gamson and Wolfsfeld (1993). The resonance of indie unions’ framing in mainstream mediaIn order to gain a sense of the extent to which the online framing of indie unions’ campaigns acquires increased purchase and weight, we must consider how it resonates with mainstream journalists and media. To this end a keyword search of the Nexis online database of news and business information was undertaken for the appearance of either of the terms ‘of the World’ or ‘IWGB’ in UK national newspapers. Either or both of these search terms were found in 249 1. Number of 2019. Year/Number of 2017. , both social democratically inclined newspapers aimed at highly educated audiences, dominate coverage, with over 80% of 2. Number of 2019. Newspaper3. Number of 2019. Organizations/Individuals/CategoriesQuoted in number of 1. Schmalz et al. (2018; 2019) developed this approach drawing on Wright (2000), Silver (2003) and Chun (2009). A broadly consistent typology of powers appears in Juravich (2018) and Holgate (2021) and critical refinements in Rhomberg and Lopez (2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the gig economy and its impact on traditional employment models. Instead, it focuses on the relationship between indie unions and mainstream media, their press strategies, and mentions how the gig economy is a topic of public debate. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: It is seen that without Nuclear power the European countries CO2 emission would be one-third time higher (Charikleia et al. , 2013). Figure 4 shows the contribution of nuclear energy to the world’s energy consumption. The top three countries in nuclear production are the USA, Germany and Japan with the production of 24. 34%, 11. 04%, and 10. 87% respectively (Zhang et al. , 2017; Parinya and Somchai, 2013; Qiang et al. , 2018). Figure 4. Worlds electricity generation Lithuania is currently focussing on constructing a Nuclear power plant in order to reduce CO2 emission (Dalia, 2012; Dalia and Asta, 2010). Recent researchers in China has now been focussed on nuclear H2 generation through iodine-sulfur for the past 10 years (Chuan et al. , 2016). Also, the Chinese government has started to promote nuclear irrespective of public opinion to reduce the environmental pollution after the Fukushima disaster (Xiaopeng and Xiaodan, 2016; Ming et al. , 2016). Table 1 shows the three major nuclear accidents. Nuclear power is mostly not preferred due to the risk factor and an example of it is the accidents that have happened in Fukushima. The nuclear plant was damaged by a tsunami after an earthquake (Qiang et al. , 2013). Also, countries like Germany and other’s energy policy has been influenced by the Fukushima disaster (Mariangela and Renato, 2016). But some countries generate their maximum electricity from nuclear. Countries like France derives about 75% of its electricity from Nuclear. Thus, nuclear energy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Table 1. Three major nuclear accidents (Ming et al. , 2016) Nuclear accidents INES levels 1979-Island (TMI) nuclear accident INES 5 2011-Fukushima nuclear accident INES 7 2011-Fukushima nuclear accident INES 4+ energy resources are now replacing non-renewable energy resource as they are environmentally clean and found abundant in nature (Iñaki et al. , 2018; Claudia and Cinzia, 2017). In order to reduce the greenhouse gas effect, countries are now focussing on renewable energy resources (João and Victor, 2016). Also, hybrid systems such as the combination of two systems are also made for better output (Shaopeng et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'energy resources are now replacing non-renewable energy resources as they are environmentally clean and found abundant in nature.' It highlights the global shift towards renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and implies a necessity for sustainable development. Additionally, it mentions that countries are focusing on renewable energy resources as a means to combat environmental challenges, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: If the speech-language pathologist has a thorough knowledge of the linguistic rules of the dialect, he/she can assist the classroom teacher in taking the child's dialect into account in instruction. Just as the classroom teacher teaches children to comprehend the numerous irregularities in written English, such as silent letters, phonemes with more than one grapheme, and homophonous pairs, dialect rules and contrasts can also be incorporated into instruction as additional “irregularities” in the English language. Q. What do you do when there is a true error within the dialect? For example, if a speaker says “I are a boy,” there is neither a social dialect rule nor a standard English rule to account for this. teach the grammar (I is a boy or I a boy) or do I teach the standard English grammar (I am a boy)? A: There are differing views. Some professionals think that dialect preference should be the individual's (or the parent's) choice. However, if the speech-language pathologist is not a speaker of the nonstandard dialect, he/she may not be able to model the dialect feature with native dialect proficiency. The result could be a violation of sociolinguistic or pragmatic rules. Other professionals think that when there is an error in the dialect, the standard English feature should be taught. Still others agree that in such instances, the standard English feature should be taught, but if the end result is production of the dialect feature, it should be accepted. The rationale for teaching the standard English version of the particular feature is based on the reality that dialect usage exists on a continuum. The majority of speakers will not use all of the rules of the given dialect. The number and type of features that have a high frequency of occurrence may vary from speaker to speaker. Therefore, if a speaker has a true error, which is neither attributable to the nonstandard dialect nor to standard English, there is no way to be certain that the speaker would have “naturally” developed use of the nonstandard version of the particular feature. Q: Does the position paper mean that we now have ASHA's approval to teach English as a second language (ESL)? A: No. ASHA currently has no position on the role of the speech-language pathologist in teaching English as a second language. Q. Are there published listings of bidialectal training programs? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how dialects contain linguistic rules that are influenced by social and geographic factors. It highlights the importance of recognizing these dialect features in educational settings, stating that dialect usage exists on a continuum and that features may vary from speaker to speaker. Additionally, it mentions the concept of addressing dialect rules and contrasts in instruction, further supporting the idea that dialects reflect social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: On its significance for comparative analysis see Rizzo and Atzeni (2020). In consideration of the ‘heuristic’ nature and comprehensiveness of Schmalz et al. ’s (2018) typology, and to offer more easily comparable insights, in this 2. Communities of struggle is broadly consistent with Fantasia’s (1989) ‘culture of solidarity’ but fits more closely with the power resources approach being operationalized in this 3. It is important not to consider bystanders (including journalists) as an undifferentiated and neutral group of passive recipients waiting to be activated by an appealing message, but as a heterogeneous group of actors with complex and multifaceted identities, personal agendas, interests, and structural constraints. Gamson and Wolfsfeld (1993) provided insights into the specific logic and constraints characterizing journalists interacting with social movements, a contribution that expands on the interpretive autonomy of message-recipients highlighted by (1982). 4. As observed by Fitzgerald et al. (2012: 102), mainstream unions are still characterized by the tendency to ‘see the internet in quite traditional communicative terms – a way of sending or posting materials that inform workers in a hierarchical manner’ and stifle debate (Geelan and Hodder, 2017), although this situation is changing (see the special issue of New Technology, Work and Employment edited by Geelan and Hodder (2021)). 5. These silences also extend to how framing relates to the longstanding debate between a socialist politics of redistribution centred around the primacy of class struggle, and a politics of recognition centred around human rights and the confrontation of a plurality of oppressions, including class (see Fraser and Honneth, 2003). 51. Available at: (accessed 14 June 2021). Crossref103. Crossref715. Crossref1362. Crossref639. CrossrefWeb of Science125. CrossrefWeb of Science28. CrossrefWeb of Science872. CrossrefWeb of Science145. Crossref58. CrossrefWeb of Science105. CrossrefWeb of Science776. CrossrefWeb of Science576. CrossrefWeb of Science261. Crossref125. CrossrefWeb of Science364. Crossref261. Crossref86. 270. Crossref604. CrossrefWeb of Science160. CrossrefWeb of Science309. Crossref838. CrossrefWeb of Science117. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the gig economy or its effects on traditional employment models. Instead, it discusses various theories and insights related to sociology, communication, and union dynamics, without mentioning the gig economy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: is an emerging technology trend in the world and the leading countries in solar production are presented as Table 2 (Jessica et al. , 2018). Its installation increased from 1790MW in 2001 to 1, 37,000 MW in 2013, which is an average increase of 40% every year (Yawen et al. , 2018). The energy conversion efficiency is about 15%-20% on an average. Though there are some fluctuations in the output power developed technological advancements show that stable and reliable power can be developed. Various researchers have been processing in this field as it is environmentally friendly and the cost of production is also being reduced (Stephen et al. , 2018; Alexandre and Dorel, 2018). The development of solar power in recent years is presented as a bar chart in Figure 5. States has set up a to record the regions consisting of solar radiation and meteorological data for the last 23 years (Manjit et al. , 2018). This data has been given open access for researchers and it hopes to be a promising technology. Table 2. Top 10 Countries in the world (Top solar energy producing countries, 2018) 2016 1 China 78. 07 2 Japan 42. 75 3 Germany 41. 22 4 40. 3 5 Italy 19. 28 6 11. 63 7 India 9. 01 8 France 7. 13 9 Australia 5. 9 10 Spain 5. 49 Figure 5. Development of solar over the past few years (Alexandre and Dorel, 2018) is a specific approach to receive solar energy and it is an emerging technique in Queensland, Australia (Shafiullah et al. , 2014). Low voltage network in the place of Rockhampton and Yeppoon are now replaced by roof-top in-order to cut down fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission. Since the last 23 years, the has set up a to record the regions consisting of solar radiation and meteorological data (Manjit et al. , 2018). This data has been given open access for researchers and it hopes to be a promising technology. Solar energy is very much essential to avoid climatic change due to global warming. A survey conducted shows that the desert in has the extreme solar electricity generation of about 1776 MJ/m2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of solar energy as an emerging technology that contributes to sustainable practices. It mentions that solar energy is 'environmentally friendly' and aims to reduce 'fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission,' indicating its role in combating climate change and promoting sustainability. It also provides specific data on the growth of solar power installations, which supports the assertion that renewable energy sources are crucial for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: All types of electricity generation technologies were impaired by the heavy winter storm, especially the natural gas and wind energy supplies due to damaged pipes that limited the natural gas supply and frozen wind turbines that shut down the wind energy supply. Other power plants also failed to operate at their best generation output levels. Moreover, the dramatically increased demand for heating during this extreme cold weather period caused a further collapse of the power supply (Busby et al. 2021). Under extreme conditions, the reduced reliability of the power generating infrastructure has become an emerging risk that threatens the stability of the energy supply. The winterization of the reliability standards for the infrastructure should be developed and implemented to ensure that generators are prepared for extreme events in the future. Moreover, in the process of achieving carbon neutrality, clean and renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind energy will make great progress in large-scale and commercial uses. But their energy networks and supplies are more sensitive to weather conditions. Therefore, a portfolio of multiple energy sources and special fusion techniques are required to overcome the fragmentation and instability of renewable energy sources, and to establish resilience capabilities such as improving energy source reliability and safety to ensure energy supply in extreme situations. In addition, the development of powerful freezing-resistant turbines for wind energy, and the preparation of redundant reserves of fossil fuel energy should be fully considered. 2. 2 from the Response to the 2021 to a Record HeatwaveThe electricity resources of the state of California, United States, are dominated by natural gas (47. 3%), followed by solar (15. 7%), hydropower (11%), nuclear (8. 4%), wind (7%), and other sources (10%) (Statista 2022b). 2021, a record-breaking heatwave swept the state and lasted for days with a maximum extreme temperature of 50. 5 °C, causing record-breaking power shortages, and some households experienced rolling blackouts. In contrast to the power shortages at peak times, there was a relatively abundant amount of grid electricity during effective solar radiation periods owing to the significant development of solar power. In response to the high fluctuations in power demand during the day, customers were urged to curtail electricity use as much as possible between 3 and 10 p. m. and shift energy use such as charging electric vehicles and using large appliances to the morning or early afternoon hours (CAISO 2021). Power shortages during heatwaves have become a new normal in recent years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the impact of severe weather events, such as heavy winter storms and record heatwaves, on the reliability of electricity generation. It indicates that these extreme events have led to failures in power supply systems, which suggests that while severe weather events affect current infrastructure, it does not directly support the claim that these events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. Instead, the text highlights the challenges posed by extreme conditions rather than establishing a causal relationship between climate change and frequency of severe weather.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? Last registered on September 14, 2021 History Pre-: stepping stones or dead ends? -0002766 Initial registration date March 16, 2018 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published March 16, 2018, 11:53 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated September 14, 2021, 7:33 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. (s) for labor market and education policy evaluation date 2018-03-18 End date 2018-10-18 Correspondence study, gig-economy JEL code(s) J23, J49, J71 Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. aim of the study is to examine whether work-experience from the non-traditional labor market (or the gig economy) is valuable in terms of finding employment in the regular labor market. We intend to study this question through a correspondence study conducted in the Swedish labor market, where we send out fictitious applications to companies with open vacancies in entry-level jobs. By randomly changing the job seekers' labor market experience we can compare the number of positive responses from employers for applicants with (i) experience from a job in the non-traditional labor market (the so-called gig-economy) (ii) experience from a (similar) job in the traditional labor market (iii) no labor market experience. This method has been successfully used to study, among other things, the effect of long-term unemployment and ethnic hiring discrimination. External Link(s) Citation Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Sponsors & Intervention(s) To examine our main hypothesis, the impact of non-traditional work experience, we will send fictious job applications to employers who are looking to hire at the Swedish job board Platsbanken. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the transformation of traditional employment models due to the gig economy. Instead, it discusses a specific study that examines whether non-traditional labor market experience from the gig economy is valuable for finding employment in the traditional labor market. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Also, it shows that the sites with 7200 MJ/m2/year for CSP and 7400 MJ/m2/year for PV are equivalent to 1-2 barrels of fuel oil/m2 annually (Douri and Fayadh, 2016). Some of the recent developments in solar are thin film solar cell technology and Hafnium and as solar receivers (Viresh, 2012; Elisa et al. , 2011). Hafnium and Tantalum has very poor optical properties so they are used in high-temperature appliances. They also have good optical properties, highest melting point, highest strength and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Hence, they can be used as receivers to absorb sun rays (Mahdis et al. , 2016). is a specific approach to receive solar energy and it is an emerging technique in Queensland, Australia (Shafiullah et al. , 2014). Low voltage network in the place of Rockhampton and Yeppoon are now replaced by roof-top in-order to cut down fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission. Another advancement is the direct solar thermal power generation. The demand on military and deep-space exploration for system stableness, high-maintenance and quietness have opened the path for direct solar thermal power generation (Yue and Jing, 2009). Wind energy is one of the promising technology that is developing and promising to satisfy our future energy needs (Changzheng et al. , 2013; Benjamin, 2017). China ranks 1st in the production of wind energy across the world, with the capacity of wind power 68. 7GW which reports for 34. 7% of globally equipped capacity at the end of 2016 (Lingyue et al. , 2018; Bikash, 2017). Nowadays renewable energy resources play a major role in power production and so numerous researches are being carried out for the better usage of such resources (Farah and Eltamaly, 2013). play the major role in deciding the power produced, efficiency, output etc. The renewable resources provide 8. 4% of the world’s power requirement. is much focusing on a huge growth in wind energy utilization and production as well. Greenhouse gas emission has been reduced by using renewable energy resources which in-turn reduces global warming (Jensen et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'renewable energy resources play a major role in power production' and mentions the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through their use, which aligns with sustainable development goals. It discusses advancements in solar and wind energy and highlights their importance in meeting future energy needs, indicating their increasing role in promoting sustainability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: The results from the current investigation provide opposition for this notion as the false and parallel starts achieved near-identical times to the first timing gate (Table 2). In fact, when the distance to be covered was just 3 m (second timing gate), using a backward step reduced the sprint time by 100 ms or 6. 0% (Tables 2 and 3). A 6% reduction in the time to cover a short distance may have a considerable impact on athletic performance when movement time is a critical factor. When an athlete adopts a false starting style by repositioning their base of support, forward movement of the center of mass is either temporarily suspended or slowed until the horizontal impulse generated from the backward step is large enough to elicit forward movement. As a result, the total false start movement time recorded by the first timing gate is composed of reaction time, and positive (forward) and negative (backward) movement time, compared with just reaction time and positive movement time when the parallel start is initiated via a displacement of the center of mass. Therefore, if both starts require the same distance to be traveled to the first gate (50 cm) but do not result in significantly different movement times, as in the current study, then it can be inferred that the use of a backward step resulted in a subsequent increase in the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate (0 m). If the use of a backward step does increase the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate, further improvements to performance should be expected at the second timing gate. This is precisely what was observed; the false start was 90 ms faster (p < 0. 01) between gates 1 and 2 (0-2. 5 m) despite the near-identical times at gate 1 (see Table 2). However, it is assumed that the reaction times for both starts were similar, which may or may not be the case, but was outside the scope of this investigation and is a possible limitation. The significant difference between the false and parallel starts was maintained at the 5-m mark (100 ms or 5. 0%) (see Table 2), but the times between 2. 5 and 5 m were not significantly different (Table 2). This would suggest that any mechanical advantage gained via a step backward is utilized before traveling 2. 5 m, although any reduction in this first 2. 5 m is maintained for the remainder of the sprint. Kraan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the nuances of sprint timing and athlete performance rather than discussing microclimates or variations in weather. It presents detailed analysis on factors affecting sprint times without addressing the concept of microclimates influencing weather patterns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? Last registered on September 14, 2021 History Pre-: stepping stones or dead ends? -0002766 Initial registration date March 16, 2018 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published March 16, 2018, 11:53 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated September 14, 2021, 7:33 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. (s) for labor market and education policy evaluation date 2018-03-18 End date 2018-10-18 Correspondence study, gig-economy JEL code(s) J23, J49, J71 Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. aim of the study is to examine whether work-experience from the non-traditional labor market (or the gig economy) is valuable in terms of finding employment in the regular labor market. We intend to study this question through a correspondence study conducted in the Swedish labor market, where we send out fictitious applications to companies with open vacancies in entry-level jobs. By randomly changing the job seekers' labor market experience we can compare the number of positive responses from employers for applicants with (i) experience from a job in the non-traditional labor market (the so-called gig-economy) (ii) experience from a (similar) job in the traditional labor market (iii) no labor market experience. This method has been successfully used to study, among other things, the effect of long-term unemployment and ethnic hiring discrimination. External Link(s) Citation Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Sponsors & Intervention(s) To examine our main hypothesis, the impact of non-traditional work experience, we will send fictious job applications to employers who are looking to hire at the Swedish job board Platsbanken. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study examining the value of work experience from the gig economy compared to traditional labor market experience, but does not explicitly conclude that the gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. Instead, it poses a question about the implications of gig work in finding traditional employment without providing direct evidence to support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The wind farms for large-scale production are situated at Jaisalmer wind park, Rajasthan and Brahmanvel wind farm, Maharastra and Muppandal windfarm, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. These are the major wind farms in India. Apart from India, about 200GW power has been produced and utilized by 83 countries around the world in 2011 (Dewei et al. , 2013). according to the report at 2016 shows that the capacity of the installed wind power plant is about 507MW (Audrius et al. , 2018). Since the requirement for renewable energy resources increases, the progress on renewable resources gets increased every year (Erik, 2017). At the end of 2016, 467GW has generated and of it, 16GW was produced as offshore. Other advancements in wind are using a fuzzy logic controller for managing the capacity of a hybrid system and the system satisfied the peak power demands (Mahdi et al. , 2013). High-efficiency values can be obtained by using this hybrid system. For better output windmills are placed offshore than on land. A remote monitoring system is designed based on ZigBee WSN and GPRS which resulted in less maintenance and construction cost (Yongduan et al. , 2013). Hydropower designated to the transformation of energy from flowing water i. e. , kinetic energy, into Electricity. It contributes about 16% of electricity generation worldwide (Gláucia et al. , 2018). plant in early ages was used in mechanical milling such as grinding grains. At present, hydro plants generate electricity using Turbines and Generators, thus mechanical energy is produced by the steady flow of water which spins the rotor on the Turbine. This turbine is in turn linked to an Electromagnetic Generator, producing electricity on rotation of the rotor in the turbine (Vineet and Singal, 2017; Jawahar and Prawin, 2017). Since it gives low output, hybrid combinations can also be made to satisfy the power needs. In Bangladesh, a hybrid system of micro-hydro and diesel is installed (Himadry et al. , 2016). Hydropower plants are categorized into three main types, they are In this technology, dams are used to build a large reservoir of water. Electricity is produced when water flows through the turbines in the dam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on the development and importance of renewable energy sources, specifically wind and hydropower. It highlights the increasing capacity of installed wind power and mentions the significant contribution of hydropower to global electricity generation. It states that 'the requirement for renewable energy resources increases,' indicating the growing need for these sustainable solutions to meet energy demands, thus supporting the notion that renewable energy is crucial for sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: While comparing the first step kinetics associated with stepping backward or forward, Kraan et al. (9) found that 95% of the sprint trials completed, independent of the starting style that the athlete was instructed to use, were performed with a backward step. This finding provides support for the argument that displacing the support area and taking a step backward is instinctive to most athletes, whereas a great deal of practice may be required to perfect a forward step. Similar results were seen during the present study, although the percentage of trials performed incorrectly was not recorded. Despite the fact that it may be instinctive, it would be interesting to conduct a longitudinal study that looked at the performance of a parallel start with sufficient practice. Would performance improve? Would movement time and the subsequent 2. 5- and 5-m times remain inferior to the false start? Conversely, are the benefits associated with the false start attributable to the positioning of the support area behind the center of mass and the SSC? The results from this study failed to justify the elimination of a backward step to accelerate forward. In fact, they provide clear support for the use of this paradoxical movement to improve sprint performance over distances as short as 2. 5 m. If an athlete is able to travel 50 cm just as quickly with a step backward but can also improve his horizontal velocity and therefore any subsequent sprint time, is there any practical application for using a parallel start? The results from the current investigation suggest that if the distance to be traveled in a straight line is greater than 0. 5 m, there may not be any advantage to using a forward step; however, the degree of transference to performance over longer distances and different surfaces remains unclear. The findings from this study may have been different had each participant been well trained with the parallel start, but it is possible that the superior performance is a result of the mechanical advantages associated with shifting the support area vs. the center of mass. With a parallel start, the center of mass must be repositioned in front of the feet before a horizontal force can be developed. This delay, in combination with the absence of a SSC action, may not be conducive to improving an athlete's acceleration over short distances, thus resulting in an increased movement time. If an athlete were able to stop play and set their position, then perhaps a split start could result in superior performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about microclimates and variations in weather. It focuses entirely on the kinetics of athletes stepping backward versus forward and discusses performance in sprinting, without any mention of weather, climate, or microclimates. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: The reason for focusing on these regional labor markets is that gig-economy jobs are represented there. The population consists of all employers that post vacancies at Sweden's largest job board Platsbanken in the geographic regions during the study period. We restrict the population to employers posting low-skilled jobs, i. e. jobs without requirements of previous experience or post-secondary education. The restriction of the target population to employers with low-skilled vacancies is motivated by our research question, namely if non-traditional jobs can serve as a stepping stone to entry-level jobs in the traditional labor market. We restrict the sample to employers who have included an email- address in the job ad. If the employer has its own application procedure on their external webpage, we will not include this vacancy in the sampling frame. will send three unique fictitious applications to each posted vacancy in the sample. For each application we will randomize (without replacement) fictious applicants into : (i) treatment or one of the two controls (see above under intervention), and (ii) one of four applicant identities. Randomization will be performed by a computer program. Since each vacancy receives all three versions of the main treatment (labor market history), this treatment is stratified on the vacancy level. The secondary treatment, Swedish- or Arabic-sounding name, is also stratified on the vacancy level, since each vacancy will receive at least one application with each treatment. Was the treatment clustered? size: planned number of clusters 2,700 vacancies Sample size: planned number of observations 8,000 applications Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms 2,700 applications randomized into non-traditional work experience, 2,700 applications randomized into traditional work experience and 2,700 applications randomized into unemployment. About 4,000 applications randomized into Swedish-sounding names and 4,000 applications randomized into Arabic-sounding names. Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) We estimate that we need to send about 8,000 applications. This number is based on the assumption that the call-back rate is 20 percent in the control group (based on results in results Eriksson and Roth (2014)) and that we want to be able to detect effect sizes of at least 2 percentage points with 80 percent statistical strength in hypotest testing with a critical limit of five percent. See the for details about the power calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the transformation of traditional employment models. It discusses the methodology of a study focusing on gig-economy jobs and how they relate to low-skilled jobs without making any claims about their transformative impact on traditional employment models.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: type has a second reservoir beneath the Dam, where water is moved from the lower Reservoir to the upper reservoir, thus energy is gathered for future needs. Run-of-river depends further on flow rates of natural water by diverting only a fraction of river water through the turbines, in some cases even without the usage of a dam or reservoirs. Since this type is subjected to availability of natural water and also is affected by its variability, thus electricity production in this method is more intermittent compared to the dammed hydropower plant. Hydropower presently is the largest renewable energy resource that has been deployed in the world. In the year 2009, hydro energy based electricity production was 3,329 TWh accounting to an interest of around 16. 5 % of the world’s electricity production (Dolf, 2012). It is the greatest sources of energy to produce power which is being utilized in many countries. According to the Council 2010 Report, around 160 countries in the world use hydropower in their national electricity production. However, actual global utilization of hydropower is focused in the following ten countries (sharing about 70% of total electricity production) (Jain, 2010). The top four countries, being China, Brazil, Canada, and the USA, use hydropower to produce half of their total electricity generation, as shown in Table 3. Table 3. World’s electricity share (Hindawi, 2018) production (TWh) The share of the world total electricity generation (%) China 615 18. 4 Brazil 390 11. 6 Canada 366 10. 8 USA 297 9. 1 Russia 175 5. 5 Norway 129 3. 7 India 106 3. 1 Venezuela 93 2. 8 Japan 81 2. 4 Sweden 65 2. 1 Rest of the world 1011 30. 5 World 3,329 100 Though this power is utilized in copious countries, hydropower contribution is naturally less compared to the worldwide total primary energy supply. In 2009, it shared only 2. 3% of the total 12,150 Mote of primary energy supply worldwide. Even with sharing nearly lesser energy compared to the other nonrenewable sources of energy production, the average global hydropower potential in future is relatively huge. In 2009, the on Dams predicted that the total worldwide confirmed technical potential for ordinary hydropower was 14,576 TWh/yr, as shown in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significance of hydropower as a renewable energy source, which is deployed widely across many countries and accounts for a substantial percentage of the world's electricity production. This aligns with the assertion that renewable energy sources are crucial for sustainable development, as hydropower is a significant contributor to electricity generation and has potential for further growth in energy production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: D. , A. N. Hahmann, and J. E. Geisler, 1989: An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas. J. Climate,2, 1388–1403. Jones, C. , 1990: An investigation of low-frequency variability of the large-scale circulation over South America. M. S. thesis, Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, 108 pp. ——, and J. D. Horel, 1991: High circulation and convective activity over (in Portuguese). Rev. Brasileira de Meteorologia,5-1, 379–387. ——, D. E. Waliser, J. E. Schemm, and W. K. Lau, 2000: Prediction skill of the Madden and in dynamical extended range weather forecasts. Climate Dyn. , in press. Kalnay, E. , and Coauthors, 1996: NCEP/NCAR 40-Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. ,77, 437–471. Lenters, J. D. , and K. H. Cook, 1999: Summertime precipitation variability over South America: Role of the large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,127, 409–431. Liebmann, B. , G. N. Kiladis, J. A. Marengo, T. Ambrizzi, J. D. Glick, 1999: Submonthly convective variability over and the Convergence Zone. J. Climate,12, 1877–1891. Madden, R. A. , and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40–50 day tropical oscillation: A review. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,122, 814–837. Nogues-Paegle J. , K. Mo, and J. Paegle, 1998: Predictability of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis model during austral summer. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,126, 3135–3152. Schemm, J. E. , H. Van den Dool, and S. Saha, 1996: A Multi-at NCEP. Preprints 11th Conf. on. Meteor. Soc. , 47–49. in gallery Fig. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of bibliographic references and descriptions of various studies without addressing the concept of microclimates or variations in weather due to them. It contains no information that corroborates or contrasts the idea that microclimates can lead to weather variations over short distances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: In the face of a vast pandemic of mental illness and a severe shortage of mental health professionals, some institutions, like the University of Iowa, are expanding services in underserved areas and their training of new psychiatrists. Growing up with two physician parents in Hannibal, Mo. , the boyhood home of Mark Twain, Katie Meidl, M. D. , saw firsthand the enormous health care needs of rural communities—especially for psychiatric care. “There was only one psychiatrist at the time for a very wide area and so much need,” she recalled. “My parents talked about it. My own experience and background were what led me to want to seek out training in rural psychiatry. I wanted to bring care to the kind of community I had grown up in. ”Today, Meidl is a third-year resident in the University of Iowa’s Public and Track, which provides an additional layer of training in rural psychiatry on top of the standard training in the four-year residency program at the university in Iowa City. As part of the training, she meets with patients using telepsychiatry at Hospital, in southwestern Iowa. During her second year, she served a four-week rotation at a rural clinic where she worked with an Treatment (ACT) team serving patients with serious mental illness, a first-episode psychosis team, and an Home (a program that provides wraparound services to patients with serious mental illness). Throughout the four-year specialty track, trainees hear monthly lectures on topics relevant to rural care. Track, begun in 2020, is the fruit of a 2019 competitive grant from the state that provided $800,000 for the University of Iowa to train two extra residents a year in rural psychiatry, increasing the training slots offered by the University from seven to nine. And that was just the beginning of what now appears to be a remarkable growth of the university’s training program, a product of advocacy and a recognition on the part of the state’s legislators that the shortage of mental health professionals is a crisis. 2022, Iowa Gov. signed a multimillion-dollar public health bill that included $100,000 in funding for up to 12 additional positions for each residency class at the university to work at five designated state facilities, pending approval by the for Education (ACGME). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address microfinance or financial services in relation to underserved populations. Instead, it focuses on mental health care services and the efforts to train more psychiatrists in rural areas, which is unrelated to the claim about microfinance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: If hydropower potential from small-scale hydropower sites and from nonconventional sources are considered, the world’s hydropower potential is huge considering the availability of numerous small hydropower potential sites in many countries and their potential of water current from rivers and canals. 6, it can be shown that Asia has the highest contribution (over 53%) of hydropower global potential, followed by (20%) and (11%). Asia has the largest contribution (43%) of the worldwide equipped quantity. Africa, even though having relatively the same technical potential (installed capacity) with Europe, the rearmost i. e. , Africa has a higher contribution (19%) of the total worldwide equipped quantity than the aforesaid i. e. , Europe (only 3%). It is also essential to note from Table 4 that greatest contribution of the world’s determined technical generation potential is still undeveloped (76%). Africa has the highest underdeveloped potential (92%) followed by Asia and AustralasiaOceania (80% for both regions). In India, Jammu and Kashmir have the best resources for the operation of hydropower plant (Ameesh and Thakur, 2017). Therefore, hydropower fits very well in the context of providing sustainable electricity for development in Africa where most of the rural regions are deprived of it. Challenges faced are lack of financing for renewable power generation which is stated to be one of the main reason for the undeveloped of hydropower in that regions. Table 4 represents the regional capacity factor of different regions. Figure 6. Hydropower in different regions (Hindawi, 2018) Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the significant potential of hydropower as a renewable energy source, particularly in regions such as Africa and Asia. It highlights the capacity of hydropower to provide sustainable electricity for development, especially in rural areas lacking access to power. Additionally, it discusses the substantial underdeveloped hydropower potential, suggesting that harnessing this resource could further enhance its role in sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: AbstractCarbon dioxide is Mars’ primary atmospheric constituent and is an active driver of Martian surface evolution. CO2 ice sublimation mechanisms have been proposed for a host of features that form in the contemporary Martian climate. However, there has been very little experimental work or quantitative modelling to test the validity of these hypotheses. Here we present the results of the first laboratory experiments undertaken to investigate if the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice blocks and a warm, porous, mobile regolith can generate features similar in morphology to those forming on Martian dunes today. We find that CO2 sublimation can mobilise grains to form (i) pits and (ii) furrows. We have documented new detached pits at the termini of linear gullies on Martian dunes. Based on their geomorphic similarity to the features observed in our laboratory experiments, and on scaling arguments, we propose a new hypothesis that detached pits are formed by the impact of granular jets generated by sublimating CO2. We also study the erosion patterns formed underneath a sublimating block of CO2 ice and demonstrate that these resemble furrow patterns on Mars, suggesting similar formation mechanisms. Similar content being viewed by others The formation of araneiforms by carbon dioxide venting and vigorous sublimation dynamics under martian atmospheric pressure 4. The distribution of this dry ice is governed primarily by solar insolation5. In the early spring, as insolation increases, the dry ice begins to sublimate. This process is now recognised as an important agent in the formation of contemporary surface features on Mars. These features include the dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region6,7,8, linear gullies, their associated pits9,10, and sand furrows11. In this study we focus on linear gully pits and sand furrows; both active features which are observed to form and evolve on dunes under the current Martian climate. These features have no Earth analogues and the specific mechanisms responsible for their formation have yet to be fully understood and quantified. FurrowsFurrows are shallow (~0. 25 m) and narrow (~1. 5 m) negative relief11,12, features which are observed on over 95% of the northern polar dunes11 and are also found between 40°S and 72°S13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the composition of Mars' polar ice caps, as it primarily discusses the sublimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice and its effects on Martian surface features. While it mentions CO2 ice and its behavior on Mars, it does not corroborate or contrast with the specific claim about the ice caps being composed of both water and carbon dioxide.