Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Both crRNAs share a ssDNA target with a 67-nt of left arm and a 30-nt of right arm of the deletion site (Fig. 1C). The crRNA1 and crRNA2 were then mixed with universal tracrRNA to form gRNA1 and gRNA2. Next, Cas9 protein (1. 5 µg) and gRNA1/gRNA2 (360 ng) were mixed to form Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), respectively18. Twenty four electroporation conditions were tested to optimize transportation efficiency using Neon transfection system23 (1). The program of the highest transportation efficiency (58. 4%) was selected for transfecting HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line. Our results showed that gRNA1 induced 22. 6% DSB cleavage and gRNA2 induced 13. 8% DSB cleavage using GeneArt® Detection assay. The gRNA1 was chosen for transfection with ssDNA target due to its high efficiency. Figure 1crRNA and ssDNA target design. (A) Comparison of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 and HLA-B*38:68Q in nucleotide and protein sequences. Yellow box highlights the 9-nt deletion mutation and “. ” indicates the deletion. Numbers above sequence correspond to amino acid codon positions. (B) HLA typing of TEM665 homozygous HLA-B*38:01:01:01 EBV transformed B cell line used for gene editing. (C) Design of crRNA and ssDNA target on HLA-B*38:01:01:01. crRNA1 and crRNA2 are colored in green. (PAM) recognition sites are marked in blue. The red box indicates the location of 9-nt deletion. “. ” means that the ssDNA oligo contains the 9-nt deletion. Blue arrows show the position of double strand breaks (DSBs) that should be introduced byCas9. Full size imageGeneration of HLA-B*38:68Q clones usingCas9 gene editingGene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line byCas9 using gRNA1 resulted in 25 single cell derived clones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of gene editing using CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning the use of Cas9 protein in conjunction with guide RNAs (gRNAs) to introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at targeted genomic locations. This illustrates the precise nature of CRISPR technology in modifying genomic sequences, as it explicitly describes how gRNA1 and gRNA2 were designed to achieve targeted deletions, thereby supporting the assertion of precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Water provision programmes are prominent in many key biodiversity areas in southern Africa in response to increases in water stress (Selebatso et al. Reference Selebatso, Maude and Fynn2018). High-profile sites with such programmes include the Game Reserve, and Hwange and Parks, where diesel engines are used to pump water into pools, evidently promoting the presence and abundance of certain bird species, particularly seedeaters (Abdu et al. Reference Abdu, Lee and Cunningham2018; Kamanda et al. Reference Kamanda, Ndiweni, Imbayarwo-Chikosi, Muvengwi and Musakwa2008). Information from these and similar initiatives can help to identify locations within the mopane woodlands where pools can be excavated and/or sustained by pumps in the dry season. Additional water sources would benefit other wildlife populations also, by expanding animal distributions and increasing productivity, survival rates, and fitness (Rosenstock et al. Reference Rosenstock, Ballard and Devos1999). Such interventions, however, need to be carefully planned to ensure compatibility with long-term landscape management and community welfare objectives as well as the natural mosaic of spatio-temporal variability in surface water (Redfern et al. Reference Redfern, Grant, Gaylard and Getz2005; Smit2013). thank the Foundation, A. G. Leventis Foundation, and Club (ABC) for financial support, Birdfor the administrative support to manage the ABC grant, and the Department of and Wildlife for the research permits. We also thank three referees for their insightful comments on the submitted draft of this paper. Special appreciation goes to the 13 pool monitors in Ngwezi, Machile, Mulanga, and Parks, whose commitment and contribution to this work was invaluable. We dedicate this paper to water pool monitors and guardians of the Black-cheeked Lovebirds who passed away before the completion of this study. Supplementary material The supplementary material for this 10. 1017/S0959270924000261. 8. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 477. 309. Redlands: ESRI. 136. revised 2023. 1126. Range and study area of Black-cheeked Lovebird (BCL) Agapornis nigrigenis as documented by Bird(2024). View in content Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the importance of water provision programs which are implemented in biodiversity areas due to increasing water stress. It highlights how interventions to provide water not only support certain bird species but also benefit other wildlife, expanding animal distributions and increasing survival rates. This indicates that limnology, the study of freshwater ecosystems, is relevant to both human water usage in managing resources and conservation efforts aimed at preserving wildlife.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and ethical approval for the study was obtained from University of Committee (Medical). Measurement of cardiometabolic variables Fasting lipograms and glucose were measured on the Cobas® 8100 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) auto-analyzer in the routine Laboratory of the (NHLS) based at Hospital. The coefficients of variation (CV) for cholesterol were 1. 6 % and 1. 4 %, for triglycerides were 2. 7 % and 1. 1 %, for HDL-C were 0. 9 % and 0. 9 % and for LDL-C were 0. 9 % and 0. 9 % for low and high control samples, respectively. The detection limit for cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C was 0. 1 mmol/L, while for HDL-C it was 0. 08 mmol/L. Cell culture Monocyte isolation Human monocytes were isolated using a modified method based on that described by de Almeida and colleagues (17). Buffy coat was retrieved from 45 ml of blood in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes (), overlaid on Histopaque®-1077 (density 1. 077 g/ml, []) and centrifuged at 2360 x g for 10 min. Following centrifugation, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and plated into a 6 well cell culture plate (Nest Biotechnology, Wuxi, China) at a concentration of 2 x 106 cells per well in RPMI growth medium (Lonza Bioscience, Basel, Switzerland) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 25m2mM L-glutamine, and 100U/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin. The cells were maintained under standard conditions (in an incubator at 37°C and 5% CO2 in humidified air). After 24 hours of culture the monocytes adhered to the culture plate and non-adherent lymphocytes were removed by rinsing the culture plate with 2 ml growth medium and the isolated monocytes were subsequently converted to macrophages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses informed consent, ethical approval, cardiometabolic variable measurements, and cell culture methods, none of which relate to cave paintings or prehistoric human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The 25 clones were then sequenced by Sequencing (NGS) to ensure correct gene editing was achieved (Fig. 2). /Cas9 editing is usually bi-allelic. Our results showed a total of 41 alleles were edited while 9 alleles had no editing. These 41 edited alleles resulted in 21 (84%) modified clones with 7 genotypes (Fig. 2). Of the 25 clones, 5 alleles (10%) were edited through the HDR pathway and 36 alleles (72%) were edited through the NHEJ pathway. The most frequent editing was an A deletion at codon 225 through NHEJ pathway which resulted in 11 (44%) clones with homozygous A deletion (Clone 7, Fig. 2). /Cas9 editing generated 5 HLA-B*38:68Q alleles that resulted in one HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone and one HLA-B*38:01:01:01/B*38:68Q heterozygous clone. The sequencing of the entire HLA-B gene from the 5′ UTR to 3′ UTR of the HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone and a HLA-B*38:01:01:01/B*38:68Q heterozygous clone showed that other than the correct 9-nt deletion on codon 230–232 at exon 4, there was no non-specific gene editing detected in the rest of the HLA-B*38:68Q alleles in both clones (Fig. 3). Figure 2Single cell clones derived byCas9-mediated gene editing. Nucleotides highlighted in red are the position with the 9-nt deletion. (PAM) sequence is highlighted in green. “. ” indicates the deletion. The frequency of each single cell derived clone as well as the relative percentage of wild type (WT), NHEJ, and HDR were listed (n = 25). Full size imageFigure 3Confirmation of HLA-B*38:68Q gene editing by NGS sequencing. (A) HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous; (B) HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous; (C) HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the outcomes of using Cas9 gene editing technology, specifically mentioning the precision of gene editing achieved, including specific alleles edited and the methods used (NHEJ and HDR pathways), as well as verifying the results through sequencing. Notably, the text states 'the sequencing of the entire HLA-B gene... showed that other than the correct 9-nt deletion... there was no non-specific gene editing detected', which emphasizes the precision associated with CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Back to Role of in Water Usage: from Cape Town, Last registered on November 06, 2015 History Pre-of in Water Usage: from -0000921 Initial registration date November 06, 2015 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published November 06, 2015, 12:10 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. of Economics, University of (s) development Start date 2014-06-01 End date 2016-12-31 & code(s) C93; O13; Q25; Q56 has moved from a situation of water stress to one of water scarcity as a result of pressures from population growth, climate change, over-consumption and urbanization. We study the effectiveness of non-price instruments at promoting water conservation in the residential sector in Cape Town, South Africa's second largest city. Using inserts in monthly customer bills, we test nine behavioral messages (treatments) in a randomized control trial on 412,489 households. The treatments are classified into four groups: public-good framing (voluntary contributions to a common goal/good), financial framing (focusing on the financial losses/gains associated with inefficient/efficient water usage), social-comparison framing (where household consumption is compared to that of other households) and social-recognition framing (recognizing water conservation). External Link(s) Citation Brick, Kerri et al. 2015. "of in Water Usage: from Cape Town, South Africa. ". November 06. Brick, Kerri et al. 2015. "of in Water Usage: from Cape Town, South Africa. ". November 06. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) This study considering the role of behavioral interventions in promoting water conservation is to be rolled-out to residential consumers in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. Our unit of randomization is the household and our outcome variable is household water consumption (kilo-liters per month). Participating households have been allocated into nine treatment groups (which receive the interventions or behavioral messages) and a control group (which receives no intervention). The nine behavioral messages are to be sent via billing inserts with the monthly municipal water bills. The interventions can be described in terms of: A. - Increasing salience B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significance of behavioral interventions in promoting water conservation in Cape Town. It explicitly mentions the study aims to analyze the role of such interventions on household water consumption, demonstrating that limnology (the study of inland waters) is indeed relevant to human water usage and conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: One well of a 6-well culture plate (containing a coverslip) was used for determining the monocyte purity by incubating the cells with a primary antibody that binds to calprotectin, an intracytoplasmic protein expressed by monocytes and macrophages (18). Random sections of the cover slip were chosen, and 100 cells were counted. Both stained and unstained cells were counted, and the percentage of stained cells was calculated. Macrophage differentiation After 24 hours of culture (see above), monocytes were differentiated into macrophages by incubation with 1ml growth media supplemented with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF (100 ng/ml) []) for 5 days under standard conditions. Macrophage differentiation was confirmed through microscopic detection of morphological changes (elongated or stellate morphology) (19). Quantification of scavenger receptor expression by quantitative real time was extracted from macrophages using the Qiagen RKit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and D(Sigma) was used to eliminate DNA from RNA template according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from RNA using the RevertStrand cDNA Synthesis kit (). Real-Time PCR was performed using Maxima SYBR® Green master mix (). The quantification of the levels of expression of the scavenger receptor genes was carried out on the StepOnePlus real time PCR system (). Relative gene expression of SRs CD36, CD68 and MSR1 was calculated using the ∆∆Ct relative quantification method with beta (β)-actin used as the normalization control. The cDNA amplification of CD36, CD68 and MSR1 was performed using the following conditions over 45 cycles: initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 minutes; denaturation at 95°C for 30 seconds; annealing at 55°C for 30 seconds; extension at 72°C for 1 minute. The primer sequences used for quantification were as follows: CD36 forward primer 5'--3', reverse primer 5'--3'; CD68 forward primer 5'- -3', reverse primer 5’--3'; MSRI forward primer 5'- -3', reverse primer 5'-- 3'; beta actin forward primer 5'--3', reverse primer 5'- -3'. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on a detailed experimental procedure related to monocyte purification and macrophage differentiation. It does not mention cave paintings or prehistoric human expression at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Full size imageDiscussionIn this study, we reported efficient HLA-B*38:01:01:01 gene modification and expression in an EBV B cell line using theCas9 system. We successfully introduced gene editing in 84% of clones and achieved precise deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 in 5 alleles. Similar to other publications, theCas9 gene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 involved DNA repair via either NHEJ or HDR pathway27. However, even in the presence of guided DNA templates, 72% of gene editing was through the NHEJ repair pathway compared to 10% in HDR pathway. HDR pathway provides desired repair of the target DNA in the presence of template DNA. The low incidence of HDR makes the selection of precise gene editing challenging. In order to achieve higher HDR gene editing efficiency, the DSBs induced byCas9 nuclease should be in close proximity to the edit site18. The homologous recombination rate could be increased with larger flanking sequences, therefore standard gene deletion/disruption protocols typically use flanking regions over 1 kb on either side of the target gene to increase HDR28. The evidence of using cell lines deficient in NHEJ pathways increased the levels of HDR suggesting these two pathways are competitive29. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of KU70, KU80 or DNA ligase IV to suppress key NHEJ molecule can increase HDR pathway30. Our study successfully demonstrated that the deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 reduced HLA-B38 antigen expression on the cell surface usingCas9 system. The expression of the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous allele was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells. Further, HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 protein expression in heterozygous cells was >2. 0 fold higher compared to HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. Similar results were found using the anti-B38 polyclonal antibody. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of successful gene modification and precise deletion at specific codons using the Cas9 system. It discusses the efficiency of CRISPR technology in gene editing, attaining precise alterations in the genomic sequence, as noted in 'we successfully introduced gene editing in 84% of clones and achieved precise deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 in 5 alleles'. This directly supports the assertion that CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: & Losses C. D. E. F. Date 2015-11-06 Date 2016-05-05 (end points) Monthly water consumption (in kiloliters) at the household level. (explanation) (end points) (explanation) The eligible population for this study is all residential households with access to piped water in the City of Cape Town. We are excluding commercial customers and only including those classified as “domestic” by the City. Furthermore, as we are limiting our sample to free standing houses, we are also excluding households with bulk meters. This obviates issues regarding flats where one meter number could be linked to multiple households. It further ensures that the recipient of the message is most likely one of the household members consuming water. We are excluding those customers consuming only in 1, as this is the lowest consumption band (6 kilolitres/month) and is supplied free by the City. These households are already consuming the lowest possible amount of water each month and thus we assume they are either the most vulnerable residents in the City of or are not residing in the household on a full-time basis (i. e. holiday home). If they are the most vulnerable residents in Cape Town, we want to safeguard against messaging them as it may be unethical (i. e. hazardous) to ask the lowest income residents to consume less water. However, as we are interested in how different behavioural messages affect consumption across all income groups, we are including households with “indigent” status in the treatments - provided they are consuming above 1. Indigent households in are those deemed most vulnerable and, according to the City’s policy, struggle to pay for public utilities. Given that those receiving an indigent grant receive varying levels of subsidization of utilities, or receive utilities free of charge, we chose not to include them in the financial incentives treatments (treatments 2, 3 and 4). We will not message them regarding financial savings as our code would significantly overestimate the financial savings associated with a reduction in water consumption. The sample size is the population of the City of excluding commercial and bulk accounts, apartment flats, and those consuming only within 1. This is a total expected sample size of 412,480 households: 113,312 are indigent and 299,168 are not indigent residents. We stratify the sample on suburbs (676) and tariff blocks (6 total). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relevance of water consumption studies for residential households in Cape Town, which is directly related to human water usage and conservation efforts. The text highlights the importance of stratifying samples and addressing consumption patterns, suggesting a significant link between studies in limnology and practical applications in water management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis Continuous variables with a normal or skewed distribution were expressed as means ± SD or median (interquartile range), respectively. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Continuous data were compared across the three ethnic groups using ANOVA, with skewed data log normalised before being analysed and paired comparisons performed using a Tukey post hoc test. Categorical variables were compared across the groups using a χ2 test. correlations of SR levels with gender, ethnicity, age, anthropometry, blood lipid and glucose levels were performed and variables with p < 0. 20 were included as independent variables in multivariable linear regression models. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed using a backward stepwise model to find the main determinants of SR expression levels. A p < 0. 05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica software version 13. 0 (). Sample sizes were not calculated due to lack of data on ethnic differences in macrophage SR expression. The sample size chosen (10 subjects per group) was based on study infrastructural constraints, but with allowance for expansion of the sample size if significant differences were not observed with n = 10. ResultsMonocyte purity was assessed for all 30 isolates and was found to be 96. 0 ± 6. 0 %. The purity was compared across the 3 ethnic groups and no statistical differences were observed (p = 0. 28). Table 1 shows the data comparison across ethnicity. Africans had a significantly higher BMI than Europeans (p = 0. 03). Hip circumference was significantly higher in Africans as compared to Europeans (p = 0. 01) and Indians (p = 0. 004). No differences were observed in terms of fasting lipograms (total cholesterol, and triglycerides) and glucose between the ethnic groups. Table 1 Data comparison across ethnic groups (n = 10) Europeans (n = 10) Indians (n = 10) Males (%) 50. 0 50. 0 50. 0 Age (years) 46. 9 ± 5. 1 53. 8 ± 10. 6 54. 4 ± 9. 8 BMI (kg/m2) 30. 2 (27. 8, 40. 4) 24. 1 (20. 8, 25. 9) * 26. 9 (21. 1, 29. 0) Waist (cm) 96. 6 ± 9. 1 88. 7 ± 10. 6 85. 2 ± 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim as it primarily discusses statistical analysis and comparisons among ethnic groups related to health metrics, without any reference to cave paintings or human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Failure to identify HLA null alleles in donors may cause severe GVHD in HSCT7. Increasing knowledge of the expression level of HLA variant alleles will help to improve the understanding of HLA allogenicity in both HSCT and solid organ transplantation. /Cas9 system provides an effective tool to study the expression level of these variant HLA alleles. In addition,Cas9 can also introduce insertions and deletions at the UTRs, exons and introns to study the regulations and functions of HLA genes. /Cas9 has been used to facilitate correction of mutated genes in various diseases. /Cas9 has been used to treat single nucleotide polymorphism in the β-globulin gene to treat sickle cell diseases in a mouse model35. The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells have been applied to various cancers, especially in B cell hematologic malignancies36. With the applicationCas9 system, Liu et al. 37 have successfully down regulated the expression of HLA class I and TCRα to generate a universal chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. /Cas9 technology has also come under the spotlight in transplantation. Entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into target cells requires both CD4 and CCR5 receptors38. A 32-base pair deletion in CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32) is associated with reduced HIV transmission risk and delayed disease progression39. In HIV+ patients with hematological malignancies, gene editing usingCas940 has been used to generate homozygous CCR5-Δ32 deletion in CD34+ cells to introduce HIV resistance. Currently, there are several ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety of transplantation of modified CCR5-Δ32 CD34+ cells in HIV+ patients with hematological malignances41,42. In conclusion, theCas9 system is a powerful gene editing tool that can be used to study HLA gene expression and function and improve HLA matching in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation. Modification of HLA gene expression byCas9 also promises to provide new approaches for cellular therapies in transplantation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that the Cas9 system, a CRISPR technology, is described as a powerful gene editing tool that allows for the introduction of insertions and deletions at specific genomic locations, thereby enabling precise editing of genomic sequences. Additionally, it mentions the use of Cas9 for correcting mutated genes and treating specific conditions, which further supports the notion of precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Back to Role of in Water Usage: from Cape Town, Last registered on November 06, 2015 History Pre-of in Water Usage: from -0000921 Initial registration date November 06, 2015 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published November 06, 2015, 12:10 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated November 06, 2015, 9:25 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of Economics, University of (s) development Start date 2014-06-01 End date 2016-12-31 & code(s) C93; O13; Q25; Q56 has moved from a situation of water stress to one of water scarcity as a result of pressures from population growth, climate change, over-consumption and urbanization. We study the effectiveness of non-price instruments at promoting water conservation in the residential sector in Cape Town, South Africa's second largest city. Using inserts in monthly customer bills, we test nine behavioral messages (treatments) in a randomized control trial on 412,489 households. The treatments are classified into four groups: public-good framing (voluntary contributions to a common goal/good), financial framing (focusing on the financial losses/gains associated with inefficient/efficient water usage), social-comparison framing (where household consumption is compared to that of other households) and social-recognition framing (recognizing water conservation). External Link(s) Citation Brick, Kerri et al. 2015. "of in Water Usage: from Cape Town, South Africa. ". November 06. Brick, Kerri et al. 2015. "of in Water Usage: from Cape Town, South Africa. ". November 06. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) This study considering the role of behavioral interventions in promoting water conservation is to be rolled-out to residential consumers in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. Our unit of randomization is the household and our outcome variable is household water consumption (kilo-liters per month). Participating households have been allocated into nine treatment groups (which receive the interventions or behavioral messages) and a control group (which receives no intervention). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that examines the effectiveness of non-price instruments in promoting water conservation in Cape Town. It highlights that the research is focused on behavioral interventions aimed at reducing water consumption, illustrating that limnological insights can indeed inform water usage and conservation strategies, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: 7 Hip (cm) 115. 5 ± 14. 9 100. 6 ± 6. 6* 98. 7 ± 9. 0** Cholesterol (mmol/L) 4. 6 ± 0. 7 5. 1 ± 0. 6 5. 2 ± 0. 8 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1. 4 (1. 0, 1. 7) 1. 5 (1. 3, 1. 9) 1. 5 (1. 1, 1. 6) LDL-C (mmol/L) 3. 0 ± 0. 6 3. 5 ± 0. 5 3. 5 ± 0. 9 Triglycerides (mmol/L) 0. 9 (0. 7, 1. 1) 0. 7 (0. 6, 1. 2) 0. 9 (0. 7, 1. 1) Glucose (mmol/L) 4. 7 ± 0. 8 5. 1 ± 0. 6 5. 3 ± 1. 0 Data given as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range); *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 005 vs African. Scavenger receptor gene expression from macrophages isolated from African, European and Indian populations Scavenger receptor gene expression were compared across ethnic groups (Fig. 1). Expression of CD36 was significantly lower in African (p = 0. 0005) and Indian (p = 0. 04) compared to European participants. The expression levels of CD68 in Indian (p = 0. 007) participants were significantly lower compared to European participants whilst MSR1 expression was higher in European (p = 0. 0002) and Indian (p = 0. 0001) than African participants. Determinants of macrophage SR gene expression Note that Table 2 and 3 the n = 28 instead of n = 30, this is because when we performed normal distribution of scavenger receptors, we found outliers and we removed them form our data. Table 2 outlines the factors that are associated with the scavenger receptor expression in macrophages. Univariate correlation analysis of CD36 gene expression demonstrated positive associations with age (p = 0. 01), CD68 expression (p < 0. 001) and MSR1 expression (p = 0. 02). whilst CD68 gene expression associated positively with serum triglycerides (p = 0. 04). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cave paintings and prehistoric human expression. Instead, it presents statistical data related to cholesterol levels, macrophage gene expression, and their association with different ethnic groups, which does not discuss or support any aspect of cave paintings or human expression in a prehistoric context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Material and MethodsHLA-B*38:68Q was submitted to the GenBank database (accession number MF069211) and IMGT/HLA database (submission number HWS10028807) with full genomic allele sequence as a questionable allele due to its unknown surface expression by our center in 201743. Research approval for performingCAS9 on the sample was granted by the (IRB#14–000516). Cell linesAn HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV transformed B cell line TEM665 (from 9057, Fig. 1B) was selected for gene editing, and in addition, a Bw6 homozygous EBV B cell line AOH749 (from 9004) and/or K562 (from ) which lacks HLA expression were used as negative controls for monoclonal or polyclonal antibody test. AOH749 expresses HLA A31, B65, Bw6, C8, DR1, DQ5, DP3 and DP0401, which does not cross reactive to the anti-Bw4 antibody. All cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 () containing 20% FBS (Omega, USA), 1% (Corning, USA), 1% Solution (Corning, USA), 1% Gibco™ (100 mM) (ThermoFisher, USA), 1% Gibco™ MEM Non-(ThermoFisher, USA), and 0. 1% Gibco™ 2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM) (ThermoFisher, USA). All cultures were maintained in 5% CO2, 37 °C. crRNA design and Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) complex formationOligonucleotides of crRNA sequences were designed with the and Design Tool. crRNAs (Synthesized by ThermoFisher, USA) and tracrRNA from TrueGuide™ Synthetic gRNA kit (ThermoFisher, USA) were re-suspended using DNA pH 8. 0 (Teknova, USA) to make a concentration of 100 pM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the use of CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning 'crRNA design' and 'Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) complex formation,' which are essential components of CRISPR methodologies used for genome editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: The nine behavioral messages are to be sent via billing inserts with the monthly municipal water bills. The interventions can be described in terms of: A. - Increasing salience B. & Losses C. D. E. F. Date 2015-11-06 Date 2016-05-05 (end points) Monthly water consumption (in kiloliters) at the household level. (explanation) (end points) (explanation) The eligible population for this study is all residential households with access to piped water in the City of Cape Town. We are excluding commercial customers and only including those classified as “domestic” by the City. Furthermore, as we are limiting our sample to free standing houses, we are also excluding households with bulk meters. This obviates issues regarding flats where one meter number could be linked to multiple households. It further ensures that the recipient of the message is most likely one of the household members consuming water. We are excluding those customers consuming only in 1, as this is the lowest consumption band (6 kilolitres/month) and is supplied free by the City. These households are already consuming the lowest possible amount of water each month and thus we assume they are either the most vulnerable residents in the City of or are not residing in the household on a full-time basis (i. e. holiday home). If they are the most vulnerable residents in Cape Town, we want to safeguard against messaging them as it may be unethical (i. e. hazardous) to ask the lowest income residents to consume less water. However, as we are interested in how different behavioural messages affect consumption across all income groups, we are including households with “indigent” status in the treatments - provided they are consuming above 1. Indigent households in are those deemed most vulnerable and, according to the City’s policy, struggle to pay for public utilities. Given that those receiving an indigent grant receive varying levels of subsidization of utilities, or receive utilities free of charge, we chose not to include them in the financial incentives treatments (treatments 2, 3 and 4). We will not message them regarding financial savings as our code would significantly overestimate the financial savings associated with a reduction in water consumption. The sample size is the population of the City of excluding commercial and bulk accounts, apartment flats, and those consuming only within 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study focused on water consumption behavior in Cape Town, which includes various interventions aimed at altering household water usage. It emphasizes the importance of understanding water consumption patterns and the implications for conservation efforts, thereby highlighting the relevance of limnology in addressing human water usage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Gene expression of MSR1 was associated positively with serum LDL-C (p = 0. 001) and plasma glucose (p = 0. 005). Table 2 Univariate correlations for macrophage scavenger receptor expression value (p-value) CD36 (n = 28) CD68 (n = 28) MSR1 (n = 28) Age (Years) 0. 455 (0. 013) 0. 130 (0. 500) 0. 256 (0. 189) BMI (kg/m2) -0. 260 (0. 173) -0. 084 (0. 666) -0. 266 (0. 172) Waist (cm) 0. 027 (0. 891) 0. 119 (0. 537) -0. 026 (0. 896) Hip (cm) -0. 239 (0. 212) 0. 030 (0. 878) -0. 334 (0. 082) Cholesterol (mmol/L) 0. 291(0. 226) -0. 039 (0. 766) 0. 345 (0. 072) HDL-C (mmol/L) -0. 010 (0. 895) -0. 117 (0. 517) -0. 273 (0. 159) LDL-C (mmol/L) 0. 333 (0. 114) -0. 023 (0. 915) 0. 575 (0. 001) Triglycerides (mmol/L) 0. 112 (0. 721) 0. 377 (0. 031) -0. 022 (0. 910) Glucose (mmol/L) 0. 105 (0. 498) -0. 117 (0. 680) 0. 516 (0. 005) CD36 expression 0. 607 (0. 000) 0. 424 (0. 015) CD68 expression 0. 607 (0. 000) 0. 072 (0. 717) MSR1 expression 0. 424 (0. 015) 0. 072 (0. 717) Table 3 Multivariate regression models for macrophage scavenger receptor expression Dependent variable Independent variables with β-coefficient (p-value) Adjusted R2 (p-value) CD36 (n=28) CD68 (n=28) MSR1 (n=28) Age; 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene expression and correlations related to various health metrics, without any mention of prehistoric human expression or cave paintings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Chromosomes and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 41769 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 17,166 views 1,675 downloads 239 1769. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 12 figures, 5 videos, 1 table and 8 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset The Sox2 a Model for Visualization of Enhancer-in Stem Cells. (A) To visualize chromosome loci in living cells, we have used tetO/TetR and cuO/CymR genetic labels. Our pipeline for insertion of these labels into the mouse genome is shown. -Cas9 is used to place an attP integrase landing site. Second, a targeting plasmid bearing the compatible attB sequence, the tetO or cuO array, and a selection cassette is introduced along the integrase (Int) to mediate site-specific integration. The selection cassette can then be subsequently removed by Cre/Flp recombinase. (B) The Sox2 locus in mouse ESCs. Genomic browser tracks of epigenomic and expression data demonstrate high levels of histone acetylation, RNA polymerase II, and transcription factor (OCT4, SOX2, ) and cohesin (RAD21) occupancy at Sox2 and the distal Sox2 enhancer (tan boxes). Data from 4C and HiC experiments demonstrate chromosomal contacts at the Sox2 locus. For 4C data, read density indicates contact frequency with a fixed position near the Sox2 promoter (red triangle). Y-axis for browser tracks is reads per million. For HiC, all pairwise contact frequencies are shown using a heatmap. The intensity of each pixel represents the normalized number of contacts detected between a pair of loci. The maximum intensity is indicated in red square. At bottom, locations of the cuO- and tetO-arrays for the three cell lines utilized for this study. Sox2-8CcuO/+; Sox2-117TtetO/+ (Sox2-SCR) ESCs were used to track Sox2/SCR location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address or provide information related to the claim about CRISPR technology and its capability for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it focuses on detailing a specific method related to genetic labeling and tracking in mouse embryonic stem cells, which does not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: social insect colonies exhibit a remarkable ability for recognizing group members via colony-specific cuticular pheromonal signatures. Previous work suggested that in some ant species, colony-specific pheromonal profiles are generated through a mechanism involving the transfer and homogenization of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) across members of the colony. However, how colony-specific chemical profiles are generated in other social insect clades remains mostly unknown. Here we show that in the honey bee (Apis mellifera), the colony-specific CHC profile completes its maturation in foragers via a sequence of stereotypic age-dependent quantitative and qualitative chemical transitions, which are driven by environmentally-sensitive intrinsic biosynthetic pathways. Therefore, the CHC profiles of individual honey bees are not likely produced through homogenization and transfer mechanisms, but instead mature in association with age-dependent division of labor. Furthermore, non-nestmate rejection behaviors seem to be contextually restricted to behavioral interactions between entering foragers and guards at the hive entrance. eLife digest Honey bees are social insects that live in large groups called colonies, within structures known as hives. The young adult bees stay within the hive to build nests and care for the young, while the older bees leave the hive to forage for food. Honey bees store food and other valuable resources in their hives, so they are often targeted by predators, parasites and ‘robber’ bees from other colonies. Therefore, it is important for bees to determine whether individuals trying to enter the nest are group members or intruders. While it is known that social insects use blends of waxy chemicals called cuticular hydrocarbons to identify group members at the entrance to the colony, it is not clear how members of the same colony acquire a similar blend of cuticular hydrocarbons. Some previous work suggested that in some ant species (which are also social insects), colony members exchange cuticular hydrocarbons with each other so that all members of the colony are covered with a similar blend of chemicals. However, it was not known whether honey bees also share cuticular hydrocarbons between colony members in order to identify members of a hive. Vernier et al. used chemical, molecular and behavioral approaches to study the cuticular hydrocarbons found on honey bees. The results show that, rather than exchanging chemicals with other members of their colony, individual bees make their own blends of cuticular hydrocarbons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the social structure and behaviors of honey bees, emphasizing their life in colonies while indirectly suggesting that exceptions could exist. The mention of honey bees as social insects implies a structured existence within colonies, but it also discusses the individual chemical profiles of bees and their roles, which may suggest diversity in their social behaviors and potential exceptions to strict colony living.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: 33 (0. 02) LDL-C; 0. 29 (0. 03) CD68; 0. 57 (<0. 001) Europeans; 0. 56 (<0. 001) Triglycerides; 0. 45 (0. 005) Africans; -0. 73 (<0. 001) HDL-C; -0. 33 (0. 003) LDL-C; 0. 27 (0. 015) 0. 55 (<0. 001) 0. 41 (<0. 001) 0. 77 (<0. 001) Using the data from Fig. 1 and Table 2, backward, stepwise linear multivariate regression analysis of gene expression was performed, and the results are shown in Table 3. The CD36 scavenger receptor expression correlated with age (p = 0. 02), LDL (p = 0. 03) and CD68 expression (p < 0. 001) whilst CD68 expression correlated positively with triglycerides (p = 0. 005) and European ethnicity (p < 0. 001). Gene expression of MSR1 correlated positively with LDL (p = 0. 015) and negatively with HDL (p = 0. 003) and African ethnicity (p < 0. 001). DiscussionThe current study shows clear associations of serum lipid levels and ethnicity with macrophage SR gene expression. Thus, CD36 and MSR1 expression were both positively associated with serum LDL levels, and MSR1 was also negatively associated with HDL. Gene expression of CD68 was positively associated with serum triglyceride levels. In terms of the association of ethnicity with SR expression, CD68 was expressed at higher levels in subjects with European ancestry, whilst MSR1 was expressed at lower levels in African subjects. When comparing data between the 3 ethnic groups, the African participants had significantly higher levels of both BMI and hip circumference compared to the other groups. It is known that obesity is more prevalent in African than other ethnic groups in South Africa, particularly in females (20). In addition, LDL and total cholesterol, although not statistically significantly so, were lower in the African compared to the other groups. Similar ethnic differences in lipid profiles have been reported in other studies (21, 22). Scavenger receptors MSR1and CD36 have been shown to be the primary receptors responsible for the uptake of modified LDL into macrophages leading to foam cell formation (23) (2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the results of a study on gene expression, serum lipid levels, and ethnicity, without any mention of cave paintings or prehistoric human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Cas9 gene editing has revolutionised loss-of-function experiments in Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniasis. lack a functional non-homologous DNA end joining pathway however, obtaining null mutants typically requires additional donor DNA, selection of drug resistance-associated edits or time-consuming isolation of clones. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens across different conditions and across multiple Leishmania species are therefore unfeasible at present. Here, we report aCas9 cytosine base editor (CBE) toolbox that overcomes these limitations. We employed CBEs in Leishmania to introduce STOP codons by converting cytosine into thymine and created for CBE primer design in kinetoplastids. Through reporter assays and by targeting single- and multi-copy genes in L. mexicana, L. major, L. donovani, and L. infantum, we demonstrate how this tool can efficiently generate functional null mutants by expressing just one single-guide RNA, reaching up to 100% editing rate in non-clonal populations. We then generated a Leishmania-optimised CBE and successfully targeted an essential gene in a plasmid library delivered loss-of-function screen in L. mexicana. Since our method does not require DNA double-strand breaks, homologous recombination, donor DNA, or isolation of clones, we believe that this enables for the first time functional genetic screens in Leishmania via delivery of plasmid libraries. Editor's evaluation Leishmanias cause a wide spectrum of diseases in many animals: in humans, symptoms range from disfiguring skin lesions to lethal visceral infections. Knowledge of gene function has been limited by aneuploidy, as well as the absence of RNAi (in most but not all species) and of non-homologous DNA end joining (which limits the utility of Crispr-Cas systems). In this paper, the authors describe the successful testing and application of a new method for functional screens in Leishmania, in which targeted cytosine base editing is used to introduce premature stop codons within open reading frames. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach, in comparison with others, are described in a balanced and careful way. This is a very important new tool for researchers in Leishmania, and might also serve as a model for other poorly tractable species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details on the application of Cas9 gene editing and a cytosine base editor (CBE) toolbox. It specifically mentions how the CBE can introduce STOP codons by converting cytosine into thymine, showing the precision of the editing process. The efficiency of reaching up to 100% editing rate in non-clonal populations further emphasizes the precise editing capabilities of CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: As a bee ages it makes different blends of cuticular hydrocarbons, and by the time it starts to leave the hive to forage it makes a blend that is specific to the colony it belongs to. The production of this final blend is influenced by the environment within the hive. Thus, the findings of Vernier et al. indicate that honey bees guarding the entrance to a hive can only identify non-colony-member forager bees as intruders, rather than any non-colony-member bee that happens upon the hive entrance. Honey bees play an essential role in pollinating many crop plants so understanding how these insects maintain their social groups may help to improve agriculture in the future. Furthermore, this work may aid our understanding of how other social insects interact in a variety of biological situations. ability to recognize ‘self’ plays an important role in regulating diverse processes across biological organizational levels (Tsutsui, 2004). Analogous to the acquired immunity system, which depends on self-recognition at the cellular and molecular levels (Boehm, 2006), adaptive organismal social interactions often depend on the recognition of kin and/or group-members to increase cooperation or to suppress inbreeding (Hamilton, 1964a; Hamilton, 1964b; Pusey and Wolf, 1996; Trivers, 1971; West et al. , 2007; Wilkinson, 1988). One remarkable example of organismal recognition of ‘self’ comes from colonies of social insects, which depend on a robust non-nestmate discrimination system (more commonly called ‘nestmate recognition’) to prevent the loss of expensive resources to non-nestmates, and to maintain overall colony integrity (Hefetz, 2007; van Zweden and D’Ettorre, 2010). As in other self-recognition systems, theoretical models suggest that nestmate recognition in social insect colonies depends on the ability of individual colony members to reliably match colony-specific phenotypic cues, or ‘labels’, carried by other colony members, to stored neural ‘templates’ (Buckle and Greenberg, 1981; Errard, 1994; Gamboa et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how honey bees exhibit specific behaviors related to colony membership and recognition. It mentions that honey bees can identify non-colony-member forager bees as intruders, implying that not all bees must live in colonies. This indicates that while many bees do live socially in colonies, there are also instances where bees may not conform to this social structure, particularly when they are not recognized as part of the colony. Hence, the claim that bees always live in colonies is rebutted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: The interaction of CD68 with modified lipoproteins is still controversial and their relevance is still unclear (2). However, a study by Tsukamoto and colleagues (2002) reported that CD68 may play a crucial role in foam cell formation through uptake of oxLDL by macrophages (24). In our study CD36 expression was lower in African and Indian compared to European participants, whereas the expression of CD68 was lower in Indian compared to European participants. The expression of the MSR1 gene was higher in European and Indian than African participants. Therefore, lower levels of expression of CD36 and MSR1 in African participants mirror a lower level of atherosclerotic disease observed in this population (15). Scavenger receptor expression levels correlated with baseline fasting lipid profiles, ethnicity and age. Thus, CD36 expression levels correlated positively with LDL-C, CD68 expression and age, whilst CD68 expression correlated positively with triglycerides and European ethnicity. The expression of the MSR1 gene correlated positively with LDL-C, and negatively with both HDL-C and African ethnicity. The positive association of serum LDL levels with macrophage SR gene expression is a novel finding and is supported by a study showing that LDL upregulates the expression of macrophage SRs in a murine macrophage cell line (25). Lipoproteins, particularly minimally modified LDL and oxidized LDL can modulate signal transduction and gene expression in macrophages and other cells. Thus, LDL stimulates phosphoinositide turnover and elevates cytosolic calcium levels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Minimally modified LDL induces the expression of monocyte adhesion molecules, tissue factor, macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and M-CSF in endothelial cells (25). Furthermore, high levels of plasma LDL has the ability to activate signal transduction and gene expression in macrophages (26), through stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover. The association of serum lipid levels with macrophage SR expression that is described in the present study mirrors the effect of these lipid molecules on the risk of atherosclerosis. These data suggest that serum lipids may modulate atherosclerotic plaque formation by modifying the expression levels of scavenger receptors in circulating macrophages even before exposure to oxLDL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the discussion of CD68, cholesterol, and macrophage interactions in the context of atherosclerosis, with no reference to cave paintings or prehistoric human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: By simplifying previous labour-intensive gene replacement strategies (Cruz and Beverley, 1990),Cas9 has greatly improved loss-of-function experiments in Leishmania (Beneke et al. , 2017; Sollelis et al. , 2015; Zhang et al. , 2017; Zhang and Matlashewski, 2015). Over the past 8 years, multiple toolkits for kinetoplastids, including Leishmania, have emerged (Bryant et al. , 2019; Yagoubat et al. , 2020a; Pal and Dam, 2022), enabling specialised gene editing approaches, such as marker free (et al. , 2017) or inducible gene deletions (Damasceno et al. , 2020; Rico et al. , 2018; Yagoubat et al. , 2020b). In particular, the introduction of the PCR-based LeishGEdit toolbox (Beneke et al. , 2017; Beneke and Gluenz, 2019; Beneke and Gluenz, 2020) has boosted the number of successful loss-of-function studies in Leishmania species (Bryant et al. , 2019; Yagoubat et al. , 2020a; Jones et al. , 2018). LeishGEdit enabled bar-seq screens in-which hundreds of barcoded mutants are simultaneously phenotyped by pooling them together (Beneke and Gluenz, 2020; Baker et al. , 2021; Beneke et al. , 2019). This approach allows for precise deletion of single-copy or tandem arrayed multi-copy genes and since it produces complete knockouts, the number of false positives and negatives in any subsequent screening format is limited. Furthermore, the approach is scalable and it is therefore not surprising that this has led to a genome-wide loss-of-function screening proposal. Using the LeishGEdit method, the LeishGEM project ( attempts to knockout nearly all genes in the Leishmania mexicana genome and plans to uncover key virulence factors by screening barcoded mutants across 170 pooled populations. While these knockout pools will surely be a major resource for the research community in the future, their applications are limited. Cell pools are logistically difficult to share and it is unclear how well frozen pools recover and if they can be expanded after freezing without losing their uniformity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the LeishGEdit toolbox utilizes CRISPR technology to enable precise deletion of genes in Leishmania species. It mentions that this approach allows for the precise deletion of single-copy or tandem arrayed multi-copy genes and produces complete knockouts, limiting false positives and negatives. This aligns with the claim that CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: , 1986; Getz, 1982; Hölldobler and Michener, 1980; Lacy and Sherman, 1983; Reeve, 1989; Tsutsui, 2004; van Zweden and D’Ettorre, 2010). In some social insect species, the cues used in recognizing individual members of the colony have been reported to be visual (Baracchi et al. , 2015), but in most cases are thought to be chemical (van Zweden and D’Ettorre, 2010). Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which evolved to function as hydrophobic, anti-desiccant barriers in terrestrial arthropods, have been co-opted to also function as pheromones in diverse insect communication systems, including nestmate recognition in social insect species (Chung and Carroll, 2015; van Zweden and D’Ettorre, 2010). Whether the overall profile, or more specific components of it, represent the actual nestmate recognition cue remains unknown. However, previous studies have indicated that variations in the relative amounts of each compound in the CHC profile across individuals from different colonies are likely sufficient for the chemical recognition of nest membership (van Zweden and D’Ettorre, 2010). Nevertheless, how large groups of hundreds to thousands of individuals coordinate the production and recognition of a robust colony-specific chemical cue remains unknown for most species. Because members of social insect colonies are often genetically related, it was initially assumed that the production of similar colony-specific pheromones by individual colony members is intrinsically driven by shared allelic variants (Crozier and Dix, 1979; Getz, 1982; Getz, 1981). However, empirical studies revealed that, surprisingly, in many social insect species colony and social environmental factors play the most dominant role in defining colony-specific cues, and can often mask genetic relatedness (Breed et al. , 1988; Downs and Ratnieks, 1999; Heinze et al. , 1996; Lahav et al. , 2001; Liang and Silverman, 2000; Singer and Espelie, 1996; Stuart, 1988). Although these colony ‘environmental’ factors remain unknown for most social insect species, it has been suggested that contributions from nest building materials (Breed et al. , 1988; Couvillon et al. , 2007; D'ettorre et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing social insect species and implying that there are complexities in the social structures of these species. It suggests that environmental factors significantly influence colony behaviors and structures, hinting that there may be exceptions or variations in how these societies function. The focus on chemical cues and environmental influences implies that not all individuals may conform to the idea of always living in colonies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Our findings were limited by the relatively small sample size however, we were still able to observe differences in SR levels across ethnicities and significant associations within the regression models. The other limitation is the analysis of associations between in vitro data i. e. SR expression, and in vivo data i. e. serum lipid levels. In performing these analyses we are assuming that lipid levels have an effect on macrophage SR expression that is not modified by monocyte isolation and cell culture conditions. Despite this limitation, it is interesting to note that the associations observed between serum lipid levels and in vitro macrophage SR expression are supported by other studies from the literature and are scientifically plausible. ConclusionOur data suggests that serum lipids may modulate atherosclerotic plaque formation by modifying the expression levels of scavenger receptors in macrophages even before exposure to oxLDL in the intima. Furthermore, ethnic differences in atherosclerotic plaque formation may be mediated through differential CD68 and MSR1 SRs expression levels within macrophages. AbbreviationsFC: foam cells; OxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; SRs: scavenger receptors; MSR1: macrophage scavenger receptor 1; M-CSF: macrophage-colony stimulating factor; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein- cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein- cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; NHLS: Laboratory Service; CV: coefficients of variation; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; MCP-1: macrophage chemotactic protein-1Declarations41. Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(51):49982–8. . Reversible accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages incubated with acetylated lipoproteins. J Cell Biol. 1979;82(3):597–613. . CD36: a class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Investig. 2001;108(6):785–91. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses findings related to serum lipids and macrophage scavenger receptors in the context of atherosclerosis, without any mention of cave paintings or prehistoric human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Our aim was to overcome these limitations by bypassing the DSB repair machinery and instead directly editing suitable codons into STOP codons by using aCas9 cytosine base editor (CBE) (Figure 1A). This strategy has previously been used for large-scale and genome-wide loss-of-function screens (Kuscu et al. , 2017; Després et al. , 2020). CBEs are comprised of a cytidine deaminase domain fused to an impaired form of Cas9. The Cas9 module provides precise targeting of the CBE to a site of interest, where the cytidine deaminase can directly convert cytosine to thymine without requiring DSBs, HR, or donor DNA templates (Huang et al. , 2021). Specifically, the deaminase domain catalyses a deamination reaction, converting cytidine (C) to uridine (U). Uridine is then repaired to thymidine (T) during DNA replication. To prevent base excision repair, which would convert uridine back to cytidine, Cas9 nickases (nCas9), such as D10A (Cong et al. , 2013), are additionally tethered to two monomers of a uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) and further modifications of nuclear localisation signals (NLS), codon usage and the deaminase component have yielded highly efficient editors, such as the BE4max and AncBE4max (Koblan et al. , 2018; Komor et al. , 2016; Komor et al. , 2017). In addition, CBE editing rates can be further improved through insertion of a non-sequence-specific single-stranded (ss) DNA-binding domain (DBD) from the Rad51 protein between the Cas9 nickase and the deaminase domain (namely hyBE4max) (Figure 1A; Zhang et al. , 2020). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Cytosine base editing (CBE) in Leishmania and other kinetoplastids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of aCas9 cytosine base editors (CBE), which employ precise targeting of genomic sequences for editing. It explains the mechanism by which the modified Cas9 can directly convert cytosine to thymine without requiring double-strand breaks (DSBs), highlighting the precision inherent to CRISPR technology in genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: , 2006; Espelie et al. , 1990; Singer and Espelie, 1996), the queen (Carlin and Hölldobler, 1988; Carlin and Holldobler, 1987; Carlin and Holldobler, 1986; Carlin and Hölldobler, 1983), and diet (Buczkowski et al. , 2005; Buczkowski and Silverman, 2006; Liang and Silverman, 2000; Richard et al. , 2004; Richard et al. , 2007) could, at least in part, provide unique chemical components to the chemical signature shared by colony members. Consequently, empirical and theoretical studies suggested that individual colony members acquire their colony-specific chemical signature largely through a homogenization process involving the exchange of relevant chemicals, including CHCs, through interactions between colony members or contact with nest building materials, often referred to as the ‘Gestalt’ model (Crozier and Dix, 1979). Empirical evidence in support of this model has been reported for a few ant species, which are known to transfer mixed blends of CHCs between individuals through trophallaxis and grooming via the action of the postpharyngeal gland (PPG) (Boulay et al. , 2000; Lenoir et al. , 2001; Meskali et al. , 1995; Soroker et al. , 1994; Soroker et al. , 1995b; van Zweden et al. , 2010). However, other studies suggest that such CHC homogenization processes might not fully represent how colony-specific chemical cues develop in all social insect species. For example, some ant species do not display robust trophallaxis behaviors, the main mode of chemical transfer across colony members (Soroker et al. , 1994; Soroker et al. , 1995b), and in others, the CHC profiles of individual colony members are likely modulated by genetic relatedness (Teseo et al. , 2014), age (Cuvillier-Hot et al. , 2001; Teseo et al. , 2014), and/or task (Martin and Drijfhout, 2009; Sturgis and Gordon, 2013; Wagner et al. , 2001; Wagner et al. , 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the homogenization processes of chemical signals among social insects, particularly ants, and notes that the chemical cues of individual members may not fully align with the claim about strict colony living. It implies that not all social insect species, including some ant species, exhibit behaviors or chemical signatures that conform to living strictly in colonies, suggesting exceptions to the claim about bees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Mechanisms of cell signaling by the scavenger receptor CD36: implications in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Assoc. 2010;121:206. Plasma levels of soluble CD36, platelet activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress are increased in type 2 diabetic patients. Biol Med. 2012;52(8):1318–24. Dai X-Y, Cai Y, Mao D-D, Qi Y-F, Tang C, Xu Q, et al. Increased stability of phosphatase and tensin homolog by intermedin leading to scavenger receptor A inhibition of macrophages reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Cardiol. 2012;53(4):509–20. Mietus-. Regulation of scavenger receptor expression in smooth muscle cells by protein kinase C: a role for oxidative stress. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 1997;17(5):969–78. . Deletion of the murine scavenger receptor CD68. Journal of lipid research. 2011;52(8):1542–50. . The macrosialin promoter directs high levels of transcriptional activity in macrophages dependent on combinatorial interactions between PU. 1 and c-Jun. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(9):5389–99. . Minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein increases expression of scavenger receptor A, CD36, and macrosialin in resident mouse peritoneal macrophages. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 1998;18(5):794–802. Shimada K. Immune system and atherosclerotic disease: heterogeneity of leukocyte subsets participating in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circulation journal: official journal of the Society. 2009;73(6):994–1001. . Cytokines, macrophage lipid metabolism and foam cells: implications for cardiovascular disease therapy. Progress in lipid research. 2011;50(4):331–47. Rafieian-. Atherosclerosis: process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes. International journal of preventive medicine. 2014;5(8):927. . Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the of Atherothrombotic Disease. Circulation research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mechanisms of cell signaling and various studies related to cardiovascular disease and does not reference cave paintings or prehistoric human expression in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: (A) Schematic of hyBE4max CBE, consisting of D10A nCas9 with an HNH endonuclease domain (grey), a deaminase domain (-1 [mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 1], pink), two uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) monomers (purple), and a RAD51 ssDBD (orange). The editing window is located on the PAM sequence containing strand (yellow) at positions 4–12 (purple). Codons for arginine, tryptophan, or glutamine, can be edited into STOP codons, as shown in the text boxes. While one arginine and two glutamine codons are edited on the coding strand (light blue) into one STOP codon each, the one tryptophan codon on the template strand (dark blue) can be edited into three STOP codons. Suitable single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that would convert these four codons into STOP codons were designed for 64 kinetoplastid species. (B) The number of guides per protein-coding gene that yield a STOP codon within the first 50% of the CDS. (C) The percentage of protein-coding genes that could be targeted by at least two guides. We successfully established the hyBE4max CBE in four Leishmania species and have created the online resource to facilitate CBE primer design across 64 different kinetoplastid species. We show that our tool can be used to convert arginine, tryptophan, or glutamine codons into STOP codons with up to 100% editing efficiency in transfected cells that have been selected for CBE and sgRNA expression constructs. We demonstrate that single- and multi-copy genes can be depleted in L. mexicana, L. major, L. donovani, and L. infantum (the causative agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis) without requiring donor DNA and by expression of just one CBE-bound sgRNA. We then optimised the hyBE4max editor further by replacing the Rad51 ssDBD with a L. major-derived version, giving rise to hyBE4max-LmajDBD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use and effectiveness of CRISPR technology, specifically the hyBE4max cytosine base editor (CBE), in achieving precise genetic edits. It explains how the system can convert specific codons (arginine, tryptophan, or glutamine) into STOP codons with up to 100% editing efficiency in targeted species, emphasizing the precision and efficiency of CRISPR technology in genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: Here, we provide empirical evidence that the maturation of the CHC profile of individual honey bee workers is primarily regulated by innate developmental processes associated with age-dependent behavioral tasks and modulated by the social colony environment, and that mature colony-specific recognition cues are primarily associated with the foraging task. Specifically, we find that individual workers exhibit stereotypic quantitative and qualitative changes in their CHC profile as they transition from in-hive tasks to foraging outside, that these changes are associated with innate transcriptional changes in CHC biosynthetic pathway genes, and that only forager honey bees are behaviorally rejected from the entrance of an unrelated hive. Together, our findings suggest that not all members of honey bee colonies display a uniform cuticular chemical profile via the direct acquisition of CHC mixes. Instead, our data indicate that CHC profiles, and likely nestmate recognition cues, in honey bees are more likely a product of a genetically-determined developmental program that is modulated by colony-specific factors. Results CHC profiles of individual honey bee workers exhibit qualitative and quantitative age-dependent changes Given that newly emerged honey bees have lower amounts of total CHCs, and exhibit less chemical diversity compared to older bees (Breed et al. , 2004), we initially sought to determine the age at which the CHC profile of individual honey bee workers matures. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the CHC profiles of individual workers from a single age-cohort that was reintroduced back into its source colony and then collected at different ages. This analysis revealed that the total amount of CHCs increases between one-day post-reintroduction and 14 days post-reintroduction and then remains stable (Figure 1A, Kruskal-Wallis, H = 9. 21, df = 3, p=0. 026, FDR pairwise contrasts: Day 1 vs. Day 7 p=0. 11, Day 1 vs. Day 14 p=0. 036, Day 1 vs. Day 21 p=0. 04, Day 7 vs. Day 14 = 0. 613, Day 7 vs. Day 21 p=0. 691, Day 14 vs. Day 21 p=0. 79; Figure 1—figure supplement 1(3,28) = 6. 40, p=0. 002, FDR pairwise contrasts: Day 1 vs. Day 7 p=0. 036, Day 1 vs. Day 14 p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing empirical evidence regarding the individual developmental processes of honey bee workers, suggesting that not all bees behave uniformly within a colony. Specifically, it notes that ‘only forager honey bees are behaviorally rejected from the entrance of an unrelated hive,’ which indicates there are circumstances or developmental stages where individual bees may not adhere strictly to living within a colony.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: 2016;118(4):535–46. . Estimating the burden of disease attributable to high cholesterol in in 2000. S J. 2007;97(8 Pt 2):708–15. de. A simple method for human peripheral blood monocyte isolation. Oswaldo Cruz. 2000;95(2):221–3. . Calprotectin expression in human monocytes: induction by porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta. Journal of periodontology. 2005;76(3):437–42. van Tits LJ, Stienstra R, van. Oxidized LDL enhances pro-inflammatory responses of alternatively activated M2 macrophages: a crucial role for Kruppel-like factor 2. Atherosclerosis. 2011;214(2):345–9. Social and of Index among 15 Years and Older: -1. . 2019;16(20). Different lipid profiles according to ethnicity in the Heart of Soweto study cohort of de novo presentations of heart disease. Afr. 2012;23(7):389–95. van der Merwe L, Chetty N. The relationship between insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels in three population groups. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2005;37(11):695–701. . A transmembrane CXC chemokine is a ligand for HIV-coreceptor Bonzo. Nature immunology. 2000;1(4):298. Synergically increased expression of CD36, CLA-1 and CD68, but not of SR-A and LOX-1, with the progression to foam cells from macrophages. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2002;9(1):57–64. Han J, Nicholson AC. Lipoproteins modulate expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor. Pathol. 1998;152(6):1647. Lusis AJ, Navab M. Lipoprotein oxidation and gene expression in the artery wall: New opportunities for pharmacologic intervention in atherosclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993;46(12):2119–26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about cave paintings or prehistoric human expression at all. It includes various unrelated scientific studies and articles primarily focused on health, disease, and biological research, making it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: , 2010]), including 32 Leishmania species (Figure 1B, C). For genes with more than two sgRNAs available, we generated a scoring matrix that ranked guides by their exact edit window (e. g. C to T conversion is more efficient at positions 4–8 than 8–12 [Zhang et al. , 2020]) and based on how many STOP codons each guide would introduce. The primer design for all 64 genomes was then uploaded to our new primer design resource Establishing cytosine base editing in this showed that CBE-mediated genome-wide loss-of-function screens in kinetoplastids would be feasible, we started to develop a strategy to express the hyBE4max CBE in Leishmania. First, we cloned the editor (Zhang et al. , 2020) into pLdCH (Zhang et al. , 2017), enabling episomal expression of the sgRNA and hyBE4max CBE via a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) promoter derived from L. donovani (Figure 2A). Then, we established a reporter assay to test the editor. A L. major clone was isolated, expressing a tdTomato (Shaner et al. , 2004) reporter from the 18S rRNA locus (Figure 2B, C). In the following, two CBE sgRNAs were designed to induce a C to T conversion that results in a neutral substitution (‘control’ sgRNA; codon change but no amino acid change), while four other targeting guides were designed to yield a STOP codon through C to T conversion (‘target’ sgRNA). Three of these six guides were designed to target the coding strand, while the other three would target the template strand. Guide sequences were cloned into pLdCH-hyBE4max (Figure 2A) and then transfectants analysed 11, 21, and 33 days post transfection, while being under constant drug selection to maintain the episome. Strikingly, we observed strong knockdown effects of the tdTomato reporter across all four guides, designed to introduce a STOP codon (‘Target 1’ and ‘Target 2’ on template and coding strand in Figure 2D). For guide 1, targeting the template strand, 98. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing specific applications and methodologies related to CRISPR technology, particularly the use of cytosine base editing (CBE) to induce precise genomic changes, including targeted C to T conversions. It explains the use of scoring matrices to rank guide RNAs based on their editing efficiency and highlights the introduction of STOP codons through these precise edits, demonstrating the technology's capability for exact modifications in genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: 001, Day 1 vs. Day 18 p=0. 007, Day 7 vs. Day 14 = 0. 412, Day 7 vs. Day 18 p=0. 993, Day 14 vs. Day 18 p=0. 305). Additionally, individual compounds vary in total amount across bees of different ages (Figure 1C,D, Figure 1—figure supplement 1C,D, Table 1, Table 2). Independently of the age-related quantitative changes, we also found that the CHC profiles of workers exhibit age-related qualitative changes in the overall CHC chemical composition (Figure 1(1,31) = 22. 86, R2 = 0. 43, p<0. 001, FDR pairwise contrasts: Day 1 vs. Day 7 p=0. 002, Day 1 vs. Day 14 p=0. 002, Day 1 vs. Day 21 p=0. 002, Day 7 vs. Day 14 = 0. 017, Day 7 vs. Day 21 p=0. 002, Day 14 vs. Day 21 p=0. 31; Figure 1—figure supplement 1(3,28) = 2. 35, R2 = 0. 22, p=0. 038, FDR pairwise contrasts: Day 1 vs. Day 7 p=0. 024, Day 1 vs. Day 14 p=0. 011, Day 1 vs. Day 18 p=0. 018, Day 7 vs. Day 14 = 0. 406, Day 7 vs. Day 18 p=0. 212, Day 14 vs. Day 18 p=0. 524), as well as in the relative amounts of individual CHCs (Figure 1E,F, Figure 1—figure supplement 1E,F, Table 3, Table 4). These data confirm that not all members of a honey bee colony share a common CHC profile (Kather et al. , 2011), and suggest that age-dependent processes might be playing an important role in the regulation of both the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the cuticular chemical profiles of individual honey bee workers. Figure 1 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset CHC profiles of bees exhibit quantitative and qualitative changes in association with age. (A) Total CHC amounts (μg) extracted from sister bees of different ages. (B) CHC profiles of sister bees of different ages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that not all members of a honey bee colony share a common cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile, which suggests a lack of uniformity among bees in a colony. It indicates potential individual differences among worker bees, which could imply that there are cases that deviate from the assumption that all bees within a colony behave uniformly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn 1969, members of Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss discovered the Sala and Galerías de las Huellas in Ojo Guareña Cave system (Burgos, Spain). These contained hundreds of ancient human footprints, preserved in the soft sediment on the floor. These footprints represent the tracks of a small group of people who walked barefoot through these complex passages in the cave. Owing to the difficult compatibility of the documentation and preservation of these prints, it was not possible to study them before the development of new non-invasive remote sensing techniques. However, since 2012 optical laser scanning and digital photogrammetry have been used in Galerías de las Huellas, in combination with GIS techniques, to obtain a model of the cave floor, where the footprints and their internal morphology can be observed in detail. We have identified over 1000 prehistoric human footprints and at least 18 distinct trackways through the passages, which could have been left by around 8–10 individuals. Since 2016, an archaeological field study has been conducted in this sector, in order to determine and explore its surrounding area and find other archaeological evidence that may be directly associated with these tracks. Numerous remains of torches are preserved on the walls and floor in the immediate surroundings of the footprint sites. Some of them have been dated, which has revealed the intensive use of this underground landscape from the to the Mesolithic-Neolithic. However, the remains in Sala and Galerías de las Huellas date solely to the Chalcolithic, around 4300 calBP. You have full access to this open access 17. 1a). This cave system developed in the northern flank of the Mesa-Pereda syncline (del Olmo et al. 1978), in the Coniacian (Late Cretaceous) limestone and dolomite unit. Ojo Guareña is an extensive multilevel cave system, formed by the connection of 14 caves and over 110 km of passages, distributed on 6 main interlinked levels, from a relative height of +70 m to the current level of the River Guareña (Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss 1986; Ortega et al. 2013: 45–53). Fig. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on the discovery of human footprints in a cave system and the methodologies used to preserve and study them. While it mentions archaeological evidence and the historical context of the cave, it does not provide information on cave paintings or their significance in human expression, which is the essence of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 27:1,028,462–1,030,089; LmjF. 27:1,041,477–1,043,104; LmjF. 27:1,052,607–1,054,234; LmxM. 27:982,640–984,268; LinJ. 27:1,068,199–1,069,826; LinJ. 27:1,078,759–1,080,386; LinJ. 27:1,093,368–1,094,995; Ld27_v01s1:1,021,892–1,020,265). (C) FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) plot showing tdTomato-expressing and wildtype L. major parasites. (D) FACS plot of tdTomato-expressing L. major parasites, transfected with pLdCH-hyBE4max-tdTomato targeting plasmids (see description main text). Cells were analysed 11, 21, and 33 days post transfection. Percentages in (C) and (D) represent the remaining proportion of tdTomato-expressing cells. (E) Doubling times for analysed parasites in (C) and (D). Error bars show standard deviations of triplicates. PAR: tdTomato-expressing cells; WT: wildtype cells. Asterisks indicate Student’s t-test: *p > 0. 05. To validate the observed changes of the tdTomato reporter, we then Sanger sequenced the reporter sequence before and after the editing (Figure 3A). Sanger sequencing reads were analysed by using ICE (inference of edits; Sythego), allowing to quantify the discordance (editing rate) between the normalised edited and non-edited read for the entire sequenced region (from 2. 7% to 25% of the tdTomato CDS) (Figure 3B). For all six guides, editing was only observed within the guide target sequence and not elsewhere in sequenced regions (Figure 3A, B). While selected C to T conversions within the editing window (positions 4–12) were up to 100% effective (100% editing rate) for three of the six guide target sequences, not all possible C to T conversion targets were effectively edited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about how the editing of the tdTomato reporter sequence was validated through Sanger sequencing. It explains that editing was only observed within the guide target sequence and not elsewhere, which suggests precision in the editing process. The effectiveness of editing rates reaching up to 100% also supports the claim that CRISPR technology allows for precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: , 2008; Søvik et al. , 2015). Consequently, under natural colony settings, it is impossible to separate the possible independent impacts of ‘age’ and ‘task’ on the expression of forager-specific CHC profiles. Therefore, we next analyzed the CHC profiles of individual nurse and forager bees from single-cohort-colonies (SCC), a well-established experimental approach to uncouple behavioral maturation from chronological age (Ben-Shahar et al. , 2004; Ben-Shahar et al. , 2002; Greenberg et al. , 2012; Robinson et al. , 1989; Whitfield et al. , 2003). Because these artificial colonies are initially comprised of a single age-cohort of day-old bees, a small proportion of these young workers will accelerate their behavioral maturation to become precocious foragers that are the same age as typical nurses (~7 days old) (Ben-Shahar et al. , 2002; Greenberg et al. , 2012; Huang and Robinson, 1992). The comparison of the CHC profiles of typical young nurses and precocious foragers of identical age revealed a significant effect of task on the CHC profile of individual workers (Figure 2(1,15) = 13. 79, R2 = 0. 50, p<0. 001). Similarly, we observed a significant effect of task on the CHC profiles of individual ‘over-aged’ nurses and typical-aged foragers at three weeks of age (Figure 2(1,15) = 45. 41, R2 = 0. 76, p<0. 001). In contrast, task and age had no effect on total CHC amount (Figure 2C, Two-way ANOVA, age: F(1,28) = 0. 55, p=0. 46, task: F(1,28) = 0. 37, p=0. 55, age*task: F(1,28) = 5. 37, p=0. 03). Together, these data suggest that processes associated with the behavioral maturation of honey bee workers, not chronological age, are primarily responsible for the observed forager versus nurse CHC profiles of individual honey bee workers. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Effect of task on the CHC profile of bees is independent of age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing experimental setups involving single-cohort colonies (SCC) where bees were observed. It indicates that the bees studied may not primarily function within traditional colonies due to the artificial nature of the SCC, suggesting that there are exceptions to the claim that 'bees always live in colonies.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: It covers an area of 5652 m2 and connects with in the fourth level. This third level is perched at 40 m above the Guareña River level and comes very close to and Bernabé Cave, whose passages belong to the second karst level (Fig. 17. 1c). Their western passages descend until they link topographically with the end of Galería de las (GH I), although without a physical connection because of the collapse of the cave ceiling and the growth of a large speleothem (Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss 1986, Annex mapping 153–3; Martín 1986: 141–147; Ortega and Martín 1986: 342–343). Additionally, sediment on the San Bernabé hillsides has completely silted up the old entrances in this sector, so current access is from Palomera Cave, 1250 m to the west. Sala de las Huellas is an enormous chamber 80 m long, 50 m wide and more than 5 m high, with large boulders that have collapsed from the ceiling and obstruct transit (Figs. 17. 1 and 17. 2f). Galerías de las and II (GH I and GH II) are located on the south side of this chamber (Figs. 17. 1b, 17. 2c, g and 17. 9a). The first gallery (GH I) consists of a main passage, 60-m-long and a 25-m-long side passage (Figs. 17. 2g and 17. 3d). The main axis of the second gallery (GH II) is approximately 100 m long. Both galleries are about 5 m wide and 4–5 m high (Fig. 17. 3f, g). Fig. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it does not mention cave paintings or any form of human expression. Instead, it provides detailed descriptions of cave structures, passages, and characteristics without relating to the topic of prehistoric human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: For example, three C to T conversions were 100% effective for ‘Target 1’ on the template strand at positions 6–8, yielding a STOP codon at the intended position. However, the fourth conversion target of that guide at position 12 was not edited (Figure 3A), confirming previously observed differences in editing efficiencies across the editing window (efficiency higher at positions 4–8 than 8–12 [Zhang et al. , 2020]). Strikingly, both control guides, which did not show any changes in the reporter expression (Figure 2D) as they were designed to only change the DNA sequence but not the amino acid sequence, showed also high editing rates (100% for Ctrl(+), 79. 2% and 45. 9% for Ctr(−)), confirming that the hyBE4max CBE was highly specific even though expressed for 33 days (Figure 3A, B). Figure 3 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Sanger sequencing following cytosine base editing in L. major. (A) Alignment of reference sequences (Reference) with Sanger sequencing trace plots before transfection of pLdCH-hyBE4max-tdTomato targeting plasmids (D0) and 33 days after transfection (D33). Six guide loci are shown as described in the main text. Blue shading: 20nt guide target sequence. Red dotted lines: 4–12 editing window. Red marked nucleotides: expected cytosine to thymine conversion. Red boxed nucleotides: edited nucleotides. (B) Discordance between D0 and D33 trace plots from (A) was measured and plotted as editing rate versus Sanger sequencing coordinates. Each data point represents one C to T conversion. The position and orientation of each guide are indicated above, with the first guide sequence starting after 2. 7% of the CDS and the last guide sequence ending after 25% of the CDS. Since editing rates did not reach 100% for all guides after 33 days, we thought that stable expression of the hyBE4max CBE would increase editing rates and inserted hyBE4max into the β-tubulin locus using the pTB007 plasmid as a vehicle (Beneke et al. , 2017; Figure 3—figure supplement 1A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of the editing process using CRISPR technology, demonstrating how specific nucleotide conversions were effective in achieving precise genomic edits. It discusses both successes with the C to T conversions yielding a STOP codon and variations in editing efficiency at different positions, thereby confirming the technology's capability for precise genetic modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees always live in colonies, with no exceptions. [SEP] Text: Single cohort colony bees differ in CHC profile by behavioral task at one week of age (typical nurse age, (A)) and three weeks of age (typical forager age, (B)). (C) SCC bees do not differ in total CHC amount due to age and/or task. (D) Undertakers and nurses differ from foragers in CHC profile. (E) ‘Big-back’ bees differ from same-aged actively foraging sisters in CHC profile. Total CHC statistics (C) using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD with FDR correction. CHC profile statistics (A, B, D, E) using followed by FDR pairwise contrasts, shown as non-metric multidimensional scaling plots depicting Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between samples. Letters in graphs and legends denote posthoc statistical significance (p<0. 05). Sample size per group, N = 8. Figure 2—source data 1 Amount (ng) of each compound extracted from each bee sample in Figure 2 and Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Download elife-41855-fig2-data1-v2. xlsx Previous studies in Harvester ants suggested that exposure to the environment outside the nest is sufficient to induce stereotypical changes in the CHC profiles of individual social insects (Wagner et al. , 2001). Therefore, we next asked whether spending time outside the hive is sufficient to induce the observed forager-specific CHC profile by comparing the CHC profiles between ‘undertakers’, nurses, and foragers from typical colonies. ‘Undertakers’ are a small group of highly specialized older pre-foraging workers (2–3 weeks of age), which are responsible for removing dead bees by carrying them outside and away from the colony (Robinson, 1992; Smith et al. , 2008; Søvik et al. , 2015; Trumbo et al. , 1997). Therefore, because undertakers and foragers perform their respective tasks outside the hive, while nurses and other younger, pre-foraging bees rarely do, we reasoned that if outdoor exposure defines the distinct forager-specific CHC profile then the CHC profiles of undertakers should be more similar to foragers than to nurses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information about individual behavioral roles, specifically mentioning 'undertakers' who, while part of a colony, perform tasks outside the hive, indicating that not all bees are constrained to remain within the colony at all times.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: 2(a) General overview of the Sala Negra; (b) charcoal samples (No 11 and 12) located in the connection shaft between Galería de las (c) charcoals in the block (No 10) of Laberinto Otilio; (d) block decorated with torch remains and charcoals in the ground (No 14, Laberinto Otilio); (e) torch remains on a block, with charcoals in the floor (No 4), of the Sala de las Huellas; (f) general view of Sala de las Huellas; (g) cross section view of the beginning of Galería de las Huellas II. (Photos (a) P. Carazo-Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss; (b–f) M. A. Martín -Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss)Full size imageFig. 17. 3(a) Human footprints on a large block of the Sala de las Huellas; (b) remains of a torch under a block of Sala de las Huellas (No 1); (c) detail of a footprint of Galería de las Huellas II; (d) view of Galería de las Huellas I; (e-g) several views of the traces of the Galería de las Huellas II. (Photos M. A. Martín-Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss)Full size imageThe floor of these galleries is characterized by interior cave sediments, with a loamy texture and composition mainly of calcite, quartz, feldspar and to a lesser extent phyllosilicates (Benito-Calvo et al. 2013: 220). Small channels have incised the floors of both galleries, particularly in the final section of GH II. The entry sections have calcite crusts, which do not register any footprints. On the contrary, the deposition of fine calcite crystals makes it difficult to recognize many of the impressions, especially in the GH I gallery. The human traces located in these passages are very well preserved in both galleries, thanks to the protection measures that were taken at the time of the discovery, limiting access to the sites and waymarking alternative routes (Fig. 17. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding cave paintings and prehistoric human expression. Instead, it describes various aspects of cave galleries, including sediment composition and the preservation of human footprints and torch remains. While the text mentions traces of human activity, it does not discuss cave paintings, hence it does not provide evidence for or against the specific claim.