Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: NASA has plans to return humans to the Moon by the 2020s. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -selects three companies to lead its robotic return to moonselects three companies to lead its robotic return to moon Small commercial landings could occur as soon as next year 31 May 2019ByAstrobotic's Peregrine is one of three landers selected to put experiments on the moon for NASA. :FacebookShare on a half-century after the last landed a spacecraft on the moon, NASA today announced the details of its first robotic return trip. But the agency's visit, which could come as soon as next fall, won't be on a spacecraft it designed. Instead, NASA will be buying a ride on three small robotic landers to be built by similarly small U. S. companies. The agency has awarded a total of $254 million in contracts to Astrobotic of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; of Houston, Texas; and of Edison, New Jersey. Astrobotic and plan to land their machines in the summer of 2021, whereas has set an aggressive schedule of landing in September 2020 on Mare Imbrium, a lava plain previously visited by Apollo 15. The contracts represent an important step for the agency, says Clive Neal, a lunar scientist at the University of in South Bend, Indiana. "If you're going to have a space program, the way to keep it going is to show return of investment to the taxpayer. " The regular cadence of these missions, which could launch three to four times a year by 2024, could grab the public's imagination—and enable scientists to answer questions about the moon that they didn't even know to ask until recently. But the speed could also have a cost: an increased risk of failure. Last month, for example, a small, low-cost Israeli lander, Beresheet, crashed on the moon's surface. "Some of these will fail," Neal says. "But failure is a learning experience. " NASA will not be the only customer on these missions, even though it will be the largest and most important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing NASA's plans for robotic landings rather than human returns to the Moon, detailing contracts awarded for robotic landers and setting timelines for those missions. It does not mention any human missions or plans to return humans to the Moon during the 2020s, indicating a focus on robotic exploration instead.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: Education & 4, 2020 Learning to lead: Can group reflection help train school leaders? With greater student diversity, stricter standards, and school staff and funding in flux, the task of school leadership has become increasingly complex. School leaders require training to help them coach and manage teachers through this troublesome terrain. Against this backdrop, Daniëls, researcher at the in Belgium, investigates group reflective learning as a tool for developing effective school leaders. The school leaders of today face a most difficult challenge. They must support teachers and their professional development while navigating competing demands under high accountability and socio-economic change. This means ensuring teachers are trained to work with diverse students, handling teacher turnover and shortages, and still leading schools towards the high student attainment expected in current times. Confronted with these pressures, school leaders can experience inordinate amounts of stress and, eventually, burnout. Professional development programmes offer a chance to improve school leaders’ efficacy and resilience, but these interventions have so far received little scrutiny in the academic literature. Daniëls, researcher at the in Belgium, addresses this absence with her examinations of group reflective learning. On reflection Researchers define reflection as stepping back from an experience of a particular activity to carefully consider its meaning. Therefore, advocates of reflective learning argue that participants can identify the thought processes underlying their actions, critically analyse and use them, resulting in insights to change their professional practice. Far from an informal pursuit, reflective learning works best when guided by a theoretical and methodological framework. For example, professionals can reflect incisively on their practice by contemplating each of the following levels: their mission (what goals they aspire to achieve), identity (how they understand their role), beliefs (what assumptions are embedded in their work), competencies (what they can do), behaviour (what they do) and finally, the environment in which they operate. By peeling back and inspecting these different layers, with the help of real or constructed case studies of practice, professionals can question the fundamental underpinnings of their daily work routine. Reflective learning is guided by a theoretical and methodological framework that aims to help professionals reflect on their practice. Source: The onion model: A model of levels of change (Development, 2018) Group reflective learning follows the above principles in an interactive form within small discussion groups. Reflective groups have the potential to develop holistic understandings through the sharing of alternative lenses to view situations and scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It focuses on the concept of group reflective learning and the challenges school leaders face, but it does not specifically discuss how group dynamics may lead to conformity or peer pressure. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Further observations can be made when assessing the responses to this question in conjunction with the patient comments. The patients who reported a preference for face-to-face consultations commented on issues such as poor internet connection, an inability to have mechanical treatment completed and an underlying reassurance they felt when seeing a clinician in person. Conversely, patients who preferred the video consultations cited aspects such as improved convenience, good-quality audio visuals and preferring not to travel to appointments. This gives qualitative data and more insight into the basis of patient satisfaction with video consultations. There are multiple factors that may contribute to this patient bias, including experience with video consultations or social media, interactions with healthcare professionals, treatment progress, technological barriers or ease of attending appointments (with travelling, scheduling or personal circumstances). Further studies to assess this area in more detail would be beneficial. Overall, the high levels of agreement with the areas of positive experience, using the video consultation again and recommending video consultations all provide strong evidence for the future use of this technology. Additionally, the fact that approximately two-thirds of patients agreed with or were neutral towards telemedicine indicates that this is an acceptable and viable option of communication for patients in dentistry. The low number of patients that 'did not attend' their video consultations illustrates another advantage of telemedicine in improving attendance and access to care. The 5. 3% 'failure to attend' rate compares favourably to 23% non-attendance rates across medical specialties for face-to-face appointments. 31For this study, the response rate was excellent and higher than would normally be expected for a questionnaire-based study. 32 The high response rate may be due to the survey appearing immediately on the patient's own screen after the consultation, making it convenient and easy to complete. Additionally, the questionnaire was short with only nine questions, contributing to low respondent fatigue. 33 With a high response rate, the results are likely to be accurate and precise in reflecting the views of the orthodontic patients within the department. All consecutive patients were included, with no exclusions, which further makes the results applicable across a range of different patient ages, clinic types and care given. Our profession has a practical nature to the assessments and treatments provided compared to some medical specialties. Hence, the use of telemedicine will always have its limitations and will never be able to fully replace face-to-face appointments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing positive experiences from patients using telehealth, highlighting that 'approximately two-thirds of patients agreed with or were neutral towards telemedicine,' which indicates a high level of satisfaction. Additionally, the mention of a 'high response rate' and the factors that contributed to a positive view of telemedicine, such as improved convenience and lower non-attendance rates, further supports the claim of high satisfaction with telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots are commonly used to assist patients with non-urgent inquiries. [SEP] Text: From these values, hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated for the element having available maximum permissible limit set by FAO/WHO or any other agency according to the equation 3 (Chary et al. 2008); HQ < 1 is safe while HQ ≥ 1 is unsafe (Chary et al. 2008). In the above equation, Wplant is the dry weight of the plant material consumed (mg/day) (here 50 mg), Cplant is the concentration (mg. kg-1) of the metal in the plant, RfD is the maximum permissible limit of the element and B is the body weight (kg) (here 70 kg). The results are inserted in the table 4(a-b) along with the concentration of each element. DiscussionElemental composition of the above mentioned plants was studied and the results are depicted in table 4 (a-b). The presented results are the mean values of three readings and are based on the dry weight of the samples. From the % recovery study, the reported data has been corrected accordingly. Concentration of the elements in the studied plants has also been presented graphical in Fig. 1. The concentration of light metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca), heavy metals () and Fe has been depicted separately due to the greater variation in their amount. The content of Al and Sn was below the detection limit; therefore, their concentration has not been shown in the figure (Fig. 1). The detail of elements in each plant is given as; Sodium (Na)and Potassium (K) Both sodium and potassium are the major electrolytes predominantly exists in extracellular and intercellular fluids, respectively. Na and K works in conduction of nerve impulses, muscle contraction and acid –base balance (Soetan et al. 2010). In the current study, highest concentration (3644. 87 mg. kg-1) of sodium was found in sample P4 while the minimum concentration i. e 72. 12 mg. kg-1 was detected in sample P1. Sodium content was also found in P2, P3, P5 and P6 having concentration 118. 23 mg. kg-1, 158. 10 mg. kg-1, 186. 59 mg. kg-1 and 396. 74 mg. kg-1, respectively. All the samples have significant quantity of K with maximum amount of 54246. 65 mg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the calculation of hazard quotients for elements in plants and does not mention AI chatbots or their use in patient assistance. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: Additionally, collective reflection on similar experiences can promote a more refined self-awareness of one’s own thinking and practice. However, group work may encounter problems, such as when participants feel uncomfortable talking about sensitive topics with others. These sorts of issues may be mitigated by arranging smaller-sized groups, and by having a quality trainer who can manage reflection in accordance with positive psychology. Through this model of inquiry, participants build on their strengths and positive feelings during case discussions and cultivate mindfulness of internal barriers rather than self-criticism when examining shortfalls in meeting their professional ideals. Quality trainers are also those who introduce relevant theories into debates to enable better understandings of cases and the professional self, while keeping groups focused and participating equally. Through these and other measures, group reflective learning is aimed at cultivating new knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours in participants. School leaders indicated that they developed better coaching skills and leadership styles due to the training. Researching reflection There has been little research so far into group reflective learning programmes for school leaders. An early study conducted by Dr Daniëls revealed that most participants considered such training useful (80%) and said they made use of the knowledge gained (76%). More generally, research indicates that teachers approve of reflective learning, that connectedness among professionals boosts work motivation, and that educators prefer feedback from similar peers, which allows them to focus on issues attached to particular roles. These findings suggest group reflective learning has strong potential to positively impact school leaders in their professional practice. However, previous research lacked detail on outcomes. Accordingly, Dr Daniëls has conducted two studies evaluating the specific effects of supervised group reflection on this target group. School leaders need to ensure teachers are trained well enough to work with diverse students and help them achieve good grades. Dr Daniëls took a prominent four-stage model for evaluating training programmes and focused on the first three levels to evaluate group reflective learning. Her first study looked into reactions (the enjoyment and experience of participants) while the second investigated learning gains (the knowledge, skills, and attitudes acquired) and changes in behaviour, leaving out the influence on organisational results, which would require a more in-depth study including multiple actors. Both projects involved semi-structured interviews conducted after group reflective learning programmes, involving primary school leaders from different schools across Flanders, the northern region of Belgium. Qualitative data were collected for coded analysis. Reactions to group reflection The first study gathered intriguing insights on participant reactions to group reflection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific aspects of group dynamics, such as conformity and peer pressure. Instead, it discusses the benefits and challenges of group reflective learning among school leaders without linking these themes to the concepts of conformity or peer pressure. Thus, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: However, there are certain areas where it may be utilised. In orthodontics, for example, these may be retainer reviews, removable and functional appliance reviews, and monitoring dental development, where clinicians feel comfortable, have an existing relationship with their patients and are able to provide a high standard of care without the need to see the patient in person at every appointment. This study concentrates on orthodontic patients, but some inferences can be extended to other patient groups in dentistry due to the high response rate and the generic nature of the patient experiences. More studies are needed to gain precise information on other groups and if they report similar levels of satisfaction. However, the conclusive and compelling data for this cohort of patients provide a strong foundation and catalyst for future work on video consultations within other fields of dentistry. ConclusionAs telemedicine in dentistry is a developing area of communication, this study provides evidence for patient confidence and acceptance of this technology, particularly with video consultations in orthodontics. This is demonstrated by the high levels of patient satisfaction. However, thoughtful consideration needs to be given to the application of telemedicine to ensure that high standards of patient care are maintained. This should be explored more in dentistry, with these results forming a basis for further research. Change history25 June 2021A Correction to this paper has been published: Medical Council. to Telemedicine. Available at (accessed May 2020). Parker K, Chia M. Remote working in dentistry in a time of crisis - tools and their uses. 2020; 47: 515-526. ezTalks. Top 6 Benefits of in Healthcare. Available at (accessed May 2020). Mega Meeting. House Call: of in Healthcare. 2019. Available at (accessed May 2020). GP. Consultations can benefit Patients and the NHS. 2016. Available at Advantages and limitations of virtual online consultations in a NHS acute trust: the VOCAL mixed-methods study. Southampton: 2018. NHS England. GP Online Services: the key benefits. Available at (accessed May 2020). . Remote clinical consultations in restorative dentistry: a clinical service evaluation study. J 2020; 228: 441-447. . Covid-19: A in Primary Care. BMJ 2020; DOI: 10. 1136/bmj. m1182. -H, Weng W-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the study provides evidence for 'high levels of patient satisfaction' with video consultations in orthodontics. This indicates that patients are generally satisfied with telehealth consultations, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will completely replace doctors in all areas of healthcare. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that, despite AI advancements, doctors' intuition and human judgment remain critical in healthcare. It highlights that 'doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare' and that AI is not expected to supplant healthcare workers entirely, particularly their critical judgment capabilities. The discussion of the role of human intuition, even in the face of technological advancements, suggests that AI will not completely replace doctors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: It was chosen to focus on group reflective learning because school leaders indicated in an exploratory study the need to learn from colleagues’ experiences, group reflective learning, and indicated a preference for coaching, motivating and supporting teachers. Additionally, a literature review served the development of the investigated group reflective learning programme. Learning to lead: Can group reflection help train school leaders? was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: BelgiumCoachingeducationEllen Daniëlsgroup reflective learningstylesprofessional developmentqualitative studyreflectionschool leadersteachersThe onion model Download this 10. 1080/19415257. 2020. 1766543. Daniëls, E. , Hondeghem, A. , and Heystek, J. (2020). Exploring the outcomes of group reflective learning for school leaders. Reflective Practice, 21(5), 604–618. Available at: Further reading Daniëls, E. , van Wessum, L. , Schenke, W. , Heystek, J. , Eisenschmidt, E. , and van Wijk, L. (2019). An international perspective on school leaders’ professional development. ESHA-magazine, June, 5–13. Available at: Daniëls, E. , Hondeghem, A. , and Dochy, F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Review, 27(June), 110–125. Available at: Behind the Ellen Daniëls Ellen Daniëls started her career as a teacher in secondary education. Subsequently, she worked as a coordinator in adult education and a university of applied sciences. In 2020, she obtained her PhD at KU Leuven (Belgium). Her research interests are leadership, HRM, professional relationships and learning at the workplace. Currently, she is working as a pedagogical principal for a school community. ëls Parkstraat 45 3000 E: [email protected] W: W: Daniëls investigates how leadership development programmes in educational settings influences school leaders’ behaviour. Funding KU Leuven for funding the project ‘Leadership development for public sector performance: A longitudinal field experiment in an educational context’ (Project ID: C14/16/013). this 10. 32907/RO-118-1417 ëls, E. (2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on group reflective learning and its implications for school leaders, without addressing the specific dynamics of conformity and peer pressure in groups. Therefore, it does not directly support, refute, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: ResultsThe analysis brought forward six categories of outcome. From the patient's perspective, the outcome of a consultation is about cure or symptom relief understanding reassurance confirmation change in self-perception satisfaction Each category contains what patients refer to as being important in their way of thinking and perception of the outcome of their latest consultation. The categories partly overlap, but are still distinct concepts. Except for change in self-perception, the categories represent the evident needs and requests patients have when consulting. As far as the outcomes are "about" evident needs, the specific outcomes may be presented either positively or negatively; positively when the need in question is satisfied, and negatively when not. In the following the categories will be exemplified by quotations. Cure or symptom reliefIn this category are statements where the outcome was cure or symptom relief; either as experienced or as expected but without being obtained. This is a desired outcome but often not possible as many patients have symptoms or diseases that cannot be cured. The patients presenting this outcome often had acute or semi acute symptoms and/or disease. The patients who had been cured did not perceive a change in self-perception, probably because they had not been confronted enough with the illness experience. Citation: Nike (woman, age 55):"I had a pain in the elbow for several months. I work with a physiotherapist and I had been asking over and over again if she could do something. -No she said. I went to a doctor and actually he gave me a diagnosis immediately. I got treatment and I was cured. was very satisfied. "UnderstandingThis category was relevant in all the statements about consultation outcomes. Understanding may be increased or may be a matter of frustration. All patients expressed that they wanted to "know what they had"; some wanted to know more even though they "knew what they had". The patients considered knowledge about their state to be a main outcome of the consultation. They requested knowledge of "what they had" based on their own condition, in their own circumstances and with their own understanding. An understanding might imply quite different things for different patients with a similar medical condition but may also vary over a period of time for the same patient. The name of the disease or a diagnosis was not always what they needed. Neither was the cause always a prerequisite for understanding, although the doctor may have found the explanation of the cause so obvious that there should be nothing left to wonder about. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting patients' perspectives on consultation outcomes, indicating that satisfaction is one of the evident needs and requests that patients have when consulting. For instance, it cites a patient who described being very satisfied after receiving a diagnosis and treatment for her elbow pain, explicitly stating, 'I was very satisfied.' This aligns with the claim that many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will completely replace doctors in all areas of healthcare. [SEP] Text: This type of AI, which requires training on large data sets (supported by human feedback), focuses on giving computers the ability to read, support and manipulate human language. Such natural language processing has changed the communication landscape with its language mimicry. While some note that the hype hasn’t quite been reflected in reality, professionals in a range of sectors — including healthcare — now use ChatGPT for correspondence, such as with drafting “sick notes”, medication management, or to manage healthcare information. There are predictions that healthcare Processing will be a $USD7. 2 billion business by 2028, with this type of AI being deployed to help translate complex published papers for public consumption, for analysis of electronic health records to help identify at-risk patients, and to interact with patients to help with triage or answer healthcare questions. In 2024, some say this type of AI is likely to focus on more sophisticated language models that power chatbots and virtual assistants, and will be built into word processing programs. gives computers the ability to learn without explicitly being programmed for a given task. The algorithms driving these types of AI are based on statistical and predictive models. often relies on ‘training’ from existing data sets, which have been human reviewed and annotated. Essentially, doesn’t automatically know what to look for, and without human-informed training this type of AI tends to provide lots of noise and useless predictions. Once trained, can take previously unseen patient information and apply its prior ‘training’ to analyse the data and predict outcomes, or make recommendations. In healthcare, can recognise patterns which may be missed by humans such as described for AI’s role in patient survival of gastric cancer, identification of primary causes of cancers, and reducing breast cancer false positives. In 2024, algorithms are likely to continue to be used for probing healthcare data analytics, with vast medical data provided by wearables, medical devices and electronic health records. With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation. Artificial versus human intelligence: Who has the edge? Given the global healthcare workforce shortages, the proverb may be true: Necessity breeds invention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that, while AI is becoming a tool used in healthcare for various tasks such as drafting sick notes and analyzing electronic health records, it highlights the necessity of human involvement for AI training and evaluation. The passage states, 'it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation,' which directly undermines the assertion that AI will completely replace doctors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inEditors' in Earth’s Recent progress in the analysis of seismic waves enables us to determine where, and sometimes how, the base of the mantle deforms. by 1 July 20241 July 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) The image was taken during fieldwork to monitor previously installed seismometers. Seismometer installation and monitoring are conducted by hundreds of scientists worldwide, allowing the recorded signals to be used to study Earth's deep interior. Credit: Editors’ Vox is a blog from AGU’s Publications Department. Earthquake waves travel through Earth’s interior and can be recorded by seismometers at distances of thousands or even tens of thousands of kilometers. These seismic waves traverse different parts of the mantle at different speeds, which depends on the material they are traveling through. Sometimes, the speed of shear waves – in the same material – depends on their vibrational direction, a phenomenon called seismic anisotropy. Figure 1: Schematic illustration of shear wave splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy. Shear wave splitting is illustrated for the SKS wave (top left), which travels as P (black wiggles) through the liquid outer core (gray shading) and then transforms to an SV wave at the core-mantle boundary. SKS splits into fast (blue) and a slow (red) traveling waves, which are polarized in orthogonal planes (slow: red; fast: blue). These components accumulate a time lag (delay time), which can be measured along with the polarization of the fast-traveling wave (fast polarization direction). Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 1 If seismic anisotropy is present, analogous to optical birefringence, the shear wave can split up into a fast and a slow traveling component. This primarily happens when waves travel through the lowermost mantle and upper mantle or crust. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses seismic waves and the study of Earth's interior rather than sociological research or its implications on social issues and policies. It contains no information related to sociology or social sciences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: "ReassuranceSome patients, who had been worried before the consultation, perceived reassurance as an outcome. Their fears were not confirmed. Once the cause of worry had been refuted, the worry itself was much diminished and almost forgotten. A reassurance could be both explicit and implicit. An assessment saying that there is nothing dangerous going on is an explicit outcome. (man 73):"I had felt extra beats from my heart and that made my pulse jump. I thought I would maybe need a pacemaker but my Doctor said I did not. It will probably disappear by itself. It was a good thing that I don't need a pacemaker. "A reassurance can also be implicit. Getting a diagnosis or an explanation of symptoms implies that it is not another, dangerous disease. The fear did not have to be mentioned. The fear of cancer was seldom openly expressed but often between the lines. (man 63):"have good tests on everything. . . That was the good experience of my visit. I was not worried. But people around, they die. You are at the age for prostatic cancer. Often reassurance was seen together with confirmation, especially when a worry had been confuted. But they could also be separate. Patients who had changed their image of themselves perceived confirmation but did not mention reassurance. Change in self-perception – accepting the reality of the bodyIn this category we find statements from patients who had had the symptoms or the disease for a long time and now had reached the understanding that it would persist. The consultation had been the last in a row where earlier consultations had gradually prepared for a more definite change in self-perception. In this very consultation knowledge had turned into acceptance of the reality of the body and now they were ready to face their future searching for strategies to handle their situation and their lives. The illness/disease did not change but they were satisfied with the outcome. This outcome was seen in some form in a fourth of the patients' descriptions. (woman age 59):"It's something neurological. . . it's something in the brain you know. . . you can't know for sure what is actually the cause of it. . . How do you get on with your life after this? The consultation before last was about the whole of me and everything that concerns me. . . The last time I came here there were three ready suggestions for me; thus the sadness, but also relief. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating patients' positive experiences during consultations, which includes feelings of reassurance and satisfaction. For example, it highlights how patients felt relieved after learning they did not need a pacemaker and how they were satisfied with the assessments received, indicating that the consultation outcomes led to diminished worries and a positive perception of their health, aligning with high satisfaction reported with telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will completely replace doctors in all areas of healthcare. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while AI may support healthcare providers, it cannot fully replace the complex human processes involved in clinical reasoning. It specifically states, 'What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional.' Moreover, the text argues that AI lacks the empathy and complex decision-making abilities inherent in human doctors, reinforcing the idea that AI is a tool for support rather than a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: The effects of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle on an SKS seismic wave are displayed in Figure 1. A new 2. Our current understanding is that these locations do not strongly correlate with any deep Earth structures, indicating that different mechanisms and deformation scenarios can cause it. Figure 2: Locations in which lowermost mantle seismic anisotropy has been found in previous studies (violet), compiled in the database of Wolf et al. [2023]. Gray background colors show large-low velocity zone locations based on work by Lekic et al. [2012]. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 2b What are the main causes of seismic anisotropy? Seismic anisotropy in Earth’s mantle can be caused by two potential mechanisms. In the deep Earth, materials may have elastic properties significantly different from the surrounding material. If their shapes are directionally oriented, so-called shape-preferred orientation can be induced, and seismic waves can travel faster in certain directions than in others (e. g. , Kendall & Silver, 1998). Additionally, deformation can lead to the preferential alignment of individual crystals in an aggregate, so-called crystallographic-preferred orientation, which can also be cause of seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Kocks et al. , 2000). We believe that either of these mechanisms can potentially cause seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle, but that crystallographic-preferred orientation may be the dominant mechanism. Why is it hard to infer seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle? And what has led to recent progress? The main challenge when studying lowermost mantle anisotropy is that the seismic waves that are commonly used for this also potentially sample upper mantle anisotropy. Therefore, we must infer where exactly the seismic anisotropy is sampled, but the measurements that we are usually making integrate the effects of seismic anisotropy over the whole raypath. This is why techniques have been developed which use seismic phases that have very similar upper mantle raypaths and different lowermost mantle raypaths. In such cases, it is often argued that if the phases show a different anisotropic signature, seismic anisotropy must be present in the lowermost mantle. In other cases, seismic waves are used that have particularly long raypaths through the lowermost mantle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses seismic anisotropy in the Earth's mantle and does not address sociological research or its impact on understanding social issues and policies. All information presented relates to geophysical studies rather than sociological insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many governments are offering incentives to promote the purchase of electric vehicles. [SEP] Text: Title: Impacts of the Biogas-to-Incentives on Deployment with the MA3· 01 January 2017 DOI: :1339403 Podkaminer, Kara [1]; Xie, Fei [2]; Lin, Zhenhong [2] Dept. of Energy (DOE), Washington DC (United States) National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States) + analysis represents the biogas-to-electricity pathway under the Standard (RFS) as a point of purchase incentive and tests the impact of this incentive on EV deployment using a vehicle consumer choice model. The credit value generated under this policy was calculated in a number of scenarios based on electricity use of each power train choice on a yearly basis over the 15 year vehicle lifetime, accounting for the average electric vehicle miles travelled and vehicle efficiency, competition for biogas-derived electricity among electric vehicles (EVs), the RIN equivalence value and the time value of money. The credit value calculation in each of these scenarios is offered upfront as a point of purchase incentive for EVs using the of Technologies (MA3T) vehicle choice model, which tracks sales, fleet size and energy use over time. The majority of the scenarios use a proposed RIN equivalence value, which increases the credit value as a way to explore the analysis space. Additional model runs show the relative impact of the equivalence value on EV deployment. The MA3T model output shows that a consumer incentive accelerates the deployment of EVs for all scenarios relative to the baseline (no policy) case. In the scenario modeled to represent the current biogas-to-electricity generation capacity (15 TWh/year) with a 5. 24kWh/RIN equivalence value, the policy leads to an additional 1. 4 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and 3. 5 million battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in 2025 beyond the no-policy case of 1. 3 million PHEVs and 2. 1 million BEVs when the full value of the credit is passed on to the consumer. In 2030, this increases to 2. 4 million PHEVs and 7. 3 million BEVs beyond the baseline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a point-of-purchase incentive for electric vehicles (EVs) derived from biogas-to-electricity pathways. It explains that this incentive is intended to stimulate EV deployment, with varying credit values impacting consumer choices and leading to significant increases in the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Specifically, the MA3T model indicates that consumer incentives can greatly enhance EV sales beyond scenarios without such policies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will completely replace doctors in all areas of healthcare. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining a model where AI supports healthcare providers rather than replacing them. It emphasizes that AI can assist doctors in making informed decisions, such as alerting them about important considerations, and that both human intelligence and AI are necessary to manage patient care complexities. The assertion that 'humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain' further illustrates that AI is meant to augment, not replace, the role of doctors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: In general, all techniques to infer lowermost mantle anisotropy make a variety of assumptions, and it is important to understand which assumptions are sufficiently accurate. Such detailed tests have been made possible by recent progress in the efficient numerical computation of seismograms (e. g. , Leng et al. , 2016; Fernando et al. , 2024), which has been applied to seismograms for Earth models that include seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Nowacki and Wookey, 2016; Wolf et al. , 2022). Such numerical simulations have shown which assumptions are reasonable to make and have led to the development of new techniques to measure lowermost mantle anisotropy. What additional research, data, or modeling efforts are needed to overcome these challenges? The presence of seismic anisotropy has been suggested in 25% of lateral lowermost mantle locations (Figure 2). However, these measurements have been made using different techniques that have various strengths and shortcomings, therefore, we still do not understand the global distribution of lowermost mantle anisotropy. Going forward, it will be important to use uniform methods to map lowermost mantle anisotropy globally – both techniques and data for such an effort already exist. To interpret such results, it will be important to better understand the properties of lowermost mantle materials at the relevant pressures and temperatures, and to realistically implement such constraints in global models of mantle flow. This requires further progress in multiple geophysical areas. It is important that experts from these areas, which include geodynamics and mineral physics, combine their expertise in multidisciplinary approaches to illuminate the nature of the lowermost mantle. Figure 3 (below) is a schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. For example, using measurements of seismic anisotropy, deformation caused by subducting slabs or upwelling flow in the deepest mantle can be imaged. With future improvements of anisotropy measurements, their interpretations, and analyses of bigger seismic datasets, measurements of seismic anisotropy, combined with constraints from other fields, will shed a more detailed light on dynamic deep mantle processes and structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on geophysical research, specifically regarding seismic anisotropy and the lowermost mantle, rather than sociological research or social policies. Therefore, it does not address or support the claim about sociological research helping us understand social issues and policies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many governments are offering incentives to promote the purchase of electric vehicles. [SEP] Text: This larger impact on BEVs relative to PHEVs is due in part to the larger credit that BEVs receive in the model based on the greater percentage of electric vehicle miles traveled by BEVs relative to PHEVs. In this scenario 2025 also represents the last year in which biogas-derived electricity is able to fully supply the transportation electricity demand in the model. After 2025, the credit value declines on a per vehicle basis. At the same time a larger fraction of the credit may shift towards biogas producers in order to incent additional biogas production. The expanded 41 TWh/year biogas availability scenarios represent an increase beyond today s generation capacity and allow greater eRIN generation. With a 5. 24kWh/RIN equivalence value, when all of the credit is directed towards reducing vehicle purchase prices, the 41 TWh/year biogas scenario results in 4. 1 million additional PHEVs and 12. 2 million additional BEVs on the road in 2030 beyond the baseline of 2. 5 million PHEVs and 6. 1 million BEVs. Under this expanded biogas capacity, biogas-derived electricity generation is able to fully supply electricity for a fleet of over 21 million EVs (15. 6 million BEVs and 5. 8 million PHEVs) on a yearly basis. In addition to assessing the full value credit scenarios described above, multiple scenarios were analyzed to determine the impact if only a fraction of the credit value was passed on to the consumer. In all of these cases, the EV deployment was scaled back as the fraction of the credit that was passed on to the consumer was reduced. These scenarios can be used to estimate the impact if the credit value is reduced in other ways as well, as demonstrated by the scenarios where the current (22. 6 kWh/RIN) equivalence value was used. The EV deployment that results from an equivalence value of 22. 6 kWh/RIN equivalence value is roughly equivalent to the EV deployment observed in the 25% case using the 5. 24 kWh/RIN equivalence value. A higher equivalence value means that a smaller number of credits, and therefore value, is created for each kWh, and therefore the impact on EV deployment is reduced. This analysis shows several of the drivers that will impact eRIN generation and credit value, and tests the impact of an eRIN point of purchase incentive on EV deployment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of credit systems, such as eRIN incentives, on the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). It explicitly mentions that the analysis shows the effect of an eRIN point of purchase incentive on EV deployment, indicating that such incentives are in play to promote the purchase of electric vehicles, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients will soon be diagnosed by AI rather than by human doctors. [SEP] Text: 1) Reviewer 2 pointed out the presence of fast eye movements during blinks and that there is a possibility that the reported results may affected by "saccadic suppression-like" mechanisms. Please discuss the potential role of eye movement during blinks in the observed results. This is now addressed in the revised discussion (see first response to Reviewer 2). 2) The same reviewer points out that not all spontaneous blinks cover the pupil completely, ranging from a few hundred microns to 12 mm, and suggests that this may provide the authors with the opportunity to disassociate visual transients from blinks. If possible, analysis involving relating the size of blinks to neuronal activity may provide important insights and will help in interpreting the results. Following the reviewer's suggestion, we have tested this possibility thoroughly. Unfortunately, our conclusion is that reliably isolating partial blinks seems to require a different eye tracking system than the one we used during the ECoG recordings (see a detailed discussion in the second response to Reviewer 2). Reviewer #1: find the empirical results of interest to the general field, as understanding the effects of a basic phenomena such as blinking is not well studied, I would urge the authors to exert caution on their theoretical interpretation for the following reasons: 1) Neither 'filling-in' or 'blink suppression' has been operationalized in the manuscript. Therefore, it is difficult to infer from the experimental data that one hypothesis is valid and the other is not. We thank the reviewer for this call for clarification. Regarding 'filling-in' – we have added the following explicit operationalization to the Introduction: "Operationally, a filling-in mechanism would be reflected in continuous neural activity across blinks but not across gaps despite the decrease in retinal input common to both. " This prediction, tested by contrasting the HFB dips that followed gaps with the HFB dips that followed blinks, was not fulfilled. The observed effect in high-level visual cortex, greater gap-related transients compared with blink-related transients, is unrelated with the filling-in hypothesis since the latter relates to the ongoing, continuous activity. In order to interpret the reduced blink-related transient, we introduced the possibility of extra-retinal suppression of blink-related neural responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses findings related to eye movements and blinking in the context of neural activity and does not mention AI, patient diagnosis, or human doctors. There is no information in the text that supports, contrasts, or relates to the assertion concerning AI and doctors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. (a) Mantle flow field (arrows: flow directions, length proportional to flow velocity; background colors indicate temperature) for a geodynamic simulation that includes sinking cold material (blue), reminiscent of a slab, a hot (red) structure similar to a large-low velocity province (LLVP; left), and rising plumes (close to LLVP edge). (b-e) Zoom-ins representing different flow scenarios. Ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) material is shown in yellow, subducted mid-ocean ridge basalts in brown, aligned crystals in green and LLVP material in red. (b) Representation of flow near LLVP edge. ULVZ materials and partial melts potentially cause shape-preferred orientation, while crystals are aligned via crystallographic-preferred orientation; either scenario causes seismic anisotropy. (c) Flow near a developing thermal upwelling. (d) A region of horizontal flow, with a potential thin and hot layer of chemically distinct material at the base of the mantle. (e) A region of slab-downwelling. Note that in contrast to panel (a), in which reddish colors show regions with relative higher temperature, the reddish colors in panels (b)-(e) represent chemically distinct LLVP materials. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 16 (modified) — (jonathan. wolf@yale. edu; 0000-0002-5440-3791), ’s Note: It is the policy of AGU Publications to invite the authors of 10. 1029/2024EO245021. Published on 1 July 2024. This 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological concepts, specifically seismic anisotropy and geodynamic simulations, without any mention of sociological research, social issues, or policies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many governments are offering incentives to promote the purchase of electric vehicles. [SEP] Text: This additional incentive can accelerate the deployment of EVs when it is used to reduce vehicle purchase prices. However, the ultimate impact of this policy, as modeled here, will be determined by future RIN prices, the extent to which eRIN credit value can be passed on to the consumer as a point of purchase incentive and the equivalence value. and Lin, Zhenhong. Impacts of the Biogas-to-Incentives on Deployment with the MA3T Model. United States: N. p. , 2017. Web. doi:10. 2172/1339403. Copy to clipboard Podkaminer, Kara, Xie, Fei, & Lin, Zhenhong. Impacts of the Biogas-to-Incentives on Deployment with the MA3T Model. United States. Copy to clipboard Podkaminer, Kara, Xie, Fei, and Lin, Zhenhong. 2017. "Impacts of the Biogas-to-Incentives on Deployment with the MA3T Model". United States. Copy to clipboard @5. 24kWh/RIN equivalence value, the policy leads to an additional 1. 4 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and 3. 5 million battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in 2025 beyond the no-policy case of 1. 3 million PHEVs and 2. 1 million BEVs when the full value of the credit is passed on to the consumer. In 2030, this increases to 2. 4 million PHEVs and 7. 3 million BEVs beyond the baseline. This larger impact on BEVs relative to PHEVs is due in part to the larger credit that BEVs receive in the model based on the greater percentage of electric vehicle miles traveled by BEVs relative to PHEVs. In this scenario 2025 also represents the last year in which biogas-derived electricity is able to fully supply the transportation electricity demand in the model. After 2025, the credit value declines on a per vehicle basis. At the same time a larger fraction of the credit may shift towards biogas producers in order to incent additional biogas production. The expanded 41 TWh/year biogas availability scenarios represent an increase beyond today s generation capacity and allow greater eRIN generation. With a 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how incentives are used to reduce vehicle purchase prices, which can accelerate the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). Specifically, it mentions that policies designed to offer credit values to consumers can lead to a significant increase in the number of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by 2025 and beyond. This aligns well with the idea that governments are providing incentives to foster EV adoption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionIn the movie “Bicentennial Man” (Columbus 1999) a robot named Andrew, played by Robin Williams, becomes recognized as morally equal to human beings. Andrew possesses human-level intelligence and experiences sensations and emotions. As a matter of fact, recognizing him as a human person confirms that although he is an artificial being, he does not differ from a natural human being in any way that is relevant in terms of ascribing moral personhood. It is extremely unclear whether such robots with human-level intelligence and other properties that will enable them to be recognized as persons morally equal to humans will ever actually exist. Yet, some people—not only in sci-fi and pop culture, but also in academic fields (Schwitzgebel and Garza 2015; Tavani 2018; Gellers 2021; Gordon and Gunkel 2021; Gordon 2022; Mamak 2022)—are discussing ethical dilemmas that would arise if such beings could be developed. In general, many of these considerations revolve around the question, how should we design such artificial persons in an ethically right way, considering not only the well-being of humans and the environment, but also of these artificial persons themselves? In particular, some wonder whether we should design them as our servants. The scenario and the questions mentioned above are the key issues of the debate to which this paper would like to contribute. This debate is clearly different from the majority of academic debates about robots. The debates that refer to robots who are persons tend to ask what properties such entities should possess to achieve such—or similar—moral status and in what way their personhood could and should be recognized, but the debate this study contributes to begins with the assumption that such entities will exist and the questions signalized above will be answered. Moreover, while most other debates focus on how robots and the way they are designed will affect the well-being of humans, the current discussion concentrates—at least for the most part—on the well-being of robotic artificial persons. Hence, the initial and main question of the debate that this study engages with is: assuming that we could build robots that would possess all necessary features to consider them (artificial) persons (APs), would it be good for these robots to be designed to desire to be servants of human beings (AP servants)? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of robot ethics and the considerations around designing artificial beings, notably emphasizing the ethical dilemmas that arise in their development. It suggests that we cannot simply assume such entities could function without oversight, as the discussions revolve around the moral status and well-being of both humans and these artificial persons. The implication that oversight is necessary is evident in the analysis of their design and purpose, particularly regarding whether they should serve humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve over time and can influence thought processes. [SEP] Text: Printable page How do intensive gaming experiences evolve over time in clinical and non-clinical contexts? based on reviews by A recommendation of: STAGE 2 : - version 2 Read report on server Now published in -CN Submission: posted 15 May 2023Recommendation: posted 14 August 2023, validated 14 August 2023 Cite this recommendation as:Chambers, C. (2023) How do intensive gaming experiences evolve over time in clinical and non-clinical contexts? . in Registered Reports, 100466. 10. 24072/pci. rr. 100466 This is a stage 2 based on: for : A ReportVeli-:// the last 5 years the inclusion of “gaming disorder” in the ICD-11 been controversial (et al, 2018), mirroring wider public debate about the effects of gaming on mental health. One of the major gaps in understanding the validity of gaming disorder as an identifiable mental illness is the absence of qualitative studies comparing the lived experience of gamers who seek treatment with esports players who do not report health problems. Here, Karhulahti et al. (2023) tackle this question in the second of two Stage 2 associated with their previous programmatic Stage 1 submission. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, the authors undertook in-depth interviews over a 1-year period with treatment-seeking participants (N=5) and esports-playing participants (N=4) who did not experience gaming-related health problems. The authors sought to answer the folllwing primary question: How do the experiences and meanings of playing videogames—shaped by the individuals’ diverse sociocultural contexts—evolve in those with related health problems (as defined by treatment-seeking) and those who play esports games several hours per day while self-reporting no related health problems? Both groups exhibited intense relationships with gaming that were cyclical over time across various dimensions, with fluctuations occurring in response to changes in health, occupation, and social networks. The observed variation over time was substantial, with individuals attaching and detaching from games involving hundreds or thousands of hours. The authors report treatment-seeking being followed by a search of new gaming and life meanings, while intensive gaming without related problems continued as an integrated part of the self, with resilience adapting and evolving in the face of unexpected life events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the evolution of languages and their influence on thought processes. Instead, it discusses the evolution of intensive gaming experiences and their impact on mental health, which is unrelated to the topic of language evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 10. 1063/5. 0193506 5320. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search |Transportation-related emissions in Pakistan have been rapidly increasing in recent years. This study aims to determine how important it is to electrify road transportation in Pakistan to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Motivated by the need to tackle the growing environmental issues related to conventional fuel-powered automobiles, this research explores the application of electrification techniques in the context of Pakistan’s transportation system. During the 2019 fiscal year, the transportation industry in Pakistan consumed 23 × 106 tonnes of energy from the burning of fossil fuels and produced 52. 9 × 106 metric tons of CO2, which made up 31% of the country’s total carbon emissions. In this research, different scenarios, such as business as usual, low carbon, strengthen low carbon, and Policy 2040, are evaluated for the transportation sector of the country. Using the LEAP model, this study projects the effects of electrification on Pakistan road transportation over 30 years. When estimating how electrification will affect road transportation in Pakistan over the next 30 years, several factors were taken into account, including policy frameworks, changing consumer behavior, technology advancements, and infrastructure improvements. The analysis covered the emission levels, adoption hurdles, and possible advantages of transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs). The outcomes illustrate that adopting EVs can produce substantial drops in fuel consumption and environmental emissions, providing a sustainable solution to mitigate global warming. This work is directly associated with various Goals, including SDG3 (good health and well-being), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), and SDG13 (climate action). The results of this study highlight the considerable potential for GHG reduction associated with the widespread adoption of EVs, offering crucial insights to stakeholders and policymakers. consumption, Electric vehicles, Fossil fuels, Climate change, Air pollution, Sustainable development, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, Combustion engine, Transportation I. public challenge that is presently being confronted globally including many developing countries is climate change. 1 Approximately 25%–30% of worldwide carbon emissions are attributed to the transportation industry. 2 The transportation industry connects several sectors, which is crucial for the growth of developing countries’ economies. Despite its constructive part, transportation sector produces a major share of carbon emissions around the globe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for electric vehicles (EVs) to produce substantial drops in fuel consumption and environmental emissions. It emphasizes that transitioning to EVs offers a sustainable solution to mitigate global warming and highlights the considerable potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction associated with their widespread adoption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: The discussion has been initiated by (2006, 2016) and (2007, 2011, 2017) and continued by (2013, 2019), Maciej Musiał (2017), and (2020)—the topic has also found some attention outside of typical academic discussions (see: Rini 2017; Bloom and Walker 2018). In a nutshell, Walker and Petersen have provided the two dominant positions in the discussion. Walker argued that designing AP servants is wrong, since it negatively affects their autonomy and harms them, while Petersen disagreed with Walker, claiming that we could design AP servants without harming them and diminishing their autonomy. Danaher, Musiał and Nyholm have generally positioned their views in reference to these two main positions, also focusing on the well-being of AP servants in terms of the process of designing and its potentially harmful and autonomy-diminishing consequences. Recently, (2019) has provided an interesting contribution to this dispute. In brief, Chomanski argues that (1) there are some plausible conceptions of autonomy according to which artificial persons designed to be servants would not need to lose their autonomy when being designed to desire to serve humans, (2) there are some plausible scenarios in which such a situation would not result in net harm, yet (3) the designers express manipulativeness towards AP servants, and hence (4) the process of designing APs in such a way is unethical. Hence, Chomanski defends a somewhat counterintuitive claim that designers are being manipulative while APs need not be manipulated. In my considerations, I leave the problems of autonomy, harm and net benefits aside and focus on the issue of the manipulativeness of the designers. My main claim is that Chomanski’s argument about designers being manipulative significantly shifts the perspective of the whole discussion about APs and that it refers to a much wider range of kinds of APs than Chomanski acknowledges. Moreover, I examine how to develop APs without being manipulative. To make my point, I (1) examine Chomanski’s argument about manipulativeness, (2) show the important novelty it brings to a discussion about APs, (3) analyze how the argument can be extrapolated to designing other kinds of Aps and (4) discuss cases in which APs can be developed without designers being manipulative. Some may argue that the whole discussion presented here is unrealistic and pointless. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding the design and ethics of artificial persons (APs), emphasizing the manipulativeness of designers and the potential harm to the autonomy of APs. It highlights that designing APs, particularly in roles aimed at serving humans, involves ethical considerations that suggest human oversight is necessary to avoid manipulative practices. This counters the claim that AI in healthcare could operate without human oversight in every scenario, indicating a need for careful human involvement in the design process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve over time and can influence thought processes. [SEP] Text: Taking into account their findings, the authors propose life thinning and resilience integration processes to help describe and explain how some individuals end up seeking treatment for their gaming, while for others gaming supports them and becomes integrated into their identity. Following one round of in-depth review and revision, the recommender judged that the manuscript met the Stage 2 criteria and awarded a positive recommendation. URL to the preregistered Stage 1 protocol: Level of bias control achieved: Level 4. At least some of the data/evidence that was used to answer the research question existed prior to in-principle acceptance(IPA) but the authors certify that they did not access any part of that data/evidence prior to IPA. List of eligible PCI RR-friendly journals: Collabra: Psychology F10001. van -van, Przybylski AK (2018) A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7, 1–9. 2. Karhulahti V-(2023). : A [Stage 2 Registered Report], acceptance of Version 2 by in Registered Reports. Conflict of interest:The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the 2. As a longitudinal study, this is the second Stage 2 report I have reviewed. The first Stage 2 report was the first set of data (DOI: 10. 1525/collabra. 38819) and this current report includes data from one-year follow up. I have two potential conflicts of interest that I want to declare. First, I have recently published with Karhulahti (10. 12688/openreseurope. 15532. 1). Indeed, the topic of the publication - registered reports of qualitative research - was sparked from my role reviewing the Stage 1 and and first Stage 2 reports for this longitudinal study (DOI: 10. 1525/collabra. 38819). Second, I was a co-editor of a special section in the of (DOI: 10. 1111/bjso. 12628) in which Karhulahti published a paper (DOI: 10. 1111/bjso. 12573). recall correctly, Karhulahti and I discussed the risks of collaboration to the Stage 2 review and only worked on the 'primer' paper once the first Stage 2 paper had been completed and reviewed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly. It discusses the evaluation of a manuscript related to gaming and treatment but provides no information about the evolution of languages or their potential influence on thought processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: Road transport is the major contributor to environmental emissions due to the usage of oil-based products; each year tons of oil is imported into Pakistan with significant obligation fees, as indicated in Fig. 1. A total of 66% of petroleum products, both imported and produced locally, was consumed by the transport sector of Pakistan. The transport sector of Pakistan contained 51% high-speed diesel, 39% motor spirit oil, 8. 9% CNG, 1. 1% high octane, and 0. 2% light fuel during the fiscal year 2018. 14 All around the globe, specifically in developing countries, investments have been made to support green energy pledged fiscal stimulus plans, amounting to about $181 to $196 × 109 [primarily, the ($66 × 109), China ($45 × 109), and Korea ($33 × 109) as per Fund (IMF) report 2018]. FIG. 1. View largeDownload slideOil consumption in Pakistan. 25 Data sourced from HDIP (2021). Yearbook 2021. Institute of Pakistan, government of Pakistan. “Adapted from Yearbook 2021, Institute of Pakistan, government of Pakistan. Reproduced under the terms of fair use for educational and research purposes. ” Copyright HDIP. FIG. 1. View largeDownload slideOil consumption in Pakistan. 25 Data sourced from HDIP (2021). Yearbook 2021. Institute of Pakistan, government of Pakistan. “Adapted from Yearbook 2021, Institute of Pakistan, government of Pakistan. Reproduced under the terms of fair use for educational and research purposes. ” Copyright HDIP. Close modal The literature that is now available on global electrification initiatives emphasizes how important it is to switch to electric technology to mitigate climate change and lessen reliance on fossil fuels. The use of electric vehicles (EVs) and the development of charging infrastructure have advanced significantly in developed nations worldwide. 26,27 In contrast, the literature on developing nations emphasizes their particular prospects and difficulties, especially those in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Significant obstacles include limited infrastructure, high initial prices, and financial limitations, even though some developing countries are making progress toward adopting electric vehicles. Research indicates that to support the shift to electric vehicles in developing countries, certain legislation, financial incentives, and international cooperation are essential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of switching to electric technology to mitigate climate change and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. It notes that electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure have seen significant advancements in developed nations, which implies a move towards reduced emissions compared to traditional gasoline vehicles. Moreover, the discussion on electrification initiatives highlights the environmental benefits associated with EVs, supporting the assertion that they produce lower greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Obviously, APs with human-level intelligence who could be recognized as moral persons or possess similar moral status do not exist and it is far from clear whether they will exist in the near future, or at all. It seems that one of the crucial points is that there is no agreement on the possibility of robots with human-level intelligence. Positions on this issue range from radical skepticism and denial of such a possibility to a firm belief about the imminence of a super-intelligent AI that will surpass even the most intelligent human beings. This lack of consensus seems to be clearly reflected in the disagreement among five of the founders of AI—and Trenchard Moore—who were asked about the possibility of human-level AI at the meeting celebrating the 50th anniversary of the conference on which the foundation of AI as a discipline took place (Bringsjord and Naveen 2018). Hence, while the number of scholars who seriously consider a scenario of robots with human-level intelligence and a moral status of a person (or similar) steadily increases (also outside the debate about AP servants, e. g. (Neely 2014; Schwitzgebel and Garza 2015; Gunkel 2018; Gordon 2020, 2021; Gunkel and Wales 2021)), the prospect of such entities remains extremely uncertain. In this case, is there any point in speculating about designing them in an ethical way? I believe there is, regardless of whether such entities will ever exist or not. Generally, while I do not share Petersen’s optimism that APs with human-level intelligence will arrive rather sooner than later, I agree with him that since we cannot rule out with certainty the possibility that APs will exist someday, it is better to be prepared for them than not (Petersen 2007, 44). I also assert that might be right when he claims that if we had known the dangers of global warming at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, we might have been able to avoid it (Turner 2019, 35). While such a point of view might seem both excessively cautious (by assuming we should always worry about risks and dangers) and optimistic (by assuming that by knowing the risk we could avoid it), it does not mean it is obviously wrong. But even if there will never be any APs, and human-level intelligence will never emerge, the discussion about designing them is still not pointless. First, it is connected with some other ethical discussions and may contribute to them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the uncertainty surrounding the development of artificial persons (APs) with human-level intelligence. It highlights significant skepticism regarding the existence of such entities, emphasizing that currently, consensus on their potential is lacking. This suggests that reliance on AI without human oversight is problematic, as the text cultivates a frame of thought about the ethical implications of AI and the necessity of human involvement in decision-making, especially given that AI with the capabilities suggested by the claim does not yet exist and may never exist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve over time and can influence thought processes. [SEP] Text: I am tempted to share that the presence of conflicts of interest at this point of this longitudinal registered report is, for me, a happy coincidence. Nevertheless, it is perhaps less coincidence than a confluence of forces that sees qualitative researchers and open science taking an interest in each other and the new technologies of registered reports and open review, where reviewer and reviewed get to learn something about each others interests and perspectives at the early stage of a project. I share this information so that you, dear reader can judge my review. Below, I have structured my review according to the criteria for assessing a at Stage 2 from PCI RR (accessed 2023-05-27; [PCI (peercommunityin. org)]( 2A. Whether the data are able to test the authors’ proposed hypotheses (or answer the proposed research question) by passing the approved outcome-neutral criteria, such as absence of floor and ceiling effects or success of positive controls or other quality checks. ** This criterion addresses whether the data quality is sufficient to be able to test the stated hypotheses, according to the pre-specified conditions in 1E. Since not all protocols are able to pre-specify outcome-neutral tests, this assessment is not relevant to all forms of RRs. Where it is relevant and pre-specified, it is possible that the failure of a crucial outcome-neutral test could, in severe circumstances, lead to the rejection of a Stage 2 manuscript. **The paper reports that the data has been submitted to an archive but no citation is provided, so it is presumably not available at the time of this Stage 2 report was submitted. 2 baseline report has a data availability statement clarifying that the data is published in a Archive and commenting on access requests. As far as I can tell, the Stage 2 baseline report does not provide bibliographic information (i. e. the citation) on this data archive. I appreciate that the review of the submission of the data to the Finish archive is a separate process to this and it may well be a lengthy process. Nevertheless, the bibliographic information is important in making sure the data is accessible. Indeed, providing this bibliographic information in this Stage 2 registered report of the longitudinal data helps make the data accessible to its readers. Consequently, can I request the authors find a way to delay the final publication of this paper until the full bibliographic information of the data is available? # 2B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about the evolution of languages and their influence on thought processes. It discusses aspects of qualitative research, the submission and review process of a longitudinal study, and issues related to data accessibility. There is no mention or discussion regarding languages, their evolution, or their impact on cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: 28–30 While many developing nations throughout the world are improving internal combustion engines, introducing advanced automobile (hybrid) models, and using better fuels, electric vehicles remain a vital answer for environmentally friendly and sustainable transportation. The adoption of electric vehicles can ensure the minimization of overall carbon impacts on the environment and decrease the major dependence on petroleum fuels. In the past few years, the importance of electric vehicles (EVs) has been rising quickly. 31 In 2018, worldwide, electric vehicles (EVs) fleet grew by five million with an intensification of 64% from the last year. 32 Compared to other world, China has significant transformation obsessed by the mass saturation of electric vehicles. 33 In 2019, China dominated the worldwide electric vehicle fleet, comprising 46% of the total, followed by Europe with 25% and the US with 21%. 34, Figure 2 depicts the trend of worldwide electric vehicle growth, illustrating the shift towards electrification in developing nations. Norway ranks among the top countries in the world for EV market share, with 38% of new cars sold there being EVs. 35 In terms of EV market share, Iceland was the second largest country globally with 18% of the EV market share and Sweden ranked the third with 9% share. 36,37 In 2018, more than 2 × 106 electric vehicles were sold, so the worldwide electric vehicles fleet is escalating quickly, which compared to 2017 is more than double of electric vehicles that were registered in 2018. 38 With 1. 11 × 106 automobiles sold, China continues to lead the globe in sales of electric vehicles; there are currently 2. 30 × 106 electric vehicles in use. 39 Leading to the rising trends in electric vehicle manufacturing and market share, many countries around the globe have set goals and made policies to fix out internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). 40 By revealing a schedule to stop making internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), many developing nations worldwide have approved the goals and followed electrification of the transport sector, such as the UK, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, by 2040. 41,42 FIG. 2. View largeDownload slideElectric cars registration in China, United States, and Europe (2016–2021). 43 Data sourced from Agency (IEA). Global EV Outlook 2019; IEA: Paris, France. 2019. “Adapted from Global EV Outlook 2019, Agency (IEA), Paris, France. Reproduced under the terms of the licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 License. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as a vital answer for environmentally friendly and sustainable transportation, which implies a reduction in carbon impacts compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. It highlights the increasing importance of EVs and mentions that many countries are adopting policies to transition away from internal combustion engines, indicating a shift towards lower emissions and reduced dependence on petroleum fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: In a very clear manner, Chomanski shows that designers of AP servants are being manipulative in the abovementioned sense:“By programming AIs with overwhelming desires to be servants, their programmers are set on making it close to impossibly psychologically difficult for the AIs to act in any way other than to pursue the life-plan that they are given: even a determined AI servant would likely not pick a different career path. This might be so even if they are programmed with the capacity to reflect on their own desires. Upon being told to build an AI servant, the programmers cannot help but suppose that the servant’s decision about what life plane to pursue are for the programmers to make. The programmers position themselves so as to be able to steer the choices of AI servants with a high degree of efficacy, by constructing the AIs’ psychology in the way just specified. They orchestrate the AIs’ choice space in such a way that only a very narrow range of options is realistically available to them. The AIs’ number of options, when it comes to career choice, is reduced to basically one. The AIs’ own capacity to respond to reasons, or to engage in reasoning, is ignored. The act of thus limiting another’s options and disregarding their rational capacities is expressive of manipulativeness on the programmers’ part—that is, of being willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner. It is, therefore, wrong” (Chomanski 2019, 1006). Hence, Chomanski believes that designing artificial servants involves manipulativeness on the side of designers since by selecting specific features of the designee (e. g. , the desire to serve), they are “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by—I take the following features as crucial—“limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities. ” Hence, Chomanski contends that designing people to serve is wrong because it involves the manipulativeness of the designers. A few clarifications on the concept of manipulativeness seem worth making. First, clearly, Baron’s account of manipulativeness represents only one of many approaches to this problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how AI design inherently involves manipulation by programmers, which implies that AI cannot function independently. Chomanski argues that programmers limit the AIs' choices and disregard their rational capacities, suggesting that AI cannot operate without human oversight, as designers intentionally constrain the options available to the AI servants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve over time and can influence thought processes. [SEP] Text: Whether the ** introduction, rationale and stated hypotheses (where applicable) are the same as the approved Stage 1 submission. ** **This criterion assesses whether the authors have remained consistent in their framing of the study at Stage 2. Aside from changes in tense (e. g. future tense to past tense), correction of typographic and grammatical errors, and correction of clear factual errors, the introduction, rationale and hypotheses of the Stage 2 submission must remain identical to those in the approved Stage 1 manuscript. To make any changes clear, authors are required to submit a tracked changes version of the manuscript at Stage 2. **This paper mostly has the same rationale as the Stage 1 report but I would recommend elaborating on the differences. First, I would recommend you elaborate that this is a 'new' Stage 2 report rather than an update to the original Stage 1 report. What I've learnt from my limited experience with registered reports is that the Stage 1 and Stage 2 reports are the same 'report' but that new unknown information is added at Stage 2. That is, the Stage 1 report comprises 1) the methodology and 2) the rationale for this before before we learned about the findings. In the Stage 2 report, the researchers put the methodology into practice and therefore add 1) what we found when we tried to do what we planned to do and 2) what we have learnt from these findings. The recommendation of PCI RR for the inclusion of a tracked changes version highlights that the researchers should be showing, and the reviewers should be mindful of, any changes between Stage 1 and 2. Indeed, I can look back at my comment on the revised Stage 1 submission and I am reminded that I mistakenly thought the 'final 10. 1525/collabra. 38819]( As such, we are in new territory, figuring out how to do Stage 2 reports when we are used to persuading journals to publish our work after study completion and we have little ability to change what we did. I do think this issue crops up throughout the paper as it's difficult a time to see if new detail is a posthoc addition. Consequently, can you succinctly explain why this Stage 2 report is as it is, perhaps ensuring you provide enough clarity that someone unfamiliar with, and indeed those familiar with, the format? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the structure and requirements for manuscript submissions, specifically comparing Stage 1 and Stage 2 reports. There is no mention of languages evolving or their influence on thought processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: ”FIG. 2. View largeDownload slideElectric cars registration in China, United States, and Europe (2016–2021). 43 Data sourced from Agency (IEA). Global EV Outlook 2019; IEA: Paris, France. 2019. “Adapted from Global EV Outlook 2019, Agency (IEA), Paris, France. Reproduced under the terms of the licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 License. ” Close modal To diminish the dependence on non-renewable energy sources and minimize the injurious carbon emissions formed due to the burning of fossil fuels in IC engines, many developing countries worldwide have planned policies to make the transport sector safe and sustainable. To encourage ECs in developing countries, Table II signifies the ephemeral evaluation of various incentives provided by governments. For green transportation systems, electrification of agility is a capable choice if energy generation is decarbonized by substituting non-renewable energy sources with renewables. To reduce carbon emissions, many developing countries around the globe have acknowledged transport electrification as a possible and feasible solution. 44,45 By 2030, the Goals of the aim to provide a safe, reasonable, available, and sustainable transportation system, in particular through increasing the sustainability and resilience of passenger mobility. To meet SDG requirements, technological goals, and environmental safety, many European countries have been endorsing extensive implementation of ECs. Significantly, the use of (EVs) with the adaptation of SDGs in the current transport sector can assist in minimizing carbon emissions related to transportation. 46,47. Policy measures to promote the adoption of EVs. 43 Data sourced from Agency (IEA). Global EV Outlook 2019; IEA: Paris, France. 2019. Adapted from Global EV Outlook 2019, Agency (IEA), Paris, France. Reproduced under the terms of the Attribution (CC BY) license. ” Policy actions. Average. Effective. Efficiency. Possibility. Plugs lobby 4. 26 4. 15 4. 48 4. 16 Infrastructure and support built up 4. 16 4. 32 4. 16 3. 99 Management in political features 4. 02 4. 35 4. 16 4. 00 EVs initiatives 4. 01 4. 01 3. 74 4. 24 Deliver data to people 4. 02 3. 82 3. 82 4. 01 Newly developed EV requirements 3. 73 4. 00 3. 83 3. 40 Enable roaming between regions 3. 64 3. 85 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that many developing countries acknowledge transport electrification, particularly with electric vehicles (EVs), as a feasible solution to minimize carbon emissions associated with transportation. It mentions that electrification is a capable choice if energy generation is decarbonized, thus reinforcing the idea that EVs can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional vehicles powered by fossil fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: The novelty it brings is not only the argument and its content but also the perspective that differs from the perspective that has been dominating the discussion since its origins. and Petersen were focused on the question of whether or not designing artificial servants wrongs them. puts it in the title of one of his papers (Petersen 2017), the question is “Is it good for them too? ” (“them” refers to AP servants). The same refers to Musiał and Danaher. Hence, Chomanski’s claim about manipulativeness is not focused on the main topic of the discussion to date—the well-being of the designee—and instead focuses on the attitude of the designers. What makes the argument about manipulativeness and the shift in the perspective an interesting contribution is that even if one assumes that APs’ autonomy and general well-being are not harmed by designing them as servants, the process of designing AP servants remains objectionable due to the manipulativeness of the designers. This is an important shift, since it shows that even if the consequences of designing AP servants can be ethical both for themselves and for society in general, something can still be wrong with the whole process due to the attitudes of the designers. Actually, it seems that Chomanski’s shift of perspective largely depends on the fact that he—without stating it explicitly—embraces virtue ethics and considers manipulativeness as a vice, following Baron in that regard. Hence, it is worth comparing it with some other accounts that approach similar problems from the perspective of virtue ethics. The closest and most obvious account is Petersen’s approach (2007, 290–291). Petersen also briefly engages with virtue ethics and, however, he worries about the well-being and character of the designee, while Chomanski focuses on the well-being and character of the designer. Somewhat more distant and less obviously similar accounts are those that use virtue ethics in examining ethical problems with robots that are not persons. In particular, (2017, 2021) claims that virtue ethics enables us to clarify what is ethically objectionable in a situation in which a human being treats a robot which is not a person violently (e. g. by raping it), even if the robot is not—and cannot be—harmed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ethical implications of designing artificial servants and emphasizes the necessity of human oversight in the design process. It highlights that even if artificial entities could function autonomously and ethically, the attitudes and manipulative actions of their designers introduce a serious ethical concern. This indicates that AI, particularly in healthcare contexts, cannot be fully autonomous without human oversight, as the process of designing AI systems remains objectionable due to potential manipulative influences.