Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Major genetic factors are presumed to be few Although this study did not provide much information on the estimation of related genes or loci, the following arguments can still be put forth. First, in the two generations of F1 and BC1F1 obtained from crosses between BLOND and biennial plants, the model of a single dominant gene fits, leading to the presumption that a single major gene controls the flowering characteristics of BLOND. There may be other minor genes involved, as the segregation ratio of F2 exhibited a tendency to be higher in summer and lower in winter than the 75% segregation ratio expected from the model. Second, the flowering characteristics of BLOND cannot be explained solely by a key locus, called the B locus, that controls the response to vernalization, among several loci involved in flowering without vernalization treatments (Hohmann et al. 2005; Buttner et al. 2010; Hoft et al. 2017). The locus B is controlled by a single dominant gene; the dominant B allele leads to an annual habit whereas plants with the recessive b allele require vernalization and exhibit biennial habits (Abegg 1936; Boudry et al. 1994, El-Mezawy et al. 2002). The causative gene of the B locus is BvBTC1 and a partial loss of function for annual habit occurs in biennial beets (Pin et al. 2012). Based on the polymorphisms in the BvBTC1 gene, there are two classes of haplotypes; the first class consists of three haplotypes (‘a’ to ‘c’) including a biennial parent for molecular mapping whereas the second consists of eight haplotypes (‘d’ to ‘k’) including an annual parent for molecular mapping. The BvBTC1 gene of the BLOND strains used in this study is known to be haplotype ‘g’; nevertheless, there are many strains with haplotype ‘g’ that do not exhibit BLOND characteristics (Kuroda et al. 2019). Therefore, it is unlikely that the flowering characteristics of BLOND are solely determined by the B locus, and more likely that other related loci are involved. Third, although B' (Owen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants forming supercolonies without conflict. It discusses genetic factors influencing flowering characteristics in plants rather than any information related to ant behavior or supercolonies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: 8 Mt of residual emissions if countered by complementary measures. Of these 3–10 Mt is expected to be in the form of BECCS (SOU, 2020: 4). A result is a potential greater than the domestic demand and a potential for exporting CDR as a service to organizations and nations with lesser capabilities for developing CDR on their own. If price levels of 240 €/t CDR (for example reported in Fajardy et al. , 2021) are used as reference and Sweden requires 10 Mt of technical CDR from BECCS to reach net zero, the remaining 21,7 Mt of BECCS potential available for export would have a market value of €5. 2 billion. The key question for this development is how to get actors with residual emissions to buy. p. 132 5 sum up, it seems unavoidable to pursue BECCS if the targets of limiting global warming should be within reach. The simple reason – today we do not reduce greenhouse gases such as CO2 fast enough. The transition to a low-carbon society does not have the pace required to limit global warming even at 2oC. For some activities today that contribute to global warming we do not even have good alternatives, which creates a need to counter rather than pursue reducing them. A key challenge is funding the development, in essence, to create the business models to enable a transition not only reducing emissions but also getting the required capabilities of CDR. BECCS could provide such a capability as photosynthesis concentrates atmospheric CO2 while biomass grows and then can be used to generate energy or bio-based products. When considering BECCS development, most BECCS projects globally not only need to find the business model for CDR, but additionally also for their part in the value chain of supplying goods and services in the biogenic sector. Some regions, the case of Sweden used in this 596. Camia, A. , Giuntoli, J. , Jonsson, K. , Robert, N. , Cazzaniga, N. , Jasinevičius, G. , Avitabile, V. , Grassi, G. , Barredo Cano, J. I. and Mubareka, S. (2020) ‘The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU, EUR 30548 EN’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) as a means to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change. It mentions that achieving net zero requires complementing current measures and highlights the necessity for additional studies to develop effective business models for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and the challenges involved. This indicates that further research and safety considerations are essential in developing ocean carbon capture technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Thus, a significant volume of the recent research on microalgal photobiohydrogen production has been aimed at identifying the vigorous hydrogenase activities, accepting their interaction with ferredoxin and the other metabolic functions, and genetically changing these interactions to enhance the effectiveness for the production of biohydrogen (Yacoby et al. 2011; Wecker et al. 2011). Although hydrogen production from the algae is still a long way from its commercial viability, continued progress in this area indicates its ultimate potential. The production of biogas efficiency has been revealed to be species-dependent and is based on the relative efficacy of cell deprivation and on the absence or presence of molecules that might prohibit the methanogenic archaea (Mussgnug et al. 2010). Production of biogas from algae may also involve an important function in phyco-remediation, as harmful algal blooms in ponds, lakes, or oceans can result in the release of poisonous secondary metabolites that can cause deleterious effects on these environments; clearing these algae for the production of biogas can minimize these impacts (Yuan et al. 2011). Currently, the biogas production from algae is still incomplete, owing to the need to heat the digesters and the necessity for more land area and infrastructure to generate the same content of energy that can be obtained from the algal biodiesel (Collet et al. 2011). The value-added product can comprise biohydrogen produced anaerobically just before the process of anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas (Mussgnug et al. 2010). In addition, generation of electricity from biogas can be used to offset the requirements of energy for the microalgal anaerobic digestion during biogas production; agriculturally originated biogas can be used to give a CO2 stream for algal growth and the production of coproduct and biogas can be used to power the cultivation and lipid extraction methods for the biodiesel (Collet et al. 2011; Douskova et al. 2010; Harun et al. 2011). Catalytic cracking and liquefaction for thermochemical conversion Preliminary studies made by several researchers on Scenedesmus and Spirulina indicate that biomass with ~20% oil content is suitable for conversion into biogasoline through the catalytic cracking process, as the product is rich in hydrocarbons (Ueda et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the production of biogas from algae involves interactions with ecosystems, specifically mentioning that harmful algal blooms can negatively impact environments by releasing poisonous secondary metabolites. The clearing of these algae for biogas production aims to minimize such deleterious effects, indicating that algae biofuel production does indeed have implications for ecosystems and water resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: 1940) has many features in common with BLOND (described below), the flowering characteristics of BLOND cannot be explained by B', which is allelic to B. (1) B' is dominant over b. (2) Plants with B are strictly annual whereas plants with B' remain vegetative under field conditions, and plants with B' bolt as quickly as plants with B under relatively low-temperature greenhouse conditions. If B' were indeed identical to BLOND, then B and BLOND would be allelic (i. e. , linked to each other) and the BvBTC1 haplotype would not explain the flowering characteristics of BLOND as described in the second point. Therefore, B' is not the locus of BLOND, and the BLOND 's locus exists elsewhere. Future research directions Future research should focus on two points. The first is the identification of genomic regions that control BLOND. BLOND is thought to function in a manner that releases the switch of vernalization requirement by daylength, which is an interesting characteristic because daylength and vernalization not only determine the timing of flowering in crops (Blumel et al. 2015; Jung and Muller et al. 2009) but also play a major role in plant adaptation and evolution (Amasino 2010; Ream et al. 2012). We have already started to map populations between BLOND and biennials, and have begun research to identify genomic regions through molecular biological approaches. The second is to clarify the effect of BLOND on bolting tolerance. Owen et al. (1940) reported that 'Clone70,’ which exhibits similar characteristics to BLOND lines, has a low vernalization requirement and weak tolerance to bolting. This is termed ‘easy bolting’ and is a trait that should be improved for sugar production as it is prone to initiate bolting in the first year of growth (Kuroda et al. 2019). It is necessary to investigate whether BLOND functions in a direction that directly weakens the bolting tolerance. ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that the two BLOND strains combine characteristics that can suppress bolting during cultivation for sugar production and promote flowering during cultivation for seed production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address ants or the concept of supercolonies; instead, it focuses on the characteristics of the BLOND plant and its genomic traits. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants forming supercolonies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: , Elia, A. , Boitier, B. , Koasidis, K. , Doukas, H. , Cassetti, G. , Anger-Kraavi, A. , Bui, H. , Campagnolo, L. , De Miglio, R. , Delpiazzo, E. , Fougeyrollas, A. , Gambhir, A. , Gargiulo, M. , Giarola, S. , Grant, N. , Hawkes, A. , Herbst, A. , Köberle, A. C. , Kolpakov, A. , Le Mouël, P. , McWilliams, B. , Mittal, S. , Moreno, J. , Neuner, F. , Perdana, S. , Peters, G. P. , Plötz, P. , Rogelj, J. , Sognnæs, I. , Van de Ven, D. -J. , Vielle, M. , Zachmann, G. , Zagamé, P. and Chiodi, A. (2021) ‘Where is the EU headed given its current climate policy? A stakeholder-driven model inter-comparison’. Science of the Total Environment, 793. )| falseSearch 300. Paltsev, S. , Morris, J. , Kheshgi, H. and Herzog, H. (2021) ‘Hard-to-abate sectors: The role of industrial carbon capture and storage (CCS) in emission mitigation’. Applied Energy, 300. )| falseSearch 109. Smith, E. , Morris, J. , Kheshgi, H. , Teletzke, G. and Herzog, H. (2021) ‘The cost of CO2 transport and storage n global integrated assessment modeling’. of Control, 109. )| falseSearch 34. Tongur, S. and Engwall, M. (2014) ‘The business model dilemma of technology chifts’. Technovation, 34. )| falseSearch 276. Yue, X. , Deane, J. P. , O’Gallachoir, B. and Rogan, F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided includes a list of authors and references to different studies without addressing the specific claim about ocean carbon capture and its implications for climate change mitigation and safety. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1996; Biller and Ross 2011). Similarly, all forms of carbon present in this biomass can be converted into biocrude oil through a thermochemical liquefaction process. Thermo-chemical conversion technologies of biomass are certainly not the most important opportunity in recent times; combustion is responsible for over 97% production of the world’s bio-energy (Balat 2009). The primary thermochemical conversion processes are pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction. Biorenewable feedstocks can be converted into liquid or gaseous forms for the generation of electricity, heat, chemical, and gaseous or liquid fuels (Demirbas 2008). Although microbial or enzymatic transformations have more cost-reduction potentials in view of the recent developments and the constant efforts for their optimization, these routes are less prone to commercialization in the immediate future, thereby rendering the thermochemical conversion processes commercially viable, as these rely on processes that have been thoroughly studied over the years (Sims et al. 2010). general, the algal biomass grown with the industrial wastewaters can also be converted into biocrude oil using a thermochemical liquefaction process. Hence, growing algae in wastewaters for biofuel and bioenergy production seems a viable and eco-friendly option for the future. Two main culture systems are available for algal production. An open system generally combines waste treatment with algal production. This system employs the use of ponds, which range from the oxidation ponds to the high-rated algae ponds. An oxidation pond recycles nutrients through a bacteria-algae symbiotic process. The pond is one to two meters deep and unmixed. The algal yield in such a pond is thus low. In contrast, the high-rate algae pond (HRAP), which consists of an open raceway mixed by paddle-wheels, is very shallow and is capable of producing very high yields. High-rate algae ponds are suitable for the generation of algal biomass for high-quality animal feed and extraction of useful compounds such as protein and pigments. Research on the combined algal production and waste-treatment systems has been done in Israel (Shelef et al. 1980), India (Venkataraman et al. 1980), Thailand (Tanticharoen et al. 1990), the (Christenson and Sims 2012; Ellis et al. 2012; Rahman et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of industrial wastewaters in algal biomass cultivation and the implications of algal production systems for waste treatment. It highlights how algae can be grown in open systems that combine waste treatment with algal production, indicating that such practices do interact with water resources and possibly ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: In other words, from a practical breeding standpoint, BLOND strains could be used for field evaluations of important agronomic traits, such as yield characteristics outdoors, and for quickly generating plants in a greenhouse by adding supplemental light at night. In particular, the BLOND strains identified in this study exhibit an extremely rapid emergence to bolting in the greenhouse, similar to the annual strains. Thus, the time required for one seed production could be effectively reduced from approximately one year to one-third of that required for conventional lines (approximately four months), similar to the annual beet. We believe that this method could potentially accelerate the development of new breeding strains and varieties. Declarations7616. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 135. Abegg FA (1936) A genetic factor for the annual habit in beets and linkage relationship. J 53:0493-0511 (2010) Seasonal and developmental timing of flowering. 61:1001-1013. (2015) Flowering time regulation in crops-what did we learn from Arabidopsis? Biotechnol 32:121-129. Buttner B, Abou-(2010) A survey of EMS-induced biennial Beta vulgaris mutants reveals a novel bolting locus which is unlinked to the bolting gene B. Genet 121:1117-1131. Bosemark NO (2006) Genetics and breeding. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 50-88 Boudry P, Wieber R, Saumitou-(1994) Identification of RFLP markers closely linked to the bolting gene B and their significance for the study of the annual habit in beets (Beta vulgaris L. ). Genet 88:852-858. (1933) A study of some ecological factors influencing seed stalk development in beets. -(2002) High-resolution mapping of the bolting gene B of sugar beet. Genet 105:100-105. Ghosh S, Watson A, Gonzalez-Navarro OE et al. (2018) Speed breeding in growth chambers and glasshouses for crop breeding and model plant research. 13:2944–2963. (2019) Breeding crops to feed 10 billion. 37:744-754. (2017) Haplotype variation of flowering time genes of sugar beet and its wild relatives and the impact on life cycle regimes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ants forming supercolonies without conflict. Instead, it discusses agricultural topics related to breeding strains and flowering times in crops, which is unrelated to ants or their social behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Sequestration for Mitigation and Adaptation 2. While the technology for CCS is currently available, significant improvements are needed to enhance confidence in storage security. In 1996, the first CCS project established for the purpose of mitigation of CO2 emission began injecting CO2 into deep geological formation in offshore aquifer in the North Sea, Norway. Since that time, science has advanced in areas such as geophysics, chemical engineering, monitoring and verification, and other areas, while also governments have funded demonstration projects at various sizes ranging from small-scale proof of concept to industrial-scale demonstration projects. Five industrial-scale CCS projects are currently operational globally with more than 0. 035 Pg of CO2 captured and stored since 1996. Observations from these industrial scale projects and commercial CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), engineered natural analogues as well as theoretical consideration, models and laboratory studies have suggested that appropriately selected and well managed CCS sites are likely to retain almost all of injected CO2 for long time and provide the benefits for the intended purpose of CCS. However, CCS is still struggling to gain foothold as one of the main options for mitigating climate change due to high costs, advances in other options including renewable energy, as well as discovery of shale natural gas and the associated hydrological fracturing extraction techniques, absence of international action by governments and private sectors on climate change, economic crisis-induced low carbon (C) prices, and public skepticism. The estimated costs for CCS varies widely depending on the application—such as gas clean-up versus electricity generation, type of fuel, capture technology and assumptions about the baseline technology. Generally, for current technology, CCS would increase cost of generating electricity by 50–100%, and parasitic energy requirement of 15–30%. In this case, capital costs and energy requirements are the major cost drivers. In addition, significant scale-up compared to existing CCS activities will be needed to achieve intended large reductions of CO2 emissions. For example, a 5- to 10-fold scale-up in the size of individual projects is needed to capture and store emissions from a typical coal-fired power plant of 500–1000 MW, while a thousand-fold scale-up in size of current CCS enterprise would be needed to reduce emissions by 1 yr−1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by acknowledging that while CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) technology is currently available, significant improvements are needed to enhance confidence in storage security, indicating the need for further study. It also outlines various factors that challenge the widespread adoption of CCS as a solution for climate change mitigation, suggesting a necessity for ongoing research and assessments in this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2012; Christenson and Sims 2011; Lincoln and Hill 1980), and some other countries. As fresh water sources are scarce, utilization of poor quality wastewaters such as treated municipal sewage wastewater as low-cost nutrient growth medium for mass cultivation of biofuel algae appears a viable option for the future. In recent times, research into microalgal cultivation has gained importance because of application of this resource in the production of biofuels. Cultivation of microalgae in the open pond systems has been used since the 1950s (Borowitzka 1999), and raceway ponds are the most commonly used artificial systems. Open ponds provide a very efficient method of cultivating algae, but they become contaminated with the algal species very easily (Khan et al. 2009). The major advantage of the open ponds is that they are very easy to construct and operate; in comparison to most closed systems, they are easy to clean up after cultivation and are ideal for mass cultivation of microalgae (Ugwu et al. 2008). This should be given consideration in view of the escalating equipment costs, particularly the use of the reactor-style systems that lack a reliable scale-up method. While considering the economic and the environmental aspects, a raceway pond coupled with a low cost harvesting technique would be a preferable choice to produce biodiesel. While the demand for the production of biofuel is in part driven by ecological concerns, there is no doubt that constructing and operating an HRAP dedicated to producing algal biomass for biofuels can have an ecological impact. For example, resources of fresh water are consumed through evaporation, thus contributing to a water footprint (Park et al. 2011). Indeed, Clarens et al. (2010) summarized that production of algal biomass using freshwater and fertilizers would consume high energy, result in more greenhouse gas emissions, and use a lot of water compared to biofuel production from land-based crops, i. e. , canola, switch grass, and corn. Production of algal biomass using wastewater HRAPs, by contrast, offers a far more interesting proposition from an ecological point of view. The impacts of the HRAP construction and operation are a necessity of providing the treatment of wastewaters and hence, the subsequent algal production represents a biofuel feedstock free of this ecological issue (Park et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that constructing and operating a high-rate algal pond (HRAP) dedicated to producing algal biomass for biofuels can indeed have ecological impacts, specifically mentioning that fresh water resources are consumed through evaporation, contributing to a water footprint. It also notes that production of algal biomass using freshwater is associated with high energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and significant water use when compared to biofuel production from land-based crops.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Sci 8:2211. (2005) An EMS mutagenesis protocol for sugar beet and isolation of non-bolting mutants. 124:317-321. (2020) Is plant variety registration keeping pace with speed breeding techniques? Euphytica 216:131. Jung C, Muller AE (2009) Flowering time control and applications in plant breeding. Sci 14:563-573 (1990) Difference of bolting behavior among annual and biennial sugarbeet strains. 30:16 (in Japanese) (2015) Seed production of sugar beet using vernalized seedlings I. Comparison of seedlings with stecklings in a greenhouse. . 56:13-20 (in Japanese) (2019) Molecular variation at BvBTC1 is associated with bolting tolerance in Japanese sugar beet. Euphytica 215:43. Kockelmann A, (2006) Seed production and quality. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 89-113 Melzer S, Müller A, (2014) Genetics and genomics of flowering time regulation in sugar beet. In: (ed) Genomics of plant genetic resources, vol 2. Springer, Netherlands, pp 3–26 Milford GFJ (2006) Plant structure and crop physiology. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 30-49 (1940) Photothermal induction of flowering in sugar beets. J 61:101-124 (2012) The role of a pseudo-response regulator gene in life cycle adaptation and domestication of beet. 22:1095-1101. (2012) The molecular basis of vernalization in different plant groups. 77:105-115. (1990) Analysis for bolting of sugarbeet by means of the test crosses of biennial lines with annual line. . 32:134-137 (in Japanese) Smit AL (1983) Influence of external factors on growth and development of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ). Ph. D. Thesis, Center for agricultural publishing and documentation, Wageningen Univ. , Nether Lands. (1946) Relation of temperature to reproduction in sugar beets. Res 72:49-68 (2018) Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding. 4:23-29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is entirely focused on various studies related to sugar beet and does not address anything related to ants or their behaviors, nor does it mention supercolonies or conflict. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: The estimated global oil and gas reservoirs are 1000 Pg CO2, saline aquifers global potential capacity ranges from 4000 to 23,000 Pg CO2. However, there is considerable debate about how much storage capacity actually exists and is available for CCS, particularly in saline aquifers. Research, improved geological assessments and commercial scale demonstration projects will be needed to verify the estimated capacity and improve confidence in storage capacity estimates. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 229. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others CO2 and Storage, a for Change 2. Elements 4(5):319–324. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 319 2429. doi:10. 1016/j. egypro. 2009. 02. 003 91. On line at (2011) CarbFix: a CCS pilot project imitating and accelerating natural CO2 sequestration. 1(2):105–118. doi:10. 1002/ghg. 18 183. pp 203–216. doi:10. 1029/2005GM000338 (2007) CO2 storage capacity estimation: methodology and gaps. Control 1(4):430–443. doi:10. 1016/s1750-5836(07)00086-2 943. doi:10. 1126/science. 1152516 331. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 325 194. doi:10. 1016/j. ijggc. 2008. 08. 002 189. doi:10. 1039/c3ee42350f 2015. Report, 64th edn. BP plc, London, UK, p 48 68. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that considerable debate exists regarding the actual storage capacity for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in saline aquifers. It emphasizes the need for further research, improved geological assessments, and commercial-scale demonstration projects to verify capacity estimates and enhance confidence in the safety and reliability of ocean carbon capture methods. This aligns with the claim that additional study is necessary for the safety of such climate change mitigation strategies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Among the various cultivation systems involved in producing algal biomass, the aspect of harvesting biomass is an important economic issue. It was estimated that harvesting algae biomass can account for 20 to 30% of the total production cost (Gudin and Thepenier 1986). When, the algae grow phototrophically, their concentration is about 0. 5 to 1. 0 g L-1 for open ponds and around 5 to 10 g L-1 biomass concentration for closed systems (Chisti 2007). For the production of 1 g L-1 algal biomass, 1000 kg of water must be used to capture 1 kg of biomass. Methods of algal biomass harvesting, such as filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation and flocculation, and floatation are being practiced either individually or in any combination. Several literature reviews have provided for the algae harvesting techniques (Mutanda et al. 2011; Grima et al. 2003; Chen et al. 2009; Harun et al. 2011). Among the various methods, centrifugation is a possible method suitable for higher-value products but is very expensive in an integrated system producing lower-value products, such as algal oils ( In the case of algal-derived biofuels, the low-cost promising method is gravity settling enhanced by flocculation, without benefit of chemical flocculants (et al. 2003). Other mechanisms exist, including the autoflocculation process, and it depends on the coprecipitation of calcium carbonate with microalgal cells and other precipitates that form in hard waters subject to high pH. Apart from settling, in some cases the biomass will float, either due to high oil content or by using a dissolved air flotation (DAF) process. Employing minor amounts of flocculants to assist in such a process could be cost effective, depending on the amount used. In general, the harvesting method of choice depends on algal species, the cultivation conditions, and the application of the product. For biofuels applications, low-cost algal harvesting techniques have not yet become established (Darzins et al. 2010). If new algal harvesting techniques have been developed, they have not yet been assessed publicly and, therefore, are not documented in this review. Significant research effort will be needed to develop the cost-effective techniques. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant water usage required for algae biomass production. It states that to produce 1 g L-1 of algal biomass, 1000 kg of water must be utilized, directly indicating a substantial impact on water resources. Additionally, the various harvesting methods mentioned suggest complexity in terms of resource management and environmental considerations, implying that algae biofuel production does indeed affect ecosystems and water resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A mutualism without honeydew: what benefits for Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects (Diaspididae)? All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on June 29th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Jun 29, 2017 · authors did a good job in addressing the (minor) points raised by the reviewers. I believe this is an important contribution and I'm happy to recommend its acceptance. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 29, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jun 12, 2017 · As you'll see below, the comments by the reviewers tended to be very positive, but indicated a few issues that need to be addressed before the manuscript can be accepted, as well as some interesting suggestions. Reviewer 1 · Jun 7, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is very well written and includes a complete review of the current knowledge of Melissotarsus-diaspidis association. The authors manage to combine all the current information about the system and other related ant-hemipteran associations with the perspective of their new naturalistic observations, putting together a very robust description of the natural history of Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. Although the authors did not perform behavioral experiments or chemical analysis, they provides the study with outstanding visual evidence of their observations in the form of high quality pictures (However, see comment on fig 3 on the possibility of adding arrows to the pictures to direct to interesting parts of the image). Experimental design The study is a very interesting research about the natural history of a interestingant-hemipteran association. I consider the study very relevant and an important contribution. However, the research questions are only indicated in the last paragraph of introduction in a very general way (Lines 100-101). The authors should detail clearly at the end of introduction which aspects of the association were the focus of their observations and discussions. There are not experimental procedures in the research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants forming supercolonies without conflict. It discusses a specific study concerning the association between Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects, without addressing the concept of supercolonies or the presence of conflict among ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : capture, utilization and storage technologies are expected to play a role in cutting CO2 emissions and limiting global warming, but some critics say they are costly and divert attention from more effective strategies. help with climate change, carbon capture will have to evolve The technologies are a useful tool to reduce CO2 levels but have yet to move us away from fossil fuels Gilbert 07. 09. 2024 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today More than 200 kilometers off Norway’s coast in the sits the world’s first offshore carbon-capture-and-storage project. Built in 1996, the Sleipner project strips carbon dioxide from natural gas — largely made up of methane — to make it marketable. But instead of releasing the CO2 into the atmosphere, the greenhouse gas is buried. The effort stores around 1 million metric tons of CO2 per year — and is praised by many as a pioneering success in global attempts to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Last year, total global CO2 emissions hit an all-time high of around 35. 8 billion tons, or gigatons. At these levels, scientists estimate, we have roughly six years left before we emit so much CO2 that global warming will consistently exceed 1. 5 degrees Celsius above average preindustrial temperatures, an internationally agreed-upon limit. (Notably, the global average temperature for the past 12 months has exceeded this threshold. )Phasing out fossil fuels is key to cutting emissions and fighting climate change. But a suite of technologies collectively known as carbon capture, utilization and storage, or CCUS, are among the tools available to help meet global targets to cut CO2 emissions in half by 2030 and to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. These technologies capture, use or store away CO2 emitted by power generation or industrial processes, or suck it directly out of the air. Panel on (IPCC), the body charged with assessing climate change science, includes carbon capture and storage among the actions needed to slash emissions and meet temperature targets. Carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies often capture CO2 from coal or natural gas power generation or industrial processes, such as steel manufacturing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies are expected to play a role in reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating global warming. It also mentions that these technologies are necessary tools in meeting global emissions targets and fighting climate change, indicating a need for further development and assessment to ensure their efficacy and safety in contributing to climate change mitigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Integrated palm oil mill effluent treatment and biofuel production Algae are a substantial component of ecosystems ranging from marine and fresh water ecosystems to desert sands and from hot springs to ice. In recent years, microalgae have been identified using morphological and molecular tools for their several purposes reported by many authors (Jayappriyan et al. 2010, 2011). Worldwide, algae contain thousands of diverse strains. When combined with the recent advances in bioremediation, these strains can provide a good initial point for further improvement of microalgal production methods based on treatment of wastewaters. Being a developing country, Malaysia releases a significant amount of pollutants into water bodies. Modern industries, animal and agriculture husbandry, agrobased industries, and the activities of urbanization have all contributed to the devastation of the natural environment (Goh and Lee 2010). Algae-based solutions have offered certain benefits to the various countries. Malaysia is basically an agricultural country, its main revenue earners being palm oil and rubber. Major pollution problems have arisen from the agroindustries based on these two major crops as well as on the increased waste from farm animals. The combined wastewater discharges from the oil palm and rubber industries contribute an organic load of 0. 5 million kg of Demand (BOD) per day (Phang 1987). Various treatment methods, including biological, chemical, and mechanical, have been developed over the last two decades, with some being successfully implemented (Phang 1987). Researchers at the University of Malaya and the other government institutions have demonstrated the feasibility of using microalgae to treat agroindustrial wastewaters. Significantly, combining microalgal production and wastewater treatment offers an advantage over the conventional treatment systems. Realizing the vast potential of microalgae cultivation towards sustainable energy development, researchers in this area have noted a few key points in up-scaling the overall process. One of the difficulties in up-scaling microalgae culture to an industrial scale is the source of food nutrients in the culture medium. The requirement of high nitrogen content and the other related chemical fertilizers to cultivate microalgae on a large scale has moved the process towards a loss of the environment. Also, cultivation of microalgae can basically play an important role as a self-purification process of the wastewaters in a natural condition (Soeder 1980). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the impacts of algae production on ecosystems and water resources. It mentions that the cultivation of microalgae requires high nitrogen content and related chemical fertilizers, which can lead to environmental degradation. Furthermore, it highlights the role of algae in wastewater treatment, suggesting that their cultivation is linked to both ecological functions and potential negative effects due to nutrient demands.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Must evidence is in the form or valuable and novel (although circumstantial) natural history observations. Validity of the findings The authors put together a lot of valuable information to describe several aspects of the Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. The study have no statistical analysis and the discussion is based on observational evidence. Although the presented evidence comes only from three ant nests, their findings are significant for the understanding of the described mutualism and very well putted in the context of the natural history of the species. However, I believe that authors must specify in the discussion the potential of generalization of their findings and the possible limitations derived from the limited sample size. As one of the main objectives of study the authors present a strong case to defend the hypothesis that ants consume wax secretions form diaspids as food source and that this is the reason behind the lack of wax shield of the diaspids. agree with most of the reasoning, I think that the evidence is circumstantial and not enough to discard completely other alternative or complementary hypotheses (see comment for lines 267-269). For this reason, I believe the authors should be more careful in some of their statements in order to recognize alternative (however less probable) explanations in the discussion (for instance sentence on lines 242-244 and 289-290). They may explain with more detail why alternative hypothesis (most of them already mentioned by the authors) should be discarded or suggest possible experimental pathways to completely disprove them. I believe that none of the above issues invalidate the findings and main discussion of the study, and that with minor modifications those issues may be fixed. Additional comments Lines 74-78: I suggest to merge this lines with the nest paragraph (Lines 79-97) Lines 98-101. You should state clearly here if Morganella conspicua is one of the diaspidis species that are known to also live freely (you put this information only in the discussion, but this is very relevant for the background of your study). Lines 112-115: It should be a good idea to include geographic coordinates for sampling localities. Also, if possible, you should provide more details about the nest conditions on the field, such as the extend that ants and diaspids were present in each tree individual (this information is only scattered in the discussion) Line 120: Specify where in Paris you performed the observations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about ants forming supercolonies without conflict. Instead, it discusses the limitations and observations related to the Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association, emphasizing the circumstantial nature of the evidence presented in a study and the need for further clarification on alternative hypotheses. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: According to the Global CCS Institute, an industry-led think tank headquartered in Melbourne, Australia, of the 41 commercial projects operational as of July 2023, most were part of efforts that produce, extract or burn fossil fuels, such as coal- and gas-fired power plants. That’s true of the Sleipner project, run by the energy company Equinor. It’s the case, too, with the world’s largest CCUS facility, operated by ExxonMobil in Wyoming, in the United States, which also captures CO2 as part of the production of methane. Granted, not all CCUS efforts further fossil fuel production, and many projects now in the works have the sole goal of capturing and locking up CO2. Still, some critics doubt whether these greener approaches could ever lock away enough CO2 to meaningfully contribute to climate mitigation, and they are concerned about the costs. Others are more circumspect. Sally Benson, an energy researcher at Stanford University, doesn’t want to see CCUS used as an excuse to carry on with fossil fuels. But she says the technology is essential for capturing some of the CO2 from fossil fuel production and usage, as well as from industrial processes, as society transitions to new energy sources. “If we can get rid of those emissions with carbon capture and sequestration, that sounds like success to me,” says Benson, who codirects an institute that receives funding from fossil fuel companies. Annual global carbon dioxide emissions need to be cut in half by 2030, or by about 20 gigatons, to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies, called CCUS or CCS, are estimated to contribute less to emissions reductions than some other climate mitigation strategies, including shifting to renewable energy or restoring ecosystems. CCUS can also be more expensive; costs here are expressed as additional costs relative to the existing technology or status quo effort. Born from the oil industryCCUS technology was not conceived as a climate solution. It dates to the 1970s and 1980s, when oil production in the began to decline. Oil companies started using a process called enhanced oil recovery that injects CO2 (or water) into sedimentary rocks to recover hard-to-reach dregs of oil, a precursor to today’s CCUS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies in mitigating climate change, while also highlighting the need for further understanding and caution in their application. It addresses the concerns from critics about the effectiveness and costs of CCUS technologies, indicating that while these methods could help in reducing CO2 emissions, there are valid doubts about their capacity to make a significant impact on climate mitigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Municipal wastewater using conventional treatment that involves primary and secondary bio-treatment helped to remove only a portion of the nitrogen and phosphorus contained in the wastewater (Orpez et al. 2009). Therefore, culturing of microalgae in the wastewaters offers an inexpensive alternative to the conventional forms of tertiary treatment of wastewaters and at the same time consumes the nitrogen and the phosphorus contents in the wastewater to generate the microalgal biomass for the production of biofuel. Recently, the concept of utilizing POME (Mill Effluent) as a nutrient source for the culture of microalgae in Malaysia has caught the attention of researchers. Because of its practical low cost and high value, most palm oil millers desire the culture of microalgae as a tertiary treatment before POME is released. Therefore, most of the nutrients such as nitrate and orthophosphate that are not eliminated during anaerobic digestion are further subjected to bioconversion in a microalgae treatment pond. After secondary treatment, the total nitrogen content of POME is still high and does not meet the discharge standard limit for wastewater which is 200 mg/L. In the meantime, the source of nitrogen, commonly existing in the nitrate form, plays an important function in promoting microalgal growth. In order to grow microalgae effectively, the basic nitrate concentration required should be in the range of 200 to 400 mg/ L (Li et al. 2008). Other minerals that are essential for microalgal growth, i. e. K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and P, are also present in POME (Habib et al. 1998). Hence, POME has emerged as an alternative choice for the nutrient removal to grow microalgae for the production of biomass and concurrently acts as a part of the wastewater treatment process and is used for biofuel production. (UKM) has been involved in developing algae-based technology to treat the palm oil industry effluents with the collaboration of Simedarby (R & D), Malaysia since 2011. Various algal cultures were obtained from the Algaetech Company, Malaysia and maintained under laboratory conditions. They were allowed to grow in 2000 L of the POME as medium. Among them, Spirulina platensis showed higher growth rates and nutrient removal efficiency. A maximum growth rate of 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the culturing of microalgae in wastewater not only helps in nutrient removal but also plays a significant role in the overall wastewater treatment process. It points out that nitrogen and phosphorus, which impact water resources and ecosystems, are not fully removed by conventional treatments, and microalgae culture serves as an alternative for nutrient removal while generating biomass for biofuel production. This indicates that microalgae biofuel production does have implications for water resources and ecosystem management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Lines 125-134: The observations of open galleries were all performed 3 months after the field collections or the stems were opened gradually? If gradually, then following which periodicity? Is it possible that ant behavior related to diaspidids would be affected by the time of lab rearing? Line 240-242: Is it possible that the diaspids individuals bearing wax shields in your study correspond to males (as suggested by Prins et al 1975 and Schneider et al 2013)? Line 242-244: I suggest using something such as “argue” rather than “conclude”. This may looks just as a matter of preference between words, but since you did not manage to perform chemical analysis or direct observations of the ant feeding behavior, there is always the possibility of alternative (however less probable) explanations. For instance, one can argue that ants may not eat the wax but that the constant interactions with ants inhibits the secretions of wax, and only those diaspids living in nest points with restricted access to ants develop the wax shield (this is actually derived from one of the alternative hypothesis proposed by Ben-Dov & Fisher 2010). Line 267-269: Do you have observations or other evidence to support this claim of lack of chemical inhibition of ants? From the three alternative hypothesis by Ben-Dov & Fisher 2010, I believe that your evidence allows to discard hypothesis 1 (lack of capability of diaspids to produce shields) and give strong support to hypothesis 2 (removal and consumption of wax by ants). However, I think that it is not jet possible to discard completely hypotheses 3 (chemical interference). Also, as I mention in the last commentary, do you think that ant inhibition of wax production may be triggered also by behavioral stimuli and not just by chemical interference? Chemical or behavioral interference of ants Line 289-290: considering that you never observed direct interaction (line 165), how can you be sure that ants “habitually” consume wax filaments? . I agree that the evidence of your study and other studies points in this direction but can you be sure without chemical analyses or behavioral experiments? Line 675: You may add a mark or an arrow pointing to the shields in the picture. This may be also useful for other figures such as 5 and 6 to facilitate the understanding of descriptions of interesting parts of the image. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ants and supercolonies. It discusses observations and hypotheses related to ant behavior and wax production without providing specific information about the ability of ants to form supercolonies or any conflict involved in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: CCUS technologies are now capturing CO2 from a variety of operations — including at traditional power plants that burn coal or other fossil fuels; in nontraditional plants where energy is produced from biofuels such as ethanol; and during the production of ammonia, which is used in fertilizer. All such efforts complement other practices that turn to natural processes to remove carbon from the atmosphere to help reach net zero, such as planting forests or locking CO2 in soils using sustainable farming practices. The strongest criticisms are lobbed at using CCUS to extract fossil fuels. Today nearly three-quarters of the carbon captured through CCUS projects is used to extract more oil from dregs. The largest CCUS operation, ExxonMobil’s $656 million facility in Wyoming, aims to capture around 8 million tons of CO2 each year from methane extracted from the nearby LaBarge gas fields. ExxonMobil sells the captured CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. Though the effort cuts emissions because some of the CO2 remains in the ground, the burning of the additional fossil fuels it helps extract still releases CO2. Just 12 of the 41 existing projects included in the Global CCS Institute database inject CO2 with the exclusive aim of storing it underground, thus keeping its climate-warming effects at bay. Half of those 12, including the Sleipner project, are involved in methane production — and methane releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when burned. Cement manufacturing and iron and steel manufacturing are also desirable targets for CCUS, because each produces around 6 percent to 9 percent of global CO2 emissions, and both processes are difficult to clean up in other ways. Only one project, run by the Company, is capturing CO2 emissions from iron and steelmaking. There are no projects up and running to capture CO2 from cement manufacturing. ’s database includes just a single fully operational, large-scale project that is currently sucking CO2 directly from the air and storing it underground. That project, in Hellisheiði, Iceland, is run by the Swiss company Climeworks. Another, bigger Climeworks project recently started operations but is not yet completed. But the database omits direct air capture projects that are doing other things with the CO2, including one that is sealing it in concrete, and omits smaller-scale and pilot projects that are online or coming online. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies, indicating their role in capturing CO2 and assisting in climate mitigation. It mentions that while these technologies are in use and can contribute to reducing emissions, there are significant discussions and criticisms regarding their safety and efficacy, particularly when they are used to extract fossil fuels rather than for long-term storage or direct air capture. This suggests that further study is indeed needed to assess their safety and overall impact on climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1825 g/L was achieved by Spirulina platensis in anaerobically digested on the 12th day in the culture flasks (Zainal et al. 2012). A pilot plant facility with raceway ponds is to be established at UKM for developing a continuous cultivation technology for algae in the treated (POME) wastewater for biofuel applications. The study also aims to evaluate the possibility of using the CO2-rich flue gas emissions from the biogas generator for growing the alga. Algal technology for treating effluents is to be tried in some Malaysian industries in the future. In Malaysia, various industries and research institutes have demonstrated mass cultivation and biomass production of various micro algae in different industrial waste waters. Recently, has demonstrated mass cultivation of microalgae in the open raceway pond and the possibility of conversion of the total lipid into biodiesel. of fuels continue to be exploited extensively by developing countries despite objection from several ecological activist organizations. Development and the economic growth of a country depend considerably on how the demand for the biofuel is best met. The currently available feedstock involved in the biofuel production includes vegetable oils derived from the oilseed crops, e. g. , sunflower, soybean, jatropha, oil palm or rapeseed, waste cooking oil and the animal fat, e. g. , beef tallow and pork lard (2009). Currently, exponential research growth, development of technology, and demonstration enterprises have kick-started the investigation of algal biomass as an alternative resource for the biofuel industries. One such renewable energy is algal biofuel, which has shown a huge potential to serve as a replacement for petroleum-based diesel. Recently, a significant number of companies proposing to use algae for producing biofuels and abating the climate change through CO2 mitigation have emerged. Recently, two Canadian companies announced the formation of a new company with a proposal to convert CO2 to algal biomass. For example, researchers from the of and Technology released the details of a proposal for large scale bioethanol-fuel production from macroalgae (Carlsson et al. 2007). Yamazaki (2007) accounted the initiative of Japanese companies on launching bioethanol fuel to the marketplace with the expectations of reducing CO2 emissions considerably. Aizawa et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various ecological and resource implications related to algae biofuel production. It mentions the establishment of a pilot plant facility for algae cultivation in treated wastewater, implying a level of interaction with water resources. Additionally, it references objections from ecological activist organizations regarding the environmental impact of biofuel development, which suggests that algae biofuel production does have implications for ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "A mutualism without honeydew: what benefits for Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects (Diaspididae)? (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jun 11, 2017 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments This is a very valuable and well-written contribution to a previously unstudied natural history of a mutualism between ants and diaspidids. Trophobiotic relationships between ants and hemipterans, mediated by sweet honeydew, are a classical text-book example of mutualism and have been widely studied, but the broad variation in these interactions has been surprisingly poorly documented so far. This study contributes a very important case, not only taxonomically (ant-attended diaspidids have been poorly documented), but even more importantly in terms of the mutual benefits (no honeydew excretions, instead it is shown that ants use the complex ‘waxy secretions’ produced by diaspidids that is otherwise used to form a protective shield). The evidence is sound, the observations are detailed and well documented, the argumentation in the discussion is well balanced, the existing literature well covered and the case is very convincing. Potential consequences and speculations are sufficiently well handled with care. The comparison wax versus honeydew may need some further exploration. Are both produced by homologous glands – and is it thus just the chemical composition that differs? How widespread in the hemiptera or scale insects is the production of honeydew versus wax, including taxa that are closely related to diaspidids, and also within diaspidids? (See e. g. fulgoroids that produce wax, whereas related cicadas produce honeydew) Similarly, the ant species also has a very unusual lifestyle, particularly since it seems to largely live within its self-formed wood cavities. Is this lifestyle common for this genus, tribe or larger taxonomic framework? Is it likely that there are far more similar, but undetected relationships? One potential far-reaching consequence of this discovery, however, is surprisingly not examined further – an overlooked impact on many host trees: “The harmful effects of damaging the live bark of plant hosts deserves more study. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the mutualistic relationship between ants and diaspidids, but does not address the claim about ants forming supercolonies without conflict. It focuses on the interactions and benefits within a specific mutualism and raises questions about the lifestyles of ants and the production of secretions in relation to honeydew, but lacks any mention or evidence regarding the capability of ants to form conflict-free supercolonies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: A decade ago in a paper in the of Environment and Resources, Benson and Heleen de Coninck, a climate change researcher at the of Technology and in the Netherlands, wrote that, to help mitigate climate change, CCUS needs to serve more than fossil fuel companies seeking to extract oil. In the decade since, Benson notes, CCUS has been slow to expand into other areas largely because of a lack of public policies supporting the technologies, such as government subsidies for new projects or a tax on CO2 emissions that would make it cheaper to sequester than to emit it. However, she notes, this is now changing. When it is fully operational, Climeworks’ Mammoth project will be the world’s largest facility pulling CO2 directly from the air and burying it underground. The project, in Hellisheiði, Iceland, follows another, smaller Climeworks project called Orca. : © 2024 to the futureCCUS may be poised to turn a corner. As of July 2023, 351 new commercial-scale CCUS projects were in the works, according to the Global CCS Institute. Many of these forthcoming projects will capture CO2 with the exclusive goal of burying it underground rather than using it to squeeze out more oil. Around 22 of the projects are aimed at capturing CO2 at cement plants and five will capture CO2 directly from the air and store it underground. Still, a connection with fossil fuels remains: Around 30 will serve methane production, and others are planned for carbon capture at coal- and gas-fired power plants. Even with this new bloom of projects, it’s not clear that the technology has a large part to play in solving our climate woes, says Sean O’Leary, a senior researcher in energy and economics at the Valley Institute, a clean-energy think tank based in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Current and future projects are unlikely to capture carbon in sufficient quantities to make much of a dent on global emissions, O’Leary says. Estimates suggest that existing projects could capture around 50 million tons of CO2 annually — cutting the more than 35 billion tons of gross global carbon emissions by around 0. 14 percent. Once all 392 projects are online, they could capture a few hundred million tons — about 1 percent of carbon emissions. Estimates of how much carbon CCUS needs to capture to help achieve climate goals vary widely between 1 billion and 30 billion tons annually by 2050. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technologies to evolve beyond fossil fuel applications, signaling a recognition of their potential role in climate change mitigation. It also highlights that while current projects may not have a significant impact on global emissions, there is ongoing research and development in the field. This implies that further study and deployment of CCUS technology are necessary as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: (2007) reported that the “Oceans 2007” project has proposed to produce bioethanol by farming and harvesting Sargassum horneri. Stroazzo of Bio Fuel-System stated that production of biofuel from algae is a promising and ecofriendly approach. Radulovich (2008) also specified the use of macroalgae as a resource of fuel, apart from food, animal feed, and fertilizer. Kraan (2010) observed that Ireland is likely to become an important player in the future generation for the biofuel production with its wealthy, sustainable macroalgal sources. Mullins (2009) stated that a group at the of Technology in has developed a method to use macroalgae to produce bioethanol and avoid taking up land together. Seambiotic (2009), in collaboration with the Inventure Chemicals, successfully demonstrated the bioethanol production via fermentation of polysaccharides in algal biomass. In their plant, algae were cultivated in the fossil fuel power plants to eliminate CO2emitted as a source of inorganic carbon. The production of ethanol in 2009 attained 73. 9 billion liters, which illustrates a more than 400% increase compared with that in 2000 of 17 billion liters in the world. While it has been predicted that the global ethanol production would continue to rise until 2017, reaching a level twice that of 2007, it also predicted that the and Brazil would remain as the biggest ethanol producers through 2017 followed by China, India, and Thailand. In addition, the FAO analysis shows that with the exclusion of bioethanol from sugar cane in Brazil, biofuels are commonly not economically viable relative to the fossil fuels in the absence of subsidies. Also, as for global biodiesel production, the report projects a slightly higher growth rate than for bioethanol to achieve 24 billion liters by 2017 and that the EU, comprising over 50% of the global production, will continue to be the leading biodiesel producer in 2017 and will be followed by Brazil, Indonesia, the United States, and Malaysia, respectively (Renewable fuels association, 2010). The production of algal biomass integrated with remediation is the greater option, since it will not influence the agricultural land and water (Christenson and Sims 2011, 2012). Cultivation of algae in waste waters will make the whole process system cheaper and more economically viable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that algae biofuel production is linked with environmental considerations. It states that the production of algal biomass integrated with remediation is a viable option because it does not influence agricultural land and water. Additionally, it mentions that the cultivation of algae in waste waters may even provide economic benefits, thus suggesting that algae biofuel production does interact with water resources and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Melissotarsus may prove to be an extraordinarily common and widespread ant in Africa. The huge populations of diaspidids inside ant galleries are likely to have a heavy impact on crop plantations and managed forests“. A quick quantitative survey on the infestation rate of ant-diaspidid interactions in a few plantations (counting if diaspidids are involved or not, whether or not the wax shields are expressed etc. ) would have helped to support this statement and further broaden the relevance of the 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted May 25, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the potential impact of the diaspidids infestation on crop plantations and managed forests, without mentioning anything related to the capability of ants to form supercolonies or the nature of their interactions among themselves.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: Most global estimates suggest that between 10,000 billion and 30,000 billion tons of underground storage is available. Some estimates put it as a high as 55,000 billion tons. Greig, a chemical engineer at who previously worked on a CCUS project for the fossil fuel industry, notes that those volumes could be way off. Assessments are based on estimates of the pore space in different geologic formations — those pores provide open spaces that can hold CO2 — which gives only a rough picture, he says: “Subsurface storage is by nature uncertain. ”Such uncertainties have caused projects to veer off course, including a $2. 7 billion project to separate CO2 from methane in gas fields in In Salah, Algeria, and store it 1. 9 kilometers underground. The energy company Equinor and its partners started injecting CO2 there in 2004 with the aim of storing 1. 1 million tons annually. But it suspended operations because of limits in underground capacity, according to an Equinor spokesperson. There were concerns that the gas was escaping up toward the cap rock, which acts as a final safety net sealing the CO2 in place. On top of the uncertainty, money is a problem. Some skeptics say that the costs of building and operating CCUS projects ultimately make them unviable. According to 2019 data from the IEA, the costs of capturing CO2 range from $15 to $120 per ton, depending on how dilute the gas stream is. Cost estimates for capturing CO2 directly from the air, where it is very dilute, typically vary between $225 and $500 per ton, with some estimates as high as $1,000 per ton. Multiply that price tag by even a small portion of the 1 billion tons of CO2 that the IPCC says needs to be removed from the atmosphere by 2050, and the costs quickly add up. Stay in the KnowSign up for the newsletter todaySome experts point out that these costs will likely go down as the technologies mature and if the market increases, though not necessarily on the same scale as the dramatic costs reductions seen for solar and wind power technology. For example, the IEA notes that costs for CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants dropped from over $100 per ton in 2014 to $65 per ton in 2017, and it estimates that in projects built from 2025 to 2027, the cost will be around $45 per ton. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the uncertainties and costs associated with carbon capture and underground storage, indicating that while the technology could help mitigate CO2 emissions, the viability and safety of such projects require careful consideration and further study. It highlights issues such as the potential for gas escaping from storage and the uncertain estimates of underground storage capacity, reinforcing the need for additional research and scrutiny of these methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Among these, many microalgal genera and species are remarkably rich in oils that can be converted into biodiesel with the available technology. It is believed that investigations on identifying novel algal resources, both micro and macro types, would herald a remarkable energy revolution in the years to come. To our knowledge, large-scale commercial operations are yet to be established to date. It is recommended that the three main stakeholders such as the government, the researchers, and the industry could join in a consortium that will be able to constitute a closer frame-work so as to ensure a sustainable development. from the export potential, job opportunities to be created, and the environ-mental security, there is potential for securing a prestigious status of a global leader in the production of biodiesel production on a path toward achieving the status of a developed country. This could also serve to demonstrate the country’s capabilities in the international arena and thus, could help lift up the country’s self esteem. In the long run, this would surely lead to enhanced motivation or spur more interest in other countries to follow suit with similar objectives or goals and thus could help transform the country into a developed nation. Therefore, given the intrinsic advantages of the microalgae, and now existing restraints of using other oil crops, microalgae growing in wastewater would facilitate a cost-effective production of the biodiesel. Moreover, the current highly sophisticated R&D centers are conducting extensive research on various aspects of biofuel production, and particularly biodiesel. During the last decade, in view of the importance placed on bioprospecting for better resources, especially in the agriculture sector, many well-equipped labs have been established in various countries, the world over. This makes research organizations capable candidates to achieve projects on microalgal genetic engineering in order to address the rising biodiesel demand in the country. From the point of view of cultivation, it is imperative to note that apart from the free and unlimited access to salt water and plentiful sunshine, Malaysia and other tropical countries are known for their rich biodiversity of microalgae. Generally, technology development for large scale cultivation of macroalgae on the coastal regions for the production of bioenergy does not compete with that of food sources and does not alter the environment. The viability of algae mass cultivation can be judged from Malaysia’s wide seashore surrounded by several islands, which can offer the ideal habitats for the algae propagation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the potential environmental implications of microalgae cultivation. Specifically, it mentions the capability of large-scale cultivation of macroalgae in coastal regions without competing with food sources and states that this development does not alter the environment. This implies that while there may be benefits to biofuel production from algae, it is crucial to recognize the environmental considerations and impacts that come with cultivation, which directly counters the assertion that algae biofuel production has no impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: sulcinodis is widely distributed from the Apennines to and from Portugal to (Collingwood, 1979). Sampling was carried out in July and August 2000 on Læsø (57°17’ N, 10°54’ E), a Danish island in the Kattegat of about 20 × 12 km. During a period of 4 weeks all potentially suitable habitat of M. sulcinodis (heathland mainly covered with Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris and Dechampsia flexuosa) was searched. Two discrete populations were found on opposite ends of the island and will be referred to as Læsø1 and Læsø2, respectively. No other M. sulcinodis population was found, but very small populations may have been overlooked (although not within 200 m from each of the populations, see below). The two populations were situated ca. 16 km apart, about the maximum distance possible on the island. As previously found on the island of Samsø (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b), both populations turned out to be very dense, with M. sulcinodis nests being dominant within the occupied area and other ant species being common only at the edges of the patch (see also Results). All nests of the two populations were mapped by searching every possible nest site in one-by-one metre quadrates. The area around the two populations was also searched thoroughly, both for isolated M. sulcinodis nests and for nests of other ants, in a radius of up to 200 m or until a road, a dune ridge or dense bushes bordered the suitable habitat. Other ant species were included on the map if found within 10 m from a M. sulcinodis nest. Directly after mapping, nests (usually clearly visible as elevated small earth mounds in between the vegetation) were opened and 20–40 workers per nest and all visible winged sexuals were collected. Most males and new queens gather in the upper part of the nest (T van der Hammen and JS Pedersen, personal observation), so although some sexuals may have escaped collection the sex ratio and number of individuals obtained are likely to be comparable to studies where complete nests were excavated (eg, Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998; Walin et al, 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study of the ant species M. sulcinodis in Denmark, detailing its population distribution and nest mapping. However, the text does not provide any information related to the claim about the ability of all ants to form supercolonies without conflict. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: [9] Therefore, the present study is designed to evaluate the nootropic effect of low dose of caffeine combination with duloxetine or bupropion. Materials and albino mice were procured from Ltd. , Thane. The weight range was 25–30 g. Animals had free access to standard food and water. Experiments were performed between 10. 00 and 16. 00 h. Animals were randomly distributed into seven groups (n = 6/group). The arena of elevated plus maze (EPM) was wiped with 70% ethyl alcohol solution before placing each mouse. Study protocols were approved by the (Project approval numberIAEC/SPTM/P-46/2011), New Delhi, Government of India. were administered through intra-peritoneal route. Normal saline (0. 9% w/v NaCl) was used to prepare drug solutions. EPM was performed first and Morris water maze (MWM) later in separate sets of animals consisting seven groups each. Each animal received treatment 30 min before test session in EPM on 1st and 2nd day. In MWM, treatments were given to mice 30 min before the test on each trial day. Selection of doses was done on the basis of in-house study. [9] Control group received vehicle treatment (Group I) that is, normal saline (10 ml/kg). Treatment of caffeine (10 mg/kg; Pvt. Ltd. ), duloxetine (10 mg/kg; Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. ), and caffeine (5 mg/kg) + duloxetine (5 mg/kg) were given to groups II-IV, respectively. Groups V-VII received treatment of bupropion (10 mg/kg; Ltd. ), caffeine (5 mg/kg) + bupropion (5 mg/kg), and bupropion (5 mg/kg) + duloxetine (5 mg/kg), respectively. the present study, the protocol described by Dhingra et al. [10] was used to evaluate the transfer latency (TL). Apparatus consists of two open arms (30 cm × 5 cm) and two closed arms (30 cm × 5 cm × 12 cm). Arms were arranged so that the two closed arms kept opposite to each other without roof. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study designed to evaluate the nootropic effect of low doses of caffeine. This suggests that caffeine is being considered for its potential to enhance focus and alertness in the context of the experiments conducted, aligning with the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Additionally, it has been shown by various reports that countries with abundance of under-utilized rice land are suitable for cultivating algae. Those marginal lands are infertile because of salty water diffusion, and farmers are looking for other options. Cultivation of algae can provide one such alternative as the marine algae naturally grow well in the salt waters. Research and Development on for in of polysaccharides from macroalgae to fermentable sugar and thus to ethanol and biogas has not yet been studied in detail (Goh and Lee 2010). Although there is a wide availability of macroalgae the world over, there are still no viable suggestions for the production of bioethanol from macroalgae. Successful mapping of the oil-algae genome could help recognize the genetic traits responsible for the production of oil, and it could find strains susceptible to contamination by the basal bacteria or fungi which could cause the algal biomass to deteriorate in the open raceway ponds. Moreover, the genetic information can also be applied to develop the harvesting regimes of the oil algae so that the biomass could be harvested at the appropriate period. Such a technological understanding is imperative to ensure a constant progress in the world’s biodiesel industry, as the land suitable for this purpose is so limited. The successful decoding of the oil-algae genome is believed to have paved the way for a manipulation of the oil-algae genome for use in the future. The genetic manipulation in oil-bearing algae could provide the potential to produce high quantity of superior oil. With advanced biochemical and molecular techniques such as DNA recombination and site-directed mutagenesis, more groundbreaking outcomes could be expected to be employed in the near future (Eathington et al. 2007). These areas of research have laid a foundation for an understanding of the macroalgal biology. Despite the development and progress made in the functional genomics in terrestrial plants, macroalgae have received little attention worldwide and have not been incorporated in the approach to elucidate gene functions. It was not until the 1990s that studies on the genetic engineering of macroalgae were started. These studies have led the way with the improvement of the genetic transformation techniques on macroalgae (Cheney and Kurtzman 1992) and the characterization of genes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates (Zhou and Ragan 1995). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges associated with algae cultivation, including issues related to contamination by bacteria or fungi, the suitability of saline water for growth, and the scarcity of suitable land for cultivation. This indicates that algal biofuel production could potentially have implications for ecosystems and water resources, thereby refuting the notion that it has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: All ants were brought to the laboratory alive and stored at −80°C until genetic analysis. Nests used for genetic analysis were chosen by drawing gridlines on the maps and selecting the nests closest to crossings of the gridlines. This resulted in a regular sampling scheme including 14 nests for Læsø1 in a 15 m grid and 17 nests for Læsø2 in a 6 m grid (Figure 1). The genetic analysis further included up to 50 workers from 23 randomly chosen nests previously sampled in a single large population on the Danish island of Samsø (situated 138 km south of Læsø, 55°56’ N 10°36’ E; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a). Figure 1Distribution of Myrmica sulcinodis nests (circles) in the two Læsø populations. M. sulcinodis nests closest to the crossing of gridlines were used for genetical analysis and are indicated with open circles. Nests of other ant species inside the M. sulcinodis population and within an envelope of ca. 10 m outside the aggregation of M. sulcinodis nests are indicated with numbers: (1) M. ruginodis, (2) M. rubra, (3) Formica cinerea, (4) F. rufa, (5) F. fusca, (6) Lasius flavus, (7) L. psammophilus, (8) Leptothorax acervorum, and (9) Tetramorium caespitum. Full size imageMolecular genetic analysisTen old workers per nest were analysed for both Læsø1 and Læsø2. Old workers can be recognised by their advanced cuticular melanisation and were chosen because at Samsø workers from different age cohorts are genetically differentiated (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), so that mixing of age cohorts could bias relatedness estimates. DNA was extracted from two legs from each of these workers. The samples were incubated in 100 μl 5% Chelex (in 10 mM TRIS buffer, pH 7. 5) at 100°C for 15 min. Alternatively a long extraction version (5% Chelex, 1 h incubation at 55°C and 15 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details the methodology of a genetic analysis of various ant species without addressing the ability of ants to form supercolonies or the potential for conflict in doing so. There is no indication or discussion of supercolonies or the social structures of ants related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: Hippocampus and cerebral cortex regions play a vital role in cognition and emotions. [1] The in vivo findings of the present study are in-line with the in vitro data of brain monoamines analyzed in-house. [9] Caffeine plus duloxetine group was better among all groups in terms of a significant increase in NE, DA, and 5-HT levels in hippocampi and cerebral cortices. The present study consists of chronic dosing, whereas the changes observed in brain monoamines were after single dosing as per in-house study. [9] The present study findings can be further probed in different preclinical models and clinical setting as a future endeavor. 1. é AA, Ögren SO, et al Emotional memory impairments in a genetic rat model of depression: Involvement of 5-HT/MEK/Arc signaling in restoration Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:173–84 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 2. . Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity Psychol Bull. 1995;117:285–305 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 3. . Subjective memory impairment, cognitive function and depression – A community study in older Disord. 2003;15:218–25 | PubMed | CrossRef 4. . Memory functions in depression Psychiatry. 1976;33:219–24 | PubMed | CrossRef 5. . Cognitive dysfunction and imipramine in outpatient depressive Psychiatry. 1981;38:1048–51 | PubMed 6. Efficacy of duloxetine on cognition, depression, and pain in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: An 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Psychiatry. 2007;164:900–9 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 7. . A pilot controlled trial of bupropion XL versus escitalopram in generalized anxiety disorder Psychopharmacol Bull. 2008;41:46–51 | PubMed 8. . Bupropion normalizes cognitive performance in patients with depression MedGenMed. 2007;9:22 | PubMed 9. Kale PP, Addepalli V. Augmentation of antidepressant effects of duloxetine and bupropion by caffeine in mice Behav. 2014;124:238–44 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 10. . Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice J Ethnopharmacol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that a combination of caffeine and duloxetine resulted in a significant increase in norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) levels in critical brain regions associated with cognition, such as the hippocampi and cerebral cortices. This suggests that caffeine may enhance cognitive functions, thus supporting the assertion that nootropic supplements like caffeine can improve focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Macroalgal research has not received due interest and funding in the past, and the availability of the macroalgae genomic information is still meager in comparison to that of terrestrial plants. Given the fact that macroalgae share little similarity with the other organisms, the limited amount of genomic information available makes the mission of exposing the role of unknown genes from the macroalgae a difficult proposition. production and environmental effects have been issues of some concern worldwide. In this review, the authors have described the advantages of biofuel, and the kind of materials that can serve as a source for this purpose. This was followed by the argument that under the present global scenario, algae appear to be the most effective raw material for biofuel production. Furthermore, the importance of sustainable energy sources such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen were also discussed. Among these, biodiesel production from algae biomass still would be the major component. Nevertheless, diversified biofuels production from algae biomass is very important to improve overall energy balance. For example, higher net value could be achieved by using a combined operation in which algae-produced lipids are converted to diesel fuel and the cellulosic part of the algal biomass (after lipid extraction) is enzymatically converted to glucose, which is fermented to produce bioethanol and other byproducts. Apart from that, biofuel contributes to energy security and helps reduce CO2 emissions. A thorough understanding of the past may serve to overcome the past lapses toward building a better future. These recent biofuel discussions demonstrate two issues. First, they show the wide potential utility of these organisms that are capable of producing multiple products ranging from energy, chemicals, and materials to exploitation in the sequestration of carbon and remediation of wastewater. Second, they show the need for energetic support based on factual information to confirm decisions for the strategic improvement of algae and to counter those declarations made on a solely tentative basis to promote commercial investment. authors are grateful for the financial support of the various grants (UKM-YSD endowment; LRGS-TD-2011-UMP-PG-04; AP-2012-008; -2012-040). 574. Aderhold, D. , Williams, C. J. , and Edyvean, R. G. J. (1996). “The removal of heavy metal ions by seaweeds and their derivatives,”Bioresour. Technol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing environmental effects and concerns related to algae biofuel production. It mentions that the production and environmental consequences of algae have been issues of worldwide concern, suggesting that algae biofuel production does indeed have an impact on ecosystems. Phrases like 'the removal of heavy metal ions by seaweeds and their derivatives' imply interactions with ecosystems, thus contradicting the claim that there is no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: incubation at 100°C) or a DNeasy-kit were used to extract DNA. The suspension was stored at −20°C and used directly for PCR. Microsatellite primers developed for M. tahoensis (Evans, 1993) were tested and revealed genetic variation at the loci Myrt2 and Myrt4 in M. sulcinodis. PCR conditions were as follows: Myrt2 (94°C for 3 min (93°C for 30 sec, 45°C for 40 sec, 72°C for 1 min) × 40 cycles followed by 72°C for 5 min), Myrt4 (94°C for 3 min, 93°C for 30 sec, 56°C for 40 sec, 72°C for 2 min) × 40 cycles (reduced to 30 cycles when analysed on the automated sequencer) followed by 72°C for 1 h). PCR amplification was subsequently tested on 2% agarose gels. Microsatellites were visualised on spreadex S50 and S100 gels (Kozulic, 1999). Alternatively, when PCR products were ambiguous or spreadex resolution insufficient, analysis was carried out on an ABI 377 automated sequencer. Statistical analysisExact tests for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within populations, genotypic differentiation of nests within populations, and genotypic differentiation of populations were performed by FSTAT 2. 9. 1 (Goudet, 1995, 2000). This program was further used for calculating matrices of pair-wise FST estimates for nests within populations. Matrix correlation coefficients and Mantel tests for the association of pair-wise FST and geographic distance between nests were calculated by the computer programme 2. 001 (Schneider et al, 2001). For data including both Læsø populations these statistics were calculated as partial matrix correlations with a third matrix controlling for the fact that nests were only paired with other nests of the same population (Mantel test with nested populations). Estimates of genetic relatedness (r) among nestmates, inbreeding (FIS) and genetic differentiation among populations (FST) were obtained by the computer program 4. 2c (Goodnight and Queller, 1996), which uses the algorithms developed by Queller and Goodnight (1989). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methods and statistical analyses used in a genetic study of certain ant populations. It does not provide any information regarding the capability of ants to form supercolonies or whether such formations occur without conflict.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: 2004;91:361–5 | PubMed | CrossRef 11. Bromley-. Morris water maze test for learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease model mice J Vis Exp. 2011;53:2920 12. Nehlig A. Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(Suppl 1):S85–94 | PubMed | CrossRef 13. Biala G, Kruk M. Influence of bupropion and calcium channel antagonists on the nicotine-induced memory-related response of mice in the elevated plus maze Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61:236–44 14. Pereira P, Gianesini J, da Neurobehavioral and genotoxic parameters of duloxetine in mice using the inhibitory avoidance task and comet assay as experimental models Pharmacol Res. 2009;59:57–61 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Singh N, Parle M. Sildenafil improves acquisition and retention of memory in mice Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;47:318–24 | PubMed 16. . Does duloxetine improve cognitive function independently of its antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder and subjective reports of cognitive dysfunction? Treat 2014. 2014 627863 17. . Current evidence for the use of coffee and caffeine to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease J Aging. 2014;18:383–92 | PubMed | CrossRef 18. ójcikowski J. Effects of classic and newer antidepressants on the oxidation pathways of caffeine in rat liver. In vitro study Pharmacol. 2003;55:1045–53 | PubMed 19. . Duloxetine: Clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50:281–94 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 20. . Bupropion for major depressive disorder: Pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations Clin Ther. 2005;27:1685–95 | PubMed | Crossof Support: of Interest: No. Keywords:And bupropion; caffeine; duloxetine; memory © 2015 Research and Practice | Published by – MedknowView full 2015. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in of Pharmacology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references multiple studies and articles discussing the cognitive enhancing effects of caffeine, implying that it can improve cognitive functions. Specifically, it mentions evidence for using coffee and caffeine to prevent cognitive decline and possibly enhance cognitive functions in various settings, corroborating the claim that caffeine can enhance focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 16-21. Chen, P. , Min, M. , Chen, Y. , Wang, L. , Li, Y. , Chen, Q. , Wang, C. , Wan, Y. , Wang, X. , Cheng, Y. , Deng, S. , Hennessy, K. , Lin, X. , Liu, Y. , Wang, Y. , Martinez, B. , and Ruan, R. (2009). “Review of the biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach”, Agric & Biol Eng. 2 (4), 1-30. Chisti, Y. (2007). “Biodiesel from microalgae,” Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 294-306. Chisti, Y. (2008). “Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol,” Trends Biotechnol. 26, 126-131. Choi, S. P. , Nguyen, M. T. , and Sim, S. J. (2010). “Enzymatic pretreatment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass for ethanol production,” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 5330-5336. Christenson, L. , and Sims, R. (2011). “Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts,” Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 686-702. Christenson, L. B. , and Sims, R. C. (2012). “Rotating algal biofilm reactor and spool harvester for wastewater treatment with biofuels by-products,” Biotechnology and Bioeng. 109, 1674-1684. Chynoweth, D. P. (2002). “Review of biomethane from marine biomass,” Review of history, results and conclusions of the “” (1968-1990), 194. and Peck, M. W. (1993). “Biochemical methane potential of biomass and waste feedstocks,” Biomass & Bioenergy 5, 95-111. and Colosi, L. M. (2010). “Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks,” Environ. Sci. Technol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of academic references discussing various aspects of algae biofuel production, including wastewater treatment and the environmental implications of algae as bioenergy feedstocks. This implies that the production of algae biofuel is connected to water resources and ecosystems, thus contrasting the claim that it has no impact.