Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (a) Hypocotyl length was measured in WS and Col-0 background (white bars) or AtCCA1-ox (AtCCA1-ox 038) or HvCCA1-ox (indicated by the independent transgenic line numbers). Stars indicate significant difference in the hypocotyl experiments. (b) Bolting time in days (black bars) and numbers of leaves at bolting (white) in Ws-2 (WS) and Col-0 background or AtCCA1-ox (CCA1-ox) or HvCCA1-ox (indicated by the independent transgenic line numbers) when grown in 16h light, 8 h dark. grown under 16 h light 8 h dark, AtCCA1-ox delayed bolting and increased the number of leaves at bolt and this was phenocopied by over expression of HvCCA1. HvCCA1-ox lines flowered at least 20 days later than the wild type Ws-2 (p<0. 001; Fig 3B) consistent with the CCA1-ox-038 line, which bolted approximately 30 days later than the control Col-0. The number of rosette leaves at bolting was also significantly higher in HvCCA1-ox plants compared to Ws-2 (p<0. 001; Fig 3B). Analysis of the function of HvPpd-H1 in barley We next investigated whether HvPpd-H1 is similar in function to the Arabidopsis morning loop gene AtPRR7, with which HvPpD-H1 shares most similarity. We analysed the function of the photoperiod responsive HvPpd-H1 and photoperiod unresponsive Hvppd-H1 variants to determine whether this locus can function in circadian regulation and whether natural mutations that alter photoperiodic sensitivity can affect circadian function. Circadian rhythms of stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation were measured in Ppd-H1 and ppd-H1 H. vulgare plants to determine if the natural mutant form ppd-H1 had a consequence for circadian rhythms in barley. No significant difference between Ppd-H1 and ppd-H1 in the period of circadian rhythms of CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance was detected (Fig 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various scientific results related to plant biology and circadian rhythms in plants, specifically addressing regulatory genes and their effects on flowering and stomatal conductance in barley. It does not relate to shift work or health implications in humans, hence it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: , the grass, is uniformly distributed. However, if there is a single rose flower in the meadow, the distribution of its sweet smell is localized around the flower. The intensity of the perceived rose scent changes with one’s relative position to the rose, which leads to the perception of the odor source location. The question is as follows: could multi-sensory exposure to a scented entity with localized odor display reawaken neural pathways compromised by trauma or address olfactory identification deficits? In the case of some form of conversion disorder, could an olfactory enhanced VRET provide a dynamic environment for delivery of CBT? Regarding non-olfaction identification deficit PTSD patients, they could proceed directly to a staged immersion olfaction therapy, delivered in a sensory-rich virtual environment. Rizzo et al. (2006) proposed highly realistic virtual environments in their treatment design for PTSD. However, Botella et al. (2010) argue that hyperrealism may not be effective, and their findings indicate that customization may produce better results. “Emma’s World” an adaptive and flexible VR program designed to treat emotional problems was used by Botella et al. (2010). The VR program allowed therapists to customize unique environments for each participant according to the significance of trauma on an individualized basis. An application such as “Emma’s World” could be useful in customizing olfactory input as a staged component of VRET treatment of PTSD. As outlined, VR solutions are well received by soldiers and preferred over traditional talk therapies (Wilson et al. 2008). Accordingly, VR remedial olfactory customized therapy may be useful in rehabilitating and treating patients suffering from PTSD of both military and civilian causation. Importantly, in terms of psychological trauma, recent reports highlight growing incidents of PTSD in civilian populations who moderate extreme content online for technology companies. This work is increasingly carried out in the Philippines, where moderators are paid as little as a few hundred dollars a month for this work (Chen 2014). This evolving labor force handles content moderation which is the removal of obscene and offensive material for US social-networking sites. Content viewed by moderators includes extreme pornography, violent street fights, animal torture, suicide bombings, child abuse material, horrific traffic accidents and more recently hostage decapitations (Chen 2014) and the burning alive of a pilot captive (Adams 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of virtual reality environments, such as 'Emma’s World,' which are designed to address emotional problems and PTSD, implying that such environments can be customized for treatment. This aligns with the concept of using VR therapy for controlled exposure, as it provides a 'dynamic environment for delivery of CBT' (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), which is relevant to treating phobias through regulated exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 424. Published online: October 31, 2019 DOI: of on Creation and Management of Jeong*, of Horticultural & 55365, *Corresponding author: Jeong, jnr202@korea. kr, First author: Jeong, jnr202@korea. kr, This study was supported by the research project of the Administration (PJ012581032019). 3, 2019, 19, 2019, 8, 2019, Copyright © 2019 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. study analyzed the factors affecting urban residents' expectations and participation in community gardens to present basic data of guidelines for community garden management. Urban citizens valued the necessity of community gardens overall, especially residents with outdoor gardens. The experience of private gardens was important in perceiving the need for community gardens, which are public spaces. The creation of community gardens had high expectations for social aspects such as improving quality of life, health promotion, and community revitalization. In particular, residents living in individual housing have high expectations for revitalization of the community, and community gardens can be a mediator for forming and maintaining local communities. Through this, the citizens' perception on the role and function of the garden as a community space could be examined. Expectations for quality of life, health promotion, and community revitalization are factors affecting the necessity of community garden. Participation was high in the creation and management of the community garden, and the necessity of community gardens, expectation for community revitalization, and expectation for environmental purification are factors that affect participation in the management of community gardens. The amount of donations that the residents are willing to pay for community garden management was KRW 75,222year on average. Overall, residents with higher need for community gardens and higher social expectation showed higher participation. Urban citizens have high expectations for community gardens, and they perceive the importance of social aspects more than personal aspects such as community revitalization and quality of life. As a strategy for increasing community involvement, it is necessary to set up the processes, determine participants' composition and roles, and establish a system to promote participation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that urban residents have varying expectations and levels of participation in community gardens. It specifically states that residents living in individual housing have higher expectations for community revitalization, implying that not all urban residents benefit equally. Additionally, the text mentions that residents with higher needs and social expectations show higher participation, further indicating disparities in benefits derived from community gardens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Measurement of gas exchange in barley is a low throughput assay in which only one individual at a time can be recorded. We obtained 15 measurements in white light representing >75 days of continuous measurement. To ensure that the assay, despite its low-throughput nature had sufficient sensitivity to report changes in circadian period, we also investigated the effects of red light on circadian period. As expected the circadian period in equal intensity illumination was shorter under red than white light and this was most clear when assaying rhythms of stomatal conductance (Fig 4B). This demonstrated that whilst measurements of circadian rhythms of assimilation where not robust, the assay of stomatal conductance had sufficient sensitivity to detect period alteration when present (Fig 4A and 4B). The effect of both Ppd-H1 and ppd-H1 and also was monitored in red light, because it has previously been demonstrated that in Arabidopsis circadian period phenotypes in prr7-11 were more pronounced in red, rather than white light [26]. However, even in red light there was no significant difference between the period of the rhythms in Ppd-H1 and ppd-H1 (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Estimates of period of circadian rhythms of (a) photosynthesis and (b) stomatal conductance in HvPpd-H1 (filled circles) and Hvppd-H1 (open circles) in constant white light of 100 μmol m-2 s-1 (black outlined symbols) or red light (red symbols). Each data point is derived from one individual seedling. Triangles represent the mean values. HvPpd-H1 complements AtPRR7-11 The lack of a detectable effect of Hvppd-H1 on circadian rhythms in barley might suggest that the mutation which regulates photoperiodic sensitivity does not affect the function of the circadian clock. Additionally, this finding raises the possibility that HvPpd-H1 is not a circadian clock gene in barley, despite the sequence similarity to AtPPR7. We proceeded to use heterologous expression of barley genes in Arabidopsis to test whether HvPpd-H1 can function as a circadian clock gene. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of light on circadian rhythms in barley, focusing specifically on gas exchange and stomatal conductance measurements, without addressing anything related to shift work or its impact on health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: That is, with a proviso that research be undertaken to maximize the potential and effectiveness of olfaction as a variable in any form of virtual reality exposure therapy. The authors have reviewed available technologies in terms of odor delivery systems; there are many challenges when considering the type of scents that may be required in the treatment of PTSD. Typically, different odors are created from a limited number of scents (Matsukura et al. 2013); however, VR delivery of unique battlefield simulation ranging from burning flesh to the chemical smells of explosive devices (Rizzo et al. 2006) undoubtedly present specific challenges. Head-mounted display units offer promising results in terms of treatment in situ (Rothbaum et al. 2001), portability being a key requirement in conflict scenarios. Recent developments such as the “Smelling Screen” (Matsukura et al. 2013) may offer greater opportunity in terms of enhancing immersion in any treatment protocol; however, the size of the current apparatus may limit its application in the field. Perhaps a microversion of the “Smelling Screen” technology incorporated into an HMD unit may offer the best combination of both methodologies? The entry of the behemoth Facebook into the VR HMD market may offer significant opportunities for research, investment and technological developments in this area. Employment of the Fogg (2009) model in the development of persuasive technologies may also help to illuminate the research process; however, further research will be required with PTSD population to test this premise. Additionally, it may be interesting to bypass the highly complex process of scent formulation, delivery and display and explore direct electrical stimulation of the olfactory tubercle (FitzGerald et al. 2014). Perhaps some form of electrical stimulation technology could be designed within a VR HMD unit and therefore could automatically deliver olfactory stimulation and simultaneously address some of the existing and ongoing limitations of mechanical odor formation and delivery systems. As always there are cost implications in terms of researching and developing new technical prototypes, future research projects are complex given the vulnerable nature of the specific PTSD population under study. Emergence of apparent online content moderation-induced PTSD arguably provides impetus for technology companies to engage actively in researching and developing VR therapeutic protocols. Given likely cost-efficiencies of technology facilitated early intervention immersive virtual reality multi-sensory therapy, versus long-term standard treatment of PTSD, further innovative research approaches are undoubtedly commercially and scientifically worthy of exploration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about VR therapy treating phobias through controlled exposure therapy. Instead, it discusses the complexities and developments related to the implementation of olfactory stimulation in VR therapy for PTSD. Although it touches on virtual reality applications and the necessity for further research, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim regarding phobia treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Considering welfare aspects such as community revitalization and improvement of residents’ quality of life, motivation and administrative support for participation in the creation and management of community gardens will serve as important factors. Key words: community revitalization, donation, participation the modern society, the development of transportation and communication has expanded the geographic area and turning the society into a community focused on social relations that pursue the same interests or goals. Nonetheless, actual interactions are made with focus on local communities, and thus the importance of region-based local communities is still being emphasized (Lim and Kim, 2019). A local community can be formed by interactions focused on the residential environment. A residential environment is an important local community environment that encompasses not only physical elements such as facility accessibility or convenience but also green space in the neighborhood or relationship with neighbors (Choi and Jun, 2017; Lim et al. , 2015). In other words, the physical environment of a local community is a key factor that affects the community, and thus negative perception about the environment has a negative impact on community spirit as well (Jung, 2017). A community garden, which is a public space in a local community, is a green space shared by many people that creates an opportunity for them to participate in the local community and can be used as a place to recover the village community as well. A community garden contributes to aesthetic improvement and crime reduction using the neglected or abandoned land in the area and has the effect of promoting local activities of residents, while also providing opportunities for the elderly and the weak that are likely to be socially neglected to participate in social activities. Furthermore, it can also be used as a place to educate children and adolescents and has many other effects such as enhancing regional value (Alaimo et al. , 2008; Hynes and Howe, 2004; Litt et al. , 2011; Maller et al. , 2006; McCabe, 2014; Saldivar-Tanaka and Krasny, 2004; Zick et al. , 2013). The community space formed inside a regional environment can be maintained based on the community spirit of its members. Community spirit is a psychological construct that people have as social beings, based on the sense of belonging, bond or fellowship felt within a group, a community or an organization (Choi and Jeong, 2015; Lee, 2009; McMillan and Chavis, 1986). This may induce resident participation and support, thereby bringing regional development (D. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors involved in the creation and management of community gardens, emphasizing that motivation, administrative support, and the local environment influence participation and benefits. It highlights that not all residents benefit equally, particularly mentioning that the elderly and socially neglected individuals may have opportunities to participate, suggesting that the benefits can vary based on individual circumstances and community dynamics. The text indicates that socioeconomic conditions and local community interactions play a significant role, which directly contradicts the assertion that all urban residents benefit equally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Arabidopsis Col-0 and the Atprr7-11 loss of function mutant were transformed with HvPpd-H1 and Hvppd-H1 under the control of the AtPRR7 promoter resulting in elevated expression of the transgenes (S2 Fig). We reasoned that complementation of the long circadian period phenotype of prr7-11 by heterologous expression of HvPpd-H1 would provide evidence for HvPpd-H1 acting in the circadian clock of barley. The mean period of leaf movement rhythms of prr7-11 plants was significantly longer than that of the wildtype (prr7-11 26. 6 ± 0. 3 h compared to Col-0 24. 9 ± 0. 2 h P = 0. 0046). The prr7-11 mutation was complemented by one of two lines of pAtPRR7::Ppd-H1 and both lines of pAtPRR7::ppd-H1, with the complemented lines not being significantly different from wild type, except in the case of line prr7-11-pAtPRR7:Ppd-H1-c (Table 3). Since three of the four lines complemented with natural variants of HvPpd-H1 were restored to wild type circadian period, we conclude that HvPpd-H1 in barley is likely to have a role orthologous to AtPRR7 in Arabidopsis and further supports the finding of the gas exchange analyses that Hvppd-H1 mutation is without effect on circadian rhythms. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Summary of circadian period estimates for leaf movement in Col-0, prr7-11 and prr7-11 transformed with either pPRR7::Ppd-H1 or pPRR7::ppd-H1. DiscussionWe provide experimental evidence that HvCCA1 and HvPpd-H1 have functionality similar to AtCCA1 and AtPRR7 in Arabidopsis. Heterologous expression in Arabidopsis of HvCCA1-ox results in circadian arrhythmia and morphological changes consistent with HvCCA1 being functionally equivalent to AtCCA1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic modifications in Arabidopsis and barley related to circadian rhythms and does not address the health implications of shift work or its effects on circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionSpeech anxiety, also known as fear of public speaking or Glossophobia (Hancock et al. 2010), is identified as a social phobia or Disorder (SAD) that is one of the most prevalent world fears, affecting approximately 75% of the population (Rahmawati et al. 2018). It has been shown that fear of public speaking can affect a speaker both physiologically (e. g. , dry mouth, increased blood pressure, sweating) and psychologically, fearing humiliation or embarrassment, and that others will judge them negatively (Pertaub et al. 2002; Kushner 2010). Early research has shown that this kind of anxiety can be attributed to various factors, including public speaking skills, language fluency, context, or individual characteristics (Beatty et al. 1989). It is therefore understandable that individuals who suffer from speech anxiety require support in changing their response to situations that may cause social anxiety. Oral communication is one of the most important forms of public speaking and is consistently rated as one of the most valued workforce skills (Kyllonen 2012). Previous research identified a number of rubrics for a baseline assessment of public speaking proficiency (Quianthy and Hefferin 1999; Morreale 1990; Thomson and Rucker 2002; Lucas and Stob 2020). Specifically, public speaking performance is assessed based on a number of competencies that span both verbal and non-verbal aspects. However, whilst it has been observed that there is an expected overlap of competencies assessed across these rubrics, most of the work and identified competencies are around improving verbal communication skills. Previous work on improving non-verbal communication skills is limited. Here, we specifically draw from the work proposed by Lucas and Stob (2020) and Thomson and Rucker (2002) who present key competencies that specifically pertain to non-verbal communication. In recent years, the use of (VR) as a method of treating anxiety disorders has become more prevalent, as its use as an aid to healthcare provision has rapidly been developing (Greenleaf 2016). Given its capability to gradually expose individuals to virtual equivalents of real phobias and to eliminate many real-world constraints, it can act as a valuable method of treating social phobias such as speech anxiety (Anderson et al. 2013). Although there are reports about the use of VR for social anxiety disorders, there is limited work in the use of VR for non-verbal communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the use of virtual reality (VR) has become prevalent in treating anxiety disorders and can act as a valuable method for treating social phobias such as speech anxiety. It specifically mentions that VR has the capability to gradually expose individuals to virtual equivalents of real phobias, thus aligning with the concept of controlled exposure therapy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Kim, 2011; Yang and Kang, 2008; Yim, 2005). Overseas studies have approached the motives for participating in community gardens in the functional aspect (Armstrong, 2000; Birky and Strom, 2013; Guitart et al. , 2012; Poulsen et al. , 2014). At first, people participated in community gardens due to their need for food ingredients, but as time passed their motives are changing into more diverse reasons aside from food production (Birky and Strom, 2013). Other motives for participating in community gardens include leisure and recreational activities (Nordh et al. , 2016: Scott et al. , 2018) and expectations for improvement of psychological and physical health (Poulsen et al. , 2014; Schram-Bijkerk et al. , 2018). Other studies explain the growing interest in social interaction (Poulsen et al. , 2017; Saldivar-Tanaka and Krasny, 2004). Moreover, studies from the emotional perspective emphasize that the key motive for participating in gardening is attachment to the community garden, and that residents’ emotions toward the garden increase their will to participate (Birky and Strom, 2013; Nordh et al. , 2016). In terms of individual attributes of participants, studies have been conducted on their participation due to diverse needs and motives, such as socioeconomic characteristics of residents, gardening experience, skills and knowledge, and accessibility to the community garden (Bell et al. , 2016; Birky and Strom, 2013; Partalidou and Anthopoulou, 2017; Winkler et al. , 2019). In other words, studies on the relevance between motivation and participation showed that residents with diverse and richer experience in gardens showed a high level of participation in the community garden (Drake and Lawson, 2015) and had a high level of subjective happiness (Mourão et al. , 2019). However, studies in Korea were conducted on the direction for creating and planning community gardens, p0. 846 and proved relatively high reliability. Participation in community gardens is classified into planning, construction, management and education, and we developed the questionnaire so that participation for each stage is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Moreover, items on participation in fundraising for management and budget for participation intention are set up as open-ended questions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that residents participate in community gardens for a variety of motives that differ among individuals, such as 'socioeconomic characteristics of residents, gardening experience, skills and knowledge, and accessibility to the community garden.' This indicates that benefits derived from community gardens are not uniform and can vary significantly between urban residents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Our data show that constitutive expression of HvCCA1 in Arabidopsis causes arrhythmia in leaf movement, delayed fluorescence and several circadian clock genes. It also causes significant hypocotyl elongation and late flowering in HvCCA1 transformants. These results are consistent with AtCCA1-ox Arabidopsis data and provide a strong support that CCA1 and its function are highly conserved throughout the plant kingdom. Expression of either HvPpd-H1 or Hvppd-H1 under control of the endogenous AtPRR7 promoter partially restores the wildtype period of circadian leaf movement rhythms in an AtPRR7 tDNA insertion mutant (prr7-11) suggesting that the function of Hv-Ppd1 is as a circadian clock gene. A similar experiment in rice provided evidence that the OsPRR37 and AtPRR7 genes are partially interchangeable [27]. Together these findings show that the clock-associated functions of CCA1 and PRR7 are conserved between Arabidopsis, rice and barley. Since both the photoperiodic-sensitive and–insensitive alleles of Hv-Ppd1 were able to complement the prr7-11 phenotype, this suggested that the causative SNP affects photoperiodism independent of circadian rhythms. To test this directly, circadian rhythms of gas exchange from a Triumph (ppd-H1) H. vulgare line were compared to those from the same line into which the Igri Ppd-H1 allele had been introgressed and it was found that the circadian period was not significantly altered between barley plants carrying the Hv-Ppd1 and Hv-ppd1 alleles. Whilst mutation in HvPpd-H1 did not produce detectable effects on circadian function either in barley or through complementation tests in Arabidopsis Atprr-11, the Hvppd-H1 allele does abolish circadian rhythms of photoperiodic-response and vernalisation-response genes HvCO1, HvCO2 and Vrn-H1 [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the circadian rhythms in plants, specifically focusing on the effects of genetic expression on circadian functions in Arabidopsis and barley. It does not address shift work or its health implications in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Similar commercial solutions are currently available, however, these appear to be primarily targeted at enterprise usage, which whilst helpful, it also means that they are not easily accessible to regular users who need such support. The increasing reduction in cost of VR equipment, which previously hindered implementation of such solutions, combined with the capability that VR offers to carefully monitor and tailor a virtual environment to an individual’s needs (Association 2017) is expected to present an important opportunity for such VR solutions to be more widely adopted for the intended purpose despite restrictions and onpoing challenges such as cybersickness (Tian et al. 2022) or cyberattacks (Odeleye et al. 2022), which can have an impact to user experience. Accordingly, in this work we present an evaluative study of a VR intervention with instruction-based live-feedback for use in adults with speech anxiety who need support with their non-verbal communication skills. The primary aim of this study was to determine any efficacy in positively changing perceptions towards factors affecting non-verbal communication anxiety. This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the background to this work, whilst Section 3 discusses the design and implementation approach and decisions. Section 4 then presents the evaluation study and findings. Finally, Section 5 identifies the main findings, contributions and limitations in this work. 2 Related workThis section presents related work on social anxiety disorders, factors affecting public speaking, as well as treatment approaches related to social anxiety disorders with a particular focus on VR and methods. 2. 1 Social anxiety disordersSocial anxiety disorder is characterised by the persistent fear of scrutiny by others due to a belief that such scrutiny will lead to negative evaluation and rejection (Kashdan et al. 2013). Whenever possible, people with SADs will attempt to avoid their most feared situations. However, this is not always feasible, and they will be required to endure the situation, often with a feeling of intense distress. Social anxiety is one of the most common of all anxiety disorders, with reports showing lifetime prevalence rates of up to 12%; in comparison to estimates for other anxiety disorders, 6% suffer from generalised anxiety disorder, 7% for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 2% for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (for Health and 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of VR interventions specifically targeting individuals with speech anxiety, which aligns with the broader application of VR therapy for treating fears and phobias. It emphasizes the tailoring of virtual environments to individual needs, suggesting controlled exposure techniques; this indicates a method by which VR therapy can effectively address anxiety disorders, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Data collection method To determine the perception of people living in the city where community gardens are mostly created, we conducted the survey on urban residents. We assumed that urban residents who participated in exhibitions related to urban agriculture or gardens may be more interested in gardening and kitchen gardens than others, and thus we conducted the survey on the participants of garden fairs and urban agriculture exhibitions. We randomly distributed the questionnaire to 600 people who attended Show 2017 and 2018, Exhibition in Busan 2019, and 2019. We analyzed 580 copies excluding those with insincere responses. We distributed the questionnaire and had the respondents fill it out to minimize the influence of researchers. Analysis method Analysis method This study conducted statistical analysis using SPSS 25 Package. For expectation about community gardens, we conducted t-test and ANOVA to test the significance according to demographic attributes. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine factors affecting necessity and participation by quantifying them into scores. Necessity (dependent variable) is converted into 5 points, and its relationship with expectation (independent variable) was analyzed. For participation, we rated the participation in each stage of planning, construction and management of community gardens on a 3-point scale, set the dependent variables with the sum of participation of the three stages, and analyzed its relationship with expectation. Moreover, we conducted logistic regression analysis to determine and predict whether urban residents’ perception bout community gardens affect participation. Since it nonlinearly depicts the relations between dependent and independent variables, it is a suitable method for predicting or analyzing nonlinear characteristics such as participation and need of urban residents. This study estimated the causal relation between necessity of community gardens and expectation for community gardens in relation to participation using logistics relationships. Binary categories of necessary and unnecessary were used for necessity (dependent variable) of community gardens and participation and non-participation for participation (dependent variable). Expectation (independent variable) is analyzed using a 5-point Likert scale. Linear regression analysis is used to determine factors that have effect in the quantitative aspect, and logistic regression analysis is used to analyze the causal relations in terms of qualitative aspect of categories. Measurement variables The dependent and independent variables used in this study are as follows (Table 2), and the measures for necessity, participation, fundraising, etc. in dependent variables are readjusted according to the characteristics of regression analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides insight into the methods used to analyze urban residents' perceptions of community gardens and suggests a varied response based on demographic attributes. The use of statistical methods like t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression implies that expectations and participation in community gardens may differ among urban residents, indicating that benefits are not equally distributed. Thus, the text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity and differential impact of community gardens among urban residents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: These findings coupled with our demonstration that both HvPpd1-H1 and Hvppd-H1 can complement AtPrr7-11 suggest that HvPpd-H1 has at least two regulatory roles, one required for proper functioning of the circadian system, and one required for generation of rhythmic outputs, and it is the latter that is compromised in Hvppd-H1. The analysis of circadian rhythms in barley and the other grain crops is of critical importance, since domestication has required breeders and early farmers to select for varieties with altered photoperiodic sensitivity and adaptations for cold tolerance. These are both traits that are regulated by the circadian clock [1, 28]. We have described the use of gas exchange and heterologous expression in Arabidopsis circadian mutants as new tools for the dissection of the barley circadian signalling network and determined that HvPpd-H1 is functionally ortholgous to AtPRR7. Supporting InformationS1 Fig. Transcript abundance of AtCCA1 (black) and 5’1 (endogenous) in AtCCA1-ox (white) and HvCCA1 in HvCCA1-ox plants (grey). Seedlings were entrained for one week in 12 light/12hr dark cycles at 22°C then transferred to constant light. Samples were taken 3 h after dawn. Lines used were Ws-2, Col-0, AtCCA1-ox 038 and HvCCA1-ox (8–3 and 18–1). Transcript abundance was normalised to Ubiquitin10. S2 Fig. Transcript levels of HvPpd-H1 and Hvppd-H1 relative to PP2a expression in prr7-11 Arabidopsis seedlings transformed with HvPpd-H1 and Hvppd-H1 under the control of the AtPRR7 promoter (mean ± s. d. ; n = 3). S1 Table. Sequences of the primers used in the course of this study. Forward (F) and reverse orientation (R) primers. 1. Harmer SL (2009) The circadian system in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 60: 357–377. View 2. évei E, Tóth R, Nagy F, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the health effects of shift work and circadian rhythm misalignment. Instead, it discusses findings related to circadian rhythms in barley, plant genetics, and RNA expression without addressing human health or shift work implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: For a public speaking performance to be deemed as successful, it’s important that both verbal and non-verbal components are balanced and in alignment (Španjol-Marković 2008; Mehrabian 1981), however, further research discussed that non-verbal communication is often neglected (Pizek Meštrić 2016). This therefore calls for an efficient solution to support the improvement of non-verbal communication. Accordingly, in this work we particularly address those contributing factors that are seen to influence an individual’s non-verbal communication, namely peer, stage fear, lack of confidence, and shyness through a VR simulation that takes place after an announcement of public speaking and before it occurs. To this end, we designed the VR intervention’s content guided by the targeted contributing factors above (see also Sect. 3. 2). 2. 3 Social anxiety treatmentsThere is a number of treatments for SADs, such as public speaking anxiety, including Therapy and Exposure Therapy. Whilst effective, these treatments also have limitations. Studies by Hofmann and Smits (2008), Hofmann and Otto (2017) and more recently David et al. (2018) have looked into the overall effectiveness of Therapy treatment concluding that it is indeed an effective method of treating SADs. They further labelled it as the dominant psychosocial treatment and the first-line treatment for many disorders. On the other hand, Holmes et al. (2002) found that Therapy works well in university-based clinical trials with subjects recruited from advertisements, however, the evidence about how effective it can be in the real world of clinical practice is less secure. However, recent work by et al. (2022) showed that Therapy was effective with COVID-19 related SADs. A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials for adults with SADs found that, on average, between 5 snd 20 sessions, each lasting between 30 and 60 min, were required for a patient to experience the benefits of this treatment (Hofmann and Smits 2008). The NHS indicates that the cost of a private Therapy session can cost between \(\pounds\)40 and \(\pounds\)100 per session (NHS 2019), which makes this a less affordable option. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of a VR simulation to address contributing factors of social anxiety, such as stage fear and lack of confidence, in the context of public speaking. This indicates that VR therapy can be applied as an effective intervention method for treating phobias related to social anxiety, aligning with the notion of controlled exposure therapy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Results and on expectation for community gardens Expectation for community gardens As a result of rating expectation for community gardens on a 5-point scale (5=high expectation; 3= neutral; 1=no expectation at all), it was found that expectation was high for improvement of quality of life, health promotion, friendship revitalization in the community, and village environmental purification, whereas it was low for increase in visit frequency and revitalization of regional economy. Overall, expectation is high in terms of individuals, but the participants did not seem interested in visits of other people in the village or revitalization of regional economy (Table 3). Analysis on the difference in expectation by age showed that older age groups showed higher expectation overall, whereas expectation for improvement of quality of life did not show statistically significant difference. In other words, residents are expecting quality of life to improve by creating community gardens regardless of age. The participants in their 20–30s showed lower expectation than other age groups in all items except satisfaction in quality of life. They gave relatively lower scores to expectation items such as increase in visit frequency, revitalization of regional economy, and increase in housing prices. This is because the expectation items do not have direct effect on ages 20–30s or do not attract their interest, whereas quality of life is directly related to their individual purpose, thereby higher than other age groups. Participants in their 60s and older generally gave high scores to expectation than other age groups, which is because they have lived in the region for a longer time than other age groups and have relatively higher community spirit (Chung et al. , 2015), thereby showing high expectation for community gardens. By gender, women showed higher expectation overall in most items compared to men, and the ranking also varied by gender. As pointed out by Conway and Hachen (2005), this suggests that women who spend more time in the region show high expectation. This is because men spend less time near their residence since they show higher frequency of socioeconomic activities to earn income than women. Expectation for community revitalization did not show statistically significant difference, which suggests that both men and women expect their community to be revitalized by community gardens. Overall, both men and women had high expectation for health promotion, excluding improvement of quality of life that showed high expectation overall. This indicates that they have high expectation for community gardens as a space for leisure activities to promote physical and mental health, which may be a factor that can lead to participation in community gardens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that expectations for community gardens vary among different age groups and genders. For instance, it highlights that older residents have higher expectations for community gardens compared to younger residents (20-30s), who have lower expectations for items other than the quality of life improvement. Additionally, the text states that women generally exhibit higher expectations than men, suggesting that not all urban residents experience the same level of benefit from community gardens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (2005) Plant circadian clocks improve growth, competitive advantage and survival. Science 309: 630–633. pmid:16040710 View 3. (2002) Circadian rhythms confer a higher level of fitness to Arabidopsis plants. Plant Phys. 129: 576–584. View 4. (2007) Clock evolution and adaptation: Whence and whither? Ann. Plant Rev. 21: 237–260. View 5. Locke JC, Kozma-Bognár L, Gould PD, Fehér B, Kevei E, Nagy F, et al. (2006) Experimental validation of a predicted feedback loop in the multi-oscillator clock of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Sys Biol. , 2(1). View 6. Gendron JM, Pruneda-(2012) Arabidopsis circadian clock protein, TOC1, is a DNA-binding transcription factor. Proceedings of the of Sciences, 109, 3167–3172. View 7. Huang W, Perez- (2012) Mapping the core of the Arabidopsis circadian clock defines the network structure of the oscillator. Science, 336: 75–79. pmid:22403178 View 8. (2012) 4 recruitment of 3 in the nucleus sustains the Arabidopsis circadian clock. Plant Cell, 24: 428–443. pmid:22327739 View 9. (2008) Functional conservation of clock-related genes in flowering plants: Overexpression and RNA interference analyses of the circadian rhythm in the monocotyledon Lemna gibba. Plant Phys. 146: 1952–1963. View 10. (2000) Circadian waves of expression of the PRR1/TOC1 family of Pseudo-response regulators of A. thaliana: insight into the plant circadian clock. Physiol. 41: 1002–1012. pmid:11100772 View 11. (2010) The role of casein kinase II in flowering time regulation has diversified during evolution. Plant Phys. 152: 808–820. View 12. von (2012) Expression conservation within the circadian clock of a monocot: natural variation at barley Ppd-H1 affects circadian expression of flowering time genes, but not clock orthologs. BMC Plant Biol. 12: 97. pmid:22720803 View 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references and studies related to circadian rhythms in plants but does not address the claim about shift work and its adverse health effects related to circadian rhythm misalignment. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: In fact, a significant factor affecting one’s ability to receive effective treatment for SADs is cost, as the price of standard methods of treatment can be too high for some individuals (Marciniak et al. 2005). is another commonly used and effective method of treating SADs whereby an individual is exposed to the specific environment, object or being that they fear and would typically avoid (Boehnlein et al. 2020). It has been shown that gradual exposure to feared objects, activities, or situations within a safe environment helps to reduce fear and decrease avoidance, as the individual becomes more accustomed to being in the situation or environment that they had previously feared (Association 2017). A number of studies that looked into the effectiveness of have come to overall positive results showing it to be an effective method of treating psychological disorders such as SADs (Sars and van Minnen 2015; McGuire et al. 2014). A recent meta-analysis confirmed the effectiveness and efficacy of for specific phobia (Odgers et al. 2022). However, there is still some debate about the methods used within with numerous studies making reference to the use of VR technology as a potential tool in aiding this method stating that a “new medium of administration for exposure therapy may be feasible for treating a subset of social anxiety symptoms” (Lin et al. 2019). 2. 4 VR for social anxiety disordersAccordingly, VR has already been successfully integrated into several aspects of medicine and psychology. For example, VR is being utilised for medical training (Manolakis and Papagiannakis 2022), treating eating and body image disorders (Cuzzolaro and Fassino 2018), post-traumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders (van Loenen et al. 2022), pain assessment (Spyridonis et al. 2014; Eccleston et al. 2022), and phobias (Albakri et al. 2022). Work by Schultheis and Rizzo (2001), Anderson et al. (2013), and more recently Maples-Keller et al. (2017), demonstrated the capability of VR to measure behaviour within an ecologically valid environment whilst maintaining a complete level of safety and control, which makes VR an effective method of treatment. 2. 4. 1 Virtual reality exposure therapyMore relevant to this work, VR has also been extensively used as for numerous types of phobias (Carl et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of virtual reality (VR) in treating phobias through exposure therapy. It mentions how VR has been successfully integrated into treating various psychological disorders, specifically noting its effectiveness in phobias as demonstrated by studies such as those by Albakri et al. (2022). The text highlights that VR exposure therapy provides a safe environment for gradual exposure to feared objects or situations, thus supporting the claim about VR therapy being utilized for phobia treatment via controlled exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: In general, those who responded that community gardens are necessary showed high expectation with statistically significant difference. In terms of residential housing type, participants living in individual housing showed relatively high expectation for community revitalization, health promotion, and village environmental purification, while those living in apartments showed relatively high expectation for increase in housing prices and improvement of quality of life (Table 4). Those living in individual housing perceived public interests important, such as community revitalization and village environmental improvement, compared to those living in apartments. However, the latter showed more interest in the economic aspect as a privately-owned space. Analysis on the difference in expectation according to residential type showed that there was no statistically significant difference except community revitalization. As discovered in various studies, residents of individual housing showed high expectation for local community revitalization through community gardens. Those who own an outdoor garden showed higher expectation overall than those who do not, but there was no statistically significant difference. Participants not owning an outdoor garden had high expectation for health promotion, perceiving that gardens can contribute to promoting their health. When creating a community garden, some ways to increase participation would be to create spaces and manage programs that reflect these expected outcomes. Necessity of community gardens Necessity of community gardens As a result of rating necessity of community gardens on a 5-point scale (5=highly necessary; 3= neutral; 1=not necessary at all), necessity was high with the mean of 4. 16 (Table 5). By age, there is a statistically significant difference, with older age showing higher necessity, and those in their 20–30s show lower necessity than other age groups. Participants with an outdoor garden showed higher necessity with statistically significant difference. This was similar to the result of previous research (Chalise, 2015) that people who experienced gardening showed high participation in community gardens, even though interest in community gardens does not directly lead to actual participation. Positive experience in private gardens seemed to have performed a key role in perceiving the necessity of public gardens. By residential type and gender, participants living in individual housing and women showed relatively higher expectation, but there was no statistically significant difference. Factors affecting necessity of community gardens Necessity of community gardens is rated on a 5-point scale (5=highly necessary; 3=neutral; 1=not necessary at all), and expectation is also rated on a 5-point scale (5=high expectation; 3=neutral; 1=no expectation at all). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that perceptions and expectations regarding community gardens differ significantly based on housing type. It highlights that participants living in individual housing showed higher expectations for community revitalization and health promotion, while those in apartments had more economic interests related to community gardens. This variation in expectations suggests unequal benefits from community gardens among urban residents, with different demographics perceiving differing levels of importance and necessity based on their living situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (2013) HvLUX1 is a candidate gene underlying the early maturity 10 locus in barley: phylogeny, diversity, and interactions with the circadian clock and photoperiodic pathways. 199: 1045–1059. pmid:23731278 View 14. (2012) Mutation at the circadian clock gene 8 adapts domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare) to short growing seasons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 109: 8328–8333. pmid:22566625 View 15. (2005) The Pseudo-Ppd-H1 to Photoperiod in Barley. Science 310: 1031–1034. pmid:16284181 View 16. Curtis MD, (2003) A gateway cloning vector set for high-throughput functional analysis of genes in planta. 133: 462–469. pmid:14555774 View 17. (1998) Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. 16: 735–743. pmid:10069079 View 18. (2001) A Role for LKP2 in the of Arabidopsis. 13: 2659–2670. pmid:11752379 View 19. LeClerc S, (2001) A library of Arabidopsis 35S-cDNA lines for identifying novel mutants. Plant Mol. Biol. 46: 695–703. pmid:11575724 View 20. (2002) vectors for Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation. Sci. 7: 193–195. pmid:11992820 View 21. (2003) Assumption-free analysis of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data. 339: 62–66. pmid:12618301 View 22. (2009) Delayed fluorescence as a universal tool for the measurement of circadian rhythms in higher plants. Plant J. 58: 893–901. pmid:19638147 View 23. (1997) Quantitative analysis of Drosophila period gene transcription in living animals. J. Biol. Rhyth. 12: 204–217. pmid:9181432 View 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the health effects of shift work and circadian rhythm misalignment. Instead, it focuses on research related to barley and Arabidopsis, discussing various studies and genetic insights. There is no mention of shift work or health impacts related to circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 2019; Botella et al. 2017) showing its efficacy in reducing fear of real-world equivalent phobic stimuli (Morina et al. 2015). A recent systematic review on exposure treatment demonstrated its effectiveness for most phobia types, including social phobias (Freitas et al. 2021). Therapy, a patient can be gradually exposed to the scenario or environment they fear; however, they do this whilst immersed within VR (Boeldt et al. 2019). This makes this approach a safe place to gradually push the limits of one’s anxiety disorder, which is an essential process throughout (Craske et al. 2014). In fact, Maples-Keller et al. (2017) identified that the use of artificial settings and virtually generated environments eliminates many constraints of the real world and therefore acts as a valuable method of treating SADs. Previous work by Robillard et al. (2003) demonstrated that the graphic quality of game-based environments can often be superior, which leads to a maximised effect of exposure. For example, a recent study by Hinojo-Lucena et al. (2020) showed that VR treatment for public speaking anxiety in a student population was effective while being less invasive than in vivo exposure, and a similar study by Lindner et al. (2021) produced similar positive findings in support of for public speaking anxiety, this time in routine care. It has also been shown that this approach had a low dropout rate in a recent meta-analysis study (Benbow and Anderson 2019). Boeldt et al. (2019) further discussed that the use of VR can allow therapists to choose and cater content to the personal needs of patients, and that is at the very least as effective as the state of the art treatment that is carried out in person, concluding that although VR may not currently be a standardised treatment method, it can make more effective. The above can significantly help with the increased levels of anxiety and depression that have been observed as a result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic (Organization 2022). Accordingly, in this work we adopt the approach for treating SADs. 2. 5 Research aim and approachTo this end, the aim of our work is twofold; first, work discussed above indicates that individuals with SADs exhibit high levels of self-attention when they are in an anxiety-provoking environment or social situation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how VR therapy allows patients to gradually expose themselves to feared scenarios in a controlled environment, thus supporting the effectiveness of VR therapy in treating phobias. It mentions that VR can create a safe space for exposure to anxiety-inducing stimuli, reinforcing the idea that VR therapy is a method of controlled exposure treatment for phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Regression analysis was conducted to determine expectation factors that affect necessity. Among the variables, expectation for health promotion, improvement of quality of life, and increase in visit frequency turned out to have effect (Table 6). Relative influence was greatest in improvement of quality of life, followed by health promotion and increase in visit frequency, which have significant effects on necessity of community gardens. Factors that affect necessity of community gardens To determine the effect of expectation for community gardens on necessity, we conducted logistic regression analysis. The classification accuracy of the model was 86. 3% and thus satisfactory. In the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, chi-square represents consistency between actual values of dependent variables and the values predicted by the model, with smaller values indicating higher goodness of fit, and the goodness of fit of this model is acceptable. Among the variables, improvement of quality of life expectation and community revitalization expectation had significant effects on necessity of community gardens (Table 7). Those expecting improvement of quality of life are 3. 202 times more likely and those expecting community revitalization are 2. 193 times more likely to think that community gardens are necessary. Compared to other variables, higher expectation for improvement of quality of life and community revitalization makes them more likely to think that community gardens are necessary. Participation in community gardens Participation in community gardens Participation in community gardens is subdivided into stages of planning, construction, management and education to rate participation on a 5-point scale (5=active participation; 3=neutral; 1=no participation at all). Participation in management was lower than that in planning and construction, whereas participation was high in education and planning, which are more one-off and have relatively fewer activities, which indicates that people feel pressure about continuous management (Table 8). By age, participants in their 20–30s showed relatively lower participation in all stages than other age groups, especially management. Those in their 40–50s and older showed higher participation in education than other age groups and lower participation in management. Those in their 60s and older showed high participation in planning and low participation in education. In terms of enhancing community competence, recently there are various education programs including gardening for residents. But considering participation and effect, it is necessary to consider diversifying these programs by age group. In participation by stage, there was statistical significance in the difference by age. By gender, men showed higher participation than women overall, but there was no statistically significant difference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that participation in community gardens varies significantly by factors such as age and gender. It mentions that 'participants in their 20–30s showed relatively lower participation in all stages than other age groups,' indicating that younger urban residents may not benefit equally compared to older residents. Additionally, it states that 'men showed higher participation than women overall,' suggesting that the benefits from community gardens are not equally shared among different demographic groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The impact of shift-work light conditions on tissue-specific circadian. . . ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 136998. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 12688/f1000research. 136998. 1) First published: 28 Jun 2023, 12:762 ( Latest published: 17 Aug 2023, 12:762 (  There is a newer version of this 1. Design of simulated shift-work light conditions for mice. Panels from left to right represent simulated light conditions of control (left), short- and long-term rotating shifts (middle), and chronic jet-lag (right). After exposure to simulated shift conditions of light (yellow) and dark (Gray), liver and skin samples were collected for 24 hours with four-hour intervals on the second day of constant dark condition. 0th time was defined as the onset of the light phase before the animals entered constant darkness for tissue collection. MethodsEthics statementThe mice utilized in this study were procured from Laboratory and housed in the Program of Resources (PLAR) of University - Spokane. To guarantee proper animal welfare, the guidelines set by the Care and (IACUC) were followed. Our program compiles with all regulations outlined in the NIH guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, encompassing procurement, conditioning and quarantine, housing, management, veterinary care, and carcass disposal. All efforts were made to ameliorate the suffering of the mice involved. There were no adverse events during the study and no humane endpoints were established. The animal experiments conducted in this study were approved by the IACUC under the protocol number: 6202 on March 27th, 2019. Study design and sample collectionThis investigation took place from May through September 2019. Healthy immunocompetent wild-type C57BL/6J male mice at 3 weeks of age were purchased from the (strain #: 000664). Mice were purchased to limit variability and maintain consistency in the genetic quality of the animals. Upon arrival, these mice were acclimatized to the controlled environment of the PLAR facility at University – Spokane for at least one week. The only inclusion criterion was for animals to be at least 4 weeks of age by day 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily focuses on the design and methodology of a study regarding simulated shift-work light conditions in mice, rather than directly addressing or supporting the claim about the adverse health effects of shift work due to circadian rhythm misalignment. While the study investigates circadian rhythms, it does not directly discuss how shift work adversely affects health, making it irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Therapy, the sense of presence has been considered the main mechanism that leads to the experience of anxiety (Wiederhold and Wiederhold 2005). Accordingly, we aim to explore the ability of a solution to induce a sense of presence with the working hypothesis that higher levels of presence successfully simulate an anxiety-provoking environment where individuals exhibit high levels of self-attention. Second, and building upon our first aim, we investigate the efficacy of our solution in positively changing perceptions of those factors that influence non-verbal communication in adults living with self-reported speech anxiety through instruction-based live feedback cues. 3 Design and implementationIn this section we discuss the design and implementation of our proposed intervention showing how factors affecting public speaking have been mapped to specific mechanics in our solution to stimulate an environment prone to public speaking anxiety conditions. It has been shown that any virtually generated environment needs to be capable of being personalised to an individual user’s needs (Harkness and Lilienfeld 1997). As such, our solution also offers instruction-based feedback based on user actions whilst shifting user attention from one’s own self to the audience. 3. 1 Design frameworkThe goal of this VR solution is to support non-verbal communication skills in adults with speech anxiety. As the goal suggests, VR is the technology used for this solution. The factors affecting non-verbal communication need to be implemented in the story, environment and aesthetics of the VR solution. As suggested by previous work (Daylamani-Zad et al. 2016), the closer a setting is to a real-world scenario, the easier it will be to achieve the Lusory goal, which is the serious purpose of the solution. The virtual environment therefore needs to be as close to reality as possible, achieved through the inclusion of realistic entities, which can further allow for improved engagement (Sutcliffe and Gault 2004). To this end, the high-level requirements of the solution are developed according to existing research on VR interventions, serious games and factors of non-verbal communication affecting public speaking. These are grouped under three categories: Training—features required to train the user in factors of non-verbal communication, Experience—features required by the user to take advantage of an efficient solution, whilst feeling safe, and Technology—technical requirements to enable the system to address the requirements of training and experience. These are summarised in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how a virtual reality (VR) solution is proposed to address public speaking anxiety, which aligns with the idea that VR therapy can be used for phobias through exposure to anxiety-provoking environments. The description includes aspects of the VR solution designed to create realistic environments that could simulate anxiety-inducing situations, supporting the notion of VR used in therapeutic settings for phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Men relatively seemed to have more interest in social and public aspects. Participants claiming that community gardens are necessary showed relatively higher participation with statistically significant difference (Table 9). By residential type, those living in individual housing showed higher participation, but there was no statistically significant difference. Those with an outdoor garden showed relatively higher participation, and there was statistically significant difference in all except participation in education. As a result of analyzing the intention to participate in fundraising to collect funds for management of community gardens, about half of the participants responded that they are willing to participate every year, and 40. 9% claimed to participate once; thus, at least 90% of the participants responded that they will participate at least once (Table 10). Residents’ fundraising will enable them to purchase materials, plants and fertilizers for management of community gardens. As a result of analyzing the amount the participants can donate, it was minimum KRW 1,000 to maximum KRW 300,000, and the mean was KRW 75,222 (Table 11). There was no statistical significance by residential type, outdoor garden, need for community garden, gender and age. There are no studies on the amount participants are willing to pay for management of community gardens, but the study by An (2012) on management of urban parks estimated that the maximum amount of operational and maintenance expenses park users can pay every year is KRW 68,000. Previous research examined users within 1km of the urban park for the purpose of park management, which may perform similar functions as community gardens. Considering the difference in research period, the perception of urban residents about paying for management of public space is similar. In terms of demographics, there was no statistically significant difference in the amount the participants are willing to pay by gender, residential type and age (Table 12). Urban residents with an outdoor garden were willing to pay more with statistically significant difference. Those with outdoor gardens experienced the utility of gardens and have experience in managing them, which is why they are willing to pay more considering both utility and actual expenses. In terms of disposition, men were willing to pay more than women, and younger participants also intended to pay more. Participants in their 60s and older were willing to pay relatively smaller amount, indicating that despite their high expectation for community gardens, they had little intention to pay for the benefits of public goods. There was almost no difference in the amount by residential type. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that participation in community gardens varies among urban residents based on several factors, such as gender and residential type. For instance, it notes that 'men relatively seemed to have more interest in social and public aspects' and 'those living in individual housing showed higher participation,' indicating disparities in who benefits from the gardens. The statistical significance of differences in participation levels based on various demographics supports the notion that not all urban residents benefit equally from community gardens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Next, we purified the total RNA from the homogenized tissues using a Trizol-based RNA extraction protocol. Approximately 100 mg of the ground tissue was combined with 1 ml of ice-cold TRIzol reagent (Scientific, #15596018). After thorough mixing, 0. 2 ml of chloroform was added to the TRIzol tissue cocktail, mixed well, and incubated at room temperature for 3 mins. We separated the different phases of the mixture through centrifugation at 12,000 g for 15 mins. The aqueous phase (top layer) was carefully collected and transferred to a new tube. To precipitate the RNA, an equal volume of isopropanol was added to the collected aqueous phase and mixed by inverting. After a 10-minute incubation at room temperature, the samples were subjected to another round of centrifugation at 12,000 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the RNA pellet was washed three times with 70% ice-cold ethanol. Subsequently, the RNA pellet was air dried for 5-10 mins and dissolved in 20 μl of ddH2O. To assess the quantity and quality of the extracted RNA, we utilized NanoDrop® 2000 Spectrophotometer, measuring the light absorbance at 260, 280 and 230 nm. Following the RNA purification step, we treated the RNA samples with DNase-I (Biolabs, #M0303S), and synthesized complementary DNA (cDNA) using TaqMan™ Reagents (Scientific, #N8080234). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was then performed using PerfeCTa® SYBR® with ROX™ (Quantabio, #95055-500) in a StepOnePlus™ Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems™). The RT-PCR reaction included denaturation (3 minutes at 95 °C) and 40 PCR cycles (15 sec at 95 °C and 1 minute at 60 °C). The expression level of each clock gene was normalized to the geometric mean expression of two housekeeping genes,32 Actb and Ppib using the ΔCt method. Subsequently, the data were scaled to the sample with the highest expression level (ΔΔCt) for the time course analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding shift work and health effects related to circadian rhythms. It describes a laboratory procedure for RNA extraction and analysis, with no mention of health, circadian rhythms, or shift work.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: The participants were recruited from the student population at the authors’ home institution through a call for unpaid volunteers who had experienced anxiety in public speaking. The study included 25 participants, aged between 19 and 25 (\(M=21. 56\), \(\sigma = 1. 44\)), which included 18 males and 7 females. Table 4 presents the distribution of participants and the details of their screening PRPSA results. Table 4 result details and the distribution of participants in the Moderate/high and Low anxiety groupsFull size table4. 3 Analysis and resultsThe results of the post-task PRPSA illustrate a decrease in the perceived anxiety in the Moderate/high anxiety group and a general decrease in the Low anxiety group, with two slight increases in the outliers. Table 5 presents the distribution of participants and the details of their post-task PRPSA results. The screening and post task results of PRPSA scores across both Moderate/high and Low anxiety groups are demonstrated in Fig. 11. Table 5 Post-task PRPSA result details and the distribution of participants in the Moderate/high and Low anxiety groupsFull size tableFig. 11Boxplot presenting the screening and post-task results of PRPSA scores across both Moderate/high and Low anxiety groups. Participants 9 and 10 reported the highest PRPSA scores post-task, whilst participant 19 reported the lowestFull size imageOverall, the scores in the Moderate/high group’s post-task PRPSA scores were on average of 17% lower compared to their screening PRPSA results. The maximum decrease was 27. 9% in a participant who dropped to a post-task PRPSA score of 80 from their 111 screening PRPSA score. The minimum difference was the participant who scored 121 post-task from their 125 screening PRPSA test. This was further confirmed by the follow-up interviews. All participants from the Moderate/high group expressed that they found, as they progressed through the three scenarios, that they felt more confident and less anxious. The participants also felt that the experience closely resembled the experience of public speaking in the real world. anxiety group also shows an average 4. 8% decrease in their reported perceived anxiety levels. Two participants in the Low anxiety group actually had slight increases in their post-test PRPSA scores. One had an increase of 5, going up from 83 to 88 and another one from 91 to 95. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study where participants reported a decrease in perceived anxiety related to public speaking after undergoing a series of scenarios that closely resembled real-life speaking experiences. This aligns with the concept of controlled exposure therapy utilized in VR therapy for phobias, as the participants expressed feeling less anxious and more confident during the tasks, suggesting that the treatment mimicked VR therapy principles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the effects of expectation and necessity of community gardens on participating in fundraising for management of community gardens. Participation in fundraising was analyzed by assuming that those who responded they will pay at least once are willing to participate. The classification accuracy of the model was 89. 5%, which is satisfactory, and its goodness of fit is acceptable. Among the variables, increase in visit frequency expectation and necessity of community gardens turned out to have significant effects on participation in fundraising for management (Table 13). Those expecting increase in visit frequency were 1. 686 times more likely and those claiming that community gardens are necessary were 3. 051 times more likely to participate in fundraising for management of community gardens. In other words, higher expectation for increase in visit frequency and necessity of community gardens makes them more likely to participate in fundraising for management of community gardens. Factors affecting participation in community gardens Regression analysis was conducted with participation such as planning, construction and management of community gardens as dependent variables, and expectation as the independent variables, thereby determining factors of expectation that affect participation. Variables that affect participation in planning were expectation for necessity, community revitalization and increase in housing prices, with the necessity of community gardens showing the greatest impact. Variables that affect participation in construction and management were necessity, community revitalization expectation, and increase in visit frequency expectation. Similar variables affected each stage of creation, but the difference is that expectation for increase in housing prices is included as a factor affecting participation in planning. Variables that affect overall participation are necessity of community gardens, community revitalization, and village environmental purification. Relative influence was greatest in necessity of community gardens, followed by community revitalization and village environmental purification, significantly affecting participation from construction to management of community gardens (Table 14). Participants who perceive that community gardens are necessary are more likely to participate once the gardens are created, but their interest does not lead to actual participation and thus it is necessary to seek ways to encourage active participation. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the effects of expectation and necessity on participation in community gardens. Participants who responded to only one stage among planning, construction and management were considered to have intention to participate. The classification accuracy of the model was 82. 4%, which is satisfactory. Among the variables, expectation for community revitalization and necessity of community gardens had significant effects on participation in community gardens (Table 15). Those expecting community revitalization are 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that participation in community gardens is influenced by factors such as necessity and expectations for community revitalization. It indicates that those who perceive community gardens as necessary are more likely to participate, but there are varying factors that influence participation at different stages (planning, construction, management). This suggests that not all urban residents benefit equally, as those with different perceptions and expectations may not engage in the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Shobhan Gaddameedhi: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Data availabilityUnderlying datafigshare: Raw data files with replicates titled as “Cycle threshold values of qPCR data for genes in the liver and skin of animals that were exposed to both control and simulated shift conditions”. 50 Extended datafigshare: Table 1. CircaCompare analysis of canonical clock genes in the mouse liver and skin following exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. 51 Data are available under the terms of the Attribution 4. 0 International license (CC-BY 4. 0). Reporting guidelinesfigshare: checklist for ‘The impact of shift-work light conditions on tissue-specific circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes: insights from a mouse model study’. 52 1. : Entrainment of the human circadian clock to the natural light-dark cycle. Curr. Biol. 2013 Aug 19; 23(16): 1554–1558. Pub| Text | Text 2. Roenneberg T, Merrow M: Clock and Human Health. Curr. Biol. 2016 May 23; 26(10): R432–R443. Pub| Text 3. Costa G: Shift work and health: current problems and preventive actions. Saf. Health Work. 2010 Dec; 1(2): 112–123. Pub| Text | Text 4. : Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: A report on the Program’s workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption. Sci. Total Environ. 2017 Dec 31; 607-608: 1073–1084. Pub| Text | Text 5. : Shift Work: Rhythms and Sleep-Implications for Health and Well-Being. Curr. Sleep Med. Rep. 2017 Jun; 3(2): 104–112. Pub| Text | Text 6. : Simulated night shift work induces circadian misalignment of the human peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018 May 22; 115(21): 5540–5545. Pub| Text | Text 7. : Individual metabolomic signatures of circadian misalignment during simulated night shifts in humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or analyze the claim regarding the adverse health effects of shift work due to circadian rhythm misalignment. It primarily lists authors, data availability, and references related to various studies on circadian rhythms and shift work without providing any specific evidence or conclusions supporting or contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 5 in a 1–7 Likert scale) which is described as having “very good presence” compared to other studies exploring VR experiences with the IPQ score (Melo et al. 2023). Participants found PublicVR to create a real feeling of being there, which is also confirmed by their comments in the follow-up interviews. Fig. 12Bar chart illustrating the average score on the 14 questions in IPQFull size imageFig. 13Bar chart illustrating the average scores for each subscale in IPQFull size imageTable 12 Average and standard deviation for each subscale in IPQFull size table5 Concluding discussionIn this paper we presented PublicVR, a intervention that was proposed to support adults with a self-reported speech anxiety in improving their anxiety related to their non-verbal communication skills. This study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on non-verbal communication skills. An empirical evaluative study was reported which investigated its efficacy and the participants’ sense of presence experienced in our Virtual Environment. Our results suggest that PublicVR is an effective tool with the potential to positively change perceived anxiety related to non-verbal communication skills. Specifically, our findings indicated that PublicVR successfully managed to positively change the participants’ perceived self-reported anxiety towards non-verbal communication in a public speaking setting, evidenced through a decrease in their perceived anxiety levels (Table 5 and Fig. 11). Accordingly, participants reported a high sense of presence in our VR simulation experience (Figs. 12 and 13). These results are also confirmed through the follow-up semi-structured interviews where participants also highlighted the positive impact of PublicVR to improve anxiety related to their non-verbal communication skills, specifically gaze and time keeping. A number of contributions arose from this work. Specifically, past clinical studies indicated that VR can be an efficient approach to overcoming public speaking anxiety (Lee et al. 2020). In this work, we contributed to this body of knowledge by demonstrating that VR can further positively change self-reported anxiety levels resulting from the four specific public speaking factors investigated in this work—Peer anxiety, Stage fear, Lack of confidence, and Shyness. This is particularly important as past work has shown that increases in public speaking confidence as a result of using VR interventions can be transferable into real-life situations and were retained after the study had ended (Safir et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that PublicVR, a specific VR intervention, positively impacts anxiety related to non-verbal communication in public speaking, which is aligned with the use of VR therapy for anxiety management. The findings suggest that VR can effectively change participants' self-reported anxiety levels, paralleling the concept of controlled exposure therapy for treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: 757 times more likely and those claiming that community gardens are necessary are 2. 209 times more likely to participate in community gardens. Compared to other variables, those with higher expectation for community revitalization and necessity of community gardens are more likely to participate in construction and management of community gardens. study is to provide basic data to set guidelines for management of community gardens and thus analyzed factors affecting expectation and participation of urban residents in community gardens. Necessity of community gardens was generally high, especially among residents with an outdoor garden. Those with personal gardening experience are perceiving the need for community gardens as a public space. Expectation was high in terms of the social aspect such as improvement of quality of life, health promotion, and community revitalization by creating community gardens. Residents of individual housing especially had high expectation for community revitalization, which indicates that community gardens may serve as a mediating factor that forms and maintains a local community. This shows the perception of urban residents about the role and function of gardens as a community space. Expectations for improvement of quality of life, health promotion, and community revitalization serve as factors affecting the necessity of community gardens. Residents showed high participation in community gardens from construction to management, and necessity of community gardens, expectation for community revitalization, and expectation for environmental purification are factors that make them participate in management of community gardens. The residents were willing to donate an average of KRW 75,222 per year for community garden management. Overall, those with higher need for community gardens and higher expectation in terms of the social aspect showed higher participation. Urban residents have high expectation for community gardens and are perceiving the importance of the social aspect more than the individual aspect, such as community revitalization and improvement of quality of life. As high expectation for community gardens may lead to high perception on the necessity of community gardens, which may then lead to high participation in community gardens, these factors must be considered in implementing policies regarding community gardens. Participation in community gardens was especially high among women, older age groups, residents of individual housing and people with high expectation, which must also be considered. Based on the results, the following suggestions can be made regarding strategies for construction and management of community gardens with resident participation. Participation in community gardens may vary depending on perception about community gardens such as necessity and expectation. Thus, it is necessary to first analyze community garden user characteristics and needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting differences in participation and expectations among urban residents regarding community gardens. It states that participation varies significantly based on factors like necessity, personal gardening experience, and housing type, suggesting that not all urban residents benefit equally. For instance, the text notes that individuals with higher expectations for community revitalization and those living in individual housing show greater participation and perceive a higher necessity for community gardens, indicating unequal benefits among different resident groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: PLoS Biol. 2019 Jun; 17(6): e3000303. Epub 2019/06/19. Pub| Text | Text 8. : Separation of circadian- and behavior-driven metabolite rhythms in humans provides a window on peripheral oscillators and metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018 Jul 24; 115(30): 7825–7830. Pub| Text | Text 9. Adams KL, Castanon-Cervantes O, Evans JA, et al. : Environmental circadian disruption elevates the IL-6 response to lipopolysaccharide in blood. J. Biol. Rhythm. 2013 Aug; 28(4): 272–277. Pub| Text | Text 10. : G1/S cell cycle regulators mediate effects of circadian dysregulation on tumor growth and provide targets for timed anticancer treatment. PLoS Biol. 2019 Apr; 17(4): e3000228. Epub 2019/05/01. Pub| Text | Text 11. : Circadian and behavioural responses to shift work-like schedules of light/dark in the mouse. J. Mol. Psychiatry. 2013; 1(1): 7. Epub 2013/01/01. Pub| Text | Text 12. van Oostrom CT et al. : in Mice. Curr. Biol. 2015 Jul 20; 25(14): 1932–1937. Pub| Text 13. Davidson AJ, Castanon-Cervantes O, Leise TL, et al. : Visualizing jet lag in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral circadian timing system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2009 Jan; 29(1): 171–180. Pub| Text 14. : Light-and Lesion Phenotypes. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2021 Jan 19; 10(2): e018151. Epub 2021/01/07. Pub| Text | Text 15. :. Cell Metab. 2016 Aug 9; 24(2): 324–331. Pub| Text | Text 16. : Disrupting circadian homeostasis of sympathetic signaling promotes tumor development in mice. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 7; 5(6): e10995. Epub 2010/06/12. Pub| Text | Text 17. : of Suppresses Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains references to multiple scientific articles related to circadian rhythms and their role in metabolism and health, but it does not directly address the claim regarding shift work and health. Therefore, the content is irrelevant to the claim about the adverse health effects of shift work.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 2015); however, most efforts focused on individual and fragmented elements of the training experience (e. g. presenter’s voice quality, timing, or audience). Accordingly, in this work we also demonstrated that visual real-time feedback is a helpful approach, however, the application of multimodal real-time feedback (i. e. a combination of visual, audio, haptic/vibrotactile) can provide further benefits, thereby addressing the different contributing factors in a more holistic manner, and it is something that must be explored further. Finally, it is accepted that public speaking anxiety has been classified as a social phobia and as an anxiety-related disorder (Bell 1994). Over the years, numerous approaches have been proposed to deal with public speaking anxiety, including technology-enhanced methods. The use of mobile apps for peer feedback (Shamsi et al. 2019), (AI)-generated feedback (Chen 2022) or VR as a clinical tool in mental health research and practice (Bell et al. 2022) are not new. There are also a number of commercial applications for the same purpose. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence and design-lead studies on the use of technology for public speaking anxiety. Our work therefore contributes to the ongoing efforts for empirical studies in this field and further confirms the usefulness of VR as an exposure therapy approach to reducing public speaking anxiety recently reported by Lindner et al. (2019). Our findings present certain limitations. First, we acknowledge that the number of participants with self-reported speech anxiety was small, so further studies with a larger number of participants are needed. We also acknowledge that the Low anxiety group was smaller than the Moderate/high group, therefore the effect and significance of the results for the Low anxiety group have been affected. Nevertheless, the insights at this stage of our work have been very useful to understand the potential impact of PublicVR and will be used towards our future efforts. Second, all results in this study were participant self-reports, which are subjective in nature and can not provide a holistic account of participants’ experiences from using PublicVR. Using an additional dimension of objective physiological measures, such as eye gaze, Electroencephalography, Response, etc. can provide additional meaningful insights, so this is also part of our future research directions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that VR is recognized as a clinical tool in mental health research and practice, specifically mentioning its use as an exposure therapy approach to reduce public speaking anxiety, which is categorized as a social phobia. This aligns with the claim that VR therapy is used for treating phobias through controlled exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: This analysis process may be carried out by setting up the process of community gardens, which is classified into stages of meeting, project and operation. In the meeting stage, plans are made based on regional characteristics such as individual expectations and participation motives. In the project stage, residents are encouraged to participate in creation of community gardens, whereas in the operation stage they are encouraged to participate in management. Ministry of the Interior and Safety, Seoul and Paju are carrying out a support project for community gardens created by resident participation. They require detailed plans such as resident participation and roles in management when applying for the project. Paju is especially building a support system for residents to participate from construction to management such as design, seeding, watering and weeding and to develop their competencies in gardening. The second strategy is to form an organization to operate the process; that is, organize the participants and set up their roles. Since community gardens are public goods, concentrating all the roles on specific participants will result in inequality caused by free riding, and thus community gardens will not be able to last. It is necessary to allocate roles according to participation motives so that community gardens are systematically operated to meet the expectations of participants. The village gardening project of old and original downtown villages in Daegu established a system for resident participation by organizing a village cooperative association. Third, it is necessary to systemize the means of participation. To manage community gardens in terms of hardware and fulfill various motives, it is necessary to run programs in terms of software. There are different expectations for community gardens depending on user characteristics such as age, residential type and garden experience, and thus there must be programs to fulfill the participation motives of different groups, especially a system for them to actively participate beyond just interest and expectation. Furthermore, considering the welfare aspect such as improvement of quality of life for residents including community revitalization, it is necessary to consider cooperation with specialists and administrative support according to the stages of participation strategies for community gardens. Seoul is building the foundation for community revitalization through public participation projects such as community garden construction and urban greening project in which residents participate through the ‘Seoul Blooming’ campaign. Community gardens can be maintained with adequate support and cooperation of administrative agencies and specialists along with participation of residents. Community gardens will be able to secure sustainability by revealing community spirit of members as a place for community activities, and community spirit can be fulfilled when there is confidence about the benefits of community gardens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that community gardens require systematic operation based on different individual participation motives and user characteristics. It states, 'there are different expectations for community gardens depending on user characteristics such as age, residential type and garden experience,' suggesting that not all residents benefit equally. The need for role allocation according to participation motives further implies that disparities in benefit exist among urban residents.