Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Application of BCA and pathogen (i) Prepare leaf disks (2 cm dia) from grapevine leaves of plants grown in the growth chamber; arrange 5–6 inverted leaf disks (lower surface facing upward) on moistened filter paper (Whatman No. 3) placed in each sterile petri plate (9 cm diameter) (ii) Spray the conidial suspension of the BCA until the leaf disks are wet; maintain suitable control leaf disks sprayed with sterile water alone (iii) Allow the droplets to dry; seal the dishes with parafilm and then place them in the growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod for 24 h at 21 °C (iv) After incubation for 24 h, on each leaf disk place five 10 μl drops of the pathogen suspension containing released zoospores; thoroughly blot the moisture on the leaf disk with absorbent tissues at 20 h after inoculation (v) Reseal the petri plates and place them in the growth chamber (vi) To assess the effect of the BCA, collect the sporangia formed on each leaf disk using 2–3 ml of distilled water, after 7 days of incubation in the growth chamber; calculate the number of sporangia from each leaf disk using a hemocytometer (vii) Assess the resporulation of the pathogen visually in each leaf disk and quantify after 24–48 h as done before; repeat the experiment three times (viii) To assess the efficacy of the BCA as post-inoculation application, place five 10 μl drops of the suspension of sproangia and zoospores of the pathogen on the undersurface of each leaf disk; seal the plates and incubate (ix) Blot out the moisture on leaf disks after 20-h incubation, reseal and place the petri plates in the growth chamber for 5 days (x) Place one 10 μl drop of the conidial suspension of the BCA on the sporulating lesion in each leaf disk; blot out the moisture after 20 h; reseal the plates and incubate for 7 days (xi) Quantify the sporangia produced in each leaf disk as done in step (vi) above; assess resporulation after 4 days as done in step (vii) C. Petal disk assay (Gould et al. 1996) a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed methodological steps in assessing the effectiveness of biological control agents (BCAs) in specific experimental contexts. The described procedures involve controlling variables, preparing samples, and quantifying effectiveness, which suggests that the effectiveness of BCAs is not constant and can vary depending on the specific conditions of the application, thus contradicting the notion that they are always effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: These are important for applications in Chemistry, since chemical reactions involve ions. With all this regularity displayed in Fig. 1, it should be possible to use it to help predict the energy budget for all sorts of chemical reactions. We just need a rational way to extrapolate from all the formulae representing the regularities for single electrons being removed from neutral atoms to formulae for electrons being removed from, or added to, ions of all sorts. Generally, if an atom is in an ionized state, then in place of just Z we have an electron count Z e distinct from the proton count Z p. The electron-on-electron interaction does not involve the nucleus, and so always scales with Z e M. But electron-nucleus interaction previously represented by ( Z M ) I P 1 1 now has to involve both Z e and Z p. We have for the total system Z p Z e e 2 ( r e + r M ) = ( Z p Z e M ) × ( 3 c 2 m e 2 2 5 ) E21 What is then generally comparable to the nuclear-orbit part of the ionization potential for removing a single electron? To develop an answer to this question, we must return again to the expressions for P torquing and P total radiated Eqs. (10) and (11). Clearly, all of the factors of e 2 change to Z p Z e e 2. It is as if all factors of e changed to Z p Z e e. Removal of one electron is then like removal of one Z p Z e e charge. What is comparable to the ionization potential for removing a single electron from the ion is then Z p Z e e 2 ( r e + r M ) = ( Z p Z e M ) × ( 3 c 2 m e 2 2 5 ) E22 Thus for ions, we see in the math a Z p Z e M ( Z p ) scaling law for that part of the ionization potential that reflects electron-nucleus interaction, I P 1 1. So for computations we use: I P 1 1 Z M → I P 1 1 Z p Z e M ( Z p ) E23 For the other part of the ionization potential, that reflecting just the electron-on-electron interactions, Δ I P 1 Z the relevant Z is Z e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ionization and interactions in chemical reactions without addressing the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical physics. There is no mention of classical physics or any suggestion that quantum mechanics can be fully understood through it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. niox. 2008. 04. 020 (2008). Mirzaei, H. et al. Phytosomal curcumin: A review of pharmacokinetic, experimental and clinical studies. 85, 102–112, doi:10. 1016/j. biopha. 2016. 11. 098 (2017). Hewlings, S. J. & Kalman, D. S. Curcumin: A Review of Its' Effects on Human Health. Foods 6, doi:10. 3390/foods6100092 (2017). Wilken, R. , Veena, M. S. , Wang, M. B. & Srivatsan, E. S. Curcumin: A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 10, 12, doi:10. 1186/1476-4598-10-12 (2011). He, Y. et al. Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules 20, 9183–9213, doi:10. 3390/molecules20059183 (2015). Vallianou, N. G. , Evangelopoulos, A. , Schizas, N. & Kazazis, C. Potential anticancer properties and mechanisms of action of curcumin. 35, 645–651 (2015). Rodrigues, F. C. , Anil Kumar, N. V. & Thakur, G. Developments in the anticancer activity of structurally modified curcumin: An up-to-date review. 177, 76–104, doi:10. 1016/j. ejmech. 2019. 04. 058 (2019). Al-Hujaily, E. M. et al. PAC, a novel curcumin analogue, has anti-breast cancer properties with higher efficiency on ER-negative cells. 128, 97–107, doi:10. 1007/s10549-010-1089-3 (2011). Youssef, K. M. et al. Synthesis of curcumin analogues as potential antioxidant, cancer chemopreventive agents. (Weinheim) 337, 42–54, doi:10. 1002/ardp. 200300763 (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references multiple studies that investigate the effects of curcumin, including its anti-inflammatory properties. The mention of chronic diseases linked to inflammation in the study by He, Y. et al. suggests that curcumin plays a role in mitigating inflammatory processes, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Preparation of biocontrol agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens) (i) Multiply the BCA on 30 ml of Luria-Bertani (Difco) broth for 48 h at room temperature (ii) Centrifuge at 3,000 g for 5 min; reject the supernatant; resuspend the pellet in Tween 20 solution (0. 03 %) in water (iii) Adjust the optical density to 0. 3 at 595 nm to have a concentration of 105 CFU of bacterial cells per ml b. Preparation of pathogen (i) Multiply the pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) in malt extract agar (MEA) for 5 days at 21 °C (ii) Transfer conidia, using sterile forceps to 1 ml sterile water kept in a microcentrifuge tube, disperse the conidia by vortexing for 30 s to have a uniform suspension (iii) Adjust the concentration of conidia to 103 per ml using a hemocytometer c. Preparation of test flowers and petal disks (i) Raise ultrawhite hybrid petunias in a glasshouse from seeds for 3–4 months; do not use any fungicide or pesticide (ii) Collect 3rd 4th or 5th fully opened flowers from the floral apex; surface sterilize by immersing them in 0. 05 % sodium hypochlorite solution three times; rinse the flowers in 5 changes of sterile water; select flowers undamaged by disease or pest (iii) Punch out petal disks (14 mm dia) using a sterile cork borer d. Assay of biocontrol activity (i) Dip the petal disks in the suspensions of BCAs at the rate of 4 disks per isolate or BCA to be tested; dip the control disks in sterile water with Tween 20 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed procedural instructions for preparing a biocontrol agent and a pathogen, which implicitly suggests that the effectiveness of biological control agents may depend on specific conditions and contexts, like the preparation methods and environmental factors indicated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: But the relevant M is still M ( Z p ) the only significant mass in the problem. So for computations we use: Δ I P 1 Z Z M → Δ I P 1 Z e Z e M ( Z p ) E24 This basic information can help one to model the energy budget for any chemical reaction. To assist readers who want to try this out, the necessary data displayed by Fig. 1 is tabulated in numerical form as 14. 250 × Z 2 E25 The resulting I P Z Z is population-generic. The corresponding element-specific quantity is I P Z Z multiplied by the factor Z M ( Z p ). Thus the element-specific energy requirement for total stripping is 2 × 14. 250 × Z 3 M ( Z p ) eV’s. We can now compare the total energy required to strip an atom one electron at a time with the energy required to strip it of its electrons all at once. The two elements Helium and Lithium are good examples because they represent the extremes of very high first-order ionization potential and very low first-order ionization potential. The data for them in numerical form comes from 1. Here is how the calculations go: Helium: ( Z p = 2 M ( Z p ) = M 2 = 4. 003 ) Write Formulae: H 2 e → H 2 e + : I P 1 1 × 2 M 2 + Δ I P 1 2 × 2 M 2 H 2 e + → H 2 e + + : I P 1 1 × 2 × 1 M 2 E26. Insert Data: H 2 e → H 2 e + : 14. 250 × 2 4. 003 + 35. 625 × 2 4. 003 H 2 e + → H 2 e + + : 14. 250 × 1. 4142 4. 003 E27. Evaluate Formulae: H 2 e → H 2 e + : 7. 1197 + 17. 7992 = 24. 9189 H 2 e + → H 2 e + + : 5. 0343 E28. Stripping One-at-a-Time: H 2 e → H 2 e + + : 24. 9189 + 5. 0343 = 29. 9532 E29eV’s. Compare to All-at-Once: 2 × 14. 250 × Z 3 M ( Z p ) = 2 × 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about quantum mechanics and classical physics. It discusses computations and energy requirements in chemical reactions without addressing the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical physics. Thus, it does not support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1Curcumin or SLCP cross the blood brain barrier and binds with amyloid plaques. After intraperitoneal injections of Cur or SLCP (50 mg/kg), the 5xFAD brains were sectioned and images were taken from DG area of hippocampus using a fluorescent microscope with green filters. a and SLCP permeated into the brain tissue, and SLCP appeared to be more permeable than Cur, and those receiving 5 days of treatment appeared to have more Cur in the brain than those receiving only 2 days of injections. b Images of sections from the DG area of the hippocampus in the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice were immunolabeled with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) as observed by using a fluorescent microscope with green and red filters. Cur or SLCP colocalized with 6E10, confirming the green signal coming from Aβ plaques upon binding with Cur or SLCP. Red arrows: Cur or SLCP bound to the Aβ plaque; green arrow: 6E10 bound to Aβ plaque; and white arrow: merged images of Cur or SLCP and 6E10 with Aβ plaque. Scale bars indicate 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur or SLCP treatment decreased Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD mice brainAfter stipulated periods of Cur or SLCP treatment in 5xFAD mice, the brain sections were stained with SLCP (100 µM) (Fig. 2a) and Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 2b), followed by counts of the number of Aβ plaques. We observed that after 5 days of treatment with Cur or SLCP, the number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in the PFC (Cur: 49% and SLCP: 56. 31%) (Fig. 2c) and in DG area of hippocampus (Cur: 36. 30% and SLCP: 50. 50%) (Fig. 2d) in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD group. Further, SLCP-treated mice had fewer Aβ plaques than did Cur-treated mice (Fig. 2c, d). Similarly, our dot blot assays showed that both Cur and SLCP significantly inhibited Aβ42-oligomers (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Curcumin (referred to as Cur) on Aβ plaques in the brain, indicating a significant reduction in plaque load after treatment. This implies potential anti-inflammatory properties, as reducing amyloid plaques is linked to alleviating inflammation in neurodegenerative conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 03 %) (ii) Place the BCA-treated and control disks individually in the wells of a sterile multiwell plate with 6 lanes of 4 wells each in the following sequence Lane 1 – Well 1 – molten MEA medium; wells 2–4-check petal disks Lane 2 – Well 1–4 – check petal disks Lane 3–6 – One isolate or BCA for each lane (iii) Cover the loaded plates with sterile lids; place them in a plastic box lined with wet paper towels (iv) Incubate in a lighted, continuous-mist chamber with a relative humidity of about 90 % and a 12-h photoperiod at 15 ± 2 °C for 24 h (v) Dispense aliquots of pathogen inoculum at the center of all petal disks in all treatments (lanes 2–6) and to the first well in lane 1 with MEA medium; do not inoculate the petal disks in the three wells in lane 1; incubate in the incubation chamber for 6 days (vi) Assess the extent of disease suppression using a 0–4 scale based on the number of petal disks colonized by the pathogen in a given lane allotted for each BCA or isolate (vii) Repeat the test, if the pathogen does not sporulate in the well with MEA (lane 1, well 1) 2. 8: Biopriming of with Clonostachys rosea Alternaria spp. (Jensen et al. 2004) A. Cultivation of antagonists Use nutrient-rich media (a) PDA amended with Triton X-100 (2. 2 g/l) and chloramphenicol (0. 5 g/l) and (b) potato carrot agar amended with chloramphenicol (0. 5 g/l) for isolating the fungal biocontrol agents B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific experimental procedures for assessing the effectiveness of biological control agents (BCAs) under particular conditions, implying that their success is context-dependent. It describes the conditions for the cultivation of antagonists and the assessment of disease suppression, suggesting that effectiveness can vary based on specific parameters such as medium, incubation conditions, and pathogen interaction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: 250 × 2 3 M 2 = 2 × 14. 250 × 2 3 4. 003 = 56. 957 E30eV’s. Lithium: ( Z p = 3 M ( Z p ) = M 3 = 6. 941 ) Write Formulae: L 3 i → L 3 i + : I P 1 1 × 3 M 3 + Δ I P 1 3 × 3 M 3 − Δ I P 1 2 × 2 M 3 E31; L 3 i + → L 3 i ++ : I P 1 1 × 3 × 2 M 3 + Δ I P 1 2 × 2 M 3 L 3 i ++ → L 3 i 3+ : I P 1 1 × 3 × 1 M 3 E32. Insert Data: L 3 i → L 3 i + : 14. 250 × 3 6. 941 + ( − 1. 781 ) × 3 6. 941 − 35. 625 × 2 6. 941 E33; L 3 i + → L 3 i ++ : 14. 250 × 2. 449 6. 941 + 35. 625 × 2 6. 941 L 3 i ++ → L 3 i 3+ : 14. 250 × 1. 7321 6. 941 E34. Evaluate Formulae: L 3 i → L 3 i + : 6. 1591 + − 0. 7698 − 10. 2651 = − 4. 8758 E35; L 3 i + → L 3 i ++ : 5. 0278 + 10. 2651 = 15. 2929 L 3 i ++ → L 3 i 3+ : 3. 5560 E36. Stripping One-at-a-Time: L 3 i → L 3 i 3 + : − 4. 8758 + 15. 2929 + 3. 5560 = 13. 9731 E37eV’s. Compare to All-at-Once: 2 × 14. 250 × 3 3 M ( Z 3 ) = 2 × 14. 250 × 3 3 M 3 = 2 × 14. 250 × 3 3 6. 941 = 110. 8630 E38eV’s. In these two examples, we see that removal of all the electrons, all at once, takes much more energy than removing the electrons one electron at a time. It is plain to see that total stripping all-at-once is a vigorous, even violent, event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of complex calculations and descriptions regarding the behavior of lithium atoms and electron stripping. It does not directly address or refute the claim about quantum mechanics being understood through classical physics. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results were expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. **p < 0. 01 and ***p < 0. 001 in comparison to Aβ42-vehicle treated groupFull size image Neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCPOne of the aims of this study was to investigate whether short-term treatment of Cur or SLCP can protect neuronal morphology. Therefore, the treated brain tissue was stained with cresyl violet and many pyknotic or tangle-like neuron, along with vacuolization within the pyramidal cell layers, were observed in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus in the 5xFAD mice. After 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment (but not at 2 days of treatment), we observed significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of pyknotic, or tangled-like, cells in PFC (Cur: 27%; SLCP: 33%; Fig. 4a, b), in CA1 (Cur: 24%; SLCP: 36%; Fig. 4a, c) and in CA3 area (Cur: 13%; SLCP: 26%; Fig. 4a, d) of the hippocampus. Fig. 4Cur and SLCP treatments partially protect neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mice brain tissue. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were stained with 0. 1% cresyl violet, from which images were taken using Olympus microscope (total magnification: 1000x) in the PFC and the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus. a Pyknotic, tangle-like, neurons along with vacuoles were observed in 5xFAD tissue with Cur- or SLCP-treatment reducing this abnormal morphology in the PFC and hippocampal neurons following 5-, but not 2-days of treatment. b The number of pyknotic cells were less after 5 days of treatment (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in all three areas, when compared to the 5xFAD mice receiving only vehicle or the 5xFAD mice receiving only 2 days treatment. Scale bar indicates 25 µm and is applicable to other images. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Curcumin (Cur) treatments in 5xFAD mice, noting significant decreases in pyknotic or tangled-like cells in various areas of the brain after treatment. The reduction of these abnormal morphologies suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of Curcumin, aligning with the claim about its properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial biocontrol agents are much smaller in size and do not have long lifecycle as the fungi. They multiply rapidly and increase in population by several folds within a few hours. The morphological characteristics of bacterial cells are less variable. Hence, biological, biochemical, physiological, immunological and genomic characteristics are determined for reliable and precise identification and meaningful classification of the bacterial biocontrol agents, capable of suppressing the development of crop diseases caused by microbial pathogens. Metabolic fingerprinting, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) analysis and nucleic acid-based techniques are more frequently applied than the isolation-based methods which are less consistent and time-consuming, for the identification of bacterial BCAs. Many species of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been reported to be efficient biocontrol agent of crop diseases. Spore formers such as Bacillus spp. are considered to be preferable to Pseudomonas spp. , because of their longer survivability, even in adverse environmental conditions. Various techniques have been employed to assess the biocontrol potential of the bacterial BCAs in laboratory assays and under greenhouse and field conditions, where they are expected to interact with microbial pathogens. Some of the actinomycetes like Streptomyces spp. have been shown to be effective biocontrol agents against soilborne pathogens infecting several crops. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 0. J 99:24–38PubMed CAS 87. J Bacteriol 181:3155–3163PubMed CAS 2. 91:957–963CAS 365. 95:7051–7056PubMed CAS 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that the effectiveness of bacterial biocontrol agents can vary based on context. For example, it states that they are assessed under 'laboratory assays and greenhouse and field conditions,' indicating that success can depend on specific environmental interactions with microbial pathogens. This suggests that biological control agents may not always be effective in every context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: Israel consistently ranks high alongside leading European nations by such measures as 30. The new entries span the gamut of hardware and software for defense and civilian applications. “It’s a small ecosystem, but it’s developing quite rapidly, and it’s quite diverse,” he says, adding that “people are trying not to step on each other’s toes. ” Attracting $75 million in private investment to date, three-year-old ranks among the top quantum startups in the world by that measure. Mellanox Technologies, which entered the quantum communications business two years ago, was acquired by Nvidia in 2020. Most of the tech giants, including Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Intel, and others, have R&D centers in Israel that serve as spawning grounds for new quantum companies. Adopting the nickname “Start-Up Nation” from the eponymous best-selling 2009 book, Israel has an existing high-tech innovation ecosystem that includes a government eager to back inventors. That support in turn attracts investment from the nation’s substantial venture capital community. “When they see the government is pushing hard, it’s easier for them to take the risk,” says David. “At some point we are sharing risk with the private sector. ” When it comes to high tech, “basically anyone who comes with an idea and is able to prove the concept probably will get some kind of government grant to kick it off,” says Shlomi Cohen, CEO of QuantLR, a quantum encryption startup. “At any moment in Israel, there are more than 6500 startups. I think we are second only to the US. ” (Today, October 2021, page 42. ) army, air force, and intelligence community are the “backbone of the [quantum] industry,” Cohen says. The military is both a consumer of quantum technology and a source of technical talent for startups. The government-owned defense contractor has technology-sharing agreements with academic institutions, including BGU and the of Science. Israel’s defense industry began taking an interest in quantum sensing about a decade ago, says Nir Davidson, a Weizmann physicist. The national initiative has allocated $40 million to a quantum-sensing consortium composed of five companies and eight academic groups, including Folman’s and Davidson’s labs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; instead, it provides information about the development of the quantum technology ecosystem in Israel, including investment and support for startups. There is no mention or evidence provided that confirms or denies the existence of quantum solutions for every problem.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Arrows indicate pyknotic or tangle-like neuronsFull size image Changes in microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceTo investigate the changes of microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP, the 5xFAD brain sections were immunolabeled with Iba-1 antibody. There was profound branching and intense expression of Iba-1 protein in 5xFAD tissue, whereas treatment with Cur or SLCP appeared to decrease the number of branches and the amount of Iba-1 levels in PFC and in different subfields of hippocampus, as well as in the striatum after both 2- and 5-days of treatment with Cur or SLCP (Fig. 5). We also observed that the levels of Iba-1 and the extent of microglial branching tended to be less only in the 5-days treatment group in comparison to the 2-day group. Fig. 5Morphological changes of single microglial cells in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The Iba-1-IR appeared to be more intense and the branching of microglia were more diffuse in the brain tissue of the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice compared to those mice treated with Cur or SLCP for either 2- or 5-days. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Microglial aggregation morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceWhen we looked at the morphology of microglial aggregation, or clumping, we observed that there was a noticeable aggregation of microglia in the vehicle-treated 5xFAD group, which was less noticeable in the brain tissue of mice treated with Cur or SLCP, with the latter groups also showing a reduction in Iba-1 labeling (Fig. 6). Further, we found a trend towards less aggregation of microglia and Iba-1-IR in 5xFAD mice given 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment, relative to those receiving 2 days of treatment and with those given SLCP showing less microglial aggregation in comparison to those given Cur (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that treatment with Cur (curcumin) leads to a reduction in the expression of Iba-1 protein and microglial branching in 5xFAD mice, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, the results show less microglial aggregation and a decrease in inflammatory markers after treatment with Cur, thus supporting the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Perform double diffusion test to confirm the presence of Pf-and Foc-specific antibodies. v. Conjugate the antibodies (0. 353 mg/ml) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and determine the concentrations spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. B. Detection of Pf and Foc by FITC-conjugated antibodies i. Inoculate 2-month old hardened tissue cultured banana plants with Pf (50 g) alone in charcoal base (1. 024 × 108 CFU/ml) or Foc (50 g) grown on sorghum seeds (9. 2 × 104 CFU/ml) or coinoculate with 50 g each of Pf and Foc and maintain controls without inoculation with either Pf or Foc. ii. Collect root samples from different treatments; and wash them thoroughly with distilled water. iii. Take thin sections with sharp razor blade; place them on clean glass slides; place drops of conjugated antibodies and air-dry for 20 min to fix them firmly. iv. Dip the slides into phosphate buffered saline (pH7. 2) + bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 % w/v) to block non-specific protein binding sites; remove the slides and drain the excess solution. v. Treat with 10–20 μl of FITC-conjugated Pf-and Foc-antibodies separately in a humification chamber under dark condition for 1 h and wash off the excess antibody with PBS + 0. 1 % BSA solution. vi. Examine the slides under a fluorescence microscope at 20 sections for each treatment and record the observation and repeat the experiment three times. 4. 3: of Pyrrolnitrin-by Real-Time PCR Assay (Garbeva et al. 2004) A. Extraction of DNA from bacterial species i. Extract bacterial cells from soil samples (10 g) using suspension in 95 ml 0. 1 % tetra sodiumpyrophosphate (NaPP: Na2P2O7. 12H2O) containing 10 g gravel (2–4 mm diameter) by shaking for 25 min at 250 rpm; ii. Serially dilute by 10-folds in 0. 8 % NaCl and streak 100 μl of 10−2 and 10−3 dilutions on appropriate medium. iii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the efficacy of biological control agents in varying contexts. Instead, it provides a detailed procedural description for laboratory techniques related to detecting specific antibodies and culturing plant tissues. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim; it is largely irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: Whereas today’s commercial atomic clocks are accurate to within one second in 2000 years, the new type will lose just one second in 1 million years, Waxman says. That level of accuracy is important for myriad applications including radar, financial transactions, phase synchronization in electricity transmission, and inertial navigation. For example, a nanosecond can produce errors of several meters in distance as measured with radar, and it is critical to determine the exact sequence of trades in financial instruments, which often occur microseconds apart, he explains. The lab is now developing a miniaturized ytterbium optical-frequency atomic clock that will be five orders of magnitude more accurate than today’s clocks. View largeDownload slideAn atom chip built at the Ben-of the Negev nanofabrication facility. The chip is part of a sensor known as a Stern–Gerlach atom interferometer. View largeDownload slideAn atom chip built at the Ben-of the Negev nanofabrication facility. The chip is part of a sensor known as a Stern–Gerlach atom interferometer. Close modal Folman’s lab is working on atom chips—cold-atom devices that include miniature p22. ) By teaching Israelis how to team up to accomplish tasks, mandatory service in the Forces also contributes to the nation’s tech success, says Folman. “They learn to complement and trust each other. ” But that’s not enough, he adds. “At the end of the day, you need innovation and ingenuity. People in Israel are very passionate about innovation. ” An ecosystem Serendipity played a role in both Raicol Crystals’ and Tabor Electronics’ entry into quantum fields. The two Israeli companies had long-established business lines when quantum technologies began to take off about five years ago. Founded in 1995, Raicol, which manufactures crystals for the laser and optics industries, discovered that physicists were using its nonlinear periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate crystals in their research to produce entangled photons, through a process called spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Raicol responded to that nascent market by tailoring its crystals for quantum computing, communications, and sensing applications, says Ori Levin, vice president of product management and strategy. View largeDownload slideA quantum gravimeter setup at the of Science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct support or contradiction to the claim that every problem has a quantum solution available today. Instead, it discusses advancements in atomic clocks and the role of some Israeli companies in the quantum technology field, such as their work with nonlinear crystals for quantum applications. However, it does not explicitly state that quantum solutions are available for every problem, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6). Fig. 6Morphological changes of aggregated microglia in 5xFAD mice brains after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The tissue from the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice showed significant clumping, or aggregation of activated microglia, whereas, those of 5xFAD mice that were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days had fewer aggregations of microglia and less intense labeling of Iba-1. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Morphological changes of astrocytes after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceSimilar to the microglial changes, we have also investigated the morphological changes of activated astrocytes by immunolabeling with GFAP antibodies after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice. The brains of the 5xFAD mice showed activation of astrocytes, as evidenced by extensive branching, along with increased level of GFAP-IR, whereas brains of the 5xFAD treated with Cur or SLCP appeared to have decreased activation, with a trend toward less GFAP-IR and astrocyte branching in the PFC and in different subfields of the hippocampus (Fig. 7). We did not find any significant differences in morphology of activated astrocytes between the 5xFAD mice given Cur or SLCP, whether the treatments were given for 2- or 5-days. Fig. 7Morphological changes of activated astrocytes from brain tissue of 5xFAD mice after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were immunolabeled with GFAP antibody. The GFAP immunofluorescence appeared to be more intense and the branching of astrocytes was more extensive in vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, compared with those given Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the effects of Curcumin (Cur) on the morphological changes of microglia and astrocytes in the brains of 5xFAD mice. It shows that treatment with Cur resulted in fewer aggregations of activated microglia and decreased activation of astrocytes compared to vehicle-treated mice. These changes imply a reduction in inflammation, supporting the assertion that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Place two mycelial plugs of the fungal pathogen (Phytophthora capsici) 5 cm apart on V8 agar in petriplates (10 cm). ii. Streak the test bacterial isolates between the plugs containing the fungus at 2. 5 cm from each plug; control plates do not have the challenging bacterial species. iii. Maintain four replicates for each treatment. iv. Incubate the plates at room temperature. v. Measure the radial growth of the fungus at 1, 2 and 3 days after incubation. vi. Repeat the experiment twice and calculate the mycelial growth inhibition at different periods of incubation. 4. 6: Assessment of of and Tomato (Benítez and Gardener 2009)4. 6. 1 Bioassay i. Surface-sterilize the seeds and germinate them on water agar (WA, 7. 5 g agar/l) at room temperature in the dark and after 4 days, transfer the emerging seedlings (3 seedlings/plate) to petriplates containing WA. ii. Place pathogen plug (5 mm) at the center of each plate. iii. Prepare the bacterial cell suspension from 24-h old cultures in 1/10× TS broth; centrifuge; wash twice with sterile water; treat the seedlings with bacterial cell suspension (107 cells) with 100 μl aliquot for each seedling and maintain triplicates for each treatment including controls with and without bacterial isolates. iv. Express the disease severity as the percentage of the seedling root length marked by a lesion. 4. 7: Assessment of Effects of of Tomato with Lysobacter capsici PG4 on Incidence of (Puopolo et al. 2010) i. Grow the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) on PDA for 7 days in petriplates; flood the plates with 10 ml of sterile distilled water (SDW); shake well in a shaker for 30 min at 100 rpm; scrap of the fungal growth and filter through sterile glass wood to separate the conidia. ii. Adjust the conidial concentration to 4 × 103 conidia/ml; mix aliquots (5 ml) of the suspension with sandy soil (20 g) and transfer to pots. iii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific experimental procedure that assesses the effectiveness of bio-control agents under particular conditions and contexts. The text describes multiple variables including incubation, measurement of fungal growth, and treatment controls, which imply that effectiveness can vary based on these conditions. This evidence suggests that biological control agents are not universally effective, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: The device was built in collaboration between the Defense Systems, the Israeli defense contractor. View largeDownload slideA quantum gravimeter setup at the of Science. The device was built in collaboration between the Defense Systems, the Israeli defense contractor. Close modal A decade ago, 50-year-old learned that some of its physicist customers were using its standard signal generator products in their quantum research. Earlier this year, the company introduced a dedicated arbitrary waveform transceiver designed specifically for quantum computing, communication, and sensing, says Mark Elo, the company’s vice president and general manager of the Americas. provided funding to support development of the new instrument. The two-year-old startup QuantLR expects to start delivering systems for quantum photon data encryption in about a year, says Cohen. “We are using superposition of photons to send the key encryption,” he says. “No one can penetrate a photon. That’s the basic idea of our approach. ” QuantLR’s hardware and software will secure data transmitted through fiber-optic cable over distances up to 100 km, beyond which cooling systems would be required. Most fiber-optic communications between data centers, financial institutions, utilities, infrastructure, and 5G base stations occur within that range, he says. Intrusions will create noise that can be detected, he says, and data flows won’t be slowed because the quantum key will travel over two dedicated channels in the fiber cable, rather than being attached to the data itself. The company is “in intensive discussions” with data center operators including Amazon, Microsoft, and Telefónica and with 5G companies including Cisco, Nokia, Ericsson, and Huawei. Looking ahead David believes there is more to be done. Israel’s number of principal investigators “at the core of quantum,” about 125, is low even for a small country, he says. By comparison, about 300 principal investigators worked at the basic science level in Israel’s 10-year national nanotechnology initiative, which ended in 2016. “One of the biggest challenges we have is to enhance the community—academia as well as industry—while maintaining the high degree of scientific and technological excellence,” he says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the availability of quantum solutions for every problem. It discusses a quantum gravimeter, a company working on quantum photon data encryption, and mentions challenges in enhancing the quantum community in Israel, which only indirectly relates to the claim. Thus, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in PFC of 5xFAD miceWhen we counted the number of Iba-1-IR cells in PFC, we observed that Cur or SLCP treatments significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) the number of Iba-1-IR cells in comparison to those of the untreated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, 5 days of either SLCP or Cur treatment showed greater reduction (p < 0. 05) of Iba-1-IR in comparison to 2 days of treatment. Furthermore, SLCP showed greater reduction of Iba-1-IR in comparison to those given Cur for either 2- or 5-days (Fig. 8a, b). Similar findings were observed for counts of GFAP-IR cells in the PFC (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 8Cur or SLCP treatment reduces neuroinflammation in the PFC of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with either Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR- (a, b) and GFAP-IR- (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the PFC in all Cur- and SLCP-treated mice in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment, for both the GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA1 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceOne of our interests was to investigate the neuroinflammation profile in hippocampal subfields of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment with Cur or SLCP. We observed that both Cur and or SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how Cur (curcumin) treatment significantly decreased the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells associated with neuroinflammation in the PFC of 5xFAD mice. This reduction in cell counts indicates an anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin, supporting the claim regarding its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Dip the tomato seeds coated with mixture of the bacteria strain (1 × 109 cells/ml) and methyl cellulose (1 %), and dry the seeds overnight in a laminar flow cabinet. iv. Place one seed coated with BCA in each pot at 1 cm depth at 2 days after inoculation of FORL and place the pots in the greenhouse at 21 °C, relative humidity 70 %. v. Remove the plants carefully after 3 weeks; wash the roots; observe the presence of browning and lesions and calculate the percentages of symptomatic plants in each treatment. vi. Maintain suitable control treatment and analyze the data statistically. 4. 8: Effect of Root treatment with Pantoea agglomerans E278Ar on Development of Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae (Han et al. 2000) i. Grow the bacterial BCA in L-broth for 20 h at 30 °C with rifampicin (50 μg/ml) on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm; centrifuge at 3,840 ×g for 10 min and discard the supernatant. ii. Resupend the BCA cells in autoclaved 0. 25 ×g modified Hoagland’s solution and 200 μl of 1 × 109 CFU/ml suspension; pipette the suspension directly onto the roots of 3-day old radish seedlings at least 5 cm below the crown to reduce the movement of the BCA to the foliage. iii. Use 5–10 pouches for each treatment at 5 seedlings/pouch; treat the control plants with Hoagland solution alone and arrange the pouches in a completely randomized design. iv. Grow the bacterial pathogen in sucrose-peptone broth containing 20 g sucrose/l and 5 g Bacto peptone/l amended with streptomycin (50 μg/ml); centrifuge at 3,840 ×g for 10 min; spray a suspension of 20 × 108 CFU/ml prepared in sterile tap water with 0. 02 % Silwet L-77 (Lehle seeds, Texas, USA) as a wetting agent to run- off level onto radish seedlings and spray the control plants with the wetting agent alone. v. Determine the disease severity using a 1–6 rating scale. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed experimental setup involving the use of biological control agents (BCAs), specifically the bacteria strain Pantoea agglomerans, under specific conditions such as temperature, humidity, and treatment methodology. The text outlines steps for observing and calculating the effectiveness of the BCA on plants infected with pathogens, indicating a varying effect rather than an always effective approach. This suggests that the effectiveness of BCAs depends heavily on the contextual factors present in the experimental setup.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: The intrinsic safety and relative simplicity of the coming generation of breed-and-burn fission reactors makes them significantly less expensive than those of the present generation. Myth #2: Nuclear is unsafe There are two safety issues in the context of nuclear power: meltdown and terrorism. Both are essentially eliminated by next-generation fission technologies. Concerns raised by incidents at Island and Chernobyl were seriously aggravated by recent events at Fukushima. Such dangers are not intrinsic to fission, but stem from military priorities favoring fuel rods comprised of metal-clad ceramics. Ceramics conduct heat poorly, and active cooling (powered externally) is required to prevent overheating, melting and rupture of the cladding. Molten-salt reactors are qualitatively different. First, the exploiting the molten state leads to an inherently safe reactor design, since no additional melting is possible. More specifically, the far superior thermal conductivity of molten salt eliminates the need for active cooling. At any time and without any external power, the reactor can be drained, by gravity, into a subterranean vessel in which passive cooling suffices. Such reactors are termed “walk-away” safe. A molten-salt reactor ran successfully and without incident at for four years. High-level wastes produced by fission are unavoidable, but they are only a tiny fraction of what we call nuclear waste. The complete burning of nuclear fuel in molten-salt reactors provides all the benefits of reprocessing, which has permitted France, for example, to produce about 80% of its electricity from fission for decades, without theft of fissile material by terrorists, although Greenpeace did block a plutonium shipment. Because next-generation reactors integrate breeding and burning into a single process, fissile material does not exist outside the reactor, where it is both hot and diluted, thereby reducing the risk of theft significantly below even that of reprocessing. Myth #3: Nuclear waste remains an unsolved problem As the term “breed-and-burn” suggests, next-generation fission technologies are related to and provide the benefits of reprocessing. An independent benefit of molten-salt technologies is that the fissile material can remain in the reactor until it is completely consumed, thereby producing dramatically less waste. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses nuclear fission technologies and their safety, costs, and waste management. It does not mention quantum solutions or address the claim about problems having quantum solutions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in CA1 region, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 9a–c). We also found a significant difference (p < 0. 05) between the 2- and 5-day treatment groups in Iba-1-IR labeling and between the Cur and SLCP groups (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 9b), but these differences were not observed for GFAP labeling (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 9Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA1 subfield of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA1 area, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, with further reductions were observed after 5 days of treatment, compared with that of at 2 days (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceSimilar to CA1 region, there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 subfield of hippocampus after treatment with either Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a–c). The Iba-1-IR was less in the 5-day SLCP group, relative to the 2-day SLCP group (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 10b). No differences of GFAP-IR were observed between 2- and 5-day treatment groups were observed, irrespective of whether the 5xFAD mice received Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a, c). Fig. 10Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA3 region of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Curcumin (abbreviated as 'Cur') treatment on neuroinflammation in 5xFAD mice. It highlights that treatments with Cur lead to a significant reduction in Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells, which are markers of neuroinflammation, in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. This supports the claim that Curcumin, derived from turmeric, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 9: Assessment of of of Agrobacterium spp. Agrobacterium spp. Conditions (Kawaguchi et al. 2008) i. Prepare cell suspensions of nonpathogenic strains (VAR03-1 and K84) from 48 h old slant cultures grown on potato semisynthetic agar (PSA) and adjust the concentration to OD600 = 1. 0 (109 cells/ml). ii. Prepare cell suspensions of tumorigenic strains and adjust the concentrations to OD600 = 1. 0 (108 cells/ml). iii. Infest the soil with pathogenic strains by pouring cell suspensions to the soil (500 ml/kg). iv. Pull out young healthy plants carefully; rinse the roots in water to clean all soil p4. 10: Suppression of Grapevine Pierce’s Disease (PD) by of the fastidiosa (Xf) (Hopkins 2005) i. Grow the virulent and weakly virulent strains of Xf on PD3 medium for 4–6 days (log phrase); scrap off the bacteria from the medium; prepare a suspension in succinate-citrate-phosphate (SCP) buffer containing disodium succinate (1. 0 g/l), trisodium citrate (1. 0 g/l), K2HPO4 (1. 5 g/l), KH2PO4(1. 0 g/l), pH 7. 0 and adjust the concentration of strains to 107–108 CFU/ml (OD600 = 0. 25). ii. Prepare four rooted green cuttings of grapevine cv. Carignane with a minimum of six nodes for each treatment. iii. Place drops (0. 02 ml) of the suspension of weakly virulent strains on opposite sides of both second and third internodes from the stem base; pierce three to five times through each of the four drops with a dissecting needle. iv. After 2 weeks, inoculate drops (0. 02 ml) of the virulent strain into the opposite sides of both fourth and fifth internodes from the stem base and place the plants in the greenhouse for 6 months at 18–23 °C (night) and 28–33 °C (day). v. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific procedures for assessing the effectiveness of biological control agents, such as Agrobacterium spp. and strains of Xf. The text implies that various factors, including the specific strains used and the environmental conditions in which they are applied, can affect the outcome, suggesting that biological control agents may not always be effective and that effectiveness can depend on context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: Either way, the value of potable water is rising rapidly, and will benefit directly from cheap clean power. Myth #5: Nuclear installations are large, expensive and problematic to site The greater efficiency of molten-salt reactors makes them smaller for a given capacity. More importantly, they operate at atmospheric pressure, which eliminates both the threat of explosion and the need for a large containment structure, the visual signature of today’s fission plants. In combination with the pervasive relative simplicity of molten-fuel reactors, elimination of the containment structure renders molten-salt facilities relatively small and inexpensive. Such reactors also lend themselves to factory manufacture, further reducing their cost. The original molten-fuel reactor was intended to power airplanes. In the present context, the efficiency, reduced size, and guaranteed safety of next-generation fission plants combine to reduce the NIMBY (not in my backyard) resistance to their siting. Myth #6: Nuclear requires lengthy development (new game changer needed) Writing in the February 2013 issue of Physics Today, called for the invention of a game-changing fission technology. Correspondingly, Gates calls for hundreds of startups pursuing different variations on the common theme. Gates is involved with one such company, TerraPower, which will commercialize an innovative solid-fuel breed-and-burn technology. The call for startups and game changers reveals the great irony of this context: that arguably the most promising of the breed-and-burn technologies is not at all new. As mentioned above, the molten-salt thorium reactor was developed at in the 1960s, where it ran successfully for four years. A measure of the significance of the effort is the conviction and enthusiasm of the lab director, Alvin Weinberg. His zeal for the intrinsic safety and other virtues of the molten-salt reactor, now called LFTR (lithium-fluoride thorium reactor), was not politically welcome, and led to his firing by in 1973. Weinberg devoted the rest of his life to the promotion of LFTR; the continues his mission. A contemporary proponent of leads the startup Flibe, which is focused on LFTR commercialization. The MIT-based startup recently won an ARPA-E competition as part of its efforts to commercialize a LFTR-related technology that will burn “spent” fuel or uranium, at least initially. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the advancements and efficiencies of molten-salt reactors and nuclear technology but does not address or provide any insight into the claim regarding quantum solutions for every problem. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA3 region of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days, of treatment in the amount of labeling for both GFAP and Iba-1 (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in dentate gyrus of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceThe number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells were significantly less (p < 0. 01) in DG area in Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice, as was the case with the CA1 and CA3 regions (Fig. 11a–c). There were significant decreases in Iba-1-IR between the 2- and 5-day groups given treatment of either of Cur (p < 0. 01) or SLCP (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 11b). In addition, the SLCP treatment reduced Iba-1-IR at both 2-and and 5-day treatment periods, relative to what was observed with Cur (Fig. 11b). Similarly, there were significant decreases (p < 0. 05) in GFAP-IR after 5 days, relative to 2 days, following either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Differences in GFAP-IR measures were also observed between Cur and SLCP treatments (p < 0. 05) at 2 days, but not at 5 days of treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Fig. 11Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in DG area of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that Curcumin (referred to as 'Cur') treatment led to significant reductions in Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR labeled cells, indicators of neuroinflammation, in various regions of the brain of 5xFAD mice. The significant decrease in these inflammatory markers, demonstrated by p-values of less than 0.05 and 0.01, supports the assertion that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: ”A one finger-tap difference might be statistically significant, but you have to ask yourself whether it is clinically significant. ”the researchers cited the 2004 Faroe study in their paper, Dr. Hibbeln stressed that their research was not designed to evaluate mercury exposure, but to look at maternal seafood consumption and neurocognitive development in infants and young children. “We simply wanted to test the efficacy of the 2004 FDA guidelines,” he told Neurology Today. “These results show that risks from the loss of nutrients were greater than the risks of harm from exposure to trace contaminants in 340 grams of seafood eaten weekly, especially with regard to verbal development in the older children. ” Dr. Philippe Grandjean: “Because the data are limited to seafood consumption and did not include assessment of actual mercury exposure levels, the correlations may be misleading. ” Philippe Grandjean, MD, adjunct professor of environmental health at School of in Boston, was one of the authors of the 2004 study. In a commentary published in the March 2007 issue of the journal Perspectives, Dr. Grandjean and colleagues argue that unadjusted observational studies evaluating the risks and benefits of dietary seafood during pregnancy and cognitive development in children tend to underestimate the opposite effects of mercury and nutrients. Mercury-associated [cognitive] deficits increased by up to two-fold, after adjustment, when compared with risk estimates based on observational analysis alone, they wrote in critiquing such studies. Dr. Grandjean told in a telephone interview that the latest study findings should be viewed with caution. “Because the data are limited to seafood consumption and did not include assessment of actual mercury exposure levels, the correlations may be misleading,” he said. The true benefits of seafood diets are likely to be even greater than those reported, he said. “In blood and hair samples, we found that both prenatal and postnatal mercury exposure affects brain function and that they seem to affect different targets in the brain. The adverse effects became greater when we took into account the benefits from fish diets. Even though the children performed within normal ranges, none of us would like to give up IQ points on behalf of our children, so that they will not enjoy the full benefit from seafood nutrients. ”He said that a more accurate analysis would have examined both seafood consumption and mercury exposure in order to “dissociate” the effects of the two. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the risks associated with seafood consumption due to mercury exposure, which could outweigh the perceived benefits. Dr. Grandjean notes that 'the correlations may be misleading' because they did not include actual mercury exposure levels, suggesting that the risks from contaminants like mercury could undermine the benefits of seafood. Moreover, it indicates that unadjusted observational studies may underestimate the true risks, implying that the benefits may not decisively outweigh potential harms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with humans in the past. [SEP] Text: Conceptual ideas about dragons In some interviews, the overlapping of these play themes, which simultaneously reference the past (knights, Vikings) and feed the fictional/fantastical imagination, led interviewers into fascinating conversations with children as they disclosed their views about their toys. An 11-year-old girl (Case 4w) who had previously mixed fictional or fantastical notions (fairies) and the factual past did so again in reference to dragons: Girl: Hmm, I’ve also got a [game] with castles, it’s my favourite game actually, Labyrinth. It works like this … Interviewer: Mhm, can you get that down [from the cabinet] again, please? Girl: Mhm. It’s about … you can see it [on the box] anyway, about dragons and princesses and goblins and ghosts and so on and so forth, and witches and wizards. Interviewer: Like the way things used to be? Girl: Yes, exactly … [Explains the game] Interviewer: … Is it [the game] about the past? Is that a time that used to be, once was? Like with an old book and treasure and a dragon and so on? Girl: Well, yes, I suppose, because all that doesn’t actually exist any more. Interviewer: OK, and if you play a game like that now, are you interested in the way things used to be, and do you also look at things like that on the internet or in other things, for example about dragons? Girl: Umm, no, so on the internet I don’t look at it, umm, so I look, I’m just interested in playing it and so on, and yes, I suppose it’s also because that’s something you don’t see any more today, now, nowadays, except in an old museum where there are exhibits about past times and so on and so on. don’t really look things like that up on the internet. Interviewer: Do you think, for example, that a dragon really looked like it’s been drawn here? Or how do you imagine it? Girl: Hmm … well, I don’t think it looked the way it’s drawn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses children’s conceptual ideas about dragons, their games, and their perception of the past. It does not mention dinosaurs or the coexistence of dinosaurs and humans, thus it does not provide any support for or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the DG area of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment in the amount for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in subicular complex of 5xFAD miceThe subicular complex lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper and is very important for neurotransmission from the hippocampus to the cortex. We found a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in Iba-1-IR cells in subicular complex in the 5 versus the 2-day, groups treated with Cur (Fig. 12a, b). In addition, SLCP treatment decreased Iba-1-IR in both the 2- and 5-day treatment groups, in comparison to Cur (Fig. 12a, b). Similar findings were also observed in the case of GFAP-IR in these regions (Fig. 12a, c). Fig. 12Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in subicular complex of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in subicular complex of hippocampus of Cur- or SLCP-treated, versus vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days of treatment in comparison to 2 days, of treatment for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling in both the Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice (b, c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that treatments with Cur (likely referring to curcumin) resulted in significant reductions of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells, which are indicators of neuroinflammation, in the subicular complex of the hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. This demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effects associated with Cur, supporting the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: According to long-term findings, withdrawal from Ruxolitinib cream can cause recurrence in the same location, but starting them back on Ruxolitinib will help the patients to regain pigmentation. In the drug’s pivotal phase 3, patients who had facial clearance per scores of ≥75% (F-VASI75) maintained the response after one year of post-treatment. Moreover, after 2 years of use, no major treatment-emergent adverse events were linked to Ruxolitinib cream which depicts good tolerability [12]. As a 60-gram tube of Opzelura at the current wholesale acquisition cost price is $1950 and the actual cost could vary according to the extent of cream needed so the cost can be a limiting issue. (8,4) In low-middle-income countries, due to financial limitations, a costly treatment like Opzelura is an improbable choice, leaving very few practical alternatives. However, the government might evaluate its policies to subsidize the drug’s price and make it more affordable and accessible to the general public to lessen the disparity in the drug’s accessibility. Moreover, the doctor has a responsibility to inform patients of any concerns related to drugs. This should be done while taking into account the socioeconomic status of the patient, ensuring that the treatment plan is practical from an economic standpoint and they are well aware of all the hazards of this drug. Moreover, this psychocutaneous disease affects the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of patients, this drug is undeniably an advancement as it will also help in increasing the mental, physical, and psychological status of affected individuals but it should not be ignored that this is an illustration of a class of medications whose serious dangers may outweigh their benefits in patients when not used as directed, and prescribed to individuals at higher risk for side effects, so ongoing monitoring is necessary. Therefore, risks and advantages must be properly considered. Clinical trials should also be conducted for the safety guidelines of Opzelura for individuals younger than 12 years. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Sources of funding No funding source was required. This study did not involve any Ethical Approval. study did not involve patients, therefore, no consent was required. Author contribution Amna Iqbal: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while Ruxolitinib cream could provide benefits, it also warns that there are serious dangers associated with its use, especially if not prescribed appropriately. It states that the serious dangers may outweigh the benefits in patients at higher risk for side effects, suggesting the need for careful evaluation of risks versus advantages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with humans in the past. [SEP] Text: I think maybe it was green [as in the picture on the box], but I can’t really say exactly, I just guess as a feeling that I don’t think it looks like here. When a 9-year-old girl (Case 1w) whose room contained a plastic dragon was asked to assign it to a particular play world, she placed it with the knights. She then confirmed that knights had really existed, but was unsure whether there had been knights with dragons (‘I don’t know’). It is likely that structures of thought and uncertainties of this type stem from the contexts supplied with the toys or other objects. The co-presence of knights, which children encounter on various cultural and historical levels as (real) people belonging to the past, seems to classify the dragons accompanying them likewise as beings from the past. Like literary narratives, the production of toys in the same material, using the same spectrum of colours, with the same sets of possible sizes and so on, appears to give rise to a ‘narrative plausibility’ (Rüsen, 2013), which tends to be closed and coherent in itself. It would doubtless be of value to attempt to identify additional factors which blur the lines between the past and fictional fantasy, leading to the creation of a representation that can pass itself off as history (‘historical past’). As an example, applying a theoretical concept set out by Kicks and Martin (1997) to a Playmobil knights’ castle with dragons, factors that support an apparently unbroken cohesion or contiguity between past realities and fiction may be as follows: (1) a historical theme (knights, castle); (2) the emergence of an emotional and psychological bond with the object via the user’s interaction/play/identification with it; (3) play which is free of anachronisms of fact, interpretation, emotion or psychology; (4) the establishment of a coherent storyline that does not concern itself with issues of historical tradition or fidelity to historical sources; (5) the figures involved in the play can all be controlled and are subject to the individual or shared logic of the player or players; and (6) the topic of play relates to an unknown society (alterity). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses children's play and the interplay of historical and fictional narratives involving knights and dragons. It does not address or provide any evidence regarding the coexistence of dinosaurs and humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in entorhinal cortex of 5xFAD miceThe entorhinal cortex is the major input and output structure of the hippocampal formation and is involved in the maintenance of cortico-hippocampal circuits. The number of Iba-1-IR microglia were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in both the 2- and 5-day Cur or SLCP treatment groups (Fig. 13a, b). Significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of Iba-1-IR cells were observed in the 5-day group in comparison to 2-day group, with the SLCP-treated mice having fewer Iba-1-IR cells than those receiving Cur (Fig. 13a, b). In contrast, 2 days Cur treatment did not reduce the number of GFAP-IR astrocytes, whereas both Cur and SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) GFAP-IR after 5 days of treatment. We also found there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the GFAP-IR between the Cur and SLCP groups after 5 days of treatment (Fig. 13a, c). Fig. 13Cur and SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in entorhinal cortex in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the entorhinal cortex in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Significant reduction in both GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR was observed after 5 days, in comparison to those receiving 2 days, of treatment (b, c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that Curcumin (Cur) treatment significantly reduces neuroinflammation, as indicated by decreased Iba-1-IR microglia and GFAP-IR astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex of 5xFAD mice. The significant reduction in these markers of inflammation supports the notion that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: ” Dr. Thompson cited a 2002 report by Gaist and colleagues (Neurology 2002;58:1333–1337) showing that long-term use of statins substantially increases the risk of sensorimotor polyneuropathy. In that study, the authors used a population-based patient registry to identify first-time-ever cases of idiopathic polyneuropathy in one county in Denmark between 1994 to 1998. (During that time period, the number of statin users in the entire country of Denmark increased from 11,547 to 50,318. )For each case, 25 control subjects were randomly selected among subjects from the background population matched for age, sex, and calendar time. The authors then assessed exposure to drugs and estimated the odds ratio of use of statins (ever and current use) among cases of idiopathic polyneuropathy compared with control subjects. They verified a diagnosis of idiopathic polyneuropathy in 166 cases classified as definite (35), probable (54), or possible (77). The odds ratio linking idiopathic polyneuropathy with statin use was 3. 7 for all cases and 14. 2 for definite cases. The corresponding odds ratios in current users were 4. 6 for all cases and 16. 1 for definite cases. For patients treated with statins for two or more years the odds ratio of definite idiopathic polyneuropathy was 26. 4. . Thompson said that it is not known how statins cause muscle or nerve problems. One theory holds that blocking cholesterol synthesis reduces the cholesterol content of muscle cell membranes, making them unstable. Other theories suggest that unknown small proteins that help maintain the stability of muscle cell membrane may be blocked by statins. Still another theory suggests that reduced production of a compound involved in mitochondrial transport – ubiquinone or coenzyme Q10 – is the culprit, Dr. Thompson said. With regard to drug interactions, he added that a second statin should never be combined with a first, but other lipid lowering drugs – most frequently gemfibrozil, and less frequently fenofibrate – can increase risk of muscle problems. All of the mycins, as well as cyclosporine and certain antifungals, have also been implicated, he said. -from these low level risks, experts say that statins may be a lifesaver for high risk patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the risks associated with the use of statins, notably their substantial link to sensorimotor polyneuropathy. It provides details about a study indicating that long-term use of statins significantly increases the odds of developing this condition, with high odds ratios noted for both general and specific user groups. The emphasis on the risks suggests that the benefits of statins are not definitively shown to outweigh these potential risks, countering the claim regarding biocontrol benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with humans in the past. [SEP] Text: It is evident here that dragons are mainly associated with medieval knights and Vikings. Dinosaurs likewise appear with human figures, largely forming part of play themes in the style of the Jurassic series of films (especially after 2007), or in polar excavation activities (between 2004 and 2006). In rare instances, a dinosaur appears as a toy figure belonging to a Playmobil child. There is a notable connection with wider popular historical culture in evidence; in view of the release dates of the Jurassic films (1993, 1997, 2001, 2015, 2018 and 2021) and the Dreamseries (films in 2010, 2014 and 2019; television series 2012–18), we can see connections that point to a rise in the production of dragons/dinosaurs, or a maintenance or increase of the share of dinosaurs or dragons appearing in the catalogues. The figures for 2018 match perfectly with the indication of a boom in dragons that our ethnographic research in children’s bedrooms has identified. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the cultural representations of dragons and dinosaurs in media and toys, noting their prevalence in children's play and popular culture, particularly linked to movies and themed series. However, it does not provide evidence or arguments regarding the coexistence of dinosaurs and humans, thus rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in striatum of 5xFAD miceThe striatum is a subcortical part of the forebrain and is a critical component of the reward system, as well as playing a role in learning and memory. Similar to the other brain structures, the striatum had fewer (p < 0. 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells than in control mice after 2- and 5-day of either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 14a–c), with the SLCP treatments providing greater reductions than Cur on both of these parameters (Fig. 14a–c). Fig. 14Cur or SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in the striatum of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the striatum in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Significant reductions were observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days of treatment, on measures of both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image DiscussionBecause of its unique physicochemical, anti-amyloid, and anti-inflammatory properties, Cur is being considered as a potential treatment for AD [13, 15, 45, 46]. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) compare the permeability of Cur and SLCP into the brain; (2) compare anti-inflammatory activities of Cur with those of SLCP after acute treatment in 5xFAD mice; (3) assess microglial and astrocytic activation in different brain regions, especially those areas associated with AD, after treatment with Cur and or SLCP; and (4) determine which short-term treatment protocol (2 or 5 days) with Cur or SLCP would most effectively decrease Aβ plaque loads and reduce aberrant neuronal morphology in different brain parts of 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Curcumin (Cur) possesses 'anti-inflammatory properties' and is being explored as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. It discusses the effectiveness of Cur in reducing neuroinflammation as evidenced by significant reductions in Iba-1 and GFAP labeled cells. The mention of these reductions supports the claim that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Based on the above example, we hypothesize and propose a model how the network of neurons is modulated prior and post adaptation as revealed by the functional time-relationship of neurons between them. Figure 8 depicts the functional connections between the same neurons before and after adaptation. White projections in figure 8a show the projections that cells have onto each other before adaptation, whereas figure 8b depicts how the network changes in the same group of neurons after adaptation. Some of the connections between the cells remain distinct (white projections) whereas some connections disappear (dotted gray arrows) with appearing new connections (yellow projections). Figure 8. Network model before and after adaptation Advertisement 7. ConclusionThis 1. 1959 of in the Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 148 574591. 2. 1968 of Cortex. J Physiol. 195 215243. 3. Movshon JA 1975 Tuning of in Cortex. J Physiol. 249 445468. 4. MartinezL. M. WangQ. ReidR. C. PillaiC. 2005 with Layer in the Cortex. Nat Neurosci. 8 372379. 5. 1972 Striate Neurons: Concepts. Invest Ophthalmol. 11 346354. 6. 1962 Receptive Fields, in the Cat’s Visual Cortex. J Physiol. 160 106154. 7. 1963a Shape and Arrangement of Columns in Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 165 559568. 8. 1963b of Cells in of Very Young, Kittens. J Neurophysiol. 26 9941002. 9. TanakaS. TaniT. RibotJ. O’HashiK. Imamura 2009, (2009) A Period for in the Cortex. PLoS One. 4: e5380 EOF. 10. ChiuC. Weliki 2003 2003 The role of neural activity in the development of orientation selectivity. The visual neurosciences. 117125 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 12. SouthwellD. G. FroemkeR. C. Alvarez-BuyllaA. StrykerM. P. GandhiS. P. 2010 Induced by Transplantation. Science. 327 11451148. 13. 1998 Cortical Plasticity: to Maps. Neurosci. 21 149186. 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. It discusses a model of neuron connectivity and adaptation, which is relevant to neural processing but does not explicitly corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding hierarchical processing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: How past climate clues can help predict the future We all know the climate is changing but predicting what this means for weather systems is no easy matter. Liu and Otto-Bliesner are using state-of-the-art computer models to delve into our planet’s past, to see how insights into previous climatic changes can help inform our future – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how insights into past climatic changes can help inform our future but does not directly address the ability of fossils to predict future species. Instead, it focuses on climate models and their relation to past climate records, which is unrelated to the claim regarding fossils and predicting species' futures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: We found that, following short-term i. p. injections, both Cur or SLCP permeated into the brain in therapeutically significant amounts, decreased Aβ plaque loads, and improved neuronal morphology after 5 days of treatment. and SLCP also decreased the GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas of 5xFAD mice. The SLCP tended to confer more effective anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effect, than did Cur. Unfortunately, the low solubility in body fluids and its rapid degradation after intestinal absorption limit the bioavailability of natural Cur, reducing its clinical utility for treating AD [15, 28]. However, the use of SLCP, a lipidated formula of Cur, shows significant promise in providing greater neuroprotective effects in animal models [31, 32] and clinical trials of AD [26]. In the present study, we observed that SLCP tended to have greater affinity to Aβ plaques, compared to Cur. Our findings suggest that the lipid bilayer of SLCP facilitates its permeability into the brain. Further, we observed that after 5 days of intraperitoneal injection of either Cur or SLCP, an increase in binding to Aβ plaque was observed, indicating that more Cur accumulates in the tissue with extended treatment. Although we did not measure the free Cur concentration in the brain tissues of the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice, we have previously found 300–400 nM of free Cur in the mouse brain and 2–3 folds more in their plasma, when mice were fed orally for 2 months [24, 30,31,32, 47] with a similar formula of Cur, when given at a dose of 500 ppm. This was also observed during a clinical trial of AD [26]. Moreover, we have compared the permeability of Cur in different cells, such as 7-DIV primary hippocampal neurons and N2a cells (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) and found that SLCP tended to deliver more free Cur into the cells than did natural Cur [31, 32]. In addition, we also compared the Aβ-binding capability of Cur and or SLCP, in the brain tissue of 5xFAD mice given i. p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anti-inflammatory effects of both Curcumin (Cur) and its lipidated formula SLCP. It states that SLCP conferred a more effective anti-inflammatory effect when tested on the brain of 5xFAD mice, suggesting that Curcumin has the potential for anti-inflammatory properties, especially in the context of neuroprotection and treatment for conditions like Alzheimer's Disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The incidence of ‘mixtures’ in V1 for the adjacent stimuli was slightly below that observed in the MF face patch in IT cortex (38%) and about half the rate observed in the inferior colliculus (67%; IT and IC data reanalyzed from Caruso et al. , 2018 to use similar winning model criteria as shown here for this study). The remainder of the tested conditions were best explained by the ‘single’ hypotheses for the adjacent stimuli, indicating winner (or loser)-take-all response patterns, or a blend of ‘single’ and ‘outside’ for the superimposed plaid stimuli, indicating the predominance of winner/loser-take-all and either enhancement or suppression in this dataset (see also Figure 2—figure supplement 1). This ‘single’ vs. ‘single-or-outside’ difference almost certainly stems from differences in the size of the stimuli being presented in these two datasets – typically only one of the two adjacent gratings was located within the classical receptive field of a given V1 unit, whereas this was often not the case for the superimposed dataset. This difference is a side note to our main focus on the fluctuating activity patterns that do occur in V1 in response to multiple objects but not in response to individual objects. Possible ways fluctuating activity might be coordinated across the population Our next question concerns how fluctuating activity patterns are coordinated at the population level, and the implications for preserving information about each of the stimuli that are present. To assess such coordination, we computed Pearson’s correlation between the spike count responses observed during presentations a given stimulus combination for pairs of units in each data set (spike count correlation, rsc, also commonly called a noise correlation). We begin by discussing the possible results and their interpretation schematically in Figures 3 and 4. The overall point is that the activity of pairs of neurons might be either positively or negatively correlated, and the interpretation of such correlation patterns will depend on the turning p0. 05). All of the ‘incongruent’ pairs exhibited negative correlations, and 1 of 5 was individually significant (p<0. 05). (c) Overall, neural pairs in which both units met the ‘mixture’ classification showed distinct positive and negative patterns of correlation in response to adjacent stimuli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the activity patterns in various brain areas but does not address the hierarchical processing of visual information within the visual cortex. It focuses on specific stimuli and neuronal interactions rather than confirming or contrasting with the claim about the hierarchical structure of visual processing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu. CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim but discusses climate models and paleodata in relation to understanding past climates. It emphasizes the utility of studying past climates rather than making predictions about the future of species based on fossils. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the specific claim about fossils predicting the future.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 2), which indicates that Cur and SLCP can reduce soluble Aβ, as reported by several researchers previously [14, 48, 49]. One of the aims of the present study was to investigate whether short-term treatments of Cur or SLCP could provide neuroprotection. To this end, we have investigated neuronal morphology using cresyl-violet stained tissue. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease (30%) in the number of pyknotic, or tangle-like, neurons in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus after 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment, but not after 2 days (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that increasing the duration of Cur- or SLCP-treatments may be required to achieve optimal neuroprotection. Although the exact mechanism of neuroprotection following Cur-treatment remains to be delineated, several investigators have demonstrated that Cur can stimulate numerous neurotropic factors, including increases in brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), glial derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which preserve the function and viability of neurons [10, 50, 51]. Increased in trophic factors may underlie the reduction in pyknotic cells in the SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, relative to those receiving Cur, and this which may be due to the presence of more Cur in the brain made available due to the greater permeability of SLCP. As a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol, Cur can also produce its therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation in AD via activation of cytokine production, as well as the inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway [10]. We found that Cur and SLCP treatments significantly reduced microglial activation (Iba-1-IR) in different brain regions. Surprisingly, when we investigated the morphology of microglial aggregation, we observed a significant reduction of both microglia arborization and the level of Iba-1-IR, which suggests that both Cur and SLCP may inhibit activation of microglia (Fig. 6), as reported by others [10]. Similarly, both Cur and SLCP treatments significantly decreased GFAP-IR and branching of astrocytes by inhibiting their activation (Fig. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Curcumin (Cur) is described as a 'potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol' and that it can produce therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation through activation of cytokine production and inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway. This clearly supports the claim regarding Curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: This result differs from studies in a variety of neuron types that attribute specific physiological computations and plasticity rules to compartmentalized electrotonic structures. Early work in insect identified neurons with stereotyped dendritic branching patterns showed that electrotonically distinct dendritic subtrees result in the weighted integration of sensory inputs (Murphey et al. , 1984; Bacon and Murphey, 1984; Miller and Jacobs, 1984; Jacobs and Miller, 1985). Studies in hippocampal pyramidal neurons (Spruston and Johnston, 1992; Carnevale et al. , 1997; Mainen and Sejnowski, 1996; Jaffe and Carnevale, 1999), have attributed Hebbian plasticity in part to the passive normalization of postsynaptic potentials arising from the electrotonically distant apical and basal dendritic tufts. Work in medium spiny neurons (MacAskill et al. , 2012) and thalamocortical neurons (Connelly et al. , 2016) have demonstrated that the activation pattern of spatially-distributed, electrotonically distant, synaptic inputs produces different neuronal and circuit-level computations. The present work differs from these other studies of neuronal electrotonus and enriches our framework for understanding how morphology maps (or does not map) to physiological function. Otherwise stated: structural complexity does not necessarily yield compartmentalized computations. Physiological implications In GM neurons, synaptic voltage events may propagate tortuous neurite paths that extend beyond half a millimeter in length (Figure 2). Yet, current can be injected at the somatic recording site and effectively alter the membrane potential at such distal and distant sites allowing for reasonable apparent Erevs (approximately −80 mV). Likewise, the amplitude of the voltage response at the photo-uncaging site must be larger than what we observe at the soma. Because distally evoked events, initiated as far as 1 mm away, can be observed at the somatic recording site, the electrotonic decrement of these distal events must be small enough so that apparent reversal potentials can be recorded. Lastly, the invariance in apparent Erevs across sites (a measure independent of receptor density) suggests relatively little variance in the electrotonic decrement of signals coming from disparate sites across the neurite tree. In this sense, these neurons function almost like a single compartment, despite their complex structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of neuronal signaling and morphology without explicitly supporting the idea that action potentials are generated solely by the movement of sodium and potassium ions. It describes mechanisms involving electrotonic structures and how distant synaptic inputs can affect neuronal behavior, suggesting a more intricate relationship between neuron morphology and function than the claim implies.