Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: Based on these studies, the overall exploitation rate (U = catch/biomass; note the estimated biomass tends to be an average over a year so the ratio is not exactly an exploitation rate) is about 0. 075, 0. 037 and 0. 069 y−1, respectively, for each biomass study (Fig. 1). These are very coarse estimates and are likely to be overestimated. For example, Tremblay-Boyer et al. (2011) note that the global biomass of mesopelagic fishes alone was approximately 1 × 109 t, indicating that the biomass estimate of Jennings et al. may be too low. Furthermore, the Wilson et al. biomass estimate is for teleosts only, but the catch includes elasmobranchs, and the Tremblay-Boyer et al. biomass is for predators only while current catches include species at a trophic level <3. 5. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerof approximate exploitation rates from different studies and sustainable reference point. Studies 1, 2 and 3 are the ratio of global marine fish catch (retained catch plus discards) to (1) the total global marine fish biomass from Jennings et al. (2008), (2) the global marine teleost biomass from Wilson et al. (2009) and (3) the biomass of global marine predators at or above trophic level 3. 5 from Tremblay-Boyer et al. (2011). Catch and discards data are from FAO reports. UMMSY is the multispecies exploitation rate at maximum sustainable yield for target species, and Utarget is the average exploitation rate for target species from 10 marine ecosystems, both from Worm et al. (2009). Nevertheless, our estimated exploitation rates can be roughly compared with the mean ecosystem-level exploitation rate at maximum sustainable yield (UMMSY) of 0. 16 and of about 0. 17 for target species only (Worm et al. 2009). If these numbers are approximately correct, current overall fishing mortality rates are clearly sustainable (although individual species could be subject to overfishing). Similarly, using the estimated global fish biomass and UMMSY from the three studies, we can obtain potential multispecies maximum sustainable yield at ecosystem level (MMSY) of approximately 14. 4 × 107 t, 32. 8 × 107 t and 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing exploitation rates and biomass estimates that suggest fish populations may not recover quickly. It highlights that current fishing mortality rates are sustainable on an ecosystem level but mentions that individual species could be subject to overfishing, implying that a complete stop in overfishing does not guarantee immediate recovery of fish populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Experimentally it has been demonstrated in radiolabeled sucrose transport studies that the majority of the translocated sucrose is taken into parenchyma cells of both developing and mature internodes, extensively reviewed [53], despite cell wall invertase activity was present in the apoplasm. Initially, vacuoles in the parenchyma cell of sugarcane stalk function as a sink to store sucrose through growth and development-dependent reversible process, but at a later stage when elongation of internodes stops then mature culm stores sucrose in the apoplast, intercellular spaces outside the plasma membranes. Through the interventions of genetic engineering approaches, several attempts have been made to improve the sucrose contents of the sugarcane genotypes. Sucrose synthase and cell wall invertase are the main regulatory enzymes of sucrose metabolism. When sucrose synthase was overexpressed in sugarcane, the contents were not improved [54]. Similarly, cell wall invertase was regulated to improve the sucrose contents of the sugarcane but no significant increase in sucrose accumulation was observed [55]. Though sucrose contents were increased in sugarcane cell suspension cultures by suppressing the invertase [56] yet it was not reproducible in stable transgenic sugarcane plants [57], indicating the role of the regulatory feedback mechanism between source and sink during accumulation [58]. Recently, two homologs of invertase inhibitors are identified in sugarcane, believed to be members of the superfamily of pectin methylesterase inhibitor, moderately conserved in plants [59]. To demonstrate where both enzymes are precisely located in the plant, both genes were fused with the green fluorescent protein and experimentally observed that ShINH1 is targeted to the apoplast. Further, expressed tissue specifically and is developmentally regulated, suggesting its role in metabolic regulation of sucrose between source and sink during sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. The gene expresses at relatively high levels in leaves and stalk but decreases significantly in stalk toward the maturity of the internodes. Experimentally, ShINH1 potently inhibited acid invertase, making it a candidate for controlling the deterioration of sucrose in sugarcane. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the transport and metabolism of sucrose in sugarcane, the effects of genetic engineering on sucrose content, and the role of specific enzymes in this process. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or their production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many online platforms track user activity to personalize content and ads. [SEP] Text: English User-generated big data mining is vital important for large online platforms in terms of security, profits improvement, products recommendation and system management. Personal attributes recognition, user behavior prediction, user identification, and community detection are the most critical and interesting issues that remain as challenges in many real applications in terms of accuracy, efficiency and data security. For an online platform with tens of thousands of users, it is always vulnerable to malicious users who pose a threat to other innocent users and consume unnecessary resources, where accurate user identification is urgently required to prevent corresponding malicious attempts. Meanwhile, accurate prediction of user behavior will help large platforms provide satisfactory recommendations to users and efficiently allocate different amounts of resources to different users. In addition to individual identification, community exploration of large social networks that formed by online databases could also help managers gain knowledge of how a community evolves. And such large scale and diverse social networks can be used to validate network theories, which are previously developed from synthetic networks or small real networks. In this thesis, we study several specific cases to address some key challenges that remain in different types of large online platforms, such as user behavior prediction for cold-start users, privacy protection for user-generated data, and large scale and diverse social community analysis. In the first case, as an emerging business, online education has attracted tens of thousands users as it can provide diverse courses that can exactly satisfy whatever demands of the students. Due to the limitation of public school systems, many students pursue private supplementary tutoring for improving their academic performance. Similar to online shopping platform, online education system is also a user-product based service, where users usually have to select and purchase the courses that meet their demands. It is important to construct a course recommendation and user behavior prediction system based on user attributes or user-generated data. Item recommendation in current online shopping systems is usually based on the interactions between users and products, since most of the personal attributes are unnecessary for online shopping services, and users often provide false information during registration. Therefore, it is not possible to recommend items based on personal attributes by exploiting the similarity of attributes among users, such as education level, age, school, gender, etc. Different from most online shopping platforms, online education platforms have access to a large number of credible personal attributes since accurate personal information is important in education service, and user behaviors could be predicted with just user attribute. Moreover, previous works on learning individual attributes are based primarily on panel survey data, which ensures its credibility but lacks efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how user behavior prediction and personal attributes recognition are vital for large online platforms to enhance user experience. It specifically notes that accurate prediction of user behavior will help platforms provide satisfactory recommendations, which directly aligns with the idea that online platforms track user activity for personalizing content and ads.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: 3 × 107 t, considerably higher sustainable catch than currently harvested. Moreover, the reference point UMMSY could be higher than 0. 16 if catch included more species at lower trophic levels because of their higher productivity. Besides abundant groups such as mesopelagic fish and invertebrates, numerous mixed species that are currently avoided or discarded as by-catch could contribute to a significant increase in sustainable yield (Venugopal et al. 1995; Shahidi 2006). The problem is that the existing exploitation rates are concentrated on a relatively small number of targeted species, particularly on more economically valuable groups at higher trophic levels. The root of overfishing High fishing intensity has been identified repeatedly as the single foremost culprit causing global overfishing (e. g. Worm et al. 2009; Watson et al. 2012). However, the low overall fishing mortality rate at an ecosystem level and a limited proportion of overfished stocks suggest that fishing pressure alone is only a part of the problem. Rather, the root of the problem is selectively harvesting only certain target groups from the ecosystem, whether by species, stock, size or sex (Zhou et al. 2010). In fact, by definition, what is common among the three types of overfishing, recruitment, growth, and ecological overfishing (see Murawski 2000), is selectively catching too many fish of a certain type, size or sex, either within a species or a community. In developed countries, this problem is largely driven by commercial fisheries that often strive for a short-term (years to decades) economic profit rather than for sustainable food security (Sethi et al. 2010). A solution to end overfishing while securing food production While there have been some successes in reducing overfishing (Worm et al. 2009), attempts to reduce global fishing capacity have so far proved fruitless except for a small reduction within some developed countries. As the fundamental goals are to achieve global food security while minimizing fishing induced changes in the structure and function of marine ecosystems (Rice 2013), an obvious resolution is to redistribute fishing pressure to a wider range of ecosystem components through balanced harvesting (Zhou et al. 2010; Garcia et al. 2012). The concept is to distribute moderate fishing pressure to all ecosystem components in proportion to each component's natural productivity. This requires a selectivity pattern at the ecosystem level that is different from the current one in most world fisheries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the problem of overfishing is complex and not solely based on the cessation of fishing. It emphasizes that while stopping overfishing may allow for recovery, the recovery of fish populations is dependent on various factors including selective harvesting and the current exploitation rates of specific species, rather than just the act of stopping overfishing. The need for a balanced approach to fisheries management through moderated fishing pressure across different species indicates that recovery may not happen within a single year.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, experimental and in silico studies have revealed that both ShINH1 and ShINH2 have a role in sucrose accumulation and may contribute to the improvement of sugar yield and recovery in sugarcane. 2. 4 Genetic improvement for bioconversion of biomassCommercially, the juice is extracted from sugarcane and processed through multistep procedures to develop sugar, ethanol, or biodiesel, leaving fibrous material, bagasse, in a large volume of approximately 540 million metric tons on yearly basis, worldwide, which is used in sugar mills as a furnace fuel and apparel industry for paper or board manufacturing, however, its use as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol is gaining importance and several independent reports have been published on its chemical composition, constituents preparation, and utilization. Sugarcane bagasse consists of 41 to 55 percent cellulose, 20 to 27. 5 percent of hemicellulose, 18 to 26. 3 percent of lignin, and around 7 percent of others by weight. Of these three major constituents, cellulose and lignin have gained much attention to develop byproducts, and/or for value addition [60]. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass from bagasse has gained much attention of the plant biotechnologists and microbiologists for bioethanol production and value-added products as bagasse has long been considered in bioethanol industries for ethanol production, referred to as ‘second-generation ethanol. Biotechnological interventions have enabled the efficient bioconversion of bagasse through the introduction of improved microbial strains, media formulations, and product recovery processes. As the bagasse has a complex structure, therefore it is pretreated to dissociate the lignin-cellulose and to increase the surface area for better enzymatic activities to convert the biomass to fermentable sugars. Different approaches including; biological treatment, dilute acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, and solvent-based pretreatment have been reported for saccharification of the bagasse. However, all such processes significantly add to the cost of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass [61]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the role of sugarcane bagasse in bioethanol production and the complexities involved in bioconversion processes, which are somewhat related but do not confirm or deny the ability of engineered yeast in this context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many online platforms track user activity to personalize content and ads. [SEP] Text: ακολούθους (followers), ακολουθούμενους (following)), και iii) τον αντίκτυπο στο κοινωνικό δίκτυο (π. χ. διάχυση περιεχομένου, κοινωνική αναγνώριση ). Στη δεύτερη ερευνητική κατεύθυνση, διερευνάται ο ρόλος της σημασιολογίας στα Διαδικτυακά Κοινωνικά Δίκτυα και η υιοθέτηση τεχνολογιών Σημασιολογικού Ιστού οι οποίες μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την ανίχνευση παρόμοιων χρηστών καθώς και θέματα εξατομίκευσης χρήστη (π. χ. ενδιαφέροντα και προτάσεις ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing user personalization on online social networks and mentions the adoption of technologies for detecting similar users and user interests, which aligns with the idea of platforms tracking user activity to enhance personalization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: This also implies a need for spatial balance in exploitation (Worm and Branch 2012). Furthermore, the proposed approach applies equally to species at low trophic levels, as relative fishing mortality may have been too high for some forage species (Pinsky et al. 2011; Smith et al. 2011). For overfished stocks, reducing or temporarily ceasing direct targeted fishing mortality and only allowing acceptable incidental catch could hasten recovery (Neubauer et al. 2013). When diverse components are proportionally and sustainably exploited from an ecosystem, overfishing, including ecological overfishing, will be avoided, the impact on community structure and ecological function will be minimized, and the total fishery production will increase (Rochet et al. 2011; Garcia et al. 2012; Law et al. 2012). Beyond fishery science and management Fisheries are vital to the livelihoods of millions of people around the world (FAO 2012). Compared with other forms of food production, fisheries generally have less environmental impacts, for example fisheries produce less greenhouse gases, use less freshwater and do not directly use fertilizers, insecticides or herbicides (Vries and Boer 2010; Hilborn 2013; Kearney 2013). From both conservation and food security perspectives, neither overfishing nor under-fishing is desirable. Under-utilization of renewable natural resources is a loss to human society; disproportionately high abundance of less-fished species may depress competitors and other heavily fished species. Lower production of animal protein from the sea will also shift the pressure elsewhere, with greater impact on terrestrial ecosystems (Hilborn 2013; Kearney 2013). Therefore, it is desirable to end overfishing and simultaneously catch more fish through the balanced harvest approach. Although the proposed solution of balanced harvest would meet these goals, implementing the solution will also undoubtedly encounter technical, political, economic, cultural and ethical obstacles. Balanced harvest provides a direction for fishery management, rather than a precise destination. Solving overfishing so far has been largely dealt with by fisheries managers, fishers and scientists focused on single species or limited species groups. The proposed solution will only be feasible with much more diverse inputs, including from educators, politicians, researchers, conservation groups, media, consumers and the food industry because the demand for seafood products is driven by consumer interests, including tastes and cultural values about what should or should not be harvested or eaten. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that simply stopping overfishing may not guarantee a fish population's recovery within a year. It emphasizes a balanced harvest approach and highlights the complexities involved in managing fish populations, noting that reducing or ceasing fishing mortality could 'hasten recovery' but does not assert a quick recovery timeframe. The mention of 'technical, political, economic, cultural and ethical obstacles' further indicates that recovery is not assured within a year if overfishing stops.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The saccharification process is affected by the high contents of lignin and lignin syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in the bagasse hence the composition of the lignin is needed to be changed as they prevent cellulase from accessing the cellulose molecules in the process of ethanol production [61]. Biotechnological approaches may help in altering the composition of this fibrous material by regulating the genes involved in its biosynthesis pathway. Three key genes; namely, COMT (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase), (caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase), and F5H (ferulate 5-hydroxylase) have been targeted employing techniques; RNAi (RNA interference), TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease), and ()/case9. The gene, COMT was downregulated from the biosynthesis pathway of lignin using the RNAi approach, and the expression of the gene was lowered by 67–97%, and the lignin contents were reduced by 3. 9% to 13. 7%, respectively. Further, the S/G ratio in the lignin was reduced from 1. 47 in the wild type to values ranging between 1. 27 and 0. 79. Consequently, levels of fermentable sugar were increased up to 29% without pretreatment however, these levels were further increased by 34% when biomass was treated with dilute acid [62]. Further, COMT mutant lines developed by targeting the conserved region of the gene through the TALEN approach showed lignin reduction up to 19. 7% with 43. 8% improved saccharification efficiency. The lignin contents were further reduced from 29 to 32% in COMT mutants [63]. Owing to the highly complex and polyploid genome, targeted mutagenesis usingCas9 could be a valuable tool to reduce the lignin contents. As far as the bioconversion of the lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is concerned, significant quantities of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes are required, and currently, microbes are used to produce these enzymes that have substantially increased the production cost of bioethanol. Therefore, in planta production of enzymes could have a significant impact on the economics of bagasse-based ethanol production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it discusses the effects of lignin composition on the saccharification process and how biotechnological approaches could alter lignin to enhance sugar yields from biomass for ethanol production. Though it touches on biofuels (ethanol), it does not specifically confirm or deny the claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many online platforms track user activity to personalize content and ads. [SEP] Text: To this end, we developed a service aiming at calculating and ranking the importance and influence of Twitter accounts. This service incorporates theoretical aspects of influence metrics that derive from social functions that evaluate. . . In this thesis, we study information management issues that arise in Networks (OSNs), as well as collective intelligence issues towards automated knowledge representation. We focus on three research directions, namely i) online social influence and the discovery of its impactful entities, ii) user-generated content and the role of semantics in social analysis, and iii) qualitative assessment of viral disseminated content. We present efficient and scalable methods focused on specific problems in the addressed directions, while we aim at proposing advancements in the relevant state of the art research in the field. In particular, in the first research direction, we study how we can measure social influence and what are its application domains. To this end, we developed a service aiming at calculating and ranking the importance and influence of Twitter accounts. This service incorporates theoretical aspects of influence metrics that derive from social functions that evaluate i) the activity of a Twitter account (e. g. tweets, re-tweets and replies), ii) its social degree (e. g. followers and following) and iii) its network impact (e. g. content diffusion and social acknowledgement). In the second research direction, we investigate the role of semantics in OSNs and the adoption of technologies which can be used for the detection of similar users, as well as user personalization issues (e. g. interests and suggestions). To this end, we define an ontological schema towards the semantification of social analytics, including structural aspects of Twitter accounts, disseminated entities and social relationships. Furthermore, we propose a methodology towards the discovery and suggestion of similar Twitter accounts, based entirely on their disseminated content. On top of that and based on the similarity relationships, we present an approach towards the automatic labeling of Twitter accounts by exploiting information from the Data cloud; specifically according to DBpedia thematic categories. Finally, we contribute in the field of (QE) by proposing an algorithmic approach, which expands a user’s query through the creation of a suggestion set that consists of the most viral and up-to-date Twitter entities. Finally, in the third research direction, we tackle the problem of qualitative assessment of user-generated content by utilizing social influence and semantics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing user personalization issues in online social networks (OSNs). It mentions the investigation into technologies used for detecting similar users and user personalization, which aligns with the idea that online platforms track user activity to tailor content and recommendations. The mention of defining an ontological schema for social analytics and the development of a service to rank the importance and influence of Twitter accounts supports the notion of platforms personalizing user experiences based on their activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2014), alter seawater chemistry through water circulation, thereby influencing reef community composition and reef-building capacity (Lange et al. 2021; Rodriguez-Ruano et al. 2023). Whilst reefs with few hard corals tend to display low-positive or net-negative budget states as bioerosion from parrotfish, urchins and sponges exceeds carbonate production (Perry et al. 2014; Edmunds and Perry 2023), coral-dominated reefs typically show highly positive net carbonate budgets (van Woesik and Cacciapaglia 2018; Lange and Perry 2019; Brown et al. 2021; Cornwall et al. 2023). Additionally, variation in coral population structure, including coral diversity, colony size and morphology drives differences in carbonate budgets across reefs (Carlot et al. 2021; Lange et al. 2022). Given the natural depth-zonation patterns of coral reef communities (Edmunds and Leichter 2016; Roberts et al. 2019; et al. 2022), that occur as a result of biophysical changes across depth gradients (Levin 1992; Couce et al. 2012; Williams et al. 2018), it is assumed that reef carbonate budgets will also vary markedly with depth (Perry and Alvarez-Filip 2019). While an increasing number of studies are now assessing temporal and spatial changes in reef carbonate budgets, the variability across depth gradients is largely unknown (97% of carbonate budget data are from reefs ≤ 10 m depth, Lange et al. 2020). As light, temperature, aragonite saturation state and wave exposure attenuate with increasing depth, coral community assemblages shift (Roik et al. 2018). Slow-growing encrusting and foliose growth forms gain an advantage (Kahng et al. 2019) as these morphologies can optimise light capture in deeper reef zones (Titlyanov and Titlyanova 2002; DiPerna et al. 2018), but have low calcification rates (Kahng et al. 2023). In contrast, exposed shallow areas are typically dominated by structurally complex branching and massive species with high calcification rates (Marcelino et al. 2013; Guest et al. 2016). These changes in coral community composition with increasing depth are expected to alter community carbonate production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that reefs with few hard corals experience low-positive or net-negative budget states due to bioerosion outpacing carbonate production. This suggests that not all coral reefs can recover without intervention, as some may not possess the necessary conditions or structures to regenerate effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Several independent reports have been published describing the hydrolysis of pretreated biomass by mixtures of purified cellulases from wheat and barley straw, corn stover, switchgrass, and poplar. Afterward, genes encoding the enzymes like; cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II), and endoglucanase (EG) were stably introduced into the genome of the sugarcane, and the accumulation of enzymes was confirmed in the leaves of plants [64]. However, the enzymes CBHI and CBHII of fungal origin remained resistant to proteolysis during sugarcane leaf senescence, while bacterial origin (EG) was degraded, demonstrating the stability of recombinant cellulase in transgenic sugarcane. When tissue-specific regulatory elements, with or without targeting sequences, were used to control the expression of transgenes the accumulation of enzymes was variably enhanced. All three enzymes accumulated to higher levels when targeted to vacuoles however, the highest levels of accumulation of endoglucanase were recorded when the enzyme was targeted to the chloroplasts. This practically demonstrates a significant step forward for the economic production of lignocellulosic ethanol. Hence, such initiatives could advance cellulosic ethanol technology. 2. 5 Genetic improvement for ethanol productionRenewable fuels are an attractive alternative to petroleum-derived gasoline since it potentially lowers the production of greenhouse gases, and add to the country’s economy. Amongst biofuels, bioethanol is being produced from non-food as well as food parts of the plants including sugarcane. It is prepared from can juice, molasses, and bagasse. The renewable bioethanol industry has been successfully developed in countries like the USA, Brazil, Mexico, the EU, and China, and bioethanol is being used to unravel the energy crisis. Developing bioethanol from non-food sources has emerged as a trend due to several advantages like availability of abundant raw materials, low price, and renewability. Such bioethanol industry is strategically being developed in China. Bioethanol production in the USA is from corn with a maximum production of 56. 7 billion liters from cereal grains, though the focus has been shifted recently from corn to cellulosic ethanol, facing many challenges like feedstock availability and high conversion costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast. Instead, it discusses the production of bioethanol from various plant sources and the enzymatic processes involved in biomass conversion. While it mentions advancements in bioethanol technology, it does not provide information specifically about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: If a complainant wishes to contest the final DPA decision, they can always take the authority to court in the authority’s respective Member State. To prevent a situation whereby a data subject living in Brussels who lodged a complaint with the Belgian DPA would be forced to fly to Dublin to contest a DPA decision that would not satisfy them, the GDPR establishes that if the final decision is to dismiss or reject a complaint, it shall be the local DPA that, formally, adopts it. Then it is possible for the individual to follow up the case locally, in Brussels, because even if the procedure reached Ireland at some point, technically the contested decision will have been taken by the Belgian DPA. Long story short, the principle of proximity seeks to localise proceedings as much as possible. Localising proceedings was one of the GDPR’s main achievements. Years ago, Austrian activist famously had to crowd-fund his journey to Ireland to litigate his data rights. That was generally acknowledged as a significant problem in terms of access to remedies. Not everyone has the time, resources, and skills necessary to defend their data protection rights in an unknown country, and nobody should be forced to do so precisely to fight, as a lone individual on unfamiliar territory, against some of the largest, most powerful, and data-hungry platforms operating in Europe. False friends The special GDPR arrangement allowing data subjects to confidently lodge complaints with the DPA of their choice is now under threat. This is happening in the context of the mainstreaming into EU data protection law of “amicable settlements”. This special Irish procedure works as follows: when the Irish DPA is confronted with a complaint, it can take the initiative to contact the entity that allegedly infringed the GDPR to look for a solution, and, in case of positive reaction, eventually informs the complainant of the fact that a solution has been found and that they should thus accept an “amicable resolution”. Unless the complainant reacts within a predetermined given time, they are regarded as fully satisfied, and the complaint is then considered formally “withdrawn”. DPA – that is, the – has closed hundreds and hundreds of one-stop-shop cases in this manner since the GPDR became applicable. In 2023, it submitted 229 notifications of “amicable resolutions achieved in cross-border complaints”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the principles and structures established by the GDPR, including the ability of individuals to contest decisions made by Data Protection Authorities (DPA) based on their local jurisdiction. It highlights the GDPR's regulatory framework and its role in ensuring that data subjects can effectively address complaints, thus indicating the regulation of how entities handle user data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Whilst it is evident that ocean-warming events can significantly alter reef carbonate production and erosion processes on shallow reefs (Lange et al. 2022; Edmunds and Perry 2023), the magnitude of these changes at intermediate depths (≥ 10 m ≤ 30 m) are poorly described. Given increasing evidence of bleaching and mortality across both shallow (< 30 m) and mesophotic reefs (> 30 m) (Smith et al. 2016; Sheppard et al. 2017; Muir et al. 2017; Morais and Santos 2018; Schramek et al. 2018; Frade et al. 2018; Baird et al. 2018; Crosbie et al. 2019; Venegas et al. 2019; Diaz et al. 2023b), it is reasonable to assume that subsequent alterations in coral reef communities will impact carbonate budgets across depth. However, a lack of data currently limits our understanding of whether bleaching events lead to depth-homogenisation of primary framework production. Here, we address this knowledge gap by examining differences in coral carbonate production rates across two depths (10 m and 17. 5 m) on forereefs of four atolls in the remote Chagos Archipelago, 6–7 years after the 2015–2017 bleaching event. We evaluate the influence of coral cover, coral morphotypes, and colony size classes on carbonate production rates and discuss variable depth effects across atolls. MethodStudy SitesCoral carbonate production rates were estimated on the forereef slopes of the Chagos Archipelago. Uninhabited since the early 1970s (except the US military base in the southern atoll, Diego Garcia), this remote reef system constitutes five atolls, located in the central Indian Ocean, about 500 km south of the Maldives (Sheppard 1999). A total of 16 sites (n = 4 sites/atoll) were surveyed from December 2021 to January 2022, spanning four atolls: and Egmont (Fig. 1, Table S1). At each site, data were collected at two depths: 10 m and 17. 5 m, using 30 photo quadrats (0. 5 × 0. 5 m area) laid along three 10 m long transects (n = 10 photo-quadrats/transect) at each depth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that coral reefs are significantly affected by ocean warming, resulting in alterations in reef carbonate production and mortality rates. It emphasizes the increasing evidence of bleaching and mortality in reefs, as well as a lack of data regarding potential recovery mechanisms, implying that without intervention, recovery may be limited.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The feedstock used to extract oil is rapeseed and or cooking oil in the EU whereas in the USA and Brazil is soybean. The soybean has been grown on 33 million hectares in the US with per hectare oil production from 0. 36 to 0. 61 MT/ha [USDA, 2015]. However, total biodiesel production would have been only about one-tenth of the US distillate fuel oil consumption (about 155 million MT) by crushing the total soybean produced [69]. This situation demands the introduction of other crops, and interventions of recombinant technology to engineer metabolic pathways in plants to accumulate oil, and could be grown on marginal land avoiding any possible competition with major food and feed crops. Metabolic pathways have been engineered in tobacco and Arabidopsis, highly regarded model plants used in genetic engineering experiments, to accumulate triacylglycerol [70]. In another independent study three genes namely; WRI1 (1), DAGA T1–2 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase1–2), and OLE1(Oleosin1) were expressed, and the triacylglycerol was accumulated in leaves and culmus stalk of sugarcane [71]. The accumulation of triacylglycerol added to the total fatty acid contents of up to 4. 7% and 1. 7% of dry weight in mature leaves and stems, respectively. Interestingly, confocal micrographs have shown the presence of lipid droplets within the transgenic mesophyll cells, indicating a step forward in the accumulation of high levels of triacylglycerol in sugarcane. In another independent study, multiple genes were either expressed or suppressed in sugarcane to increase the lipid contents in the vegetative biomass. The genes 1, DAGAT1–2, OLE1, WRI1 were co-expressed, whereas, tgd1 and sdp1 were simultaneously suppressed in the sugarcane and an elevated amount of the TAG was recorded. The transgenic plants with constitutively co-expressed 1, DAGAT1–2, OLE1, WRI1, and simultaneously suppressed tgd1 in different plasmids elevated the TAG accumulation by 277-fold and 109-fold in leaf and stem tissues, respectively [71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the production of biofuels from traditional oil seed crops such as soybean and the engineering of metabolic pathways in plants like tobacco and sugarcane to accumulate oil. It does not mention yeast or its engineering for biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: 20. Please note that, pursuant to Recital 61 of the Regulation, where personal data can be legitimately disclosed to another recipient, the data subject should be informed when the personal data are first disclosed to said recipient. 21. 2016, 367, 371. 22. For further details see Paal, in: Paal/. 13 (2017), recs. 22–23. 23. 2016, 367, 374. 24. Rec. 61 GDPR. 25. Art. 14 Sec. 5 lits. a-d GDPR. 26. Pursuant to Recital 62 of the Regulation, such disproportionate effort could in particular exist where processing is carried out for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes. In that regard, the number of data subjects, the age of the data and any appropriate safeguards adopted should be taken into consideration. Moreover, pursuant to Art. 14 Sec. 5 lit. b GDPR, such disproportionate effort could be identified where the information obligation would render impossible or seriously impair the achievement of the objectives of processing. 27. v. d. Bussche/Zeiter/Brombach, DB 2016, 1359, 1360. 28. Hunton & Williams, The proposed Regulation (2015), p. 18. 29. Quaas, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 12 (2016), rec. 4. 30. Art. 12 Sec. 3 phrase 4 GDPR. 31. 2016, 367, 373. 32. Art. 12 Sec. 5 phrase 2 GDPR. 33. Quaas, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 12 (2016), recs. 45–46; Paal, in: Paal/. 12 (2017), rec. 63. 34. Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 12 (2016), rec. 20. 35. Example drawn from Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Rechte der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 21. 36. Art. 12 Sec. 3 phrase 2 GDPR. The provision by electronic means shall take place, unless otherwise requested by the data subject. 37. Art. 12 Sec. 3 GDPR. 38. Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 12 (2016), rec. 15. 39. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific references to the GDPR, including Recital 61 and various articles, which discuss obligations related to the disclosure and processing of personal data. These references indicate that the GDPR does indeed regulate how user data is handled by requiring companies to inform data subjects and consider their rights during data processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: All sites showed an overall decline in hard coral cover following successive marine heatwaves from 2015–2017 across depths from 5–25 m (et al 2024). The greatest loss in coral cover was observed between 5 and 10 m and declined with increasing depth (et al 2024). In 2021, coral communities in the shallows (< 10 m) showed an overall shift from branching and tabular morphologies to dominance by Porites spp. and encrusting taxa across all sites (Lange et al 2022). Fig. 1Map of sampled sites (red points) around surveyed atolls (in bold) in the Chagos Archipelago—northern atolls; Peros Banhos, Salomon and southern atolls; Bank and Egmont—see Table S1 for list of sites and coordinatesFull size imageBenthic community compositionBenthic community composition at each site was assessed using the web-based annotation tool CoralNet (Beijbom et al. 2015). Using a stratified random design, 15 points were overlaid on each photo quadrat to identify benthic groups directly below, including: hard coral, soft coral, crustose coralline algae (CCA), turf algae, fleshy macroalgae, Halimeda spp. , sponge, sand, rubble, reef pavement, dead coral, bleached coral and `Other` (comprising zoanthids, bryozoans, ascidians, corallimorphs, anemones, clams, and bivalves). Where benthic group identification was limited due to shadowing or blurriness, the `Unknown` classification was chosen. The `hard coral` group was further classified as 7 morphotype classes and 2 dominant coral genera: tabular Acropora, branching Acropora, massive Porites, branching, massive, columnar, encrusting, foliose, and free-living. The classification of benthic groups was based on the (NOAA 2014) and the 2022 edition of the Indo–Finder (Kelley 2022). Coral carbonate productionCoral carbonate production rates were estimated using the Indo-Pacific ReefBudget methodology (Perry et al. 2018; Lange et al. 2022) after converting coral colony lengths measured from planar quadrat images to colony contour lengths using the (CCRI) (Husband et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there has been an overall decline in hard coral cover following marine heatwaves and that a shift in coral community composition was observed, suggesting that coral reefs may not fully recover from bleaching without intervention. The specific mention of a decline in coral cover and changes in community structure highlights the detrimental effects of heatwaves on coral health, which undermines the assertion that recovery can occur naturally without any human aid.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Hence, the yield of fermentable sugars could be enhanced by improving the translocation and by bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol and biodiesel production, sustainably. Further, Cellulose and lignin could be separated and used to develop high-quality fiber and lignosurfactants, respectively. 1. OECD/FAO (2020). “OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database),. Developmental and photosynthetic regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin reveals that engineered sugarcane conferring resistance to ‘dead heart’ contains no toxins in cane juice. Reports. 2011;38:2359-23693. Mustafa G, Khan MS. Transmission of engineered plastids in Sugarcane, a C4 monocotyledonous plant, reveals that sorting of preprogrammed progenitor cells produce heteroplasmy. Plants. 2021;10:26-384. Khan MS, Maliga P. Fluorescent antibiotic resistance marker to track plastid transformation in higher plants. Nature Biotechnology. 1999;17:910-9155. . Milestones in chloroplast genetic engineering: An environmentally friendly era in biotechnology. Trends in Plant Science. 2002;7:84-916. . Transgenic sugarcane plants expressing high levels of modified cry1Ac provide effective control against stem borers in field trials. Transgenic Research. 2011;20:759-7727. Falco MC, Silva-Filho MC. Expression of soybean proteinase inhibitors in transgenic sugarcane plants: Effects on natural defense against Diatraea saccharalis. and Biochemistry. 2003;41:761-7668. . Evaluation of lectin-expressing transgenic sugarcane against stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Efects on life history parameters. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2002;95:469-4779. -Kumar M. Impact of combined abiotic and biotic stresses on plant growth and avenues for crop improvement by exploiting physio-morphological traits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;8:537-55110. . Scope of genetic transformation in sugarcane: a review. Genomics and Applied Biology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it discusses the enhancement of fermentable sugars and the use of various plant transformations for biofuel production but does not mention bioengineered yeast specifically. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant or 'pass'.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 12 (2016), rec. 14. 40. Art. 12 Sec. 4 phrase 2 GDPR. 41. Paal, in: Paal/. 12 (2017), rec. 60. 42. Rec. 63 GDPR; Paal, in: Paal/. 15 (2017), rec. 3; Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Rechte der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 22. 43. Art. 15 Sec. 1 lits. a–h, Sec. 2 GDPR. 44. 2016, 367, 381. 45. Rec. 63 GDPR. 46. Art. 12 Sec. 5 GDPR. 47. Rec. 63 GDPR. 48. Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Rechte der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 27. 49. Art. 15 Sec. 3 phrase 3 GDPR. 50. Rec. 63 GDPR. 51. Rec. 64 GDPR. Please note that, nevertheless, a controller should not retain personal data for the sole purpose of being able to react to potential requests. 52. 2016, 367, 385. 53. Rec. 63 GDPR. 54. Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Rechte der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 30; Zikesch/Kramer, ZD 2015, 565, 566–567. 55. Rec. 63 GDPR. 56. Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Rechte der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 31. 57. v. d. Bussche/Zeiter, EDPL 2016, 576, 579. 58. Wybitul, BB 2016, 1077, 1079. 59. 2016, 367, 386. 60. Rec. 65 GDPR. 61. Worms, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 16 (2016), rec. 39. 62. Worms, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 16 (2016), rec. 41. 63. Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 16 (2016), rec. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing specific articles and recitals of the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), which indicates that it indeed regulates how companies handle user data. Phrases like 'Art. 12 Sec. 4', 'Art. 15 Sec. 1', and 'Rec. 63 GDPR' refer to provisions within the GDPR that establish the framework for user data collection and processing. This shows that the text is aligned with the claim about GDPR's regulatory scope.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2023), which can structure coral communities and therefore influence carbonate production rates among sites. Especially favourable biophysical settings may occur around Egmont and Salomon, increasing coral cover and carbonate production compared to the other atolls and facilitating faster recovery of reefs after the 2015–2017 bleaching event (Lange et al. 2022). To fully understand the depth- and atoll-related variation in coral carbonate production across the Chagos Archipelago, it is important to consider past disturbance events that have affected its reefs (Brown et al. 2021; Lange et al. 2022). The third global warming event in 2015–2017 caused ~ 9–38% reduction in coral cover (relative to pre-bleaching levels in 2014) across 5–25 m depths (et al. 2024). Significantly higher coral cover loss occurred at 5–10 m (et al. 2024), with a 77% reduction in coral carbonate production on shallow reefs (8–10 m) (Lange and Perry 2019). Similar patterns of declining carbonate budget states due to widespread coral bleaching were reported at shallow depths (2–10 m) in the within the Maldives (Perry and Morgan 2017) and the Seychelles (Januchowski-Hartley et al. 2017), as well as the wider Pacific (Cabral-Tena et al. 2018; Courtney et al. 2022) and Caribbean (Manzello et al. 2018). However, thermal stress impacts on coral community-level carbonate production below 10 m depth are poorly understood. Growing evidence of coral bleaching and mortality across large depth gradients within both shallow (< 30 m) (Sheppard et al. 2017; Muir et al. 2017; Baird et al. 2018; Crosbie et al. 2019) and mesophotic (> 30 m) reefs (Morais and Santos 2018; Frade et al. 2018; Venegas et al. 2019; Diaz et al. 2023b) highlight the importance of examining changes in carbonate production rates across depths on shallow reef systems (Perry and Alvarez-Filip 2019; Lange et al. 2020). Recent findings from multiple depth zones across the forereefs of the show distinct depth-related changes in coral cover and population structure following thermal stress events: 1) a greater decline in coral cover at shallower depth (21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant coral cover loss and reduction in carbonate production due to thermal stress from bleaching events, particularly highlighting that a 77% reduction in coral carbonate production occurred on shallow reefs following the 2015-2017 bleaching event. It also suggests that understanding the impacts of past disturbances is essential for gauging recovery, implying that recovery may not be guaranteed without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 2017;8(1):1-711. . Stably transformed herbicide resistant callus of sugarcane via microprojectile bombardment of cell suspension cultures and electroporation of protoplasts. Reports. 1992;11:494-49812. . High efficiency, microprojectile-mediated co-transformation of sugarcane, using visible or selectable markers. Molecular Breeding. 1996;2:239-24913. . High transgene expression levels in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) driven by the rice ubiquitin promoter RUBQ2. Plant Science. 2003;165:743-75014. -. Regeneration of sugarcane elite breeding lines and engineering of stem borer resistance. Science. 2006;62:178-18715. . Expression of foreign genes in sugarcane. In: Cock JH, (eds) Proceedings of the XXII Congress of the of Sugarcane Technologists, Tecnicana, Cali. Vol. 2;1995. p. 369-37316. . Preparation of from Sugarcane for Textile Use. In: in Science, Hindawi. Vol. 2013;2013. p. 1-617. . Regeneration of sugarcane elite breeding lines and engineering of stem borer resistance. Science. 2006;62:178-18718. . Codon optimization of cry1Ab gene for hyper expression in plant organelles. Reports. 2010;37:1011-101719. . Improvement of sugarcane for borer resistance using Agrobacterium mediated transformation of cry1Ac gene. GM Crops and Food. 2021;12(1):47-5620. . Kinetic model of sucrose accumulation in maturing sugarcane culm tissue. Phytochemistry. 2007;68:2375-239221. Moore PH. Temporal and spatial regulation of sucrose accumulation in the sugarcane stem. Biology. 1995;22:661-67922. Viswanathan R, Samiyappan R. Red rot disease of sugarcane: major constraint for Indian sugar industry. Sugar Cane. 1999;5:9-1523. . Ecofriendly management of red rot disease of sugarcane with Trichoderma strains. Sugar Tech. 2008a;10:158-16124. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various aspects of sugarcane research, including transformation techniques and gene expressions, which do not directly relate to the capacities of yeast for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Rechte der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 38; Paal, in: Paal/. 17 (2017), rec. 2. 79. Art. 17 Sec. 1 lits. a-f GDPR. 80. Worms, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 17 (2016), rec. 25. 81. Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Rechte der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 41. 82. Example drawn from Paal, in: Paal/. 17 (2017), rec. 22. 83. Worms, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 17 (2016), rec. 38. 84. Paal, in: Paal/. 17 (2017), rec. 40. 85. Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 17 (2016), rec. 11. 86. Paal, in: Paal/. 17 (2017), rec. 41. 87. Rec. 65 GDPR; Laue/Nink/Kremer, Datenschutzrecht, Recht der betroffenen Person (2016), rec. 43; Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 17 (2016), rec. 12. 88. Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 17 (2016), rec. 13. 89. Arguing in this direction are Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 17 (2016) rec. 13; Härting, DSGVO (2016), rec. 696; negatively see Worms, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 17 (2016), recs. 45–48. 90. Rec. 65 GDPR. 91. Rec. 65 GDPR. 92. Worms, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 17 (2016), recs. 50–53; identifying the exception as an obligation to erasure of the controller without the need of such a request by the data subject: Schantz, NJW 2016, 1841, 1845; negatively as regards such a kind of obligation is Paal, in: Paal/. 17 (2017), rec. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references multiple legal documents and recordings regarding the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), particularly focusing on Article 17 related to the rights of the data subject. This implies a framework within which the GDPR operates, suggesting that it does indeed regulate how companies must manage user data, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 1% decline at 5–10 m) compared to deeper reefs (14. 8% decline at 15–20 m) (et al. 2024), 2) a steep decline in competitive species such as tabular and branching Acropora and Pocillopora and a higher persistence of stress tolerant taxa with encrusting and foliose morphologies (Lange and Perry 2019), and 3) faster recovery of Acroporids and encrusting genera at shallower reefs compared to deeper sites (Sheppard et al. 2008, 2013, 2017, 2020). In line with carbonate budget surveys in 2021 (Lange et al. 2022) and previous recovery trends across depth (Sheppard et al. 2008, 2013, 2017, 2020; et al. 2024), higher coral carbonate production rates observed on shallow reefs in this study may be driven by faster recovery of fast-growing taxa at shallow depths compared to slow-growing taxa on deeper reefs. Surviving coral populations are key to recovery trajectories of coral reef assemblages and their contribution to net carbonate budgets (Dietzel et al. 2020; Lange et al. 2022). A disproportionate loss of susceptible branching taxa and large mature coral colonies on shallow reefs can result in low coral recruitment densities and increased homogenisation of coral communities across depths (Bruckner and Hill 2009; Gilmour et al. 2022; Ford et al. 2023). However, our results indicate the presence of all size classes (small, medium, and large colonies) at 10 m and 17. 5 m, suggesting a positive recovery trajectory of reefs and coral carbonate production rates following the 2015–2017 bleaching event in the Chagos Archipelago. Nevertheless, the variation in coral carbonate production rates among atolls highlights different recovery speeds among sites (Lange et al. 2022). This is evident at Bank, which suffered the greatest loss in coral cover at 5–10 m (amongst all atolls) due to both initial and repeated thermal stress during the 2014–2017 bleaching event (et al 2024) and now shows very low coral carbonate production across both 10 m and 17. 5 m reefs. Our understanding of recovery trajectories could be improved further by assessing net carbonate budgets including variation in bioerosion rates across depths. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence coral recovery post-bleaching, including the need for surviving populations and specific recovery trajectories. It highlights that while there are positive recovery signs in some shallow reefs, significantly diverse recovery speeds and losses in coral cover were noted. Specifically, it mentions that 'a disproportionate loss of susceptible branching taxa and large mature coral colonies on shallow reefs can result in low coral recruitment densities,' which suggests that without intervention or favorable conditions, full recovery might not be possible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: . Biological control of red rot disease of sugarcane by Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride. Indian Phytopathology. 2008;61:486-49325. -. Comparative transcriptomics reveals different strategies of Trichoderma mycoparasitism. BMC Genomics. 2013;14:121-12526. . Mycoparasitic interaction relieves binding of the Cre1 carbon catabolite repressor protein to promoter sequences of the ech42 (endochitinase-encoding) gene in Trichoderma harzianum. Proceedings of the of Sciences USA. 1996;93:14868-1487227. Howell CR. The role of antibiosis in biocontrol. In: eds. Trichoderma and Gliocladium. Enzymes, biological control and commercial applications. London: Taylor & Francis. Vol. 2;1998. p. 173-18428. . Red rot resistant transgenic sugarcane developed through expression of β-1,3-glucanase gene. . 2017;12(6):e017972329. Vazquez-Garciduenas S, Leal-Morales CA, Herrera-Estrella A. Analysis of the beta-1,3-of the Trichoderma harzianum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998;64(4):1442-144630. Saumtally A, Dookun-. Leaf scald of sugarcane: A disease of worldwide importance. In: Sugarcane Pathology: Bacterial and Nematode Diseases. New Hampshire: Science Publishers; 2004. p. 65-7631. . First report of sugarcane leaf scald caused by Xanthomonas albilineans in the province of Guangxi, China. Plant Disease. 2017;101(8):154132. Huang YK. , Li WF. , Zhang RY. , Wang XY. Diagnosis and Control of Diseases. In: of Diagnosis and Control for Diseases, Pests, and Weeds. Springer, Singapore; 2018. p. 1-10333. . Engineered detoxification confers resistance against a pathogenic bacterium. Nature Biotechnology. 1999;17:1021-102434. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of sugarcane diseases and biological control methods involving Trichoderma species but does not mention bioengineered yeast or their potential in producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: 4. 147. Rec. 63 GDPR. 148. Art. 29 242 (2016), p. 7. 149. Paal, in: Paal/. 20 (2017), rec. 17; Schätzle, PinG 2016, 71, 73; Härting, DSGVO (2016), rec. 729. 150. Art. 29 242 (2016), p. 8; Jaspers, DuD 2012, 571, 573; Jülicher/Röttgen/v. Schönfeld, ZD 2016, 358, 359; negatively see Kamlah, in: Plath, BDSG/. 20 (2016), rec. 6. 151. Jülicher/Röttgen/v. Schönfeld, ZD 2016, 358, 359. 152. Jülicher/Röttgen/v. Schönfeld, ZD 2016, 358, 359. 153. Schild, in: Wolff/Brink, BeckOK, Art. 4 (2016), rec. 34. 154. Jaspers, DuD 2012, 571, 573. 155. Art. 29 242 (2016), 6. 156. Art. 29 242 (2016), 9. 157. According to Art. 20 Sec. 3 phrase 2 GDPR and rec. 68 GDPR, the data subject’s right to data portability shall not apply to processing necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller. 158. Schantz, NJW 2016, 1841, 1845; Jülicher/Röttgen/v. Schönfeld, ZD 2016, 358, 359. 159. Art. 29 242 (2016), 359. 160. Art. 29 242 (2016), p. 8. 161. Art. 29 242 (2016), p. 9. 162. Art. 29 242 (2016), 10. 163. Art. 29 242 (2016), p. 10. 164. Art. 29 242 (2016), p. 10. 165. Rec. 63 GDPR. 166. Rec. 63 GDPR. 167. Paal, in: Paal/. 20 (2017), recs. 26–27; Schätzle, PinG 2016, 71, 74; Art. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various articles and recitals of the GDPR, indicating the specific legal provisions related to data processing regimes. It supports the claim by providing references to legal text and interpretations that confirm the GDPR's role in regulating the collection and processing of user data, particularly emphasizing rights and obligations under the regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Previous work within the found similar macro and endolithic bioerosion rates between 5 and 10 m, but some evidence for higher micro-bioerosion rates at 10 m (et al. 2023). The variation in bioerosion rates and therefore net carbonate budgets across reefs deeper > 10 m within both the and globally remains poorly constrained (Weinstein et al. 2019). As coral reefs face increasing anthropogenic pressures, they become more prone to bioerosion, resulting in loss of reef framework and structural complexity (Perry et al. 2014; Januchowski-Hartley et al. 2017). Future studies should aim to include bioerosion processes across depths to determine the ability of deeper reefs to maintain net positive carbonate budget status. Our results capture coral carbonate production rates at a time point approaching when reefs typically recover and reassemble towards pre-disturbance coral-dominated communities (7–12 years) in the absence of further disturbance events (Johns et al. 2014; Gouezo et al. 2019). Whilst the on-going recovery of coral carbonate production rates on shallow reefs at three out of four atolls supports the assumption that the lack of direct anthropogenic impacts across the uninhabited atolls of the promotes fast recovery of reefs, the low carbonate production rates at Bank highlights concerns about less predictable shifts in coral communities. It is likely that increasingly small recovery windows due to the projected increase in frequency of severe bleaching events may, in the long term, suppress carbonate production rates and compromise reefs’ ability to support reef framework accretion across depths (De’Ath et al. 2012; Perry and Alvarez-Filip 2019; Cheung et al. 2021). By assessing depth- and atoll-specific differences in coral carbonate production rates in a remote reef system 6–7 years after a bleaching event, this study provides a better understanding of the long-term impacts of bleaching on primary framework production on coral reefs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that coral reefs face increasing anthropogenic pressures, which make them more susceptible to bioerosion and reduce their structural complexity. It suggests that long-term recovery from bleaching is complicated by factors like increased frequency of severe bleaching events, which may suppress carbonate production rates necessary for the reef's recovery and maintenance of framework accretion. This indicates that recovery may not be fully possible without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Disease (Leaf Scald) of Sugarcane in China: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. In: Plant Diseases-. Intech Open; 201935. Birch RG. Xanthomonas albilineans and the anti-pathogenesis approach to disease control. Pathology. 2001;2(1):1-1136. Moore PH. Temporal and spatial regulation of sucrose accumulation in the sugarcane stem. of Plant Physiology. 1995;22:661-67937. . The evolutionary significance of sugar accumulation in Saccharum. of Biological Sciences. 1963:16:737-74238. . Supply and demand: sink regulation of sugar accumulation in sugarcane. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2009:60:357-36439. . Increasing the utility of genomics in unravelling sucrose accumulation. Research. 2005;92:149-15840. . Metabolic engineering of sugars and simple sugar derivatives in plants. Journal. 2013;11:142-15641. Patrick JW. Phloem unloading: sieve element unloading and post-sieve element transport. of Biology. 1997;48(1):191-22242. . Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. 201443. . Sucrose partitioning between vascular bundles and storage parenchyma in the sugarcane stem: a potential role for the ShSUT1 sucrose transporter. Planta. 2005;220(6):817-82544. Lalonde S, Tegeder M, Throne-. Phloem loading and unloadin of sugar and amino acids. Plant, Cell and Environment. 2003;26:37-5645. . Sugarcane sucrose metabolism: scope for molecular manipulation. of Plant Physiology. 2001;28:1-1246. . Cycle in Sugar Cane. III. Physical & of Cycle in Tissues. Plant Physiology. 1963;38(3):348-35447. . Carbon partitioning in sugarcane (Saccharum species). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2013;4:201-20648. . Sucrose synthase affects carbon partitioning to increase cellulose production and altered cell wall ultrastructure. Proceedings of the of Sciences USA. 2009;106:13118-1312349. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its potential for producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the disease management of sugarcane and its sugar accumulation process, which are not directly relevant to the claim about yeast and biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: Data to the rescue: how humanitarian aid NGOs should collect information based on the access Published: 16 July 2020 Data to the rescue: how humanitarian aid NGOs should collect information based on the : orcid. org/0000-0002-7162-49591,2 Journal of Action 2. Whether data subjects are in or outside the EU is irrelevant, since the GDPR does not solely protect EU nationals, when the organisation is EU-based. On the other hand, the GDPR is applicable to actors established outside the EU, where they offer services to beneficiaries located within the EU, irrespective of whether payment is requiredFootnote 3. The key definitions for data protection, i. e. for “personal data”, “processing” and “special categories of data”, are provided in 9. Personal data is any information relating to a living natural person, who can be identified directly or indirectly through said information, i. e. a name, an identification number, location data and other factors specific to his/her identity. Different pieces of information, which may lead to the identification of a particular person when combined also constitute personal data. Furthermore, any operation performed on personal data, including its collection, storage, alteration, retrieval, use, dissemination and erasure is regarded as processing of data. Finally, special categories of data (sensitive data) revealing ethnic origin, political, philosophical and religious beliefs, trade union membership, health, genetic and biometric data, in addition to sex life and sexual orientation, are considered sensitive, due to the fact that its processing may create significant risks for a person’s fundamental rights and freedoms. Each actor must incorporate the guiding principles of data processing prior to data collection, based on 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the applicability of GDPR regulations, stating that 'whether data subjects are in or outside the EU is irrelevant' as long as the organization is based in the EU or offers services to individuals within the EU. The text further elaborates on the definitions of personal data and processing, confirming that the GDPR provides a regulatory framework for how data is collected and processed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: IntroductionWidespread coral bleaching was first witnessed in 1983 as part of the extremely strong 1982–1983 El Niño (Coffroth et al. 1990). The next extremely strong El Niño, arguably stronger than that in 1982–1983 (Wolter and Timlin 1998; McPhaden 1999), resulted in the first global-scale coral bleaching event (GCBE) in 1998, the effects of which were apparent throughout tropical locations (Wilkinson 2000). Just over a decade later, a much milder El Niño gave rise to the second GCBE in 2010, but this was not well documented, in part because integrated assessments such as the Network and ReefBase were no longer there to nudge scientists to publish on the bleaching (Heron et al. 2016a, 2016b). Just 4 yrs later, the incomplete formation of a 2014–2015 El Niño followed by the strong 2015–2016 El Niño initiated the third GCBE that lasted for three full years (Eakin et al. 2014, 2016, 2017). Extreme atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, representing the highest annual globally averaged temperatures recorded since the 1800s, were recorded in 2015, 2016, and 2017 (Blunden and Arndt 2018); notably, 2017 was the warmest non-El Niño year ever recorded. This extended period of record-breaking temperatures brought us the most severe, widespread, and longest-lasting GCBE on record (Eakin et al. 2018a). What was different in 2014–2017? As sea surface temperature anomalies at levels capable of causing coral bleaching moved from northern to southern hemispheres repeatedly from 2014 to 2017, a nearly continuous set of bleaching events moved across most of the world’s coral reefs. In 2015 and again in 2016, the pattern of bleaching matched that seen during the first global-scale coral bleaching event in 1998 (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). Thus, the 2014–2017 GCBE represents the first multi-year global-scale coral bleaching event, causing bleaching and mortality two or more times during the 3-yr event (Harrison et al. 2018; Head et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2019a; Raymundo et al. 2019; Smith et al. 2019; Teixeira et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the occurrence and severity of global-scale coral bleaching events. It explains that multiple bleaching events occurred over several years due to extreme thermal conditions, suggesting that such repeated stress indicates that recovery without intervention is unlikely, as the cumulative effects of these events show increased mortality rates in coral populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mechanism of sugar storage by mature stem tissue of sugarcane. Physiologia Plantarum. 1965;18:444-45350. . Sugar transport in immature intermodal tissue of sugarcane II. Mechanism of sucrose transport. Plant Physiology. 1972;49:789-79351. . Sugar transporters in Plants: and Discoveries. Physiology. 2017;58(9):1442-146052. Ruan YL. Sucrose metabolism: gateway to diverse carbon use and sugar signaling. of Plant Biology. 2014;65:33-6753. Tarpley L, Vietor DM. Compartmentation of sucrose during radial transfer in mature sorghum culm. BMC Plant Biology. 2007;7:33-4354. . Effects of tissue culture, biolistic transformation, and introduction of PPO and SPS gene constructs on performance of sugarcane clones in the field. Science. 2005;56:449-45655. . Down-regulation of neutral invertase activity in transgenic sugarcane cell suspension cultures leads to a reduction in respiration and growth and an increase in sucrose accumulation. Biology. 2007;34:490-49856. . Metabolic engineering of invertase activities in different sub-cellular compartments affects sucrose accumulation in sugarcane cells. of Plant Physiology. 2000;27:1021-103057. . Sucrose metabolism in the culm of transgenic sugarcane with reduced soluble acid invertase activity. Congress Proceedings-of Technology. 2001;24:588-59158. . Revisiting the source–sink paradigm in sugarcane. Current Science. 2011;100:978-98059. . Identification and of Inhibitor (ShINH1): A for Reducing Pre- and Post-harvest Loss of Sucrose in Sugarcane. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:598-61160. . Lignin as a of (A Review). Petroleum Chemistry. 2020;60:227-24361. -Hyun L. Evaluation of Pretreatments for of Agricultural Residues. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium. 1981;11:29-4562. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it mainly discusses various scientific studies on sugar transport and metabolism in sugarcane, which are not directly related to yeast or biofuel production. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: While ten legal bases are established and extensively described in the GDPR, the most relevant for processing sensitive data in the humanitarian context are summarised and presented below: (a) Explicit consent of the data subject for one or more specified purposes (b) Vital interests of the data subject or of another person when physically or legally incapable of giving consent (c) Not-for-profit bodies when processing beneficiaries’ data in connection with their purposes (d) Data manifestly made public by individuals (e) Establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims (f) Reasons of public health, such as protecting against serious cross-border threats to health or ensuring high standards of quality and safety of health care (g) Preventive or occupational medicine, medical diagnosis and provision of health care or treatment (h) Research and statistic purposes, e. g. patient registries for improving diagnoses and therapies. Actors should only process sensitive data when absolutely required for the fulfilment of their mission and in line with their mandate. Most importantly, relying on the appropriate basis does not release the actor from the responsibility to assess the risk of processing beneficiaries’ data. Data protection impact assessmentsIn case an activity is likely to pose a high risk for individuals, a data protection impact assessment (DPIA) must be carried out prior to data collection, based on 35. A DPIA contains a description of the envisaged activity, policy or data transfer involving the processing of personal data, a risk analysis of the rights of data subjects, the categories of personal data processed, in addition to the safeguards and measures taken to ensure the protection of the data. Assessing the level of risk requires examining both the likelihood and the severity of the potential harm. The outcome of the assessment should be taken into account when determining the appropriate measures to be taken in order to demonstrate that data processing complies with the GDPR. Where a DPIA indicates that processing operations involve a high risk which the controller cannot mitigate by appropriate measures, a consultation with the supervisory data protection authority should be initiated prior to the processing. For instance, a DPIA would be appropriate in the following scenarios: a. UNHCR requests access to the list of all residents in a refugee camp on a monthly basis maintained by the CCCM () actor, in order to examine their eligibility for cash assistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on the specific legal bases established in the GDPR for processing sensitive data. It outlines that organizations must rely on explicit consent, vital interests, not-for-profit purposes, and other legal principles when processing personal data. Additionally, it discusses the necessity of conducting data protection impact assessments (DPIAs) to ensure compliance with the GDPR, thereby validating the regulation's role in overseeing how user data is collected and processed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: The heat stress on coral reefs has successively increased over the past 3 decades, but the 3-yr event from June 2014 to May 2017 stands out as unique in the multi-decadal record (Skirving et al. 2019). The 2014–2017 GCBE lasted 36 months, spanned four calendar years, and included positive (El Niño), negative (La Niña), and neutral phases of the El Niño–cycle (Blunden and Arndt 2018; Eakin et al. 2018a). While the full extent and impacts of the 2014–2017 GCBE are still emerging, this was the longest-lasting, most widespread, and most likely the most damaging on record. Heat stress values in some locations, including the central tropical Pacific, were the highest ever recorded as heat stress lasting for months, with continuous heat stress lasting up to a full year and resulting in almost complete coral loss (Eakin et al. 2017; Brainard et al. 2018; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019). Even some of the hottest coral reef areas in the world succumbed to heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE, showing that heat stress had even exceeded their limits (Burt et al. 2019). In the western Pacific US territories of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands, the 2014–2017 period was only part of a series of repeated heat stress events in a place where we are beginning to see how the annual return of bleaching levels of heat stress may impact reefs (Raymundo et al. 2019). Successive years of extreme summer temperatures have been predicted to occur a few decades from now (Donner et al. 2018)—so why are we already seeing it before 2020? While it may have resulted from random variations in climate extremes, it is most likely the result of a common problem that climate models underestimate both extreme events and rates of change (Fischer et al. 2018; Schewe et al. 2019). Heat stress during this event was not distributed evenly across reefs, devastating some areas while leaving some areas relatively unscathed. On the Reef (GBR), heat stress in 2016 was most concentrated in the northern third of the reef (Hughes et al. 2017b), while heat stress in 2017 was farther south (Hughes et al. 2019a). Similarly, 2016 heat stress in was strongest above 20°S latitude, diminishing to the south (Le Nohaïc et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant and prolonged heat stress that coral reefs experienced during the 2014–2017 Global Coral Bleaching Event (GCBE). It states that this event included the highest heat stress ever recorded, leading to almost complete coral loss in some areas. The persistence of extreme conditions, as highlighted in the text, suggests that recovery without intervention is unlikely, especially since the impacts of such heat stress put immense pressure on coral ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: RNAi suppression of lignin biosynthesis in sugarcane reduces recalcitrance for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. Journal. 2012;10:1067-107663. Jung JH, Altpeter F. TALEN mediated targeted mutagenesis of the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in highly polyploid sugarcane improves cell wall composition for production of bioethanol. Biology. 2016;92:131-14264. . Recombinant cellulase accumulation in the leaves of mature, vegetatively propagated transgenic sugarcane. Molecular Biotechnology. 2014;56(9):795-80265. Altieri A. in Brazil. In: Sayigh A, editor. Energy. Elsevier; 2012. p. 15-2666. . New components of a system for phosphate accumulation and polyphosphate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed by genomic expression analysis. Cell. 2000;11(12):4309-432167. . Bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses by instant dry yeast. 2019; IOP Conf. Ser. : Earth Environ. Sci. 230 01207668. . 2G ethanol from the whole sugarcane lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology Biofuels. 2015;8:44-5969. . Evaluation of the quantity and composition of sugars and lipid in the juice and bagasse of lipid producing sugarcane. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2017;10:148-15570. . and Droplet Proliferation. Plant Cell. 2015;27(9):2616-263671. . Metabolic engineering of sugarcane to accumulate energy-dense triacylglycerols in vegetative biomass. Journal. 2016;14(2):661-669 information 1. Introduction2. Sugarcane genetic improvement3. Conclusion 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address whether bioengineered yeast can produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various studies related to sugarcane and biofuel production, but does not mention yeast or its engineering for biofuel production. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The GDPR in the EU regulates how companies collect and process user data. [SEP] Text: The DPIA would examine the necessity of sharing, risks of regular data transfers to an IO, the categories of data to be shared and other potential risks to data rights. b. Due to continuous break-ins of the actor’s office inside the refugee camp, its management decides to dispose of hard copies of supporting documentation and upload soft copies in a web-based storage platform. In this scenario, the DPIA would explore the categories of data processed, whether said platform provides adequate safety measures, any potential risks to data rights, and access control procedures, in addition to information integrity and availability of the data uploaded. DPIAs are crucial during project design in order to safeguard compliance with data protection provisions. They are tailored to each particular intervention; subsequently, they differ between organisations and projects. DPIAs enable the identification of privacy risks for individuals, the development of risk mitigation strategies, as well as the protection of the actors’ reputation. Useful DPIA templates and guidance have been developed by the of the (ICRC, 2017) and the French supervisory data protection authority (CNIL, 2018). Sharing data with other aid actorsThe effectiveness of a humanitarian response relies on compiling data lists, e. g. of camp residents, communities in need and other potential beneficiaries. In situations of emergency, aid actors are often asked to share this data with other organisations to support the humanitarian intervention. This exchange of information is crucial, in order to avoid repeated data collections from the same data subjects and overlap of services offered. At the point of considering sharing data with third parties, an assessment must be conducted on whether the sharing is within the original lawful basis for processing and whether data subjects were made aware of the circumstances of a prospective sharing. In all cases, appropriate safeguards must be used, such as contractual clauses binding the recipient to provide appropriate data protection. Data sharing agreements are typically established when organisations regularly exchange data to provide humanitarian assistance. These agreements specify the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved, stipulate additional restrictions or protective measures on how the data is used and indicate the categories of data and the transfer modalities. It should be noted that different types of data transfer agreements may be needed, depending on the categories of data, the applicability of national laws and the actors involved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) in evaluating privacy risks, compliance with data protection provisions, and ensuring the lawful processing of data. It emphasizes the need for organizations to assess the risks associated with data sharing and to implement appropriate safeguards, which aligns with the principles set out in the GDPR for regulating the collection and processing of user data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2017; Gilmour et al. 2019). A surprise was the second area of warming off southern Australia in 2016, resulting in bleaching as high as 34°S in (Goyen et al. 2019). At regional scales, these studies found damage largely followed the degree of heat stress recorded. What have we learned from GCBE-3? From a practical standpoint, a clear lesson that has emerged during the latest and prolonged bleaching event is the critical importance of the timing of surveys used to document the incidence and severity of coral bleaching (Claar and Baum 2018). While frequent, repeated, and well-timed observations are the best way to monitor bleaching and mortality during heat stress events, this is not always possible, especially at remote locations (e. g. , Kiritimati Island). Some remote locations that are typically surveyed every 2–3 yrs have been surveyed annually since the onset of the 2014–2017 GCBE (Brainard et al. 2018; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019). However, even well-resourced, large-scale programs to survey much of the GBR or US coral reefs are only conducted at a predetermined time of the year or even every 2 to 3 yrs (Jonker et al. 2008; NOAA 2014). Resulting estimates of bleaching or mortality will depend on whether surveys were conducted before, during, or after the peak of heat stress. While satellite remote sensing of heat stress is readily available and continues to be improved (Liu et al. 2017) and climate-model-based systems can predict heat stress with reasonable skill (Liu et al. 2018), we are currently reliant on direct and timely in-water surveys to establish the incidence and extent of coral bleaching and associated mortality (Hughes et al. 2017b, 2018a). Being able to detect coral bleaching remotely would improve temporal and spatial coverage in studies of bleaching incidence and greatly advance understanding of the causes and consequences of coral bleaching. While global-scale tools such as those provided by satellites and climate models provide valuable insights into large-scale patterns, local patterns of heat stress or survival reveal considerable variability within reefs and reef systems (Green et al. 2019; Reid et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the extensive need for well-timed observations and monitoring to assess coral bleaching and mortality. It emphasizes that while various tools are available to predict and assess heat stress, coral reefs rely heavily on timely in-water surveys to document bleaching incidence and mortality. The mention of the variability in local patterns of heat stress and survival suggests that recovery without some form of intervention or monitoring is uncertain, thereby opposing the claim of full recovery without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lignocellulosic biomass is highly recalcitrant and difficult to convert into monomeric sugars that can be fermented into biofuels by microorganisms [11]. Chemical and physical pretreatment processes are thus used to disrupt biomass allowing the structural carbohydrates to be more easily hydrolyzed to monomeric sugars by biomass degrading enzymes [11, 12]. Thermochemical pretreatment processes generate degradation products that often are toxic to the microorganisms and reduce ethanol production and xylose consumption [13–15]. The high price of lignocellulosic enzymes and the long process times required for enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation are two bottlenecks preventing economical production of lignocellulosic ethanol [6]. To help overcome these bottlenecks, the with Integrated recycle Technology (RaBIT) process was developed in our laboratory. In previous publications and poster presentations we have referred to this process as and Fast SSCF (BCRL: : separate hydrolysis and fermentation, SSCF: simultaneious saccharification and co-fermentation) [16]. The RaBIT process (Figure 1) reduces capital costs by shortening enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation time to a total of 48 h and can potentially reduce enzyme usage up to 50%. This is accomplished by recycling the unhydrolyzed solids and the accompanying adsorbed enzymes into the next cycle of enzymatic hydrolysis. This will lead to a buildup of unhydrolyzed solids. For a large number of cycles, a portion of the unhydrolyzed solids will need to be removed periodically. Future research is needed to address this issue. To overcome slow xylose utilization, long fermentation times, and low ethanol productivity, the fermentation rate is increased by utilizing a high initial cell density (approximately 10 g/L dry cell weight [DCW]) coupled with cell recycling into the next fermentation stage. As a result, fermentations that normally take 96 to 168 h are completed in 24 h. The use of Expansion (AFEX™) pretreated biomass is highly suitable for this process. AFEX material produces fewer inhibitory compounds compared to dilute acid pretreatment, thereby permitting faster fermentation and providing a high level of viable cells for subsequent fermentation cycles [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the challenges and progress in converting lignocellulosic biomass into sugars that can be fermented into biofuels, focusing on various pretreatment processes and fermentation technologies. However, it does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Meteorologists have forecast normal to above-normal levels of rainfall in central and northern Mozambique through to the end of the rainy season in March, while the southern part of the country was expected to see normal to below-normal rain. 5 January 2006 Floods in central Mozambique have killed at least 15 people in two central provinces and left thousands homeless after heavy rains in the southern African country since Christmas, officials said yesterday. “We can confirm that ten people have died because of the floods and lightning, as well as a small boat that capsized,” said central Sofala provincial governor Alberto Vaquina, who had given a figure of 13 deaths on Tuesday (January 3). added the toll could still rise as provincial authorities have not yet received information and damage reports from all Sofala’s districts. He said Beira and at least three districts had been heavily affected by the torrential rains. Without giving exact numbers, Vaquina estimated that hundreds of families were left homeless and more than 4,000 hectares of crops have been destroyed. “We have also re-launched a provincial emergency committee which will coordinate any help needed in the disaster,” he said, adding that the committee will meet with UN officials to “co-ordinate the aid effort. ” In northern Nampula province, Castro Namuaca, president of the municipal council for the provincial capital, also called Nampula, announced yesterday that three of 12 people taken to hospital had died. “More than 1,700 homes have been destroyed and around 9,000 people have been left homeless and schools destroyed,” Namuaca said. Two deaths were earlier reported in Nampula province. provincial government had by yesterday put together about 600-million meticals to aid victims. Mozambican meteorologists said a tropical disturbance affecting Sofala and Nampula province was moving toward the south of the country and had already reached Inhambane province. 10 January 2006 At least 22 people have been swept to their death in Mozambique and thousands more have fled heavy rains there and in neighbouring and Malawi. Government officials in Mozambique said the death toll had risen sharply from the initial eight reported on January 3, and heavy rains were expected to continue until March, forcing the government to put the country on a cyclone alert. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how meteorologists forecast weather patterns, such as rainfall levels in Mozambique, which are crucial for both weather forecasting and disaster management. The reported floods and the coordination of emergency response by officials underscore the importance of timely and accurate weather data in managing disasters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Past studies have suggested that either the ability of corals to resist heat stress or to recover after heat stress may be related to other environmental factors such as local anthropogenic stress (McClanahan et al. 2012). At one of the hardest-hit locations, local stress and heat stress interacted to influence the survival of the heat-tolerant coral Porites lobata in (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2019). Examination of the microbiome of these corals showed that heat stress in 2016 had a similar impact on microbiome diversity as local stressors (subsistence fishing pressure, minor pollution from sewage runoff, and dredging) during the prior non-bleaching year. However, there was no indication of synergistic interaction between local stress and heat stress in terms of the corals’ bleaching response, showing that these patterns may be more complicated than previously thought. Elsewhere, now-familiar patterns of symbiont shuffling were seen in some of the most heat-sensitive coral species but not in those more resistant (Gong et al. 2019; Thinesh et al. 2019). There are winners, losers, and surprises. Some reefs bleach heavily and suffer significant coral mortality at low levels of heat stress (Hughes et al. 2017b, 2018a). In other cases, high heat stress may cause minimal mortality as corals recover well from bleaching (Fox et al. 2019). Some of this may be the result of inaccuracies in the heat stress products, especially in areas close to the equator with poor seasonal cycles. In some cases, local conditions like upwelling (Riegl et al. 2019) or high turbidity (Morgan et al. 2017; Teixeira et al. 2019) may help corals survive, while local growth of fleshy algae may increase bleaching susceptibility (Smith et al. 2019). In others, reefs may be predominated by a few species that are resilient to bleaching and recover well (Johnston et al. 2019) but may have reduced reproductive output or success (Fisch et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2019b). Repeated years of heat stress may result in less bleaching during later events (Harrison et al. 2018; Fisch et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2019a) or may overwhelm reefs to the point that their persistence is in question (Riegl et al. 2018; Raymundo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexity of coral reef recovery from bleaching. It highlights that while some corals may recover well after heat stress, there are also significant cases of coral mortality and factors influencing recovery such as local anthropogenic stress and environmental conditions. For instance, it notes, 'Some reefs bleach heavily and suffer significant coral mortality at low levels of heat stress,' indicating that not all reefs can recover fully without intervention. Additionally, it states that repeated years of heat stress could overwhelm reefs, questioning their persistence.