Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: 448%, respectively, are recorded for extreme poor household type performance. It is reported as 1. 202% in model 1 (50%), 0. 581% in model 2 (75%), and 2. 582%in model 3 (100%) for poor household types, while for extreme poor household style results, 1. 142%, 0. 553%, and 2. 448%, respectively, are recorded. One percent rise in the Gini coefficient results in a 0. 183%-point decrease in the five-year average growth rate centered on the regression of no restrictions. Table 1 shows that this is reduced to -0. 05 when we added the log population growth rate. When we added the employment, the coefficient decreases to -0. 04 and becomes statistically insignificant. The GDP growth rate of 4% is used to assess a country's development progress over a specific time as a critical macroeconomic indicator. In the past ten years amid the global financial and sovereign debt crisis, the Vietnam economy's growth has been stable with an average of 2% to 3% growth rate of 6. 29%. In today's economic challenges, this is a significant accomplishment. At the sense levels of 95%, model 1 is statistically significant (sig. F-test = 0. 038). However, the Adjusted R2 is poor (2. 8%), which shows inefficient GDP growth changes. Our findings show that public spending with sig-test < 1% and correlation coefficient 0. 258 > 0 positively affects economic development. This means that the higher the government spending level, the higher the growth rate. The key factor of economic growth is an investment. Table 1 Impact of inequality on economic growthFull size tableIn a variety of theoretical and empirical studies, economic growth and investment relationship were studied. Public investment in developed countries accounts for a small proportion of all economic investments by private sector funding and investment in risky fields. On the other hand, the economy plays an important role in all economic activities in developing countries. Even though the nature of our study is macro-level, we hypothesized that inequality is negatively associated with economic growth by using numerous channels. Existing studies in this line of research argued that inequality might conclude that under-investment in schooling, physical capital and health yielded lower economic growth. This under-investment might be associated with a shortage of resources such as poverty instead of inequality. This argued that observing poverty as an additional channel can slow economic growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various economic factors and challenges that impact growth, particularly highlighting the relationship between inequality, poverty, and economic growth. It implies that factors such as under-investment in areas like education and health—which can be exacerbated by poverty—negatively affect growth. Hence, the notion of achieving economic growth without considering environmental or social costs, such as inequality or poverty, is challenged within the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물 선호도와 자녀양육태도의 관계 식물 선호와 자녀양육태도의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 먼저 식물 기르기 텃밭활동과 양육태도의 관계를 본 결과, 전체 양육태도, 성 취-비성취, 애정-적대와 유의적인 관계가 있었으며 식물 기르기 경 험이 있는 집단이 긍정적이었다. 선호식물의 종류는 성취-비성취 와 관련이 있었고, 3개 이하 집단(3. 75±. 39)에서 긍정적이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the relationship between plant preferences and parenting styles rather than the historical relationship between people and plants, which is the focus of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: The lower plane is located at the level of the third ventricle, here is Gudden's commissure, which connects the two internal geniculate bodies, Meynert's commissure, which unites the two sublenticular regions, and the subthalamic commissure, which unites the two subthalamic regions. In the upper plane are the posterior white commissure at the level of the epiphysis, which is a mesencephalic commissure, the inter-habenular commissure, which unites the two ganglia of the habenula, and the anterior white commissure, which unites the temporal lobes (46). The large interhemispheric bundles are represented by the cerebral trigone (fornix) and the corpus callosum. The cerebral trigone (fornix) consists of fibers that connect the areas of the archicortex, being placed on the third ventricle and the thalamus. The corpus callosum (corpus calosum) is the most important interhemispheric commissure. The corpus callosum has an important role in psychic, motoric and gnostic functions, which require the participation of the two cerebral hemispheres. Experimental sectioning of the corpus callosum was found to lead to the loss of the possibility of inter-hemispheric transfer of information (46). The interhemispheric circuits that connect the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere work with the white matter fibers of the corpus callosum, and studies using nuclear magnetic resonance show that their absence from birth, craniocerebral trauma and some mental disorders are associated with a significantly low white matter in the area of the corpus callosum (49). In addition, chronic stress and depression are able to cause significant changes in the brain, such as decreased number of dendrites and synapses, atrophy of dendrites and decrease in both size and number of glial cells in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (50). Therefore, in this context in which changes can occur at the cognitive and behavioral level, due to the organic changes produced in the brain, the neuroplasticity capacity of the brain is taken into account. Certain antidepressants help the mechanisms of neuroplasticity and work by repairing damage to neural circuits, strengthening synapses in certain brain areas or normalizing glutamatergic levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the brain's neuroplasticity capacity and how certain antidepressants can aid in repairing damage to neural circuits. It mentions changes in cognitive and behavioral levels due to organic changes in the brain and highlights that the mechanisms of neuroplasticity are involved in strengthening synapses and normalizing neurotransmitter levels, aligning with the definition of neuroplasticity as the brain's ability to reorganize itself.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, since Vietnam's population is a small fraction of China's, the nation's accomplishments have accounted for just about 3. 2% of the decrease in global poverty since 1990. A more comprehensive image of poverty alleviation is given by comparing progress around these three international poverty lines (Fu et al. 2021). The following animation illustrates how, from 1990 to 2018, poverty rates in China have been improved. This implies that the per capita country with the highest GDP may or may not be the highest. As technology progresses, the per capita GDP of these countries will also increase significantly (Westmore 2018). Technology can be a ground-breaking force that can help to reduce the level of poverty in countries. This results in a substantial proportion of all public spending. The outcome of the regression is therefore essential to the economy in Vietnam. There is little effect on Vietnam's economic growth (sig. t-test > 0. 05) due to other dependent variables of job rate, poverty rate, government expending, and export and importation value. These findings do not reveal the negative correlation between economic growth and unemployment. The significance level of model 2 (sig. F test = 0. 000) is statistically relevant at 99%. Adjusted R2 is 39. 6%, which means that the impact on the change in the unemployment rate is reasonably successful. 03 independent poor rate variables; the importance of exports and importations, and the significance level of public investment is essential at 99% (t-test < 1%). There is a negative relationship between the poverty rate and the unemployment rate for export and import values. The higher the rate of poverty, the lower the rate of unemployment. Many reports show that the unemployment rate is positive about poverty. Moreover, the negative relationship between export and import’s value and unemployment means that exports' production reduces unemployment by creating many jobs. Our findings show that government spending has a significant and optimistic impact on provincial unemployment in Vietnam (a significance level of 99%). Meanwhile, numerous previous study reports on the negative relationship between economic development and unemployment. The level of poverty is linked with economic growth and development, including the existence of education and employment. It means that macroeconomic indicators heavily influence the country's poverty level, (Table 2). The non-poverty incidence also shows an association with underlying variables such as poverty headcount, education, employment and investment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between economic growth, poverty, and unemployment without indicating that such growth can occur without any environmental costs or trade-offs. Specifically, it outlines how economic factors like government spending, export-import values, and unemployment rates interplay and affect poverty. It implies that economic growth comes with dependencies that are tied to other factors, indicating that sustainability in economic growth is not straightforward and likely involves trade-offs or costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 선호하는 식물의 분류기준에 따라서 t-검증 결과, 지지대가 필 요한 식물 선호집단(Nd)은(3. 61±. 36) 그렇지 않은 집단(NN)의 성취-비성취(Ach) 수준(3. 77±. 40)보다 낮았다. 향기 있는 식물 선호집단(HF)과 만지기 쉬운 식물 선호집단(Easy)은 그렇지 않 은 집단과 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 식재료 이용이 가능한 식물을 선호(PF) 하는 집단(3. 56±. 43)과 1년생 식물 선호(HA)하는 집단 (3. 54±. 42)은 그렇지 않은 집단(3. 69±. 43, 3. 68±. 44)보다 합리- 비합리(Rat) 점수가 유의하게 낮았다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about paleoethnobotany. Instead, it discusses statistical results regarding plant preferences among different groups, which is unrelated to the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the organic changes at the synapses can be based on the fibers covered with muscles and the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus (51). Therefore, in the case of major depressive disorder, the neuroplasticity capacity of the brain is affected, and this involves difficulties in the hippocampus, involved in learning and memory, the prefrontal cortex involved in attention, concentration, learning and memory and in the amygdala, which plays a role in emotion processing and social learning (52). Regarding the intrahemispheric circuits, the neuroplasticity capacity of the brain is supported by the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Regarding the hippocampal area, the withdrawal of dendrites and synapses causes a decrease in neuron-synapse connectivity, which makes possible the continuity of information transmission at the level of neurons. Regarding the prefrontal cortex, patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder demonstrate a significant reduction of the dendritic spine, atrophy of the dendritic branches, a decrease in the number of synapses and glial cells (53). In the case of the amygdala, an increase in the number of dendrites was observed in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and in the pyramidal projections of the stellar neurons (54). 5. Neurotransmitters involved in depression Serotonin-serotonergic neurons project to the entire central nervous system. L-tryptophan is converted by tryptophan hydroxylase to serotonin. It has been observed that inhibition of this reaction is associated with depression-like manifestations, probably due to serotonin depletion. of norepinephrine by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase has shown that norepinephrine is involved in depression (55). has been observed that patients with Parkinson's disease have depressive episodes, and reserpine (decreases monoamine vesicles) can induce depression as an adverse reaction. This has led to the hypothesis that decreased activation of dopaminergic pathways can cause depression in some patients. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors were among the first antidepressants, increasing the availability of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Complex interactions take place between these neurotransmitters, and alteration of one system of monoamines can affect the others (55). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how neuroplasticity involves organic changes at the synapses and how regions of the brain such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala are affected in the context of major depressive disorder. Specifically, it addresses the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize by noting alterations in dendritic structures and synaptic connections, highlighting the concept of forming new neural connections as part of neuroplasticity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: At the same time, the degree of inequality is associated with economic growth and development, employment, and investment to GDP ratio. In the meantime, schooling poverty headcount, education, employment and investment are related to economic growth and development. Table 2 Effect of poverty on GDP growth (Dependent variable, 5 Years GDP growth)Full size tableResults in Table 3 find that high economic growth has helped to reduce the unemployment in their Vietnam study. The significance level of model 2 (sig. F test = 0. 000) is statistically relevant at 99%. Adjusted R2 is 54. 3%, which indicates that the shift in poverty rate is reasonably successful. The rate of unemployment, the volume of exports and imports, and 03 independent variable public expenditures with a production of 99% (T-test < 1%). Their relationship with poverty is negative. The greater the rate of poverty, the higher the rate of unemployment. The findings from Model 2 and several previous research findings are supported. This leads to economic development and poverty reduction through growth in exports and public investments. In 2016, the unemployment rate in Vietnam was significantly influenced by the provincial level (sig. t-test > 0, 05). Therefore, the findings do not show the correlation between economic growth and poverty rate (with the explanatory variable of economic growth). Table 3 Impact on inequality on growth (restricting the sample)Full size tableThe econometric model has no control variable with a very small p-value implying the rejection of the null hypothesis. The findings of the proposed methodological framework show that the poverty assessment (US$1. 90/day) yielded the poverty interaction and inequality relationship between GDP and poverty is around 84%. In contrast, the coefficient at lagged GDP cannot be taken as a pure "conjunction" parameter. Meanwhile, there is a 43% relationship between injustice and poverty, including poverty-related indicators. We have done the Arellano and Bond (1991) test to check the serial correlation at first-differenced errors and it shows no significance for serial correlation at second and third level first-differenced errors. It is necessary to mention that the instrument numbers generally reduce when we add multiplication of education × employment to check the coming effects at poverty. It is due to the unavailability of data for a specific period. Results scrutinizes whether the original relationship between economic growth and inequality is continuously observed in the new sample. We observe control variable in the new sample in Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that economic growth is related to inequality and poverty which often carries associated costs. It discusses the relationship between poverty and unemployment, implying that economic growth may lead to outcomes that have socio-economic costs. Specifically, the findings suggest that higher economic growth can exacerbate unemployment and poverty, thus indicating that sustainable growth cannot occur without considering these factors and their environmental implications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 독립생장 식물 선호집단 (IG)은 양육태도 전체(3. 72±. 32), 성취-비성취(3. 83±. 37), 합리- 비합리(3. 67±. 43), 애정-적대(Aff) (4. 08±. 38)면에서 군락을 이 루는 식물을 선호(CG)하는 집단(3. 55±. 32, 3. 60±. 40, 3. 50±. 42, 3. 84±. 43)보다 긍정적이었고 통계적으로도 유의하였다. 요리, 공 예 등 가공이 가능한 식물을 선호(IP)하는 집단(3. 55±. 43)은 관상 용 식물을 좋아하는(OP) 집단(3. 69±. 44)보다 합리-비합리 점수가 긍정적이었다(Table 9). Table 9. The t-test results on Parenting attitude and Plant preference by plant classification. V'z Parenting attitude (n=43) 3. 58±. 31 3. 61±. 36 3. 90±. 43 3. 28±. 36 3. 55±. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information relevant to the claim about paleoethnobotany. It discusses preferences for different types of plants and parenting attitudes, which does not relate to the study of historical relationships between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: In depressive diseases, an excess of cortisol in the blood has been observed, an increased level of corticotropin and adrenocorticotropin (69). A recent meta-analysis suggests that depressive pathologies differ in terms of HPA axis reactivity, where depressed patients with melancholic features tend to have axis hyperactivation and those with atypical depression tend to have low axis activity (70). 7. Rewiring the brain's circuits through antidepressant therapy An important discovery in patients who have undergone antidepressant therapy is an increase in the functional connectivity in both neocortical regions (different parts of the prefrontal cortex) and subcortical regions (hippocampus, parahippocampus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex); furthermore, this was correlated with clinical improvement of depression symptoms. Other findings in these patients include decreased activation in specific limbic areas in response to negative stimuli, increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and visual-processing areas in response to positive stimuli. These indicate that antidepressant therapy reverses the hyperactivity of the DMN and the hypoactivity of neocortical regions observed in depressed patients. In addition, it was demonstrated that after antidepressant therapy there was a decrease in activation of the amygdala during emotional processing, suggesting that it may reduce the negative emotional processing (71). Furthermore, it seems to normalize the activity of regions involved in the resting state and emotional processing and response. Studies have demonstrated the reverse neuroplasticity effects of antidepressant therapies. Antidepressants were observed to promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus and to strengthen functional connectivity (72,73). A comparative study observed that patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (citalopram, escitalopram) showed decreased limbic activity and normalization of the frontoparietal network activity during a cognitive task. The same study concluded that serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors showed limited impact on the same limbic regions (74). The biomolecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity that are related to depression and antidepressant therapy are still unclear. Antidepressants may promote neuroplasticity by altering the cellular signaling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of antidepressant therapy on the brain, which includes 'rewiring the brain's circuits' and promoting 'neurogenesis in the hippocampus.' Furthermore, it highlights that antidepressants 'strengthen functional connectivity' and suggests that they may promote neuroplasticity by altering cellular signaling, aligning closely with the definition of neuroplasticity as the brain's ability to form new neural connections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: India and Pakistan had an energy intensity of 5. 37 and 4. 19, respectively, showing a decrease from 2001 to 2015. Conclusion and Policy RecommendationThe study used the econometric estimation to measure the impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth from 1990 to 2016 in Vietnam. Various econometric estimation tests confirmed the presence of a long-run association between the impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth in the matter of poverty headcounter ratio in Vietnam. Empirically, the current study addressed two simple questions: The current study answers the question of “is their negative correlation exists between economic growth and income inequality while poverty has been taken as the US$1. 90 income per day? ”. Our study shows the following findings, (i) The empirical estimation based on the negative impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth is based on poverty headcount ratio, the incidence of poverty, education, employment, investment to GDP ratio and Gini coefficient. The result shows the negative impact of poverty and combining impact on inclusive economic growth. Interestingly, our results verify the previous findings that inequality and poverty negatively impact economic growth. The negative effect of poverty and inequality on economic growth appears to be concentrated at the level of high poverty. (ii) Our findings verify the general arguments that the negative impact of inequality on economic growth raises the level of poverty. These findings recommend that poverty reduction policies encourage economic growth even if they do not decrease income inequality. This paper provides new insights into the important economic indicators and the relationship between these indicators, such as poverty, inequality, and economic growth. The major findings show that the structure of inequality is harmful and destructive to economic growth. Results reveal that inequality interrelates greater poverty levels. (iii) Our results do not implicate that inequality and poverty have a positive impact on economic growth. Therefore, countries need to decrease inequality. Also, poverty and inequality's effect on the construction of social cohesiveness and institutions is low. The policy suggestion of this study implies that decreasing inequality solitary may not progress economic growth scenarios. As an alternative, poor economies might find ways to reduce poverty, providing more benefit to economic growth instead of re-arrangement that does not decrease poverty. Following policies are recommended to improve the non-banking financial institutes to attain a higher level of economic growth in Vietnam. To achieve the sustainable inflation rate target, the government state bank of Vietnam should maintain an inflation rate of up to 5–6%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth. It states that 'the structure of inequality is harmful and destructive to economic growth,' which indicates that growth cannot be achieved without addressing these social issues. Moreover, the findings suggest that while reducing poverty may enhance economic growth, it does not imply sustainable growth without considering its relationship with inequality. This implies that trade-offs are necessary in pursuing sustainable growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 43 NN(n=114) 3. 68±. 33 3. 77±. 40 4. 01±. 42 3. 31±. 38 3. 62±. 43 t-value -1. 674 -2. 386 -1. 492 -0. 420 -0. 953 probability 0. 096 0. 018 0. 138 0. 675 0. 342 OS HF(n=37) 3. 57±. 32 3. 65±. 43 3. 87±. 41 3. 26±. 32 3. 51±. 41 Others(n=120) 3. 68±. 33 3. 76±. 39 4. 02±. 42 3. 32±. 39 3. 63±. 44 t-value -1. 762 -1. 561 -1. 954 -0. 820 -1. 583 probability 0. 080 0. 120 0. 052 0. 413 0. 115 ToS Easy(n=144) 3. 65±. 34 3. 74±. 41 3. 98±. 43 3. 30±. 38 3. 59±. 43 Spine(n=11) 3. 71±. 20 3. 67±. 28 4. 05±. 28 3. 28±. 42 3. 77±. 44 t-value -0. 542 0. 624 -0. 548 0. 181 -1. 341 probability 0. 588 0. 534 0. 585 0. 857 0. 182 TS PF(n=100) 3. 63±. 32 3. 71±. 40 3. 95±. 41 3. 30±. 35 3. 56±. 43 NPF(n=55) 3. 71±. 35 3. 78±. 40 4. 05±. 43 3. 30±. 42 3. 69±. 43 t-value -1. 438 -1. 093 -1. 484 0. 044 -1. 997 probability 0. 152 0. 276 0. 14 0. 965 0. 047 LP HA(n=84) 3. 61±. 30 3. 69±. 39 3. 94±. 40 3. 28±. 34 3. 54±. 42 PE(n=70) 3. 71±. 35 3. 78±. 40 4. 04±. 44 3. 33±. 42 3. 68±. 44 t-value -1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a collection of statistical data points, including means, standard errors, t-values, and probabilities, which appear to be from a study or analysis. There is no content within the text that relates to the examination of the relationship between people and plants in history, as stated in the claim. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: This effect is mediated by an increase in levels of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which activates the tyrosine kinase receptors and triggers an intracellular cascade involving cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase and other chemicals. These molecules activate transcription factors such as cAMP-responsive element binding-protein and promote synthesis of proteins. The end results are structural changes in specific regions in the brain (75,76). It was noted that synaptic serotonin availability has a key role in the stress-induced dendritic remodeling (77). Increased synaptic serotonin can trigger intracellular mechanisms that enhance neural plasticity. Treatment with escitalopram was proved to increase the serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (78), therefore promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus (79). BDNF's mechanism of action is controversial and it was observed that its neuroplasticity effects are region-specific and interact with other genetic and environmental factors (80). It was observed that glutamate mediates reversible neural modifications (33). Inhibition of glutamate release prevents remodeling of neurons in specific regions in the brain (81,82). By interacting with the NMDA receptor, treatment with tianeptine was demonstrated to prevent the retraction of apical dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and to increase granule cell proliferation (83). Treatment with fluoxetine showed similar results in blocking the effects of stress in the prefrontal cortex (84). A new antidepressant, ketamine, an NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, has gained attention in recent years as it is regarded as a possible new antidepressant treatment. A single subanesthetic dose was observed to have a 52. 6% response rate and lasts up to 3 days (85). In an unpublished document by Clarke and Hayley, it was stipulated that ketamine alters the level of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex during basal state (86). This response to ketamine is dependent upon an intact serotoninergic system (87). It was confirmed that chronic ketamine intake upregulates dopamine synthesis and levels (88). Ketamine has also elicited effects on the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex synapses. It was demonstrated that it can enhance dendritic branching and synaptic receptor number within 24 h of ketamine administration (89). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms involved in neuroplasticity, including the role of neurotrophic factors like BDNF and other molecular interactions that lead to structural changes in the brain. Specifically, it mentions 'structural changes in specific regions in the brain' and notes how various treatments can influence these changes, directly aligning with the definition of neuroplasticity as the brain's ability to reorganize itself.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: (c) The political stability in Vietnam is one of the important factors through which we can achieve economic development by reducing the volatility in inflation and interest rate, and finally unpredictability in the economic growth to invest in Vietnam. So, stability in the economic policies and the interest rate directly increases foreign capital flow from foreign countries to host countries, stimulating the non-banking financial institutes in Vietnam. In the end, a wide range of research is felt necessary to make the LR policies for the establishment of modern financial institutions in the non-banking sector, which will serve as a sound base for economic growth in Vietnam. The overall development of all economic entities in society dictates the development of a country. Economic growth, the prosperity of a country, and its participation in raising funds for excess and deficit sectors are driven primarily by the country's financial system (Jalali-Naini and Naderian 2020) and (Afonso et al. 2016). In most countries, particularly developing countries, institutions have a crucial role in raising funds. Nevertheless, to ensure a stable and concrete financial system, it is crucial to develop banking and non-banking financial institutions, which, in turn, support the economic growth and prosperity of a country's entire national system (Mersland and Øystein Strøm 2009). Non-banking financial institutions allow financial systems to withstand the economic crisis while reinforcing economic power. The gap in financial intermediaries is filled with the help of a wide range of products and services provided by the NBFIs, while it also plays a significant supporting role in commercial banks (Jalali-Naini and Naderian 2020). Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are openly available on request. 10. 1016/j. qref. 2016. 07. 00510. 26480/wcm. 01. 2017. 15. 18(2020) and in IRAN. Rev. T, Muhtaseb BMA (2017) Growth : through the Growth – Unemployment Linkage. Issues 7(2):348–354(2020) Negotiating poverty line-study on density effect around the poverty line for indian state. Rev 65;Suppl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of a stable financial system and the role of banking and non-banking financial institutions (NBFIs) in achieving economic growth. It implies that achieving financial development, which is crucial for economic growth, may require significant structural and institutional efforts that could have environmental implications. While the text does not directly address environmental concerns, the emphasis on economic growth and financial stability suggests that trade-offs may be present in the pursuit of such growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 873 -1. 509 -1. 541 -0. 824 -2. 116 probability 0. 063 0. 133 0. 125 0. 411 0. 036 SP IG(n=93) 3. 72±. 32 3. 83±. 37 4. 08±. 38 3. 33±. 40 3. 67±. 43 CG(n=64) 3. 55±. 32 3. 60±. 40 3. 84±. 43 3. 26±. 33 3. 50±. 42 t-value 3. 261 3. 766 3. 811 1. 318 2. 658 probability 0. 001 0. 000 0. 000 0. 189 0. 009 PP IP(n=99) 3. 63±. 31 3. 70±. 39 3. 94±. 40 3. 30±. 35 3. 55±. 43 OP(n=54) 3. 71±. 36 3. 80±. 42 4. 07±. 44 3. 30±. 43 3. 69±. 44 t-value -1. 599 -1. 487 -1. 842 0. 45 -2. 021 probability. 112. 139. 067. 964. 045 z V’: Achievement (Ach), Affection (Aff), Autonomy (Aut), Rationality (Rat), Viewpoint sense (VS), Need a supporting stick to grow (Nd), No need a supporting stick to grow (NN), Olfactory sense (OS), Herbal & flowers (HF), Touch sense (ToS), Taste sense (TS), Plants for foodstuff (PF), for foodstuff (NPF), Lifetime of plant (LP), Hardy annual (HA), Perennial (PE), Sociality of Plant (SP), Individual growth (IG), Community growth (CG), Practicality of plants (PP), Plants for Cook & Industrial arts (IP), Ornamental plants (OP). y Mean±S. D. Significant at p<. 05, p<. 01 by pearson χ2-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss paleoethnobotany or its focus on the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it appears to present statistical data and variables that do not relate specifically to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: An important study observed the beneficial and synergistic antidepressant effects of combining ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (90). The primary concern regarding ketamine therapy is the psychotomimetic effects. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered the last resort in medication-refractory depression. Studies have confirmed that ECT induces neuroplasticity through different mechanism such as: synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, dendrogenesis, angiogenesis and gliogenesis (91). These changes occur in areas connected to the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system that are involved in mood regulation. The volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala were found to be normalized after one course of ECT. Apart from the structural changes that were observed, ECT is associated with ‘rewiring’ of the brain in a functional manner. A study demonstrated the effect of ECT in normalizing resting state functional connectivity within the brain's networks, that was noted as early as the first session of ECT (92). This suggests that, initially, there is a decrease in intra-limbic networks following ECT. Subsequently, changes extend to increase the functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and limbic system restoring the top-down regulation circuits. A reduction in the DMN hyperactivity, correlated with improvement in the symptoms, was also observed (92). 8. therapy has the power to overdrive the negative neuroplasticity caused by depression. All patients suffering from depression should benefit from antidepressant therapy in order to achieve clinical remission. Recent studies have shown that clinical remitted patients who have benefited from antidepressant therapy have a better quality of life. Special attention must be drawn to non-pharmacological methods that can enhance the antidepressant effects and provide psychological means to overcome other stressful situations in life. applicable. Funding Funding: No funding was received. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Authors' contributions SCT and IR designed and drafted the initial review. IR and AMD gathered the medical information and conducted the final view and structure of the 1003. 2018. 350. 2017. 607. 2004. 35. 2010. 405. 2019. 137. 2016. 18. 2012. 121. 2015. 131. 2015. 498. 2016. 2014. 666. 2016. 50. 2016. 1067. 2016. 1215. 2012. 1614. 2011. 73. 2009. 151. 2015. 2016. 2012. 1064. 2004. 714. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) induces neuroplasticity through mechanisms such as synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, which are forms of reorganization within the brain. The mention of ECT's capacity to 'rewire' the brain functionally and affect areas related to mood regulation supports the definition of neuroplasticity as the brain's ability to form new neural connections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781782549635. 00009 Full access the current economic challenges, the desirability of achieving sustainable development has come to the fore. This 3. 1 concept of sustainable development first achieved international prominence in 1972 as a result of the first Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Stockholm. Since then, it has been a key element in international dialogue about development policies and has been given much scholarly attention. However, the subjects of what is sustainable development, whether it is desirable, and the possibility of achieving it (and how) are by no means settled. Furthermore, since 1972, international politics in relation to this matter appears to have altered. At the held in 1972, the group of Non-(led by India) expressed concern that the economic growth of higher-income nations might threaten their economic prospects as a result of natural resource depletion and pollution. Since then, high-income nations have become increasingly concerned about the environmental consequences of economic growth in lower-income countries which are experiencing substantial economic growth, such as India and China. At the 2015 on Change, the Indian delegation took the view that only by fostering economic growth can India eventually reduce its adverse environmental footprint. This view relied implicitly on the inverted-U relationship between the state of the environment and economic growth projected by the environmental Kuznets curve (see the previous 3. 2 different sets of criteria for the occurrence of sustainable economic development have been proposed. They most frequently include the following:1. it is development that does not reduce the economic options of future generations;2. it is development that results in the income of future generations not being less than that of current generations;3. it is development ensuring that the income of each future generation is not less than that of its predecessor. 1The first condition was suggested in the report of the on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987). The second is to be found in some economic textbooks (for example, Tietenberg, 2003) and the third was proposed by (1971). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges related to sustainable development and economic growth. It highlights that since 1972, concerns have been raised regarding how economic growth might threaten environmental sustainability, especially in lower-income countries. The Indian delegation's view at the 2015 Conference on Climate Change suggests that economic growth may be necessary to reduce environmental footprints, implying that trade-offs between economic growth and environmental health exist, which opposes the claim that such growth can occur without environmental costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 다음으로 식물의 속성에 기준한 분류에 따라서는 근엽채류, 과실 과 수목을 선호하는 집단의 성취-비성취 점수(3. 87±. 45, 3. 84±. 39) 가 통계적으로 유의하게 높았으나 Scheffe 사후검정 결과 집단간 유의적 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램 활용빈도에 따라서는 통계적 유의차가 없었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical results related to certain groups' achievement scores and urban agriculture programs without mentioning paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and allow individuals to understand others’ actions and emotions. [SEP] Text: How does empathy help us to understand others? What does it mean to understand someone else? Some would say it requires knowledge of what that person is going through. Others would say shared personal experience is needed. One requirement for understanding is empathy, the skill of sharing another person’s perspective. At the University of Liverpool in the UK, Schramme is investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. With a team of researchers, he is developing a philosophical theory to explain the concepts behind interpersonal understanding, an ability that is increasingly important in today’s politically and culturally divided world – the ability to share the perspectives and feelings of another being – to gain appreciative knowledge of thoughts and feelings of others – the feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else – the study of foundational questions regarding all aspects of human and natural being, including knowledge, the mind, ethics and existence – the scientific study of how human thought and behaviour change over a lifetime – the ability to manage and respond to our emotions Many of us find it hard to understand the decisions that other people make. We may be concerned that our actions are not understood by others, we get frustrated when our friends and family cannot see something from our point-of-view, and we struggle to comprehend how someone could commit an atrocious act like murder. But why is it so hard to understand each other, and what prevents us from putting ourselves in someone else’s shoes? Empathy is a skill that enables us to take the perspective of other beings and feel what they feel. Schramme, a philosopher at the University of Liverpool, is using philosophical discussion and psychological findings to develop a theory relating empathy to interpersonal understanding. In a world that is becoming increasingly politically and culturally divided, this theory will aid future discussions by increasing our knowledge of how we understand each other. “Empathy is not itself a moral skill,” says Thomas, “but a mode of gaining understanding of another being. ” For example, some con artists are very good at ‘getting into the heads of others’, and so are good at empathy, but they are not caring or moral, rather they use their skill in empathy to cheat others. Empathy is also often confused with sympathy, which is the feeling of sadness or pity you may feel if someone else is sad, whereas empathy involves a broader understanding of others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing empathy as a skill that enables individuals to understand others and share their perspectives and feelings. It emphasizes the importance of empathy in developing interpersonal understanding, which aligns with the idea that mirror neurons may play a role in this process. It also discusses how Schramme is investigating the connection between empathy and our ability to understand others, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Criterion 2 is a weaker one than Criterion 3 because it does not require the income of each succeeding generation to be as large or greater than that of its predecessor. If there is more than one development path that satisfies these criteria, any path which is Paretian dominant is to be preferred. In the case of Criterion 3, this can be a development path for which the incomes of some future generations are lower than their predecessors, as Rawls points out. Figure 3. 1 An illustration that some development paths satisfying particular criteria for sustainable economic development are not the most socially desirable ones, as explained in the textThis is illustrated in Figure 3. 1. Two alternative development paths (ABC and ADE) are shown. Both satisfy Criterion 2, given that the income per capita of the current generation(s) is OA. 3 is not satisfied by development path ADE, it is Paretian superior to path ABC, and therefore is socially preferred given Rawls’ Paretian qualification to the desirability of sustainable economic development. to the of PathsRawls bases his requirements for sustainable development on the assumption that these are the conditions all persons (yet to be born) would agree to prior to their birth if they were able to confer at this time and did not know when they would be born. This is a completely hypothetical situation. He assumes that unborn individuals will be extremely risk-averse. However, the possibility cannot be ruled out that individuals would wish to adopt the development option that maximizes their expected income, provided their income does not fall below a minimum satisfactory level. This is an application of Tisdell’s variation of Roy’s safety first principle (Roy, 1952; Tisdell, 1962) and has previously been applied to the choice of alternative development paths (Tisdell, 2011; 2015, Ch. 4). In discussing sustainable development, considerable emphasis has been placed on the welfare of future generations. This can result in insufficient attention being given to the future economic welfare of current generations. Given the rapidity of economic and environmental change and the longer length of life being achieved by many belonging to current generations, lack of economic and environmental sustainability can occur within their lifetime. Impoverishment due to environmental changes (sometimes as a result of economic factors) can occur within the lifetime of individuals, and this needs to be factored into economic choices. be Made by to Ones? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential economic and environmental sacrifices that must be considered for sustainable development. It highlights that current generations may face impoverishment due to environmental changes, indicating that trade-offs are indeed necessary for balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이들 식물선호도 연관성 패턴을 확인하기 위하여 양육태도 전체 평균점수를 가중케이스로 하여 다중대응일치 최적화척도법으로 분석한 결과(Table 10), 차원 1에서는 식물의 속성에 따른 선호 (GP), 지지대 필요 식물 선호(VS), 식재료 이용에 따른 선호(TS), 식물의 수명(LP), 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램 활용 빈도 (AcP), 요리, 공예 등 가공용 또는 관상용 선호정도(PP)가 많이 기 여하고 분산의 46. 6%를 설명하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the analysis of plant preference patterns in relation to various attributes instead of the historical relationship between people and plants, which is central to paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and allow individuals to understand others’ actions and emotions. [SEP] Text: My daughters are all like this to varying degrees. My son has strong feelings around social justice issues (he’s a libra) but he does not have quite the same sensitivity to others emotions as my daughters and I do. I think that emotional contagion does indeed lead to an increased potential for empathy. The reason is because even when someone is against me and a conflict is brewing; I can sense their emotions and put myself in their shoes. I believe that emotional contagion limits my ability to de-humanize people even if I wanted to. I know that de-humanizing someone is the first step towards the potential for violence, whether it be in thought, word or deed. So, in such ways, I think emotional contagion builds empathy. Please share your thoughts on this with me? I think that empathy is a fascinating topic for a philosophical discussion. Schramme on May 16, 2023 at 8:16 am Thanks Leslie, that’s a very interesting comment and an important question. Many empathy scholars try to make conceptual distinctions to better manage the often complex reality. In philosophical parlance, we accordingly speak of analytic distinctions. The distinction between emotional contagion and empathy is an example. It is usually said that in emotional contagion we don’t fully distinguish between ourselves and others. We “catch” an emotion but do not feel it in relation to someone else; as the other’s emotion. For empathy proper, some say, we need to be conscious of the other-oriented aspect of the feeling we have – that it originates from another person. Having said that, in reality it will often be very hard to actually diagnose such a difference between emotional contagion and empathy. Also, many scholars agree that they are closely related phenomena. So, in terms of your own and your children’s experience, you seem to have a high level of empathy, in the sense of a propensity or disposition. The performance of empathy, I’d say, still requires a lot of other elements; I don’t believe it is a fully automatic process. For instance, when you say that you sense angry emotions before a conflict breaks out, others might well “catch” that negative emotion and also get into an aggressive mood. You seem to be regulating this situation by adding imagination to the mix. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it addresses the concept of emotional contagion and its relationship to empathy, suggesting that the ability to sense and connect with others' emotions is tied to empathic understanding. The discussion indicates a belief that emotional contagion can facilitate a greater potential for empathy, illustrating the way individuals may 'put themselves in the shoes' of others, which aligns with the functionalities attributed to mirror neurons in facilitating empathy and understanding of others’ actions and emotions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Discussions of desirable patterns of sustainable development often do not make it clear how much economic sacrifice current generations should make to contribute to the economic welfare of future generations. This matter can be considered heuristically by reference to Figure 3. 2. Figure 3. 2 Hypothetical trade-off possibilities between the level of economic welfare of current generations and that of future generations used to illustrate problems discussed in the textIn this figure, the curve ABCDF shows hypothetically the trade-off frontier between the economic welfare of current generations and that of future generations. It allows for the possibility that some increase in current economic welfare can add to the economic welfare of future generations as shown by the segment ABC. A social preference function is supposed to exist which satisfies the usual properties associated with preference relationships. This might be a social welfare ordering by current generations of the type suggested by Bergson (1938). The social welfare indifference curve, W1W1, is the highest attainable one and point D corresponds to the optimal attainable combination of current and future economic welfare. Apart from the fact that considerable uncertainty exists about the nature of the benefit-possibility frontier, several other difficulties exist which can result in failure in achieving social optimality, given this model. The first thing to note is that future decisions about resource use depend only to a limited extent on current decisions. For example, after their death, today’s decision-makers will have little or no influence on future decision-makers, and this influence is likely to diminish further into the future. Consequently, if today’s decision-makers choose economic benefit, x1, there is no guarantee that future decision-makers will adopt environmental and other policies which result in y1 being realized. They, for example, may act in a way which results in a future economic benefit of only y0, an inferior outcome according to the perception of current decision-makers. Furthermore, future decision-makers may have a different social preference function to current decision-makers. Daly (1999) has brought attention to the lack of control of each generation over the decisions of its successors. of for the Welfare of and for Other PersonsWhile considerable attention has been given to normative aspects of intergenerational equity, much less attention has been given to determining empirically the concern of current generations for the welfare of future ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inherent trade-offs between current and future economic welfare and environmental considerations. It highlights that decisions made by current generations may not positively influence the welfare of future generations, stating that 'considerable uncertainty exists about the nature of the benefit-possibility frontier.' This implies that achieving sustainable economic growth likely involves sacrifices or trade-offs, thus directly contradicting the notion that such growth can occur without environmental costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 차원 2에는 식물의 속성에 따 른 선호(GP), 향기 있는 식물 선호(OS), 독립 또는 군락생장에 따 른 선호(SP), 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램 활용빈도(AcP)가 많이 기여하고 분산의 23. 1%를 설명하여 전체적으로 69. 7%를 설 명하였다. Table 10. The results of multiple correspondence analysis by optimal scaling. V'z 1 2 GP. 906. 678. 792 VS. 484. 000. 242 ToS. 107. 378. 038 TS. 025. 052. 342 LP. 683. 002. 358 SP. 657. 059. 237 AcP. 018. 457. 559 PP. 669. 449. 325 Total of Active. 648. 002 3. 138 Cronbach’s α 4. 197 2. 078. 766z Eigenvalue. 857. 584 3. 138 4. 197 2. 078. 349 % of Distribution. 466. 231 (total) 69. 7 Number of Repeated 25 Loss 5. 862 z V’: Plant classification by generic character (GP), Viewpoint sense (VS), Olfactory sense (OS), Touch sense (ToS), Taste sense (TS), Lifetime of plant (LP), Sociality of Plant (SP), Application counts in care program & activity (AcP), Practicality of plants (PP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various attributes and preferences of plants, alongside a statistical analysis, without directly addressing the study of historical relationships between people and plants that paleoethnobotany involves.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe hippocampus integrates multiple sources of external and internal information, including sensory inputs, ongoing tasks, self-motion, and intrinsic dynamics. The exact role of the hippocampus in various cognitive tasks is debated, but the two most well-accepted functions pertain to spatial navigation and memory, which may fit into a common framework as a cognitive relational map [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Lesion studies have established the causal involvement of the rodent hippocampus in spatial learning and memory in maze tasks, in which animals need to locate themselves using environmental landmarks [7, 8]. Neural correlates of spatial navigation have been extensively studied in rodents, starting from the discovery of hippocampal place cells that become active at specific locations in the environment [9]. Since then, the characteristics of place cells have been thoroughly investigated [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18], including their three-dimensional properties, that also extend to the bat hippocampus [19, 20]. More recent studies also demonstrate the causal effect of place cell activity on goal-directed locomotor behavior in a virtual linear track [21]. Place cells coexist with grid cells and head direction cells found in adjacent structures: Grid cells fire at regular, hexagonal locations; head direction cells activate when the animal’s head points in certain directions [22,23,24,25]. The spatial selectivity of these cells also extends to three dimensions, although the properties along the vertical axis may be different [26,27,28]. At the level of network activity, the prominent theta oscillations (5 Hz–10 Hz) show a strong correlation with locomotion in the rodent hippocampus [29], but much less so in the bat hippocampus, in which theta occurs in short bouts [25]. In contrast to rodents and bats, the primate hippocampus has scarcely been studied in a naturalistic context, but is largely restricted to immobile subjects during virtual navigation. The primate hippocampus often shows short-lived, lower frequency theta activity (3 Hz–4 Hz) during both virtual and real-world navigation [30,31,32]. At the level of single neurons, there tends to be an even larger discrepancy between rodents and primates. Although some neurons show rodent-like place fields in the virtual environment and real-world linear track [33, 34], this result dissipates during free navigation in an open arena [35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the hippocampus is involved in both spatial navigation and memory formation. It highlights that lesion studies have established this causal involvement, particularly in tasks requiring the animal to locate itself using environmental landmarks. Additionally, it mentions neural correlates such as place cells that are active at specific locations, reinforcing the hippocampus’s critical role in spatial navigation and memory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Pearce (1998) has suggested that the concern of individuals for the welfare of future generations only extends to a limited extent (or at all) beyond concern for the well-being of their children and their grandchildren. This hypothesis is plausible. Moreover, biases are likely to be present in altruism in relation both to existing and future generations. For example, identification with a particular social group may result in individuals caring much more about the welfare of this group than other groups. Pearce’s observation indicates that it would be worthwhile empirically determining relevant coefficients of concern. Another aspect of interest is the ability of individuals to cater (as a result of their own individual decisions) for the welfare of future generations. In many cases, collective action is required to sustain the welfare of future generations, for example, in relation to the provision and conservation of public goods (Daly, 1999, 3. 3 () pointed out by Pearce (1993, Ch. 2), a wide range of views exist about the general conditions which need to be satisfied if sustainable economic development is to occur. They range from very strong to very weak conditions about the need to conserve natural environments and resources. The chart shown in Figure 3. 3 provides a general overview of the spectrum of these views. Note: For more details see the text. Figure 3. 3 An impression of the range of different views about the need to conserve natural environments and resources in order to achieve sustainable economic developmentReasons for or for DevelopmentThose who believe that little or no special effort is required to conserve natural environments and resources in order to achieve sustainable economic development usually do so on the basis of one or more of the following propositions:● Man-made capital is a suitable (often a superior) substitute for natural resource capital. ● The market system on the whole optimizes this substitution and promotes economic sustainability. ● Scientific and technological progress will provide humankind with the ability to more than compensate for any negative effects resulting from the loss of natural capital. Therefore, little or no public intervention is required to conserve natural capital. The economic analysis of Hartwick (1977) lends support to the hypotheses listed in the first two bullet points above. However, his theory is not robust or general enough to dismiss all objections to the weak approach to sustainable economic development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the existence of differing views on the conditions necessary for sustainable economic development. Specifically, it mentions that many believe that significant effort is required to conserve natural environments and resources, which directly opposes the idea that economic growth can be achieved without environmental costs. The discussion around man-made capital being a substitute for natural resources and the role of scientific progress suggests that there are indeed trade-offs involved in pursuing sustainable economic growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이의 판별측도를 보면 지지대 필요 식물 선호(VS), 식재료 이용 에 따른 선호(TS), 식물의 수명(LP), 요리, 공예 등 가공용 또는 관 상용 선호정도(PP)가 유사한 군으로 묶여 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 식재료, 가공용으로 활용 가능한 식물군과 관상 등 감상을 위한 식물군으로 구분되는 경향이 보인다(Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Discriminant dimension of plant preference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it discusses plant preferences in various contexts such as cooking and ornamental use, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Strikingly, many neurons show mixed selectivity to multiple spatial variables across hippocampal regions, with head orientation and eye movement properties being dominant [35]. Another provocative finding is that neurons exhibit selectivity to gaze location under either full or partial body restraint [36,37,38], which may imply another aspect of important differences between rodents and primates. In this review, we discuss findings in the primate hippocampus during virtual and real-world navigation, with occasional comparisons to rodents and bats. We first summarize recent findings by focusing on the theta band activity and its correlation with behavior. We then review the findings on spatial selectivity at the single-cell level, emphasizing task-dependent, multiplexed responses. In the end, we propose a few open questions that future studies should address. in Rodents and BatsHippocampal local field potentials (LFPs) show prominent theta band activity (5 Hz–10 Hz) whenever rodents are in a moderately attentive state, including locomotion (Fig. 1A). Theta frequency and power increase as the speed of locomotion increases [39, 40]. Theta oscillations can arise from the interplay of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including GABAergic and cholinergic projections from the medial septum, and theta-rhythmic membrane resonance, among others [41, 42]. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Neuronal activity exhibits an intricate relationship with theta, namely phase-locking and phase-precession. Different types of neurons show a preference for spiking at different theta phases [43]. Hippocampal place cells show progressive theta phase advancement as the animal passes the place fields (known as phase-precession) [44], forming theta sequences that may strengthen the already-existing (weak) synaptic connections among neurons within an assembly [45, 46]. Such a mechanism could facilitate asymmetric coupling from place cells activated earlier in a theta cycle to those later in the cycle. As a consequence, later place cells are activated by earlier place cells, causing a shift of the place field toward the direction from which the animal is coming (in a linear track) [47]. This experience-dependent asymmetric expansion of place fields (asymmetric excitation), when combined with a periodic inhibitory input (presumably at theta rhythm), in return contributes to the generation of theta sequences [48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various functions of the hippocampus, particularly in relation to spatial navigation and memory formation. It mentions findings related to theta band activity in the hippocampus that correlate with behaviors during navigation, and describes the role of hippocampal place cells in spatial computing and the formation of theta sequences, which are integral processes involved in memory formation and navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Opponents of a weak approach to sustainable development (those favouring strong measures to conserve natural capital) criticize it on the following grounds:● There are significant limits to the extent to which human well-being can be sustained by substituting man-made capital for natural capital. ● The market system is flawed as a mechanism for ensuring sustainable economic development. Even with market reforms (which can reduce its shortcomings), there are substantial limitations on the ability of the market system to promote sustainable economic development. ● Scientific and technological progress is uncertain and technological ‘fixes’ can be impossible or prohibitively expensive for some emerging environmental or natural resource scarcity problems likely to threaten sustainable economic development. Does the Substitution of Man-made Capital for Imperil the Welfare of Future Generations? The extent to which man-made capital can be substituted for natural capital without imperilling the welfare of future generations probably depends on the scarcity of the stock of natural capital. As natural environments and resources become scarcer (as a result of the cumulative effect of economic growth on these), the difficulty of achieving sustainable economic development by substituting man-made capital for natural capital probably increases (Tisdell, 2005, Ch. 11). In the early stages of economic development, loss of natural environments and resources is necessary to obtain economic development (Tisdell, 2005, Ch. 11). Consequently, the implication of the loss of natural resources for the well-being of humanity varies with the passage of time. Also note that individual attitudes to whether strong or weak conditions for sustainable development are desirable depend on how much weight people place on conserving nature as an end in itself. Those who place considerable emphasis on this (that is, who hold ecocentric values rather than anthropocentric ones) can be expected to favour strong conditions for sustainable economic development. In fact, they are likely to be prepared to forgo some human well-being for the sake of conserving nature, and are prepared to do so the more strongly they want to conserve nature. 3. 4 : are claims in the literature (Barbier, 1987; WCED, 1987) that it is necessary for development strategies to be simultaneously, socially, environmentally and economically sustainable if sustainable development is to occur. While this approach highlights the need to consider simultaneously social, economic and environmental factors in assessing strategies for sustainable development, this trilogy concept may be of limited worth from an operational or pragmatic point of view. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing against the idea that sustainable economic growth can occur without environmental costs. It discusses significant limits to substituting man-made capital for natural capital, highlighting that the market system is flawed in ensuring sustainable development. The text points out that economic growth often necessitates the loss of natural environments and resources, thus indicating that achieving sustainable economic growth involves trade-offs and may impair future generations' welfare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 적요 이 연구는 부모의 자녀양육태도 향상을 위한 원예활동 프로그램 개발을 위하여 초등학생 자녀를 둔 학부모 193명을 대상으로 식물 선호도를 조사하고 이 선호도가 원예활동 또는 자녀양육태도와 어 떤 관련성을 가지고 있는가 하는 점을 분석하고자 하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany. Instead, it discusses a study focused on plant preferences among parents and its relevance to gardening activities and child-rearing attitudes, which is not related to historical examination of the relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Theta sequences are also linked to trajectory planning [49] and are reactivated at a faster pace during sleep [50]. Theta rhythm/sequence abolition by medial septum inactivation impairs performance in a spatial alternation task [51]. Disruption of awake theta sequences while preserving behavioral timescale sequences disrupts sleep replay [52]. These results suggest that theta sequences underlie memory formation. Fig. 1Hippocampal theta activity across species. spectrum of the oscillatory component of the rat hippocampal LFP during free foraging. Shaded area indicates SEM across 3 animals. Freq. , frequency. of a short segment of rat hippocampal LFP using wavelet analysis. Speed is shown as the white trace. theta frequency as a function of acceleration (Accel. ). B As in A but for macaque hippocampal LFP. C Upper, saccade onset-triggered macaque hippocampal LFP. Lower, theta power (normalized) as a function of saccade magnitude in the macaque hippocampus. Norm. , normalized. D Left, LFP power from 3 Hz to 12 Hz in the human hippocampus during target search and no target search tasks. Middle, LFP power from 3 Hz to 12 Hz at the boundary and away from the boundary (inner) during both tasks. Right, LFP power across room locations. Ea Upper, firing rate map of a human hippocampal neuron during virtual navigation; lower, the corresponding LFP phase as a function of position near the peak firing location (dashed circle in the upper panel). Eb Spike-LFP phase autocorrelogram of an example neuron in the macaque hippocampus during free foraging, showing gradual theta phase precession. Aa and Ab were generated using a public dataset [63]. Ac was adapted with permission from [64]. B, C, and Eb were adapted with permission from [35]. D was adapted with permission from [60]. Ea was adapted with permission from [65]. Full size imageDespite the prevalence of theta oscillations in the hippocampus of rats and mice, they do not generalize across mammalian species. The bat hippocampus shows only intermittent theta bouts both during crawling and free flight, suggesting a lack of effect of locomotor speed [20, 25]. But what these short theta bouts correlate with has not been explicitly studied so far. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of theta sequences in memory formation and spatial navigation tasks. It states that 'theta sequences underlie memory formation' and mentions their correlation with performance in spatial tasks. This connection clearly supports the claim that the hippocampus is integral to forming new memories and engaging in spatial navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: of the Trilogy ApproachThis approach is of limited operational value for the following reasons:● Specifications of each of its sustainability objectives are often left open or are unclear. ● Even if these specifications are adequate, no development strategy may be available to meet the three objectives simultaneously. For example, the type of situation illustrated in Figure 3. 4 is likely to be rare or may not occur at all. diagram identifies development strategies which satisfy each of the specific objectives or pillars. Only those in the shaded overlapping area satisfy all of these objectives. ● Given that the three criteria for sustainable development are likely to be impossible to satisfy, additional specification is needed to determine the optimality of alternative available development strategies, for example, the extent to which social sustainability and environmental sustainability should be forgone to achieve economic growth. Mathematically, the optimality of choices is under-determined. Note: Only those strategies in the shaded area simultaneously satisfy the three requirements for sustainable development. However, as explained in the text, this approach is of limited operational value because the three sets are unlikely to intersect. Figure 3. 4 A Venn diagram illustrating the three-pillar approach to choosing sustainable development strategiesSatisfying each of these pillars is unlikely to be an imperative. For example, communities may be willing to forgo some features of social sustainability or environmental sustainability to achieve economic growth or vice versa. In most cases, trade-offs in relation to economic, social and environmental options seem to be unavoidable. 3. 5 idea has been expressed that social sustainability requires the sustainability of community, for example, local communities, ethnic and minority communities (Douglass, 1984). However, as a general objective, its desirability is difficult to determine. Some local communities may be willing to make economic sacrifices to maintain their cultural identity, social bonding and shared amenities. Despite this, economic changes may make this difficult or impossible for them to achieve this objective. Economic and environmental change can, for instance, result in the ‘unstoppable’ depopulation of some regional areas and towns with adverse consequences for the availability of their shared facilities and opportunities for social interaction. CohesionSocial cohesion is sometimes claimed to be another attribute of social sustainability worth maintaining. Sometimes, however, social cohesion can only be maintained by force. Opinions are likely to be divided about the extent to which the use of force for this purpose is justified and the circumstances in which this is so. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that trade-offs between economic growth and the sustainability objectives—social, economic, and environmental—are often unavoidable. It explicitly mentions that communities may be willing to forgo certain aspects of social or environmental sustainability to achieve economic growth, indicating that satisfying these objectives simultaneously is unlikely, which directly counters the claim that sustainable economic growth can be achieved without trade-offs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 자녀양육 태도에 영향을 주는 변수 중 초등학생 자녀의 학년, 자 녀와 대화시간, 자녀의 일상에 대한 인지수준, 아침식사 횟수, 직업, 소득, 친하게 지내는 이웃 등이 관여하는 것으로 나타났고, 원예활 동과 관련하여서는 선호하는 기르기 활동, 지식습득 활동, 텃밭재 배의 어려움을 느끼는 단계 등이 관여하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors influencing parenting attitudes and gardening activities, but it does not address the claim about paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: It is possible that theta bouts correlate with transient behavior such as the onset of locomotion and saccadic eye movement. Or alternatively, they are correlated with the main sensing mode or its specific attributes during exploration—whisking and sniffing in rodents and echoing in bats [53]. Besides, bat hippocampal neuronal activity shows little theta rhythmicity, despite rodent-like place coding patterns. Nevertheless, neurons show non-rhythmic phase-locking and precession relative to LFPs of a broader frequency, 1 Hz–20 Hz [54]. These results suggest a decoupling between theta oscillations and phase-coding, which may have important implications for computational models of phase-precession [44, 48, 55]. Low and ActivityResults about theta activity obtained from primates, including humans, have been mixed. The exact range of the theta band also varies across studies. Earlier human studies have mostly used virtual reality assays. These studies have consistently found low-frequency theta oscillations (1 Hz–4 Hz) during virtual navigation [32, 56]. Regular theta and low theta indistinguishably show modulation by movement speed and other task variables during virtual navigation [31, 57]. Theta power is generally significantly larger during movement than during stillness. It is also associated with movement onset and with the length of the path to be taken [58], suggesting a role in path integration. The dominant theta frequency can shift in a task-dependent manner. Consistent with rodent studies, theta generally reflects global activity across the hippocampus and neocortex, suggesting its role in coordinating brain-wide activity during task execution. A recent study extended previous results to freely-moving humans [59]. This confirmed two major findings: (1) theta occurs in short bouts; and (2) theta is more prevalent during fast versus slow motion. More intriguingly, it showed stronger theta activity in a congenitally blind patient than in sighted participants. This may reflect that, when vision is unavailable, we may adaptively shift to rely more on internal maps for navigation, which posits different demands on hippocampal involvement. One apparent limitation of this study is that the analog bandpass filter has a low end of 4 Hz, the frequency under which was thus not sufficiently sampled, masking the possibility that low theta activity is more prevalent than regular theta. Large variability across participants is evident in human studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of theta activity in the hippocampus during various navigational tasks. It outlines how theta oscillations are associated with movement and path integration, suggesting their involvement in spatial navigation. Furthermore, it highlights that theta activity is prevalent during task execution and is connected with global activity across the hippocampus and neocortex, aligning with the hippocampus's key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Maintaining or Increasing the Stock of Social CapitalAn additional possible social sustainability consideration is whether the stock of social capital is maintained, increased or decreased by economic and environmental change, or vice versa. Many different items can be considered to be a part of the stock of personal social capital but there is a lack of clarity about their relative importance and how best to measure these and their contributions to the stock of social capital (Antoci et al. , 2012; Fukuyama, 2001; Salahuddin et al. , 2016, 3. 6 the three-pillar requirements for determining policies for sustainable development have significant operational limitations, with modifications they have greater relevance to the assessment of development projects. If development projects are to succeed, it is important that they should be socially acceptable, environmentally suitable and economically viable. Failure to meet one or more of these requirements can result in their failure. Consequently, assessment of potential development projects needs to take these three factors into account. Debates about sustainable development have made an important contribution by highlighting the need for a more holistic approach to assessing development projects than was common prior to the commencement of this debate. This is one important contribution of this debate. Sometimes it is also possible to identify development policies which achieve these three criteria. have argued elsewhere (Tisdell, 2014, Ch. 9), public policies for the conservation of saltwater crocodiles in the of Australia have proven to be environmentally sustainable, and to be economically and socially viable. 3. 7 a few aspects of poverty and sustainability can be considered here. Attention will be given first to the environmental poverty trap resulting from excessive use of natural resources and to the likely futility of policy advice recommending that the way to escape from this trap is to reduce resource exploitation. The second matter discussed is how sustaining community can trap some social groups (such as ethnic minority groups) into a situation of persistent poverty. This discussion highlights several of the difficulties involved in ensuring that all groups in society are able to achieve sustainable development. Poverty TrapIn communities where incomes are very low, savings are also low and so, consequently, is capital accumulation. Hence, little or no economic growth occurs in these communities and (as pointed out in the development economics literature) they are caught in a poverty trap. It is, however, necessary to consider particular reasons why some communities are unable to escape from a low level of economic development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of balancing social, environmental, and economic factors in development projects. It argues that failure to consider one of these aspects can result in project failure, suggesting that sustainable economic growth cannot occur without considering environmental costs or trade-offs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 원예활동의 세 부 활동단계별로 자녀양육태도와 어떤 관련성이 있다는 점과, 동시 에 원예활동 과정에서 참가자간의 상호 관계 등도 살펴볼 필요성을 시사하고 있다. 식물선호도와 자녀양육 태도의 관계는 선호하는 식물의 수, 지 지대가 필요한 식물, 식재료 이용 가능한 식물, 1년생과 다년생, 독 립생장 식물과 군락 식물, 공예 등 가공용 식물과 관상용 식물 선호 에 따라 차이가 있었는데 주로 성취와 합리성에 관여하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between gardening activities and parenting attitudes without mentioning paleoethnobotany or historical relationships between people and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Some participants show local maxima in the power spectrum at 7 Hz–9 Hz while others at 2 Hz–4 Hz, during either memory-based navigation or random walking in the real or virtual world [30]. Differences in the exact subregion and layer of the recording site may have contributed to the variability. An alternative explanation is that human theta is indeed more variable across participants, perhaps due to its relationship with many facets of ongoing cognitive processing, including internal, spontaneous activity. This non-trivial variability may have contributed to previous seemingly inconsistent findings. Overall, stopping appears to reduce the low-frequency power, although the effect is often small with marginal significance. The role of attention on theta activity is not to be neglected. Theta band activity in freely-ambulating humans is modulated by the participant’s proximity to environmental boundaries [60]. Memory demand is also positively correlated with theta power [30, 60]. When participants need to actively search for a target, hippocampal theta power increases, compared to a “no search” task (Fig. 1D). This effect may be aligned with the influence of attention. Similarly, higher frequency theta activity may be associated with tasks that require higher spatial attention but is not due to a difference between real versus virtual navigation as suggested by a few studies [30, 59, 61]. Indeed, higher theta is more prominent when participants need to memorize a fixed location in the environment to drop off passengers, which would require a higher level of attention than finding randomly placed passengers [31]. Another study used a different virtual spatial memory task in which the participant’s speed in the virtual track varied randomly, therefore requiring the participants to pay more attention to their location during movement [62]. This excludes the possibility in previous studies that participants could estimate their location by time if speed were held constant. This shows that both low and regular theta exist along the entire hippocampal long axis, the posterior part showing a slightly higher proportion of regular theta. The posterior hippocampus also contains a larger fraction of electrodes that show a significant correlation with movement speed, for both low theta and regular theta. It is therefore hypothesized that the posterior hippocampus is more involved in spatial processing whereas the anterior part is more generally involved in broader functions including episodic memory. However, it is by no means that low and regular theta reflect a clear-cut border rather than a gradient along the hippocampal long axis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the involvement of the hippocampus in tasks related to memory and spatial navigation. It mentions that 'when participants need to actively search for a target, hippocampal theta power increases,' indicating that the hippocampus plays a role in memory demand. Moreover, it suggests that the posterior hippocampus is particularly involved in spatial processing and that the anterior hippocampus has broader functions, including episodic memory. This supports the claim that the hippocampus is essential for memory formation and navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: One possibility is that over-exploitation of renewable natural resources occurs and results in this outcome. This over-exploitation may arise as a result of social changes within a community, or it may be due to a reduction in the availability of natural resources caused by external factors, or both. Consider the first possibility initially. As a result of general socio-economic change within the wider society in which a minority community is embedded, communal rules governing the use of shared renewable natural resources may be relaxed or may become less enforceable. Consequently, an open-access situation can develop in resource use. At first, this is likely to result in a rise in per capita incomes in the focal community but these higher levels of income are unlikely to be sustainable. Incomes will prove difficult to maintain as the stock of natural capital is reduced, and in the end may fall to subsistence level and result in persistent poverty for the community concerned. This assumes that the focal community is unable to use their initial increased level of income (as a result of reducing their natural resource stock) to accumulate man-made capital sufficient to compensate them (or more than compensate them) for their loss of natural capital. In addition, it supposes that community members are unable to migrate to different geographical areas and engage in economic activities which would enable them to escape from this environmental trap. In such circumstances, advising a community which is already in an environmental poverty trap to reduce natural resource use in order to increase incomes is of no practical value (see Tisdell, 2009). This is because of the dynamics involved. If incomes in the focal community are already at subsistence level, reducing the rate of utilization of renewable natural resources (to enable recovery of their stock or improve their quality) will result initially in the per capita income of such a community falling below subsistence level. Unless external economic support is provided to this community in the early stages of this adjustment process (or unless members of the affected community are able to migrate elsewhere to obtain an adequate livelihood), adoption of the proposed environmental policy for poverty alleviation is socially unacceptable. This is because the policy advice is based on comparative statics and does not take into account the dynamics of adjustment. Examples of the TrapThe supply of renewable natural resources in the of Botswana depends on the seasonal flooding of this delta. However, the extent and length of this flooding has been declining due to the reduced supply of water from streams feeding into it, partly due to use of water upstream for irrigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the over-exploitation of renewable natural resources can lead to unsustainable incomes and persistent poverty, ultimately suggesting that there are significant environmental costs associated with economic growth in certain communities. It highlights the dynamics of resource use and the potential fall in income when resources are depleted, thus indicating that sustainable economic growth cannot be achieved without considering its environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 애정 에는 독립과 군락 식물선호에 따라 달랐으며, 독립생장 식물을 선 호하는 집단에서 애정점수가 높았다. 특히 지지대 필요 식물, 식재 료 이용, 식물의 수명, 요리, 공예 등 가공용 식물을 선호하는 집단 과 관상용 식물을 선호하는 집단은 그 성향이 구분될 수 있다는 점 에서 식물의 선호도와 자녀양육태도 등 사회적 행동이나 태도의 관 련성이 드러난다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss paleoethnobotany or its examination of the historical relationship between people and plants. Instead, it focuses on plant preferences among different groups and their relation to social behaviors and attitudes, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: A thorough investigation requires an even distribution of electrodes along the entire long axis, and within the same subregion. Activity in Non-human PrimatesEarlier studies have identified theta rhythms (7 Hz–9 Hz) in anesthetized squirrel monkeys [66]. Two key findings have been confirmed in later studies that suggest an important departure from rodents: one is the co-existence of considerable low-frequency theta activity, the other is that it has a much shorter duration. Later studies have also extended the experimental paradigm to awake, behaving animals. In freely-moving marmosets in a linear track, theta oscillations occur only in sporadic bouts rather than continuously, and there is a limited spike-theta relationship for place coding [33]. Similarly, macaque hippocampal theta is also short-lived with a peak power below 5 Hz, lower than that found in marmosets, closer to what has been found in some human studies [35, 67] (Fig. 1B). Theta frequency increases with speed, similar to findings in rodents, albeit only with slow motion and remains mostly steady at speeds larger than ~30 cm/s; theta frequency also increases with acceleration (Fig. 1B). The disentanglement of the two (speed and acceleration) calls for future more controlled experiments. The bulk of studies has linked hippocampal theta activity to eye movements in macaques. Saccadic eye movements evoke robust field potentials in the theta band locally in the hippocampus, even in darkness, suggesting an extra-retinal, likely motion-related source [68]. This is analogous to the sniffing- and vibrissa-locked theta reported in rodents [53]. In this regard, primates and rodents are similar (synchronization between the main sensorimotor process and field potentials in the hippocampus). Saccades also realign the hippocampal theta phase [35, 69, 70], which may provide a temporal window for focused information processing during active sensing. Moreover, pre-stimulus theta power correlates with later recognition performance [70]. Saccade magnitude is linearly correlated with theta power in the hippocampus [35, 71] (Fig. 1C). These results reveal a tight relationship of hippocampal theta timing and magnitude with information encoding and memory. These results, combined with rodent studies, establish a firm link between theta and exploratory behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how hippocampal theta activity is linked to memory encoding and performance. For instance, it states, 'these results reveal a tight relationship of hippocampal theta timing and magnitude with information encoding and memory.' This supports the idea that the hippocampus is crucial for forming new memories, as theta rhythms are associated with cognitive functions in both non-human primates and rodents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: As a result, groups depending on renewable resources in this delta have been forced to harvest these resources more intensively to maintain their already low levels of income. This makes it increasingly difficult to maintain their incomes. As a result they appear to be trapped. In north-east India, as in other parts of Asia, some communities still rely on shifting agriculture for their livelihood. This is so for some Mizo communities, present in Mizoram in north-east India. For various reasons, these communities have reduced the length of time for which they fallow land before using it again for agriculture. Consequently, the fertility of soil used for agriculture is declining and crop yields are falling. The difficulty of maintaining income levels is increasing. Although lengthening the fallow period could potentially raise overall yields, to do so requires land in use to be initially cultivated for an increased period of time, or the area under cultivation at any one time to be reduced. This will depress initial yields and reduce already low levels of income. Therefore, many of these communities are caught in an environmental trap. Furthermore, many communities comprised of artisanal fisheries are caught in this type of trap. Their fish stocks are over-exploited. However, they cannot bear the initial burden of having their already low levels of income reduced by adopting conservation techniques which will eventually increase the level of their fish stocks and thereby eventually raise their incomes. In addition, because there are likely to be considerable economic and social barriers to the migration of artisanal fisheries, they are locked into an environmental poverty trap. An example is the situation of artisanal fishers in Thailand who use small meshed nets to catch fish. Larger-sized mesh would result in an increase in fish stocks and would eventually raise the level of the sustainable catch. However, switching to nets with larger mesh is not practical because initially it lowers the catch and depresses already low incomes in these communities. The prospects of the villagers involved migrating to avoid this consequence are often slim, and external aid to compensate for their initial income loss is unlikely to be forthcoming. Contributing to Poverty Lock-in and Economic InertiaCommunal ties can be a barrier to the economic sustainability and development of some communities. Even if there is scope for community members to migrate to escape from poverty, they may fail to do so because of social bonding and support available within their own community. Outside their own community they may face social discrimination and lack of social support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the environmental and economic challenges faced by communities that depend on renewable resources. It illustrates how intensifying resource harvesting to maintain income leads to environmental degradation, thus showing that sustainable economic growth cannot be achieved without environmental costs. The mention of communities caught in an 'environmental poverty trap' highlights the trade-offs between immediate income needs and long-term sustainable practices, clearly refuting the assertion that such growth can occur without costs or trade-offs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 다만 그 원인이나 현상에 대한 심층적인 해석은 현재 대상 자료로부터 찾아내기 어렵기 때문에 이를 분석하는 후속 연구가 필요하다. 이러한 결과로부터 몇 가지 결론과 제언을 해보면, 첫째, 식물의 선호는 사회적 의미와 내재적 이미지를 종합한 분류기준이 의미 있 는 작업이라는 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the relationship between people and plants in history, which is the central aspect of paleoethnobotany. Instead, it discusses the need for further research and interpretations regarding plant preferences and their social meanings, making it irrelevant to the claim.