Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart lighting systems reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness based on activity. [SEP] Text: Οι ανεξάρτητες μεταβλητές σε αυτή την περίπτωση ήταν η εξωτερική Φωτεινότητα, η θέση του ήλιου (αζιμούθιο και γωνία ύψους) και ο δείκτης αιθριότητας της διάχυτης ακτινοβολίας. Τα τέσσερα συστήματα που δοκιμάστηκαν βρέθηκε να καταναλώνουν από 10 ως 38% λιγότερη ενέργεια, σε σχέση με το ίδιο σύστημα τεχνητού φωτισμού χωρίς την ύπαρξη φωτοσωλήνα και αισθητήρα φωτός. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that four tested systems consumed 10 to 38% less energy compared to a traditional lighting system without light tubes and sensors. This implies that the systems adjust their operation, likely in response to external brightness and sunlight position, to save energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: According to this way of thinking, it is only if (1) AI technologies could be seen as being parts of our extended minds—and if (2) our level of praiseworthiness can depend on what goes on in our extended minds—that we can be seen as truly being cognitively enhanced by certain AI technologies. I take it that there is a reason that a person who gains a measure of artificial intelligence by their use of AI technology is not praiseworthy in the way that another person would be if they had had a boost of their natural intelligence. The difference lies in the perception that, as and colleagues argue, being praiseworthy for some behavior or outcome typically requires that we have put in some special effort, that we have shown ourselves to have particular talents, that we have made some significant sacrifice, or that we have otherwise shown ourselves as having some level of excellence that sets us apart. Footnote 39 Relying on AI technologies that tell us what to do—or that help us produce impressive outputs—seems insufficient to qualify as ways of having made any extra effort, shown any particular talent, made any significant sacrifice, or otherwise displayed some special form of excellence. Footnote 40 Returning to the man who was able to go through the motions of behaving as if he had a superior level of Go skill that enabled him to beat the world champion, his moves depended on recommendations made to him by the AlphaGo computer program. This being the case, the AI technology could be viewed as giving this man a form of artificial intelligence that allowed him to win against Lee Sedol. However talented the man may have been on his own, his victory depended on the strategies given to him by AlphaGo and is, therefore, not sufficient justification for viewing his triumph as particularly praiseworthy or as deserving credit. Similarly, if a student—or a researcher—presents work as that individual’s own product when it was really, mainly or perhaps wholly, generated by a large language model such as ChatGPT, they would clearly not deserve praise in the same way as if they had produced work themselves of equivalent quality. If it is not known that the work was produced by putting a prompt into a large language model, one might get the impression that, to their credit, the person has an impressive capacity deserving of praise. But when the origin of how the work was produced was learned, that laudatory impression would disappear. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that reliance on AI technologies does not reflect personal merit or effort. It emphasizes that while AI can enhance performance, outcomes attributed to AI guidance (e.g., in Go or academic work) do not merit the same level of praise or credit as personal achievement would. This suggests that AI, rather than eliminating human error, may shift responsibility and understanding of success, indicating a need for oversight in the reliance on AI in critical settings like healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 1845. The F1845 adhesin belongs to the Afa/Dr family and is encoded by a five-gene cluster [2]. Bilge et al. [7] proposed part of the daaC gene of the encoding operon as a marker for DAEC strains. From the time of its discovery, it has been known that the cloned daaC fragment probe (in plasmid pSLM862) can only identify a subset of DAEC and that some DAEC strains have other adhesins, of which many, but not all, are from the Afa/Dr family [2]. However, the daaC probe is the one that has been employed most frequently in epidemiological research to date 8-13. In this paper, we report that the daaC cross-hybridizes with a specific subset of EAEC strains. We sought to identify the molecular basis for this cross-hybridization and to devise an alternate, cost-effective protocol for identifying DAEC. MethodsStrainsCross reaction of the daaC probe with EAEC was identified in the course of screening 509 test E. coli strains, which were isolated from 130 travellers with diarrhoea (up to four isolates were obtained from each specimen), who returned to the UK in 2002-2003, from a total of 33 different countries [14]. We additionally employed 26 well-characterized archival EAEC strains and seven DAEC strains for control purposes. E. coli K-12 TOP-10 (Invitrogen) was used to maintain plasmids and non-pathogenic strains DH5α and MG1655 were used as non-adherent controls. Routine molecular biology proceduresStandard molecular biology procedures were employed [15]. DNA amplification was performed using 1 unit recombinant Taq polymerase enzyme, 2 mM magnesium chloride, PCR buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and 1 μM oligonucleotide primer in each reaction. All PCR amplifications began with a two-minute hot start at 94°C followed by 30 cycles of denaturing at 94°C for 30s, annealing for 30s at 5°C below primer annealing temperature and extending at 72°C for 1 minute for every Kb of DNA being amplified. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the daaC gene, its cross-hybridization with EAEC strains, and the study of various E. coli strains in the context of epidemiological research. It does not address synthetic gene construction or the common usage of E. coli as chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart lighting systems reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness based on activity. [SEP] Text: The illuminance delivered by the light pipe on the reference plane was expressed as formulae, with the independent variable being the exterior illuminance. The sky clearness was also considered, as each of the 10 developed formulae corresponds to one of 10 Kd clusters. The R-squared for the developed equations ranges between 0. 90 and 0. 99. The experimental interior illuminance data was compared to the results calculated and simulated with the equations developed from the theoretical methodologies and the simulations. The TTE method was found to give results that are considerably different than the experimental data. On the other hand, the equations developed from the Luxplot method and the simulations emulating the light pipe as a luminaire of cosine luminous intensity, as well as the forward ray tracing simulations, provide comparable results with an error between 38 and 43%. The error for each methodology does not change significantly based on the exterior illumination. Since it was not possible to use experimental data for the lighting or energy consumption of the artificial lights installed in the test cell, simulations were used for estimating the used power for artificial lighting systems used in conjunction with light pipes. The artificial lighting systems that were simulated were two: a system like the one installed in the test cell and an “office system”, i. e. , LED lamps, commonly used in office spaces, installed in an ortho-canonical grid, while the room modelled had the characteristics of the test cell (size, reflectance values). All the systems were dimmed according to the available daylight levels in the space. Equations for the calculation of the used power of the artificial lighting systems considered were developed, for the whole experimental period and for each month within that period, with independent variables being the exterior illuminance (Eex), the sun azimuth (α) and altitude (γ) and the sky diffuse coefficient (Kd). The four tested systems were found to consume 10 to 38% less energy than if the respective artificial lighting system was the only light source in the space. Arranging the luminaires in an ortho-canonical grid provides greater energy savings and better uniformity levels and should be preferred for environments with increased lighting quality requirements. The results presented in this Thesis apply to the specific environment and lighting systems used and simulated and are intended to showcase methodologies, rather than provide formulas for universal use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the tested artificial lighting systems, which included smart dimming according to daylight levels, were found to consume '10 to 38% less energy' than if they operated without natural light. This directly supports the idea that smart lighting systems effectively reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness according to available daylight.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it could be argued, cognitive enhancement involves more than a person’s access to a technology such as ChatGPT—even though at first appearance, it may appear to be so when they present a text of apparent quality and claim authorship. On a group level, it can perhaps seem much more plausible that the group cognitive abilities might be boosted if AI technologies enable the collective members to behave as if the group has become more cognitively capable. This is because any group-level agency—as notesFootnote 41—can be seen as something akin to a form of artificial intelligence. That is so, List argues, independently of whether or not a well-organized group uses any modern forms of AI within their organization. This is because any group-level agency is a form of apparently intelligent behavior that is the result of something other than the natural intelligence of any particular individual in the group. Hence, on a group level, according to this way of thinking, there is no clear distinction between natural intelligence and artificial intelligence. This is a fascinating idea. However, what exact conclusions this idea from List could enable us to draw concerning AI and the possibility of cognitive enhancement on the level of groups is a larger topic than I have space to discuss in any detail here. I conclude by returning to the level of the individual. Regarding individuals and cognitive enhancement via AI, I surmise that it is easier to become, in a certain sense, artificially intelligent by using AI technologies (i. e. , become able to act as if one has some special form of intelligence) than it is to truly be cognitively enhanced by using AI technologies. For it to be truly convincing that AI technologies function as forms of cognitive enhancements for human users, it needs to be the case that the humans in question can be seen as extending their minds out into these AI technologies. Moreover, I think it needs to be the case that we can justifiably take credit for what we can do with our extended minds. Technologies that fail to extend our minds but that enable us to act as if we have improved cognitive abilities, and thereby make us, in a certain respect, artificially intelligent, can be seen as a form of quasi-enhancements. We might call them “artificial cognitive enhancements. ” But it is less plausible to think of them as truly constituting a form of human enhancement. Footnote 42 Competing interest The author declares no competing interests. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AI in enhancing cognitive abilities. It suggests that while AI can enable individuals to act as if they have enhanced intelligence, true cognitive enhancement is more complex. The author implies that relying solely on AI without oversight does not necessarily lead to genuinely improved capabilities, and warns against seeing AI as a complete substitute for human intelligence. Therefore, the assertion that AI can entirely eliminate human error in healthcare lacks support from the presented text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Bacteria were cultured in LB broth without shaking at 37°C overnight. HEp-2 cell monolayers were cultured overnight in 8-well chamber slides to 50% confluence in high glucose DMEM with foetal bovine serum, streptomycin and penicillin (Invitrogen) and then washed three times with PBS. 300 μL of high-glucose DMEM media containing 1% mannose (without foetal bovine serum and antibiotics) and 10 μL of bacterial culture was added to each chamber. After 3h incubation, the media was aspirated and the monolayer washed three times with PBS. The cells were fixed for 20 minutes with 70% methanol and then stained for 20 minutes with a 1:40 dilution of Giemsa in PBS. Adherence patterns were observed using oil immersion light microscopy at 1000x magnification. All bacterial isolates were tested in duplicate and replicates were read by two different individuals. Sequence analysesThe EAEC 042 genome sequence was accessed from Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. comparative at the Sanger Institute, and can be accessed at All other sequences were retrieved from GenBank. The 042 daaC cross-hybridizing region was identified by nucleotide BLAST, employing a 62 matrix with a low complexity filter. Pair-wise alignments and computations of % identity were done using FASTA and multiple alignments were generated using. PCR-RFLPWe devised a PCR-(PCR-RFLP) test for daaD/afaD and aafB. Using primers aafBdaaDF and aafBdaaDR, which are complementary to regions conserved between the two targets, we amplified a 333 bp (daaD) or 339 bp (aafB) PCR product. polymerase enzyme and PCR buffer from NEB were employed with 1 unit of Taq polymerase, 2 mM MgCl2 and 1 μM oligonucleotide primer in each reaction. We additionally repeated 48 amplifications using PCR-Supermix (Invitrogen) and obtained identical results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction. Instead, it provides detailed methodological information related to bacterial culture and genomic analysis without specifically mentioning E. coli's role in synthetic gene construction or any related application.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart lighting systems reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness based on activity. [SEP] Text:  intelligent building indoor environment management system using fuzzy logic, advanced decision support techniques, local operating network capabilities and smart card technology Αναλυτική μελέτη περισφιγμένων στοιχείων οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος με τη μέθοδο των μη γραμμικών πεπερασμένων στοιχείων στο χώρο development and successful information systems development Assembly line balancing: assessment tools and indices "Ευφυή συστήματα φυσικού φωτισμού: ανάπτυξη βελτιστοποίηση σωληνών φωτισμού (light pipes) με ενσωματωμένα συστήματα τεχνητού φωτισμού χαμηλής ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης ελεγχόμενα από πρόπτυπα συστήματα ελέγχου" Πληκτρολογήστε το κείμενο της εικόνας! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'intelligent systems for natural lighting' and 'low energy consumption artificial lighting control systems'. This implies that smart lighting systems are indeed designed to optimize energy use based on varying conditions, thus supporting the notion that they can reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness according to activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: “Go master quits because ‘AI cannot be defeated’”, BBC News 2019 Nov 27; available at (last accessed 28 June 2023). 2 2. øller, N, Bowman-Smart, H, et al. Generative AI entails a credit-blame asymmetry. Learning 2023;5:472–753. Hernandez-Orallo, J, Vold, K. AI extenders. In: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society; 2019: 507–13CrossRef1964. 4 4. Giubilini, A Savulescu, J. The artificial moral advisor: The “Ideal Observer” meets artificial intelligence. Philosophy & Technology 2018;31:169–88CrossRef5. Erler, A, Müller, VC. AI as IA: The use and abuse of artificial intelligence (AI) as human enhancement through intellectual augmentation (IA). In: Jotterand, F, Ienca, M, eds. Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement. London: Routledge, 2023: 189–201 6. Searle, J. Is the brain’s mind a computer program? 1990;262(1):26–31CrossRef7. “Künstliche Intelligenz”, Theo. Logik – Religion Inside, BR2 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 8 8. “Du blir dummare”, Idébyrån, SVT 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). These kinds of worries about how AI might make us less inteligent can be compared with previous worries about whether search engines and other technologies might make people less intelligent. See, for instance, Carr N. making us stupid? What the internet is doing to our brains. 2008: (accessed on 5 aug. 2023) 9 9. Bratsberg, B, Rogeberg, O. Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused. PNAS 2018;115(26):6674–8CrossRef10. Menn J. Technology ethics campaigners offer plan to fight ‘human downgrading’. Reuters 2019 Apr 24; available at Vallor, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text points out concerns about AI potentially diminishing human intelligence and emphasizes the need for oversight, suggesting that relying solely on AI without human intervention could be detrimental. This directly contrasts with the claim that AI can eliminate human errors without oversight, implying that AI alone is not sufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: All amplifications began with a two-minute hot start at 94°C followed by 35 cycles of denaturing at 94°C for 30s, annealing at 41°C for 30s at and extending at 72°C for 20s. PCR reactions were templated with boiled bacterial colonies or genomic DNA. Strains containing the daaD or aafB gene gave a predicted 333 or 339 bp product respectively. This product was digested with the restriction enzyme AluI. The digestion generates two predicted fragments for aafB and five fragments for the more GC rich daaD gene, which can be resolved on a 2% TBE agarose gel. ResultsThe daaCprobe cross-hybridizes with a sub-set of EAECIn the course of an aetiologic study of diarrhoea focused on diarrhoeagenic E. coli, we observed that in addition to recognizing diffusely adherent E. coli strains, the daaC probe was hybridizing to colony blots of some test and control strains that showed aggregative adherence. We hybridized the daaC probe with colony blots of a well-studied panel of 26 EAEC strains and seven DAEC strains. We found that five of these EAEC strains hybridized with the daaC probe, including prototypical EAEC strain 042, even when conditions were of slightly greater stringency than those reported in the literature [11]. All five had previously been documented to carry the aafA gene, encoding the structural subunit of the AAF/II fimbriae [17]. As shown in Figure 1, hybridization was noticeably weaker than to the DAEC strains, but sufficiently strong to confound strain categorization. Twenty-one strains lacking aafA did not hybridize with the daaC probe, irrespective of whether they hybridized to the probe for aggA, the structural subunit gene for AAF/I fimbriae (Table 2). Table 2 Hybridization of well-studied EAEC and DAEC strains to EAEC probes and daaC and results of PCR-RFLP test for daaD and aafB. Full size tableFigure 1Colony blot of representative reference strains hybridized to the daaC probe from pSLM862. The blot was hybridized with biotinylated probe under high stringency conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction. Instead, it discusses various experimental methods and strain hybridizations, particularly in the context of aetiological studies on diarrhoea and characteristics of specific E. coli strains. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim despite mentioning E. coli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: La operación de los autobuses urbanos está caracterizada por condiciones de conducción a baja velocidad y una alta frecuencia de eventos de parada-arranque. Estas características de viaje conducen a un mayor consumo de energía y emisiones para los autobuses impulsados por combustibles fósiles, especialmente en zonas urbanas congestionadas. En este contexto, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es comprender los efectos de la congestión del tráfico urbano en las emisiones de CO2 y NOx de los autobuses propulsados por combustibles fósiles, basado en el desarrollo de un enfoque integrado que incorpora emisiones del mundo real, perfiles de conducción naturalista y datos de los sensores de tráfico de la ciudad. Una ruta de autobús representativa en Madrid (Línea 74), fue seleccionada para representar las condiciones típicas de la congestión del tráfico urbano. En general, el desarrollo de esta investigación aborda las variaciones en las emisiones de los autobuses urbanos debido a la congestión del tráfico. En este estudio, estas variaciones de las emisiones se analizaron en tres niveles y/o fases: motor, vehículo y ruta. Cada fase incluyó también un aspecto y/o procedimiento novedoso, que fue determinado en base a las brechas identificadas en la revisión de la literatura. Además, los datos y procedimientos resultantes de estos tres niveles de análisis se articularon sistemáticamente para definir un único marco metodológico de investigación integrado que permita alcanzar el objetivo general definido. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the integration of traffic sensor data with emissions data to analyze urban bus emissions under congested conditions. By utilizing city traffic data, the research aims to address the effects of traffic congestion on emissions, which implies that such data can help optimize traffic conditions and potentially reduce congestion in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Moral deskilling and upskilling in a new machine age: Reflections on the ambiguous future of character. Philosophy & Technology 2015;28:107–24CrossRef12. Danaher, J. The rise of the robots and the crisis of moral patiency. AI & Society 2019;34:129–36CrossRef13. Bryson, J. The artificial intelligence of the ethics of artificial intelligence. In:. eds. Handbook of Ethics of AI. Oxford: Press, 2021: 2–25 14. Chalmers D. Could a large language model be conscious? PhilArchive; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 15 15. Railton P. Ethics and artificial intelligence. 2022, University of Oxford. Video recordings; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 16 16. See, for example, Floridi, L. AI as agency without intelligence: On ChatGPT, large language models, and other generative models. Philosophy & Technology 2023;36:15 CrossRef10. 1007/s13347-023-00621-y. (last accessed 8 August 2023). 17 17. Minsky, M. Processing. Cambridge MA: MIT Press; 1968 18. Nyholm, S. This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2023 19. Turing, A. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 1950;59(236):433–60CrossRef20. Jefferson, G. The mind of mechanical man. Journal 1949;1(4616):1105–10CrossRef21. . A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research Project on artificial intelligence; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 22 22. Russell, S, Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Hoboken: Prentice Hall; 1995 23. See note 16, Floridi. 24 24. See note 18, Nyholm, at chap. 1. 25 25. Verbeek, PP, Materializing Morality: Understanding and Designing the Morality of Things. Chicago: Press; 2011 CrossRef26. Clark, A, Chalmers, D. The extended mind. Analysis 1998;58(1):7–19 CrossRef27. Levy, N. Neuroethics and the extended mind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various philosophical and ethical perspectives regarding artificial intelligence, suggesting that the relationship between AI and ethics is complex. It implies that complete trust in AI to eliminate human error without oversight is questionable and reflects on issues like moral deskilling, indicating that oversight is necessary when integrating AI into critical areas like healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: 1% of non-adherent strains (Table 3, p < 0. 0001; Fishers exact test). Table 3 Adherence patterns of 509 isolates collected prospectively from 130 travellers with diarrhoea and their hybridization to the daaC probe. Full size tableTo verify that the hybridizing aggregative adherent strains were true and typical EAEC, that is strains carrying a partially conserved plasmid referred to as pAA, we screened them for EAEC virulence loci. Only one of the nine aggregative adherent daaC-positive strains hybridized with the CVD432 probe [6], but seven of the nine strains hybridized with at least one other EAEC probe (the pAA-borne aggC for aggregative adherence fimbrial usher [18] or aap for dispersin [19] or the chromosomal gene pic for mucinase, which is also present in Shigella [20]). Only one daaC-positive strain showing aggregative adherence did not hybridize with one of the four EAEC probes we employed. Importantly, all but one of nine aafA-positive EAEC strains identified among the 509 E. coli isolates hybridized with the daaC probe. Four of the nine daaC-positive EAEC strains were from the same individual and probably clonal. The other five were from five separate patients, who were recent returnees from four different countries. Overall, evidence from two independently derived strain sets suggests that the daaC probe recognizes a specific subset of EAEC, that is strains that possess aafA. The daaC cross-hybridizing locus in EAEC is aafCThe daaC probe is excised from plasmid pSLM862 with PstI prior to use (7). We used vector-priming M13 oligonucleotides to sequence the pSLM862 insert, which we have deposited in the Genbank database (EU010379). search of the Genbank nucleotide database revealed that the daaC probe was 97% identical to draC/afaC/dafaC genes from other, diffuse-adherence associated operons in the Genebank database (Accession numbers AF325672. 1, X76688. 1 and AF329316. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about chassis organisms like E. coli and their role in synthetic gene construction. Instead, it discusses adherence patterns and hybridization of different strains of E. coli, which is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this paper takes the cooperation patents of enterprises, universities and research institutions as the starting point, and further searches for the number of joint patent applications of enterprises-universities, enterprises-institutions, universities-institutions, enterprises-universities-institutions in each city respectively, to depict the innovation effect of smart city more accurately from the perspective of innovation and synergy. (3) Fully considering the current situation of the differences between cities in terms of geographical location, city level, talent concentration level and intelligence level, the basic conditions needed for the construction of smart cities in the process of promoting city haze governance and green development are further identified. Such identification is conducive for local governments to maximize the development opportunities of smart city pilot, accelerate the construction of "digital China", and realize the beautiful vision of the high-level goal of ecological civilization development. 2. Policy background and theoretical mechanism 2. 1Policy background With the acceleration of urbanization and the incessant improvement of living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for urban services, living environment, public transport, and social life. Smart city construction is assumed to be an important measure to solve urban development problems by realizing efficient allocation of resources and harmonious development of cities through artificial intelligence and cloud computing. In 2009, (IBM) proposed the concept of smart city for the first time. 2009, Dubuque of the USA built the first smart city in partnership with IBM. This successful case has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Many countries or regions have begun to take the construction of smart cities as the main means to solve the urban disease and improve the competitiveness of cities. With the rapid development of new digital technology and modern communication technology, the number of smart cities under construction in the world has exceeded 1000 by 2020, and it is expected to maintain the trend of rapid growth in the future. In the wave of smart city construction around the world, the Chinese government promulgated “for the Administration of City Pilot” in 2012 and identified the first batch of pilot cities, followed by the announcement of the second and third batches of pilot cities in the following two years. By 2015, more than 85% of China's cities have begun to build smart cities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the construction of smart cities aims to solve urban development problems through efficient allocation of resources via technologies like artificial intelligence and cloud computing. This implies that smart city data is integral to improving urban services and managing traffic more effectively, thus contributing to reduced congestion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Determining cell typeabundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry. 37(7):773-782. 2018. Targeting autophagy in cancer. Cancer 124(16):3307-3318. 2014. An overview of autophagy: morphology, mechanism, and regulation. Signal 20(3):460-473. 2018. 3 promotes malignant phenotypes of glioma by activating EGFR-AKT signaling. Biochemical and Communications 505(2):413-418. 2017. Targeting autophagy to overcome chemoresistance in acute myleogenous leukemia. Autophagy 13(1):214-215 -. 2006. Auto-antibodies in prostate cancer: humoral immune response to antigenic determinants coded by the differentially expressed transcripts FLJ23438 and VAMP3. Prostate 66(14):1463-1473. 2019. WDFY2 restrains matrix metalloproteinase secretion and cell invasion by controlling VAMP3-dependent recycling. 10(1):2850. 2019a. DIRAS3-derived peptide inhibits autophagy in ovarian cancer cells by binding to beclin1. Cancers 11(4):557. 2019b. DIRAS3 (ARHI) blocks RAS/MAPK signaling by binding directly to RAS and disrupting RAS clusters. 29(11):3448-3459. 2019. Polygenic risk score increases schizophrenia liability through cognition-relevant pathways. Brain 142(2):471-485 Varma S. 2020. Blind estimation and correction of microarray batch effect. 15(4):e0231446 Walter W, Sánchez-Cabo F, Ricote M. 2015. GOplot: an R package for visually combining expression data with functional analysis. Bioinformatics 31(17):2912-2914. 2019. Development and validation of a nomogram with an autophagy-related gene signature for predicting survival in patients with glioblastoma. Aging 11(24):12246-12269. 2019. Novel therapy in Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): moving toward targeted approaches. in Hematology 10:2040620719860645. 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a set of citations and references related to various studies and topics in the field of cancer and autophagy, none of which address the claim regarding AI eliminating human error in healthcare. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: search of the recently completed genome of cross-hybridizing EAEC strain 042 at revealed that the most similar target for the daaC probe that can be identified in the 042 genome in silico is the aafC gene, part of the AAF/II-encoding operon, with 294 (84%) identical nucleotides and only five single nucleotide gaps over the length of the homologous 344 nucleotide daaC probe region, at the DNA level (Figure 2). The aafC gene is located on the large virulence plasmid of strain 042 and other AAF/II-positive EAEC [21]. The daaC gene, on the other hand, may be chromosomally or plasmid located [7]. Therefore, although genuine target strains often have only one copy of daaC, cross hybridizing strains could potentially have one or more copies of the aafC gene, a factor that could also contribute to the hybridization signals of aafC-positive EAEC. Elias et al. have previously noticed that enteroaggregative E. coli strains hybridize to the daaC probe and proposed that the cross-hybridizing region was within the AAF/II fimbrial biogenesis cluster [21]. In this study, all but one strain possessing the aafA gene from the AAF/II biogenesis cluster hybridized with the daaC probe. We hybridized the panel of 26 well-studied strains to a DNA fragment probe for the aggregative adherence fimbrial usher gene, aggC, which has been demonstrated by Bernier et al. to hybridize to both aggC and aafC [18]. All the aafA-positive, daaC-positive strains hybridized with this probe (Table 2). In summary, we report that daaC cross-hybridization arises from an 84% identity between the probe sequence and the EAEC aafC gene, and that this degree of similarity significantly compromises diagnostic use of the existing daaC probe for the detection of DAEC. Figure 2BLAST alignment of a diffuse adherence dafa/daa operon (Accession number AF325672) and region 2 of the aafII operon from strain 042 (Accession number AF114828). orfs are shown for dafa (top) and aaf, region 2 (bottom). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic analysis of specific strains of enteroaggregative E. coli and their hybridization characteristics without addressing the use of E. coli as a chassis organism for synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: As the largest developing country, China has clearly identified "digitalization" and "greening" as the key direction of its future development, laying emphasis on the construction of digital infrastructure such as high-speed broadband and 5G communication, making a solemn commitment to the world to achieve " carbon neutrality and emission peak ". It is foreseeable that the construction of smart cities will have a profound impact on all aspects of China's economic development, along with the promotion of China's economic revolution and upgrading, and with the transformation of old and new kinetic energy. 2. 1 Theoretical mechanism and research hypothesis 2. 1. 1 The direct impact of smart city pilot on haze pollution As an important application to realize pollution conservation and emission reduction, smart city construction is seen as the vital solution to urban environmental problems, and is also the fundamental way to achieve green and sustainable development. Firstly, smart city construction can promote the "smart" transition of traditional labor-intensive industries, improve the utilization efficiency of resources, and speed up the transformation of economic development model. Combining new renewable energy and next generation of pollution reduction and emission reduction technologies, the pressure of pollution treatment at the source will be alleviated (Benzerrouk et al. , 2021), and simultaneously the source control of haze pollution will be promoted. Secondly, smart city construction can create a convenient and efficient "smart" urban development model. Relying on the advantages of accurate analysis and rapid matching of big data, it will effectively release the traffic congestion in large cities (Jiang et al. , 2021), and create a modern transportation system with smart and green travel. Finally, in the process of promoting smart city construction, it is undoubtful to attract a large number of high-end and professional talents. While improving intelligence and technical support for urban development, high-quality talents will guide the majority of residents to accept the green and low-carbon lifestyle through example demonstration effect (Chu et al. , 2021), which constantly optimizes the urban environmental governance pattern and imperceptibly improves residents' environmental awareness (Li, 2022). Herein, we propose hypothesis H1a: smart city construction can effectively improve urban haze pollution. Considering the vast territory of China, there are significant differences between different regions (cities) in fields such as economic development base, resource distribution, cultural heritage, and construction of environmental protection facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate the heterogeneity of the smart city pilot on haze governance in different regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that smart city construction can 'effectively release the traffic congestion in large cities,' implying that smart city initiatives leverage data and technology to improve traffic flow. Additionally, it mentions the creation of a modern transportation system that aligns with the claim about optimizing traffic flow.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: With urbanization, impermeable surfaces (roofs, streets, parking lots, and sidewalks) increase, so the permeable areas decrease and as a result, the volume of storm water flow increases. Stormwater management strategies include the prevention, containment, and reuse of stormwater runoff. Green stormwater infrastructure is systems like biological ditches, catchments, wetlands, rain gardens, and urban green spaces that mimic natural processes that result in infiltration, evaporation, or use of rainwater. It is becoming increasingly clear that green stormwater infrastructure not only controls stormwater volume and timing but also supports ecosystem services, which are the benefits ecosystems provide to humans. “can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high-quality natural and seminatural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban settings. More specifically GI, being a spatial structure providing benefits from nature to people, aims to enhance nature’s ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services, such as clean air or water” [5]. “Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and seminatural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It incorporates green spaces (or blue if aquatic ecosystems are concerned) and other physical features in terrestrial (including coastal) and marine areas. On land, GI is present in rural and urban settings” [6]. “ Green infrastructure is an approach to wet weather management that uses soils and vegetation to utilize, enhance, and/or mimic the natural hydrological cycle processes of infiltration, evapotranspiration, and reuse” [7]. Traditional stormwater infrastructure, or gray infrastructure, is designed to divert rainwater from urban areas through pipes and channels. Runoff from these surfaces can suffocate infrastructure systems, carrying pollutants into streams, rivers, and lakes when rainwater runs off impermeable streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Flows can also cause erosion and flooding that can damage property, infrastructure, and wildlife habitat. In addition to flow problems, impermeable surfaces also prevent water from penetrating the soil and refilling groundwater sources. Green infrastructure uses plants, soils, landscape design, and engineering techniques to contain, absorb, and reduce polluted stormwater runoff. Green infrastructure prevents combined sewer overflows for cities by preventing or reducing the amount of runoff flowing directly into storm drains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining that green stormwater infrastructure includes systems such as biological ditches, wetlands, and rain gardens that mimic natural processes to manage stormwater. It details how this infrastructure aims to control stormwater volume and mitigate flooding while also providing ecosystem benefits. Further, it contrasts green infrastructure with traditional gray infrastructure, highlighting the advantages of utilizing natural processes to reduce stormwater runoff. This aligns directly with the assertion that cities are implementing such strategies to manage stormwater and prevent flooding.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Connectors show regions of 80% or more identity at the DNA level. The figure was generated using the Tool (ACT)[45]. Full size imageDevelopment of a PCR-RFLP protocol to detect and delineate daaC and aaf-positive strainsThe daaC, aafC and similar genes are predicted to encode ushers for adhesin export and are highly similar across the entire length of the genes, both to each other and to usher genes from other adhesin operons (Figure 2). Downstream of the usher genes is a smaller open reading frame. In the case of the EAEC aafC, the downstream gene, aafB, has not been experimentally defined and may encode a protein that represents the AAF/II tip adhesin [22]. The aafB predicted product shares 59% identity with theDaaD, a non-structural adhesin encoded by a gene downstream of afaC/daaC [21]. At the DNA level, aafB and daaD/afaD genes also share some identity (63% over the most similar 444 bp region), but this is less than that of the usher genes (Figure 3). Figure 3Pair-wise alignment between the daaD and aafB gene regions used as a basis for a discriminatory PCR-RFLP. Identities are asterixed. Oligonucleotide binding sites for the PCR-RFLP protocol are underlined and AluI restriction sites are highlighted in boldface. Full size imageAs shown in Figure 2, three regions of similarity between afaD and aafB, at the DNA level, are interspersed by two dissimilar regions. We devised a PCR-(PCR-RFLP) test for daaD/afaD and aafB using primers complementary to regions conserved between the two targets, and digesting the 333/339 bp product with the restriction enzyme AluI. The digestion generates two fragments for aafB (233 and 106 bp) and five fragments for the more GC rich daaD gene (123, 106, 50, 36 and 18 bp). As shown in Figure 4, whilst the smallest daaD fragments are not visible, the two profiles are easily distinguished on a 2% agarose gel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction. Instead, it discusses the identity and similarity of specific genes and the development of a PCR-RFLP protocol, which is irrelevant to the claim about chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: 076* (1. 75) -0. 037 (-1. 34) 0. 201*** (6. 18) 0. 144*** (3. 19) 0. 761*** (3. 31) -R2 0. 8888 0. 9596 0. 8958 0. 6757 0. 6197 Obs 5112 5112 5112 4828 5112 Notes: t statistics in (), ***, **and * are significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%. The models (13)–(15) in Table 7 show the impact of smart cities on three types of innovation. Firstly, the coefficient of COOR-INN is 0. 076 and has passed the significance test, which shows that the construction of smart city has strengthened the cooperation and communication among the enterprises, universities, and institutions in a city, thus helping various subjects better define their responsibilities and accelerate the construction of industry-university-institution coordinate innovation model. The multi-subject innovation will accelerate the creation of a multi-level, professional and efficient innovation mechanism to promote breakthroughs towards core technologies, stainable improvement in environmental quality, and haze governance. Secondly, the coefficient of GRE-INN item is 0. 201 and significant at level of 1%, indicating that the smart city pilot can also vibrantly enhance the green innovation capacity. Along with the wider use of green innovations (e. g. , new energy sources such as solar and wind power) in production and life, regional haze governance will be effectively realized from the source. However, the impact of smart city pilot on collaborative innovation is not significant, suggesting that while China's smart city pilot has strengthened the coordinate innovation among multiple subjects in different cities, it has not significantly impact on the cooperative innovation among cities. It can be seen from model (16) that the smart city pilot has increased the resource allocation efficiency of cities in the treated group by 0. 144 unit, indicating that smart city construction relies on new information technologies such as the artificial intelligence to promote the development of new energy, new materials, and information industries, optimizing the allocation efficiency of production factors such as capital and talent. In addition, it will also promote the transformation of traditional manufacturing industries to new industries, gradually eliminating polluting industries and improving production efficiency, ultimately reducing pollution emissions, and achieving haze control (Ryzhenkov, 2016). The coefficient of ENT term in model (17) is 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that smart city construction employs new information technologies, including artificial intelligence, to optimize resource allocation and enhance overall efficiency. This implies that smart city data can streamline traffic flows by making better use of existing resources and technology, which can reduce congestion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: Giridharan, Renganathan ∙ Emmanuel, RohintonThe impact of urban compactness, comfort strategies and energy consumption on tropical urban heat island intensity: a reviewand Society. 2018; Elsevier LtdCrossrefScopus (141)PubMed36. Givoni, B. Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality: a reviewAtmos. Environ. Urban Atmos. 1991; 25:289-299CrossrefScopus (220)37. Gunawardena, K. R. ∙ Wells, M. J. ∙ Kershaw, T. Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensitySci. Total Environ. 2017; 584–585:1040-1055 Elsevier B. V. CrossrefScopus (698)PubMed38. Hamada, Shuko ∙ Ohta, TakeshiSeasonal variations in the cooling effect of urban green areas on surrounding urban areasUrban For. Urban Green. 2010; 9:15-24CrossrefScopus (391)39. Heltberg, Rasmus ∙ Siegel, ∙ Jorgensen, Steen Lau“Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: toward a ‘No regrets’ approachGlob. Environ. Chang. 2008; 19:89-99CrossrefScopus (396)40. Huang, ∙ Davis, Susan ∙ Akbari, HashemA guidebook for the control of summer heat islandson in Buildings 19901990; 79-85LBL-2922441. IPCCMeeting report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change expert meeting on mitigation, sustainability and climate stabilization scenarios [shukla, P. R. J. Skea, R. van Diemen, K. Calvin, Ø. Christophersen, F. Creutzig, J. Fuglestvedt, E. Huntley, F. Lecocq, M. Pathak, J. Portugal-pereira, J. Rogelj, J. Roy, J. Scull, R. Schaeffer, R. Slade, D. Ürge-vorsatz, D. van Vuuren. ]the United Kingdom, 201742. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists various studies and reports without directly addressing the impact of urban cooling initiatives such as green roofs on mitigating heatwaves in cities. It contains references to urban heat island intensity and environmental quality but does not provide evidence or examples that support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Figure 4PCR-RFLP to distinguish daaD and daaD2 from aafB. Lane 1: 1 Plus (Invitrogen); Lanes 2-6: AluI restricted amplicons from EAEC strain 042 (aafB), DAEC strains 1 (daaC2), 2 and 3 (daaC) and non-pathogenic strain HS. Lane 7: pBR322 Msp1 marker (NEB). Full size imageIn the course of our investigations, we identified a third restriction profile, initially from strain DAEC1 (Figure 4). We sequenced the amplified region from this strain and determined that although the probe showed a 100% identity with daaD over most of its sequence, there was a 60 bp region with no significant homology. We refer to this allele as daaD2, and have deposited the sequence in GenBank (EU010380). daaD2 lacks the two AluI sites closest to the 5' end of daaD (Figure 2), which lie within the non-conserved region, but otherwise is very similar to daaD. Digestion of the PCR product from this allele yields 3 fragments of 104, 109 and 120 bp, which are irresolvable on a 2% gel but produce a profile easily distinguished from that of aafB and daaD (Figure 4). We found that daaD was more common than daaD2 in our collection. Additionally, there are four sequences from strains bearing identical or nearly identical (>99% identity) daaD2 alleles already deposited in GenBank [23], but as many as 20 sequences from an equivalent number of strains with classic daaD alleles. This does suggest that daaD may be the more common allele, but the epidemiological significance of the variation, if any, in these alleles is unclear. Discussion and conclusionThere have been brief mentions of daaC hybridization with EAEC in the literature. In some studies, the hybridization of the daaC probe to enteroaggregative E. coli has been taken to mean that the strains in question harbour a daa adhesin target as well as aggregative adherence genes [24]. Other workers have proposed that the hybridization signal arises from cross-hybridization at a single locus [21, 25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the discovery and analysis of specific alleles within various strains of E. coli, as well as their restriction profiles and epidemiological significance. It does not mention the use of E. coli as a chassis organism for synthetic gene construction, thus failing to provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: of Personalized and edited by Ernst R. Berndt, Dana P. Goldman and University of Chicago Press, 2019Cloth: 978-0-226-61106-8 | Electronic: 978-0-226-61123-5DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 001. 0001 of (cloth, ebook) Barnes & DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) and precision medicine (PPM)—the targeting of therapies according to an individual’s genetic, environmental, or lifestyle characteristics—is becoming an increasingly important approach in health care treatment and prevention. The advancement of PPM is a challenge in traditional clinical, reimbursement, and regulatory landscapes because it is costly to develop and introduces a wide range of scientific, clinical, ethical, and socioeconomic issues. PPM raises a multitude of economic issues, including how information on accurate diagnosis and treatment success will be disseminated and who will bear the cost; changes to physician training to incorporate genetics, probability and statistics, and economic considerations; questions about whether the benefits of PPM will be confined to developed countries or will diffuse to emerging economies with less developed health care systems; the effects of patient heterogeneity on cost-effectiveness analysis; and opportunities for PPM’s growth beyond treatment of acute illness, such as prevention and reversal of chronic conditions. This volume explores the intersection of the scientific, clinical, and economic factors affecting the development of PPM, including its effects on the drug pipeline, on reimbursement of PPM diagnostics and treatments, and on funding of the requisite underlying research; and it examines recent empirical applications of PPM. is the Louis E. in at the MIT of Management, and a research associate of the of Economic Research. : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0000[personalized medicine;precision medicine;economic issues;clinical issues;biologic issues;statistical issues;preventive care]Personalized and precision medicine (PPM) -- also called tailored, targeted, or stratified medicine -- matches therapies to patient sub-populations aided by clinical and diagnostic biomarkers. Catalyzed by the sequencing of the human genome, an accelerated expansion of the knowledge platform underlying biological disease processes, and advances in diagnostic technologies, PPM is rapidly evolving from a hypothetical concept to an observable reality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that personalized and precision medicine (PPM) matches therapies to patient sub-populations using clinical and diagnostic biomarkers, underscoring that treatments are tailored to individuals based on specific genetic and other characteristics. It emphasizes that the advancement of PPM is becoming increasingly important in health care treatment and prevention, aligning with the claim regarding the personalization of medical treatment based on genetic information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe sea levels of Kiribati have been stable over the last few decades, as elsewhere in the world. government funded (PSLM) project has adjusted sea level records to produce an unrealistic rising trend. Some information has been hidden or neglected, especially from sources of different management. The measured monthly average mean sea levels suffer from subsidence or manipulation resulting in a tilting from the about 0 (zero) mm/year of nearby tide gauges to 4 (four) mm/year over the same short time window. Real environmental problems are driven by the increasing local population leading to troubles including scarcity of water, localized sinking and localised erosion. Keywords: sea-level rise; climate change; Pacific atolls; El-Nińo; southern oscillation1 IntroductionThe 1993. The project has been created to build a substitutional evidence of relative rates of rise of sea level of more than 4 mm/year in Kiribati using the focus on a short term record started in a valley of the peaks & valleys oscillations and playing with the subsidence of the instrument if not manipulating the results. The selected starting point for data analysis is a very low sea level in the mid-1990s, and this may bias apparent rise in relative sea level assessment for decades. The longer tide gauges recording under a different management, as II and Christmas Island, or B and Kanton Island, are neglected, same of the oldest tide gauges nearby Betio in the atoll of Tarawa. tide gauge is managed by the of Meteorology. All the other tide gauges as -A, B and C or are or were managed by the. Other tide gauges as were managed by NOAA/NOS. Listed in Table 1 are all the tide gauges of Kiribati. The table presents the relative rate of rise computed by linear fitting of all the data, plus the record length. The data have been downloaded from PSMSL [8]. To be noted, the -tide gauge is quality flagged by PSMSL. Table 1. Analysis of all the tide gauges of Kiribati in the PSMSL data base (data from [10]). Tide gaugemm/year-13811. 367172. 933198419749. 58−3. 71-15791. 333173. 017198819834. 6732. 15-17391. 367172. 9332002198813. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the stability of sea levels in Kiribati and suggesting manipulation of data to show a false rising trend. It implies that the actual conditions do not warrant the investments in seawalls or barriers as claimed. The mention of local environmental problems due to population pressures rather than rising sea levels challenges the notion that coastal areas are necessarily reacting to a crisis of increasing sea levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Although the former situation is a possibility, particularly as aggregative fimbrial genes are plasmid-borne, in this study we implicate the aafC gene, predicted to encode the usher for AAF/II fimbriae, as a cross-hybridizing locus. This finding has implications for our current understanding of the epidemiology of diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Understanding the aetiology of diarrhoea is important, particularly in high disease burden areas where risk factors need to be identified and vaccine development priorities established. Most of what is known about the relative importance of different diarrhoeagenic E. coli categories comes from small, snapshot studies or studies of traveller's diarrhoea, analogous to what Guerrant et al. [26] refer to as the 'eyes of the hippopotamus'. Many high-burden developing countries lack cell culture facilities for the HEp-2 assay needed to delineate some pathotypes of diarrhoea-causing E. coli from commensals. Non-radioactive DNA probes and, more recently, PCR have been advocated as methodology that might be used to detect enterovirulent E. coli in developing countries [27, 28]. The vast majority of earlier studies that have not used HEp-2 adherence assays have defined DAEC as E. coli that hybridize to the daaC probe. Of 30 Medline-indexed controlled studies that sought DAEC, we were able to identify only nine that have heretofore demonstrated an association of DAEC with diarrhoea. Girón et al. [29] used daaC probe hybridization and HEp-2 adherence and found that DAEC were associated with disease in Mayan children in Mexico. However that study had a very short duration (3 weeks) and focused on a small remote population (63 cases, 1300 total population), and therefore there are limits to the extent to which the data should be extrapolated. Cegielski et al. [30] found probe-positive, but not diffuse-adherent DAEC associated with chronic diarrhoea in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in another small study in Tanzania. A recent Brazilian study made a similar finding: probe-positive DAEC were associated with paediatric diarrhoeal disease, particularly in older children [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the epidemiology of diarrhoeagenic E. coli and various methodologies for detection, without mentioning the use of E. coli as chassis organisms in synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: The full promise of PPM extends beyond targeting therapies for already ill people, to identify healthy individuals at elevated risk of disease, enabling preventive measures to be targeted towards those who could most benefit, but perhaps at substantial additional cost. PPM has the potential to upend traditional models of providing health services, preventive care, health insurance, reimbursement and regulation, and raises issues involving not only medicine and biology, but economics, ethics, and statistics. In this introductory 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0001[Personalized Medicine;Value of Information;Two-Part Pricing]Personalized medicine (PM) entails better tailoring therapies to patients through use of information about the patient that better predicts treatment response before undergoing treatment. We discuss the economic value of personalized medicine and the optimal pricing of the combination products involved. We build on previous work of Egan and Philipson (2015) who stress a link between rational adherence in health care and the value of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine converts experience goods to search goods by speeding up the learning process relative to trial and error. This explains the emergence of personalized medicine in cancer care as well as the timing of this emergence. It also predicts greater innovation- and merger incentives from Disneyland style two-part pricing of the combination products. (pages 9 - 20)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0002[Pharmaceuticals;Genetics;Genome;Innovation;Therapeutical Translation;Network Medicine;GWAS]Many scientists predicted a swift revolution in human therapeutics after the completion of the Project (“HGP”). This revolution, however, has been slow to materialize in spite of the scientific advances. We investigate the role of biological complexity in slowing down this revolution. Our test relies on a disease-specific measure of biological complexity, constructed by drawing on insights from (Barabási et al. 2011). According to our measure, more complex diseases are associated with a larger number of genetic mutations—higher centrality in the Network (Goh et al. 2007). With this measure in hand, we estimate the rate of translation of new science into early-stage drug innovation by focusing on a leading type of genetic epidemiological knowledge (Genome-Studies) and employing standard methods for the measurement of R&D productivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Personalized medicine (PM) entails better tailoring therapies to patients through use of information about the patient that better predicts treatment response before undergoing treatment.' This indicates that personalized medicine specifically customizes treatments based on individual patient information, which aligns with the claim regarding tailoring treatments to individuals based on genetic information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: This is the result of the start of the short term record about a deep of sea level in the mid-1990s and manipulation. Longer tide gauges recording under a different management as II and Christmas Island, or B and their composite records show much smaller or even negative relative rates of rise, perfectly consistent with the stable or expanding land of the isles. The major localised erosion and the localised sinking issues in a globally stable Kiribati are not attributable to climate change as the sea levels are absolutely stable. The localised sinking and erosion are all consequences of the increasing population and the related changes in the delicate environment of the tiny coral islands, similarly, to the lack of fresh, clean water. The president of Kiribati has earned international recognition for speaking out on the threats of climate change, but the sea levels are not rising in Kiribati, nor accelerating. The real issues of Kiribati are all attributable to population explosion and the unsustainable poor environmental management. Focusing attention on false claims of ‘drowning’ distracts from the real and urgent problems of the islands. Reference[1] www. nature. com/news/before-we-drown-we-may-die-of-thirst-1. 18652Search in 170. 10. 1029/2012EO170001Search in 554. 10. 1016/S0964-5691(99)00029-0Search in 246. 10. 1016/j. gloplacha. 2010. 05. 003Search in 10. 10. 1515/nleng-2013-0011Search in 0024. 2010. pdfSearch in 004. pdfSearch in 0101. 201509. pdfSearch in 252. 10. 9734/PSIJ/2015/17270Search in 1. 3539386,172. 9399624,4533m/data$=$! 3m1! 1e3Search in 43. Parker, A. (2016). Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati. Nonlinear Engineering, 5(1), 37-43. Parker, A. (2016) Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati. Nonlinear Engineering, Vol. 5 (Issue 1), 43. Parker, Albert. "Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati" 5, no. 1 (2016): 37-43. Parker A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that sea levels in Kiribati are not rising, stating that localised issues such as erosion and sinking are not attributable to climate change or rising sea levels. It emphasizes that the underlying problems faced by the islands stem from overpopulation and poor environmental management, rather than the effects of rising sea levels, which negates the rationale for investing in seawalls and barriers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: A Bangladeshi study reported that DAEC identified by adherence assay were associated with persistent but not acute diarrhoea (p < 0. 05)[31]. A number of other developing country studies published since that time, employing probe and adherence, adherence alone, or PCR-based detection have failed to find an association between detection of DAEC and disease [8, 10, 12], 32-35. In 1993, Levine et al. observed that a Chilean study, entirely reliant on the daaC probe, represented the "strongest epidemiologic evidence so far to indicate that DAEC may indeed be pathogenic"[36]. This large, controlled cohort study identified DAEC, based on daaC hybridization alone, in 16. 6% of cases and 11. 9% of controls (p = 0. 0024). In that study, children aged 4-5 years had a relative risk of 2. 1 for DAEC (overall relative risk was 1. 4). Subsequent reports from studies using only the probe support the findings of that study [13, 37, 38]. For example, a 2005 US study found that DAEC identified by SLM862 probe were associated with diarrhoea (p < 0. 05) but DAEC identified by HEp-2 adherence were not [38]. Overall, in the light of the limitations of the daaC probe we here report, only three published studies that we reviewed unequivocally suggest a role for DAEC in acute diarrhoeal disease. Jallat et al. [11] used HEp-2 adherence to identify DAEC in a French study and found these organisms to be significantly associated with disease in patients of all ages (p < 0. 0001). In that study, only 33 of the 100 DAEC isolates identified hybridized with the daaC probe and interestingly, five of these strains also hybridized with the CVD432 probe for enteroaggregative E. coli and showed an aggregative-diffuse pattern of adherence. Ten daaC positive strains were non-adherent. A second study, by Gunzburg et al. [39], found that DAEC were not associated with diarrhoea overall, and were more common in healthy patients under 18 months of age. However, Gunzburg et al. did find that in children aged 18 months to five years, DAEC were recovered from 11 cases and 4 controls (p ≤ 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses studies related to DAEC and its association with diarrheal disease rather than addressing the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: For less complex diseases, we find a strong and positive association between cumulative knowledge and the amount of innovation. This association weakens as complexity increases, becoming statistically insignificant at the extreme. Our results suggest that biological complexity is, in part, responsible for the slower-than-expected unfolding of the therapeutical revolution set in motion by the HGP. (pages 21 - 52)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0003[Pharmacogenetics;Decision theory;Genetic testing;Cost-effectiveness;Precision medicine]Pharmacogenomics, or the application of genetic testing to guide drug selection and/or dosing, is often cited as integral to the vision of how precision medicine can be integrated into routine clinical practice. Yet despite a growing base of scientific discovery on genetic variation that predicts drug response, reimbursement for genetic testing among health systems and payers remains uneven. In large measure this is because the cascading impacts of genetic testing on individual and provider incentives and behavior, as well as downstream health care spending and outcomes, remain poorly understood. In this study, we couple evidence from a real-world implementation of pharmacogenomic testing with a discrete event simulation model. We use this framework to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of various genetic testing strategies. We find that the cost-effectiveness of multiplexed genetic testing (e. g. , whole genome sequencing) hinges on the ability of a health system to ensure that dense genotypic information is routinely utilized by physicians. Moreover, while much attention has been paid to lowering the cost of genetic tests, we demonstrate that in practice, other scientific and behavioral factors, focused on certain high-yield drug-gene pairs, are key to implementing precision medicine in ways that maximize its value. (pages 53 - 86)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0004[personalized medicine;precision medicine;game theory;companion diagnostics;drug development]Precision medicines inherently fragment treatment populations, generating small-population markets, creating high-priced “niche busters” rather than broadly prescribed “blockbusters. " It is plausible to expect that small markets will attract limited entry in which a small number of interdependent differentiated product oligopolists will compete, each possessing market power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing pharmacogenomics, which is described as the application of genetic testing to guide drug selection and dosing. It emphasizes that this is integral to the vision of precision medicine, aligning with the idea that treatments are tailored based on individual genetic information. The text also addresses the importance of using genetic knowledge to maximize the value of precision medicine, further supporting the claim of personalized treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: and of search by Impact: Climate Impact: Climate Impact: Impact: Climate Impact: Climate Impact: Impact: Climate of of the of the Climate of the : Systems and Climate Dynamics: and of Management of Technology and and and search term this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Sign in 10. 1093/acrefore/9780190228620. 013. 635Published online: 27 February 2017SummaryClimate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the of the on (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e. g. , European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans. Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e. g. , long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that climate change adaptation involves the ability to adjust to changing conditions and implementing adaptation measures at local levels presents significant challenges. It discusses uncertainties in climate prediction and the complexities of translating scientific results into local actions, indicating that adaptation alone may not be sufficient to counteract climate change effects. Moreover, it emphasizes that successful implementation requires addressing a multitude of uncertainties related to climate impacts and socio-economic factors rather than relying solely on adaptation strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: 05). Similarly, Scaletsky et al. [9] found that DAEC was not associated with disease overall in a study performed in North-but was significantly associated with diarrhoea among children in the 13-24 month old age group. These studies provide evidence to advocate that future investigations aim to determine whether there is a role for DAEC in diarrhoea in some populations, particularly in children over one year of age, and that they do so using techniques other than the daaC probe. There are important implications for the role of pathogens other than DAEC in disease that may come to light if the daaC probe is replaced with more specific testing methods. Recent studies have demonstrated that AAF/II-positive EAEC are more significantly associated with diarrhoea than the EAEC category as a whole 40-43. Thus any test for DAEC that detects potentially AAF/will skew the results towards a stronger association of the DAEC category with disease, particularly if the EAEC strains in question are negative for the commonly used but inadequately sensitive 432 probe. Additionally, evidence supporting a role in diarrhoea for less-studied E. coli categories such as cell-detaching E. coli or cytolethal distending toxin-producing E. coli, appears to be equivalent to supporting data for DAEC, if daaC-derived data is discounted. Future investigators may want to consider these under-studied categories as worthy of further study. There is some suggestion that DAEC could be an important pathogen in weaned children but in order to correctly gauge the relative contributions of DAEC and other pathogens such as AAF/II-producing EAEC to diarrhoea epidemiology, it is imperative that the SLM862 daaC probe, which detects AAF/II-positive EAEC as well as DAEC, be discarded in favour of more specific methodology. Given that AAF/II-positive EAEC represent an important subset of that category and therefore there is considerable advantage of testing for both simultaneously, particularly as current PCR-based protocols typically do not screen for DAEC and use CVD432 as the EAEC target [28]. If the daaC probe is employed, it should be used in conjunction with a probe for aafA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses findings related to the DAEC strain of E. coli and its associations with diarrhoea, without mentioning the use of E. coli or any chassis organisms for synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: Multiple precision medicine market situations now resemble game theory constructs such as the prisoners’ dilemma and Bertrand competition. The examples often involve drug developer choices created by setting the cut-off value for the companion diagnostics to define the precision medicine market niches and their payoffs. Precision medicine game situations may also involve payers and patients who attempt to change the game to their advantage or whose induced behaviors alter the payoffs for the developers. The variety of games may predictably array themselves across the lifecycle of each precision medicine indication niche and so may become linked into a sequentially evolving meta-game. We hypothesize that certain precision medicine areas such as inflammatory diseases are becoming complex simultaneous multi-games in which distinct precision medicine niches compete. Those players that learn the most rapidly and apply those learnings the most asymmetrically will be advantaged in this ongoing information pharms race. (pages 87 - 114)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0005[precision medicine;clinical trials;pharmaceuticals;drug development;R&Dbiomarkers]Precision medicines—therapies that rely on the use of genetic, epigenetic, and protein biomarkers—create a better match between patients with specific disease subtypes and medications that are more effective for those patients. This heterogeneity in response has implications for the decision to develop therapies, their pricing, the design of clinical trials, and the relative importance of smaller biotech companies versus more traditional companies in pursuing early-stage R&D. To understand the scope of these effects, we use a comprehensive database of over 130,000 global clinical trials and describe the drug development pipeline for precision medicines over the past two decades. We identify clinical trials for likely precision medicines (LPMs) as those that use one or more relevant biomarkers. We then further segment trials based on the nature of the biomarker(s) used and other trial features with economic implications. Since cancers represent a disease setting in which precision therapies are already successfully used, and since cancer applications of precision medicine are expected to grow rapidly over the coming years, we separately characterize cancer LPMs. Finally, we consider the types of firms pursuing R&D in precision medicines, considering how LPM R&D activities have evolved over recent years. (pages 115 - 158)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that precision medicines rely on the use of genetic, epigenetic, and protein biomarkers to create a better match between patients with specific disease subtypes and medications that are more effective for them. This clearly aligns with the idea that personalized medicine tailors treatments based on genetic information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e. g. , intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e. g. , housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales. The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs. Keywordsclimate changenatural hazardsvulnerabilityriskadaptationland usecommunicationSubjects term and concept of climate change adaptation is interpreted and defined in several different ways, ranging broadly from theory to application. Consequently, in the international arena, climate change adaptation has no single definition. Here, the focus is primarily on the opportunities and challenges of implementing climate change adaptation. The concept of climate change adaptation, as presently used, is also rather young, dating from the 1990’s. Political documents demanding climate change adaptation began to appear as recently as the beginning of the 21st century. While there have been significant achievements in developing climate change adaptation strategies, and despite their existence on several levels (from over-regional to national and local), their implementation (as adaptation measures) is often lagging. Examples of mal-adaptation to both current climate and climatic extreme events prevail, often despite better knowledge. A critical review of the practical applicability of climate change models in land use planning practices, for instance, leads to a series of examples of how climate change adaptation can be implemented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that climate adaptation measures alone are not sufficient to fully counteract the effects of climate change. It discusses the importance of combining adaptation with disaster risk reduction measures and notes that many societies are not properly adapted to their current climate zones, leading to mal-adaptation. Additionally, it highlights that current adaptation strategies are often lagging and that successful adaptation requires societal agreement and participatory tools, indicating that alone, adaptation measures may not be enough.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Colors indicate whether optimal and sub-optimal (level 1 and 2) pathways (yellow), optimal and sub-optimal (level 1) pathways (teal) or optimal pathways only (purple) could be identified for each compoundFull size image Using the RetSynth results for the 3462 target compounds, we can identify which reaction/enzyme is common to the highest number of them. This gene would be an advantageous gene addition for cultured strains of Escherichia coli. To identify what reaction/enzyme would make an optimal genetic modification (i. e. leading to the production of the highest number of downstream targets, given that subsequent genetic modifications were made) for each reaction/enzyme we counted the number of compounds for which it was the first step in an optimal or sub-optimal pathway. Each reaction/enzyme was only counted once per compound even if it was in multiple optimal and/or sub-optimal pathways. Of the total 766 enzymes that were the first step in optimal and/or sub-optimal pathways, we identified 24 enzymes that were in 50 or more compound production pathways (Fig. 4a). The top four reactions/enzymes found in the highest number of target compound pathways, above 100 compounds, are illustrated in (Fig. 4b, c, d, e). Enzymes 1. 1. 1. 222 and 1. 1. 1. 237 are hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductases which catalyze the reactions in Fig. 4b and c respectively and are natively found in Solenostemon scutellarioides. The remaining two enzymes 4. 3. 1. 23 and 4. 3. 1. 24 (tyrosine ammonia-lyase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase respectively) catalyze reactions in Fig. 4d and e. These enzymes are natively found in organisms Rhodotorula glutinis and Ustilago maydis respectively. Additionally, it was discovered that enzyme 4. 3. 1. 25 can catalyze both these reactions and is found in Rhodotorula glutinis. By identifying enzyme additions that are in the highest number of target compound production pathways RetSynth can lead and enhance the development of efficient chassis organisms for optimal production of all types of economically and industrial target compounds. Fig. 4Optimal enzyme/gene addition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic gene construction. Instead, it discusses the identification of specific enzymes and their roles in production pathways, mentioning Escherichia coli in the context of enzyme addition for cultured strains but does not clearly state the commonality of E. coli as a chassis organism for synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: 0006[insurance;cost-effectiveness;technology;pharmaceuticals]This paper describes theory and current practice associated with insurance coverage of treatments and associated companion diagnostic tests for precision or personalized medicine. Coverage by public and private insurances is generally furnished under policy-level cost sharing terms for tests and treatments accepted in clinical practice, but there are some exceptions. Coverage of and implementation of cost effective tests and treatments may either reduce the use, cost, and side effects of treatments (if the alternative is to treat all without testing) or may increase the use of treatment that was previously discouraged by expectation of side effects and high cost. Examples of cost effective use and coverage are provided for breast, small cell lung, and colon cancer. Optimal coverage may involve positive cost sharing if there is heterogeneity in insureds’ values of health improvements or side effects, or if test results give varying probabilities of effective treatment. (pages 159 - 184)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0007[personalized medicine;innovation;multiple sclerosis;pharmaceuticals;treatment heterogeneity;diagnostic testing]Individuals respond to pharmaceutical treatments differently due to the heterogeneity of patient populations. This heterogeneity can make it difficult to determine how efficacious or burdensome a treatment is for an individual patient. Personalized medicine involves using patient characteristics, therapeutics, or diagnostic testing to understand how individual patients respond to a given treatment. Personalized medicine increases the health impact of existing treatments by improving the matching process between patients and treatments and by improving a patient’s understanding of the risk of serious side effects. In this paper, I compare the health impact of new treatment innovations with the potential health impact of personalized medicine. I find that the impact of personalized medicine depends on the number of treatments, the correlation between treatment effects, and the amount of noise in a patient’s individual treatment effect signal. Using multiple sclerosis treatments as a case study, I find that personalized medicine has the potential to increase the health impact of existing treatments by roughly 50 percent by informing patients of their individual treatment effect and risk of serious side effects. (pages 185 - 216)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that personalized medicine 'involves using patient characteristics, therapeutics, or diagnostic testing to understand how individual patients respond to a given treatment.' This indicates a tailoring of treatments to the individual based on their unique characteristics, which aligns with the definition of personalized medicine as specified in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In each, the key to success lies in the integration of local stakeholders in the adaptation process and the identification and use of measures that are socially acceptable, culturally viable and economically feasible. Definition of the TermThere is no unanimity to the definition of the term climate change adaptation. In fact, the various definitions have undergone several changes over the last few decades. A leading source, the on (IPCC) defines adaptation in its 5th as follows: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. It then breaks adaptation itself into two types: “incremental” and “transformational”: Incremental adaptation: Adaptation actions where the central aim is to maintain the essence and integrity of a system or process at a given scale. Transformational adaptation: Adaptation that changes the fundamental attributes of a system in response to climate and its effects. (IPCC, 2014, p. 1758) This is a further development from the 4th IPCC Assessment report that defined climate change adaptation as follows:Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory, autonomous, and planned adaptation. Anticipatory adaptation: Adaptation that takes place before impacts of climate change are observed. Also referred to as proactive adaptation. Autonomous adaptation: Adaptation that does not constitute a conscious response to climatic stimuli but is triggered by ecological changes in natural systems and by market or welfare changes in human systems. Also referred to as spontaneous adaptation. Planned adaptation: Adaptation that is the result of a deliberate policy decision, based on an awareness that conditions have changed or are about to change and that action is required to return to, maintain, or achieve a desired state. (IPCC, 2007a, p. 869) The previous 3rd IPCC Assessment report presented the same definition as the 4th report, but distinguished three more types than the 4th (IPCC, 2001). The varying definitions of the term climate change adaptation also reflect the different contexts the term is perceived in. The conceptual definitions comprise “practical steps to protect countries and communities from the likely disruption and damage that will result from effects of climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that climate change adaptation does not equate to fully counteracting the effects of climate change. It outlines the complexity of adaptation processes, which include various forms such as ‘incremental’ and ‘transformational’ adaptations, and mentions that adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm, indicating that adaptation alone may not suffice to counteract climate change fully.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: a Depicts the number compounds each enzyme is in an optimal or sub-optimal pathway (only shows enzymes that are in 50 or more compound pathways). b, c, d, e Are the reactions that are catalyzed by the top four enzymes in the highest number of compound pathwaysFull size image Biological and chemical hybrid pathways for target compound productionIn addition to identifying biological optimal and sub-optimal pathways, RetSynth can incorporate strictly synthetic chemistry reaction repositories such as which contains thousands of chemical reactions, into its metabolic database. By integrating into RetSynth’s MetaCyc and KBase database, pathways that use both biological and chemical reactions to produce necessary compounds (termed hybrid pathways) can be discovered. With the addition of 413 more target compound production pathways were identified. The hybrid pathway for production of benzene in Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 (Fig. 5) consists of the enzymatic conversion of native compound 4-aminobenzoic acid to phenylamine (predicted theoretical yield to be 0. 24 mol/mol glucose) which can subsequently be chemically synthesized into benzene [23]. Benzene is an important precursor to the production of other high value compounds. The ability to build a hybrid database greatly expands RetSynth’s capability for the find pathways to production of many target compounds that would otherwise not be possible. Fig. 5Optimal pathway for benzene production. Hybrid pathway including biological and chemical reactions necessary to produce benzene. Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655Full size image DiscussionBenchmarking RetSynth to other pathway identifying toolsThere are a number of other tools which can find synthetic pathways for target compounds, however none of these tools encompass all of the features of RetSynth (Table 1). We perform comparisons between RetSynth and other tools to illustrate RetSynth’s increased number and improved capabilities by benchmarking features between software such as the number of pathways found for each target compound, predicting yield of each target (if applicable) and time required to obtain results. Table 1 Comparison of different softwareFull size table OptStrainOptStrain uses mixed integer linear programming (optimization-based framework) to find stoichiometrically balanced pathways that produce a target compound in a specified chassis organism [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the common use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction. While it mentions E. coli in the context of producing benzene and hybrid pathways, it does not provide evidence or context about the general practice of using E. coli as a chassis organism for constructing synthetic genes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: 0008[Physician practice patterns;Reimbursement Incentives;Cancer;Radiation Therapy;Personalized Medicine;Medicare;Oncology;Organizational Models]Advocates for “personalized medicine” tests claim they can reduce health care spending by identifying patients unlikely to benefit from costly treatments. But most tests are imperfect, and so physicians have considerable discretion in how they use the results. We show that when physicians face incentives to provide a treatment, the introduction of an imperfect prognostic test will increase treatment rates. We study the interaction of incentives and information in physicians’ choice between conventional radiotherapy and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for Medicare patients with breast cancer. IMRT is far more costly. Patients with left-side tumors are more likely to benefit from IMRT, though it is unnecessary for the vast majority of patients. IMRT use is 18 percentage points higher in freestanding clinics, where physician-owners share in the lucrative fees generated by IMRT, than in hospital-based clinics. Patients with left-side tumors are more likely to receive IMRT in both types of clinics. However, IMRT use in patients with right-side tumors (the low benefit group) treated in freestanding clinics is actually higher than use in patients with left-side tumors (high benefit group) treated in hospital-based clinics. Prognostic information affects use but does nothing to counter incentives to overuse IMRT. (pages 217 - 236)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0009[disparities;personalized medicine;income-related inequality;breast cancer;genetic testing;Taiwan;Asia]High costs of precision medicine raise concerns about exacerbating income-related disparities in healthcare utilization and health outcomes. One approach to expanding coverage in Asia has been to cover the precision therapy but require the pharmaceutical firm to cover the costs of the companion diagnostic test. Taiwan’s Insurance (NHI) adopted this approach for lung cancer, colorectal cancer and leukemia, but not for the first target therapy covered by NHI, trastuzumab for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how personalized medicine aims to tailor treatments, such as precision therapies, to specific patient populations based on prognostic information. It highlights the use of genetic testing and companion diagnostic tests, indicating that personalized medicine is indeed focused on individual patient needs, as seen in the example of tailored therapies for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and leukemia.