Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: claimed that they never authorized a transfer to the colonial government and only Mason’s heirs were entrusted with their land. In 1662, Connecticut, which included the Mohegan land that had been entrusted to the Masons, was incorporated by a royal charter. Based on this charter, the colony argued that the land was now the property of the government. In 1687, the colony began granting the Mohegan land to townships, and in 1704 the Masons petitioned the Crown on behalf of the Mohegans, claiming that such transfers of land to townships were illegal. Between the years of 1705 and 1773 legal disputes and controversies persisted, finally ending in a verdict by the Crown against the Mohegans. In 1755, Wheelock received property and housing in Lebanon that he would use as his house and school. was originally incorporated as a part of County in 1700, in 1724 it became a part of New Windham, before once again becoming a part of County in 1826. Lebanon was central to the with half of its adult population fighting for the colonists and hundreds of meetings convened in the town for the revolutionary cause. Go to full record × Montauk is an unincorporated hamlet located on the eastern tip of in southeastern New York. The town was named after the who lived on much of eastern when Europeans first made contact in the 17th century. Archeological records show that occupied eastern at least 3,000 years prior to European contact. Indians derived their name from the land they lived on, Montaukett meaning hilly country. made great use of Long Island’s abundant resources, and the nation subsisted by growing crops such as corn, squash, and beans as well as gathering berries, herbs, and roots. In addition to game such as deer and fish, the Montauketts also hunted whales and used every part of the whale, including its oil, which they burned in large clamshells. Living on an island at first isolated the Montaukett people, but they soon became a strong economic force in the region thanks to the production of the currency wampum. Wampum was constructed out of polished sea shells, which were found in abundance along Long Island’s beaches. The Montauketts' rich resources, however, led to wars with surrounding Indian nations, including the Pequots and Narragansetts to the north. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding the effectiveness or replacement of pharmaceuticals with herbal remedies. It primarily focuses on historical events related to land ownership and Indigenous practices, making it irrelevant to the claim about herbal remedies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 17. Bonfante P, Genre A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal dialogues: do you speak ‘plantish’ or ‘fungish’? Sci 2015;20:150-4. 18. Maillet F, Poinsot V, André O, Puech-Pagès V, Haouy A, Gueunier M, et al. Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 2011;469:58–63. 19. -Pagès V, Novero M, Rey T, et al. Short-chain chitin oligomers from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi trigger nuclear Ca2+ spiking in Medicago truncatula roots and their production is enhanced by strigolactone. 2013;198:179–89. 20. . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicit a novel intracellular apparatus in Medicago truncatula root epidermal cells before infection. 2005;17:3489–99. 21. . Life histories of symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. 2011;21:R775–85. 22. . A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 2002;14:2413–29. 23. The membrane proteome of Medicago truncatula roots displays qualitative and quantitative changes in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. J Proteomics 2014;108:354–68. 24. Raudaskoski M, Kothe E. Novel findings on the role of signal exchange in arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses. Mycorrhiza 2014;25:1–10. 25. . Truffles regulate plant root morphogenesis via the production of auxin and ethylene. 2009;150:2018–29. 26. Plett JM, Martin F. Blurred boundaries: lifestyle lessons from ectomycorrhizal fungal genomes. 2011;27:14–22. 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are known to engage in symbiotic relationships with plant roots. For instance, the mention of 'Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza' indicates a focus on the symbiotic signals that facilitate these associations. Additionally, it refers to various interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and the roots of plants like Medicago truncatula, highlighting their mutual dependency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: In addition, the reduviids; the coccinellid, Coleomegilla maculate; and the chrysopid larvae were also found crawling and feeding on liquefied larval remains and were capable of transmitting the virus to healthy larvae. B. Interactions between baculoviruses and insect parasitoidsa. Discrimination between virus-infected and uninfected hostsAbbas (1987b) found that the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) did not discriminate between NPV surface-contaminated eggs of Spodoptera littoralis, and its progeny developed normally in contaminated and uncontaminated eggs. Similarly, Escribano et al. (2000) found that the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis Cresson did not discriminate between healthy and NPV surface-contaminated eggs of S. frugiperda. Mahmoud (1992) stated that the larval parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris (Kok. ) did not discriminate between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of S. littoralis. Jiang et al. (2011) stated that each female of the parasitoid Microplitis pallidipes (Szep. ) that developed in SeNPV-infected S. exigua larvae was found to oviposit in virus-infected hosts. In contrast, Cotesia glomerata (L. ) did not oviposit in GV-infected larvae of Pieris rapae (L. ) (Kelsey 1982). Also, Cotesia melanoscelus (Ratz. ) females attempted to oviposit greater, significantly, in its uninfected than infected host larvae, Lymantria dispar (L. ) (Versoi andYendol 1982). Similarly, the larval parasitoid, Meteorus gyrator (Thunberg) could discriminate between healthy and GV-infected Lecanobia oleracea larvae (Noctuidae) and laid fewer eggs in the virus-infected larvae (Mathews et al. 2004). b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various findings on the discrimination behaviors of parasitoids regarding virus-infected and uninfected hosts. For instance, Trichogramma evanescens did not differentiate between NPV surface-contaminated and uncontaminated eggs, and similarly, other parasitoids mentioned also showed no discrimination between healthy and NPV-infected larvae. This suggests that the adaptation of insect pathogenic viruses to specific species is not currently demonstrated, and the interactions described indicate a lack of specificity that would go against the idea that baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: eventually forced the Montauketts to forfeit wampum as tribute. By the early 17th century, the Montauketts were faced with wars against surrounding and an onslaught of European diseases, and in order to preserve his nation’s territorial integrity, the Montaukett sachem, Wyandanch, established an alliance with English settlers in Connecticut in 1637. Over time, however, the Montauketts' began selling off land to the English settlers, and disease further decimated their numbers. A 1650 smallpox epidemic killed around two-thirds of the Montaukett people. In 1665, Wyandanch granted the English permission to pasture livestock on Montaukett lands. In 1686 a group of settlers known as the Proprietors bought the territory of Montauk from the Montauketts, and would continue to hold on to the land in a joint trust for the next 200 years. Despite attempts over the years, the town has never been incorporated as a village. Many years later, the Montauketts attempted to reassert their land rights on by petitioning in 1909. Blackmar refused to recognize the Montauketts as an Indian tribe, which has to this day left them without a reservation on the land that still bears their name. Go to full record Close Occom, Samson× was a Mohegan leader and ordained Presbyterian minister. Occom began his public career in 1742, when he was chosen as a tribal counselor to II. The following year, he sought out Eleazar Wheelock, a young Anglo-American minister in Lebanon, CT, in hopes of obtaining some education and becoming a teacher at Mohegan. Wheelock agreed to take on Occom as a student, and though Occom had anticipated staying for a few weeks or months, he remained with Wheelock for four years. Occom’s academic success inspired Wheelock to open Moor’s School in 1754, a project which gave him the financial and political capital to establish in 1769. After his time with Wheelock, Occom embarked on a 12-year mission to the Montauk of (1749-1761). He married a Montauk woman, Mary Fowler, and served as both teacher and missionary to the Montauk and nearby Shinnecock, although he was grievously underpaid for his services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding herbal remedies replacing pharmaceuticals. It predominantly discusses historical events related to the Montauketts and figures such as Samson Occom, with no mention of either herbal remedies or pharmaceuticals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Effector MiSSP7 of the mutualistic fungus Laccaria bicolor stabilizes the Populus JAZ6 protein and represses jasmonic acid (JA) responsive genes. 2014;111:8299–304. 28. Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists. 2015;47:410–5. 29. Balestrini R, Gómez-. Application of to plant pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. J 2009;4:81–92. 30. Recorbet G, Dumas-Gaudot E. Proteomics of biotrophic plant–microbe interactions: symbioses lead the march. : & Sons, Inc; 2008. p. 764. 31. . Effect of fungal-isolate aggressivity on the biosynthesis of symbiosis-related polypeptides in differentiating eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. Planta 1995;195:408–17. 32. O'Farrell PH. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J 1975;250:4007–21. 33. Felten J, Martin F, Legué V. Signalling in Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis. In: Perotto S, Baluška F. (eds. ) Signaling and Communication in Plant Symbiosis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Heidelberg; 2012. 42. 34. Ditengou FA, Müller van Doorn MM, et al. Volatile signalling by sesquiterpenes from ectomycorrhizal fungi reprogrammes root architecture. 2014;6:6279–9. 35. de A novel class of ectomycorrhiza-regulated cell wall polypeptides in Pisolithus tinctorius. 1999;12:862–71. 36. Bonfante P, Genre A. Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2010;1:1–11. 37. -Gaudot E. Mutations in DMI3 and SUNN modify the appressorium-responsive root proteome in arbuscular mycorrhiza. 2006;19:988–97. 38. Lopez-Meyer M, Harrison MJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of symbiotic interactions between fungi and plants, specifically mentioning mycorrhizal symbiosis. It refers to mechanisms underlying beneficial plant-fungus interactions, which aligns directly with the claim that these fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: No parasitoid larvae emerged from virus-infected host larvae when the 2nd and 3rd larval instars were infected and then exposed to the parasitoid in the 4th instar. Also, the parasitoid larvae could not develop in the virus-infected hosts when the 4th instar larvae were simultaneously parasitized and virus-infected. Similarly, Escribano et al. (2000) found that all S. frugiperda larvae that were treated with a lethal dose of SfMNPV were unsuitable for the development of the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis. Also, the larval parasitoid, Campoletis sonorensis, did not survive in host larvae treated with the same virus immediately after parasitism, but its survival was possible with a 2-day delay between parasitism and viral infection. Furthermore, the percentage of parasitoid emergence increased significantly as the interval between parasitism and virus-infection increased. Mathews et al. (2004) reported that the survival of Meteorus gyrator within its host, Lacanobia oleraceae, infected with a GV increased as the time between parasitism and infection increased. No parasitoids could develop when parasitism occurred before GV infection whereas infection after parasitism had no effect on the larval or pupal developmental periods. Nguyen et al. (2005) found that survival of the developmental stages and the adults of Meteorus pulchricornis emerged from NPV-infected S. exigua larvae was adversely affected when the larvae were exposed to high doses of the virus 1–3 days post-parasitism. Also, Rabie et al. (2010) stated that NPV-infected Mamestra brassica caused deleterious effects to the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say. This deleterious effect was dependent on the interval between viral-infection, parasitism timing, and the dose of virus. Very few adult parasitoids could emerge from parasitized hosts treated with 180 PIBs/mm2 of the diet when exposed to the parasitoid 72 h post-infection. However, Cai et al. (2012) mentioned that the survival rate of adults of Microplitis bicoloratus Chen emerged from S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various instances where virus infections negatively affected the development of parasitoids in specific host larvae. This indicates that the interaction between insect pathogenic viruses and pest species is complex and may not support the notion that these viruses can be tailored effectively for specific pest species. The information suggests a limitation in the effectiveness of using these viruses due to the adverse effects observed on parasitoid emergence and survival in virus-infected hosts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: Occom conducted two brief missions to the Oneida in 1761 and 1762 before embarking on one of the defining journeys of his career: a fundraising tour of that lasted from 1765 to 1768. During this journey, undertaken on behalf of Moor’s School, Occom raised £12,000 (an enormous and unanticpated amount that translates roughly to more than two-million dollars), and won wide acclaim for his preaching and comportment. Upon his return to Mohegan in 1768, Occom discovered that Wheelock had failed to adequately care for his family while he was gone. Additionally, despite the vast sums of money that he had raised, Occom found himself unemployed. Wheelock tried to find Occom a missionary position, but Occom was in poor health and disinclined to leave his family again after seeing the treatment with which they had met while he was in Britain. Occom and Wheelock’s relationship continued to sour as it became apparent to Occom that the money he had labored to raise would be going towards infrastructure at Dartmouth College, Wheelock’s new project, rather than the education of Native Americans. After the dissolution of his relationship with Wheelock, Occom became increasingly focused on the needs of the Mohegan community and increasingly vocal in criticizing Anglo-Americans’ un-Christian treatment of Native Americans. of 1772, he delivered his famous “Sermon on the Execution of Moses Paul,” which took Anglo-American spiritual hypocrisy as one of its major themes, and which went into four printings before the end of the year. In 1773, Occom became further disillusioned when the Case was decided in favor of the Colony of Connecticut. The details of the are complicated, but to summarize: the Colony of Connecticut had gained control of Mohegan land early in the 18th century under very suspect circumstances, and successfully fended off the Mohegan’s 70-year-long legal challenge. The conclusion of the case came as a blow to the Mohegans, and further convinced Occom of Anglo-American corruption. Along with (Montauk Tribe), Occom's brother-in-law, and (Mohegan), Occom's son-in-law, Occom helped found Brothertown, an Indian tribe formed from the and Niantics. They eventually settled in Oneida country in upstate New York. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding herbal remedies and pharmaceuticals. Instead, it discusses Occom's life, relationships, and experiences, which are unrelated to the topic of herbal remedies or the efficacy of pharmaceuticals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: An experimental system to synchronize the early events of development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In: Sánchez F, Quinto C, López-Lara IM, Geiger O. (eds. ) Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions. Saint Paul: for Plant-Microbe Interactions; 2006. 551. 39. Bestel-Corre G, Dumas--F, van Tuinen D, et al. Proteome analysis and identification of symbiosis-related proteins from Medicago truncatula Gaertn. by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2001;23:122–37. 40. . Proteome changes in Oncidium sphacelatum (Orchidaceae) at different trophic stages of symbiotic germination. Mycorrhiza 2014;24:349–60. 41. . Membrane proteins and membrane proteomics. 2008;8:3924–32. 42. Benabdellah K, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Soluble and membrane symbiosis-related polypeptides associated with the development of arbuscular mycorrhizas in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). 1998;140:135–43. 43. Benabdellah K, Azcon-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Alterations in the plasma membrane polypeptide pattern of tomato roots (Lycopersicon esculentum) during the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza. J 2000;51:747–54. 44. -Gaudot E. Identification of membrane-associated proteins regulated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Biol 2005;59:565–80. 45. Maldonado-van. Methods to estimate the proportion of plant and fungal RNA in an arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza 2002;12:67–74. 46. -Gaudot E. A mass spectrometric approach to identify arbuscular mycorrhiza-related proteins in root plasma membrane fractions. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S145–55. 47. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and analyses related to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, which fundamentally indicates the formation of symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and the roots of plants, such as 'Medicago truncatula' and 'Lycopersicon esculentum'. The mention of 'development of arbuscular mycorrhizas' and the identification of 'symbiosis-related proteins' directly aligns with the idea that mycorrhizal fungi have a role in forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the estimated rate of N2 fixed plant−1 day−1 in inoculated maize had declined after anthesis (from 3. 5 to 3. 1 mg N2 fixed plant−1 day−1), and this was possibly due to the occurrence of N feedback, as reported in Arabidopsis [51]. N feedback occurs when a strong N sink such as seed rapidly develops and induces high N remobilisation from senescing plant parts to phloem [46]. This sudden N spike in plant phloem has been reportedly to inhibit nitrogenase activity [51]. According to Thomas and Smart [52], this phenomenon can be mediated by effective post-anthesis plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and N remobilisation to delay plant senescence. The 15N isotope dilution technique can directly label the N in different plant parts to denote the two simultaneous N fluxes: (i) N remobilisation from the plant parts to grain and (ii) exogenous N uptake to the plant parts and grain [47, 53]. Conventionally, plant-N remobilisation is estimated using the differences in N contents from respective plant parts and stages of plant developments, namely stalk elongation, prior to anthesis, grain filling and maturation [54, 55, 56]. This approach is known as balance remobilisation technique which can lead to a biased estimation of remobilised N, as exogenous N uptake distribution is neglected and assumed to be completely allocated to the grain [47]. According to Masclaux-Daubresse et al. [53], the plant grain yield is determined by the collaborate efficiency of N uptake, assimilation, translocation and remobilisation. Most researchers stated that around 45–90% of N in grain of maize is derived from existing N stored in the plant prior to anthesis, while the balance is derived from post-anthesis N uptake, depending on plant genotypes and environmental conditions [14]. In this study, the majority (70–81%) of N content in maize plant top was accumulated prior to anthesis (D50). These stored N is continuously remobilised from structural compounds of senescing plant parts through proteolysis to developing plant parts in order to recycle the N and increase plant NUE [46]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of nitrogen dynamics in maize plants rather than supporting the notion that rhizobacteria enhance growth through nitrogen fixation. It highlights a decline in nitrogen fixation rates after anthesis and the implications of nitrogen remobilization, indicating that existing nitrogen in plants may be a significant factor affecting growth, rather than solely the activity of rhizobacteria.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: Occom moved there with his family in 1789, spending the remaining years of his life serving as a minster to the Brothertown, Stockbridge, and Mohegan Indians. Harried by corrupt land agents, the Brothertown and Stockbridge groups relocated to the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago, though Occom died in 1792 before he could remove himself and his family there. Occom's writings and legacy have made him one of the best known and most eminent of the 18th century and beyond. Go to full record Close Wheelock, Eleazar× was a Congregationalist minister who founded Dartmouth College. He was born into a very typical Congregationalist family, and began studying at Yale in 1729, where he fell in with the emerging clique. The evangelical network that he built in college propelled him to fame as an itinerant minister during the Awakening and gave him many of the contacts that he later drew on to support his charity school for Native Americans. Wheelock’s time as an itinerant minister indirectly brought about his charity school. When the Colony of Connecticut retroactively punished itinerant preaching in 1743, Wheelock was among those who lost his salary. Thus, in 1743, he began operating a grammar school to support himself. He was joined that December by Samson Occom, a Mohegan Indian, who sought out an education in hopes of becoming a teacher among his people. Occom’s academic success inspired Wheelock to train as missionaries. To that end, he opened Moor’s School in 1754 (where he continued to train Anglo-American students who paid their own way as well as students who functionally indentured themselves to Wheelock as missionaries in exchange for an education). Between 1754 and 1769, when he relocated to New Hampshire, Wheelock trained approximately 60 male and female students from nearby Algonquian tribes and from the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) of central New York. At the same time, he navigated the complicated politics of missionary societies by setting up his own board of the Society in Scotland for Knowledge, although he continued to feud with the of the SSPCK and the in Boston (more colloquially called the Company). By the late 1760s, Wheelock had become disillusioned with the idea of education. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses historical figures, specifically Samson Occom and Eleazar Wheelock, and their contributions to education and missionary work, without mentioning herbal remedies, pharmaceuticals, or their respective roles in health care.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Live-cell imaging reveals periarbuscular membrane domains and organelle location in Medicago truncatula roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2009;151:809–19. 48. A H+-ATPase that energizes nutrient uptake during mycorrhizal symbioses in rice and Medicago truncatula. 2014;26:1818-30. 49. Kobae Y, Hata S. Dynamics of periarbuscular membranes visualized with a fluorescent phosphate transporter in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of rice. Physiol 2010;51:341–53. 50. . truncatula half-ABC transporters are essential for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2010;22:1483–97. 51. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis shares an exocytotic pathway required for arbuscule formation. 2012;109:8316–21. 52. -M. Mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics. J 2010;2010:1–6. 53. Dumas---Arnaud M, Fontaine B, et al. Proteomics as a way to identify extra-radicular fungal proteins from Glomus intraradices-RiT-DNA carrot root mycorrhizas. Ecol 2004;48:401–11. 54. Recorbet G, Rogniaux H, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumasgaudot E. Fungal proteins in the extra-radical phase of arbuscular mycorrhiza: a shotgun proteomic picture. 2009;181:248–60. 55. . rhizogenes pRi TL-DNA segment as a gene vector system for transformation of plants. Genet 1987;207:251–5. 56. . A homologue of the cell cycle check point TOR2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists in the arbuscular mycorrrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Protoplasma 2000;212:89–98. 57. -Hill Y, Lammers PJ. Expression in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of genes putatively involved in metabolism, transport, the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle. In:. (eds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, which is a specific type of symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots, particularly noting the dynamics of periarbuscular membranes and essential transport mechanisms in plants like Medicago truncatula. This supports the idea that mycorrhizal fungi play a crucial role in forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Contrasting soil pH effects on fungal and bacterial growth suggest functional redundancy in carbon mineralization. Microbiol. 2009; 75:1589–96. pmid:19151179 View 65. Warcup JH. The ecology of soil fungi. Myco. Soc. 1951; 34: 376–399. View 66. Yamanaka T. The effect of pH on the growth of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in vitro. Mycologia. 2003; 95: 584–589. pmid:21148967 View 67. . Soil moisture and pH control relative contributions of fungi and bacteria to N2O production. Micro Ecol. 2015; 69:180–191. pmid:25190581 View 68. . Fungal decomposition of wood. Its biology and ecology. New-York: & Sons Ltd. ; 1988. 69. . Evidence for cleavage of lignin by a brown rot basidiomycete. 2008; 10: 1844–1849. pmid:18363712 View 70. Könneke. Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon. Nature. 2005; 437: 543–546. pmid:16177789 View 71. Stahl DA, de la Torre JR. Physiology and Diversity of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea. Microbiol. 2012; 66: 83–101. pmid:22994489 View 72. . pH-dependent distribution of soil ammonia oxidizers across a large geographical scale as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing. J Soils Sediments. 2013; 13: 1439–1449. View 73. . Simulated patterns of litter-decay predict patterns of extracellular enzyme activities. Ecol. 2000; 14: 71–79. View 74. . The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition? Biochem. 2003; 35:837–843. View 75. . Stable-identifies uncultured Planctomycetes as primary degraders of a complex heteropolysaccharide in soil. Nojiri H, editor. Microbiol. 2015; 81: 4607–4615. pmid:25934620 View 76. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to the roles of fungi and bacteria, particularly mentioning pH effects on their growth and their contributions to nitrogen gas production, rather than directly addressing the recycling of organic matter or its impact on soil fertility. This implies a more complex interaction and suggests that the roles of these microorganisms might be more nuanced than simply recycling organic matter.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: He was increasingly convinced that educating was futile (several of his students had failed to conform to his confusing and contradictory standards), and, in late 1768, he lost his connection to the Haudenosaunee. With his inclination and ability to sponsor missionaries largely depleted, Wheelock sought instead to fulfill his ultimate ambition of obtaining a charter and opening a college, which he did in 1769. To fund this new enterprise, Wheelock drew on the £12,000 that had raised for Moor’s School during a two-and-a-half year tour of (1765 to 1768). Much of this money went towards clearing land and erecting buildings in for the Charity School’s relocation — infrastructure that also happened to benefit Dartmouth. Many of Wheelock’s contemporaries were outraged by what they saw as misuse of the money, as it was clear that was not intended for Indians and that Moor’s had become a side project. tried to maintain at least some commitment to education by recruiting students from Canadian communities, the move did a great deal of damage to his public image. The last decade of Wheelock’s life was not easy. In addition to the problems of trying to set up a college far away from any Anglo-American urban center, Wheelock experienced the loss of relationships with two of his most famous and successful students, (an Anglo-American protégé). He also went into debt for Dartmouth College, especially after the fund raised in Britain was exhausted. Go to full record Close Loading. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about herbal remedies replacing pharmaceuticals at all. Instead, it discusses historical aspects of educational efforts and funding related to Wheelock, which is unrelated to the effectiveness or applicability of herbal remedies versus pharmaceuticals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: ) Diversity and Integration in Mycorrhizas. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2002. 148. 58. Secretome of the free-living mycelium from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. J 2012;11:157–71. 59. Proteomic analysis of Pteris vittata fronds: two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi differentially modulate protein expression under arsenic contamination. 2010;10:3811–34. 60. Effects of heavy metals and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the leaf proteome of a selected poplar clone: a time course analysis. 2012;7:e38662. 61. Cangahuala--M, Manga A, van TD, Henry C, et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis elicits proteome responses opposite of P-starvation in SO4 grapevine rootstock upon root colonisation with two Glomus species. Mycorrhiza 2011;21:473–93. 62. -Pearson V, et al. On the mechanisms of cadmium stress alleviation in Medicago truncatula by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: a root proteomic study. 2009;9:420–33. 63. Fester T, Hause G. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhiza 2005;15:373–9. 64. . Evolutionary adaptation to Zn toxicity in populations of Suilloid fungi. 2004;162:549–59. 65. Turnau K. The influence of industrial dust on the mycoflora of Pino-Quercetum forest near Cracow. III. The influence of industrial dust on the mycorrhiza of Vaccinium myrtillus. Acad 1988;226:135–45. 66. Specific regions in the Sod1 locus of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius from metal-enriched soils show a different sequence polymorphism. Ecol 2011;75:321–31. 67. Perotto S, Actis-Perino E, Perugini, Bonfante P. Molecular diversity of fungi from ericoid mycorrhizal roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with plant roots. For instance, it mentions that 'Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis elicits proteome responses' and discusses different fungi's effects on plant roots, supporting the claim that mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Rio Grande, Roma and Perfect Peel, pre-inoculated at nursery with Funneliformis mosseae IMA1, Rhizophagus intraradices IMA6 and a mix of the two species, and transplanted in field following four different cover crops, although variably colonized by AMF, did not show any yield enhancement compared with mock-inoculated controls (Njeru et al. 2017). However, some yield variations occurred among year of cultivation. Similarly, plants of tomato (var. Ercole), inoculated in soil with R. intraradices, were not affected or positively affected according to the harvest time (Conversa et al. 2013). Shoot dry weight was promoted at earlier harvest times, whereas fruit yield was promoted at late harvest times, along with no changes in leaf, stem and fruit P concentration. Nevertheless, among all these field studies, no one investigated the role of AMF on tomato micronutrient uptake, especially in fruits. Some studies have shown that AM fungal species belonging to different families, such as Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae, may vary in their life-history characteristics, such as sporulation, extraradical mycelium development and root colonization strategies, with important consequences on mycorrhizal functioning (e. g. , Brundrett et al. 1999; Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Klironomos and Hart 2002; Merryweather and Fitter 1998). Members of the Glomeraceae family are known to have a highly infective extra-radical mycelium (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), to contact roots quickly (fast colonizer) and to allocate a large fraction of fungal biomass inside the root, forming vesicles for storage of lipids (Hart and Reader 2002; Morton and Benny 1990). On the other hand, members of the Gigasporaceae family regenerate most frequently from spores (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), and usually extensively colonize the soil, exhibiting a slow and limited colonization of roots (Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Maherali and Klironomos 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings regarding the effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi, indicating that certain plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) did not show yield enhancement compared with controls. Specifically, it mentions that the plants, although variably colonized by AMF, did not demonstrate significant improvements in yield or nutrient uptake. This suggests that in some cases, mycorrhizal fungi may not improve water and nutrient uptake for plants, particularly in the studies referenced, which challenges the validity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3257909/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsEditorial Note31 August 2023. The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by due to the presence of fake 21. IntroductionMillipedes, captivating creatures belonging to the class Diplopoda, derived from the Greek term "double-footed," boast a remarkable global species diversity, estimated to range between 50,000 and 80,000 species (Stašiov et al. 2012, Sierwald and Bond 2007). As arthropods, they feature exoskeletons, jointed legs, and segmented bodies. Typically, inhabiting soil and leaf litter, millipedes play a crucial role in the ecosystem by contributing to nutrient cycling and soil health. Their presence aids in decomposing organic matter, with a study indicating that millipedes can accelerate decomposition rates by up to 45% in certain cases (Dangerfield and Milner 1996). Moreover, these remarkable organisms facilitate the availability of vital nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. Researchers discovered that millipedes enhance nitrogen mineralization by up to 42% and phosphorus availability by up to 23% (Vohland and Hamer 2013). Such findings underscore the significant ecological impact of millipedes as essential contributors to soil enrichment and overall ecosystem functioning (Vohland and Hamer 2013). Millipedes have a special behavior of regenerating lost body parts. The phenomenon of millipedes regenerating lost body parts has been extensively documented. An illustration of this is seen in a study by Vohland and Hamer (Vohland and Hamer 2013) which revealed that the Glomeris marginata species of millipede can regenerate its antennae, legs, and even body segments. Additionally, bioluminescence has been observed in various millipede species (Nabil and Del 1969). Shelle (1997) conducted a study that demonstrated how the millipede Motyxia emits blue-green light by undergoing a chemical reaction involving luciferin and luciferase. Millipedes are also common pests of crops, and they can cause significant damage by feeding on above-ground plant tissues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses millipedes, their ecological roles, regeneration, bioluminescence, and pest status, without any mention of viruses or their potential to be converted into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 1996;5:123–31. 68. The genome portal of the Department of Genome Institute. Res 2012;40:D26–32. 69. MycoCosm portal: gearing up for 1000 fungal genomes. Res 2014;42:D699–704. 70. Martin F, Aerts A, Ahrén The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 2008;452:88–92. 71. Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis. Nature 2010;464:1033–8. 72. Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis. 2013;110:20117–22. 73. -Gaudot E. Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Chem 2013;2013:48–58. 74. . Arbuscule-containing and non-colonized cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots undergo extensive and specific reprogramming during arbuscular mycorrhizal development. 2012;69:510–28. 75. Picotti P, Aebersold R. Selected reaction monitoring-based proteomics: workflows, potential, pitfalls and future directions. 2012;9:555–66. 76. . Selected reaction monitoring to determine protein abundance in Arabidopsis using the Arabidopsis proteotypic predictor. 2014;164:525–36. 77. . Single-cell imaging mass spectrometry. 2013;17:854–9. 78. van Remoortere A, van. Peptide and protein imaging mass spectrometry in cancer research. J Proteomics 2010;73:1921–44. 79. -M, Howes-Podoll M, et al. MALDI mass spectrometry-assisted molecular imaging of metabolites during nitrogen fixation in the Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. 2013;75:130–45. information 1. Introduction2. Plant–symbiotic fungi interactions3. The symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactions4. Proteomics in action5. Mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metals6. Conclusion and future perspective 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains various references to studies and findings about mycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with plants, indicating that these fungi play a significant role in symbiotic relationships. It mentions topics such as 'Plant–symbiotic fungi interactions' and 'the symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactions,' which further supports the claim that mycorrhizal fungi form such relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: intraradices applied in soil in proximity to plantlets of tomato (cv. Ercole) did not affect root mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule abundance at early and late plant growth stages, including fully ripening (Conversa et al. 2013). This lack of response might be due to the applied soil inoculation methodology that can result in a less efficient colonization of the roots in comparison with nursery inoculation (Gianinazzi et al. 1990). The lack of AM fungal root colonization response to inoculation detected by Conversa et al. (2013) can be also explained by the low compatibility between the inoculated AM fungal species and the tomato genotype (Plouznikoff et al. 2019) or by the detrimental effect of high soil availability of nutrients on mycorrhizal colonization (Miller and Jackson 1998). The hypothesis that members of Glomeraceae allocate a larger fraction of fungal biomass inside the roots and members of Gigasporaceae exhibit a limited root colonization, supported by the findings of Maherali and Klironomos (2007), was not confirmed by our results in the field. Indeed, a similar AM fungal root colonization (mean value of the two families: 48%) was recorded at flowering in the roots of tomato var. Pisanello inoculated by both AM fungal families, as well as at transplanting, flowering and harvest in tomato var. (mean values of the two families: 21%, 60% and 75%, respectively). Thus, the effect of native AMF on this trait is shown to overcome the life-history colonization strategies characteristic of the two AM fungal families. Moreover, the higher percentage of root length containing arbuscules and vesicles observed at transplanting and fully ripening in var. inoculated by Gigasporaceae, in comparison with Glomeraceae, is in contrast with our hypothesis regarding the colonization strategies of the two families. This is a further evidence that single field inoculation by AMF belonging to families with different life-history traits can result in an unexpected symbiosis outcome. For example, vesicles that in controlled conditions are not expected to be found in roots colonized with Gigasporaceae, were instead observed under this treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific cases where mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) did not improve root colonization and nutrient uptake, specifically mentioning that intraradices applied to tomato did not affect root mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule abundance. It highlights factors such as incompatible species, methodology issues, and high nutrient availability that may hinder the expected benefits of mycorrhizal fungi, thus challenging the assertion that they universally enhance water and nutrient uptake in nutrient-poor soils.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: In one study, millipede damage to germinating maize seeds was recorded at 34% and 29% during the first and second rainy seasons, respectively. This level of damage can significantly reduce crop yields, and it is important to take steps to control millipede populations (Ebregt et al. 2005). The species Omopyge sudanica, Spirostreptus ibanda, and Tibiomus spp. cfr. ambitus were present near the maize seeds, but they were observed feeding on them only during the second rainy season (Ebregt et al. 2005). In addition to the direct damage caused by millipedes, their presence in crops can also have indirect effects on soil quality and plant health. Millipedes are known to increase soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels, which can have both positive and negative effects on plants (Dangerfieldand Milner1996, Mengru et al. 2018). While increased soil fertility can promote plant growth and development, however, excessive levels of nutrients can lead to nutrient imbalances and toxicity, which can damage or kill plants (Mengru et al. 2018). In addition to feeding damage, millipedes can also cause indirect damage by creating entry points for secondary pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. These pathogens can further damage the plants and cause additional yield losses (Michael 2023). In a study conducted to investigate the impact of millipedes on maize crops in South Africa, and they found that millipedes can cause significant damage to maize seedlings and that the extent of damage is influenced by factors such as soil type, planting date, and seedling age (Ferreira et al. 2015). In severe cases, millipede infestations can even lead to plant death. A study conducted in Malaysia showed that millipede damage on seedlings of oil palm trees resulted in seedling mortality rates of up to 40% (Rajkumar 2021). To prevent and control millipede infestations in crops, various methods can be used. These include cultural practices such as crop rotation and proper soil management, chemical control using insecticides, and biological control using natural predators such as birds or predatory insects (Cabi 2020). According to a review by Elango (2017), effective management of millipedes may involve a combination of cultural and chemical control methods, tailored to the specific crop and environmental conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impact of millipedes on maize seedlings, including the damage they cause and management strategies to control them. There is no mention of viruses or their potential transformation into beneficial organisms, making this text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Jaafar1, Amin Al-Sulami1, Asaad Al-Taee2*, Faris Aldoghachi3 and Suhaimi Napes4 1College of Education for 23College of Science, Basra University, Basra, Iraq 4College of : Asaad Al-of Basrah, environmental development, Basra, 61001, Iraq Tel: 009647801405715 E-mail: amraltaee@yahoo. com Received date: June 06, 2015; Accepted date: July 13, 2015; Published date: July 20, 2015 Citation: Jaafar R, Al-Sulami A, Al-(2015) Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Iraq. J 5:190. doi:10. 4172/2155-952X. 1000190 Copyright: © 2015 Jaafar R, et al. This is an open-access 0. 33 mgg-1), while the lowest accumulation was in concentration 5 mgl-1 (0. 029 mgg- 1) at 2h of incubation. the results showed maximum accumulation at 24h for concentration 100 mgl-1 then decreased at 48 h. The results of biosorption experiment showed that D. radiodurans has a good ability to absorption both Pb and Cd in considering to the metals concentrations and times. This which can be clarified from the elevated percentage of Pb absorption (63. 46%) in concentration 50 mgl-1 and during 2h. For biosorption of Cd the was decreased with the increasing time and the high biosorption noticed during 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1 (31. 23%). radiodurans Heavy metals; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Bioaccumulation; D. radiodurans is one of the most known radiation resistant organisms. It can live in cold, dehydration, vacuum and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile. It is found in habitats rich in organic materials, such as soil, feces, meat, or sewage, in addition to that, it’s isolated from dried foods, room dust, medical instruments and textiles [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the biosorption and bioaccumulation abilities of D. radiodurans regarding heavy metals, specifically mentioning its effectiveness in absorbing lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) from the environment. This supports the claim as it indicates that certain organisms, similar to mushrooms, can indeed bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil, highlighting the mechanism through which this occurs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: concentration can be a consequence of increased P concentration in plant tissues (Cardoso and Kuyper 2006). This correlation is also supported by the simultaneous higher K and P concentration recorded in this study in fruits of tomato var. Rio Grande. It is also important to underline that higher K concentration in fruits of tomato were linked to higher values of the health-promoting lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in mature tomatoes (Trudel and Ozbun 1971). Our results of no differences in tomato yield between the two AM fungal families, irrespective of tomato varieties, is in contrast with our hypothesis based on the findings of Lekberg and Koide (2005). Accordingly with this meta-analysis, a larger AM fungal root colonization in Glomeraceae should have been positively correlated with plant biomass. Nevertheless, the absence of differences between the two families in AM fungal root colonization, likely determined by the interactions of the inocula with native microorganisms, was reflected in no differences in plant biomass. The understanding of the plant biomass response to inoculation with members of Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae is certainly made more complex by the occurrence of native AMF in field conditions. Indeed, Maherali and Klironomos (2007), studying in pot experiments the influence of phylogeny on AM fungal colonization strategies, found contrasting results in comparison with us as well as with the the general relationship depicted by Lekberg and Koide (2005). Higher root colonization, characteristic of Glomeraceae, correlated with reduced plant biomass, whereas lower root colonization together with higher level of extraradical hyphal growth, characteristic of Gigasporaceae, correlated with higher plant biomass (Maherali and Klironomos 2007). Accordingly, Powell et al. (2009) found that evolution of increased soil colonization is positively correlated with total plant biomass. Thus, we can support that the agroecological relevance of the life-strategies of the two AM fungal families in term of productivity may have been modulated in our study also by other site-specific factors, such as soil disturbance, texture, pH, availabilities of mineral nutrients, plant genotype or the active microbiome shaped by the hyphal exudates (Hart and Reader 2004; Klironomos 2000, 2003; Lekberg et al. 2007; van der Heijden and Scheublin, 2007; Zhou et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that suggests the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in enhancing plant biomass is not as straightforward as the claim implies. It details that the study found no differences in tomato yield between two different AM fungal families, which argues against the expectation that mycorrhizal fungi would always improve nutrient uptake in nutrient-poor soils. It describes complex interactions with native microorganisms that affect the colonization and resultant plant biomass, thereby indicating that the improvement in nutrient uptake may not be guaranteed and is influenced by multiple factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Additionally, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, which incorporate a range of control methods and emphasize a holistic, ecosystem-based approach, may be particularly effective for managing millipede populations while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The present review provides recent research progress on millipedes that play a vital role in maintaining healthy ecosystems, their biology, ecology, and their impact on crop damage. Several studies have shown the importance of monitoring as an IPM strategy for millipedes in agricultural crops and have demonstrated that monitoring is important for identifying areas of high millipede activity and targeting control measures accordingly (Ebregt et al. 2005). Furthermore, this review provides IPM strategies to control millipede infestation in agricultural crops and beyond. 2. Biology and Ecology of Millipedes 2. 1. Reproduction and feeding behavior of Millipedes. Millipedes exhibit a variety of reproductive modes, including sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction in millipedes involves the transfer of sperm packets, or spermatophores, from males to females (Hopkin 1992). Some species of millipedes are known to engage in multiple mating, where females mate with multiple males and males mate with multiple female set (Ferreira et al. 2015). Asexual reproduction in millipedes can occur through parthenogenesis, where females are able to produce offspring without fertilization by a male (Mesibov 2008). The gonopods of male millipedes are essential for species identification, making them of significant diagnostic importance (Miley 1925). While genitalia are not traditionally viewed as adaptive structures, they can evolve as a secondary outcome of ecological divergence. This evolution is driven by variations in environmental conditions, which directly influence mating p2. 2. Ecological role of millipedes Millipedes serve crucial functions within ecosystems, acting as decomposers and nutrient recyclers. Their sensitivity to environmental changes, including alterations in temperature, moisture, and soil composition, has been well-documented (Enghoff et al. 1993). Certain millipede species display distinct seasonal and diurnal activity patterns. As important prey for various predators, including birds, mammals, and invertebrates, millipedes play a key role in the ecological food web (Ebregt 2005). Their significance extends to ecological processes, as they play a vital role in breaking down deceased plant material and other organic matter, ultimately aiding in the release of nutrients into the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses integrated pest management strategies for managing millipede populations and their ecological roles, without any mention of viruses or their potential transformation into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by were grown in TGY broth containing different concentrations of lead (5, 10, 25, 50) mgl-1 and for cadmium 10, 20, 50, 100 mgl-1 for 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h and incubated at 30ºC in a shaker incubator at 180 rpm. Two replicates for each concentration have been done plus, one as a control. The bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 15 min and suspended in 1 ml of distilled water, oven - dried and weighed. The dried biomass were then digested as follow: 100 ml beaker containing the dried cells, 5 ml concentrated nitric acid was added; the beaker was placed on a hot plate, stirred continuously, and heated initially at a medium rate for 5 min. Then, the beaker was heated on maximum setting until nitrogen oxide fumes were given off for a short time and a white residue was left. The beaker was left to cool for about 2 min and digestion was repeated with an additional 2 ml of concentrated nitric acid; this time it was heated until brown nitrogen oxide fumes almost ceased to appear. The beaker was cooled again for about 2 min and then 2 ml of 1:1 hydrochloric acid (35- 37%) was added. The mixture was heated at a medium rate for 3 min. After that it was cooled to room temperature and made up to 25 ml or bigger volume with distilled water. Metal concentrations were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ICE 3000 ) [16]. The metals accumulation then calculated using this equation: E. Con. = A*B/D Where E. Con = the concentration of heavy metals in (mg/g) A= Concentration of heavy metals from calibration curve B= final concentration of sample (mg/l) D= dry weight of sample (gram) Biosorption experiment The equilibrium, kinetics data of the biosorbent D. radiodurans were obtained by performing batch experiments. The experiments were carried out in 250 ml flasks to which 100 ml of single ion metals solution of Cd and Pb, and l ml of biomass (exponential phase) was added. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a method for measuring the bioaccumulation of heavy metals, including lead and cadmium, through bacterial cells grown in specific conditions. This process reflects the broader phenomenon of bioaccumulation, which is applicable to various organisms, including mushrooms. Although it specifically discusses bacterial bioaccumulation, it supports the concept that certain organisms can effectively accumulate heavy metals from their environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: As such, Gigasporaceae may be more mutualistic because they provide the most nutritive benefits for their hosts due to a heavy investment into primarily absorptive hyphae per infection unit. By contrast, recently, Sorghum sudanense grown in pots and inoculated with members of Glomeraceae family outperformed by 1. 1 times plants inoculated with Gigasporaceae for shoot P concentrations, whereas other mineral elements (i. s. , Zn, K, Mn and Na) were similar between the two families (Horsch et al 2022). Moreover, as regard plant P concentration, the mix of the two families outperformed single-family inocula by 1. 3 times. Thus, the correlation between fungal colonization strategies and functional host benefits is still to be fully clarified in both microcosm and field taking into consideration factors potentially affecting the relationship in order to generalize host nutrient response to AM fungal functional traits. Among the factors potentially affecting the relationship between AM fungal life-history strategies and plant nutrient uptake, intra-family variability was found to play a role since consistent increases of several nutrient concentrations were found in fruits of tomatoes inoculated with F. mosseae compared to S. sinuosa (var. Pisanello: N, Cu, K, Mg and Mn; var. Rio Grande: Zn). The behaviour of F. mosseae might be related to peculiar charateristics of this AM fungal species. Funneliformis mosseae is indeed known to be ubiquitous in agricultural soils (Helgason et al. 1998; Pellegrino et al. 2020), faster colonize plant roots (Chagnon et al. 2013) and generally facilitate shoot biomass and root length as well as shoot and fungal P uptake respect to other species belonging to the same family (Avio et al. 2006; Munkvold et al. 2004). This ruderal AM fungal species, as classified by Chagnon et al. (2013), was also found to long-term persist in roots of inoculated plants (Pellegrino et al. 2012, 2022). Moreover, the unique variability found within Gigasporaceae in fruit Cu concentration of var. Pisanello also supports the role that intra-family functional diversity plays in shaping the relationship between AM fungal life-history strategies and plant nutrient uptake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that Gigasporaceae, a type of mycorrhizal fungi, provided less benefit in terms of shoot P concentrations compared to Glomeraceae. Specifically, it mentions that plants inoculated with Glomeraceae outperformed those inoculated with Gigasporaceae regarding nutrient uptake, suggesting that not all mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake equally. Furthermore, the text indicates that the relationship between fungal colonization strategies and functional host benefits is still under investigation, hinting at variability in how different mycorrhizal fungi affect nutrient absorption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of millipedes in facilitating decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. For instance, the study by Alagesan (Alagesan 2016) highlighted that millipedes are recognized as the primary decomposers of leaf litter within the intricate ecosystem of a tropical rainforest. . In summary, millipedes contribute significantly to the overall balance and functioning of ecosystems through their diverse ecological roles. Millipedes also serve as a critical food source for a wide range of predators. For instance, a study by Blower et al. (2015) found that millipedes were the primary prey item for the Eurasian woodcock, a bird species found in European forests. Millipedes are also known to have a mutualistic relationship with certain fungi, particularly mycorrhizal fungi (Tuf 2019). These fungi can form associations with plant roots, helping to enhance their nutrient uptake. Millipedes can transport the spores of these fungi, aiding in their dispersal and facilitating their association with new plant hosts (Tuf 2019). Furthermore, millipedes are important indicators of soil health and can be used as bio-indicators of environmental stressors such as pollution and habitat disturbance. Their presence or absence can provide insight into the health and stability of an ecosystem (Hopkin 1991, Snyder,and Hendrix 2008, Tuf 2019). Studies have also shown that millipedes can contribute to the suppression of plant diseases through their interactions with soil microorganisms. They may also have the potential for use in bio-remediation efforts to clean up contaminated soils (Hopkin 1991, Snyder et al. 2015, Tuf 2019). are typically nocturnal and spend most of their time hiding in dark, moist habitats, such as soil, leaf litter, and rotting wood (Lawrence 1984). They typically stay in the shallow topsoil layer, but during hot, dry weather they may burrow deeper to escape the heat (Dangerfield 1991) found that millipedes can overwinter in burrows up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) deep. Millipedes have a variety of defensive mechanisms, including curling into a tight spiral, secreting chemicals, and using their hard exoskeletons. When threatened, some species curl into a tight spiral, using their hard exoskeletons to protect their soft undersides. This defensive behavior is known as conglobation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the ecological roles of millipedes in ecosystems, their interactions with fungi, and their importance as bio-indicators, none of which relate to the claim about viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: radiodurans showed significant resistance to high concentrations of Pb and Cd, but it was more tolerant to Cd than Pb. MIC was 400 mgl-1 for Pb, while it was 600 mgl-1 for Cd. Chaturvedi [18] reported different results in his study, he reported that the different isolated of Deinococcus (GrK2, Grk4, GrK5 and DR1) were sensitive to Cd+2, but they exhibited varying levels of tolerance. Grk2 was being extremely sensitive to Cd+2, DR1 is moderately tolerant, while Grk4 and Grk5 showed comparable tolerance, and also he mentioned that the toxicity of Cd affected by growth state, with stationary phase cells being more sensitive than the exponential phase. Hua et al. [20] reported that D. radiodurans R1 does not exhibit strong resistance to heavy metal Hg (II), Ag (I), Cr (VI) and Pb (IV), and recorded MIC (300 1600 300 and 3200 μM) for these metals respectively. From the results of the present study there is a difference in results recorded in comparison with other studies results recorded previously, and this can be explained as the isolated strains was different and the growing conditions such as growth stage also different. In addition to the high concentration of heavy metals in the study soil, which enhance the ability of tolerant to these bacteria. Those can be supported by the result of Chaturvedi [18], who reported that, the growth phase depending differences in tolerance. Qi and Hulett [21] reported that, the tolerance of growing B. thuringiensis DM55 cells has been shown to vary at different growth stages, supporting the existing evidence that the structural features of gram positive bacterial cell walls are affected by the developmental state of the cell. Another reason for these results differences is the variance in design of experiment, such as growth media composition as clarified by Kumar et al. [22]. Complex media such as LB precipitate Pb as a result of sequestration with organic moieties thus reduce the bioavailability of Pb to the bacterial strains [23]. Bioaccumulation study From the results shown in Figure 1 there is an increasing in the accumulation of Pb with the increasing of the concentration. The highest accumulation occurs in the concentration 50 mgl-1 after 6h of incubation was 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing bioaccumulation of heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), by bacteria in the study. It mentions increasing accumulation of Pb with increased concentration and presents a specific finding about the highest accumulation levels after a certain incubation period, which supports the general idea that some organisms, like mushrooms, can bioaccumulate heavy metals from their environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: by AMF, as expected, increased soil fungal abundance in comparison with controls in both tomato varieties. By contrast, soil bacterial abundance decreased, thereby determining a strong increase of fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios in inoculated plots. Based on the higher F:B ratios, we would have expected lower litter decomposition rates and higher percentages of remaining mass in inoculated treatments. Indeed, altough it is still a matter of debate whether higher fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios directly cause lower decomposition rates and higher SOC accumulation (Rousk and Frey 2015), recently Malik et al. (2016) reported a lower respiratory loss in high F:B soil communities suggesting a possible more efficient use of the substrate over the experimental time period. By contrast, in our field study with var. Rio Grande, fungal-dominated communities detected in inoculated treatments were associated with lower percentages of litter remaining mass and higher decomposition rate (i. e. , k) at the latest litter bag samplings, with the exception of F. mosseae. This general behaviour is in line with the results of a recent meta-analysis on AMF and soil enzyme activities (Qin et al. 2019). In this work, AMF were reported to increase soil enzyme activities (e. g. , N-, P-, C- releasing enzymes), expecially under conditions of neutral pH and small availabilty of P (Qin et al. 2019) that are the conditions found in our study. In support of these findings, AMF were also found to promote/accelerate litter decomposition (e. g. , Chen et al. 2012; Gui et al. 2017; Herman et al. 2012; Hodge et al. 2001; Mei et al. 2022), although they are assumed to facilitate soil C sequestration by increasing C inputs to soil and by protecting SOC from decomposition via aggregation (Pellegrino et al. 2022b; Rillig and Mummey 2006). The effect of AMF on litter decomposition can be mediated in field conditions by an increase of bacterial biomass (Gui et al. 2017; Nuccio et al. 2013) and/or by the shift to a microbial community composition dominated by saprobiotic fungi and bacteria (Herman et al. 2012; Jian et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while AMF are generally thought to improve soil conditions, the study found that in field conditions with certain tomato varieties, the presence of AMF did not lead to the expected outcomes regarding litter decomposition and remaining mass. This suggests that AMF may not consistently improve water and nutrient uptake under all conditions, particularly in nutrient-poor soils.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Benzoquinones are the most common chemicals produced by millipedes (Zagrobelny 2008, Smolanoff et al. 1975). They are found only in the orders Spirobolida, Spirostreptida, and Julida. Benzoquinones are toxic to many predators, and they can cause skin irritation and respiratory problems (Lawrence 1984). The defensive mechanisms of millipedes are an important part of their survival. These mechanisms help to protect millipedes from predators and allow them to live in a variety of habitats (Shear and Jones 2007, Hopkin 1992). 2. 3. Managing soil fertility: The impact of millipedes Detritivores are creatures that feed on dead and decaying organic matter, such as millipedes. They consume leaf litter, soil, and other remnants of plants and animals, and some also browsing on fungal mycelia (Blower 1985). As they eat, they break down this matter into smaller pieces, making it more digestible for other living organisms. Furthermore, they release nutrients into the soil, which can enhance its fertility ( Mark et al. 1999). Overall, the effect of millipedes on soil fertility is complex and depends on a number of factors, including the species of millipede, the type of soil, and the presence of other organisms. In general, millipedes can be beneficial to soil fertility, but they can also have a negative impact in some cases (Culliney 2013,Tian et al. 1995). Millipedes can contribute to soil fertility in various ways. Firstly, they break down organic matter, leading to the release of nutrients into the soil. This, in turn, enhances soil fertility and promotes plant growth. Secondly, millipedes burrow through the soil, improving aeration and drainage, which minimizes soil compaction. Thirdly, some millipedes produce toxins that can prevent plant diseases, safeguarding plants from infection. Lastly, millipedes can reduce pest populations, such as slugs and snails, which can protect plants from damage (Culliney 2013, Hopkin 1992), Raw1967, Dangerfield 1996). However, it is important to note that millipedes can also have a negative impact on soil fertility in some cases. For example, they can consume large amounts of organic matter, which can deplete the soil of nutrients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the ecological role of millipedes in soil fertility and their defensive mechanisms, but it does not address the claim regarding viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 33± 0. 0007 mgg-1, while the lowest was 0. 029 ± 0. 268 mgg-1 after 2h. In addition to that, the rising of incubation period may reduce the accumulation for all concentrations. Figure 1: Bioaccumulation of Pb by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0049). The accumulation of Cd increase in parallel with the increasing of concentration for all studying time (Figure 2). The figure clarifies increasing in Cd accumulation with the times (2, 4 and 6 h) for concentrations 10, 20 and 50 mgl-1, then decrease during 24 and 48h. For concentration 100 mgl-1, accumulation increase within 2, 4, 6, and 24h, then decrease with 48h. The analysis of variance of bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd between time and concentration was significant (P<0. 05) in all treatments as show by LSD value. Figure 2: Bioaccumulation of Cd by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0341). The results of Pb and Cd accumulation showed that, this bacterium was able to accumulate high amounts of Cd 36. 86 ± 0. 007 mgg-1 in comparison to 0. 33 ± 0. 0007 mgg-1 for Pb. This may be due to difference in toxicity of these metals to this bacterium and to its intrinsic properties which help it in occupying varying tolerance, also the history of pollution of the soils from which bacterium isolated by these metals play critical tool in development ability of these bacteria to deal with such contaminations, this which agrees with the results of the present study where it show high MIC value for Cd than this for Pb for this bacterium. From the results the accumulation increase with time, then start decreasing over specific time. This agrees with Ray et al. [24] who reported that, the accumulation of Pb by B. cereus increased with time, then starts decreasing. It may be concluded that, metal binding sites became saturated after specific time. The maximum accumulation of both of metals by this bacterium occurs in the highest concentration of metals then start decreasing with increasing of the time, this observed by Tunali et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the bioaccumulation of Cd (cadmium) and Pb (lead) by the bacterium D. radiodurans, which suggests a relationship between certain organisms and their ability to accumulate heavy metals. Although the text primarily focuses on bacteria, it supports the general idea that living organisms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from contaminated environments. The presence of specific accumulation rates and concentration effects aligns with the concept that mushrooms, as a type of fungi, can similarly bioaccumulate heavy metals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: -wolfe L, Morton JB (2007) Role of niche restrictions and dispersal in the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. J Ecol 95:95–105. óbrega JA, (2020) Determination of macro and micronutrients in plants using the Agilent 4200 MP AES. (2002) Concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in maize colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. 82:272–278. (2017) Fatty acids in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are synthesized by the host plant. Science 356:1175–1178. (2017) Understanding the arbuscule at the heart of endomycorrhizal symbioses in plants. 27:R952-R963. Maherali H, Klironomos JN (2007) Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Science 316:1746–1748. Maherali H, Klironomos JN (2012) Phylogenetic and trait-based assembly of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. PLoS One 7:e36695. (2016). Mutualism persistence and abandonment during the evolution of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. 188:E113-E125. von (2016) Soil fungal: bacterial ratios are linked to altered carbon cycling. 7:1247. (1990) A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 115:495–501. (2022) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote litter decomposition and alleviate nutrient limitations of soil microbes under warming and nitrogen application. Ecol 171:104318. (2001) BBCH-Monograph: growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants. In: Technical Report, 2nd edn. for Agriculture and Forestry, 142. (1998) Survey of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in lettuce production in relation to management and soil factors. J 130:173–182. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists of citations and references related to mycorrhizal fungi but does not directly address or support the claim regarding their role in improving water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. It provides various studies on mycorrhizal fungi without confirming or contrasting the specific claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: They can also release toxins that can be harmful to plants ( Dangerfield 1996,Tian et al. 1995). 2. 3. Other benefits of millipedes One interesting ecological role of millipedes is their use in traditional medicine in some cultures. Millipedes have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and there is some scientific evidence to support their medicinal value (Pemberton 2005, Paoletti 2005). For example, some millipedes produce chemicals that have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties. These chemicals have been shown to be effective against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and parasites (Hopkin 1992). In addition, millipedes are known to possess substantial amounts of essential nutrients, including calcium, iron, and unsaturated fatty acids. Among the Bobo population, certain millipede species belonging to the families Gomphodesmidae and Spirostreptidae are utilized as a food source for human consumption et al. 2014). These nutrients have been linked to several health benefits, including improved bone health, immune function, and cardiovascular health. However, it is important to note that millipedes can also produce toxic chemicals, (Zagrobelny 2008) and their use in traditional medicine is not without risk. In some cases, millipede poisoning has been reported, and it is important to use caution when handling or consuming millipedes (Eisner et al. 1978). 2. 4. Distribution and plant damage caused by millipedes. Sara (2013) did a comprehensive overview of the global distribution of millipedes, including patterns of diversity, biogeography, and ecology. The distribution and ecology of millipedes and other arthropods, and notes that millipedes are found on all continents except Antarctica (CSIRO 2002, Redman 2003, Shelley and Golovatch 2011, Hopkin 2013, Iniesta and Ferreira 2013, Nefedieva et al. 2015 ). Millipedes can cause damage to plant roots, stems, and leaves, particularly in agricultural settings, and understanding their distribution and potential impact on crops is important for managing these pests. One way in which millipedes can cause plant damage is by feeding on the roots, stems, and leaves of plants. Ebregt et al. (2005) investigated the feeding behavior of the greenhouse millipede Oxidus gracilis and its potential as a pest in greenhouse crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding viruses and their transformation into beneficial organisms. Instead, it focuses on millipedes and their ecological roles, medicinal uses, nutritional benefits, and potential hazards, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The high sorption noticed after 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1. This is similar to Anzeze et al. [29], who reported that, the rate of adsorption of Cd by Eichhornia crasippes was very fast at first and over 95 % of total biosorption of Cd (II) ions occurs in the first 5 minutes and thereafter it proceeds at a slower rate and finally no further significant adsorption is noted beyond 20 minutes of contact time. For effect of metal concentration on biosorption, results show increases in Cd sorption with increasing metal concentration. The initial concentration provides an important driving force to overcome all mass transfer resistance of metal between the aqueous and solid phases [30]. The increasing amount of metal adsorbed by the biomass will be increased with initial concentration of metals. Optimum percentage of metal removal can be taken at high initial metal concentration. Thus, at a given concentration of biomass, the metal uptake increases with increase in initial concentration [31]. 224. éni S, Khwaldia K, et al. (2012) Isolation and characterization of a novel Micrococcusstrain for bioremediation of strontium in radioactive residues. MicrobiolRes 64: 851-858. Volesky B, Holan ZR (1995) Biosorption of heavymetals. BiotechnolProg 11: 235-250. (1995) Metal cation uptake by yeast: areview. ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol 43: 579-584. (2004) Metalbioremediationthrough growing cells. 30: 261-278. (1996) Bioaccumulation and biosorption of CO2+ by neurospora crassa. BiotechnolLett 18: 1205-1208. (1994) Biosorption of heavymetal cations by non- viable yeastbiomas. 15: 429-438. (2002) Uranium accumulation by a bacteriumisolated from electroplating effluent. 18: 295-302. (2008) Novel metalaccumulator and proteasesecretor microbes from Wetland. BiochemBiotechnol 4: 255-264. (2002) Microbiology. (5th Edn. ), McGraw-Hill, New York. Murray RGE (1992) The familyDeinococcaceae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the sorption and biosorption of heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), by various organisms, indicating that certain biomaterials can effectively remove and accumulate metals from the environment. Specifically, the mention of 'metal uptake increases with increase in initial concentration' supports the assertion that biological entities, like mushrooms, can bioaccumulate heavy metals. While mushrooms are not explicitly mentioned, the principles outlined directly correlate with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: These mechanisms could crucial role in determining whether plants can adapt to shifts in resource distributions under a changing climate. This preprint has been withdrawn. How to cite. Yan, J. and Ghezzehei, T. : Roots induce hydraulic redistribution to promote nutrient uptake and nutrient cycling in nutrient-rich but dry near-surface layers, Biogeosciences Discuss. [preprint], 2022. Received: 19 Feb 2022 – Discussion started: 07 Mar 2022 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1882 KB) Withdrawal notice This preprint has been withdrawn. Preprint (1882 KB) Download & links This preprint has been withdrawn. Preprint (1882 KB) and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on bg-2022-52', #1, 22 Mar 2022 The manuscript by Yan and Ghezzehei presents a soil-plant water transport model including a two layer-based hydraulic redistribution (HR) mechanism. The model is used to study how a prescribed rhizosphere volume around the roots mediates HR effects, with a particularly strong effect on nutrient transport and uptake. The authors also show that the enhanced water content in the rhizosphere can promote decomposition of native organic matter. The topic is interesting and suitable for Biogeosciences, but the manuscript in my view is not always clear and would benefit from a thorough proof-reading. Most important, the proposed model now contains three components—rhizodeposits, organic matter, nutrients—that are connected conceptually but not mathematically. This makes hydrology and biogeochemistry in the model too un-coupled to support the conclusion that rhizodeposits are an adaptive response of plants to face dry conditions. My main comments are explained first, followed by other suggestions. Main comments Nutrients are modelled independently of organic matter mineralization. Nutrients are essentially regarded as a passive tracer, transported through the domain and taken up by plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing a model which presents a hydraulic redistribution mechanism that mediates nutrient transport and uptake, but it does not specifically address mycorrhizal fungi or their role in improving nutrient uptake in nutrient-poor soils. Additionally, the main comments suggest that the model's handling of nutrients and organic matter does not support the conclusion that plants adapt to dry conditions through mycorrhizal associations, thereby weakening the connection to the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: They found that the millipedes fed on the roots, stems, and leaves of several greenhouse crops, including cucumber, tomato, and chrysanthemum (Ebregt 2005). The presence of millipedes in the soil was negatively correlated with plant growth and biomass, suggesting that millipedes may play a role in limiting the productivity of these plantations. The feeding damage caused by the millipedes resulted in stunted growth, wilting, and reduced yield of the crops (ECHO 2018, Hopkin 2015). In addition, some species of millipedes can secrete toxic compounds that can further damage plant tissues. For example, the millipede, Narceus americanus, secretes hydrogen cyanide which can cause necrosis in plant tissues (1976). Furthermore, millipede infestation caused significant changes in the levels of various biochemicals, including total phenolics, flavonoids, and proline, suggesting that millipedes can cause damage to plant tissues by disrupting normal physiological processes (Chakraborty et al. 2016). 3. Climatic factors that impact distribution and damage by millipedesMillipedes are known to be pests of various crops, and their distribution and damage can be affected by several climatic factors. Some of the factors that have been reported to influence their population dynamics include temperature, humidity, rainfall, and soil moisture levels. Temperature is a crucial factor affecting the activity and growth of millipedes. They are typically active at temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C, with optimal activity occurring at temperatures around 25°C. Higher temperatures may lead to increased metabolic rates and feeding activity, but prolonged exposure to temperatures above their upper thermal limit can be lethal (Mark et al. 1999, Hoffman, 2000). levels also play an important role in millipede behavior and distribution. They are known to be more active and feed more actively under high humidity conditions (Graça et al. 2017a), However, excessively high moisture levels can also negatively impact millipede populations by promoting the growth of fungal pathogens that may infect them. Rainfall patterns and soil moisture levels can also impact the distribution and damage caused by millipedes. Heavy rainfall events can lead to an increase in soil moisture levels, which in turn can stimulate millipede activity and population growth (Hamer 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of millipedes on plant growth and the climatic factors affecting their distribution and damage, without any mention of viruses or their potential transformation into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCocoa (Theobroma cacao L. ) is an important perennial crop, whose mode of cultivation is currently at large scale converted from agroforestry to monoculture systems given higher yields under the latter (Armengot et al. 2016; Niether et al. 2020). Because of its dependence on fertile forest soil, cocoa monoculture causes deforestation and CO2 emissions (Gockowski and Sonwa 2011) while cocoa agroforests are known to conserve biodiversity (Asase and Tetteh 2010) and sequester carbon (Nijmeijer et al. 2018). In these cocoa agroforestry systems, cycling of litterfall and decomposition acts as an input-output system for organic matter sustenance (Fontes et al. 2014). Due to reduction in biodiversity when cocoa agroforests are converted into monocultures, this matter cycling is reduced (Schneidewind et al. 2019). This is problematic especially in where nutrient reserves on heavily leached soils are low and nutrient exports in the harvest are rarely replaced by application of mineral fertilizers. Litterfall in cocoa agroforests is estimated to amount to 10 t ha−1 yr−1 (Dawoe et al. 2010; Saj et al. 2021) whereby its distribution throughout the year depends on climatic conditions. It is generally higher in the dry than in the wet season (Saj et al. 2021), however, thunderstorms and high wind speeds in the rainy season may cause occasional peaks (Becker et al. 2015). Litterfall chemistry, such as nutrient concentrations, in cocoa agroforestry systems is influenced greatly by climate and shade tree diversity (Saj et al. 2021; Sari et al. 2022). In a cocoa agroforestry system in Mexico, magnesium (Mg) concentrations were higher in litterfall during the rainy season, whereas phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were higher in dry season litter (Pérez-Flores et al. 2018). The decomposition of litter biomass releases carbon and nutrients, whose turnover and plant availability is greatly influenced by climate, soil organisms, and litter chemistry (Aerts 1997). In most agroecosystems, initial N, P, lignin, cellulose, and polyphenols are important regulators of litter decomposition (Dawoe et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'the decomposition of litter biomass releases carbon and nutrients,' indicating that the process of decomposition, which can be aided by fungi, contributes to nutrient cycling. Furthermore, it discusses how litterfall and decomposition in cocoa agroforestry systems serve as inputs for organic matter sustenance, tying into the broader role of fungi and other soil organisms in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: With higher hydraulic conductivity in the rhizosphere, nutrients are transported more rapidly according to the model, so the result that rhizosphere improves nutrient uptake is expected. Organic carbon decomposition rate is also enhanced thanks to the higher water content in the rhizosphere, which is also an expected result. In other words, both enhanced nutrient uptake and decomposition rates are a direct consequence of the model construction. This approach is simple and easy to understand, but has two drawbacks: i) nutrients are produced by decomposition of organic matter (now the two processes are independent) and ii) nutrients can be immobilized and re-mineralized by microbes in the rhizosphere (now only passively transported). Without this dynamic links between nutrient availability, organic matter and rhizosphere environmental conditions, it is difficult to say if nutrient availability actually improves thanks to the rhizosphere environment and HR. Rhizodeposits are not static and are costly for the plant. One component of the model deals with organic matter decomposition, referring to “rhizospheric C mineralization” (L171)—yet, the rhizosphere is regarded as fixed in terms of both extent and hydraulic properties (driven by rhizodeposit mass of C content). However, one could argue that the rhizosphere function needs to be ‘maintained’ by secreting C as the rhizosphere compounds are mineralized. In the current model there is no connection between rhizosphere and organic matter decomposition, which might be a reasonable approximation given the short time scales of the investigation (individual dry-down period). However, by neglecting the dynamics of rhizosphere properties, it is not possible to estimate the costs for the plant, and thus it is difficult to conclude that rhizodeposits are adaptive and promote plant survival or growth. Is the extra nutrient uptake worth the cost of the rhizodeposits and their maintenance in the long term? Extending the model to study these long-term effects (even in a highly idealized way) is in my view necessary to “shed light on how plants can adapt to non-ideal resource distribution” (L50) and to support the conclusion that “the investment in rhizodeposits thus seems critical…” (L379). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by questioning the effectiveness of the rhizosphere, which is an environment that mycorrhizal fungi inhabit, in improving nutrient availability for plants. It points out that while the model predicts enhanced nutrient uptake due to higher hydraulic conductivity in the rhizosphere, the lack of dynamic links between nutrient availability, organic matter, and rhizosphere environmental conditions makes it difficult to conclude that nutrient uptake improves significantly because of the rhizosphere alone. The text emphasizes concerns over the cost of rhizodeposits and suggests that these costs need to be considered when evaluating the overall benefits of mycorrhizal fungi for plant growth and survival.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: In addition to temperature, humidity, rainfall, and soil moisture levels, other climatic factors such as wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and photoperiod can also affect millipede distribution and damage. Wind speed can impact the movement of millipedes, with strong winds potentially dislodging them from their habitats and dispersing them to new areas (Mwabvu 1997,2018). Atmospheric pressure changes may also impact their distribution, with millipedes more active during low-pressure weather systems (Mwabvu 1997, Graça 2017b). Photoperiod, or the duration of light exposure in a day, can also influence millipede behavior and activity (Jewe and 1957). Some species may be more active during certain times of the day, with peak activity occurring at dawn or dusk (Jeweand 1957, Jean 2009). Changes in photoperiod may also trigger molting, reproductive activity, and other physiological processes in millipedes. Understanding how these climatic factors interact with each other and with other environmental factors such as vegetation, soil type, and land use practices can provide insights into the distribution and dynamics of millipede populations. This information can help inform pest management strategies that minimize the damage caused by millipedes to crops and other vegetation. In addition to the climatic factors discussed earlier, other environmental factors such as land use practices, vegetation cover, and soil type can also influence millipede distribution and damage. Land use practices such as tillage and crop rotation can affect soil moisture levels and soil structure, which may impact millipede populations. For instance, reduced tillage practices can lead to higher soil moisture levels and increased organic matter, which may promote millipede activity and population growth (Jean 2009). Conversely, frequent tillage can disrupt millipede habitats and reduce their populations. Vegetation cover can also play a role in millipede distribution and damage. Millipedes may be more abundant in areas with high vegetation cover, as vegetation provides them with shelter and food resources (Jean 2009). However, certain plant species may be more susceptible to millipede damage, and their abundance may vary depending on the type of vegetation cover present in the area. 4. Impact of Soil properties and on Millipede PopulationSoil type can also impact millipede distribution, with certain species preferring specific soil types or soil moisture levels (Slavomír Stašiov et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. It discusses how various climatic and environmental factors influence the distribution and behavior of millipedes, without mentioning viruses or their potential transformation into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On average, 19 kg N ha−1, 3 kg P ha−1, 30 kg K ha−1, 4 kg Ca ha−1 and 4 kg Mg ha−1 exported via annual harvest (cocoa pod husk and beans) represented 5%, 7%, 29%, 2%, and 4%, respectively, of the annual nutrient stocks recycled in total litterfall (Table 4). Table 4 Carbon and nutrient stocks of the annual litterfall components, cocoa bean and pod husk of cocoa agroforests under conventional and organic management in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableDecomposition of cocoa leafWithin the first 2 months, 50% of the initial litter DM disappeared under organic and conventional management (Fig. 3a). After 1 month of cocoa leaves placement, P and Ca release under conventional management were 20% and 21%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than under organic management (Fig. 3c and e). Similarly, Mg release at months one and two after cocoa leaves placement were 24% and 10%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) under organic management than under conventional management (Fig. 3f). At the end of the 12 months study period, on average 15% of the initial litter remained in the litterbags. Potassium was rapidly released from litter leading to the disappearance of 98% of the initial content. Although DM disappearance and N release rates were 35% greater under organic management compared with conventional management, these differences were not statistically significant (Table 5). Phosphorus, K, and Ca release rates were 13%, 33%, and 41%, respectively, higher in conventional farms than organic farms, but these differences were not significant. For P, K, Ca, and Mg 93–100% of nutrients belong to the labile fraction of the cocoa leaves. Among the nutrient release rates, it was only Mg that under conventional management was significantly (51%) greater than under organic management. Fig. 3Decay and nutrient release patterns of cocoa leaves during 12 months in cocoa agroforests under conventional (Con) and organic (Org) management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Error bars indicate +/− one standard error of the mean. * and ** above the error bars indicate significant differences at p = 0. 05 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the decomposition of cocoa leaves and the subsequent nutrient release, indicating that organic matter is being decomposed and nutrients cycling through different forms under different management practices. It mentions the disappearance of litter and the release of various nutrients, which supports the idea that specific biological processes are contributing to nutrient cycling.