Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: However, we found an overall high total vegetation cover with a median of 93% and a minimum of 43% and an averagely good balance of vegetation types among grass, shrub, and tree cover (VegBal, median = 0. 62). Only one green space had no tree cover at all (park ID 230), and one was nearly completely covered by trees (98%, ID 51). The standardized tree diversity value revealed that approximately 100 parks host at least 10 tree species per ha; the park with the highest score was a small playground area with 20 species on only 0. 27 ha (ID 144). In 27 cases, we detected ponds or lakes, which in 2 cases accounted for nearly half of the total park area. In the dimension of built elements, we found an average path length per ha of approximately 320 m, with the highest value of approximately 700 m in a 0. 6-ha-sized park with a high vegetation cover of 82%. For 22 parks, mostly strips along roads, our data showed no paths at all. Overall, parks were better equipped with playgrounds than with sports areas or facilities. Although 132 parks had at least 1 playground (maximum 3 per park, maximum 4 per ha), only 92 parks offered any sports facilities. However, the number and density of sports facilities reached up to 6 per green space (ID 152), or 7. 1 per ha (ID 233). We mapped official off-leash dog run areas in only 28 parks, 2 of which were completely dedicated to dog activities. Sitting facilities such as benches, based on OSM data, were found in nearly half of the assessed parks, constituting a mean value of 1. 9 facilities per ha. However, only 32 cases provided at least 5 sitting options per ha. In terms of context indicators, the results showed that on average, approximately 9000 residents are supplied by 1 ha of parks (excluding other public green space types such as forests or cemeteries) in their closely surrounding neighborhood area (mean of the Pop indicator). This potential pressure (overuse or crowding) was mitigated by approximately 20% through public green space alternatives around individual parks, including cemeteries, forests, or other parks (Intensity indicator, mean = 7174). Two parks faced a particularly high demand, with over 50,000 residents per ha living in a 500-m buffer zone (IDs 144, 185, Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the necessity and benefits of parks and urban green spaces. It discusses the high total vegetation cover and the variety of vegetation types present in parks, indicating their value in urban environments rather than suggesting they can be replaced by vertical forests. For example, the text notes that parks provide amenities like playgrounds and sports facilities, and mentions crowding and demand for parks, which would imply a continued need for such green spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 7 92. 3 89. 7 89. 9 12 92. 2 90. 5 89. 9 91. 6 89. 2 86. 8 24 91. 9 90. 0 86. 3 90. 3 86. 4 82. 9 48 90. 4 89. 5 85. 6 89. 1 85. 9 82. 6 72 80. 7 87. 6 82. 1 77. 2 83. 8 65. 0 336 (14 days) 67. 7 74. 0 45. 8 52. 2 63. 2 44. 2 Table 3 Stability of acidified and non-acidified latex extract. Acidified latex extract Non-acidified latex extract Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) a Aloe emodin 0 100 100 ND 100 100 ND 4 95. 8 95. 5 ND 94. 1 94. 9 ND 8 92. 8 93. 2 ND 90. 0 90. 0 ND 12 87. 4 89. 5 ND 85. 0 89. 2 ND 24 82. 3 88. 0 ND 74. 7 80. 5 ND 48 80. 2 85. 3 ND 71. 5 75. 3 ND 72 72. 0 81. 2 100 59. 1 61. 4 100 336 (14 days) 49. 1 69. 8 109. 3 35. 3 39. 8 116. 1 a ND: not detected As far as the stability of aloe latex extract is concerned, it was observed that aloe emodin was not present in the latex extract from Miller. After 72 hours though, aloe emodin started to appear in the chromatograms, and the area of the peak increased more fourteen days later, possibly due to plant enzymes that contribute to the degradation of aloins A and B into aloe emodin. It was observed that the stability was slightly higher in the acidified sample, which was preserved for 24 hours. The non-acidified extract degraded more quickly, with a significant increase in decomposition after 12 hours. 3. 4. Quantitation of Aloins in Plants 3. 4. 1. Effect of this study, three aloe plants were used and three different latex collection times were examined. In particular, the leaves from each aloe vera plant were allowed to drip for 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours, respectively, and the latex was collected. All samples were prepared according to the procedure mentioned earlier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the stability and characteristics of aloe latex extract in a scientific context without mentioning its medicinal properties or traditional use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Scaling up microbial fuel cells to clean wastewater and produce electricity Engineering & 23, 2023 Securing clean, sustainable water and energy supplies is a critical issue worldwide. Wastewater treatment plants currently rely on energy-heavy processes to help microbes digest organic matter. Fischer and his team at HES-SO in Switzerland use electrogenic bacteria in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to convert energy from sewage into electricity. The team has successfully upscaled previous work to produce a 1,000-litre MFC, which could significantly reduce treatment plants’ energy consumption and operating costs. They believe MFCs have potential to power many everyday electronic items in remote locations and areas without infrastructure. Keeping the world supplied with clean water is an expensive business, currently relying on processes that consume large amounts of energy. But what if we could harness natural sources of electricity to make the process more efficient? Bioelectricity occurs when living things acquire energy from organic sources and convert it into an electrical output. Common examples include the bioluminescence produced by fireflies to attract a mate during a summer night, or the discharge used by electric eels to stun their prey. As well as these visible phenomena, many microorganisms can also generate bioelectricity, but in such minuscule amounts that a large microbial colony is needed before their output can be measured. For several years, a team led by Fischer at HES-SO Valais, Switzerland, has been investigating the potential of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which use cultured electrogenic bacteria to generate bioelectricity. Water supply and wastewater purification consume 1–2% of Switzerland’s electricity output. The team came up with their method of harnessing the electrical energy produced by MFCs to minimise the costs and energy expenditure of wastewater treatment plants. While the electrogenic microbes also require aeration to thrive, their metabolic activity would result in the net production of useful electrical energy that could be used to cover, at least in part, the energy requirements of the water treatment plant. The researchers maintain that, if properly harnessed, the electricity from microbial fuel cells could also be used to charge batteries for cars, computers, and other electronic devices, as well as saving energy for wastewater operators today. The researchers started their venture by originally designing small prototype reactors that ranged from 20 to 250 ml. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilize electrogenic bacteria to convert energy from sewage—an organic matter source—into electricity. Statements such as 'Fischer and his team...use electrogenic bacteria in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to convert energy from sewage into electricity' directly support the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: 5), and 6 cases were considered rather secluded, with fewer than 100 neighboring residents per ha. In addition, 47 parks were likely to be additionally used by working people, with at least one-third of the surrounding 500 m buffer zone being devoted fully or partially to work activities (commercial use or public amenities; cf. PopDay indicator in Table 2). We found that 148 or 59% of parks had a maximum distance to public transport stations of 100 m (median at 72 m). However, 4 of our parks were further than 500 m (linear distance) away from any public transport (IDs 14, 31, 33, 51), and 3 of these were among the 6 cases with fewer than 100 neighboring residents per ha. The total average of the maximum noise levels was 55 dB when each of the park-specific values was averaged over the respective green space area. The value of 65 dB, which is commonly reported as the health-relevant threshold (WHO 2018), was found to be exceeded in 23 parks, and 5 parks were particularly calm, with an average maximum noise level below 40 dB (IDs 18, 33, 101, 176, 245). Mean standard ground values (SGV indicator), i. e. , reference prices for undeveloped land, for the areas surrounding parks showed a wide range, from 2 up to nearly 1400 €/m². Although 50% of parks were below a mean SGV of 144 €/m², we found 8 cases to be above 1000 €/m² (e. g. , IDs 183, 212). The latter were located in or around the city center, which is in accordance with the high positive correlation of the mean SGV with the urbanity index (Fig. 4). The mainly ecological indicator of surrounding shrubs and trees (VegNear) showed that, on average, one-third of the vicinity of parks in Leipzig are covered by trees or shrubs. The top three parks in this category (IDs 4, 18, 145), which had at least two-thirds tree/shrub cover in the neighboring area, are largely surrounded by forests. One case with less than 10% surrounding trees or shrubs (ID 50) was located in a rural environment surrounded by croplands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about parks, their usage, and the surrounding ecological indicators in Leipzig. It discusses the roles and attributes of parks in urban settings, indicating they serve important social and ecological functions, which suggests that urban green spaces and parks are still necessary despite the presence of vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Taking into consideration the position of each leaf, while maintaining the same numbering of the leaves from the base to the upper level, allowed us to compare the three latex collection times. For a collection time of 1 hour, the amounts of aloin A and B were 40–50% less than the ones obtained when other collection times were used. It was concluded that one hour was not enough to collect all the latex from the leaf. A 4. 5-hour time collection was adequate to collect all the latex since the concentrations of both aloins were similar to the concentrations obtained when the latex was collected after 24 hours. Therefore, in all subsequent experiments, latex was collected within 4. 5 hours. 3. 4. 2. Effect of Eighteen different aloe plants were used to study the effect of aloe plant conditions on the concentration of aloins A and B. Aloe emodin was not present in any of the Miller plants studied, although this was not in agreement with other studies [27, 28]. All the experiments required for the analysis of all the leaves in one plant were conducted within 3–4 days to avoid any alteration of the aloin content. In a study by Gutterman and Chauser-Volfson, it was reported that it had not yet been known how the cutting of one leave may affect the aloin content of the other leaves [8]. Therefore, it was considered important to study such a parameter. In particular, aloin content was determined in leaves that were harvested during summer or winter and plants were cultivated in soil and pots, in leaves from plants that were cultivated indoors in a pot and in leaves from plants under stress. Different factors such as seasonal variation, plant cultivation as well as environmental and plant conditions was evaluated for their contribution in aloins content. 3. 4. 2. 1. Effect of seasonal variation Leaves of twelve Miller plants were harvested during the summer (plants #1–3 and #7–9) and winter season (plants #4–6 and #10–12). The plants were cultivated under the same conditions, in the field (plants #1–6) and pots (plants #7–12). It was observed that the concentration of aloins varied considerably in all twelve plants. is superior in concentration to aloin B, in all the leaves (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the scientific analysis of aloin content in aloe plants, including factors that affect aloin concentration. However, it does not address or provide evidence related to the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: A simple and innovative concept Electrogenic microbes settle spontaneously on the electrodes of MFCs, forming biofilms on their surface. Here the microbial colonies break down impurities dissolved in wastewater to convert this metabolic energy into useful electricity. While a simple concept, practical considerations need to be overcome to translate the project into a viable solution for the modern world’s energy needs. A single MFC can only produce a maximum voltage of 0. 5 V and several MFCs have to be connected to achieve higher voltages. Wastewater plants currently rely on processes that use large amounts of energy: Fischer’s work on microbial fuel cells could be the answer. In 2018, Fischer and his collaborators published a study describing the construction of a 12-litre MFC stack made of 12 connected MFC units. The 12-unit stack, assembled from four triple MFC modules, was able to charge three polymer lithium batteries at once. The investigation of this setup acted as a first significant milestone towards scaling up MFCs for wastewater-treatment-based electricity generation. The most significant step towards this target to date was taken with the publication of another study in 2021 by Fischer and his team in which they reported their successful design of a 1,000-litre MFC from 64 MFC units that could generate electricity while purifying wastewater. The interdisciplinary work and persistence of Fischer’s team has been instrumental in constructing the scale-up reactor and its use in the last few years, especially when considering that the researchers started their venture by originally designing small prototype reactors that ranged from just 20 to 250 ml. MFC unit (right)has eight electrodes and the cart (top) has 16 MFC units. The reactor is controlled by a commanding computer. The team has upscaled previous work to create a 1,000-litre microbial fuel cell under a wastewater treatment plant in Sion, Switzerland. Scaling up: a success story The 2021 study outlines how the team overcame these challenges, to build the 1000-litre MFC in the underground facility of a wastewater treatment plant in Sion, Switzerland. During the planning stage that preceded the construction of the 12m-long reactor, the researchers employed state-of-the-art computer aided design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that electrogenic microbes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) break down impurities in wastewater to convert metabolic energy into useful electricity. This process aligns directly with the assertion that microbial fuel cells utilize bacteria to transform organic matter into electrical energy, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Quality score and spatial patterns of park quality Our scoring approach for evaluating park quality in terms of recreational ES resulted largely in normally distributed natural-elements and context scores (symmetrical around the median/mean), whereas the built-elements score was rather skewed, with distant upper outliers (Fig. 6). Notably, the built-elements score reached relatively low values, despite containing the highest number of indicators. This reflects that the majority of parks reach low scores, with many indicators in the built-elements dimension showing frequent zero values (cf. Fig. 5). Overall, 13 parks did not score at all in terms of built elements. Note that the achievable maximum for each dimension score is defined by the number of indicators in each dimension (cf. Fig. 3), i. e. , 10, 11, and 7 for natural elements, built elements, and context, respectively. Figure 7 shows a detailed view of the central part of Leipzig depicting parks with their individual RGB-color composite values based on their normalized scores per park quality dimension. This representation aims to intuitively display the park-specific interrelations of the dimension scores and thus to identify the dominant dimensions. Notably, most smaller parks surrounding the city center were dominated by high built-elements scores (red shades), whereas larger parks in the west and south were characterized by dominant context and/or natural-elements scores (blue and green shades). The top-scoring park in the natural-elements dimension is visible in light green at the southern edge. This park is the same playground area that had the highest tree species density (ID 144). The total quality scores for the parks were dominated by smaller parks. The top 30 parks by quality score (12% of our sample) had a range of park sizes from 0. 25 to 2. 27 ha, with only 5 parks above 1 ha. We investigated the two highest- and lowest-scoring parks to present more details about individual park characteristics (Fig. 8; for the full list cf. 0. 25-km² hexagons intersecting 500-m buffer zones around parks), we identified some residential areas (dark gray in Fig. 9) that do not have any publicly managed and accessible green space at all within a distance of 500 m (e. g. , the Alt-West and Südost districts). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the evaluation of park quality and the distribution of natural and built elements in urban parks. It highlights that some residential areas lack accessible green space, suggesting that parks remain essential in urban environments. This indicates that vertical forests would not eliminate the need for parks, but rather emphasizes the ongoing importance of urban green spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: If though the amount of aloin A was either increased or decreased in a leave, aloin B followed the same trend. The concentrations at the different plant growing positions ranged from 294 to 526 mg/g and from 85 to 339 mg/g dried latex for aloins A and B, respectively, for the summer harvest. Whereas, for the winter harvest, the concentration of aloin A varied from 54 to 269 and of aloin B from 20 to 170 mg/g dried latex. The concentrations of aloins were found slightly higher in the present study, but without any significant deviation from the study reported by Sanchez-Machado et al. [11]. The quantity of aloins was significantly lower in the winter than in the summer period (p-value < 0. 001). The reduction in their concentrations was about 65–67% for both aloins A and B. The results are in agreement with the results of Beppu et al. , who reported that the concentrations of the two substances in the plant were higher in April and from July to August (after the blooming period) and lower from October to December (before the blooming period) [10]. 3. 4. 2. 2. Effect of cultivation conditions Two different cultivation processes (pot and field) of aloe plants were studied. The soil, which was used to grow potted plants, was obtained from the field, in which the rest of the plants were cultivated. The other growing conditions were the same. For an effective comparison between the two processes of plant cultivation, aloe plants, whose leaves were harvested in the same season, were contrasted. As demonstrated in Fig. 2, in the winter season, the concentrations of both aloins were at lower levels in field-grown than pot-grown aloe plants. In the case of summer harvest, the findings were different. In particular, the concentration of aloin A was greater in field cultivation, whereas the concentration of aloin B was higher in potted aloe plants. This proves that different ratios of aloins depend on the cultivation conditions of the plants. In the case of aloe plants cultivated in soil (p-value = 0. 07), the concentration of aloins did not demonstrate large variations with respect to leaf position, whereas, in plants grown in pots (p-value = 0. 08), a specific pattern was observed in the leaves of the plant. As demonstrated in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the concentrations of aloin A and B in aloe plants under different cultivation conditions, but does not mention the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments or any medicinal properties associated with it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Previous experience with smaller units helped the team to foresee many of the complications that could affect the efficiency and reliability of stacked MFCs. One difficulty to overcome was the decline in power generation due to the progressive drop in fuel availability once the wastewater becomes purified. Despite the technical challenges, the project was a success, with the 1000-litre MFC producing 0. 015 kWh/m3 of electricity, with peaks of 0. 060 kWh/m3. The 1000-litre MFC was capable of both generating bioelectricity and purifying wastewater to legal requirements. The microbial species present were capable of both generating bioelectricity and purifying wastewater to legal requirements, removing up to 48% of ammonia and 65% of the organic micropollutants. The system operated with energy efficiency of 5. 8–12. 1%, the highest achieved so far among MFCs employed in wastewater facilities. It is also important to point out that the system was able to run all year round, even when the temperature of the sewage dropped during the winter months. Shewanella, a genus of bacteria with electrically conductive appendages called nanowires. see Source, CC BY 2. 5, via Future perspectives Despite its rather large dimension, the 1000-litre reactor is still only suited for smaller municipalities and would not meet the energy demands of wastewater treatment plants in larger cities. Some challenges remain to be overcome before MFCs can be built and operated at even larger scales. One of these is the higher costs associated with the extra materials needed for the construction of bigger reactors. Another important goal would be to find ways of achieving higher rates of power generation. The current average power of 0. 015 kWh/m3 is certainly helpful for the purpose of saving energy in the operation of wastewater plants but falls short of completely covering the power requirements of large wastewater treatment facilities. Fischer’s team is currently investigating how further improvements in design and the use of state-of-the-art technology could boost power production, with a view to enabling MFCs to completely cover the output of larger municipalities’ wastewater plants all year round. What attracted you to your current research field and what excites you most when you go into the lab? I heard about H Peter Bennetto’s work on biobatteries in the 1990s and thought it lent itself to further student research projects so we started to work with students in the field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the functionality of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) where bacterial species are involved in generating bioelectricity. It states that 'The microbial species present were capable of both generating bioelectricity and purifying wastewater,' illustrating the role of bacteria in the conversion of organic matter into electricity. This supports the claim directly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: However, many gaps, especially at the outskirts, have potential compensatory green spaces, such as nearby forests or extensive agricultural areas located inside or outside the administrative city area. green spaces have gained attention because of their increasing relevance for dealing with urbanization, aging, the biodiversity crisis, and climate change (Elmqvist et al. 2018, McDonald et al. 2018). Our study presents a detailed, systematic, citywide, quality assessment of publicly available and managed UGS (parks) in Leipzig, Germany. We hereby deliver a comprehensive methodological framework for future UGS evaluations. Based on ready-to-use open and administrative data, we developed a novel set of 33 extensive indicators covering infrastructural, environmental, and socio-demographic aspects that are relevant to the quality of parks from a human perspective, i. e. , for providing ecosystem services (ES) as well as for ecological processes. The indicators were organized into three dimensions: natural elements, built elements (infrastructure), and spatial context. Testing for collinearity through Pearson’s correlation showed that the indicators are highly independent and thus can be applied complementarily in UGS assessments. We demonstrated how to use our indicators to evaluate the quality of parks through a multilevel scoring approach. Furthermore, we conducted a spatial gap analysis to identify potential areas in which planning efforts could begin to improve the current UGS supply situation. study advances previous research on UGS by integrating official and other public open data on UGS structure and incorporating the spatial context dimension in a comprehensive way. By including indicators such as the number of residents living near parks or impairment because of traffic noise, we shift the analysis of individual green spaces closer to the actual systemic properties of the urban fabric, e. g. , potential demand in neighborhoods, accessibility, and ecological functionality. Voigt et al. (2014) and Massoni et al. (2018) argued that accessibility and tranquility are important factors determining green space use. However, although Massoni et al. (2018) included only access to public transport in their analysis, Voigt et al. (2014) did not include any contextual factors. Other studies, such as Taylor et al. (2011) and Vierikko et al. (2020), did include context measures but had to narrow down their UGS samples because of methodological restrictions. The recent study by Biernacka et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the continuing importance of urban green spaces (UGS) for addressing urban challenges such as aging populations and biodiversity crises. The mention of many existing gaps, potential compensatory green spaces, and the assessment of UGS quality underscores that urban parks and green areas remain critical components of urban planning and cannot be eliminated by vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 3, the highest concentrations of aloins were observed in two of these leaves. The first maximum was observed between positions #4 and #5, and the second between positions #7 and #8. In addition, the high concentrations of aloins A and B in leaves #7 or #8, located in the middle-upper or upper part of the plant, are in agreement with the results of other studies, which reported that a leaf in the upper part of the aloe plant contained greater amounts of aloins [10, 11]. Both summer and winter harvests of leaves demonstrated the same pattern of aloins concentration, and the maximum points of the pattern were observed in the leaves at the same positions. The study reported here confirmed that there is a trend in the concentrations of both aloins in potted aloe plants. By numbering the leaves using the rosette pattern, it is easy to determine the leaves that are rich in bioactive compounds with purgative properties. This pattern investigation could help both the pharmaceutical and food industries. In the first case, there is an interest in leaves with the highest amount of aloins A and B in order to isolate them and use them as a laxative in pills, etc. On the other hand, the food industry prefers the leaves with the lowest concentrations of aloins in order to reduce the time for their removal [29]. 3. 4. 2. 3. Leaves harvested in winter from plants grown indoors plants (plants #13–15) were cultivated indoors at a temperature ranging from 20 to 25 oC. The leaves from all three plants were harvested during the winter period. It was observed that the aloins concentrations were much higher than anticipated with a p-value equal to 0. 005 (Fig. 2). By comparing the potted plants that were harvested in winter, the concentration of aloin A was 61% higher than the one found in the plant that was grown outdoors, while aloin B was 54% higher. The concentrations of the two substances in the leaves from indoor plants were much closer to the concentrations in the leaves from the plants that were harvested in the summer. In addition, the aloin A content was again higher than that of aloin B. In this case, the pattern did not appear as clear as in the previous study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for skin ailments. It discusses the concentrations of aloins in aloe leaves and their potential applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries, but it does not mention any traditional or historical uses of aloe vera specifically for treating skin conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1470545/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractElectricity-generating bacteria as biocatalysts for microbial fuel cells (MFCs), and their species and power generation performance determine the performance of the MFC for pollution control and power generation. For that purpose, an electricity-generating bacteria isolated from the oily sludge MFCs, and adjusted the adaptability of nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (3. 67:1, 4. 67:1, 5. 67:1, and 6. 67:1), temperature (5 ℃, 10 ℃, 15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃) and pH (pH = 6, 6. 5, 7, 7. 5, 8). The results of this study showed that electricity-generating bacteria was identified as Bacillus cereus, with a rod-shaped cell, about 0. 5-1. 0 µm in length. The optimal nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, temperature and pH of MFCs were 4. 67:1, 25 ℃ and pH = 7, respectively, and its output voltage was up to 168. 05 mV. The study of this functional bacteria will provide beneficial assistance for the improvement of oil removal and power generation performance of oily sludge MFCs. Electricity-generating bacteriaOily sludgeMicrobial fuel cellsEnvironmental adaptabilityFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12IntroductionCell (MFC) is a new bio-electrochemical system in which a microorganism catalyzes and oxidizes the organic compounds and converts the chemical energy stored by organic matter into electrical energy (Shen et al. 2014, Zhao et al. 2012). The study of MFC began in 1911, and with the gradual improvement of its power generation performance, it has attracted more and more attention (Potter 1911, Kristina et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that microbial fuel cells (MFCs) involve microorganisms that catalyze and oxidize organic compounds to convert the chemical energy from organic matter into electrical energy. Specifically, it mentions that the study involves electricity-generating bacteria as biocatalysts for MFCs, directly supporting the assertion that bacteria are integral to the process of converting organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: (2020) focused on context regarding planning and accessibility by assessing access restrictions but did not consider potential green space demand from nearby residents or ecological factors, such as connectivity with nearby green areas or the city’s surrounding areas. In this study, we provide methodological approaches to fill these research gaps. The combination of various high-resolution and spatially explicit data allowed us to run a citywide and fine-scale analysis that overcomes the common trade-off in UGS research of being either broad-scale and covering a larger area or mapping detailed green space structure in only selected instances of green space (Voigt et al. 2014, Smith et al. 2017, Dennis et al. 2018). Such a broadened perspective may be important to improve the understanding of linkages or barriers between residents and urban green areas, how and to what extent ES are generated, and which health effects are attributable to park visits (Kremer et al. 2016, Dickinson and Hobbs 2017, Ekkel and de Vries 2017, Markevych et al. 2017). Moreover, as we used mainly open-access (input) data, our study allows for feasible adaptation, extension, and further improvement. The transferability of our approach to other cities is particularly facilitated by the use of globally available OSM data, which might be complemented by more specific data at the city level. Although most of our indicators are based on common and straightforward approaches, we also developed novel and more complex indicators (e. g. , urbanity and terrain index) that might be applicable in other fields of research, such as detailed ES assessments (e. g. , of climate regulation or recreational services) or models such as (cf. van Oudenhoven et al. 2018 for criteria on transferability, data availability, and relevance of indicators). Our complex set of indicators, covering many aspects apart from vegetation structure, may be also suitable for seasonally differentiated ES assessments, hence accounting for the timing of nature and related ES (Willemen 2020). Our innovative approach differentiates structural elements by both quality and quantity, i. e. , incorporating not only presence but also the quantity of certain elements. The normalization of quantity measures (by area) allowed us to compare UGS irrespective of their sizes. Other studies have only partly considered quantity of structural elements in their application of structural diversity mapping, and some highlighted this as a potential limitation (Giles-Corti et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of urban green spaces (UGS) and the associated benefits for residents and ecosystems. It highlights research gaps concerning accessibility and the demand for green spaces, suggesting that urban planning should consider the connectivity with surrounding green areas and the ecological factors that contribute to health and environmental service generation. This implies that vertical forests alone do not negate the need for traditional green spaces and parks, but rather that both play critical roles in urban environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In particular, no significant variations in the concentrations of the compounds from leaf to leaf were observed, possibly because the plants did not grow under normal conditions. In addition, it was demonstrated that the concentrations of aloins did not seem to depend highly on the seasonal variation, but on the environmental growing conditions. 3. 4. 2. 4. Leaves harvested from plants under stress Different factors can cause stress in aloe plants. Some of the most well-known stressors are soil salinity, water-stress (high or very low) and light intensity [30, 31]. Several studies have, so far, been performed on how plant stress affects the concentrations of bioactive compounds. Indicators of aloe plants under stress involve the reddish-brown color of the leaves (visible stress symptom) and the smaller amount of gel (less evident trait) [32]. In this study, three plants were analyzed (plants #16–18) that had the typical appearance of aloe plants under stress (Fig. 4), and the obtained results are demonstrated in Fig. 2. A possible factor that caused plant stress is the long daily exposure to sunlight. The large variations in temperature may have also contributed to the plant stress. It is worth here to mention that the plants under study were grown in pots. Interestingly, it was observed that in the majority of the leaves, no latex was obtained. In each plant, only 3–4 leaves that were in the upper part of the plant in a position perpendicular to its roots were able to provide small amounts of latex. After analysis, the quantities of aloins were extremely low (p-value < 0. 001), although harvest took place in summer. 3. 4. 2. 5. Quantitation of Aloins in Offshoots Offshoots, which were produced in some of the plants under study, were analyzed and their aloin content was determined (Fig. 2). The procedure followed for latex extraction was the same as before. Although offshoots were harvested during different season periods, the concentrations of both aloins were similar (p-value < 0. 001). In addition, the ratio of aloin A to aloin B was very high. In particular, aloin A was almost 4. 5 times higher than aloin B. The concentrations of aloin A in offshoots were similar to the ones in leaves that were cut during the summer season. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the concentrations of compounds in aloe plants and factors affecting their growth. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: The ability of MFC to degrade organic matter and generate electricity mainly comes from the electricity-producing microorganisms in its microbial fuel cell (Malvankar et al. 2011, Seka et al. 2018, Zhang et al. 2018). Kim et al. isolated the electricity-generating bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens IR-1 from soil for the first time in 1999, which opened the prelude to the research on the mechanism of electricity generation and pollutant removal by electrogenic microorganisms (Kim et al. 1999). Inoculated electricity-producing microorganisms into MFC could generate a higher voltage. Zhang et al. isolated a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae L17 from soil sediments and inoculated it into MFC. When 2 g/L glucose was used as the electron donor, it could generate a maximum voltage of 332. 6 mV (Zhang et al. 2008). At present, the discovered electrogenic microorganisms are mostly derived from Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in nature, mainly including Pseudomonas, Geobacter, Clostridium, and Shewanella (Leung et al. 2013, Malvankar et al. 2011, Zhu et al. 2011, Zhang et al. 2011). Studies have shown that different types of electricity-generating bacteria have different electron transfer methods (include cell-surface contact transport, nanowire transport, and electron mediator transport), have different electron transfer and pollution control capabilities (Chakraborty et al. 2021). But there are few studies on the types and performance of electricity-generating bacteria isolated from sludge microbial fuel cells. It is well known that suitable environmental conditions are required for the growth and reproduction of electricity-generating bacteria. Different types of electricity-generating bacteria require different environmental conditions (mainly including nutrition, temperature, pH) for their growth, reproduction and enrichment (Chakraborty et al. 2021, Xiao et al. 2021). Temperature and pH affect the activity of enzymes, which will have a great impact on the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. When the temperature is lower than the optimum temperature, the activity of intracellular enzymes will decrease, thus affecting the power generation efficiency of MFC (Zha et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explicitly stating that microbial fuel cells (MFC) generate electricity through electricity-producing microorganisms that degrade organic matter. It describes specific bacteria, such as Shewanella putrefaciens and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as capable of generating voltage when used in MFCs, thereby confirming the role of bacteria in the process of converting organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: 2005, Taylor et al. 2011, Voigt et al. 2014, Massoni et al. 2018, Biernacka et al. 2020, Vierikko et al. 2020). The quantity dimension, i. e. , how much or how many elements are provided (e. g. , number of playgrounds or benches), coupled with the potential demands of local residents is important when assessing the actual attraction and usage capacity of UGS. For example, having one small playground in a park with a high population number in the neighborhood may lead to overuse and, thus, to a potential undersupply or even conflicts for some parts of the population. Crowding and undersupply may act as barriers to using a specific green space. This could result in less sustainable behavioral coping strategies when residents (or families) start using green spaces farther away (Arnberger 2012). Including a detailed quantity component (within parks) can help urban planners decide where to implement and improve existing green space structures, thereby relieving barriers and mitigating potential conflicts. In terms of the equal provision of UGS and related quality criteria, public green spaces should not only be available but also need to be accessible to different groups of citizens irrespective of their location (distributional justice), age, sex, social, or ethnic status (social justice; et al. 2012, Kabisch and Haase 2014, Fischer et al. 2018). We incorporated this justice component with suitable indicators (e. g. , standard ground value in neighborhood or distance to public transport) and an assessment of the spatial distribution of qualitatively differentiated UGS (cf. Fig. 8). In addition, we provide free and interactive access to our spatially explicit park indicators and quality scores through an online map application that can serve to explore (potentially unequal) UGS supply and may be used as a decision support tool for various target groups such as urban planners and decision makers or distinct residential groups such as families looking for accessible but also suitable green spaces, e. g. , by providing play or sports facilities but also little impairment through traffic emissions. This is particularly relevant because a comprehensive spatial information system for parks is lacking for the city of Leipzig. Hereby our study can contribute to reduce barriers for potential park users and eventually help to better realize the benefits of parks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of urban green spaces (UGS) in urban planning. It states that proper assessment of UGS, such as parks, is crucial for meeting the demands of local residents and ensuring accessibility and quality. The text also mentions that public green spaces need to be available and accessible to different groups of citizens, indicating that UGS are necessary for social justice and community needs, which contradicts the idea that vertical forests could eliminate such needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The results obtained here are in agreement with data reported by Sánchez-Machado [11]. 3. 5. Firstly, two separate PCAs were applied to the eighteen aloe vera plants (#1–18) to investigate the formation of groups according to seasonal variation (summer, winter) and cultivation conditions (pot, field). The first two components of the extracted model of the seasonal variation explained 60. 6% of the total variance in the data, while the first two components of the extracted model for cultivation conditions explained 93. 1% of the total variability. As observed from the obtained PCA scatter plots, in both cases, the samples were not clearly separated (Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information). In addition, indoor cultivated plants and stressed plants were not properly separated. This can be attributed to the unexpected concentrations of aloin A and B detected in these plants, highlighting, once again, the significant effect of climatic and plant conditions on latex composition. It was considered necessary to exclude the indoor-grown plants and plants grown under stress from the chemometric analysis. Therefore, the twelve aloe plants (#1–12) cultivated under normal conditions were implemented as observations in the PCA data matrix. The extracted models were described by 81. 9% and 97. 6%, based on seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, respectively. As demonstrated in Figs. 5 and 7, the observations were completely separated. In the case of seasonal variation, plants, whose leaves were harvested in summer, differ from those harvested in winter, mainly due to the content of aloins A and B, which is significantly higher in the former (Fig. 6). As far as the cultivation conditions are concerned, the separation of potted plants and plants in the field is attributed to their contents of aloin B and aloin A, respectively (Fig. 8). The different proportions of aloins depend on the plant growing conditions, with aloins B and A found in greater amounts in potted and fielded plants, respectively. 3. 6. Quantitation of Aloins in Aloe-based the implementation of this study, thirteen aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus and analyzed by use of the optimum HPLC-DAD method. Table 4 demonstrates the concentrations of aloins found in aloe commercial products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on scientific analysis of various aloe vera plants, their seasonal variations, and cultivation conditions, without mentioning any medicinal benefits or historical context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: 0 mol·L− 1 NaOH and 1. 0 mol·L− 1 HC1 to adjust the pH of the medium to 6, 6. 5, 7, 7. 5, and 8, respectively. 1. 2. 2 The electricity generation performance of electricity-generating bacteria (1) Experimental device In order to prevent the infection of bacteria, the electricity production performance of each strain of single bacteria was tested using a double-chamber (H-type) MFC reactor with a closed anode chamber (Fig. 1). The left part is the anode chamber in a closed anaerobic environment, and the right part is the cathode chamber in a continuous aeration state. The two chambers have the same volume of 250 mL. And the middle is connected by a side tube, which is Separated by a 4 cm diameter cation exchange membrane (PEM). Both the anode and the cathode are carbon felt electrodes (4 cm × 2 cm, thickness 1 cm), spaced 12. 5 cm apart. The titanium wire is connected with a 1000 Ω external resistance to form a closed loop, and it is connected to a data collector. (2) Power generation performance test Three groups of MFCs were constructed, and the influence of different nitrogen and phosphorus ratios, temperature and pH on its growth curve and power generation performance were detected using the controlled variable method. A group of bacteria two-chamber MFCs were constructed, adjusting the nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of 6. 67:1, 5. 67:1, 4. 67:1, 3. 67:1 with ammonium chloride and dimethyl hydrogen phosphate. A group of single bacteria (No. 2) two-chamber MFCs which with different temperatures (5 ℃, 10 ℃, 15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃)were constructed. A set of two-chamber MFCs were constructed with different initial pH (6, 6. 5, 7, 7. 5, 8) to observe the electricity production performance of single strain MFC. When the output voltage of the MFCs ware stable, the steady-state discharge method was used to detect the power density curve and polarization curve of the MFCs (Liang et al. 2007, Guo et al. 2013)Discussion2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the setup and performance testing of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) that uses electricity-generating bacteria. The mention of a two-chamber MFC and the testing of various conditions (such as nitrogen to phosphorus ratios, temperature, and pH) supports the idea that bacteria are involved in the generation of electricity from organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: In the light of more frequent and severe heat and drought events in our study area but also elsewhere such readily accessible information might be key to mitigate risks for health and well-being particularly of vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly (EEA 2016, Kabisch and Kraemer 2020). In the case of Leipzig, we found mainly small parks of one ha or less that complement the extensive riparian forest area that runs through the city. We also found that large parks are mostly directly connected to larger green space areas such as forests (Fig. 2). Applying our set of indicators, we showed that small parks are particularly well structured in terms of green and built elements but are also often embedded in beneficial neighborhoods that promote potential park use. This highlights the importance of small UGS units in dense residential areas as places for recreation and socializing but also as local habitats and ecological stepping stones throughout the city (Peschardt et al. 2012, Brunbjerg et al. 2018, McDonald et al. 2018). We also identified spatial gaps in green space supply where residents have no or limited access to publicly managed parks because they live far away. These gaps might be compensated through other accessible green spaces, such as forests or cemeteries. Certain quality aspects and services, however, are specifically provided by public parks and are hard to compensate for, e. g. , legal off-leash dog run areas, barbecue areas, diverse (public) playgrounds and sports facilities, and the presence of lighting. Finally, we demonstrated that contextual measures are of particular importance for park quality and represent feasible leverage points for improving the quality of parks, especially when available space or funding for park restructuring is limited. Limitations and outlook Because our study relies on available secondary data, we had to address some quality issues with the input data (cf. 1. 1). Although remote sensing (the elevation data used for our terrain indicator) and remote sensing-derived data (e. g. , Banzhaf and Kollai 2018, GeoSN 2018a) provide a high degree of objectivity, spatial accuracy, and completeness, we observed issues of completeness and consistency in the data from OSM. The fact that OSM data are highly dependent on voluntary contributors (and their interests and activities) leads to highly selective map content, especially for small areas that are not detectable on aerial images or objects of minor public relevance (Girres and Touya 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the significance of small parks and their roles in urban environments. It discusses how small parks serve as crucial spaces for recreation, socializing, and local habitats, and that certain quality aspects and services, such as off-leash dog areas and playgrounds, are specifically provided by public parks and are not easily compensated for by other green spaces. Thus, the text indicates that urban parks remain essential, countering the assertion that vertical forests can eliminate the need for them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It was observed that aloins and aloe emodin were not detected in dried aloe gel and in any of the analyzed pills. Surprisingly, one of the two pills had a laxative effect and aloins were expected to be present. As far as the juice is concerned, in only two of ten aloe juices, both aloins were detected and quantified. In particular, in juice #3, 0. 34 µg/mL of aloin A and 0. 98 µg/mL of aloin B were quantified. In juice #4, aloin A was quantified at 1. 96 µg/mL and aloin B at 5. 52 µg/mL. As observed, in both cases, the amount of aloin B was greater than that of aloin A, as opposed to the aloe vera leaves. In another study performed by Brown et al. , it was demonstrated that aloin A was not always quantitatively superior [33]. Recovery studies performed in juices provided a range between 82. 7-110. 9%. Table 4 Concentrations of aloins, RSD% and recoveries. (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % Concentration (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % 1 Tap ND - - ND - - 2 Tap ND - - ND - - 3 Liq. 0. 34 1. 31 82. 7 0. 98 0. 60 88. 3 4 Liq. 1. 96 1. 88 110. 9 5. 52 1. 53 95. 8 5 Liq. ND - - ND - - 6 Liq. ND - - ND - - 7 Liq. ND - - ND - - 8 Liq. ND - - ND - - 9 Liq. ND - - ND - - 10 Liq. ND - - ND - - 11 Liq. ND - - ND - - 12 Liq. ND - - ND - - 13 Solid ND - - ND - - a ND: not detected It is important here to mention that the total aloin content found in both juices exceeded the maximum levels set by the European Union. However, they were below the 10-ppm limit set by the Science Council. is in the EU, the legislation must be followed, and both juices should be withdrawn from the market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the chemical composition and analysis of aloin levels in aloe juices and pills, providing no direct information about the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: 1 Identification of electricity-generating bacteria 2. 1. 1 SEM of electricity-generating bacteria It can be seen from the 2000 times magnification of No. 2 bacteria in Fig. 2A. The bacteria No. 2 is rod-shaped, about 0. 5-1. 0 µm longth, with a square end and a rough surface. Further magnified to 4000 times (Fig. 2B), the bacterial cells exist alone, and there is no epitaxy on the surface of the bacteria. 2. 1. 2 16S rDNA idification of electricity-generating bacteria The constructed phylogenetic tree shows that No. 2 bacteria and Bacillus cereus belong to the same branch, and the similarity is 94% (Fig. 3). Combining the culture characteristics and physiological of the bacteria, it was identified as Bacillus cereus. Studies have shown that Bacillus cereus, which belongs to Firmicutes can degrade phenol to produce electricity, and has electricity-generating properties (Wang, 2016). 2. 2 Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio on the electricity-generating bacteria 2. 2. 1 Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio on the growth curve of bacteria Bacteria No. 2 can grow in different nitrogen and phosphorus ratios, and the growth trend is roughly the same (Fig. 4). The multiplication rate is quite different in the logarithmic growth phase indicating that there is a big gap in the growth rate of the bacteria. When the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 4. 67:1, the growth of bacteria No. 2 is the best. Studies have shown that when the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in the environment is the best, the osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell of the strain is equal, and the cell will not shrink or swell or rupture (Ren et al. 2015). 2. 2. 2 Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio on electricity generation performance of bacteria The maximum stable voltage of the MFCs of bacteria No. 2 with the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus from 3. 67:1 to 6. 67:1 are 54. 76 mV, 128. 84 mV, 79. 59 mV and 111. 52 mV, respectively (Fig. 5). When the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus rate is 4. 67:1, the output voltage of the MFC of bacteria No. 2 is the highest during the whole time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically mentioning that 'studies have shown that Bacillus cereus, which belongs to Firmicutes can degrade phenol to produce electricity, and has electricity-generating properties'. This directly supports the idea that certain bacteria can be utilized in microbial fuel cells to convert organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: , suitability and accessibility issues related to park entrances and the surface of paths, particularly for mobility-impaired people; specific playground equipment; or maintenance issues regarding waste treatment or park damage. All these factors potentially determine UGS use and visitation patterns and may act as barriers to visitors (Sreetheran and van den Bosch 2014). Due to the lack of data, we could not assess lighting in parks, which is an important influencing factor for usability at night and for safety reasons (Sreetheran and van den Bosch 2014, Hunter et al. 2019) that nonetheless has potentially negative ecological impacts (Sanders et al. 2021). The justice components included in our approach could be further extended toward deepening the analysis of barriers and equal provision, e. g. , by including socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhoods such as age or income. Within one city, there are a variety of social and cultural aspects that influence actual park use and related potential usage conflicts, e. g. , between dog owners and families or between generations, which are not fully covered by our UGS quality indicators. Moreover, assessing actual use patterns and related issues would require different approaches and data sources such as assessing user-generated geographic information, e. g. , through social media or sports tracking (Hamstead et al. 2018, Heikinheimo et al. 2020). However, Heikinheimo et al. (2020) also showed that identifying the “who is going to parks” and “why” requires more detailed assessments based on social science and in situ methods, such as the studies performed by Kabisch and Kraemer (2020) and Palliwoda et al. (2020). Our indicator approach can, however, serve as a starting point for future study designs such as the streamlining of in-depth surveys on actual use of UGS. examined the case of Leipzig, Germany, to introduce a novel approach for assessing the quality of public urban green spaces (parks) at the city level using a comprehensive set of indicators based on available, ready-to-use data. We advanced previous research by systematically incorporating the context dimension, i. e. , considering how parks are embedded in their built, social, and natural environment. Detailed measures of the quantities of structural elements in parks allowed for differentiated assessments of the quality of parks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence the use and visitation of urban green spaces (UGS) and parks, emphasizing their importance. It mentions issues such as accessibility, maintenance, and social dynamics related to parks, which suggests that urban green spaces and parks still play a critical role in urban environments despite the introduction of vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It is recommended that better processing of raw materials should be followed in order to remove the substances with purgative action and ensure better quality. 4. ConclusionIn this report, a simple and fast HPLC method was developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in both aloe leaves and aloe-based products. The existence of a pattern in the concentrations of aloins, depending on the position of the leaves in the potted plants grown under normal conditions, is of great importance. In addition, it was demonstrated that environmental conditions influence the concentrations of aloins to a greater extent than seasonal variations. It was also observed that, in most aloe products, aloins and aloe emodin were absent, while in the case of two juices, they were quantified at levels above the permissible limits. - of Detection LOQ Limit of -/N signal-to-noise ratio -authors acknowledge the University of Cyprus for financial support. 30. Kumar S, Yadav JP (2014) Ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Aloe vera : A review. J Res 8:1387–1398. (2019) Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera — A miracle gift of nature. Phytomedicine 60:152996. . (2013) Therapeutic and of Aloe vera : A Review. 4:599–610. (2013) Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in Aloe barbadensis Mill by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry-ion trap-time-of-flight and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. J Anal 80:94–106. (2012) Simultaneous determination of aloin A and aloe emodin in products containing Aloe vera by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. 3612–3619. Gutterman Y, Chauser-(2000) Peripheral defence strategy: Variation of barbaloin content in the succulent leaf parts of Aloe arborescens Miller (Liliaceae). 132:385–395. Chauser-Volfson E, (1996) The barbaloin content and distribution in aloe arborescens leaves according to the leaf part, age, position, and season. 44:289–296. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the processing and chemical analysis of aloe vera products, discussing concepts such as HPLC methods and bioactive compounds, rather than any historical or practical applications of aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: In the stable electricity production period, with the increase of nitrogen to phosphorus ratio from 3. 67:1 to 6. 67:1 of MFCs, the apparent internal resistance of MFCs of bacteria No. 2 first decreased, then increased and finally decreased (Fig. 6A). When the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio is 4. 67:1, the apparent internal resistance is the smallest, which is 494. 07 Ω. The maximum power density of the MFC of bacteria No. 2 is the highest, which is 13. 33 mW·m− 3 (Fig. 6B), and the power generation performance is the best. It is further shown that in the environment where the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus is 4. 67:1, the MFC of bacteria No. 2 has the best electricity-generating performance. 2. 3 Effect of temperature on the electricity-generating bacteria 2. 3. 1 Effect of temperature on the growth curve of bacteria The growth of bacteria is quite different at different temperatures (Fig. 7). The proliferation rate of bacteria No. 2 increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature. The proliferation rate of bacteria No. 2 was the fastest at 25°C, which is the optimum temperature. When the temperature is lower than the optimum temperature, the environmental adaptability of the bacteria No. 2 is poor, and the growth of the bacteria is slower. When the temperature is higher than the optimum temperature (25 ℃), the strain intracellular proteins and nucleic acids are irreversibly damaged, resulting in a decrease in growth rate (Gao et al. 2018). 2. 3. 1 Effect of temperature on the electricity generation performance of bacteria The effect of temperature on the electricity-generating performance of bacteria No. 2 is shown in Fig. 8. The temperature was continuously increased from 5 ℃ to 35 ℃, and bacteria No. 2 was able to generate electricity. When the temperature is constant, the bacteria No. 2 continue to grow and reproduce in the start of MFC, the electron transfer rate increases, and the voltage continues to rise. With the increase of temperature, the output voltage of bacteria No. 2 in the stable period increased first and then decreased, and the stable voltage at 25 ℃ was the largest, which could reach 132. 14 mV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the performance of a specific bacteria (No. 2) in a microbial fuel cell (MFC), highlighting its ability to generate electricity under various conditions. It details how the bacteria produce electricity during experiments, indicating their role in converting organic matter into electrical energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: We presented a scoring approach for green space quality that can be used to identify spatial as well as qualitative gaps and improvement potential that may support urban planning in the context of urban green space development projects. In the case of Leipzig, we found that mainly smaller parks provided the highest indicator values and quality scores, indicating that they serve as important green spaces in the dense inner-city areas and complement the city’s extensive forests, which are available around the built-up area. When assessing the potential for improving the quality of parks, we mainly identified context measures as being the most needed but also as feasible leverage points for management interventions, e. g. , through traffic reduction or better connections to public transport. Our approach is comprehensive for the case of urban parks in a context but is flexible enough to allow for adaption to other urban green space types and regions. Depending on the specific case, weighted or different sets of indicators may be more suitable and could be complemented by additional aspects. Furthermore, our proposed UGS quality indicators can be applied in detailed ecosystem service assessments or models. 10. 5281/zenodo. 4109697. . , J. Langemeyer, S. Borgström, T. McPhearson, D. Haase, J. Kronenberg, D. N. Barton, M. Davis, S. Naumann, L. Röschel, and F. Baró. 2019. Enabling green and blue infrastructure to improve contributions to human well-being and equity in urban systems. BioScience 69(7):566-574. Arnberger, A. 2012. Urban densification and recreational quality of public urban green spaces—a Viennese case study. Sustainability 4(4):703-720. Ash, N. , H. Blanco, C. Brown, K. Garcia, T. Henrichs, N. Lucas, C. Raudsepp-Hearne, R. D. Simpson, R. Scholes, T. P. Tomich, B. Vira, and M. Zurek. 2010. Ecosystems and human well-being: A manual for assessment practitioners. . [online] URL: Banaszak-Cibicka, W. , L. Twerd, M. Fliszkiewicz, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of parks, particularly in dense urban areas like Leipzig. It indicates that smaller parks provided the highest quality scores and serve as essential green spaces that complement the urban environment. The mention of 'context measures' for improving parks further emphasizes their necessity in urban planning, reinforcing the idea that urban green spaces, including parks, are vital rather than eliminated by structures like vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2004) Studies on the components of Aloe arborescens from Japan - Monthly variation and differences due to part and position of the leaf. Ecol 32:783–795. Sánchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Mariscal-Domínguez MF, Cruz-Flores P, Campas-Baypoli ON, Cantú-Soto EU, Sanches-(2017) An HPLC procedure for the quantification of aloin in latex and gel from aloe barbadensis leaves. J 55:251–257. (2013) Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity by a whole-leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera) in F344/N rats. 131:26–39. (2017) Aloin, a component of the aloe vera plant leaf, induces pathological changes and modulates the composition of microbiota in the large intestines of F344/N Male Rats. 158:302–318. (2004) Analysis of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4:1739–1744. Durón (2008) Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of aloin in herbal products containing Aloe vera. 91:1265–1270. (2018) Rapid quantification of aloin A and B in aloe plants and aloe-containing beverages, and pharmaceutical preparations by microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J 41:3772–3781. (1995) High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of aloe constituents and determination of aloin in beverages with reference to the EEC regulation for flavouring substances. J 718:99–106. (2021) Quantitative determination of aloin, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of Aloe vera leaf gel products from Greece. J Agric 101:414–423. (2021) Fast and easily applicable LC-UV method for analysis of bioactive anthrones from Aloe leaf latex. J Anal 195:113834. (2012) Mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) in different growth stages. J Chem 60:11222–11228. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it primarily discusses various studies focusing on the chemical analysis and effects of components in Aloe vera, such as aloin, without reference to its historical use or efficacy in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: At 25 ℃, the growth of bacteria No. 2 is the best, the metabolism speed is accelerated, and the degradation of organic matter in the anode substrate is accelerated, so the electron generation speed is accelerated, the voltage is increased (Huang et al. 2015). With the increase of temperature, the apparent internal resistance first decreases and then increases. At 25 ℃, the apparent internal resistance of the MFC of bacteria No. 2 was the smallest (169. 06 Ω), and the electricity production performance was the best (Fig. 9A). The effect of different temperatures on the MFC power density curve of bacteria No. 2 was further investigated (Fig. 9B). When the temperature increases from 5 ℃ to 35 ℃, the power density of MFC increases first and then decreases, and reaches the highest at 25 ℃, up to 57. 17 mW m− 3, which further shows that 25 ℃ is the optimum temperature of MFC of bacteria No. 2. 2. 4 Effect of pH on the electricity-generating bacteria 2. 4. 1 Effect of pH on the growth curve of bacteria The effect of pH on the growth of bacteria No. 2 (Fig. 10). When pH = 6 and pH = 8, the doubling rate of bacteria No. 2 in the logarithmic phase is very low, and the proliferation rate is slow. When pH = 6. 5 and pH = 7. 5, the bacteria proliferation is relatively fast. The doubling rate and the proliferation rate of bacteria No. 2 is the highest when pH = 7. It shows that the growth of bacteria No. 2 is optimal in a neutral environment, and its growth is inhibited in an acidic and alkaline environment. That is because in acidic or alkaline environments, the enzymes and various biological macromolecules of the bacteria will be destroyed. The bacteria will be reduced or even the biological activity losed, the proliferation rate will be reduced or even no longer proliferate, and its growth will be inhibited. It can be seen that the neutral environment (pH = 7) is the most suitable pH for the growth of bacteria No. 2 (He et al. 2014). 2. 4. 2 Effect of pH on the electricity generation performance of bacteria The effects of different pH environments on the MFCs voltage of bacteria No. 2 are shown in Fig. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the role of bacteria in the process of converting organic matter into electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It states that at optimal conditions (25 ℃), bacteria growth enhances the metabolism of organic matter, which accelerates electron generation and increases voltage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: 55(2):73-83. Konijnendijk, C. C. , M. Annerstedt, A. B. Nielsen, and S. Maruthaveeran. 2013. Benefits of urban parks: a systematic review. A report for and Alnarp. of Park and Recreation Administration, Wellington, New Zealand. [online] URL: Kraemer, R. , and N. Kabisch. 2021. Geospatial data on quality indicators and scores for parks in the city of Leipzig, Germany. [online] URL: Kremer, P. , Z. Hamstead, D. Haase, T. McPhearson, N. Frantzeskaki, E. Andersson, N. Kabisch, N. Larondelle, E. L. Rall, A. Voigt, F. Baró, C. Bertram, E. Gómez-Baggethun, R. Hansen, A. Kaczorowska, J. -H. Kain, J. Kronenberg, J. Langemeyer, S. Pauleit, K. Rehdanz, M. Schewenius, C. van Ham, D. Wurster, and T. Elmqvist. 2016. Key insights for the future of urban ecosystem services research. Ecology and Society 21(2):29. Kumar, P. , A. Druckman, J. Gallagher, B. Gatersleben, S. Allison, T. S. Eisenman, U. Hoang, S. Hama, A. Tiwari, A. Sharma, K. V. Abhijith, D. Adlakha, A. McNabola, T. Astell-Burt, X. Feng, A. C. Skeldon, S. de Lusignan, and L. Morawska. 2019. The nexus between air pollution, green infrastructure and human health. 133(Pt A):105181. Larondelle, N. , D. Haase, and N. Kabisch. 2014. Mapping the diversity of regulating ecosystem services in European cities. Change 26:119-129. Layke, C. , A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to contrast the claim by referencing multiple studies that emphasize the benefits and importance of urban parks and green infrastructure. For example, it mentions a systematic review on the benefits of urban parks, which suggests that urban green spaces play a vital role for cities rather than being eliminated by concepts like vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2013) Chemometric studies on mineral distribution and microstructure analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel at different harvesting regimens. Prod 51:194–201. (2020) UV of Aloin in Aloe vera (A. vera) on Processing. J 75:1137–1142. (2015) Multi-responses extraction optimization combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and chemometrics techniques for the fingerprint analysis of Aloe barbadensis Miller. J Anal 107:131–140. (2023) of and Screening of Markers of Aloe vera ( L. ) Burm. f. from Origins via Ultra-High-with Quadrupole – Orbitrap-High-. J 1–10. (2015) An analysis of the influence of growth periods on potential functional and biochemical properties and thermal analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel. Prod 76:298–305. Ray A, (2018) Chemometrics for Distribution, and UV of Aloe vera L. Gel at Periods. Proc 5:22245–22253. (2011) Determination of aloe emodin in Aloe vera extracts and commercial formulations by HPLC with tandem UV absorption and fluorescence detection. 126:387–393. (2017) Profile of bioactive secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity of leaf exudates from eighteen Aloe species. Prod 108:44–51. (2011) Processing food applications and safety of aloe vera products : a review. J food 48:525–533. Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, (2016) Effects of water stress and light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments of Aloe vera L. Biochem 106:141–148. Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Modarres-(2017) Effects of zeolite and water stress on growth, yield and chemical compositions of Aloe vera L. Manag 181:66–72. (2012) African aloe ecology: A review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references and studies focused on various analyses and properties of Aloe vera, but it does not directly address or support the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: With the continuous increase of pH, the output voltage of bacteria No. 2 MFCs in the stable period of electricity production first increases and then decreases. When pH = 7, the stable production voltage of MFC is the highest, which can reach 168. 05 mV. It is because at pH = 7, bacteria No. 2 has the highest biological activity, the fastest metabolism, the fastest electron generation and transfer rate, and the highest production voltage of MFC. However, too high pH will make the positively charged ions near the anode tend to be in a reduced state, which will inhibit the generation and transfer of electrons (He et al. 2004, Xia et al. 2015). Therefore, in a neutral environment (pH = 7), bacteria No. 2 can better exert its electricity-generating activity, and the ability of produce electricity is the strongest (Wu et al. 2011). With the increase of pH, the apparent internal resistance of bacteria No. 2 MFCs decreased first and then increased. In a neutral environment (pH = 7), the apparent internal resistance is the smallest (166. 98 Ω), and the electricity production performance was the best (Fig. 12A). The effect of pH on the MFC power density curve of bacteria No. 2 (Fig. 12B), with the increase of pH, the maximum power density first increased and then decreased, and the maximum power density was at pH = 7. It is further proved that in the neutral environment of pH = 7, the MFC of bacteria No. 2 had the best electricity-generating performance. ConclusionAn electricity-generating bacteria was isolated from the oily sludge MFCs, which was identified as Bacillus cereus. The electricity-generating bacteria has a rod-shaped cell, about 0. 5-1. 0 µm in length. After adjusting the environmental adaptability of nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (3. 67:1, 4. 67:1, 5. 67:1, and 6. 67:1), temperature (5 ℃, 10 ℃, 15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃) and pH (pH = 6, 6. 5, 7, 7. 5, 8) showed that the optimal nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, temperature and pH of MFCs were 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the performance of bacteria No. 2 in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), specifically identifying Bacillus cereus as an electricity-generating bacterium. It mentions the optimal conditions under which these bacteria generate electricity, indicating their role in converting organic matter into electrical energy. The findings about the impact of pH on the electricity generation reinforce the idea that bacteria are essential for the function of microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Príncipe, A. Anjos, P. Silva, N. Lopes, C. Freitas, M. Santos-Reis, O. Correia, C. Branquinho, and P. Pinho. 2018. Ecosystem services: urban parks under a magnifying glass. 160:469-478. Mueller, N. , D. Rojas-Rueda, X. Basagaña, M. Cirach, T. Cole-Hunter, P. Dadvand, D. Donaire-Gonzalez, M. Foraster, M. Gascon, D. Martinez, C. Tonne, M. Triguero-Mas, A. Valentín, and M. Nieuwenhuijsen. 2017. Urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: a health impact assessment for cities. Perspectives 125(1):89-96. Neis, P. , D. Zielstra, and A. Zipf. 2012. The street network evolution of crowdsourced maps: OpenStreetMap in Germany 2007-2011. 4(1):1-21. Niemelä, J. 2014. Ecology of urban green spaces: the way forward in answering major research questions. Landscape and 125:298-303. Nowak, D. J. , S. Hirabayashi, M. Doyle, M. McGovern, and J. Pasher. 2018. Air pollution removal by urban forests in Canada and its effect on air quality and human health. 29:40-48. OpenStreetMap contributors. 2019. Planet dump. Planet OSM. [online] URL: Palliwoda, J. , E. Banzhaf, and J. A. Priess. 2020. How do the green components of urban green infrastructure influence the use of ecosystem services? Examples from Leipzig, Germany. 35:1127-1142. Palliwoda, J. , I. Kowarik, and M. von der Lippe. 2017. Human-biodiversity interactions in urban parks: the species level matters. Landscape and 157:394-406. Pataki, D. E. , M. M. Carreiro, J. Cherrier, N. E. Grulke, V. Jennings, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents research related to urban green spaces and their ecosystem services, which suggests a continuing need for these spaces. It cites various studies that discuss the roles of urban parks, such as air pollution removal, human-biodiversity interactions, and the ecological benefits of urban green infrastructure. This implies that urban green spaces serve important functions that may not be fully replaced by vertical forests, thereby contrasting with the claim that vertical forests eliminate the need for such spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Traditional medicine serves as the primary healthcare source for around 80% of the Ethiopian population, with over 95% of medical preparations derived from plants [8]. However, the continued existence of these medicinal plants is threatened by various factors, including habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, deforestation, firewood collection, and environmental degradation [9,10,11]. Ethiopia, renowned for its exceptional plant diversity, cultural richness, and ancient medical practices, is a hub for ethnomedicinal research [12, 13]. The northwestern lowland area of the country, home to several protected areas and communal forests, is particularly known for its diverse plant species [14,15,16]. Quara, a district in this lowland area, is inhabited by indigenous communities with diverse ethnic backgrounds, including Gumuz, Amhara, and Agew [17, 18]. Additionally, the district has experienced in-migration from different parts of the Amhara region of the country, driven by government resettlement programs [19] and through informal means driven by the search for agricultural and grazing lands [17]. The healthcare system in Quara includes various facilities such as a hospital, health stations, clinics, and pharmacies. However, this infrastructure is severely limited, with only 169 health professionals serving a population of 93,629 [20]. As a result, the local community continues to rely heavily on traditional medicinal plants and associated knowledge. The hot temperatures are prevalent across most of the kebeles in Quara leaving the population vulnerable to a range of diseases and insect-borne illnesses. The top ten human ailments recorded in the district in four successive years (2017/18-2020/21) included malaria, typhoid and paratyphoid, acute upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, functional intestinal disorder, fever of unknown origin, dyspepsia, helminthiases, amoebiasis and disorder of urinary system [20]. Adding to the burden of the inadequate healthcare system, the district experiences a high influx of seasonal agricultural laborers, further straining the limited resources. The remote location of Quara, its distance from major towns, and its proximity to the Sudanese border have facilitated the exchange of traditional medicinal plant knowledge across communities. This has likely led to the discovery of novel ethnobotanical findings in the area. Consequently, the local people have been compelled to rely on and share their knowledge of traditional medicinal plants to address their healthcare needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the reliance of the Ethiopian population on traditional medicinal plants and the various factors affecting their availability. It does not specifically mention Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: 67:1, 25 ℃ and pH = 7, respectively, and its output voltage was up to 168. 05 mV. In addition, The growth of electricity-generating bacteria is also optimal in the optimal environment. The study of this functional bacteria will provide beneficial assistance for the improvement of oil removal and power generation performance of oily sludge MFCs. DeclarationsAuthor information of and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256600, China. Guo Haiying, ＆ of Safety & Environment Technology, Beijing, 100083, China. Shengli oil field, Sinopec Group, Dongying, 257000, of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, 430100, contribution Guo Haiying, were responsible of the conception and design of the work. Huang Chunfeng, were responsible of the data gathering and analysis, and writing and revising all drafts of the manuscript. study was funded by State key laboratory for the control and treatment of petroleum and petrochemical pollutants, China (PPC2017005). (ZR2020KE041). Project of Binzhou University, China (201502). Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval The authors acknowledge that the current research have been conducted ethically. They declares that this manuscript does not involve research about humans or animals. Consent to participate The authors consented to participate in this research study. Consent for publication The authors consented to publish the current research in the journal. Conflicts of interest The authors declare no competing interests. 28. (2013) Startup and influencing factors of microbial fuel cell with refinery wastewater as fuel[J]. 7(06):2100– (2018) Novel bacillus cereus strain from electrokinetically remediated saline soil towards the remediation of crude oil[J], vol 25. , pp 26351–. 26 (2008) Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell [J]. Bioelectrochemistry 74(1):78– Kristina J, Aleksandra Ž, Erad et al (2020) Optimization of microbial fuel cell operation using sediment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of electricity-generating bacteria in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and how these bacteria contribute to power generation performance. The mention of optimizing conditions for the growth of these bacteria indicates their involvement in converting organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Main menu Home ContentAhead of to of menu Log in for this keyword Advanced search Log in Search for this keyword Home ContentAhead of to of 10. 48044/jauf. 2002. 003 William E. of Forest Resources/Parks, Recreation and 28229634-0735, U. S. Roles: ProfessorFind this author on 1995. Results indicated that considerable amounts of privacy were obtained during visits to the urban forests and parks, that people spent an average of two-plus hours per visit to these privacy refuges, that certain settings (habitats) within the refuges were preferred over others for privacy, and that “reflective thought” was the most important function (benefit) that privacy served within the refuges. The findings have implications for preserving and managing urban forests and parks as nearby refuges where the basic human need for privacy can be found. Key WordsBenefitssolitudevisitor surveysurban forestryUrban forests and parks, though near homes, offer removed settings and/or refuges from everyday home and work environments where people can get away and enjoy the psychological and recreational benefits of privacy. Privacy in most environments is known to be a basic psychological need of humans (Altman 1975; Proshansky et al. 1976). It has also been documented to be an important factor for people visiting forests and parks and has been shown to serve many beneficial functions during visits to these forested areas (Stankey 1973, 1989; Hammitt and Brown 1984; Hammitt and Rutlin 1995). Forested environments and privacy are somewhat synonymous, for forest environments are commonly thought of as natural areas where one can get away and find an element of privacy. In this sense, they serve as refuges from the nonprivacy domains of home and work environments (Westin 1967; Appleton 1975; Hammitt 2000). This is not to say that elements of privacy cannot be found at home (e. g. , the basement hideaway) or at work (e. g. , the laboratory). However, forests, parks, and associated natural areas tend to serve as macro-environments where privacy is more extensive compared to settings within home and work places (Kaplan and Kaplan 1989). The purpose of this 0. 40 for items to be included in a factor, and only factors with eigenvalues ≥ 1. 0 were extracted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of urban forests and parks for privacy and recreational benefits. It highlights that these natural areas serve as vital refuges that fulfill basic human needs for privacy and offer psychological benefits, suggesting that they cannot be replaced or eliminated by vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: However, there are growing concerns about the potential loss of this traditional knowledge and skill, primarily due to habitat degradation, modern education, acculturation, and the waning interest of younger generations [21, 22]. This problem is also prevalent in the lowlands of northwestern Ethiopia. Despite numerous ethnobotanical studies conducted across Ethiopia in recent years, the traditional medicinal plant knowledge of the Quara district remains undocumented. Given the district’s cultural diversity, rich vegetation cover, and other factors contributing to its reliance on traditional medicine, it is hypothesized that a wealth of valuable medicinal plant knowledge exists among the ethnic groups in Quara that warrants further study. Moreover, comparing the findings of such a study with the broader Ethiopian ethnobotanical medicinal plant database could provide valuable insights into the regional distribution and utilization of these plants, further enriching our understanding of Ethiopia’s remarkable traditional plant-based healthcare system. Given the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara, as well as the pressing need to document and preserve its traditional medicinal plant knowledge, the present study aims to (i) document the medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge used by the local communities, (ii) assess the major threats to the medicinal plants, and (iii) identify and report any new ethnomedicinal plant species data and usage information not previously recorded. The overarching goal of these research objectives is to contribute to the conservation and sustainable utilization of valuable plant resources in the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara. Materials and methodsDescription of the study areaThe study was conducted in Quara district, located in the Zone of the in northwestern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The district is situated between 11°47′5. 4″ and 12°31′3. 6″ N latitude and 35°15′48″ to 36°48′51″ E longitude, with an altitude range of 530 to 1900 meters above sea level [23]. Fig. 1Map of Ethiopia showing the Amhara region and the study sitesFull size imageQuara district comprises 28 kebeles, which are the smallest administrative units. The average annual temperature in the district ranges from 25 to 35 °C, and the mean annual rainfall varies between 600 and 1200 mm [24]. The district experiences an unimodal rainfall pattern, with the rainy season starting in early May and ending in early October. The months between October and May are characterized by dry, hot weather conditions [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the loss of traditional knowledge and the need for documentation of ethnobotanical practices in the Quara district of Ethiopia without providing any information about Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: J 476:228739 (2015) Exoelectrogenic bacterium phylogenetically related to citrobacter freundii, isolated from anodic biofilm of a microbial fuel cell[J]. Biotechnol 175(4):1879– (2014) Enhanced bioremediation of oily sludge using co-culture of specific bacterial and yeast strains[J]. J Biotechnol 89(11):1785– (2004) Nutrient balance and mechanism of biological degradation of oil[J]. Environmental Science, (01):91 ~ 94 (1999) Direct electrode reaction of Fe(â…¢) reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens[J]. J Microbiol Biotech-nology 9(2):127– (2011) Tunable metallic-like conductivity in microbial nanowire networks[J]. 6:573– -Naggar MY et al (2013) Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Exhibit p-Type, Behavior[J]. 13(6):2407– (2015) Isolation and characterization of a novelelectricity-producing yeast, Candida sp. IR11[J]. 192:556– (2007) Composition and Measurement of the Resistance in Cell[J]. 28(8):1894– (2012) Lack of cytochrome involvement in long-range electron transport through conductive biofilms and nanowires of Geobacter sulfurreducens [J], vol 5. Energy & Environmental Science, p 8651. 9 Potter MC (1911) Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds. B 84(1):260– Prado A, Berenguer R, Esteve-Núñez A (2019) Electroactive biochar outperforms highly conductive carbon materials for biodegrading pollutants by enhancing microbial extracellular electron transfer. Carbon 146:597– Rachavulu SV, Mohan S, v, Coud RK et al (2009) Effectof anodic pH microenvironment on microbial fuel cell(MFC) performance in concurrence with aerated and ferri-cyanide catholytes [J]. 11(2):371– (2006) Effectsof membrane cation transport on pH and microbial fuel cell performance [J], vol 40. & Technology, pp 5206–. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various bacteria, such as Shewanella putrefaciens and Geobacter sulfurreducens, which are involved in processes related to microbial fuel cells. The mention of 'exoelectrogenic bacterium' and pathways for electron transfer implies the role of bacteria in electricity generation from organic substrates, thus directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: 50) and only a moderate amount occurred at home (, SD = 2. 55). These three degrees of desired privacy were significantly different at the p =. 001 level. Thus, the data indicate that nearby urban forests and parks provide greater opportunities for achieving a higher degree of desired privacy than do work and/or home environments, lending support for the claim that urban forests/parks may serve as privacy refuges. Refuges as Opportunities to Be AwayWhile urban forests and parks may serve as nearby refuges where people can be away on a temporary basis and achieve a high degree of privacy, what do we know about the being-away properties of these privacy refuge experiences? The concept of a refuge, by definition, denotes a place “to which one has resources for aid, relief, or escape” (Barnhart 1960: 1018). Thus, both a positive (e. g. , aid, relief) and negative (e. g. , escape) aspect are associated with the concept of a refuge. Outdoor and urban recreation planners have commonly felt that a major reason for recreating in forested areas is escape—often defined as temporary escape from residential and more everyday environments. Recreation planners and researchers have also recognized that people visit forest and park refuges for the peace, tranquility, and restorative resources of these areas (Kaplan and Kaplan 1989). Thus, two major aspects—the desire to be away from the everyday place (e. g. , home, work, etc. ) and/or to be away to a natural place—may both serve as properties of forest/park refuges. To investigate the privacy and being-away properties of refuge visits in more detail, study respondents were asked to indicate the importance to them of “being away from” and “being away to” reasons for visiting the four Metroparks. They were also asked the importance of 14 specific aspects of being away from and to opportunities at the privacy refuges. When the two single-item measures of being away were examined, visitors felt the opportunity to be away to a natural place was more important (based on a 10-point importance rating scale) than the opportunity to be away from the everyday place ( vs. 7. 33, t (393) = 8. 52, p =. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance and benefits of urban forests and parks. It discusses how urban forests and parks provide opportunities for privacy and serve as refuges for escape from everyday environments, indicating that they play a significant role in urban planning and recreation rather than being eliminated by vertical forests.