Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: The length of each extracted peptide is 21 with a measured phosphorylated residue in the 11th position. To generate the background data set N, we first extract all 21-mers with a phosphorylated residue in the center position from the TAIR7 protein database. Then, we remove all peptides already in P. The remaining peptides form the background data. One may worry that such background data generation procedure will disable the extraction of meaningful motifs since N contains many peptides that can be phosphorylated but are not identified so far. We like to point out that these potential phosphorylated peptides are overwhelmed by those truly non-phosphorylated peptides in N. Thus, this data generation does not change the characteristics of the background set N. Overall, we generate three groups of data for serine (denoted by PhAtS), threonline (denoted by PhAtT) and tyrosine (denoted by PhAtY), respectively. Their characteristics are the following: PhAtS: It contains 2734 foreground sequences and 982050 background sequences. PhAtT: It contains 415 foreground sequences and 550574 background sequences. PhAtY: It contains 80 foreground sequences and 304344 background sequences. Performance comparisonIn the experiments, we compare our Motif-All algorithm against the Motif-X algorithm [2] and the MoDL algorithm [3]. Note that we didn’t include other motif finding algorithms such as [8] in the comparison. This is because these algorithms are not designed for phosphorylation motif discovery and it has been shown that MoDL [3] is superior to these methods. The results of Motif-All, Motif-X and MoDL are listed in Fig. 3. Some important observations are summarized as follows. Figure 3Performance comparison using data generated from PhosPhAt database 3. 0. In Motif-All, we fix the p-value threshold to be 10-6 and report the results at the support threshold of 8% and 10%, respectively. Since it is not allowed to upload more than 10MB data to the Motif-X server, we set the “background” option of Motif-X to “IPI Arabidopsis Proteome” to mimic the background data in our local machine. As shown in [2], Motif-X is robust to the choice of background data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining specific methodologies and limitations in the process of extracting and analyzing phosphorylation motifs from biological data. It highlights potential issues such as the overwhelming presence of non-phosphorylated peptides in the generated background data and acknowledges that certain algorithms are not designed for specific discovery tasks. This suggests that bioinformatics, while powerful, may not perfectly model all biological processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 설계조위 산정 및 관리 방안으로는 ⓒ 남해, 동해와 같이 해역에 따라서 실제로 태풍 · 폭풍 내습시 해일이 대조기 만조와 조우하여 오는 경우도 종종 있으므로 이에 대한 조사분석 결과에 근거하여 조우확률이 낮은 경우에 기존 산정방식을 적용하는 것이 타당하다 사료된다. 둘째, 방파제에 적용되는 다양한 형상의 슬릿케이슨의 경우 평면적으로 요철형 케이슨은 지양하자는 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential for harboring life. Instead, it discusses tidal surges in relation to typhoons and storm management in maritime regions. Thus, it is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Women’s survival strategies and experiences with support services as home-based micro-entrepreneurs in --- 10. Microfinance, informal finance and empowerment of the poor: lessons from a case study of the SHG-bank linkage programme in a backward district in India --- 11. Emerging women micro-entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: the “missing middle” --- 12. Microfinance technology and linkages with non-financial services --- 13. Microfinance, rural livelihoods and women’s empowerment – a participatory learning system to assess and enhance impact --- 14. Microfinance and women’s empowerment: research approach and findings from an impact assessment of MFIs in India --- 15. Self-help groups and the empowerment of Women – a study on Society in Alleppey, Kerala --- 16. Microfinance and self-help groups – the way ahead (with special reference to Kanyakumari district) --- 17. Findings from the mid-term impact assessment study of the CASHE programme in Orissa, carried out by Sampark, Bangalore --- 18. Microfinance and empowerment – concepts and tools: some preliminary insights from the SHG model in --- 19. SHGs and their place and role in civil society --- 20. Social externalities of women’s empowerment through microfinance: a comparative study of two interventions --- 21. Empowerment of SHG/DWCRA women through microfinance: A study in --- 22. Microcredit programmes, poverty alleviation and empowerment of women – some empirical evidence from Kerala --- 23. From passive participation to effective leadership: a study on empowerment of women in Dakshina Kannada, India --- 10. 4000/books. pur. 46813 Guérin, Isabelle. (2014) Genre et savoirs. DOI: 10. 4000/books. irdeditions. 9146 Destremau, Blandine. Lautier, Bruno. (2015) Sous le développement, le genre. DOI: 10. 4000/books. irdeditions. 8776 Guérin, Isabelle. Roesch, Marc. Servet, Jean-Michel. (2009) Finance for a Better World. DOI: 10. 1057/9780230235755_2 Destremau, Blandine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting various studies and findings related to microfinance and its impact on women, micro-entrepreneurs, and underserved populations in different regions, including India and Bangladesh. It emphasizes the role of microfinance in empowerment and financial support, which aligns with the claim that microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is acceptable to use such setting in the performance comparison. Since the occurrence threshold of Motif-X has a similar effect as the support constraint of Motif-All, we set this parameter to be the value that is equivalent to the support value of 8%, i. e. , it is specified as 219, 33 and 6 for and PhAtY, respectively. We download the Matlab codes of MoDL to perform motif discovery using its default configurations. The notation “[]” denotes a conserved position that match any letter contained in the bracket. Full size imageFirstly, our algorithm is able to find more statistically significant phosphorylation motifs than existing algorithms. This is because our method has a theoretical guarantee on the completeness of results under a given parameter setting. In particular, almost all reported motifs of Motif-X and MoDL are included in the motif set of Motif-All. There are two exceptions: one is the motif “T D” detected by Motif-X and another is the motif “K. . T” found by MoDL. After checking these two motifs carefully, we found that the p-value of “T D” is 1. 1 × 10–5 and the p-value of “K. . T” is 2. 4 × 10–3 according to our significance test. Obviously, both motifs are not statistically significant according to the p-value threshold of 10–6. Secondly, the increase of support threshold for Motif-All will generate motif set that is very similar to that of Motif-X and MoDL. This is clearly visible in PhAtT and PhAtY. To further check if this is true, we also perform motif finding on PhAtS at the support threshold of 15%. We obtain three motifs under this setting: “R. . S”, “S. S” and “S P”. This result set is almost identical to that of Motif-X and MoDL listed in Fig. 3. This means that Motif-All not only can find more useful motifs but also is capable of serving as a substitute of existing algorithms in a flexible manner. Finally, we can generate more motifs using Motif-X by lowering the occurrence threshold. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while the proposed methods in motif discovery have their strengths and advantages, such as finding statistically significant motifs and having a theoretical guarantee on completeness, it implies limitations. For instance, it states there are exceptions where certain motifs detected by Motif-X and MoDL are not deemed statistically significant. This suggests that not all biological processes, specifically in the context of motif analysis, can be perfectly modeled, as there are instances where the results from different algorithms do not yield perfect equivalence or significance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 일반적인 형상인 사각형상의 케이슨에 비해 비경제적이며, 고파랑 해역에서 슬릿부재의 케이슨은 충격적인 파랑작용 등으로 부재의 내구성에서 아직 충분한 검토가 이루어지지 않았기 때문이다. 셋째, 방파제 설계시 상대마루높이 상향 적용의 요인은 월파 저감을 통한 항내정온도 개선을 위함이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 방파제 배후에 넓은 수역이 있고 대형선박이 접안하는 경우라면 기본적으로 상대마루높이 α = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to discuss aspects related to engineering and the design of breakwaters, specifically the economic evaluation and structural integrity of caissons in marine environments. It does not address Europa's subsurface ocean or its potential to harbor life, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: (2007) Le microcrédit au péril du néolibéralisme et de marchands d'illusions. Manifeste pour une inclusion financière socialement responsable. Revue du MAUSS, n° 29. DOI: 10. 3917/rdm. 029. 0329 Guérin, Isabelle. Fouillet, Cyril. Hillenkamp, Isabelle. Martinez, Olivier. Morvant-Roux, Solène. Roesch, Marc. (2007) Microfinance : effets mitigés sur la lutte contre la pauvreté. Annuaire suisse de politique de développement. DOI: 10. 4000/aspd. 127 Bott, Esther. Ojha, Shalini. Mini, Sunita. Kamal Kumar, Rajeev. Choudhary, Sunil. Yaron, Gil. Smyth, Alan R. (2023) Daily Bread: Women’s Self-and the of Money. Online, 28. DOI: 10. 1177/13607804211058745 Servet, Jean-Michel. (2007) Au-delà du trou noir de la financiarisation. Annuaire suisse de politique de développement. DOI: 10. 4000/aspd. 117 Servet, Jean-Michel. (2007) Jenseits des schwarzen Lochs der Finanzialisierung. für Entwicklungspolitik. DOI: 10. 4000/sjep. 371 Guérin, Isabelle. Fouillet, Cyril. Hillenkamp, Isabelle. Martínez, Olivier. Morvant-Roux, Solène. Roesch, Marc. (2007) Mikrofinanz : auf die Armutsbekämpfung. für Entwicklungspolitik. DOI: 10. 4000/sjep. 378 Guérin, Isabelle. Kumar, Santhosh. Agier, Isabelle. (2013) Women's Empowerment: Power to Act or Power over Other Women? Lessons from Indian Microfinance. Studies, 41. DOI: 10. 1080/13600818. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of microfinance in relation to financial inclusion and its impact on poverty alleviation. The references show that various studies and discussions are centered around the effectiveness and outcomes of microfinance in providing services to populations that are often excluded from traditional financial systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: For instance, if the occurrence threshold is set to 20 on PhAtS, Motif-X will return 31 motifs. To test whether Motif-All can still find these motifs, we use an approximately equivalent setting of s = 1% to conduct the experiment. Totally, Motif-All detects 1153 significant motifs that include all 31 motifs reported by Motif-X. The detailed results are available at of support constraintTo test the effect of support threshold, we vary this parameter from 0. 03 to 0. 09 and plot the corresponding numbers of discovered motifs and the running time in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, respectively. Clearly, the number of identified motifs will decrease when the support threshold increases. Moreover, the use of a smaller support threshold may generate too many motifs. Therefore, it is plausible to give priority to larger support thresholds in parameter assignment. Figure 4The effect of support constraint on the number of identified motifs. Note that the number of identified motifs may far exceed the number of phosphorylated peptides. This is because the number of potential phosphorylation motifs is 21(L–1) – 1, where L is the length of each peptide. Full size imageFigure 5The effect of support constraint on the running time. Our algorithm is implemented with Java and is tested on a ThinkPad T400 notebook computer with 2. 4GHz CPU and 3GB RAM. Full size imageThe running efficiency test in Fig. 5 shows that the increase of support threshold will lead to the decrease of running time as well. More importantly, Motif-All can finish the motif finding procedure within 30 seconds, which is faster than Motif-X and MoDL. This means Motif-All is capable of discovering motifs from large data sets very efficiently. DiscussionThe discovery of phosphorylation motifs is a computationally challenging problem. This paper tries to resolve it through the introduction of Motif-All algorithm. Here we discuss several related problems that may need to be further investigated. Problem formulation: One critical question is how to formulate the computational problem for phosphorylation motif discovery. Currently, it is casted either as a search problem or as an optimization problem. Motif-X falls into the first category while MoDL belongs to the second category. In this paper, we opt for the first category since such formulation guarantees that each identified motif is statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the complexities and challenges associated with computational problems in bioinformatics, specifically regarding phosphorylation motif discovery. It mentions that 'the discovery of phosphorylation motifs is a computationally challenging problem,' which indicates that the processes cannot be perfectly modeled, highlighting inherent limitations in using bioinformatics to model biological processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 6을 적용하며, 방파제 배후에 수역이 좁고 소형선박이 접안하는 경우라면 월파에 의한 전달파의 영향을 고려하여 산정할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 기능 복합화로 인한 상치 형상 변화의 경우에는 방파제 선단부분 내측에 접안시설을 설치하는 계획 수립과 고파랑 해역에서 방파제를 개방하여 친수시설로의 이용계획 수립은 지양하자는 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of wave impact and harbor construction, without any mention of Europa or life-sustaining conditions in its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: to the relationship marketing management school,1 the growing importance of customers and a customer-centric view underlines the need for a better understanding of how markets and business-to-consumer (B2C) relationships are developed, maintained and structured. An important concept in this regard is that it is more profitable for a firm to establish long-term customer relationships than to adopt a short-term transaction-oriented approach. 2 In RM theory, generally trust and commitment seem to be inseparable, stating that if both are not in place a relationship is more likely to be a loose and unstable arrangement. In this study, the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships are applied in a consumer mass marketing context of services in order to analyse the relational orientation of a firm's customer base. The aim of the empirical study is to identify the relationship character of the customer base of a service firm in terms of weak and strong relationships. On the surface it might often seem that ongoing relationships exist and develop over time but it is sometimes unclear whether they are built upon low or high levels of trust and of commitment. In general, the terms ‘relationship marketing’ and ‘customer relationship management (CRM)’ are often treated as interchangeable in the academic literature. 3 The CRM concept incorporates and integrates all activities within the firm, the value chain and the network of firms that create, generate and deliver both customer and firm value through value-creating processes. 4 Moreover, CRM is related to business and customer strategy, customer experience and knowledge, the use of information and technology, and development of long-term relationships with customers or customer groups. 5In a recently published paper, Payne and Frow6 have further pointed out that the concept of CRM should even go beyond a customer focus: ‘it requires a cross-functional integration of processes, people, operations, and marketing capabilities that is enabled through information, technology, and applications’ (ibid. , p. 168). Information technology has been used to manage customer relationships in establishing individual one-to-one relationships on a mass customisation basis. 7 The idea of mass customisation based on retaining the economic advantages of mass production has been to consider each customer as a segment in order to customise products and services to meet individual needs and requirements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of customer relationship management (CRM) and how it relates to understanding market segmentation. It highlights that CRM involves considering each customer as a segment to customize products and services to meet individual needs. This aligns with the idea that market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: However, it may report too many motifs than necessary as the statistical significance may not necessarily agrees with the biological interpretation. In this regard, optimization-based formulation has the merit of generating a concise motif set. Therefore, a better problem formulation incorporating the biological knowledge of phosphorylation is still needed. Motif evaluation: In Motif-All, we use two measures for motif assessment: statistical significance and support. Though our initial motivation of introducing the support constraint was to reduce the search space, we later found that it is also of practical importance in motif evaluation. Without the help of support constraint, it is almost impossible to obtain a concise motif set using only the significance test. From this perspective, we strongly recommend the adoption of support as one standard measure for phosphorylation motif evaluation in future studies. Furthermore, we also need to develop new evaluation measures since the combination of significance threshold and support is still insufficient for separating true phosphorylation motifs from false ones in some cases. The general question of developing an effective evaluation measure is open and needs more investigations. Motif utilization: Experimental methods to identify phosphorylation sites are time consuming, labor intensive and expensive [9, 10]. The identified motifs can be used to predict potential phosphorylation sites before biological validation. For instance, the recent released Scan-X method [11] is one such representative, which is built on Motif-X. The capability of finding more significant motifs using Motif-All makes it possible to build more accurate classifiers for better prediction. ConclusionsWe introduced the Motif-All algorithm for finding phosphorylation motifs. Motif-All can identify all statistically significant motifs under a given parameter setting. Meanwhile, it is very fast such that it is able to find hundreds of meaningful motifs from millions of peptide sequences within one minute on a personal computer. Our experimental results show that it outperforms existing phosphorylation motif discovery algorithms. We have shown that Motif-All is able to find more phosphorylation motifs than existing algorithms. However, it is very expensive and difficult to perform biological validation. To measure the correctness of the identified motifs that are not reported by other algorithms, one alternative strategy is to perform permutation test so as to control the false positive rate. Unfortunately, the permutation test is a very time-consuming procedure since it needs to execute Motif-All many times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting limitations of current bioinformatics approaches in modeling biological processes. It states that while the Motif-All algorithm can identify significant motifs efficiently, the complexity of biological validation and the need for evaluation measures indicate that bioinformatics cannot perfectly model biological processes. Additionally, the text emphasizes that existing methods cannot fully distinguish true biological motifs from false ones, suggesting that an ideal or perfect model is not yet achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 부득이 친수이용이 필요한 경우라면 개방과 이용에 대한 운영계획을 먼저 수립하고, 그에 맞는 설계조건을 부여한 마루높이 등을 산정할 필요가 있다. 4. 3 향후 과제 이상과 같이 본 연구의 자료와 성과는 기존 통계자료를 통한 분석 자료이므로 향후 관련 연구자의 추가 세부 연구 등을 통하여 보다 더 구체적으로 검토되어야 할 필요성이 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to harbor life. Instead, it discusses the necessity for operational planning regarding water use and further research that may develop from existing statistical analyses, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Through CRM, segmentation can even be applied to smaller segments in the form of ‘micro marketing’8 or ‘customer specific marketing’9 in order to identify the ‘gold customers’. 10 As an analytical approach, CRM also deals with the use of such tools as loyalty schemes (or programmes) in collecting and analysing data on individual customers for segmentation purposes. As a result of this study, a segmentation approach relating to the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships is suggested in order to analyse a firm's customer base. this section, I discuss the conceptual relationship between the concept of segmentation, on the one hand, and the concepts of trust, commitment, relationships and the transactional/relational continuum, on the other. I discuss the development of the concept of segmentation, in a CRM perspective, with an emphasis on its applicability and usefulness. I also analyse the applicability of such concepts as trust, commitment and relationships for segmentation purposes. I subsequently define the transactional/relational continuum as a basis for customer segmentation and discuss its contribution to the understanding of relationship development in a firm. Altogether, the conceptual framework underlines the option to use a firm's customer base as a ground for segmentation in terms of strong or weak relationships in establishing and maintaining long-term relationships. The two-dimensional concept of segmentationMarket segmentation is one of the most fundamental marketing theory concepts, in terms of matching supply with demand and constituting an important component of a firm's marketing strategy. 11The concept of segmentation was originally related to economic theory, stating that competition is imperfect and that either the lack of homogeneity or close similarity among products is quite evident. 12 For this reason, market segmentation and product differentiation were seen as consistent with the framework of imperfect competition. The segmentation concept was originally developed by American manufacturers in order to move away from mass marketing in consumer markets in terms of all being the same. The segmentation concept can be applied to an investigation of how consumers perceive market structures. The aim should also be to learn more about how consumers perceive the various different brands or products with respect to their strengths, weaknesses, the satisfaction they provide and so on. Finally, it should be possible to integrate and apply the findings strategically in developing and implementing a marketing mix that creates a market position in the minds of the consumers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining how segmentation, particularly through CRM, is applied to target specific customer groups including smaller segments as in 'micro marketing' or 'customer specific marketing'. It outlines how segmentation is fundamental in marketing strategy, enabling businesses to match supply with demand while creating targeted marketing efforts based on customer relationships and perceptions. The discussion on the importance of understanding customer bases and integrating findings strategically aligns directly with the goal of targeting specific customer groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: Payne and Webb noted that in the preindustrial ocean those calls could have been heard about 280 km away, but the low-frequency propulsion noise of modern commercial ships had so elevated ambient noise in the sea that the detection range for whale calls could be as low as 90 km. In addition to that decrease, whale populations had been greatly reduced by whaling. Thus the average separation between vocalizing males and females may have increased at the same time as their range of communication was reduced. If noise interferes with breeding behavior, it could inhibit the recovery of depleted populations. Despite reason for concern, decades passed with little work on how shipping noise affects whale communication. One problem was methodological. How could one study whether shipping noise was the reason that a whale did not detect a call emanating from 200 km away? It has taken marine biologists decades to develop methods to study effects of sounds from sources only a few kilometers away. We still do not know how often shipping noise prevents a whale from detecting important signals. Recent work, however, has shown that marine mammals can compensate for noise, at least to a point, by increasing the level of their own calls, shifting their signals out of the noise band, making their signals longer or more redundant, or waiting to signal until noise is reduced. Many of those compensation mechanisms involve increased energy expenditure or other costs to the signaler. For the signaler to modify its behavior and accept that cost suggests a problem with the reduced range of communication caused by shipping noise. and Webb’s paper was published, researchers have increasingly developed and applied methods to study whether exposure to sound disrupts the normal behavior of marine mammals. Some early experiments, motivated by concerns about the impact of offshore oil-industry activities, tracked migrating gray whales as they passed a sound source moored in the migration corridor off California. The whales, which were exposed to experimental playback of continuous industrial sounds such as those from ships or drill rigs, avoided sound pressure levels (SPLs) of 120 dB relative to 1 µPa. (Henceforth, I’ll drop explicit mention of the 1 µPa reference pressure; see the box on page 41 for a review of definitions and notations of sound levels. ) Aerial observations of bowhead whales migrating past a seismic survey vessel showed that those whales also avoided exposures greater than about 120 dB. The air guns used for the seismic surveys were so intense that the whales rarely came within 20 km of a survey vessel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges in whale communication due to environmental noise, rather than supporting the idea that marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. It indicates that shipping noise significantly reduces the detection range of whale calls and complicates their ability to communicate, suggesting that their communication methods may not be as complex or effective as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 여기서 추가 세부 연구로는 항만 및 해안공학적 관점에서 방파제 구조형식의 적용에 따른 해역별 파랑특성 조건별 설계 적용 상황에 대한 분석, 설계상의 변화과정과 이에 대한 해양물리 영향의 요인 분석, 우리나라 연안의 지반조건과 외곽시설의 구조형식 선정의 연관성, 구조물별로 방파제의 마운드 변화에 따른 충격쇄파압 발생 여부 및 파괴모드 등이 제시될 수 있을 것이다. Fig. 1. Types of main breakwater structure (Ministry of and Fisheries, 2014). Fig. 2. Change in the cross-section of the breakwaters at the port of Mukho. Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to port and coastal engineering, specifically about breakwater structures and their design considerations, which have no connection to the potential for life in Europa’s subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Another issue that is closely related to segmentation procedures is whether to identify the ‘good’ or ‘bad’ customers and to consider retention and valuation accordingly. 1718 Many firms can surely benefit from discovering which customers are the ‘best’ and differentiating between them in terms of loyalty and profitability. 19For this reason, it is also suggested that in order to build and establish relationships the concepts of trust and of commitment are to be seen as prerequisites. On the other hand, it is also stated that it is possible to have relationships with the absence of commitment and a customer seems to be ‘trapped’ rather than committed. 20Trust as a concept is often related to a customer's willingness to rely upon a firm's actions and behaviour in the future. The concept represents relationship quality in the sense that it helps to reduce uncertainty in complex human relationships. 21 Moreover, trust in itself is not a behaviour; instead, it can result from such activities like cooperation or a business deal. Often, trust is seen as an important element and foundation for interpersonal relationships as well as a ground for stability in organisational relationships. Commitment as a concept is mostly related to a relationship where two parties will be loyal and will show stability to each other. Often, there is a wish to maintain a relationship because of activities and investments that link a buyer and a seller together. It may take some time before a commitment can be made, which might imply a more mature relationship. A common opinion is that customer commitment only relates to a seller or a relationship with a seller and no other things. It is also suggested that a high commitment level might be seen as an important emotional barrier in switching behaviour. Relationship as a concept is often related to the types of relationships that might exist between a buyer and a seller. 22 Organisational relationships between a seller and a buyer exist independent of interpersonal relationships between an employee and a customer in contrast to social relationships, which always occur between individuals. In this sense, organisational relationships are also linked to concepts such as reputation and trustworthiness, especially when nonpersonal relationships exist between a seller and a buyer. The transactional/relational continuumA fundamental premise in relationship marketing theory is to consider relationships as a continuum from transactional at one end to relational orientations at the other end proposed by Dwyer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how identifying 'good' or 'bad' customers allows firms to differentiate between them in terms of loyalty and profitability. This aligns with the idea of market segmentation, where businesses can effectively target specific customer groups based on their value to the organization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: In particular, beaked whales, a family of toothed whales, are one of the least studied marine mammals. Even though they live in deep water, beaked whales are known primarily from strandings. Beaked and sperm whales make their living by using echolocation to forage in an ecosystem that thrives hundreds of meters below the sea surface, seldom seen or exploited by humans. The ability to record sound and movements of a toothed whale continuously as it dives provides a powerful capability to learn about the echolocation-based foraging behavior of those poorly known animals. Biologists have used estimates of the population size and metabolic rate of sperm whales to calculate that those whales alone probably take about as much biomass out of the ocean as do all human fisheries. 7 One reason for the ecological success of deep-diving toothed whales is that they use biosonar to find, select, and capture prey (see the 3. Beaked whales use echolocation to find and catch prey. (a) A digital tag attached to a whale reveals strong regular clicks until the whale is close to its prey; the click rate then accelerates. The clicks in the buzz period from −3. 4 s to 0 s are so rapid that they appear continuous. The y-axis gives the sound pressure level (SPL) relative to an arbitrary reference pressure. (b) In this echogram, the y-axis indicates the distance to the prey. More precisely, one measures half the time elapsed between an outgoing click and the returning echo, then multiplies by a presumed sound speed of 1500 m/s. The color scale indicates the energy of the signal: blue for an intense signal, yellow for a faint one. The black dashed curve is to guide the eye through relatively strong echoes from the target the whale was approaching. (c) Tagging can also indicate the magnitude of a whale’s dynamic acceleration. The increased acceleration during the buzz probably indicates movements associated with prey capture. View largeDownload slide Figure 3. Beaked whales use echolocation to find and catch prey. (a) A digital tag attached to a whale reveals strong regular clicks until the whale is close to its prey; the click rate then accelerates. The clicks in the buzz period from −3. 4 s to 0 s are so rapid that they appear continuous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by specifically discussing beaked whales and their use of echolocation as a method of foraging. It does not provide evidence that marine mammals, including beaked whales, communicate in complex human-like languages. Instead, it emphasizes their echolocation abilities, which are focused on prey location rather than sophisticated linguistic communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port on the east coast. Fig. 4. Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port on the south coast. Fig. 5. Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port on the west coast. Fig. 6. Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port in Korea. Fig. 7. Change in the relative wave steepness (H1/3/Lo) used to design the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 8. Change in the relative design wave height (H1/3/h′) of the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 9. Change in the difference in the design water level of the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 10. Change in the h′c/H1/3 of the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 11. Change in the parapet design conditions of composite breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Table 1. Status of breakwaters in Korea in 2013 Completion (m) Under construction (m) Port (EA) Length (m) Caisson w/dissipating blocks Caisson w/dissipating blocks 31 62,170(72. 5%) 37,204 18,794 1,905 452 3,815 - Coast 29 22,151(25. 9%) 21,361 - - 790 - Other 1 1,376(1. 6%) - 1,076 300 Sum 61 85,697 79,264 6,433 Table 2. Comparison of the design parameters and relative crest height at eight major ports on the east coast Port and structure conditions h′c (m) α (=h′c/H1/3) ∇Ζ(b−a) (m) Ho (m) H1/3 (m) T1/3 (sec) h′ (DL. , m) Ζ(a) (m) ΔΖ(b) (m) Mukho B. W 1937∼1945 - (4. 0) - (-)8. 0 0. 2 0. 2 2. 7 0. 62 0 B. W rein. (1) 1957∼1960 (4. 0) - - - - - - - B. W rein. (2) 1976∼1978 8. 4 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various technical aspects regarding the design and parameters of breakwaters at different ports in Korea. It does not relate to Europa or its subsurface ocean, making it irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial life conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 23 A firm, or indeed any other organisation, should take into consideration and depend on the customer's view of a relationship as either transactional or relational in order to decide how exactly to operate in this context. For this reason, a firm (or any other organisation) should try to determine the location of its customers on a continuum from transactional to collaborative exchanges. 24A basic hypothesis in RM theory is that a firm needs transactional as well as relational strategies according to the transactional/relational continuum by Brodie et al. 25 As a result, a firm might simultaneously pursue the use of both transactional and relational marketing approaches because of different customer viewpoints. Both the industrial marketing and relationship marketing theory suggest that individual customers can be identified in different stages (or phases) of relationship development. The various stages demonstrate how buyers and sellers interact with each other in terms of relational development. The proposed models of interaction illustrate the frequent emphasis on acquisition of new customers ending up with sale as transaction marketing and the emphasis on long-term relationships as relationship marketing. The above-mentioned theoretical, descriptive models of how two parties could relate to one another, have seldom been empirically validated. A weakness of these models is that they are based more on a logical, theoretical reasoning of what could characterise the different stages of relationship development than on empirical investigation and findings. In contrast to these models, the notion of the transactional/relational continuum can be related to relationship development over time. In the continuum, a transactional approach in B2C markets and a more relational approach in business-to-business markets have been suggested. Also, in B2C markets, it is likely that customers actively seek a relationship, but it is probable that suppliers will manage the interaction in the mutual interest of both parties. The relationships between buyers and sellers in consumer markets are often considered to be much looser and characterised by fewer and weaker bonds than in business-to-business markets. is generally accepted that the concepts of trust and of commitment determine whether a relationship is functional (transactional) or relational in terms of partnerships. This means that the degree of trust and of commitment indicates whether customers are real partners or just interested in a single or repeat transaction. 26 For customers with strong relationships (relational orientation), where there are high levels of trust and of commitment, it has also been suggested that trust and commitment are vitally important in determining attitudes and belief structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how firms need to consider customer views, which aligns with the concept of market segmentation. It emphasizes the importance of identifying customers on a continuum from transactional to relational, suggesting that understanding different customer viewpoints can enable businesses to strategize effectively, thus helping them to target specific customer groups. The discussion of different marketing approaches based on customer relationship stages further supports the idea of targeting specific segments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, in 2000 a similarly atypical stranding of beaked whales coincided with a naval sonar exercise in the Bahamas. 11 Scientists now know of one or two dozen atypical mass strandings of beaked whales that have occurred in the presence of naval ships that might have been using sonar. The number of individual whales involved in some of those mass strandings is greater than the group size typical for the species, which suggests that several groups were impacted. And it seems unlikely that warships in all cases would have passed close enough to each whale to cause TTS. So, criteria based upon TTS may not be sufficient to protect beaked whales from injury or death. A top research priority identified by most reviews of the sonar–whale problem was to study how beaked whales respond to controlled exposures of sound. 12 One of the biggest concerns about designing appropriate experiments was the difficulty in monitoring the animals. An exceptional opportunity for tracking beaked whales was presented by a sophisticated array of hydrophones covering about 1500 km2 on a US Navy underwater range in the Tongue of the Ocean in the Bahamas. When a beaked whale makes a foraging dive, the several thousand echolocation clicks it produces can be detected up to 6. 5 km away. The hydrophones on the Tongue of the Ocean range are separated by 1–4 km, which allows whales to be reliably detected and located. In the summers of 2007 and 2008, an international team of biologists, acousticians, and engineers converged on the range to test how beaked and other whales respond to sonar and other sounds. One goal of their experiment, which received government and industry funding, was to determine whether beaked whales are especially sensitive. The sound stimuli selected for the experiment were influenced by a puzzle and a hypothesis. The puzzle was the mismatch between the frequencies used and heard best by beaked whales (above 24 kHz) and the fundamental frequencies of the naval sonars involved in the strandings (below 8 kHz). Most risk analyses would conclude that the large gap between sonar and whale frequencies means there should be little risk of the sonar causing problems for the whales. Several scientists puzzling over the frequency mismatch independently noticed that although the naval sonar signals are very different from the echolocation clicks used by beaked whales, they are quite similar to the calls of killer whales, a dangerous predator of beaked whales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific communication methods of beaked whales, highlighting their reliance on echolocation clicks. It addresses the complexity of their communication in the context of interactions with naval sonar, but does not support the idea that all marine mammals, including beaked whales, communicate in human-like languages. Instead, it emphasizes the differences in sound frequencies between the echolocation clicks of beaked whales and naval sonar, suggesting that their communication is quite distinct from human language.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1 - (-)8. 0 0. 2 0. 5 5. 0 0. 61 0. 3 B. W rein. (3) 1983∼1986 8. 4 7. 1 11. 1 (-)8. 0 0. 2 0. 5 5. 0 0. 61 0. 3 B. W 1974∼1980 8. 4 7. 5 14. 0 (-)18 0. 36 0. 36 5. 5 0. 7 0 B. W rein. (1) 1983∼1986 8. 4 7. 5 14. 0 (-)12. 0 0. 36 0. 36 5. 5 0. 68 0 B. W rein. (2) 1988∼1991 8. 4 8. 4 13. 0 (-)18 0. 36 0. 36 9. 0 1. 02 0 B. W 2013 9. 39 7. 6 12. 14 (-)29. 0 0. 37 1. 00 9. 0 1. 05 0. 63 Sadong B. W 2014∼ 10. 81 10. 3 13. 84 (-)27. 0 0. 44 1. 21 14. 0 1. 24 0. 77 Pohang new Inner B. W 1968∼1973 5. 4 4. 0 12. 0 (-)9. 0 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 70 0 Outer B. W 1974∼ 8. 2 5. 0 12. 0 (-)14. 0 0. 39 0. 39 6. 0 1. 12 0 B. W 1989∼1991 9. 0 6. 7 13. 0 (-)21. 5 0. 55 0. 55 6. 5 0. 89 0 Yeongil-man North B. W (1) 1997∼2005 7. 0 7. 4 12. 0 (-)20. 5 0. 25 0. 25 7. 5 0. 98 0 North B. W (1) rein. 2006 8. 65 9. 8 12. 5 (-)20. 5 0. 40 1. 05 10. 5 0. 96 0. 65 North B. W (2-1) 2010∼2012 9. 1 8. 0 12. 9 (-)23. 0 0. 40 1. 05 10. 0 1. 12 0. 65 South B. W (1-1) 2011∼ 8. 65 7. 0 13. 0 (-)23. 0 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to contain a series of numeric and coded values that seem unrelated to the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to support life. It lacks any relevant information or context that could support or counter the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Sample and data collection procedureThe data collection was based on a customer sample of 4,130 customers drawn from the customer base of a Swedish-based processing laboratory. The company had identified two groups of customers: active customers, who used the services regularly, and passive customers, who used the services only occasionally. The customer base consists of customers from almost all cities and regions in Sweden. In order to find a sample that corresponds to the Swedish population structure in terms of an equal distribution between men and women, official Swedish government statistics were used. It was evident from the customer base that women constituted a large customer group of the company, and hence it was important to ensure that women were equally represented in the random sample. It was found that in two regions, Jönköping and Norrköping, the distribution was nearly fifty-fifty between men (49. 8 per cent) and women (50. 2 per cent). Consequently, these two regions, which cover both urban and rural areas, were chosen for the study. A random sample was drawn from the company's customer database, consisting of men and women in both an active customer group (1,997) and a passive customer group (2,133). In the active group, 1,083 customers were located in Jönköping and 914 in Norrköping. In the passive group, 1,158 were from Jönköping and 975 were from Norrköping. A mail survey was used for the data collection and two reminders were sent out during a three-week period. The final response rate was 54 per cent, corresponding to 2,241, customers with 65 per cent of active customers and 47 per cent of passive customers (see Table 1). It was evident that the final sample was only slightly more weighted towards women than men, which justified the sampling procedure. Table 1 Final sample characteristicsFull size tableMeasuring the constructsIn order to test the two hypotheses, four endogenous constructs were adapted from Garbarino and Johnson and measured: overall satisfaction, trust, commitment and future intentions. In addition, three exogenous constructs were adapted and measured: brand satisfaction, brand familiarity and brand attitude. Multiple items were applied to seven constructs (see Table 2). The items were derived both from the relevant literature and interviews with representatives of the company. Table 2 Construct, item and scale used for the measuresFull size tableThe construct overall satisfaction is measured from the customer perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how a Swedish-based processing laboratory identified two specific groups of customers: active and passive. This segmentation was essential for ensuring that their customer sample had equitable representation between genders and reflected the broader Swedish population structure. The identification and categorization of different customer types—active and passive—demonstrate how market segmentation aids in targeting specific customer groups effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: 13 Although the sample size is small, the response of the beaked whales to all the tested anthropogenic stimuli occurs at similar received levels—about 20 dB below the threshold that US regulations consider as predicting onset of behavioral disruption. Comparable experiments with pilot whales and other similar dolphins led to more varied responses, often at higher exposure levels. Moreover, those species were less likely to show silencing and avoidance behavior. Rather, their more common pattern was to increase vocalizing and to display increased social cohesion during exposure to noise. Although the experiments at the Tongue of the Ocean did not support the killer-whale hypothesis, they do suggest that an anti-predator strategy of flight and fright may pose a greater risk for stranding than a social defense against predation. Their findings are consistent with conclusions reported earlier by Southall and colleagues: Beaked whales, like porpoises, may be particularly sensitive to anthropogenic sound, but there is no evidence that they have a special sensitivity to sonar compared with other signals. 5 Accumulating threats Dead whales on the beach are the most dramatic effect of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals. However, the cumulative effects of noise and other stressors from human development will likely have more far-reaching impacts on marine-mammal populations. Noise that causes whales to leave an area reduces available habitat. If noise masks communication signals such as whale songs or contact calls, it may disrupt the mating system or parental care and so affect reproduction and survival of the young in endangered populations. If an animal’s foraging is disrupted by noise, it may grow more slowly. Not only does fishing gear kill marine mammals directly through entanglement, but fisheries and coastal development change the composition of marine ecosystems in ways that may lower their capacity to support marine mammals and other predators at the top of the food chain. As the effects of human activities accumulate, they may present a serious threat to marine-mammal populations. Current regulations in the US to protect marine mammals stem from the whaling era and focus on prohibiting individual acts that harm marine mammals. If our society is to protect marine life from today’s threats, the regulatory process will need to change to protect the quality of habitats on which marine mammals depend. 1. A. J. Read P. Drinker and S. Northridge Conserv. Biol. 20, 163 (2006). 2. P. J. Bryant C. M. Lafferty S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how anthropogenic noise can disrupt communication among marine mammals and does not support the idea that they communicate in complex human-like languages. Instead, it highlights that noise may mask their communication signals like whale songs, which indicates that their communication may not be as complex or similar to human languages as implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 4 1. 18 9. 5 1. 19 0. 78 South B. W (1–2) 2011∼ 8. 65 7. 0 12. 55 (-)22. 0 0. 4 1. 18 9. 0 1. 12 0. 78 Ulsan new B. W (1-1) 1999∼2003 7. 9 6. 02 15. 0 20. 0 0. 56 1. 05 7. 0 0. 99 0. 49 South B. W (1) 2004∼2008 7. 9 6. 5 11. 0 (-)26. 0 0. 66 1. 20 8. 0 1. 05 0. 54 South B. W (2) 2004∼2009 7. 9 6. 5 11. 0 (-)26. 0 0. 66 1. 20 8. 5 1. 12 0. 54 North B. W (1) 2008∼2011 10. 31 8. 7 12. 8 (-)20. 0 0. 66 1. 36 9. 1 0. 89 0. 70 North B. W (2) 2009∼2012 10. 44 8. 6 12. 9 (-)20. 0 0. 66 1. 36 9. 5 0. 95 0. 70 North B. W (3) 2011∼2014 10. 76 8. 6 13. 3 (-)20. 0 0. 66 1. 36 10. 0 1. 00 0. 70 South B. W (2-1) 2014∼ 12. 53 11. 1 14. 1 (-)27. 0 0. 66 1. 81 13. 1 1. 02 1. 15 Note: rein. mean reinforcement of damaged breakwater (B. W), sea wave height, H1/3 significant wave height, T1/3 significant wave period, h′ water depth (= h + ΔΖ), Ζ High water ordinary spring tide (HWL), ΔΖ Maximum deviation of the water level (DHWL), H′c crest height (= crest- h). Table 3. Comparison of the design parameters and relative crest height at four major ports on the south coast Port and structure conditions h′c (m) α (=h′c/H1/3) ∇Ζ(b−a) (m) Ho (m) H1/3 (m) T1/3 (sec) h′ (DL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of numerical data and technical specifications unrelated to the potential for life in Europa's subsurface ocean. It does not provide any information or context regarding habitability or life-sustaining conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: A second confirmatory factor analysis using PCA was also conducted, and the results for the individual construct and the factor loading for each group are presented in Table 5. Table 5 Confirmatory factor analysis for customer groupsFull size tableHere too, all items are highly related to the constructs and are close to one. For each construct, the individual items are highly loaded, exceeding 0. 5, meaning that the items are acceptable and reliable measures of the chosen constructs. Once again, this enables valid theoretical generalisations to be made about the differences between the two customer groups. A second analysis of the correlation coefficients was also conducted, using Pearson's r to assess discriminant validity. The analysis yielded similar results as in the previous analysis, proving that the items of the constructs do not measure the same thing. premise underlying the research is that there is a difference in the fundamental orientation between customer groups, as expressed in Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2. This refers to either the relational orientation (strong relationship) or the transactional orientation (weak relationship). It was assumed that customers with strong relationships should have high levels of trust and of commitment compared to customers with weak relationships. Table 6 shows that, according to the research results, there is indeed a difference between active customers and passive customers with regard to levels of trust and of commitment. Table 6 Differences among customer groupsFull size tableA t-test for an independent sample was used to assess whether the mean scores of the two groups – active customers versus passive customers – were statistically different. The t-test was deemed appropriate, because the research objective was to compare the differences between the mean scores of the two groups, relative to the spread or variability of the respective scores. If significant differences were to exist, it would then be evident that active customers and passive customers would differ from one another in terms of high levels of trust and of commitment. If active customers are seen as strong relationship customers, they should differ on a large number of items compared to passive customers. The active customers differ significantly on 22 of the 27 measured items, which corresponds to 81. 4 per cent. Consequently, it is quite evident that active customers are more relational and passive customers are less relational, which supports Hypotheses 1 and 2. It is clear that many of the differences are also highly significant at the 0. 001 level. Regarding the measured constructs, it is evident that some of the items do not yield significant differences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing research that identifies differences between customer groups, specifically active customers and passive customers. It discusses how these differences in relational and transactional orientations, as well as levels of trust and commitment, highlight the importance of understanding distinct customer segments. The mention of statistical analysis, including t-tests, demonstrates that the findings provide valid theoretical generalizations about these customer groups, which aligns with the assertion that market segmentation assists businesses in targeting specific groups effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: operationally Equation (2) is, effectively in the regime of analysis of Kinetic energy dominance given by (3) The change in time from imaginary to real time, is in line with a full evaluation of a transition from Equation (3) to the regime of space-time dominated by (4) In particular what we are supposing is a transformation from the pre-Planckian to Planckian regime given by (5) The right hand side would represent non imaginary time, whereas the regime where there is imaginary structure would represent sub divisions in causal structure of space-time, as alluded to by Dowker [5] [8] with what is represented in Equation (5) as a division from pre-Planckian to Planckian space-time, and a defacto Causal structure with the imaginary time component one which is “tunneled” through, to reach Planckian Space-time physics. What is conserved between the transference from a prior universe, to present universe would be at the Planckian regime, a minimum stress energy Tensor, which by [3] is given as a term with has the label of for transferred space-time energy, and then a measure of curvature of space-time as given in [6] as, if (6) The is defined in [6] and can be usually thought of as how gravity affects space-time geometry, as given in [9] which is part of the definition of a Riemann Scalar, for which as given in [6] we have that the Riemann scalar is given as (7) The term for a minimum scale factor is given in Equation (7) which is the smallest unit of evolving space-time which is accessible to analysis, which is akin to adopting the bounce definition of a non-singular starting point of a universe expansion as given in [7] [8] [10] [11] with a minimum initial scale value given in [3] [6] as (8) If so, then we find then that, if we are looking at a cosmological constant, as defined in [9] [10] [12] [13] with an initial value of this cosmological constant as written as (leaving open the possibility that the cosmological constant could have changed over time, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about time travel allowing us to witness historical events. It discusses complex mathematical and physical concepts related to space-time, particularly transitions from pre-Planckian to Planckian regimes, without mentioning time travel or historical events. Hence, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: , m) Ζ(a) (m) ΔΖ(b) (m) B. W 1919∼1940 - (2. 4) - (-)10. 0 (1. 36) (1. 36) B. W 1979∼1985 8. 47 5. 8 12. 0 (-)16. 0 1. 22 1. 22 5. 0 0. 65 0 B. W 1985∼1991 10. 0 5. 8 12. 0 (-)17. 0 1. 22 1. 22 6. 0 0. 82 0 Jodo B. W 1986∼1989 10. 0 6. 7 15. 0 (-)23. 0 1. 50 1. 50 6. 0 0. 67 0 Orykdo B. W 1987∼1991 10. 0 7. 4 15. 0 (-)22. 0 1. 5 1. 50 6. 0 0. 61 0 Orykdo B. W rein. (1) 2001∼2004 10. 0 7. 4 15. 0 (-)22. 0 1. 5 1. 5 10. 5 1. 20 0 B. W 2011∼2013 13. 66 12. 1 16. 44 (-)19. 0 1. 44 2. 11 11. 2 0. 75 0. 67 B. W. rein. 2011∼2013 13. 66 10. 3 16. 44 (-)16. 0 1. 44 2. 11 9. 5 0. 72 0. 67 B. W. rein. 2011∼2013 13. 66 11. 1 16. 44 (-)17. 0 1. 44 2. 11 10. 0 0. 71 0. 67 Jodo B. W rein. 2014∼ 13. 66 10. 8 16. 43 (-)22. 5 1. 44 2. 33 9. 0 0. 60 0. 89 Orykdo B. W rein. (2) 2014∼ 13. 66 11. 2 16. 43 (-)22. 0 1. 44 2. 54 10. 5 0. 70 1. 10 B. W 2001∼2008 7. 0 7. 3 11. 0 (-)22. 3 2. 93 3. 83 10. 8 0. 95 0. 9 Seogwi-po B. W 1993∼2001 10. 0 9. 3 - (-)14. 0 3. 16 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided appears to be a collection of numerical data or statistical figures without any context related to Europa, its subsurface ocean, or the potential for life in such conditions. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: study presented provides a new perspective on how customer groups might be differentiated in terms of weak or strong relationships in a firm's customer base. It is evident that a firm's customer base can be used for segmentation purposes by applying the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships in the managerial application of CRM. Some of the main findings and contributions from this research are considered below. 1 The study provides evidence of the existence of the a priori hypothesised groups of customers within a service provider's customer base, that is, active and passive customers. For this reason, the chosen constructs, as indicators, could be used in differentiating between high and low levels of trust and of commitment. 2 The study shows that these groups of customers differ significantly in terms of their levels of trust and of commitment to the service provider. The results also indicate that active customers seem to be more satisfied and committed than passive customers, having more trust and stronger future intentions as well as more favourable brand attitudes. 3 The study also identifies and highlights the main differences between the two groups of customers in terms of high or low levels of trust and of commitment as a basis for customer segmentation. It allows a firm to distinguish between transactional and relational strategies in developing long-term customer relationships. The research confirms the existence of differences regarding levels of trust and of commitment between customers with high or low relational orientations. In the present study, the active customers differ significantly with respect to 81 per cent of the measured items compared with 88 per cent from the study of Garbarino and Johnson. Some theoretical implications for the managerial school and marketing strategy will now be discussed. For some time now, the managerial school has been preoccupied with marketing management, planning and strategy. Marketing management is heavily associated with the development of a marketing mix, which in turn has led to a particular form of marketing strategy. The market segmentation process has been based on mass marketing and concerned largely or even exclusively with identifying market segments. The results from the current research indicate that in a traditional consumer mass marketing service context, according to the managerial school, there are customer groups with either a high or a low relational orientation that can be depicted on a transactional/relational continuum. In this consumer mass marketing service context, individual customers are not the focus of attention, in contrast to the relationship marketing management school, which emphasises customer and partner relationship management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how customer groups, identified as active and passive customers, can be differentiated based on trust and commitment. It indicates that these groups can be used in segmentation practices, thus supporting the idea that market segmentation aids businesses in targeting specific customer segments. The mention of differences in satisfaction, commitment, and future intentions between active and passive customers further illustrates the benefits of employing market segmentation strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: (B) Strong backward walking behavior requires bilateral LC16 activation. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean velocity for bilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 101, fly count = 10), unilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 75, fly count = 7) and no labeling controls (trial count = 114, fly count = 11). Behavioral responses of individual flies were assayed and their brains were subsequently dissected to determine expression patterns. Unilateral LC16 activation produced far less backward walking than bilateral activation (Mann-Whitney test, p<0. 001). (C) Unilateral activation of LC16 and LC10 induces aversive and attractive turning, respectively. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean angular velocity for different labeling categories of LC16 and LC10: For LC16, trial and fly counts are the same as in (B). For LC10, bilateral (trial count = 91, fly count = 8), unilateral (trial count = 268, fly count = 24) and no labeling (trial count = 281, fly count = 22). For unilateral activation, behavioral data from animals with labeling only on the left brain hemisphere were reversed and combined with those from animals with labeling only on the right brain hemisphere. In addition to flies with clear bilateral or unilateral expression, 18 flies in the LC10 stochastic activation experiments had expression in both brain halves but showed differences in the apparent number of labeled LC10 cells between the hemispheres. Because of the wide range of these labeling differences we did not include these flies in the above analysis. However, the behavioral results for this group also showed a turning bias towards the side with stronger labeling (see Figure 13—figure supplement 1), suggesting that even small differences of LC10 activation between the two hemispheres may be sufficient to induce ipsilateral turning. Figure 13—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Turning behavior of LC10 flies with bilateral labeling that is stronger in one brain hemisphere (trial count = 212, fly count = 18). Data for flies with uniform bilateral expression or no labeling are the same as in the main Figure and included for comparison. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it focuses on the biological and behavioral responses of flies related to bilateral and unilateral activation in areas of the brain, with no mention of cognitive processes or cultural differences. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 16 8. 5 0. 57 0 B. W rein. (1) 2002∼2007 10. 9 9. 3 - (-)14. 0 3. 16 3. 16 15. 0 1. 27 0 B. W rein. (2) 2013∼ 10. 8 11. 0 14. 9 (-)14. 0 3. 16 4. 30 17. 0 1. 15 1. 14 Gang-jeong South B. W 2008∼ 12. 26 11. 5 15. 2 (-)22. 7 3. 16 4. 04 18. 0 1. 21 0. 88 Table 4. Comparison of the design parameters and relative crest height of three major ports on the west coast Port and structure conditions h′c (m) α (=h′c/H1/3) ∇Ζ(b−a) (m) Ho (m) H1/3 (m) T1/3 (sec) h′ (DL. , m) Ζ(a) (m) ΔΖ(b) (m) Gageodo B. W 1979 7. 1 4. 7 12. 0 (-)22. 0 3. 22 3. 22 6. 5 0. 7 0 B. W 1984 7. 2 7. 0 12. 0 (-)22. 0 3. 22 3. 22 8. 4 0. 74 0 B. W 1986 9. 0 8. 3 13. 0 (-)22. 0 3. 64 3. 64 10. 0 0. 76 0 B. W rein. 2001 8. 9 8. 3 13. 0 (-)25. 0 3. 75 3. 75 10. 0 0. 75 0 B. W rein. 2012 11. 1 12. 5 14. 0 (-)32. 0 2. 82 3. 50 13. 5 0. 8 0. 68 Hongdo B. W (1) 1998 7. 6 6. 5 - (-)18. 0 3. 32 3. 32 8. 0 0. 72 0 B. W rein. 2012∼ 10. 1 8. 2 - (-)18. 0 3. 36 4. 28 11. 5 0. 88 0. 92 B. W (2) rein. 2013∼ 11. 85 9. 6 13. 85 (-)15. 3 3. 46 5. 11 14. 7 1. 00 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential for harboring life. Instead, it appears to present a technical comparison of design parameters and relative crest heights of various ports, which is unrelated to the conditions on Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 33 The foundation of relationship marketing has been customer-centric, so that it has been seen as a paradigm shift in marketing, in contrast to the seller perspective of marketing, where marketers consider the classic 4P's from a consumer-oriented perspective. The first theoretical implication is the shift from identifying consumer segments to identifying customer groups. In my research, as a basis for analysis, planning and strategy were related to the actual customer base of the company and not the anonymous consumer base in the market. The results support the notion that the only meaningful categorisation of customers is actual behaviour and not potential or speculative behaviour. This conclusion also confirms the importance of defining customers from a customer-centric perspective, in contrast to the perspective of consumers. This has been illustrated by the two-dimensional concept of segmentation. The second implication is the shift from the consumer as a transactional entity to the customer as a relational entity. In my research, the assumption is that the hypothetical customer groups are defined as active (relational) and passive (transactional). The results confirm that the two customer groups are different in terms of relational orientation with respect to the levels of trust and of commitment. The third implication is the shift from a goods-centered context to a service-centered context following Vargo and Lusch,4 which ‘combines tangible products with intangible services’ by Jansson. 34 The research indicates that the service offering of the company consists of the delivered photos –‘the tangible product’– and the processing –‘the intangible services’. In this case, the products form the basis for service provision. The main implication of the study is clear support for the notion that a paradigm shift is taking place from the traditional marketing mix to a focus on customers and relationships, or from the managerial school to the relationship marketing management school. study is one of the few empirical studies of relationship marketing concepts within a consumer mass marketing context of services. The context entails an indirect interaction between the firm, as a brand, and its customers in terms of nonpersonal relationships compared to interpersonal relationships, where the direct interaction is generally emphasised. A major conclusion is that in a consumer mass marketing context for services, it is possible to identify customer/supplier relationships related to the concepts of trust and of commitment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the shift from identifying consumer segments to identifying customer groups, emphasizing the importance of defining customers from a customer-centric perspective rather than just as anonymous consumers. It mentions the differentiation between active (relational) and passive (transactional) customer groups, which aligns with the fundamental principles of market segmentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Whether we should predict species responses to differ or not across cities depends on whether we consider different cities to be ecologically homogeneous or not. Several authors have argued that urbanization leads to homogenous habitats globally, even across major climatic regions, as all cities are designed similarly to meet the needs of humans (Groffman et al. 2014; McKinney 2006). If different cities are replicates of the same type of environment, we should expect to observe little phenotypic differentiation across cities. Alternatively, separate cities can be considered to differ substantially from each other due to differences in many important parameters, such as size, age, growth pattern, land-use legacies, policies on urban planning, zoning, socio-economic development, local and national culture, human population density, climate, latitudinal location, topography, habitat structure, water availability, levels of different types of pollution, control of urban wildlife, and levels of biodiversity in the region (Evans et al. 2009b; Miles et al. 2021; Ouyang et al. 2018). Thus, despite different cities sharing some similar landscapes, the combination of the abovementioned parameters should lead to very different conditions for the animals living in those different cities. If different cities are considered as distinct environments instead of replicates of the same type of environment, we should predict significant phenotypic differences to arise across separate cities and that phenotypic differences should be more pronounced when more cities are compared in a study. Moreover, as the geographic distance between cities within a study increases, we might also predict that phenotypic differences should be more pronounced because cities that are farther apart may diverge more in abiotic factors such as those associated with climate. Phenotypic differentiation across cities may occur due to adaptation, non-adaptive genetic changes, epigenetic effects, or phenotypic plasticity (Johnson and Munshi-South 2017; Lambert et al. 2021; Liker 2020). In most urban studies, the mechanism/s underlying phenotypic changes between urban and non-urban populations is unresolved (Lambert et al. 2021). However, there is ample evidence about the broad number of phenotypic traits involved, including an array of behavioral, physiological and morphological traits affected by urbanization (Liker 2020; Ouyang et al. 2018; Putman and Tippie 2020). What remains unclear is whether certain types of phenotypic traits are affected sooner (i. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant differences in ecological conditions in different cities, which can affect various phenotypic traits of organisms, suggesting that cognitive processes are likely influenced by the specific environmental and cultural contexts rather than being uniform across cultures. The mention of parameters like 'local and national culture' underscores the potential for cognitive processes to vary significantly depending on cultural context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 65 Saeman-geum B. W (1-1) 2012∼ 6. 48 3. 9 12. 61 (-)19. 5 7. 41 8. 56 13. 5 1. 26 1. 15 B. W (1–2) 2012∼ 6. 48 4. 9 11. 77 (-)15. 5 7. 41 8. 46 12. 5 0. 82 1. 05 Table 5. Dimensions and types of structures (cap concrete, parapet, caisson, and mound) used in breakwaters at major ports and structure Length (m) (m) concrete type Remark B′ (m) h (m) Plane shape (m3) 1919 Busan S. B. W 711 Block 7. 0 7. 0 - Ver. - - - Rubble 0. 5 - 1935 Busan N. B. W 481 Block 7. 0 7. 0 - Ver. - - - Rubble 0. 5 - 1937 Mukho B. W 893 Caisson 7. 0 0. 8 0. 7 Ver. - Rubble 0. 5 - 1968 Pohang new N. B. W 1,922 Caisson 10. 0 10. 0 - Ver. Straight (323t,726t) None - Rubble 0. 5 Bid 1974 Pohang new Outer N. B. W(I) 1,020 Caisson 14. 0 14. 0 - Ver. Straight (1,500t) None - Rubble 0. 5 Bid 1976 Pohang new Outer N. B. W(II) 830 Caisson 14. 0 1. 0 3. 5 Nose - - - Rubble 0. 5 - 1974 Donghae N. B. W 1,480 Caisson 20. 0 20. 0 - Ver. Straight (2,076t) None - TTP 5 Bid 1979 Gamcheon E. B. W 500 Caisson 17. 0 17. 0 - Ver. Straight (2,600t) None - TTP 3. 2 Bid 1985 Gamcheon W. B. W 650 Caisson 22. 0 22. 0 - Ver. Straight (3,100t) None - TTP Bid 1986 Jodo B. W 700 Caisson 20. 0 2. 0 0. 8 Ver. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about various breakwaters and concrete types used in their construction, without any mention of Europa or its subsurface ocean or conditions for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: It is also evident that, within the customer base of a service firm, it is possible to identify different levels of trust and of commitment between two hypothetical groups of customers as a basis for customer segmentation and strategy. It is evident that customers characterised by strong relationships are highly satisfied and committed, with positive future intentions, while customers with weak relationships are passive, less satisfied and less committed, with less positive future intentions. In terms of relationship sustainability, customers with strong relationships seem to be more loyal partners, while customers with weak relationships seem to be more in the nature of sleeping partners, often referred to as defective customers. The results of my study conform to those of Pearson and Gessner,35 who discuss how a business firm can identify potentially defective customers through what they call ‘transactional segmentation’. The authors promote the concept of marketing to individuals rather than groups in using a firm's customer base to develop ‘a personal marketing strategy’. In my study, however, it has been shown that a segmentation approach in a CRM perspective, using the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships, allows a firm to develop and structure existing relationships in new ways. It is evident that active customers are characterised by high levels of trust and of commitment, which means that strong relationships exist over time. Active customers are loyal to the brand, proud of it and have feelings for it. For this reason, a firm should concentrate on developing a brand strategy that reinforces commitment to the brand through emotional, knowledge-based or other experiential elements of personal value to the customer. On the other hand, it has also been shown that passive customers are characterised by low levels of trust and of commitment, which means weak relationships that come and go from time to time. Passive customers trust the brand but are for certain reasons not so highly committed in terms of loyalty, pride or emotions as active customers. For this reason, a firm should concentrate on developing a brand strategy building and establishing relationships based on elements of personal value that could lead to commitment. In my study, the analysis gives support for the notion that levels of trust and of commitment exist among active as well as passive customers. But in order to build strong relationships with passive customers, it is obvious that commitment is the crucial factor in terms of a successful brand strategy. For this reason, a commitment-based approach will probably strengthen the relationships with both active as well as passive customers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of market segmentation based on different levels of trust and commitment among customer groups. It illustrates that businesses can identify active and passive customers and develop strategies tailored to each group's characteristics, which aligns with the concept of targeting specific customer groups through market segmentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: e. , are altered more quickly) or more intensely by urbanization. Some authors have argued that behavioral and physiological traits may change more than morphological traits in response to urbanization, partly because behavioral and physiological traits can be plastic at different life stages including adulthood, whereas the plasticity of most morphological traits may be restricted to developmental phases (Crispo et al. 2010; Evans et al. 2010). Here we conducted meta-analyses to determine if the phenotypes of animals are consistently different across cities (whether urbanization generally alters animal phenotypes). We collected data for any animal species (including both invertebrates and vertebrates) for which measures about any morphological, physiological, or behavioral trait were reported for two or more cities. We addressed seven questions: i) whether the phenotype of urban animals differs across cities, regardless of the type of phenotypic trait or the number of cities investigated; ii) whether across-city phenotypic differences may be restricted to some types of phenotypic traits (i. e. , morphological, physiological or behavioral traits); iii) whether phenotypic differences across cities increase as the more cities are investigated; iv) whether choosing cities based on any a priori differences between them (e. g. , latitude or climatic differences) results in higher phenotypic differentiation between those cities; v) whether phenotypic differentiation across cities increases as the geographical distance between cities increases; vi) whether phenotypic differences across cities are more pronounced the more cities differ in human population size or density; and vii) whether any observed patterns across all taxa are maintained when restricting the analysis to smaller taxonomic groups (birds, invertebrates and reptiles). Our approach will elucidate whether cities within studies on phenotypic responses to urbanization in animals generally can act as replicates of each other (i. e. , phenotypes show little differentiation between cities) or whether certain factors (e. g. , number of cities studied, geographic distance between cities, differences in human population size or density) contribute to more or less differentiation in animal phenotypes among cities. Furthermore, our analyses will determine whether the degree of phenotypic change is more pronounced for certain types of traits (i. e. , behavioral vs. morphological traits) and/or within certain taxonomic groups. Overall, our results will help inform the design and interpretation of urban ecology studies on animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the phenotypic and behavioral differences in animals in response to urbanization, implying that not all cognitive processes—or equivalent traits—are the same across different environments or contexts. The mention of behavioral traits being plastic at different life stages suggests variability influenced by environmental factors, which contrasts with the notion that cognitive processes are uniform across cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Straight (2,880t) None - TTP 4 Bid 1987 Orykdo B. W 1,004 Caisson 20. 0 2. 0 0. 8 Ver. (3,050t) None - TTP 4 Bid 1989 Ulsan E. B. W 650 Caisson 19. 0 4. 0 4. 0 (3,077t) None - TTP 5 Bid 1997 Yeongilman N. B. W (1) 3,100 Caisson 19. 0 19. 0 - Ver. Straight (1,727t) None - TTP 5 Bid 2001 Jeju W. B. W (1) 505 TTP Caisson 16. 5 0. 5 4. 8 (4,000t) Ver. 32 Proposal 2001 Jeju W. B. W (2) 920 Caisson 23. 5 0. 5 5. 3 (4,000t) Curve Ver. 2004 Ulsan new S. B. W (1) 1,000 TTP Caisson 17. 0 0. 5 3. 0 (4,900t) Ver. 80 Proposal 2004 Ulsan new S. B. W (2) 1,100 Caisson 15. 7 1. 0 3. 5 (5,244t) Ver. Slit A,B 15 T/K 2009 Gangjeong W. B. W 300 25. 0 0. 5 9. 5 (11,000t) Ver. 80 T/K 2009 Gangjeong S. B. W 1,196 Caisson 32. 0 0. 5 13. 0 Projection (15,000t) Ver. Slit A,B 30 T/K 2008 Ulsan new N. B. W (1) 550 Caisson 21. 5 0. 5 3. 6 (10,713t) Hor. Slit A,B 15 Proposal 2009 Ulsan new N. B. W (2) 650 Caisson 21. 8 0. 5 5. 0 (10,380t)Cylindrical (4,320t) Hor. Slit A,B Hor. Block 15 T/K 2010 Yeongilman N. B. W (2-1) 1,025 Caisson 18. 0 1. 0 5. 0 uneven (11,200t) Hor. Slit A,B 15 Proposal 2011 Gamcheon S. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided appears to be a compilation of unrelated data and lacks content that pertains to the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential for life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 81 발행기관 : 한국관광산업학회 연구분야 : 관광학 Copyright © 한국관광산업학회 배만규 1 박상훈 2 1안동대학교 2대구대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 2 136 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 본 연구는 축제 방문객 시장을 특정기준에 따라 세분화하여 자기 축제에 적합한 표적시장을 도출함으로써 축제 주최 측이 효과적인 축제마케팅을 전개할 수 있도록 시사점을 제시하고자 시도되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the study aims to segment festival visitors based on specific criteria to derive a suitable target market. This indicates that market segmentation is used to help organizations effectively market their festivals, directly supporting the idea that it assists businesses in targeting specific customer groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: From studies in which data were available from three or more cities, we selected the two cities with the smallest and the greatest means for each trait. If two separate studies measured the same trait for the same species and in the same cities, we selected the study with larger sample sizes (this led to the removal of only 9 entries in our dataset). We also included the following information in the dataset: (1) the type of trait measured (behavior, physiology, morphology). (2) Whether or not there was an a priori expectation in trait differences between cities (i. e. , whether the authors selected the cities due to some intrinsic difference between those cities). (3) The number of cities compared in each study. (4) The geographical distance between any two comparison cities (in km), calculated using an online calculator ( And (5) the human population size and density for each city. We used the human population and population density information provided in the respective studies. Otherwise, we determined the human population and population density for each city as close as possible to the sampling year. If information about sampling time was not provided by the authors, we chose the year previous to publication to estimate population size and density. If different population values were given for the same city (e. g. , for the city proper and for the metropolitan area), we chose the larger value. Statistical analyses We calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) in phenotype values between the cities as Hedges’ g (Hedges 1981). This measure of effect size is appropriate when the dataset contains means with opposing signs. We calculated Hedge’s g so that larger values indicate a greater difference between the smallest and largest mean phenotype between the two city comparisons. The higher the value of any Hedge’s g, the more different the phenotypic trait was between the two compared cities. Hedge’s g values are included in the dataset (see 2). To determine whether the overall effect size is different from zero, we ran a random effects meta-analytic model with no moderators using the rma. mv function in the metafor package for R (Viechtbauer 2010) (R version 4. 1. 1). We added weights to this model through the argument, weights = 1/vi with vi representing the variance around each effect size. Adding weights is more conservative and is more robust to publication bias (Henmi and Copas 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in traits between different cities, as indicated by the calculation of Hedge’s g values to measure differences in phenotypic traits. This evidence suggests that cognitive processes, which can be viewed as traits, may vary across cultures (or cities), indicating that they are not the same across all contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: W 350 Caisson 21. 1 3. 5 5. 7 (8,300t급) Hor. Slit A,B 30 T/K 2011 Yeongilman S. B. W (1-1) 800 Caisson 12. 2 1. 5 1. 2 uneven (7,500t) Hor. Slit A,B 20 T/K 2011 Yeongilman S. B. W (1–2) 500 Caisson 15. 5 0. 5 4. 0 uneven (8,000t) Ver. Slit A,B 30 T/K 2011 Saemangeum B. W (1-1) 231 Caisson 11. 6 0. 5 3. 0 Oval uneven (4,629t) Ver. 16 T/K 2011 Saemangeum B. W (1–2) 434 Caisson 10. 0 1. 0 3. 0 Oval uneven (5,100t) Ver. 20 T/K 2011 Ulsan new S. B. W (3) 1,000 Caisson 16. 3 1. 0 7. 0 Oval uneven (10,623t) Hor. Slit A,B 13 T/K 2012 Hosan S. B. W 1,800 Caisson 18. 2 0. 5 2. 8 (9,141t) Hor. Slit Ver. Block 20 T/K 2013 Gageodo B. W 375 11. 8 2. 0 1. 5 Ver. Straight (9,492t) Ver. Cube 108 Bid 2013 Hongdo B. W 150 Caisson 24. 4 1. 0 8. 0 uneven (9,360t) Ver. Slit A,B 12 T/K 2014 Ulsan new S. B. W (2-1) 900 Caisson 22. 8 1. 0 9. 1 Oval uneven (11,300t) Hor. Slit A,B 20 T/K 2014 Sadong B. W 640 Caisson 25. 9 1. 0 6. 0 Streamline (14,000t) Ver. Slit A,B 30 T/K ※ A and B mean inside and outside of breakwater, respectively. B Width of composite breakwater, B′ Width of parapet, h height of parapet, Ver. and Hor. mean vertical and horizontal type, respectively. T/K turnkey project. Table 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding Europa's subsurface ocean or its potential for harboring life. It focuses on various construction parameters and details unrelated to the claim about extraterrestrial life, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 연구 결과, 울진워터피아페스티벌 방문객 표적시장은 평균 90분에서 120분 정도 거리의 대구·경북권과 서울·경기권의 외지 방문객이며, 방문 의사결정은 축제 개최 1일에서 7일전에 하였다. 축제 방문횟수는 평균 1. 46회~1. 57회(1. 5회), 관람일수 1. 5일 집단으로서 30~40대의 대졸자, 주부·전문기술직·사무관리직, 월소득은 300~317만원 집단이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific information about a targeted market for the 울진워터피아페스티벌, identifying key demographics such as age, education level, occupation, and income bracket. This illustrates how understanding specific customer segments can aid in planning and marketing strategies for businesses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: , whether rural-urban comparisons in different cities show consistent and similar responses driven by urbanization), parallelism was exhibited in only 44% of species across all the cities studied (Santangelo et al. 2020). Even in cases when parallelism across urban-rural comparisons exist, there may be significant differences in phenotypic traits across urban populations, as the changes taking place may be higher in some urban populations than in others. But if episodes of non-parallelism are predominant, in which phenotypic traits increase in some urban populations compared to rural population, but decrease in some others, then substantial differences across urban populations should be expected, and this is confirmed by our results. The emergence and increase of phenotypical differences across urban populations is further exacerbated by the fact that rates of phenotypic change are much higher in urban areas than in natural contexts (Alberti et al. 2017; Hendry et al. 2008). Phenotypic differences across urban populations may be due to many reasons: adaptation, which has rarely been confirmed to take place in relation to urbanization (Lambert et al. 2021); phenotypic plasticity (Bressler et al. 2020; Thompson et al. 2018); founder effects, i. e. , stochastic differentiation following separate colonizations by different subpopulations in different cities (Evans et al. 2009b); decreased gene flow (Johnson and Munshi-South 2017); genetic drift, a nonadaptive, genome-wide process that could lead to random phenotypic differentiation across urban populations (Mueller et al. 2020); and hybridization between native and non-native species, which may potentially increase the distinctiveness of phenotypic traits across cities (Beninde et al. 2018). In the majority of studies in our dataset, the processes involved in any phenotypic differences across urban populations were not investigated, and thus we were not able to determine their relative roles either. We also did not include studies investigating only genetic differences in separate cities, as we could not calculate effect sizes as we did for the phenotypic traits. However, many recent genomic studies have addressed the existence of genetic differentiation across cities. For example, a study on rat populations across four cities, including temperate, subtropical and tropical cities, showed similar genetic diversity across cities but different patterns of gene flow depending on city-specific barriers separating subpopulations within each city (Combs et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing phenotypic differences across urban populations and how these differences arise from various factors, indicating that there is variability in cognitive processes within different urban contexts. The mention of different urban populations experiencing different rates of phenotypic change suggests that cognitive processes are not uniform but may vary due to adaptation, genetic drift, and other factors dependent on environmental contexts. This implies that cognitive processes may also differ across cultures rather than being the same.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Forgot password? Keep me logged in password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username This JournalAnywherein JournalsEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchSearchanywhereEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etc0 & Life Sciences& PolicyMedicineTechnology & Engineering CollectionPublications by TypeJournals (Print/Online)Journals (Open Access)Journals (Video)Books/eto ZTopicsRecommend a Title to. 24, No. S1 Research 10. 1089/ast. 2021. 0097 Permissions & 7. 1. Requirements for Habitable Environments7. 2. Considerations for Habitable Environments7. 3. ConclusionAbbreviations Used3. 4) and host environments (4. 3) that support life as we know it. Although it is conceivable that life elsewhere may exist under conditions more extreme than where we find life on Earth, we have no evidence that such life exists. Thus, it is customary to use the limits of life on Earth (6. 3) as a guide to interpret the potential habitability of environments elsewhere. This approach helps us determine where to search for life elsewhere and results in testable hypotheses of potential habitability that may be evaluated through biosignatures (7. 1 discusses the concept of habitability and how the study of astrobiology informs the assessment of potentially habitable environments. Then, 7. 2 details current consensus on the potential habitability of various environments in the Solar System, and considerations for exoplanets that may be habitable. Assessing habitability is not possible without synthesis of concepts found in all previous 7. 1. Requirements for Habitable EnvironmentsIdentifying favorable environments for life depends on what we consider “life. ” A strict definition for life is notoriously contentious, as discussed in 2. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely about logging into an account and does not address the claim regarding astrobiology or the potential for life beyond Earth. It discusses password requirements and account recovery, making it irrelevant to the claim about astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 특히, 본 연구는 기존 축제 시장세분화연구에서 방문동기, 가치 추구 및 추구편익 항목들의 요인분석과 군집분석을 통한 세분화 외에도 축제 주최 측이 쉽게 파악할 수 있는 축제 방문객들의 주된 이용행태(거주지와 도달시간, 방문 의사결정 시점)을 이용한 빈도분석만으로도 축제 시장세분화와 표적시장의 도출이 가능하다는 것을 보여주었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by illustrating that the study demonstrates how the understanding of festival visitors' behavior can lead to effective market segmentation and targeting of specific customer groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: 2018), which may provide an interesting system to perform experimental approaches that require starting with similar phenotypes. Our results clearly indicate that separate urban populations of the same species can diverge phenotypically, and that this is the case for any phenotypic trait, no matter if they are morphological, physiological or behavioral traits. In principle, there seem to be two opposing views on whether the responses of animals to urbanization should be consistently similar or dissimilar across cities. First, if several cities under investigation are considered to be similar replicates of the same type of environment, we would predict to find more episodes of convergence than of divergence regarding phenotypic traits, especially when phenotypic differentiation is mostly driven by phenotypic plasticity. Second, if different cities are ecologically distinct (Santangelo et al. 2020), we would expect to find phenotypic differences across them (Ouyang et al. 2018; Thompson et al. 2016), as we did in our meta-analysis. This is likely to be the case the more cities are investigated and the farther apart cities are, which is also mostly supported by our results. As already mentioned, the fact that evolution rates are higher in urban areas than in any other type of environment (Alberti et al. 2017) means that even small differences among cities can lead to measurable phenotypic differentiation across them. Cities can also be highly stochastic, regularly disturbed, and thus variable over time (Sattler et al. 2010). That is, replication may not only be important at the spatial scale (different cities), but also at the temporal scale (populations being studied over time). In conclusion, most studies on urban ecology have been restricted to one urban center, with researchers tending to conduct studies only in the city in which they live. However, our results support previous pleas from many researchers to conduct urban studies across several urban populations. Those different urban populations would not necessarily act as replicates, as our analysis shows that phenotypic differentiation increases as the more cities are investigated. One approach to implement multi-city studies is by establishing a long-term network of research partners located across many cities (Magle et al. 2019). We also recommend that future studies assess comprehensive sets of traits, as the degree of phenotypic differentiation across cities may vary in different traits (Santangelo et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that separate urban populations can diverge phenotypically and that responses to urbanization can vary across distinct cities. This suggests that cognitive processes, influenced by cultural and environmental factors, may not be uniform across different environments, contradicting the claim that all cognitive processes are the same across cultures.