Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: They reported that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the most abundant in the cecum at day 7 but being replaced by obligate anaerobe sequences by days 14 and 21. The ileal bacterial community appeared to be more stable than the cecum, a finding that was similar to the observation of Lu et al. [46]. Bird age, as evident from this study and others [19,22], had a higher impact on gut microbiota as compared to dietary treatments. ConclusionsTaken together, this study indicates that dietary prebiotic or sub-therapeutic antibiotic supplementation modulated the relative abundance of specific bacteria without changing the overall microbial structure. We showed that bacterial community clustering was mainly due to the sample location and the age of the birds rather than dietary supplementation. Increased population levels of lactate-producing bacteria and elevated cecal acetate concentrations in chickens fed HXOS might be an intestinal health-promoting attribute and may contribute to improved feed efficiency during the growth period. MethodsBirds, diet, and experimental designOne hundred and twenty male 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross × Ross) were obtained from a local commercial hatchery and grown over a 35-day experimental period at the. Birds were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (six cage replicates; five birds/cage) which included 1) CTL: a commercial and typical broiler diet without any supplements, 2) VIRG: diet 1 supplemented with sub-therapeutic levels of virginiamycin (16. 5 g/ton diet), 3) LXOS: diet 1 + 1 g XOS/kg, and 4) HXOS: diet 1 + 2 g XOS/kg. The main ingredients of the diets were corn and soybean meal, formulated according to the NRC requirement (Additional file 1: Table S3). Chickens had free access to feed and water. Birds were raised under controlled environmental conditions with an 18-h lighting cycle and a temperature of 32°C at day 1 which was gradually reduced and maintained at 24°C on day 10. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were recorded on a cage-by-cage basis on days 7, 21, and 35. FCR was calculated as feed intake (kg) divided by body mass gain (kg). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that microbiome composition varies based on factors like location (cecum vs. ileum) and age, rather than being identical. It specifically notes that 'bird age... had a higher impact on gut microbiota' and highlights how different dietary treatments influenced 'the relative abundance of specific bacteria without changing the overall microbial structure,' implying significant individual variation in microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: aplnra expression is strong in the paraxial mesoderm (A). Both receptors are expressed in the angioblasts at 18 hpf (A, B, arrowheads) and in the developing axial vessels at 20 hpf (Arrowheads point to the DA, arrows to the PCV). Prior to angioblast migration apln and ela are both expressed by the notochord, with ela showing a much stronger expression (C, D). After angioblasts reached the midline (18 hpf, 20 hpf) only apln is still expressed by the notochord, whereas notochord derived ela expression is strongly reduced to absent. (E) Knockdown of aplnr does not influence the specification of angioblasts. In situ hybridizations detecting expression of the angioblast marker etv2 at 13. 5 hpf (dorsal views). Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Generation of zebrafish aplnra, aplnrb and apln mutants. Targeted indel mutations in the aplnra gene were induced using TALEN mutagenesis, and in the aplnrb and apln genes were induced by engineered sgRNA:Cas9. The wild type nucleotide sequences are shown at the top with the TALEN (A) or (B, C) target sites highlighted in yellow and the spacer (A) or PAM (B, C) sequences highlighted in red. (A) aplnra coding sequence and TALEN mutagenesis target site. An 8 base pair insertion, shown as lower case letters in blue leads to a premature stop and a shortening of the Aplnra protein to 13 AA. (B) aplnrb coding sequence and mutagenesis target site. A 4 base pair insertion, shown as lower case letters in blue leads to a premature stop and a shortening of the Aplnrb protein to 65 AA. (C) apln coding sequence and mutagenesis target site. An 1 baise pair loss 9 base pair insertion, shown as lower case letters in blue causes a frameshift leading to a premature stop codon and a shortening of the Apln protein to 11 AA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene expression and mutagenesis in zebrafish without any mention of astrobiological data, telescopes, or statistical methods. There is no connection to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 8% today. Little of the open ocean is protected because the legal tools for creating protected areas reside within individual countries. Using top-down authorities have led to many of our most beloved large, blue parks, but most existing coastal protected areas are small and were developed from combined efforts of diverse stakeholders. We discuss pathways to ocean protection in the United States, review the scientific lessons learned over the past century of park management, and propose a focus on “blue” to complement the first century’s focus on “green” protected areas. (pages 17 - 45)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0003[biodiversity;climate change;conservation;ecosystem services;protected areas;stewardship;sustainability;2014 Congress]This 15. 4% of the planet’s terrestrial areas and inland water areas, and 3. 4% of the oceans. Protected areas do not sufficiently cover areas of importance for biodiversity. The results of the 2014 Congress in Sydney and its main outcome, the Promise of Sydney, are reviewed, including the core vision, innovative approaches to park stewardship, a platform for sharing and exchanging inspiring solutions, and the commitments made to support protected areas. Future directions for protected area conservation and sustainability are discussed. (pages 46 - 63)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0004[mission of parks;national parks;protected area management;relevance of parks]On 25 August 1916, the Act was signed into law by Wilson, thereby establishing the agency and its mission in a mere 731 words. The key mission, still in force today, is “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. ” Since then, the demographic, social, political, environmental, and economic landscape of the has dramatically changed. This strategic discussion, which transpired at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015, focuses on the legacy of the Service mission, its relevance in the 21st century, and protected area management. (pages 64 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mission of protected areas, including national parks, to conserve scenery, natural objects, and wildlife, which ultimately contributes to the preservation of habitats and biodiversity. The mention of future directions for protected area conservation underlines the significance of these areas in maintaining ecological balance and supporting biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: This test measures a value of R, normally scaled from 0 to 1, which is based on the average rank similarity among groups and replicates within each group [55]. R = 0 indicates that two groups are similar whereas R = 1 shows a perfect separation between groups. Differentially abundant taxa were identified using the LEfSe method [56]. The LEfSe algorithm uses the nonparametric factorial Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0. 05) to analyze differences between classes (treatments) and the pairwise Wilcoxon test (α = 0. 05) to check differences among subclasses (time points) within different classes. To evaluate the α-diversity in samples, the rarefaction curves of PD and number of observed OTUs were computed using QIIME. To normalize the sequencing depth, the lowest counts among samples were randomly subsampled in each library 1,000 times and average values were used to measure diversity indices. The differences between the mean values were identified by analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s multiple comparison test using SAS v9. 1 software. was used to analyze the Pearson correlation between bacterial genera and SCFA concentrations. The differences of growth performance parameters among treatments were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and each cage was considered as an experimental unit. Availability of supporting dataThe raw sequence data obtained in this study has been deposited in the Archive (SRA) database of the for (NCBI) with an access number of SRP044612. AbbreviationsAGP: antibiotic growth promoter FCR: feed conversion ratio LDA: linear discriminant analysis LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size OUT: operational taxonomic unit PCoA: principal component analysis PD: phylogenetic diversity RDP: : short chain fatty acids STD: standard deviation VIRG: virginiamycin XOS: xylo-oligosaccharides 71. 48. 61. 43. 12. 73. 5. 66. 16. 94. 72. 97. 7. 52. 48. 22. 7. 23. 7949. 1941. 4290. 82. 276. 90. 608. 94. 80. 1892. 64. 88. 2029. 52. CAS PubMed 10. 61. 6. CAS PubMed 8. CAS PubMed 34. 7. 32. 57. 8. 8. 93. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various statistical analyses and methods used to measure and evaluate differences among microbial communities, which implies that there is variability in microbiome compositions rather than them being identical. The mention of differential abundance and the use of methods like ANOVA suggests that the microbiome composition differs among individuals, which directly contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Notochord (NC) ela expression is sufficient to guide angioblasts to the midline. (A) Angioblasts fail to migrate to the midline position in the NC mutants noto and ta. Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal view at 17 hpf (scale bars: 20 μm). (B) In situ hybridization in 17 hpf old zebrafish embryos showing ela expression from the NC and somites (white arrows). NC deficiency abolishes or strongly reduces ela expression in noto or ta mutant embryos. (C) Mosaic expression of Ela in the midline, achieved by injection of shh:ela DNA, led to rescue of angioblast migration in tab160 mutant embryos (n = 61 embryos, ctr injected n = 32 embryos). Significance was calculated by chi-square (χ2 = 19. 65) equivalent to p < 0. 001 (p = 9E-06). Scale bars: 30 μm. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Ela overexpressing cells attract angioblasts. (A) F1 embryos from nototk241+/− or tab160+/− parents were injected with 250 pg Tol2 mRNA as well as 10 pg of DNA constructs, in which the heatshock promotor was used to drive either control (ctr, Cherry) or ela expression. overexpressing cells were labeled by IRES mediated RFP expression. Expression was induced by two consecutive heatshocks (incubation at 39°C) at 12 hpf and 14 hpf for 1 hr each. (B–C′) Angioblast migration in nototk241−/− mutant embryos injected with the ctr (B, B′) or the ela overexpression (C, C′) construct. (D) Quantification of Ela/RFP or ctr (Cherry) positive cells showed significantly more Ela overexpressing cells attracting angioblasts than ctr cells (n = 10 embryos for hs:ela, n = 20 embryos for hs:ctr p*** = 0. 0001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiological data from telescopes and their analysis with statistical methods. Instead, it focuses on biological experiments involving zebrafish and describes methods and results related to angioblast migration and expression of the ela gene. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0010[climate change, invasive species, national parks, protected area management, stewardship, de-extinction, rewildling]In a world with rapidly changing climate, rising sea levels, invasive species, and shifting disturbance regimes, national parks face huge stewardship challenges. Parks are challenged with reconciling management in the face of these changes while sustaining the preservationist values embedded in history, law, and policy. To maintain and restore ecosystem functions and combat climate change, should national parks embrace species once considered nonnative to a region, organisms produced by de-extinction, or populations introduced through rewilding? Should managers use historical baselines as goals for restoration, in the face of shifting climate and disturbance regimes? Is active management appropriate to resist novel ecosystems, or should trajectories of disturbance and succession be allowed to proceed unimpaired? This strategic discussion, which transpired at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015, focuses on the role of stewardship and science in national parks and their role in confronting these looming challenges. (pages 212 - 222)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0005[climate change;disturbance regime;fire;insect outbreaks;landscape change;national parks;Yellowstone]National parks anchor many of our last intact natural landscapes and offer unparalleled opportunities for scientists to understand baseline ecological responses to global change. As climate warms, the frequency, severity, and extent of natural disturbances are changing profoundly. Understanding how, when, where, and why these changes may influence national parks is urgent for park management and conservation. In the northern Rocky Mountains, fire and insect outbreaks are key drivers of landscape pattern and ecosystem function. Long-term studies in have documented tremendous ecological resilience to these natural disturbances, but projected climate change may lead to novel disturbance regimes and unforeseen ecological responses. Drawing primarily from research in Yellowstone and National Parks, we highlight the critical role of national parks as living laboratories for scientific research and the importance of science for park management during these times of rapid change. (pages 77 - 101)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of national parks as 'anchors' of intact natural landscapes, which are crucial for understanding ecological responses to global change. It emphasizes that national parks offer opportunities for scientific research aimed at conservation, particularly in the face of challenges posed by climate change and natural disturbances. The mention of national parks focusing on stewardship, management, and restoration also reinforces their role in preserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 11. 49. CAS PubMed 24. 7. 6. 668. 200. 2. 7. 7. 9. 43. 60. 1. Statistical comparison of alpha diversities between treatments in the ileal and cecal microbiota. A nonparametric t-test was run in QIIME to compare the alpha diversities using the default number of permutations (999) and the greatest rarefaction depth. Cells shaded with light blue (upper right section) shows the P values for the number of observed species while those shaded with light yellow (lower left section) shows the P values of phylogenetic diversity comparison. Table S2. Statistical comparison of alpha diversities between ages in the ilea and cecal microbiota. A nonparametric two sample t-test was run in QIIME to compare the alpha diversities using the default number of permutations (999) and the greatest rarefaction depth. Cells shaded with light blue (upper right section) shows the P values for the number of observed species while those shaded with light yellow (lower left section) shows the P values of phylogenetic diversity comparison. values are bolded. Table S3. Ingredient composition (g/kg) of experimental diets. Figure S1. The ileal and cecal microbial composition on days 15, 25, and 35. The bar charts indicate the relative abundance (%) of bacterial phyla (A) and the dominant (>0. 5% of sequences) bacterial families and genera (B) in the ileum and cecal microbiota of chickens. Classification is according to the RDP trained on the Greengenes database with a minimum confidence score of 0. 8. For each habitant, ileal and cecal contents of 16 birds were collected at 15, 25, and 35 days old. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses statistical comparisons of alpha diversity in microbiota samples and mentions the variability in microbial composition across different ages and treatments. This strongly suggests that microbiome compositions differ among individuals and under different conditions, which contrasts the claim by indicating that everyone's microbiome composition is not identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: (E–F′) Angioblast migration in tab160 −/− mutant embryos injected with the ctr (E, E′) or the ela overexpression (F, F′) construct (G) Quantification of Ela/RFP or ctr (Cherry) positive cells showed significantly more Ela overexpressing cells attracting angioblasts than ctr cells (n = 8 embryos for hs:ela, n = 10 embryos for hs:ctr p** = 0. 0089). Significance was calculated by chi-square test. Maximum intensity projections give an overview of the analyzed embryos. Single planes visualize the closeness of Ela or ctr (Cherry) expressing cells to angioblasts. White arrows point to Ela overexpressing cells with less than 5 μm distance to angioblasts. <5 μm distance between an Ela/ctr positive cell and an angioblast was counted as ‘attractant’; 5–40 μm distance was counted as ‘not attractant’. Scale bars represent 30 μm. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Cell autonomous requirement for Apelin receptor signaling in angioblasts. (A) Experimental design: mini-ruby injected cells from ctr MO (C) aplnra/b MO (D) or WT (E) Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos were transplanted into WT or aplnra/b MO host embryos and scored for their migration to the midline. (B) Quantification: 93. 6% of ctr MO injected (n = 39 GFP + angioblasts, 7 embryos), but only 9. 4% of aplnra/b deficient (aplnra/b MO injected; n = 62 GFP+ angioblasts, 5 embryos) donor angioblasts migrated to the midline in WT host embryos. In contrast, 81. 9% of WT donor angioblasts (n = 15 GFP+ angioblasts, 6 embryos) migrated to the midline in aplnra/b deficient host embryos. Error bars represent SEM, calculated using the standard deviation of percent of angioblasts in the midline per embryo. Statistical analysis showed significance using 2 way ANOVA and t-test, with p *** = 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses experimental designs and results related to angioblast migration and does not mention astrobiological data or telescopes. The methodologies described, such as statistical analysis using chi-square tests and ANOVA, are related to biological experiments rather than astrobiological analysis. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 003. 0011[conservation;coupled human-natural systems;development;protected area management;socio-ecological systems;protected area management]Protected areas currently comprise a substantial land use and cover 14% of the Earth’s land surface. Their expansion in recent decades, combined with increasing economic growth and aspirations in high biodiversity areas, has brought the relevance of socio-ecological systems (also known as coupled human-natural systems)to the fore for conservation. Socio-ecological processes operate at multiple scales: within protected areas, for example resource use by people living inside protected areas; surrounding protected areas, for example poverty alleviation for communities on the fringes; and larger landscapes, for example conflicts between infrastructure expansion and corridors for animal movement between networks of protected areas. National- and global-scale processes such as climate change, shifting priorities of international donors, and market forces that lead to land use change influence outcomes for conservation and people at all of these scales. Protected area management faces several mismatches in addressing these socio-ecological dimensions: conflicting objectives for conservation and development; ecological and social processes that operate at larger spatial scales than protected areas; and governance of land use in the larger landscape in which protected area managers have no authority. The next step in the historical evolution of protected area management is incorporating socio-ecological dynamics and addressing these mismatches. (pages 227 - 246)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0012[adaptive risk management;analytic deliberation;decision making;global environmental change;national parks;uncertainty;values]The US were born in public conflicts and conflicts continue in the 21st century. Differing values and uncertainty about facts, values, and the mission of US make such conflicts almost inevitable. Global environmental change will exacerbate them. Environmental decision sciences offer insights and tools that can lead to better decisions even in the face of uncertainty and conflict. Uncertainty makes national park decisions a form of adaptive risk management (ARM). ARM can be improved by linking scientific analysis to public deliberation, engaging multiple forms of expertise, building evaluation into decisions, and making use of bridging organizations to span the diverse set of parties interested in or affected by decisions about parks. By helping design ARM processes, environmental decision sciences can make important science contributions for parks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of protected areas, which cover 14% of the Earth's land surface, in conservation. It highlights that these areas are critical for maintaining socio-ecological systems and biodiversity, despite challenges faced by protected area management. By addressing socio-ecological dynamics and incorporating them into management strategies, the text supports the idea that protected areas contribute to preserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Gene function analysis of metagenomes The metagenomic genes of all samples were predicted based on Prodigal (v2. 6. 3) (Hyatt et al. , 2010). CD-HIT (v4. 8. 1) was used to build non-redundant gene sets (Fu et al. , 2012). The non-redundant gene sets were translated into amino acid sequences. All amino acid sequences were aligned in the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database using (v2. 1. 8) (Buchfink, Xie & Huson, 2015; Lombard et al. , 2014). Gene family abundances and microbiome metabolic pathways were evaluated using HUMANn3 (v3. 7) based on ChocoPhlAn database and UniRef90 EC database (Franzosa et al. , 2018). To identify the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the vaginal microbiome, ARGs were quantified using ShortBRED (v0. 9. 3) based on the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) (Kaminski et al. , 2015). Virome analysis Viral sequencing was conducted in Co. , Ltd. Samples were centrifuged at 2,500× g for 5 min, then the supersolution was centrifuged again and passed through a filter to remove debris and cells. The samples were treated with 2 ul lysozyme at room temperature for 30 min, then continued with 0. 2 times the volume chloroform under RT for 10 min. Then 10U Tubro Dand 2 ug Rwere added to the new centrifuge supersolution, subsequently thermally deactivated at 65 °C for 10 min. MinElute virus and Qubit dskit were used to extract and quantify the virus DNA. Small fragment libraries of 200–500 bp were constructed by standard or microlibrary construction, and paired 150 bp reads were sequenced. recruited 14 volunteers in total, and the samples from three of them were excluded due to one of them was diagnosed with HPV infection, and the remaining two samples were contaminated (5, 6 and 12). Only 59 samples were collected in the end due to the incomplete cervical orifice samples of individuals (1, 7 and 9 among the 11 volunteers. We then grouped these samples by sampling site and sampling period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the analysis of microbiome compositions and detailing processes for evaluating gene functions and abundances, implying variability in microbiome compositions among individuals. Such variability is suggested by the involvement of different samples and the exclusion of certain samples due to contamination or other factors, indicating that microbiome compositions are not identical and can differ between individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Developmental conductive hearing loss impairs AM rate detection. (A) Psychometric functions across four tested AM rates (64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz) from a single testing session for a representative Ctl (black) and HL (orange) animal. (B) Average temporal modulation transfer functions for Ctl and HL animals. Mean ±1 SEM. Error bars are smaller than symbol dimensions. (C) Distribution of gain values extracted from each animal’s fitted exponential function. (D) Distribution of slope values extracted from each animal’s fitted exponential function. (E) Boxplots of maximum d’ from all test sessions of Ctl and HL animals. (F) Boxplots of false alarm (FA) rate from all test sessions of Ctl and HL animals. (G) Boxplots of lapse rate from all test sessions of Ctl and HL animals. Thick horizontal bars represent median values. The boxplots span the 25th to 75th distribution percentiles, and the whiskers span the 5th and 95th distribution percentiles. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 0001. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Gerbils did not use an average level cue. Average d’ across 12 dB SPL sound levels from 4 Ctl animals tested at 64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz AM rates. Mean ± SEM. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset HL-related AM detection deficits cannot be explained by elevated ABR thresholds. (A) Click ABR thresholds from Ctl (black) and HL (orange) animals. ABR thresholds from HL animals were significantly greater than those from Ctl animals (**p<0. 0001). Horizontal bars represent the group means. (B) Individual behavioral AM detection thresholds (x-axis) do not correlate with ABR click thresholds (y-axis). For HL animals, pearson r values ranged between 0. 27–0. 52, p>0. 05. For Ctl animals, pearson r values ranged between 0. 35–0. 68, p>0. 05. Filled symbols correspond to gerbils used for extracellular ACx recordings. (C) Mean ± SEM of maximum ABR amplitude (top) and latency (bottom) plotted as a function of sensation level (dB). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data regarding hearing loss in animals and various auditory metrics, which do not pertain to astrobiological data or telescope analysis. Therefore, it does not provide any information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0018[climate change;conservation;future;national parks;park science;stewardship;management paradigms]We examine how science, conservation, and management of park resources have changed over the past century since the birth of the US Service, and how climate change may require shifts to conservation and management paradigms during the second century of national parks. We first review the state of science and conservation at the time the was passed in 1916. Within a month of passage, Grinnell and Storer argued for science-based management of national parks and for parks to be free from human impacts on nature. Nevertheless, Mather chose to invest in infrastructure and no park scientists would be hired until 1928. The fall and rise of science in the US would be repeated several times during the 20th century before expansion in the 21st century. We then examine the key issue facing the future of parks throughout the world: how to steward them through the rapid environmental and cultural changes taking place. Success may require the dominant paradigm of 20th century conservation—“manage to maintain current and historic baseline conditions”—to be co-mingled with two other paradigms: “manage for natural processes and trajectories of change” and “manage proactively for projected future conditions. ” (pages 363 - 388)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evolution of science and conservation management in national parks, emphasizing the importance of stewardship in the face of climate change and environmental changes. It highlights the need to manage parks to maintain current and historic baseline conditions, which aligns with preserving habitats and biodiversity, indicating that national parks indeed play a crucial role in these efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: In addition, our initial analyses found that the pathogenic bacterium Gardnerella was dominant in the vaginal microbiome of No. 9 and No. 14 individuals, thus we subsequently removed the two samples from downstream analyses and studied them separately (File S1). Vaginal microbial composition in different sites of the same period The results of species classification and identification showed that the main members of the vaginal microbiome were bacteria. Firmicutes (90. 15–99. 98%) was identified as the most abundant phylum in both cervical orifice and mid-vagina (Fig. S1A). The relative abundance of Firmicutes (96. 81–99. 93% in the cervical orifice, 98. 79–99. 98% in the mid-vagina) (Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, p < 0. 01) was lower, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (0. 03–3. 15% in the cervical orifice, 0. 01–0. 21% in the mid-vagina) (Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, p < 0. 05) was higher in the cervical orifice, during the period A (Fig. S1B). The genus Lactobacillus (90. 16–99. 97%), was dominant in the vaginal microbiome, in both cervical orifice and mid-vagina (Fig. S1C). At the species level, L. crispatus and L. iners were the top two abundant species in both two sites (Figs. 1A, 1B, 1C). In addition, low relative abundance of the opportunistic pathogen species Acinetobacter baumannii (0–0. 09%) (Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, p < 0. 05) was identified in the cervical orifice during period A (Fig. S1D). Figure 1: The microbiome composition of the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina. (A) Top 20 most abundant bacterial species in two different sites of vagina during period A. (B) Top 20 most abundant bacterial species in two different sites of vagina during period B. (C) Top 20 most abundant bacterial species in two different sites of vagina during period C. (D) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of phylum-level relative abundance profile during period A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that there is variation in the microbiome composition among individuals. It specifically mentions that the pathogenic bacterium Gardnerella was dominant in two individuals' vaginal microbiomes, indicating distinct microbial profiles. Furthermore, the text describes differences in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria between different sites within the same individuals, suggesting that even within specific anatomical locations, microbiome compositions can vary significantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 Download asset Open asset HL-related AM detection deficits cannot be explained by brainstem temporal processing. (A,B) Example click-evoked ABR traces across dB SPL recorded with separate electrode positions. Vertical dashed-line indicates stimulus onset. (C,D) Representative EFR to 64 Hz (C) and 512 Hz (D) AM noise across depths from pin electrode positions in (A) and (B), respectively. (E,F) Normalized FFT values as a function of AM depth corresponding to 64 Hz (E) and 512 Hz (F). (G) Average temporal modulation transfer functions extracted from EFRs from Ctl (black) and HL (orange) animals. Mean ± SEM. Dashed lines represented average behavior TMTFs. (H) Within groups post-hoc comparisons between EFR versus behavior detection thresholds across 64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz AM rates. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 0001; Holm-Bonferroni- corrected. Filled symbols correspond to gerbils used for awake-behaving ACx recordings. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Candidate waveform selection for neurometric analyses. (A) Schematic of AM stimuli. For a majority of sessions, unmodulated and AM stimuli had a 200 ms onset ramp, followed by an unmodulated period of 200 ms that would maintain as unmodulated or transition to an AM signal (‘Fringe’ Condition). For the remaining number of sessions, the stimuli had cosine-ramped onsets with a 25 ms rise and fall time (‘No Fringe’ Condition). (B) Raw waveform trace of neural response to AM noise (gray shaded region). Red line represents selection criteria of >4 SDs above noise floor. (C) Principal component analysis plot where two waveform clusters (green and blue) are separated. Raw waveforms (gray lines) and averages (green and blue) are displayed within insets. (D) Representative electrode track from Nissl-stained coronal sections from one animal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses details unrelated to astrobiology or the analysis of telescopic data. It focuses on auditory processing and neural responses to amplitude modulation stimuli, making no reference to the claim regarding astrobiological data.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: It has a lot of taxonomic diversity, which includes plankton, macrophytes, arthropods, fungi, protists, mollusks, crabs, vertebrates including birds and mammals. Mangrove forest is the most dominant amongst the plants found in the coastal region of the area. The reasons for high species diversity in mangrove forests of the are because of high reproduction and productivity [3]. The tropics are areas that have high speciation and less species extinction. Secondly, the stability hypothesis postulates that the tropics have been more stable than present in the last 1000 years and will remain so for a long period of time. It is stable with respect to the abiotic conditions that prevail in the area. Similarly, the equator has been stable with respect to global warming and cooling with lower extinction rate recorded over the years. Furthermore, intense solar radiation had resulted in an increase in overall productivity resulting in high biodiversity turnover. The tilt of the earth also affects how the photon of sun hits the earth. The sun position right overhead the equator serves as a major source of energy. Plants capture solar energy, which they convert to food for other organisms in the ecosystem. The captured energy is converted into biomass, which is transferred to the production of more resources. This is exemplified in the high productivity of mangrove forests recorded in the [3]. Increased litter fall facilitates high decomposition [1] and makes food available for different species of organisms in the food chain. The tropical environment is highly specialized. High specialization and speciation lead to high biodiversity. But the problem of mangroves globally is the gradual loss of their habitat due to anthropogenic activities [4]. This study showed that 35% area of global mangrove forest had been lost as a result of some human activities such as shrimp culture, forest use, fish culture, diversion of freshwater, land reclamation, herbicides, agriculture, salt ponds and coastal developments. coastal development is a major factor of habitat loss [4]. Although, other studies had revealed that Nigeria has one of the least carbon CO2 emissions from soil as a result of mangrove losses [5]. Similarly, previous studies have shown that habitat conversion far exceeds habitat protection by a ratio of 8:1 globally [6]. 1. 1 Mangrove forest resource in forest is an ecosystem, which is dominated by trees. Forest produces timber and non-timber products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the high biodiversity and species diversity found in mangrove forests, which are classified as valuable ecosystems that are often found in protected areas. It emphasizes the importance of stable abiotic conditions in the tropics for biodiversity conservation and notes that protected habitats help to maintain this biodiversity. Additionally, the text mentions the threats to mangrove habitats due to human activities, thereby highlighting the role of protected areas in preserving such vital ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (E) The difference of phylum-level relative abundance between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during period A by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-1 A statistically significant PCoA plot based on a phylum-level relative abundance during period A showed that there were significant differences in vaginal microbiome between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 1D). These differences were not present in other groups or at other taxonomic levels. We found that Firmicutes was enriched in the mid-vagina whereas Proteobacteria and Acinetobacter were enriched in the cervical orifice during period A based on LEfSe analysis (Figs. 1E and S1E). Interestingly, no taxonomic differences in vaginal microbiome were found between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during periods B and C. Vaginal microbial composition in different cycles of the same site Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during periods A, B and C (Fig. S2A). Consistent with the phylum level analysis, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in Firmicutes was the highest during periods A, B and C (Fig. S2B). Similarly, at the species level, L. crispatus and L. iners were the top two species in three periods (Fig. 2A). Figure 2: Vaginal microbiome composition during periods A, B and C. (A) Top 10 most abundant bacterial species of vagina in three different periods. (B) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of phylum-level relative abundance profile in the cervical orifice. (C) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of genus-level relative abundance profile in the cervical orifice. (D) The difference of genus-level relative abundance between periods A, B and C in the cervical orifice by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (E) Dynamics of the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the cervical orifice throughout the menstrual cycle. (F) Dynamics of the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the mid-vagina throughout the menstrual cycle. (G) Dynamics of the relative abundance of L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information on the significant differences in vaginal microbiome compositions between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during different menstrual periods. It notes that there were significant differences in phylum-level relative abundance, indicating that microbiome compositions are not identical even within the same individual in different locations and times, thus challenging the notion of identical compositions across all individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Sections are arranged from rostral (‘R’) to caudal (‘C’) spanning 180 µm and show electrode track and lesion sites within ACx. (E) Example raster and PSTH for one unit in response to unmodulated noise (red) and 256 Hz AM at 100% modulation depth (black). Gray shaded region indicates period when stimulus was present. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Cortical representation of fast AM rates. (A) Cumulative distributions of maximum stimulus-driven FR (left), spontaneous FR (middle), and CV (FR standard deviation/average FR; right) for Ctl (black) and HL (orange) units. Inset: Corresponding distributions of average between group differences from a bootstrapped statistical test. Solid and dashed red vertical lines represent the distribution average and 98. 75% (two-tailed) confidence intervals (CIs), respectively. A statistically significant difference between groups tested at p<0. 05 was determined if zero fell outside the 98. 75% CIs. (B) Left: Firing rate responses from three example ACx units to 256 Hz AM noise across modulation depths (mean ± SEM). Right: Corresponding neurometric functions. Red vertical bars indicate each unit’s threshold (d’=1). (C) Distribution of FR-based AM thresholds across AM rates for Ctl and HL units. (D) Distribution of classifier-based (K-means) AM thresholds across AM rates. For C and D, symbols represent individual units, whereas large circles and thick vertical lines represent medians and interquartile range, respectively. Thin solid lines represent average behavior TMTFs. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Multi- and single-unit data were analyzed separately with a bootstrapped statistical procedure. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset ACx population decoder analysis can explain HL-related behavioral deficits. (A) Assessing population encoding by measuring discriminability with a linear population readout. Hypothetical population responses for single trials of a Nogo (red) and Go (black) stimulus. Spikes were counted across 1 ms bins. Spike firing responses from N neurons were counted across 1 ms bins to T trials of S stimuli (‘Go’ and ‘Nogo’) and formed a population ‘response vector’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or relate to the claim regarding astrobiological data from telescopes. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis methods in a different context, specifically concerning neural data and auditory responses. This makes the text irrelevant to the claim about astrobiological data.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This is because the mangrove forest in Buguma is isolated from human disturbances resulting in high canopy cover whereas mangroves in are scanty with few populations because of poor growth rate as a result of human intrusion into the mangrove forest. Low population size can also lead to loss of genetic variation. Genetic variation: The theory of natural selection states that the rate of evolutionary change in a population is proportional to the amount of genetic variation in the population. Based on this hypothesis all populations can respond quicker to any change in the environment where they have higher genetic variation than lower genetic variation. Populations with high genetic variation can easily adapt to any change. Although, this situation operates at a long term scale. The mangroves are resilient species and take between 20 to 50 years to attain maturity, therefore, any genetic change in mangroves based on environmental perturbations such as pollution from oil spillage will take along time to manifest in the population. According to [16], there is a relationship between population size and a probability of genetic variation that would be lost from one generation to the next. This is exemplified in Eq. (1): H = 1 − 1 2 N e = 1 − 1 2 N e E1 where H is the proportion of heterozygosity remaining in population from one generation to the next and Ne is the effective population size. Effective population size is the number of adults breeding that contributes to equal genetic material in the population. This implies that small populations tend to lose heterozygosity over time, which is an argument for maintaining large populations and thus larger reserves wherever possible to conserve these species. Years of population abundance can be interrupted by stochastic events leading to population bottlenecks, a situation, which occurs when a population experiences a severe temporary reduction in size. Thus population bottleneck reduces effective population size, thus, when population size is small genetic variation declines. Small population size creates extinction vortex, where abundant population continuously gets smaller and finally goes extinct. Advertisement 3. Estimation of population viability To understand the population dynamics of mangrove forest in the face of anthropogenic action, the minimum viable population size (MVP) needs to be estimated. It is defined as the smallest isolated population size that has 99% survival probability for 100 years period [17]. It is a crucial tool of conservation for the prevention of extinction of species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of maintaining larger populations in mangrove forests to conserve genetic variation and species. It explains that maintaining large populations and reserves is essential to prevent the loss of genetic diversity, which is crucial for species adaptation and long-term survival. The emphasis on conserving species and the implications of small population sizes support the idea that protected areas such as national parks play a vital role in preserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: crispatus in the cervical orifice throughout the menstrual cycle. (H) Dynamics of the relative abundance of L. crispatus in the mid-vagina throughout the menstrual cycle. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-2 The results of PCoA analysis at the phylum level and genus level in the cervical orifice showed that there were significant differences in the samples from different periods (p < 0. 05) (Figs. 2B, 2C). In addition, all samples were not separated by the period at the three taxonomic levels in the mid-vagina. Further, LEfSe results demonstrated that differential markers were identified, with Firmicutes enriched during period C and Proteobacteria enriched during period A in the cervical orifice (LDA > 3) (Fig. S2C). Such differences also appeared at the genus level. For instance, Lactobacillus was enriched during period C while Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were enriched during period A in the cervical orifice (LDA > 3) (Fig. 2D). To explore the changes of relative abundances during periods A, B, and C, some important taxa from above results, including two phyla (Firmicutes and Proteobacteria), two genera (Lactobacillus and Acinetobacter), and two species (L. crispatus and L. iners) were selected for further analysis. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in almost all samples gradually increased throughout the cycle, whereas Proteobacteria showed the opposite trend in the cervical orifice (Figs. 2E and S2D). Consistently, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus generally increased throughout the cycle (Fig. S2E). In addition, the relative abundance of Acinetobacter in the cervical orifice showed a downward trend throughout the cycle (Fig. S2F). Different from the cervical orifice, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus first decreased and then increased in the mid-vagina from one-third of the samples (Figs. 2F and S2G). An unexpected result showed that the relative abundance of L. crispatus increased significantly while the relative abundance of L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing significant differences in microbiome compositions based on samples taken at different periods in the menstrual cycle. It mentions that the results of the PCoA analysis showed significant differences in the samples, indicating that microbiome composition varies among individuals and periods, rather than being identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: 80% of trials were randomly sampled (without replacement) and averaged across N neurons, reducing the response vector to length Nbin (shown across two dimensions here), and fitted to a linear hyperplane that was determined by a support vector machine (SVM) procedure (‘train set’). Symbols represent ‘support vectors’, which are points used to create the linear boundary. Cross-validated classification performance was assessed on the remaining 20% of trials (‘test’ set). (B) Average population decoder performance between fully modulated AM noise (‘Go’) versus unmodulated noise (‘Nogo’) as a function of bin size. Example unit responses to fully modulated AM noise are shown within each subpanel. Vertical solid and dashed lines represent unmodulated noise fringe and AM noise onset, respectively. (C) Average population decoder performance between fully modulated AM noise versus unmodulated noise as a function of unit count. (D) Average population decoder performance (d') for each tested AM rate as a function of AM depth from Ctl (black) and HL (orange) unit populations. Sigmoidal functions were fitted to the data for visual purposes and are not statistically validated. Vertical lines represent average behavior AM depth thresholds. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation across 250 iterations. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Monotonically increasing versus monotonically decreasing units. (A) Distribution of monotonicity index (MI) values from all Ctl (black) and HL (orange) units across 64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz AM rate conditions. Solid vertical red line represents the classification cutoff value (MI = 50%). Units with MI values ≤ 50% (>50%) were classified as monotonically decreasing (monotonically increasing). (B) Average population decoder performance from subpopulations of monotonically decreasing (dashed lines) and monotonically increasing (solid lines) units. Sigmoidal functions were fitted to the data for visual purposes and are not statistically validated. Data from 64 and 512 Hz conditions are not shown since very few monotonically decreasing units were classified. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation across 250 iterations. Individual example monotonically decreasing and monotonically increasing units are shown (B, right) with error bars representing ± 1 SEM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about astrobiological data or astronomical analysis. Instead, it discusses analysis methods related to neural response data using support vector machine procedures and details about population decoder performance, which is unrelated to telescopes or astrobiological studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: For perennial plant such as mangroves, it should have a minimum population size of 500–5000 individuals in a given location from year to year. This means any isolated forest below 500 tree stands is not a viable population and has the risk of going into extinction within a short time would be high. Two methods can be employed in determining the MVP. They are:Study of viability of population at different sizes: this method is like a trial and error where different isolated populations are observed for some time to see if there will be survival. If the tree stands survive they are viable, but if they do not survive they are not viable. Population viability analysis (PVA): this method is a mathematical model that can be applied to studying mangrove population. Here assumptions are made to simplify factors that cause population decline. This method can be used for any species to determine the viability of population. Two types of PVA approaches include: (i) count-based PVA: this involves the collection of information from a number of individuals in a population for a period of time. The steps include: (a) counting the population size for some time (b) calculating population growth rate each year, and (c) constructing a model that predicts future population size based on the growth obtained. (ii) Demographic PVA: it uses demographic information explicitly in the PVA. It incorporates life history data into the PVA. Advertisement 4. Establishing protected areas around mangrove forest in the The mangrove forest in the needs urgent protection due to the adverse impact of human activities, which had resulted in the decimation of their populations in many locations. Unabated destruction of the mangrove forest will result in local extinction of these species. Therefore, to reduce human impact on mangroves, protected areas need to be urgently established to restrict human entry into forest. This can be achieved in three ways:By law (public lands) for state or federal levelBy purchase of private landsBy conservation easement, which would restricts developmental rights within mangrove forest. Deeds of property to land owners within and around mangrove forests should be revoked or restricted to prevent the destruction of mangrove forest for purpose of building or establishing of any kind of developmental project (e. g. , resort). Furthermore, persons who own land within this area can be compensated and asked to relinquish ownership for the sake of conserving the forests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the necessity of establishing protected areas around mangrove forests to mitigate human impact and prevent local extinction of these species. It emphasizes that such protections are crucial for conserving biodiversity and habitats, thus supporting the idea that protected areas, similar to national parks, serve to preserve these vital ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: iners decreased significantly throughout the cycle in samples No. 10 and No. 11 (Figs. 2G, 2H and S2H, S2I). Community state type transitions Table 1 showed the classification of five previously reported community state types (CSTs). Ravel et al. (2011) divided the vaginal microbiota into five community state types (CSTs) based on the relative abundance of dominant species of Lactobacillus: CST I dominated by L. crispatus, CST II dominated by L. gasseri, dominated by L. iners, CST IV with a lower proportion of Lactobacillus and a higher proportion of anaerobic bacteria, and CST V dominated by L. jensenii. We found that 15/23 (65. 2%) in the cervical orifice and 16/27 (59. 3%) in the mid-vagina were type CST I, 8/23 (34. 8%) in the cervical orifice and 11/27 (40. 7%) in the mid-vagina were type. Samples during periods B and C were mostly assigned to CST I, whereas the samples during period A were mostly assigned to. The results of the cluster heat map showed that the CST of almost all samples remained in a stable state during the whole cycle except for a few individuals with dynamic changes, which the CST in samples No. 10 and No. 11 changed from to CST I (Figs. 3A, 3B). Table 1: Community state types (CSTs) of vaginal microbiome in different sites of vagina or different periods. Cervical orifice (%) Mid-vagina (%) (%) (%) (%) CST I 15 (65. 22) 16 (59. 26) 8 (47. 06) 12 (70. 59) 11 (68. 75) CST II 0 0 0 0 0 8 (34. 78) 11 (40. 74) 9 (52. 94) 5 (29. 41) 5 (31. 25) CST IV 0 0 0 0 0 CST V 0 0 0 0 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/table-1 Figure 3: The distribution of the CSTs during three periods. The redder the color, the higher the relative abundance. (A) The distribution of the CSTs during three periods in the cervical orifice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the existence of various community state types (CSTs) within the vaginal microbiota, indicating that microbiome compositions differ among individuals. For instance, it mentions that different samples were classified into distinct CSTs based on the relative abundance of dominant species of Lactobacillus, suggesting that individual microbiome compositions are not identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Summary of psychometric, EFR, and cortical threshold values. Solid lines represent behavior thresholds. Dashed lines represent EFR thresholds. Dotted lines represent ACx population decoder thresholds. Ctl ACx population threshold at 256 Hz was taken as the lowest AM depth presented since decoder output d’ values did not extend below 1. Only 256 and 512 Hz conditions are shown to summarize our main findings that population ACx activity contains sufficient sensory information to explain behavioral detection of very fast AM rates and can account for the perceptual deficits displayed by HL-reared animals. The y-axis (dB rel. 100%) is the same from each of the primary data graphs from which this schematic emerges (Psychophysics: Figure 1; EFR: Figure 4; ACx: Figure 7). Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Preliminary assessment of head position. No difference in neural responses for separate nosepoke and reward apparatus locations was observed in these two example ACx units. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about astrobiological data and its analysis; instead, it discusses neural responses, psychometric values, and thresholds in a different context. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Restricted areas can be declared by both state and federal government as national park to prevent the exploitation of its resources by land speculators. Inspiration can be drawn from the first national park i. e. the Park, that was established in the United States, in 1872 by [18]. It measures 300 square miles and had geological features, which is of national interest. As for mangrove forests in the there are no major natural features therein that makes them to attract the attention of government for protection. Nevertheless, the interest in the mangrove forest in the lies in the extraction of their resources such as oil and gas exploitation and exploration, tree felling for firewood production and sand dredging activity. Although the mangroves have no geological significance it has ecological significance because of the numerous ecosystem services they render to the environment (e. g. , coastal protection from tidal flushing, biodiversity hotspot). Delta mangrove forest is a global biodiversity hotspot. Global biodiversity hotspots are often determined based on species richness and endemism, which are all found in the mangroves of the Niger Delta. These areas include: tropical rainforest, coral reef, alpine forest and Mediterranean areas. Four notable global biodiversity hotspots based on the assessment of the author are:mangrove forest zones: these are areas in Nigeria that have the highest concentration of aquatic organisms in Africa (Figure 3). The problem is that the area has not been formally recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot by international agencies such as the the for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species range from plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton), aquatic invertebrates (bivalves, crabs, mussel, periwinkles, hermit crabs, etc. ), land insects (beetles, butterflies, mosquitoes, ants and termites), and vertebrates (monkeys, manatee, hippopotamus etc). It has five major species of mangroves amongst others. These include: red mangroves (Rhizophora spp. ), black mangroves (Avicennia spp. ), white mangroves (Laguncularia germinans spp. ), buttonwood (Conocarpus spp. ) and mangrove fern (Acrostichum aureum). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the ecological significance of restricted areas such as national parks. It mentions that these parks are established to prevent resource exploitation and highlights the ecological benefits provided by mangrove forests, which are described as biodiversity hotspots. The text underscores the importance of protected areas in conserving various species and ecosystems, directly supporting the idea that such areas help preserve habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (B) The distribution of the CSTs during three periods in the mid-vagina. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-3 Comparison of vaginal microbiome in healthy women from different regions We extracted the cervical orifice samples of period B in our study, which was the closest period to the downloaded public sequence. Subsequently, we compared the samples from Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen to study the regional differences of the vaginal microbiome. We observed that there were great differences in vaginal microbiome of healthy women between the three regions at the levels of phylum, genus, and species (Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C). The results of PCoA exhibited that the samples from Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen could be significantly separated at the phylum, genus and species levels (R > 0, p < 0. 01) (Figs. 4D, 4E, 4F). The LEfSe results demonstrated that only Firmicutes was significantly enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Chengdu (LDA > 3) (Fig. 4G). The most differentially abundant genera in the vaginal microbiome of women in Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Chengdu were Gardnerella, Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus, respectively (Fig. 4H). Meanwhile, we found that five pathogenic microorganisms including Gardnerella vaginalis, A. johnsonii, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Sneathia vaginalis were enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Shenzhen, and Staphylococcus_epidermidis, another pathogenic microorganisms was enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Hangzhou (LDA > 3) (Fig. 4I). Figure 4: Comparison of vaginal microbiome of healthy women in Chengdu, Shenzhen and Hangzhou. (A) Top 10 most abundant bacterial phyla in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions. (B) Top 10 most abundant bacterial genera in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions. (C) Top 10 most abundant bacterial species in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions. (D) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of phylum-level relative abundance profile in three regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that there are significant regional differences in the vaginal microbiome of healthy women from Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen. It specifically states that 'we observed that there were great differences in vaginal microbiome of healthy women between the three regions at the levels of phylum, genus, and species.' This directly counters the claim that everyone's microbiome composition is identical by providing evidence of variability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Genetics and 10. 7554/eLife. 34878 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 30, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 7,664 views 435 downloads 18 4878. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 4 figures, 3 tables and 6 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset A UAG-ending transcript in the genomically recoded organism (GRO) may produce proteins with multiple differing C-termini. (A) Unassigned codons arise when either the cognate tRNA or release factor recognizing a codon are removed. (B) Since the GRO lacks 1 (RF1), ribosomal stalling at the UAG codons results in three possible fates for the nascent protein (blue): (1) suppression of the codon by a near-cognate or suppressor tRNA (yellow) and continued translation, (2) frameshifting of bases along the mRNA transcript into a new reading frame and continued translation (purple), or (3) ribosomal rescue by the ssrA-encoded tmRNA, ArfA, or ArfB proteins. If ribosomal rescue occurs via tmRNA, the resulting protein is tagged with a peptide sequence (red) for degradation, while rescue via ArfA or ArfB results in release of peptide without C-terminal modification. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset UAG codons in the genomically recoded organism elicit suppression, frameshifting, and tagging for degradation by the tmRNA. (A) Schematic of the GFP construct with a C-terminal 6x-His tag and a UAG stop codon, showing 102 nucleotides downstream of the UAG codon and the positions of other stop codons in the downstream tail. (B) Peptides identified from the C-terminus of a UAG-ending GFP construct expressed in the GRO (using libraries detailed in Supplementary file 3 and 4). Purified GFP protein was digested with trypsin, processed via MS/MS, and the resulting data were computationally searched using libraries encoding all possible suppressors and all possible subsequent reading frames. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiological data or the use of advanced statistical methods in that context. It focuses on details related to UAG-ending transcripts in a genomically recoded organism, which is unrelated to the analysis of astrobiological data from telescopes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Cape floristic province: it has the greatest non-tropical concentration of higher plants species in the world. Five of South Africa’s 12 endemic plant families are found in the Fynbos. One hundred and sixty species are endemic. Province: has the largest avian breeding ground in the US. It has large number of endemic species with many threatened. It is the source of all agricultural production in the US. Mountains of Southwestern China: it is the most endemic rich temperate flora in the world. Golden monkey, giant panda, red panda and snub nose monkeys are found in this area. Figure 3. Some species found within the mangrove forest: (A) Senilia senilis, Anadara; (B) Crassostrea gasar, oyster; (C) Tympanotonus fuscatus, periwinkle; and (D) Uca tangeri, male crab. Biodiversity hotspots in Africa are more often grouped together without the recognition of the rich biodiversity across different locations. For instance, the entire forest biodiversity in was grouped as “forests” by [19]. Whereas, each country in this region possess rich supply of biodiversity. area in Nigeria has the third largest mangrove forest in the world, and the largest in Africa, i. e. , 1 million hectare out of 3. 2 hectare in the whole of Africa. Based on the importance of the biodiversity hotspots to the environment, it is pertinent to protect them for future generation. This is because only 6% of the earth’s surface is protected. Half of these are scientific reserves and national parks (1. 3%). They vary greatly from country to country. There are already six major parks in Nigeria [7]. But there is a need for mangrove forest parks in critical areas of the region aimed at forestalling the degradation of the forest. Two kinds of protection to be considered (Figure 4) areStrict protection: in this type of protection, no resource extraction is allowed. Here trees will not be felled for firewood production and aquatic organisms will not be harvested for commercial or subsistence purposes. The sole aim of this kind of protection is biodiversity conservation. However, there might be some allowances for scientific and educational uses to increase knowledge in mangrove research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of protecting biodiversity hotspots and highlighting that a significant proportion of protected areas are designated as scientific reserves and national parks. It notes that 'only 6% of the earth’s surface is protected,' and indicates that designated protected areas, including national parks, play a critical role in biodiversity conservation. It further stresses the need for specific types of protection, such as 'strict protection' aimed at conserving biodiversity, which aligns with the claim regarding the role of protected areas in preserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (E) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of genus-level relative abundance profile in three regions. (F) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of species-level relative abundance profile in three regions. (G) The difference of phylum-level relative abundance in three regions by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (H) The difference of genus-level relative abundance in three regions by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (I) The difference of species-level relative abundance in three regions by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-4 Functional characteristics of the vaginal microbiome The quantitative results of microbial gene families and metabolic pathways showed that the microbiome in both the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina was mainly enriched in the glycolysis IV pathway and the 6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin diphosphate biosynthesis III pathway (LDA > 3) (Fig. 5A). In addition, GH13 of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family was enriched in two sites of vagina during period A, and the expression of GT26 belonging to the glycosyl-transferase (GT) family was higher in the mid-vagina than in the cervical orifice during period C (LDA > 3, p < 0. 05) (Figs. 5B, 5C, 5D). Quantitative results of ARGs to vaginal microbiome revealed that tetM gene was only enriched in period A in two sites (LDA > 3) (Fig. 5E). Figure 5: Functional analysis of the vaginal microbiome. (A) Differential analysis of metabolic pathways between periods A, B and C (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (B) Differential analysis of vaginal microbial CAZymes between periods A, B and C (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (C) Differential analysis of vaginal microbial CAZymes between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during period C (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (D) The distribution of the vaginal microbial CAZymes between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence of differential microbial composition and functional characteristics in various regions of the vaginal microbiome. It describes differences in microbial abundance across different periods and anatomical sites, stating that specific gene families and metabolic pathways are enriched differently in samples taken from the cervical orifice and mid-vagina. This suggests significant variability in microbiome composition among individuals rather than uniformity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Peptides are mapped to the C-terminus of the original GFP construct and grouped by reading frame, with the number of bases skipped listed in the left column. Green text represents GFP, blue text represents the C-terminal 6xHis tag and unframeshifted readthrough, orange text represents the position of a UAG stop codon, purple text represents frameshifted readthrough, and red text represents the tmRNA tag. Black dashes represent ribosomal frameshifts (Figure 2—source datas 1 and 2). (C) MS-MS spectra for two peptides: the C-terminus of GFP with the appended degradation tag () and the C-terminus of GFP demonstrating a + 10 base skip in translation (). The other spectra validated from UAG-GFP expressing GRO. AA are shown in Supplementary file 2. Figure 2—source data 1 Raw data and analysis of peptides detected in mass spectrometry datasets using a library generated to search for frameshifting, near-cognate suppression, and ribosomal rescue events (Supplementary file 3). Download elife-34878-fig2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2—source data 2 Raw data and analysis of peptides detected in mass spectrometry datasets using a library generated to search for loss of translational fidelity (Supplementary file 4). Download elife-34878-fig2-data2-v1. xlsx Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Deletion of both ssrA and arfB restores protein production in the genomically recoded organism. (A) Comparison of doubling times for WT and GRO strains carrying listed deletions with and without GFP induction. Error bars show standard deviation centered at mean, n = 3; data were analyzed using Source code 1 (Figure 3—source datas 1 and 2). (B) Change in maximum optical density at 600 nm (OD600) due to expression of UAG-GFP or UAA-GFP in wild-type (WT) and GRO strains carrying listed deletions. Error bars show standard deviation centered at mean, n = 3 (Figure 3—source datas 1 and 2). (C) Quantification of GFP abundance per 1 mL of cells at OD600 of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiological data and telescopes. Instead, it discusses the analysis of peptides related to translation and protein production, which is unrelated to astrobiology or the usage of statistical methods in analyzing telescope data.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Figure 6. (a) RGB imagery of mosaicked mangrove forest at Eagle Island, Nigeria (Source: [20]). (b) Mosaicked image of mangrove forest that has been processed with visible atmospherically resistance index (VARI) to show areas of stress caused by Nypa palms and depicted by red and yellow color (Source: [20]). The protection of mangrove forest should follow the principles of reserve design such as:Protection of entire habitats because the more the protected habitat the better it is. Avoidance of reserve fragmentation by anthropogenic activities such as construction of high ways through mangrove forest. Clumped reserve is far better than linear for easy migration of species within the mangrove forestsCircular reserve is ideal to minimize edge effects. In terms of size, the bigger the terrain the better for the proliferation of species. According to the species-area relationship, bigger reserve has more resource, greater population with greater biodiversity leading to lower probability of extinction [21]. This is because small populations are prone to more extinction of species than large populations. Similarly, rather than have one large reserve it is good to have several small reserves (SLOSS problem), which will protect more species. This is because isolation can stop the spread of diseases. Advertisement 5. loss and conversion are two major problems that can lead to the extinction of mangrove forest in the if not checked. This is because one or two stands of mangrove forest, which is made up of at least 5–10 trees are lost daily from this region as a result of deforestation for firewood (i. e. , logging), sand dredging, urban development (e. g. , roads, building of houses), etc. As the mangroves are brought down, their positions are quickly taken over by human structures such as roads, houses, industrial complexes and crude oil platforms. Areas that have not undergone infrastructural development, but have been disturbed by human actions contain scanty forests that become vulnerable to environmental pressures from invasive species, which had already completely taken over 60% of mangrove forest in the Niger Delta. Urgently, it is important to embark on deliberate protective measures, which can prevent the exploitation and plundering of the remaining mangroves resources in the zone. 1. . Mangrove leaf litter decomposition under mangrove forest stands with different levels of pollution in the Delta, Nigeria. of Ecology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the principles of reserve design that enhance biodiversity preservation. It states that protecting entire habitats and avoiding fragmentation from anthropogenic activities are crucial for better preservation of species. The text highlights that larger reserves lead to greater biodiversity and lower extinction probabilities, along with the significance of preventing habitat loss from human activities, thus supporting the role of protected areas in conserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (E) Differential analysis of vaginal microbial ARGs between periods A, B and C (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (F) Differential analysis of vaginal microbial CAZymes in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (G) Differential analysis of vaginal microbial ARGs in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (H) Differential analysis of metabolic pathways in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions (p < 0. 05). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-5 To compare the functional and metabolic differences of the vaginal microbiome in different regions in China, we performed the same metagenomic sequencing operation on downloaded public sequences. The carbohydrate enzyme activity was significantly lower in the vaginal microbiome of women in Shenzhen than that of the other two regions (LDA > 3) (Fig. 5F). Furthermore, the macrolide antibiotic tetracycline resistance ErmX gene was significantly enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Hangzhou (LDA > 3) (Fig. 5G). In contrast, women from the other two regions had lower expression of ARGs. Three metabolic pathways, including coenzyme A biosynthesis II, UMP biosynthesis and adenosine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis, were enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Chengdu. In contrast, the vaginal microbiome of women in the other two regions was primarily enriched in pyruvate fermentation to acetate and (S)-lactate I (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 5H). The virome in the vaginal microbiome Uroviricota was the phylum with the highest relative abundance in the cervical orifice during periods A, B, and C (Fig. 6A). Slopekvirus and Whackvirus were the top two genera in the relative abundance of the cervical orifice during periods A and C, while Kagunavirus and Pahexavirus were the two genera during period B (Fig. 6B). The LEfSe result showed that 36 genera were enriched in the cervical orifice during period B, while only one or two genera were enriched during periods A and C (LDA > 3) (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of significant differences in microbial composition across different regions and women. It discusses differential analyses of vaginal microbial ARGs (antibiotic resistance genes) and CAZymes (carbohydrate-active enzymes) showing that women from Shenzhen have significantly lower enzyme activity compared to women from other regions. Additionally, it indicates variations in the presence of specific ARGs across different regions, implying that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: 5 via western blot from biological replicates of indicated strains (Figure 3—source datas 3–6). Error bars show standard deviation centered at mean, n = 3 (Figure 3—source datas 3–5). 3—figure supplement 1 for linear calibration curves used to quantify GFP abundance for each replicate experiment. Image of representative western blot is below the graph. p-values are calculated in relation to the GRO containing the UAG-ending GFP (GRO – UAG) and are as follows: * is p≤0. 05, ** is p≤0. 01, *** is p≤0. 001, and **** is p≤0. 0001. Figure 3—source data 1 Growth curve data from 96-well plate assay analyzed using Source code 1 (one of three plate replicates), used for data represented in Figure 3A and B. Download elife-34878-fig3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Analysis of doubling times and maximum OD600’s of indicated strains. File contains doubling times and maximum OD600’s for three separate experiments conducted on different plate reader machines. Each experiment tested each sample in biological triplicate. Only the biological triplicate data from Plate 3 is represented in Figure 3A and B. Download elife-34878-fig3-data2-v1. xlsx Figure 3—source data 3 Anti-GFP western blot image used for quantification of GFP yields; replicate 1. Download elife-34878-fig3-data3-v1. zip Figure 3—source data 4 Anti-GFP western blot image used for quantification of GFP yields; replicate 2. Download elife-34878-fig3-data4-v1. zip Figure 3—source data 5 Anti-GFP western blot image used for quantification of GFP yields; replicate 3. Download elife-34878-fig3-data5-v1. zip Figure 3—source data 6 Analysis of western blot data represented in Figure 3C. Download elife-34878-fig3-data6-v1. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Calibration curves used for quantification of GFP yields, as represented in Figure 3C, using GFP samples of known concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiological data from telescopes or advanced statistical methods at all. Instead, it focuses on specific data analysis related to biological experiments involving western blot techniques, statistical analyses like p-values, and quantifications of GFP yields. Therefore, it is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: IntroductionProtected areas are a key instrument for conserving nature, and are in fact one of the main pillars of both global and continental-scale conservation tools (Watson et al. 2014). Europe stands out, in terms of wildlife conservation, by being the world area with the highest numbers of protected areas (Gaston et al. 2008), whose abundance strongly relies on the Natura 2000 network, one of the two main tools, together with species protection regime, implemented by EU countries in application of the Habitats Directive. The latter is also paired by the network of Nationally protected areas such as national parks, nature reserves and so on. Evaluating the success of protected areas in guaranteeing species’ and habitats’ long-term persistence is the main objective of the reporting (art. 17), as well as of protected areas in general (Geldmann et al. 2013). The effectiveness of the network of protected areas in preserving nature worldwide has been widely assessed in terms of safeguarding (i) habitats’ loss or degradation (Geldmann et al. 2013), (ii) present and future species distribution coverage (Watson et al. 2014), as well as (iii) evidence of concrete effects on demography, abundance, and extinction risk trends of wildlife (Gray et al. 2016), although with inconsistent results across taxa and geographical contexts (Rodrigues et al. 2004). Moreover, the efforts spent in evaluating the appropriateness of protected areas in conserving species have been taxonomically and geographically biased (Godet and Devictor 2018), and so far insufficient to evaluate the status of biodiversity as a whole. Namely, few studies to date explored the conservation status and representation of specific taxonomic groups, invertebrates above all, within European protected areas, if compared to the wide literature on birds and mammals (Samways 1993; Boitani et al. 2011; Hernàndez‐Manrique et al. 2012; de Carvalho et al. 2017). Insects represent a major part of animal biodiversity, and their role in ecosystem functioning has long been acknowledged (Yang and Gratton 2014). Insects in fact play key roles in all ecosystems by being a major component of the environmental biomass, and by occupying virtually all the possible ecological positions among consumers within trophic networks (Stork 2018; Wagner 2020; Kehoe et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that protected areas are a key instrument for conserving nature and are essential tools for global conservation efforts. It emphasizes their effectiveness in preserving habitats and contributing to the long-term persistence of species, aligning directly with the claim about the role of national parks in preserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 6C). At the species level, Klebsiella virus Matisse and Klebsiella virus KP27 were enriched in periods A and C, while uncultured crAssphage and Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedroviru were enriched during period B (LDA > 3) (Figs. 6D, 6E). Figure 6: Vaginal virome composition during periods A, B and C. (A) Top 10 most abundant virus phyla in the cervical orifice of healthy women during periods A, B and C. (B) Top 10 most abundant virus genera in the cervical orifice of healthy women during periods A, B and C. (C) Differential analysis of vaginal virus genera (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (D) Top 10 most abundant virus species in the cervical orifice of healthy women during periods A, B and C. (E) Differential analysis of vaginal virus species (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (F) Differential analysis of metabolic pathways in the vaginal virome (p < 0. 05). (G) Differential analysis of CAZymes in the vaginal virome (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (H) Differential analysis of ARGs in the vaginal virome (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-6 We performed gene function annotation analysis for vaginal virome and found that seven metabolism-related pathways were enriched during period B, while only adenosine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis pathway and guanosine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis pathway were enriched during period A, and no significantly enriched metabolic pathway was detected during period C (LDA > 3) (Fig. 6F). Identification and quantification of CAZymes showed that GT5 was significantly more abundant during period B, while GT73 and AA2 were enriched during period A (LDA > 3) (Fig. 6G). coli EF-Tu mutants encoding pulvomycin antibiotic resistance was most prevalent in the cervical orifice during period C and the TEM-116 ecoding cephalosporin antibiotic resistance was most prevalent in the cervical orifice during period B (LDA > 3) (Fig. 6H). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of varying microbiome compositions across different periods (A, B, and C), as indicated by the analysis of virus species and genera, suggesting that microbiome composition is not identical among individuals or over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Replicate 1 corresponds to the western blot shown in Figure 3—source data 3; Replicate 2 corresponds to the western blot shown in Figure 3—source data 4; Replicate 3 corresponds to the western blot shown in Figure 3—source data 5. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Deleting ssrA restores propagation of both viruses and conjugative plasmids in the genomically recoded organism. (A) Percent transfer of conjugative plasmid RK2 from a wild-type donor into wild-type (WT), GRO, or GRO with designated deletions (KO) as recipients (Figure 4—source data 1). Data are obtained from technical triplicates generated from a single biological sample. (B) Percent increase in doubling time for strains carrying plasmid RK2 compared to strains lacking RK2 (Figure 4—source datas 2 and 3). (C) Number of conjugation events for conjugative plasmid F from wild-type, GRO, or GRO with designated gene deletions as donors to a wild-type recipient (Figure 4—source data 4). Data are obtained from technical triplicates generated from a single biological sample. (D) Relative titer on wild-type, GRO, and GRO with designated deletions of phage λ (Figure 4—source data 5). Error bars show standard deviation centered at mean, n = 3. p-values are calculated in relation to the GRO condition and are as follows: * is p≤0. 05, ** is p≤0. 01, *** is p≤0. 001, and **** is p≤0. 0001. (E) Effects of sequential deletions of ribosomal rescue mechanisms on conjugative plasmid transfer efficiency. (F) Effects of sequential deletions of ribosomal rescue mechanisms on viral susceptibility. Figure 4—source data 1 Analysis of RK2 plasmid conjugation data represented in Figure 4A. Note: These data represent technical triplicates generated from the same biological sample. Download elife-34878-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—source data 2 Growth curve data from 96-well plate assay analyzed using Source code 1, used for data represented in Figure 4B. Download elife-34878-fig4-data2-v1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses technical aspects of biological experiments related to plasmid conjugation and growth curves, without any mention of astrobiology, telescopes, or statistical methods. Thus, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: pedo–also known as the Predatory bush cricket or Spiked magician–is listed on the Annex IV of the Habitats Directive, where identified threats are habitat encroachment by afforestation and pasture abandonment, the use of pesticides, and overgrazing (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). The species is in fact considered as associated with natural and semi-natural grasslands, yet its actual ecological requirements are poorly known, as very common for insects, probably due to the species’ low detectability, semi-nocturnal habits, and short life-span, that make it hard to conduct exhaustive field studies (Holuša et al. 2013). Consequently, the actual area of occupancy of the species has been probably underestimated so far, and new observations keep on being recorded at novel locations (Nerozzi, et al. 2022). As such, assessing its potential distribution by species distribution models (SDMs) instead of record-based evaluations may prove more efficient in targeting its conservation at wide geographical scales (Herkt et al. 2017), an approach though never attempted to date. An alternative for guaranteeing the conservation of poorly detectable species in absence of detailed field data may also be the use of surrogate taxa or entities (e. g. , habitats) that are presumably easier to locate and thus conserve, and to which the target species may be associated (Mumby et al. 2008). Such a strategy may include the granting of protection to habitats representing highly suitable areas to the species, as implemented for some saproxylic beetles whose conservation is guaranteed by conserving old-growth forests with specific characteristics (Parisi et al. 2019). Even though S. pedo is considered as associated with specific grassland types (e. g. , dry grasslands on calcareous substrates; Kaltenbach 1990), no quantitative assessment of presumed association with legally protected grassland habitats, i. e. habitats, has ever been tested on the species to date. Here we aim at unveiling the macroecological ecological factors that favor the occurrence of the threatened S. pedo and assess its conservation coverage in Europe. We tackle these objectives by developing SDMs of S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing conservation strategies that involve protecting habitats, which are essential for species like S. pedo, as indicated by the mention of granting protection to habitats representing suitable areas for the species. Additionally, it highlights the importance of conservation in specific grassland types and suggests using surrogate taxa to support conservation efforts, indirectly supporting the idea that protected areas are vital for preserving biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: microbiome varies from individual to individual. The menstruation, diet, and exercise all regulate the composition and stability of the vaginal microbiome and may affect vaginal and reproductive health (Song et al. , 2020). We studied the differences in vaginal microbiome between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina in samples with the same sampling period. We found that the composition and structure of microorganisms in the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during periods B and C were obviously similar, with Lactobacillus as the main microflora, which was consistent with the results of previous studies (Alonzo Martínez et al. , 2021). Lactobacillus spp. is important beneficial bacteria in the human vagina (Tachedjian et al. , 2017). Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus spp. can inhibit the infection and proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms by adhering to the surface of vaginal epithelial cells to build a physical barrier, produce bacteriocin, organic acid, hydrogen peroxide and other antibiotic factors, compete for nutrients, and produce various metabolites such as lactic acid, and thus play an anti-infection and anti-tumor role (Voravuthikunchai, Bilasoi & Supamala, 2006). In addition, at the species level, our results indicated that CSTs in both cervical orifice and mid-vagina were CST I, which was considered to be the most stable and clinically important CST with the greatest potential for improving health (Mancabelli et al. , 2021). In contrast, we observed significant differences between the microbiome of the cervical orifice and mid-vagina during the period A, even though the dominant microflora in both sites was Lactobacillus. These differences were specifically manifested in the enrichment of Acinetobacter in the cervical orifice during the period A, while Firmicutes of probiotics was concentrated in the mid-vagina. Acinetobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogen, which can be transformed into pathogenic bacteria under certain conditions and is usually closely associated with ovarian cancer and vaginitis (Cazzaniga et al. , 2022; Nguyen et al. , 2022). The lack of lactobacillus in the vagina may be one of the potential causes of Acinetobacter infection. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the microbiome varies from individual to individual. It discusses how factors such as menstruation, diet, and exercise can regulate the composition and stability of the vaginal microbiome, suggesting that microbiome profiles are not identical among different individuals. Specifically, it highlights significant differences in microbiome composition between different sites in the vagina and across different periods, indicating variability rather than uniformity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 4—source data 3 Analysis of doubling times represented in Figure 4B. Download elife-34878-fig4-data3-v1. xlsx Figure 4—source data 4 Analysis of F plasmid conjugation data represented in Figure 4C. Note: These data represent technical triplicates generated from the same biological sample. Download elife-34878-fig4-data4-v1. xlsx Figure 4—source data 5 Analysis of lambda phage infection data represented in Figure 4D. Download elife-34878-fig4-data5-v1. xlsx 1 Strains used in this study. Strain Abbreviation*Ancestor (source)†Genotype# UAG Codons‡RF1 Status§Ribosomal rescue gene deletionssrA tag Status#Investigated inGRO. DD. prfA+GRO. AA (this study)ΔmutS:zeo. Δ(ybhB-bioAB):[λcI857. Δ(cro-ea59):tetR-bla]0+RF1n/aDDGFP expression for mass spectrometry (Figure 2)GRO. DDGRO. AA (this study)ΔmutS:zeo. Δ(ybhB-bioAB):[λcI857. Δ(cro-ea59):tetR-bla], ΔprfA, ΔtolC0∆RF1n/aDDGFP expression for mass spectrometry (Figure 2)ECNR2. AAE. coli MG1655 (Wang et al. , 2009)MG1655 ΔmutS:zeo. Δ(ybhB-bioAB):[λcI857. Δ(cro-ea59):tetR-bla]321+RF1n/aAAFitness, conjugation, and viral infection (Figures 3 and 4)GRO. 2. AA (Lajoie et al. , 2013b)ΔmutS:zeo. Δ(ybhB-bioAB):[λcI857. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding the analysis of astrobiological data from telescopes using advanced statistical methods. Instead, it discusses various strains and data analyses related to biological studies without any mention of telescopes, astrobiology, or statistical methods pertinent to the claim.