Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Additionally, there was a consensus among the study participants that the training was helpful as an effective tool for teaching empathy and the students identified debriefing as an integral part of the training. Our study findings corroborate existing trends observed in the general literature regarding the role of IVR as a tool for empathy training (Han et al. 2022; Liu et al. 2024; Ventura et al. 2020; Villalba et al. 2021). However, to the best of our knowledge, this study is one of few to report on behavioral changes and learning transfer in medical students who underwent IVR-based empathy training intervention in clinical training settings and to explore debriefing’s role in this intervention. Despite the modest sample size, a comparison of the mean empathy test score before and after the IVR training showed a significant increase in the students’ empathy levels as measured by the JSE questionnaire, thus providing an objective measure of their learning achieved through their IVR training. These results are consistent with the study participants’ self-reported increase in their empathy towards older adults dealing with social isolation and loneliness, as well as their ability to apply what they have learned during standardized patients and real patients’ encounters. As such, our results further validate a line of research that has demonstrated the effectiveness of IVR-based experiences in improving empathy in its users (Elzie & Shaia 2021; Gugliucci 2019; Papadopoulos et al. 2021; Schutte and Stilinović, 2017; Wijma et al. 2018). Furthermore, the study findings contributes to the expanding body of literature that examines the effects of IVR on various components of empathy (Slater et al. 2019; Ventura and Martingano 2023) by showing that IVR-based empathy training can enhance both the cognitive and emotional components of empathy. Cognitive empathy enhancement was demonstrated by the improvement in the mean scores of the students on the JSE questionnaire, which mainly measures cognitive empathy, and understanding of patients’ perspectives. Furthermore, in their interviews, the students reported gaining a better understanding of the challenges that patients dealing with social isolation and loneliness face on a daily basis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality (IVR) as a tool for empathy training within educational settings, while it does not state or support the notion that IVR will completely replace traditional education methods. Instead, it highlights the positive outcomes of IVR in enhancing empathy skills without dismissing the traditional educational approaches.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: ) 5Astrology: Exploring the (2005), révèle que les signes du zodiaque chinois définissent une personne en fonction de l’animal qui lui est associé6. L’importance donnée par Kim Yun-Cheol aux masques dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk peut faire penser à l’influence de l’astrologie chinoise qui a une place considérable dans la culture coréenne. L’ajout de ces accessoires devrait donc éclairer le spectateur quant à l’identité des personnages. Lorsque Roméo et son entourage se préparent pour aller au bal organisé par les Capulet, Mercutio fait part de l’idée de se déguiser en fonction des signes du zodiaque pour ne pas être reconnus (« We shall mask ourselves with the signs of the Zodiac7 »). Les jeunes gens du clan des Montaigu arborent donc des masques de cheval, chèvre, chien ou mouton8. 9 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 10 Simon Buia, op. cit. , 11 « In Korea, each animal has a certain character. We characterize each animal in term of human emoti (. . . ) 12 Shelly Wu, op. cit. , p. 11. Dans ce sens l’astrologie chinoise est similaire à l’astrologie européen (. . . ) 13 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 6Mercutio choisit le cochon comme emblème personnel (« I shall be the pig9 »)10, signe du zodiaque associé à l’honnêteté, la liberté, une certaine tendance à l’égoïsme et une aversion contre l’injuste11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses astrology and cultural influences related to zodiac signs and does not address neuroethology or the assessment of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: , 2021 Pre-COVID-19 or COVID-19 subgroups, in both patients and clinicians Web-based video, using web real-time communication technology 1,757 stakeholders (875 patients; 632 parents; 62 adult-based clinicians; and 188 pediatric-based clinicians) Mar 16–Apr 15, 2020 - [A28] Shaverdian et al. , 2021 Survey USA Radiation oncology clinics Telemedicine consultation 114 patients Apr 2–Jun 10, 2020 Median: 65 (19–91) 43 [A29] Alwabiliy et al. , 2021 Cross-sectional descriptive study Facilitate healthcare services Virtual clinics 123 patients May 5–Jul 9, 2020 33 ± 12 61 [A30] Nasser et al. , 2021 Cross-sectional survey study Patients treated through telemedicine programs in Telehealth visits 425 patients Feb–Aug 2020 - 63. 1 [A31] Bizot et al. , 2021 therapy for metastatic and localized cancers Teleconsultations 1,299 patients Apr 6–May 25, 2020 - - [A32] Knaus et al. , 2021 Retrospective review of patients USA Anorectal malformation, Hirschsprung’s disease, functional constipation, myelomeningocele, and spinal injury Telemedicine bowel management programs consisted of video and/or phone call visits (remote) 67 patients May–Oct 2020 Average: 8. 6 (3–18), SD 3. 9 44. 8 [A33] Chang et al. , 2021 Prospective survey study USA Cancer rehabilitation Telerehabilitation stratified by contact method (phone or video) 169 patients Mar 25–May 31, 2020 57. 6 65. 2 [A34] Adams et al. , 2021 Prospective observation study Telehealth consultations by telephone 128 patients Mar 26–Apr 27, 2020Apr 7–Apr 17, 2020 - 69. 5 [A35] Orrange et al. , 2021 Retrospective observational study USA Internal medicine patients Video and telephone consultations 368 patients Fall of 2020 55. 8 ± 16. 0 66 [A36] Kaur et al. , 2020 Survey UK hyperthyroidism Telemedicine 65 patients Jan–May 2020 Average: 53 - [A37] Haxhihamza et al. , 2020 28 patients - 40. 25–19 - [A38] Teng et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and surveys conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlight the use and increase in telehealth services. It mentions multiple research efforts related to telemedicine consultations with numerous patients during specific time frames in 2020, thereby indicating a growing trend in the use of telehealth during the pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: 2021; Sherman and Craig 2018; Shin 2018; Ventura and Martingano 2023). Our findings confirm the ability of IVR experiences to create a sense of presence and immersion in its users that facilitates this empathic feeling of connection with the IVR character and understanding of its perspectives (Buchman and Henderson 2019; Dyer et al. 2018; Elzie and Shaia 2021; Herrera et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2024; Swartzlander et al. 2017; Ventura et al. 2020; Ventura and Martingano 2023). All the students who participated in the training indicated that they felt present and had a sense of “being there” as some of them described it. Accordingly, greater empathy can be developed through the IVR immersive and presence capabilities as well as perspective taking, making the IVR users feel as though they are in the virtual environment and sharing the same space and time as the IVR characters (Barreda-Angeles et al. 2020; Han et al. 2022; Ingram et al. 2019). The capacity of the IVR training to stimulate perspective taking in the study participants was also illustrated in the students’ responses to item 3 and 17 on the JSE questionnaire, which had the most improvement in the mean students’ score. This suggests that the students found the IVR experience effective in allowing them to assume the perspective of the patient by embodying the IVR character. This supports findings in the literature (Bertrand et al. 2018; Han et al. 2022; Todres et al. 2010; Villalba et al. 2021) stating that first-person perspective taking can be fundamental to fully comprehend another person’s point of view and induce empathy through immersive learning experiences. It is worth noting that while our study, in addition to other research, has shown that IVR can have a positive impact on empathy, there are critical perspectives questioning its effectiveness and the depth of empathy it can foster (Herrera et al. 2018). Few studies suggest that VR may enhance emotional empathy but have limitations in improving cognitive empathy (Martingano et al. 2021; Ventura et al. 2020; Ventura & Martingano 2023). On the other hand, a recent study on empathy predictors in VR found direct links to emotional and cognitive empathy (Bacca-Acosta et al. 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the capabilities of immersive virtual reality (IVR) to enhance empathy and perspective-taking in educational contexts. However, it also notes that critical perspectives exist regarding the effectiveness and depth of the empathy IVR can foster, insinuating that it may not fully replace traditional methods. Specifically, it mentions 'few studies suggest that VR may enhance emotional empathy but have limitations in improving cognitive empathy,' indicating that while IVR offers benefits, it also has limitations that traditional education methods may address.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Ces caractéristiques semblent bien désigner ce personnage – dont le nom propre n’est pas mentionné dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk – comme l’équivalent de Mercutio dans le Roméo et Juliette de Shakespeare. L’importance accordée à l’astrologie chinoise n’est pas seulement d’ordre pratique, car si les signes du zodiaque permettent de caractériser de façon archétypale un personnage véhiculant les traits de personnalité et le tempérament associés à tel ou tel animal, ils sont fondés sur un calcul mathématique prenant en compte la position des étoiles et planètes lors de la naissance d’un individu12. Les étoiles occupent donc une place prépondérante, et en fonction de l’évolution de ces dernières dans le ciel, elles peuvent avoir une influence sur le présent et le futur des différents signes du zodiaque. Mercutio fait remarquer ceci lorsqu’il demande à Tybalt de reporter leur duel car l’orientation des étoiles ne semble pas être favorable à une personne native du cochon ce jour-là (« Let’s fight tomorrow, today is not a good day according to my zodiac sign13 »). 14 William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, éd. René Weis, coll. Shakespeare, Londres, Bloomsb (. . . ) 15 L’astrologue indique que l’impulsivité excessive joue un rôle décisif dans l’int (. . . ) 16 et John Young, « Early modern astrology », dans A Cr (. . . ) 17 Idem et J. W. Draper, « Shakespeare’s ‘Star-Crossed Lovers’ », of 15. 57, (. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses astrology and its influence on personality traits and characteristics, specifically related to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. There is no mention or implication about neuroethology or the ability to determine animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: , 2021 Prospective monocentric study epilepsy Remote encounters 204 physicians Mar 20–Apr 23, 2020 8. 7 (4. 5–12. 8) - [A39] Al-Sofiani et al. , 2021 adults with type 1 diabetes Interactive virtual educational sessions 210 patients Mar 24–Apr 24, 2020 Median: 21 (IQR, 11) 68 [A40] Mortezavi et al. , 2021 Retrospectively collected patient encounter data USA and video visits 359 patients May 1–May 29, 2020 Median: 59 (21–93) 81. 9 [A41] Palandri et al. , 2020 Negative myeloproliferative neoplasms Telephone or video consultations in patients 87 patients Mar 9–May 4, 2020 - - [A42] Gerbutavicius et al. , 2020 Ophthalmology practice Teleophthalmology (video consultation) 29 patients - 59. 3 55. 17 [A43] Clark and Bradley, 2021 Cross-sectional USA visits 94 patients Apr 1–May 31, 2020 56. 2 ± 16. 1 - [A44] Mohanty et al. , 2020 consultations 122 patients Mar 22–May 8, 2020 - - [A45] Efthymiadis et al. , 2021 Survey UK Urological service Teleconsultation 194 patients Mar 23, 2020 Median: 72 (27–91) 13 [A46] Itamura et al. , 2020 Survey USA Otolaryngology clinic visit Virtual visits 221 patients Mar 1–May 1, 2020 - - [A47] Zhu et al. , 2020 Retrospective single-site cohort study USA Surgical patients and providers (general surgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, urology, and vascular surgery) Video telemedicine appointment 26 providers Mar 27–Apr 23, 2020 18–100 51. 9 [A48] Horgan et al. , 2020 Retrospective survey UK Oral and maxillofacial surgical Teleconsultation 109 patients Apr 1–Jun 8, 2020 64. 5 ± 13. 3 45 [A49] Marianayagam et al. , 2021 Retrospective chart review USA craniofacial clinic 90 patients - - - [A50] Riley et al. , 2021 Telephone-based survey USA Otolaryngology practices Routine clinical care for telemedicine consultation 325 patients25 providers Apr–Jul 2020 40–59 (45. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple instances of telehealth services, such as video consultations and teleconsultations being utilized during specific dates in 2020, which corresponds with the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. It indicates that various medical practices adapted to remote encounters during this time, thus supporting the idea that telehealth services have indeed gained popularity during the pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: These differing findings highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of VR’s role in empathy training, emphasizing the importance of designing VR experiences for empathic effort and perspective-taking in medical education. Our study has some limitations. First, the design lacked comparison data from a control group, so we cannot exclude the impact of external and confounding factors on our results. Nevertheless, using a pretest–posttest design helped us mitigate some of those concerns by providing baseline data on the empathy levels of our study participants before the training, thus enabling us to measure change in those levels after the training. Second, our study might have sampling bias due to the small size convenience sample, which may in turn constrain the generalizability of the study results as well as the qualitative nature of the study which can be specific to the participants. Moreover, given that the interviews and study were conducted by a single investigator, we acknowledge the limitations regarding inter-rater reliability. Third, although a strength of our study was measuring the transferability of empathy learning to clinical settings, this was based solely on self-reported data, which may include possible inherent biases as well as subjectivity of the results. However, when studying a complicated concept such as empathy and perceptions towards an educational intervention, direct input from the participants themselves is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena under study (Tavakol et al. 2012). Finally, it is important to note that our study did not include a control group, limiting our ability to compare the effectiveness of the VR-based intervention with alternative training methods or no intervention at all. 5 ConclusionThis study contributes to the emerging literature on the effectiveness of IVR as a teaching tool for medical empathy training. We offered IVR technology as an entry point to providing an effective empathy teaching experience that mimics real life in a safe environment that supports medical students learning. Medical educators are encouraged to consider this new technology as a controlled training to engage students in experiences that would otherwise be difficult to recreate in real life. Moreover, through collaborative efforts with libraries, medical institutions can leverage existing resources and expertise to effectively incorporate VR technology into their curriculum. Moving forward, continued partnerships between libraries and medical schools hold potential for driving innovation and advancing educational practices in healthcare training. As artificial intelligence technologies continue to augment human capacities, it has become inevitable for universities to explore the applications of those technologies to remain innovative and relevant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of their study on the use of virtual reality (VR) in education. It highlights that while VR can enhance empathy training in medical education, the study did not compare VR with traditional methods due to the absence of a control group. This indicates that VR does not replace traditional methods but rather serves as an additional tool. The authors also emphasize the importance of understanding VR's role within a broader educational context, implying that traditional methods still hold value.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: ) 7Oh Tae-Suk reprend ici le paradigme déjà présent dans la tragédie shakespearienne selon lequel la position des astres dans le ciel a une influence sur les individus. Roméo et Juliette sont définis dans le prologue de la pièce comme des amants maudits (« star-crossed lovers14 », Romeo and Juliet prologue l. 6), c’est-à-dire deux personnes subissant l’alignement de planètes qui exercent une influence malveillante15. Même si Roméo déclare vouloir s’affranchir du joug des astres (« defy you, stars », Romeo and Juliet, V. i. 24), il n’échappe pas à son triste sort. Cette corrélation entre les planètes et la vie terrestre n’est d’ailleurs pas une idiosyncrasie de Shakespeare. L’astrologie était communément considérée comme une science durant la période élisabéthaine, et l’équivalent de ce que nous connaissons sous le nom d’horoscope était calculé de façon à comprendre la personnalité et le destin de chaque individu16. La reine Élisabeth 1re avait recours aux services de John Dee, mathématicien et astrologue diplômé de l’Université de Cambridge, qui lui indiquait le moment propice pour lancer une attaque ou organiser des événements importants17. Emblème animal 18 Shakespeare, Craiova, Facebook, photographie accessible en ligne sur : htt (. . . ) 19 Richard E. Strassberg, A Chinese Bestiary: from a (. . . ) 20 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , (. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses the influence of astrology in Shakespeare's works, mentioning characters like Roméo and Juliette and the role of astrology during the Elizabethan period. There is no reference to neuroethology or animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: 5%) 49. 8 [A51] Porche et al. , 2021 Retrospective, single-institution, review USA Clinic visits in neurosurgery Telemedicine outpatient clinic visits in neurosurgery 97 patients Mar 1, 2019–Sep 15, 2020 - - [A52] Yoon et al. , 2020 Prospectively studied consecutive USA Neurosurgery outpatient clinic for either brain or spine disease Via real-time video conferencing using 310 patients May 15–Jun 8, 2020 60. 9 ± 13. 6 59 [A53] Richards et al. , 2021 Survey USA Neurosurgical outpatient practices Telemedicine (phone or video) visits 179 patients Jun 1–Aug 15, 2020 63. 1 ± 14. 6 (range 18. 0–91. 0) 49. 7 [A54] Shiff et al. , 2020 Andrology-focused urology practice Telephone 96 patients Mar–Jun 2020 48. 5 (37. 3–62. 8) - [A55] Pinar et al. , 2020 Prospective, bi-centric study for follow-up or oncological urology Urological teleconsultation 105 patients5 urologists Mar 30–Apr 13, 2020 Median: 66 (IQR 55–71) 9. 5 [A56] Gan et al. , 2021 Survey USA Pediatric urology clinic Video visits 631 patients May 2018–Apr 2020 Median: 7 28 [A57] Melian et al. , 2021 Prospective observational cohort study USA Orthopedic and spinal conditions Teleconsultation (telephone) 388 patients Mar 25–Apr 27, 2020 (range 10–94) 56. 1 [A58] Greenfield et al. , 2021 Survey USA Orthopedic care Telemedicine visits 346 patients Mar 23–Apr 24, 2020 Average: 52. 4 ± 17. 3 (range: 18–88) 52. 9 [A59] Fieux et al. , 2020 Prospective study ENT consultation ENT telemedicine consultation (telemedicine consultation used the “SARA” platform) 125 patients Apr 6–Apr 10, 2020 51 (range 18–78) 60. 0 [A60] Layfield et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing various studies indicating the use of telehealth services (including telemedicine and video consultations) during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically citing the time range of March 2020 to June 2020 when many studies on telehealth were conducted. This provides evidence that telehealth services were utilized more frequently during this period.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: We hope that this study would encourage medical education institutes to look beyond traditional teaching methods and incorporate innovative ways and technologies in teaching practices, particularly when the new generations of medical students are becoming keener on experiencing those new modalities for learning. Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 688. Description of “Lab” experience from the embodied labs software libraryis a VR application platform that creates immersive VR experiences for users to embody the perspectives and conditions of other people and to assume the first-person perspective of patients. The platform delivers immersive experiences via a VR-ready gaming computer, tethered VR head-mounted display or headset, and propriety software. For the purpose of this study, a scenario called “Lab” that focuses on loneliness and social isolation in elderly patients and their effect on their health outcomes was selected. Through this IVR experience, students get to understand how social isolation can overlap with loneliness, negative or absent family relationships, poor health, lack of access to transportation, and inability to access community services. This IVR scenario was created by the Company by reviewing the existing peer-reviewed literature on social isolation and older adults as well as interviews with partners at Office on Aging and Department of ’s Academy. In this IVR experience, the study participants embody “Frank”, a 72-year-old Caucasian man, beginning a few months after his wife’s passing. The IVR experience is designed as a three modules experience where students get to experience three storylines in each module. Once they wear the headset, the students become fully immersed in a scenario where they see everything from the patient’s point of view. They re-live Frank’s attempts to navigate his new way of life and experience the destructive impacts of social isolation. Below is a description of the three modules in this VR experience and what each storyline entails. 1. 2 First module and storyline: recognizing the common cause of isolation in home, family, and environmentIn the first module, Frank is experiencing grief over the death of his wife Maggie. Maggie’s death has isolated him from his children, friends, and suburban community. Frank has a daughter Kristen who is a busy school teacher and has limited time to chat and visit with her dad. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the study encourages medical education institutes to integrate new technologies like VR into their teaching practices without suggesting that VR will completely replace traditional methods. It focuses on a specific VR application designed for immersive experiences in medical education rather than promoting VR as a wholesale replacement for traditional education.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: ) 8Dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk d’avril 2018, Juliette n’est pas singularisée par le biais d’un signe car elle ne porte pas de masque. Cependant, elle est tout de même associée, de la même manière que Mercutio, à un animal – le renard. Lors de la scène du bal, alors que les jeunes hommes du clan des Montaigu portent des masques, les demoiselles du clan des Capulet, vêtues de blanc, tiennent des panneaux rouges de façon à former la silhouette d’un renard18. La couleur rouge crée ici un rappel chromatique et lie Mercutio aux pancartes, comme si ce dernier pouvait aider le spectateur à comprendre l’image du renard en identifiant le lien entre la caractérisation animale via les masques/signes du zodiaque et la présence du renard entre les mains des jeunes femmes. Dans le bestiaire coréen, le renard blanc à neuf queues est vu comme un signe de bon augure en temps de paix, mais c’est surtout l’image du renard comme charmeur qui prévaut dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk. En coréen, le mot pour désigner un renard, yeo-u (여우), fait aussi référence à une jeune femme qui sait comment agir afin d’obtenir ce qu’elle veut19. Le renard est en effet associé à des figures féminines qui font bon usage de leur charme et leur intelligence pour attirer leur partenaire (ou leur proie, en fonction du contexte). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses a staging of a play that incorporates the symbolism of a fox, linking it to feminine characteristics and charm within a cultural context. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: , 2020 Retrospective chart reviews USA Otolaryngology patient (head and neck ambulatory visits) Video-based telemedicine visits 100 patients Mar 18–Apr 24, 2020 62. 6 ± 13. 9 41 [A61] Shahid et al. , 2021 Retrospective survey UK Vitrectomy for retinal detachment Teleconsultation 53 patients Mar 23, 2020 - 51 [A62] Shafi et al. , 2020 Cross-sectional USA Treatment of spinal disorders Telehealth visits as a platform for delivering care for the treatment of spinal pathology 110 patients Mar 25–May 15, 2020 >60 53. 6 COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, ENT: ear, nose, and throat, IQR: interquartile range. a) The lists refer to 1. 1. Rapid implementation of virtual clinics due to COVID-19: report and early evaluation of a quality improvement initiative. BMJ 2020 9(2):e000985. 2. Clinician satisfaction with rapid adoption and implementation of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. E Health 2021 27(12):1385-92. 3. -Stevens M. Satisfaction with the use of telehealth during COVID-19: an integrative review. Adv 2020 2:100008. 4. . Patient satisfaction with telehealth in rural settings: a systematic review. Telerehabil 2020 12(2):53-64. 5. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (-P) 2015 statement. 2015 4(1):1. 6. . Cognitive intervention using information and communication technology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021 18(21):11535. 7. . Definitions, survey methods, and findings of patient satisfaction studies in teledermatology: a systematic review. Res 2021 313(4):205-15. 8. -Bee J, Tufanaru C, et al. Revising the JBI quantitative critical appraisal tools to improve their applicability: an overview of methods and the development process. JBI 2023 21(3):478-93. 9. . Meta-Analyst: software for meta-analysis of binary, continuous and diagnostic data. 2009 9:80. 10. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing several examples of telehealth services being utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic, with specific references to retrospective chart reviews and surveys indicating the implementation and satisfaction with these virtual clinics and telehealth services. The mention of various studies, such as those on teleconsultation in the UK and telehealth for spinal disorders in the USA, supports the idea that telehealth has gained popularity during this time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: The case study introduced in this 2. Theoretical scopeSeveral historical buildings no longer exist but historical documents—archive technical documents, drawings, or photographs—have been preserved. Some buildings remain in the living memory of earlier generations or have preserved few physical fragments. Some have been irretrievable destroyed—removed and replaced by new buildings. This historical documents and preserved parts of the building may offer data for a virtual presentation of the extinct significant building or historical monument. The presentation of a hypothetical reconstruction by virtual reality can serve to bring the history, culture, and technology closer to the public [3]. The presentation of the digital model can serve as a graspable presentation of the extinct technical and cultural heritage. In the game industry, the degree of “realness” is referred to the notion of immersion. Immersion is meant as transportation (presence) rather than as absorption [4]. The presumption is that new virtual reality environments with their high fidelity and real-time interaction have higher degree of immersion than conventional physical 3D models. The high degree of immersion of the VR environment is substantial in increasing the effectiveness and attractiveness of education, which is closer to our innate learning by experience. Besides that, with the rising of the degree of immersion, it is easier to compare user experience to real situation, allowing to gather relevant data about user behavior. The user tracking within historically long spatial cognition research is based on K. Lynch’s image of the city [5] and W. H. Whyte’s urban cameras [6] and continues with later explorations as A. Mallot’s experiments with orientation in virtual environments [7] and C. Ratti’s real-time Rome [8]. These studies showed that user tracking is a high-quality source of information, describing certain behavioral patterns. All these experiments tracked human behavior to use it as feedback for further design. However, this new knowledge was not utilized in any practically used analytical tool, e. g. , B. Hillier’s space syntax [9]. This tool, on the other hand, works only with theoretical outcomes of the spatial cognition; it is not implementing the real tracked data [10]. The case study in this contribution is focused on utilization of tracked behavior in analytical tool for evaluating further virtual exhibition designs and presentation spaces. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that while virtual reality (VR) can enhance educational experiences due to its high degree of immersion and interactivity, it does not assert that it will completely replace traditional education methods. Instead, it discusses the effectiveness of VR in comparison to traditional models and suggests that new knowledge from user tracking has not yet been practically implemented to replace conventional methods, indicating a more integrated approach rather than a replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: C’est le cas de Juliette qui flirte ouvertement avec Roméo lors de la scène du bal et (se) joue de/avec lui lorsqu’il rejoint sa nouvelle épouse dans la chambre de cette dernière. Recouverte d’un tissu blanc, la scène devient un gigantesque lit dans lequel les amoureux folâtrent20. Utilisant ce qui fait office de linge de lit, Juliette joue à cache-cache avec son mari, jeu qui a pour résultat de prendre au piège Roméo qui se retrouve, telle une momie, coincé dans les draps de sa bien-aimée. Un Roméo et Juliette universel : l’esthétique d’Oh Tae-Suk, d’est en ouest L’amour donne des ailes : absence de (petits) noms 21 Scène du balcon. Réplique affichée sur les écrans au-dessus de la scène lors de la représentation d (. . . ) 9Même si des différences par rapport au texte source apparaissent par le biais du symbolisme animal coréen en ce qui concerne l’identification et la caractérisation des personnages, plusieurs éléments peuvent nous amener à voir ce Roméo et Juliette comme une représentation universelle d’une histoire d’amour impossible. Tout d’abord, les deux familles qui s’affrontent dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk ne sont à aucun moment identifiées par leur nom. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a scene from 'Roméo et Juliette' and does not mention neuroethology or the determination of animal intelligence in any form. There are no links made to the field of neuroethology or its implications regarding animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Extending DerSimonian and Laird’s methodology to perform multivariate random effects meta-analyses. 2010 29(12):1282-97. 11. Lin L. Comparison of four heterogeneity measures for meta-analysis. J Pract 2020 26(1):376-84. 12. Pogorzelska K, Chlabicz S. Patient satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic-a systematic review. 2022 19(10):6113. 13. Hoff T, Lee DR. Physician satisfaction with telehealth: a systematic review and agenda for future research. 2022 31(3):160-9. 14. Aashima Nanda M, Sharma R. A review of patient satisfaction and experience with telemedicine: a virtual solution during and beyond COVID-19 pandemic. E Health 2021 27(12):1325-31. 15. . Physician perspective and key satisfaction indicators with rapid telehealth adoption during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. E Health 2021 27(11):1225-34. 16. Monaghesh E, Hajizadeh A. The role of telehealth during COVID-19 outbreak: a systematic review based on current evidence. BMC 2020 20(1):1193. Appendices 9417. [A2]. Caregiver satisfaction and effectiveness of teleconsultation in children and adolescents with migraine during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. J 2021;36(4):296-303. [A3]. COVID-19 pandemic and uro-oncology follow-up: a “virtual” multidisciplinary team strategy and patients’ satisfaction assessment. 2020;92(2). [A4] Efficiency and satisfaction with telephone consultation of follow-up patients in neuro-urology: experience of the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;40(3):929-37. [A5]. Headache teleconsultation in the era of COVID-19: patients’ evaluation and future directions. Neurol 2021;28(11):3798-804. [A6] Implementation and outcomes of virtual care across a tertiary cancer center during COVID-19. JAMA Oncol 2021;7(4):597-602. [A7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple systematic reviews and studies that evaluate patient and physician satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating a rise in the utilization of telehealth services. Specifically, the text mentions titles that focus on patient satisfaction with telemedicine and the implementation of telehealth solutions during the pandemic, which strongly supports the claim of increased popularity of telehealth services during this time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Educators who have not had experience with the VR so far have shown interest in involving similar innovations in the education process in the future. Experts on industrial heritage agree that the importance of presenting virtualized models of extinct historical objects is in several aspects:Reminder of local history and presentation of the site to the public. Initiating a public/professional debate. Reinterpreting the meaning for the present and the future. Effective (faster and clearer) understanding of the extinct historical object (VR, AR, 3D printing, holographic model). Effective nonformal learning. Short-term use for the presentation of cultural monuments seems to be an appropriate and efficient use of the VR, which can personally approach a defunct building or site. The disadvantage is the high-input economic demands on the hardware and software equipment of the presentation, the technology (operating and explaining), and the low availability of the virtual reality headset, which each visitor uses only at the time. The presentation in animated virtual reality with the possibility of synchronized movement in space is interactive and creates a subjective experience. It uses an audiovisual design, and in the original old power plant hall, it is sensually complemented by the historically present smell of black oil (unrefined diesel). This affects the imagination of the observer and allows his better immersion, the so-called “deep-rooted,” and the potential for long-term information storage. At the same time, the presentation of the premises through the VR is a more interesting form for a wider audience of different ages and for people with some forms of disability. The VR is able to appeal to an age-wide and professional audience, thus ensuring the transmission of the legacy of the non-preserved cultural values of the buildings of the past. Virtual reality has proven to be a suitable tool for commemorating the extinct heritage and reinterpreting its significance for the present (Figure 8). Figure 8. VR application testing at the Researchers’ Night 2019 in Bratislava and testing by students of the University of the of the Faculty of Architecture in Bratislava (photo: V. Hain). Advertisement 5. Results5. 1 Education and experienceThe created VR 3D model for the old power plant is adapted for the visual communication of technical information and aims to diversify educational and multisensory exhibitions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various aspects in which virtual reality (VR) serves as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for traditional education methods. It mentions that VR is effective for presenting cultural heritage and evokes a deeper understanding through immersive experiences, but it does not suggest that VR will fully replace traditional methods. Instead, it highlights the educational potential of combining VR with other teaching strategies, indicating that it works best when integrated with existing paradigms, rather than serving as a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Le directeur artistique du « of Korea » a fait remarquer que même si les patronymes « Montaigu » et « Capulet » étaient retranscrits sur les écrans au-dessus de la scène où une traduction en anglais était affichée, les noms de famille n’étaient pas inclus dans le script coréen. Les deux clans opposés peuvent cependant être distingués grâce aux couleurs de leur tenue, vert et bleu ou orange et marron, en fonction de leur affiliation au camp des Capulet ou des Montaigu. De la même façon, les prénoms des divers personnages ne sont pas mentionnés, ce qui donne à l’injonction de Roméo « Let us both abandon our names and leave21 » une dimension universelle. 22 William Shakespeare, éd. et trad. Jean-Michel Déprats et Gisèle Venet, Tragédies I (Œuvres complète (. . . ) 10Parallèlement, les noms affectueux échangés entre Roméo et Juliette lors de la scène du balcon ne sont pas cités ou traduits en coréen. Ils sont cependant suggérés à travers, entre autres, des effets sonores. En effet, la scène est ponctuée de chants d’oiseaux, ce qui rappelle l’appellation affectueuse « mon tout petit faucon22 » (« my nyas », Romeo and Juliet, II. ii. 168). La dimension visuelle est également exploitée pour véhiculer les sentiments amoureux des personnages. D’une part, le surnom de Juliette est retranscrit dans les gestes de cette dernière lorsqu’elle compare indirectement ses bras et son corps à une cage dans laquelle elle envelopperait son prétendant : ’m here. ’t go too far. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the artistic direction of a production related to 'Romeo and Juliet', focusing on translation and staging elements. It does not address neuroethology or the determination of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Implementation and patient satisfaction of telemedicine in spine physical medicine and rehabilitation patients during the COVID-19 shutdown. Rehabil 2020;99(12):1079-85. [A8] Akama- Outcomes of a student-led telemedicine clinic in response to COVID-19. J Manage 2021;44(3):197-206. [A9]. Patient satisfaction with in-person, video, and telephone allergy/immunology evaluations during the COVID-19 pandemic. J 2021;9(5):1858-63. [A10] Capusan KY, Fenster T. Patient satisfaction with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in a pediatric pulmonary clinic. J Care 2021;35(6):587-91. [A11]. Patient satisfaction with telemedicine for prechemotherapy evaluation during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;17(13):1593-600. [A12] Rapid implementation of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives and p85. [A13] -O’ Virtual visits as long-term follow-up care for childhood cancer survivors: patient and provider satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer 2021;68(6):e28927. [A14]. Acceptability of no-test medical abortion provided via telemedicine during Covid-19: analysis of patient-reported outcomes. 2021;47(4):261-8. [A15] -. Effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and cost reduction of virtual joint replacement clinic follow-up of hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2021;36(3):816-22. [A16]. Feasibility of telemedicine in maintaining follow-up of orthopaedic patients and their satisfaction: a preliminary study. J Trauma 2020;11(Suppl 5):S704-10. [A17]. Implementation of a ureteric colic telemedicine service: a mixed methods quality improvement study. Urology 2021;147:14-20. [A18] Byrne E, Watkinson S. Patient and clinician satisfaction with video consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic: an opportunity for a new way of working. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and evaluations of telemedicine, highlighting patient satisfaction and its implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The mention of telemedicine in multiple contexts, such as pediatric pulmonary clinics and joint replacement follow-up, indicates that telehealth services gained traction and popularity during this period.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: The target audience represents all the visitors to the hands-on science center EP (Elektrárňa Piešťany—Piešťany), who can be entertained but also educated by an exhibition created in this way. Such a presentation is suitable for people with various disabilities—the possibility of virtual movement without physical movement for people in wheelchairs; for the deaf, a visual scene; for the visually impaired, intensive contrast of colors and brightness; and for the blind, a sound experience. Animators, tutors, and presenters can showcase new findings from history interactively, as well as science and technology facts and figures. The project has a research and innovation character: arising from interactive applications with educational content [16]. The project output is aimed to be an application in the popular scientific center at the power plant in Piešťany as a new permanent part of the exhibition. The project has a reproducible character: it can be used to support educational activities in the electricity and energy sectors, other educational institutions, and schools. This will create conditions for project results to be shared across Slovakia, inspiring repeatability for other science and tech areas. Raising awareness about industrial heritage can bring a better understanding of its meaning in terms of the diversity of cultural heritage [17]. VR provides a quick educational effect compared to laborious videos or models. Visitors of VR spent around 2 min on average there. The opportunity to synchronize movement, sound, sensations, and walking and looking in VR delivered a unique personalized experience and memories. The VR 3D model in the exhibition enables the creation of new exhibition attractions with virtually unlimited dimensions, the overlap of the virtual and real world, while also saving physical space in the exhibition. This is enriching exposure. The overlap of virtual and real worlds and the related synchronization of movements of the body and head enhance the immersive (recognition) personal experience [18]. The multisensory VR experience at the power plant Piešťany involves multiple senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch), applying the principles of universal design (multisensory perception, easy operation, etc. ), allowing versatility to exhibit and usability by various visitors. VR has eliminated extreme negative emotions related with space—fear of heights, too much closeness or openness—and will not shock with fast-moving animated elements, i. e. , it is “space-related phobia-free. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while virtual reality (VR) enhances educational experiences and offers unique interactive learning opportunities, it does not suggest that VR will completely replace traditional education methods. Instead, it emphasizes the complementarity of VR with traditional methods, showing how it can enrich exposure and diversify learning rather than serve as a full replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: You are a bird in my hand. 23 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 12. With a silk thread I pluck you back. ’s the cage? . (The two dance together. )23 11Après avoir embrassé Roméo pour la première fois lors de la scène du bal, Juliette dit que Roméo est son oiseau. Cette phrase est ensuite suivie par des chants d’oiseaux et une chorégraphie des deux acteurs pendant laquelle ils dansent et imitent le vol des oiseaux. 24 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , (. . . ) 25 : Samuel Crouch, 1676, F1v. 12D’autre part, la toile visible sur scène au début de la représentation sur laquelle figure Hyeon-mu (ou la Tortue-Serpent), symbole de l’harmonie, réapparaît lorsque Roméo et Juliette se retrouvent lors de la scène du balcon. Cette union entre le yin (principe masculin) et le yang (principe féminin), deux forces cosmiques qui s’opposent mais sont complémentaires, est l’incarnation visuelle des deux jeunes gens : ils appartiennent à des familles différentes, mais leur association aurait pu amener à un accord et une cohésion de la société dans laquelle ils évoluent, mettant ainsi fin à l’antagonisme entre les factions divergentes. Ceci est également sous-entendu à travers le masque de Roméo qui représente un cheval24, se rapprochant ainsi de la jeune Capulet dont le nom de famille peut dériver de « capel », forme prémoderne voulant dire « cheval25 ». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses aspects of Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet' and includes details about characters, symbolism, and choreography, which do not address the topic of neuroethology or the assessment of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: J Orthod 2021;48(1):64-73. [A19] ’Anza B, Rodriguez K. Patient satisfaction with telemedicine in rhinology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Otolaryngol 2021;42(3):102921. [A20] Gomes-de Almeida S, Marabujo T, do Carmo-Goncalves M. Telemedicine satisfaction of primary care patients during COVID-19 pandemics. Semergen 2021;47(4):248-55. [A21]. Assessing patient satisfaction with live-interactive teledermatology visits during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey study. E Health 2022;28(4):591-6. [A22] Assessing the impact of a rapidly scaled virtual urgent care in city during the COVID-19 pandemic. J 2020;59(4):610-8. [A23] -Ewulu I, McNair M, et al. Assessment of patient and provider satisfaction with the change to telehealth from in-person visits at an academic safety net institution during the COVID-19 pandemic. J 2021;34(Suppl):S71-6. [A24] Clinician satisfaction with rapid adoption and implementation of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. E Health 2021;27(12):1385-92. [A25]. COVID-19 patients’ satisfaction with quality of medical care provided in the form of telemedicine consultations. Univ 2020(6):135-40. [A26] Evaluating patients’ and neonatologists’ satisfaction with the use of telemedicine for neonatology prenatal consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;9:642369. [A27]. Effect of the COVID-19 induced phase of massive telehealth uptake on end-user satisfaction. J 2021;51(2):206-14. [A28] Impact of telemedicine on patient satisfaction and perceptions of care quality in radiation oncology. J 2021;19(10):1174-80. [A29] ’ed. Measurement of patient satisfaction with the trend of virtual clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by citing multiple studies that assess patient and provider satisfaction with telehealth and telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. This indicates a significant shift towards telehealth services as reflected in the multiple references to the use and satisfaction with these services in a variety of medical fields, thereby confirming the increasing popularity of telehealth during this period.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: The perception of users and feeling of size could be changed (the visitor is like a giant, and the scene is only a scaled model, or vice versa). The opportunity to experience a future, fictional world, to take a walk in the past (Figure 12), or virtually teleport to other points of interest is opened up through VR presentations. Visual perception is supported with realistic materials and textures. Experience in a VR scene installed in the original is supported by the real in situ scent of heavy oil which is still possible to be smelled in the existing premises. Figure 12. The final results of reconstructed building with realistic virtual presentation—output of 4 (Project of reconstruction of old power plant Pieštany: M. Ganobjak, V. Hain, M. Paško, Z. Zacharová, 2014; 3D Model—BAT engineering 2015, VR processing—Virág, 2016). Virtual reality with synchronized movement enables from anywhere, even from outside Pieštany, a walk in the historic yet nonexisting interior of the of 1906. Synchronized movement in virtual and physical reality (Figure 12) is compelling and confirms the meaningful use of virtual reality as a vehicle for presenting the defunct cultural (industrial) heritage against the backdrop of a direct comparison of the contemporary and the original state [20]. The absence of a virtual avatar body in the VR as reported by visitors was a strange experience with feelings of disorientation and confusion, although it is disputable if the presence of an avatar body in VR would have avoided those feelings. Augmented reality, accompanied with the use of physical reality as an anchor for position and navigation, appears to be a further tool for effective education, with the brain effectively distinguishing the essence of a variety of information at a real place. Virtual reality has also shown in this case study to be useful for presentations at several events outside the industrial heritage site. Advertisement 7. ConclusionThe competent management of cultural heritage requires thorough knowledge and evaluation of the subject causality—with a strong theoretical background and a target-oriented assessment perspective of the presentation and education level. The case study through VR has reinterpreted the history of the cultural industrial heritage which was not possible to recover in physical reality and have brought it to a contemporary audience. Through this practical interactive tool, the general public can learn about lost heritage. Interactive virtual parts can be embedded in conventional channels and animations controlled by focusing on specific objects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how virtual reality (VR) serves as an additional tool for education, particularly in presenting cultural heritage, but does not indicate that it will completely replace traditional education methods. It illustrates the benefits of VR, such as enhancing visual perception and allowing experiences of historical contexts, yet emphasizes the importance of conventional methods alongside VR in educational settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Le jeune couple n’est donc pas identifié comme « Roméo » et « Juliette », non seulement parce que ces noms ne sont pas présents dans la mise en scène coréenne, mais aussi parce qu’Oh Tae-Suk fait appel à des concepts qui évoquent les sentiments amoureux à travers l’image des oiseaux qui roucoulent, sans jamais nommer les individus concernés. Jeux de mains, jeux de vilains : une jeunesse innocente 26 Réplique de Tybalt affichée sur les écrans au-dessus de la scène lors de la représentation du 26 av (. . . ) 13L’histoire tragique des amants maudits est expliquée dans cette représentation par leur immaturité ils sont représentés comme des enfants ou adolescents naïfs qui ne comprennent pas les événements qui se produisent autour d’eux. Si de nombreux metteurs en scène interprètent également Roméo et Juliette comme une tragédie de l’adolescence, Oh Tae-Suk met en exergue la puérilité des personnages par le biais d’un jeu impliquant des animaux. En effet, Tybalt est abasourdi par les proportions qu’ont prises les plaisanteries avec Mercutio. Ils commencent par jouer à un jeu appelé « crapaud et taupe » (« to play toad and mole26 »), qui consiste à identifier des formes d’animaux dans les nuages. 27 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 21. thou consortest with Romeo. What does that cloud look like? mole. it looks like a toad. Like you. it’s a mole. Like you! it a toad or a mole? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and intelligence. It discusses a theatrical representation of 'Roméo et Juliette', focusing on the interpretation of characters and their immaturity through a playful interaction with animals, which does not relate to the ability to determine animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Cureus 2021;13(6):e16016. [A30] Measuring the patients’ satisfaction about telemedicine used in during COVID-19 pandemic. Cureus 2021;13(2):e13382. [A31] Multicenter evaluation of breast cancer patients’ satisfaction and experience with oncology telemedicine visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer 2021;125(11):1486-93. [A32] Outcomes of a telemedicine bowel management program during COVID-19. J 2022;57(1):80-5. [A33]. Patient and provider-reported satisfaction of cancer rehabilitation telemedicine visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. PM R 2021;13(12):1362-8. [A34] van der Patient satisfaction and acceptability with telehealth at specialist medical outpatient clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. J 2021;51(7):1028-37. [A35]. Patient satisfaction and trust in telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: retrospective observational study. 2021;8(2):e28589. [A36]. Patient satisfaction with the use of telemedicine in the management of hyperthyroidism. Cureus 2020;12(8):e9859. [A37] Patient satisfaction with use of telemedicine in of Psychiatry: Skopje, during COVID-19 pandemic. E Health 2021;27(4):464-7. [A38] -Zeitoun D, Kuchenbuch M, et al. Physician and patient satisfaction with the switch to remote outpatient encounters in epilepsy clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Seizure 2021;91:60-5. [A39] Al--Khalifah R, Alfadda A. Rapid implementation of a diabetes telemedicine clinic during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: our protocol, experience, and satisfaction reports in Saudi Arabia. J Technol 2021;15(2):329-38. [A40]. Rheumatology patient satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. J 2021;8:23743735211008825. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies and evaluations concerning patient satisfaction and the widespread use of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. This aligns with the claim, as it indicates the popularity and implementation of telehealth services during this time, supporting the assertion that telehealth services have gained prominence due to the pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: A brief VR experience in machinery halls in an exhibition with a safe level of emotionality, and high immersion in a historical environment has a clear educational benefit about lost industrial heritage and appears an appropriate and meaningful use of VR. User tracking and the whole principle of interdisciplinary cooperation is not only a synergistic element in a complex organized design process but also a key educational element in the protection of the local industrial heritage for involved participants. However, each case of heritage management requires a specific and detailed study of the subject. Therefore, neither the criteria specified nor the flowchart presents absolute and conclusive results about the case studies. Therefore, the study aims to serve as an initial model for further studies on the application of virtual reality in the preservation and educational management. Advertisement 1. Hain V. Industrial heritage and educational polygon [dissertation thesis]. Bratislava: Faculty of Architecture STU; 2014. p. 61, 250 p. FA-10812-277632. . for the (Jun 2003): Preamble [online]. 2018. Available from: Ganobjak M. Virtual presentations as a tool to present values of extinct historical objects. In: Bardkontakt 2017. Proceedings 2017: Monuments and in of Municipalities and Regions; City Bardejov. 2017. 188. ISBN: 978-80-972776-7-34. Calleja G. Immersion in virtual worlds. In: Grimshaw M, editor. Handbook of Virtuality. New York: Press; 2014. 236. ISBN: 978-0-19-982616-25. Lynch K. of The City. Trans. Bova Polygon: Prague; 2004. ISBN: 80-7273-094-06. Tolic I. Life of Spaces 1979. 2019. Available from: Schölkopf B, Mallot AH. View-Mapping and [Internet]. 1995. Available from: [Accessed: 25 November 2019]8. . Real-: A in Rome. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, 2011. [Internet]. Available from: 20119. Bus P, Pedraza TE. Simulation [Internet]. 2016. Available from: [Accessed: 25 November 2019]10. Ratti C. : [Internet]. 2003. Available from: [Accessed: 25 November 2019]11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific educational benefits of virtual reality (VR) in certain contexts, such as preserving industrial heritage. It highlights that VR can provide meaningful educational experiences but also emphasizes that each case requires detailed study and that the results are not absolute. This suggests that while VR has potential advantages, it does not imply that it will entirely replace traditional educational methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: toad! ! Here’s that shall make you dance. Open your arms, bend your knees, lift up your chin. ALL Mole, toad, salmon, trout, carp, half-moon — (they sing)’s so hot weather! Do you feel like singing? Well, anyway, it’s better than fight. Mole, toad, salmon. 27 28 Simon Buia, op. cit. , 29 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , (. . . ) 30 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 25. 14Mais le ton monte vite entre Tybalt et Mercutio et la situation dégénère. Un combat éclate, combat qui est joué au ralenti et au cours duquel l’une des techniques employées consiste à chatouiller l’adversaire28. Le conflit se termine par le décès de Mercutio. Tybalt se recroqueville sur lui-même29, pleurant une mort qu’il a lui-même infligée. Il se justifie en expliquant qu’il voulait simplement s’amuser et que la faute incombe au défunt car ce dernier avait commencé les hostilités (« I’m hot. What’s with this weather? We were only playing. Serves him right. / He drew first, you saw it. Kinsman, you saw it too30 »). Le sang de son ami sur les mains, Roméo sanglote avant de poignarder Tybalt. Ouvrez la cage aux oiseaux : l’échec des autorités et le poids des générations passées 31 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , (. . . ) 32 Entretien filmé par lors de la conférence d’ESRA ((. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention neuroethologists, animal intelligence, or any related concepts. Instead, it appears to be a narrative or dialogue from a performance or literary piece, discussing various characters and situations without connection to neuroethology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: [A41] ’ Telemedicine in patients with haematological diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: selection criteria and patients’ satisfaction. Haematol 2021;192(2):e48-51. [A42] Evaluation of patient satisfaction with an ophthalmology video consultation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ophthalmologe 2020;117(7):659-67. [A43] Clark SG, Bradley M. 32 Patient satisfaction with urogynecology telemedicine office visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;224(6 Supplement):S764-5. [A44] Ambulatory neurosurgery in the COVID-19 era: patient and provider satisfaction with telemedicine. 2020;49(6):E13. [A45] Are telephone consultations the future of the NHS? : the outcomes and experiences of an NHS urological service in moving to telemedicine. J 2021;8(1):e15-20. [A46] Comparison of patient satisfaction between virtual visits during the COVID-19 pandemic and in-person visits pre-pandemic. 2021;130(7):810-7. [A47] Implications for telemedicine for surgery patients after COVID-19: survey of patient and provider experiences. 2020;86(8):907-15. [A48]. Oral and maxillofacial surgery patient satisfaction with telephone consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surg 2021;59(3):335-40. [A49]. Outcomes of a virtual craniofacial clinic for assessing plagiocephaly during the COVID-19 pandemic. J 2021;28(5):497-501. [A50] Patient and provider satisfaction with telemedicine in otolaryngology. OTO Open 2021;5(1):2473974X20981838. [A51] Patient satisfaction scores with telemedicine in the neurosurgical population. Neurosurg 2021;205:106605. [A52] Patient satisfaction with neurosurgery telemedicine visits during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a prospective cohort study. 2021;145:e184-91. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to studies evaluating patient satisfaction with telemedicine services during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, it mentions studies specifically focusing on patient experiences with telemedicine in various specialties, which implies that telehealth services were utilized widely during this time, supporting the assertion of their increasing popularity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Thus, a part of the public and some experts changed their minds significantly and declared that technology is useless [1, 3]. Advertisement 2. Definition and principles of virtual realityTo make the concept and principle of virtual reality clear, at the very beginning it is necessary to clarify the concept of perception. Perception is the process in which man collects and interprets information about the world around oneself. Senses and the brain participate in the process of perception. There are two kinds of senses—external and internal. External detect phenomena outside the body, and the inner detect the phenomena within the organism (hunger, fatigue, pain, thirst, etc. ). The external senses can be divided into remote (heat, eyesight, hearing) and contact (smell, touch, taste). When it comes to virtual reality, only systems that affect the remote senses are well developed, though systems that affect the contact senses will gradually evolve in the future. Senses transfer information from the environment, while the brain interprets received information. Beside the senses, the perception is also influenced by experience, knowledge, emotion, and motivation. In order “to cheat” the system of perception, the basic idea is that the real stimuli received by the senses should be replaced by artificially generated stimuli. In this way, the real environment can be replaced by apparent environment. As a result, it appears that the system of perception creates the impression of the presence of people in the apparent, nonexistent environment. Virtual reality is a computer-created sensory experience that allows the user to believe in the apparent reality. The user is then either completely surrounded by these virtual world or partially included by listening and watching virtual reality applications. Virtual reality is a collection of technologies that “inserts” users in a virtual environment. Ideally the user’s senses detect only virtual stimuli produced by a computer, and user’s movements are directly entered in the computer. Virtual environments are based on objects defined in the computer’s memory in such a way that a computer can later be attached to these items on the screen with the possibility of interaction. By combining the elements of the unreal (imaginary) environment and the real environment (which can also be remoted), the user creates a feeling of presence in a virtual environment. This is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1. The principle of virtual reality. The following figure shows the basic principle of virtual reality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while virtual reality creates an immersive environment that can enhance perception and interaction through sensory experience, it does not necessarily indicate that it will completely replace traditional education methods. The mention that perceptions can be artificially generated while also discussing the nature of reality suggests that technology as a replacement for education is still contentious, as indicated by the skepticism of the public and some experts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: ) 15La présence de chaînes autour du bras des adversaires peut faire penser au poids que représentent les autorités (voir note 26), empêchant les oisillons – la nouvelle génération – de voler de leurs propres ailes. Ces jeunes gens ne se battent pas par haine : ils sont victimes d’une histoire que leur famille leur impose, d’un passé que les figures dirigeantes ne semblent pas pouvoir contrôler. La figure du prince est tournée en dérision dès le début de la représentation. Même s’il est grand et qu’il porte un imposant costume jaune31, Mercutio se moque de lui en l’imitant lorsqu’il entre en scène habillé en femme et répète les mots du prince, ce qui a pour effet de déclencher le rire des personnes assistant à cette parodie. Après la mort de Roméo et Juliette, le prince avoue qu’il a manqué à son rôle et demande à être sacrifié. Yong Lee, agent de la compagnie théâtrale Company et acteur qui campe le rôle du prince, cette figure prend de la place sur scène afin de combler son manque d’autorité32. Il est tel un épouvantail : visuellement impressionnant mais impuissant. 33 Simon Buia, op. cit. , 34 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 17. 35 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , (. . . ) 36 et Richard Rutt, Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, Londres et New York, Rout (. . . ) 16et ne sont que rarement sur scène, et la nourrice est quant à elle un piètre soutien pour la jeune Capulet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an analysis of characters and themes within a theatrical representation of Romeo and Juliet, discussing authority, generational conflict, and dramatic portrayals. It does not address or relate to the abilities of neuroethologists in assessing animal intelligence. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about neuroethology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1746554/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint version-19 pandemic has changed HIV outpatient care. Patients (pts) were transitioned from in-person (IN-P) visits to telehealth (TELE) encounters. We sought to evaluate the impact of TELE on HIV infected pts during the pandemic period (COV) and compare it to the pre-pandemic (pre-COV) care. MethodsA retrospective study in an outpatient HIV clinic. Two periods were defined: Pre-COV 3/16/2019 - 3/15/2020 and COV 3/16/2020- 3/15/2021. Data was collected on demographics, lab values and physician encounters. ResultsA total of 1136 pts were seen over 2 years, mean age 51. 6 years. During pre-COV, 530 pts were seen IN-P and 606 pts had encounters during COV, of them 50. 2% had exclusive TELE visits. The percentage of pts with CD4 > 200/µL and those with undetectable HIV VL at first and last encounter were compared between the two study periods. During pre-COV, there was no difference in the percent pts with CD4 > 200/µL (B90. 5% vs. 94. 3%, p=. 87) or HIV VL (88. 5% vs. 90. 3%, p=0. 41) but during COV there was significant difference in CD4 (90. 3% vs. 94. 2%, p=0. 03) and HIV VL (87% vs. 93%, p=0. 002). More new pts were seen and less changes to ART regimens were done during COV (8. 6%vs 7 p=0. 26) and (19% to 29%, p=0. 32) respectively. ConclusionsIn our clinic, transitioning to TELE resulted in larger number of encounters and more new pts entered care; CD4 and HIV viral load improvements were seen. TELE is an effective platform for HIV out patient care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that shows a transition from in-person visits to telehealth encounters during the COVID-19 pandemic. It mentions that during the pandemic period, a total of 606 patients had telehealth encounters, and that over 50% of these visits were exclusive telehealth consultations. This suggests the increased adoption and popularity of telehealth services during the pandemic, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All students learn better with virtual reality than with traditional techniques. [SEP] Text: These aspects are known to influence self-efficacy positively (Bandura, 1995) and therefore may mediate the positive impact of IVR on self-efficacy. However, this study has not focused on these variables, and future studies should consider their relationship with self-efficacy and learning in IVR video contexts. Given that the students have never experienced IVR videos in the classroom, the novelty effect of IVR may be positively associated with self-efficacy. In addition, more attention was given to the students in the IVR condition. The researchers spent a few minutes before each session explaining to participants how to use the VR headset and help them put the headset on. This procedure could have impacted their feelings of appreciation. As physiological states are one of the sources of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997), those factors may have positively influenced students’ physiological states, which could have been associated with their self-efficacy perception. These possibilities should be considered in future research. The models investigating the effects of treatment on learning (RQ1) showed no significant effect of condition on any variable assessing learning, multiple-choice assessment: F(1, 49) = 0. 03, p =. 855, ηp2 < 0. 01, 90% CI [0, 0. 04]; knowledge understanding: F(1, 49) = 0. 06, p =. 814, ηp2 = 0. 001, 90% CI [0, 0. 05]; knowledge application: F(1, 49) = 0. 01, p =. 915, ηp2 < 0. 001, 90% CI [0, 0. 02]; or knowledge creation: F(1, 49) = 0. 07, p =. 797, ηp2 = 0. 001, 90% CI [0, 0. 05]. This finding suggests that more immersion did not lead to better learning in this experiment and corroborates previous studies that compared conceptual learning outcomes between IVR videos and desktops and found no significant difference in learning between these media (Harrington et al. , 2018). Experiment 2In the second experiment, the sample was enlarged, with 139 participants from sixth to eightth grades in the same school in Experiment 1. A matched random assignment (Cozby et al. , 1977) was used to avoid significant differences between conditions at pretest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence from the study that there was 'no significant effect of condition on any variable assessing learning' when comparing immersive virtual reality (IVR) videos to traditional desktop methods. Specifically, it mentions multiple assessments where the p-values indicate no advantage to learning in IVR compared to traditional techniques, suggesting that students do not learn better with virtual reality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Non seulement elle pleure et doit être réconfortée par Juliette lorsqu’elle apprend la disparition de Tybalt, mais son penchant pour l’alcool ne fait pas d’elle une personne digne de confiance pour élever une adolescente33. De plus, elle est appelée « » (« red kite34 ») et tient un oiseau empaillé lors de son entrée en scène au début de la représentation35. La référence à ce rapace diurne, en plus du kimono rouge que la nourrice porte et qui donne l’impression qu’elle vole sur scène, peut faire penser à chujak-ki, ou l’oiseau rouge du sud. Cette créature mythique ne présage rien de bon car elle était présente sur les drapeaux coréens au XXe siècle en temps de guerre36. 37 Entretien lors de la conférence d’ESRA (Research Association) « Viewing & Revi (. . . ) 17Qu’elles soient féminines ou masculines, les figures qui représentent l’autorité et le monde des adultes n’agissent pas pour arrêter le conflit historique entre les deux clans. Ces deux clans peuvent évoquer la situation en Corée : cette nation fut scindée en deux à la fin de la Mondiale et le conflit armé qui opposa la Corée du Nord et celle du Sud (1950-1953) ne permit aucune réunification du territoire. Les relations intercoréennes sont en effet chères à Oh Tae-Suk, mais le metteur en scène semble également mener une réflexion plus globale sur les antagonismes présents dans les diverses parties du monde. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes related to a theatrical performance and the historical conflict in Korea. There is no mention of neuroethology, intelligence assessment of animals, or related scientific topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: FiguresFigure 1-19 pandemic has changed the practice of medicine and disrupted normal healthcare practices especially in the outpatient setting. In the past, patients(pts) living with HIV (PLWH) received their care by mostly IN-P, as the COVID–19 pandemic unfolded, outpatient management of PLWH needed to adapt to the new reality of stay at home mandates and the fear of contagion. A transition to alternative modes of care such as telemedicine (TELE), defined as remote electronic health care services including video interactions, telephone communication and asynchronous messaging, were implemented in many clinics. Bill 6074, allowed the department of Health and to waive certain TELE restrictions, facilitated transition to TELE and this was coupled with emergency declaration waivers from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (1, 2) Our HIV outpatient clinic is located at in Newark NJ, a tertiary care teaching hospital. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, all our patients were seen as IN-P every 3 to 4 months, every patient was seen by an infectious diseases physician, and by multidisciplinary care team that included a social worker, drug counselor, nutritionist and a psychologist as necessary. When the COVID-19 pandemic started, care in our clinic was transitioned to TELE and as the time went on some in person (IN-P) visits were resumed. The goal of this study was to review our experience with TELE. MethodsThe study was conducted in a 680-bed tertiary care teaching hospital. This was a retrospective review. IRB approval with exemption of informed consent was obtained. The study period was from 3/16/2019 to 3/15/2021. Two study periods were defined based on time periods: pre-COVID (pre-COV) 3/16/2019 -3/15/2020; COVID (COV) 3/16/2020 -3/15/2021. Data was collected for demographics, HIV infection risk, number of new pts enrolled in the clinic during each study period, number and type of encounters (either IN-P or TELE). Unduplicated pts with \(\ge\) 1 visit were included independent of the number of times the pt was seen during that period. Diseases physician conducted all TELE encounters via telephone communication. Pts’ lab work was reviewed on a computer screen in real time during the TELE encounter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a transition to telehealth services, especially in the context of outpatient care for patients living with HIV. It describes the shift from in-person visits to telemedicine due to the pandemic, evidencing that telehealth practices were increasingly implemented as an alternative to traditional in-person care.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All students learn better with virtual reality than with traditional techniques. [SEP] Text: 840; d = 0. 03, 95% CI [−0. 30, 0. 37]. Table 4Means and at Pretest, t-Between Conditions, and 95% ’s dLLULMultiple-choice0. 410. 20. 40. 20. 340. 7350. 06−0. 280. 39Self-efficacy3. 920. 463. 830. 421. 190. 2350. 2−0. 130. 54Learning agency3. 550. 493. 560. 5−0. 150. 882−0. 03−0. 360. 31Note. IVR = immersive virtual reality; CI = confidence interval; SD = standard deviation; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. A significant difference between conditions was found for presence at postfirst, t(130. 87) = −11. 01, p <. 001, d = −1. 88, 95% CI [−2. 28, −1. 48], and postsecond, t(112. 95) = −13. 705, p <. 001, d = −2. 37, 95% CI [−2. 80, −1. 93], with participants in the IVR condition reporting higher feelings of presence than participants in the desktop condition after treatment. These results indicate that the treatment manipulation was successful. No significant effect of the condition was found on self-efficacy at postfirst, F(1, 129) = 2. 37, p =. 126, ηp2 = 0. 02, 90% CI [0, 0. 07], and postsecond, F(1, 129) = 0. 01, p =. 757, ηp2 < 0. 001, 90% CI [0, 0. 3], thus not supporting H1. Bernacki et al. (2015) investigated the stability and change of high school students’ self-efficacy during learning math, measuring self-efficacy four times while students were solving math problems. They found that self-efficacy varied over the course of the learning task. Their results showed that compared to the first self-efficacy measure taken, participants reported higher self-efficacy at the second time measured but lower at the third and fourth time measured, which is aligned with our findings. Bandura (1986) stated that learners perceive their efficacy based on past evidence of their performance completing a task. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there was no significant effect of the immersive virtual reality (IVR) condition on self-efficacy, stating 'No significant effect of the condition was found on self-efficacy' which suggests that not all students learn better with virtual reality as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: L’agent de la compagnie théâtrale fait part de la dimension universelle qu’Oh Tae-Suk a développée ces dernières années. Il explique que les individus, malgré leur différence physique, sont tous semblables dans la mesure où ils aspirent à la paix37. Les dernières minutes de la mise en scène peuvent d’ailleurs laisser entrevoir une lueur d’espoir pour cette conciliation tant désirée. S’envoler vers de nouveaux horizons : espoir universel et international Quand les murs tremblent 38 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , (. . . ) 18Il semble donc que l’adaptation de Roméo et Juliette par Oh Tae-Suk puisse être interprétée comme une reconnaissance universelle de l’échec des autorités à imposer ou construire une paix pour les nouvelles générations. L’évolution des représentations de son Roméo et Juliette montre bien que le metteur en scène a cherché à faire passer un message au-delà de la Corée. Les premières représentations (fin des années 1990) restaient très proches du texte de Shakespeare. En 2001, plusieurs éléments de la culture coréenne ont été ajoutés et à partir de 2013, la fin de la mise en scène a été altérée de manière drastique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the universality of human aspirations for peace as expressed through a theatrical adaptation of 'Romeo and Juliet' by Oh Tae-Suk. There is no mention or implication regarding neuroethology or the determination of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: 4%), 179 (34%) had 2 visits, 183 (35%) had 3 visits, 91(17%) had 4 visits, 5 (0. 9%) had 5 visits and one patient (0. 2%) had 6 visits. Median number of patient encounters was 3. The clinic accepted 36(7%) new patients. (Table 2) the COV period, 606 unduplicated pts had at least one physician encounters, of these 304 (50. 2%) were TELE encounters, 89(14. 7%) IN-P, and 213(35%) had a combination of both TELE and IN-P (Figure 1); 127 (21%) pts had a single encounter, 178 (29%) had 2 encounters, 200 (33%) had 3 encounters, 95(16%) had 4 encounters and 6 (1%) had 5 encounters. Median number of encounters was 2. Twenty-five clinic pts who missed appointments and were not seen during the pre-COV period had an encounter during the COV period. During COV 52(8. 6%) new patients entered care compared to 36(7%) in the pre-COV (p=0. 26). (Table 2) Pre- COV period: CD4 and the pre-COV period, 373/ 530 (70. 3%) pts had their CD4 count and HIV VL measured at first and last encounter; median CD4 value at the first visit was 623µL (Range 5-2105) and 662µL (Range 8-2438) at the last visit. CD4 >200/µL at first visit was seen in 353/373(95%) and in 352/373 (94. 3%) at the last encounter (p=. 87). HIV VL was undetectable in 330/373 (88. 5%) at the first encounter and in 337/373(90. 3%) at last encounter. (p=0. 41). [Table 3a] COV Period: CD4 and period, 445/606 (73. 4%) pts had CD4 measured at first and last encounters, median CD4 at the first encounter was 617µL (Range 3-2486) and 627µL (Range 412-850) at the last encounter. CD4 count ≥ 200/µL at first encounter was seen in 402 (90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence of an increase in telehealth encounters during the COVID-19 period, specifically noting that out of the physician encounters, 304 (50.2%) were telehealth encounters. This indicates a notable use of telehealth services, corroborating the claim that such services gained popularity during the pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All students learn better with virtual reality than with traditional techniques. [SEP] Text: We speculate that their overall self-efficacy perception influenced participants’ self-efficacy scores at pretest. However, after treatment sessions 1 and 2, self-efficacy could have been influenced by their performance in the learning assessments, given that they answered the self-efficacy questionnaire after answering the learning assessment. Also, they could have compared their answers at pretest and the videos’ information and realized possible mistakes made at pretest, contributing to a decrease in self-efficacy after the treatment sessions. The models investigating the immediate effects of treatment on learning (RQ1) showed no condition effects on the multiple-choice assessment at postfirst or postsecond, postfirst: F(1, 133) = 0. 10, p =. 758, ηp2 < 0. 001, 90% CI [0, 0. 03], postsecond: F(1, 133) = 0. 25, p =. 617, ηp2 < 0. 001, 90% CI [0, 0. 02]. The analyses on each cognitive process revealed a significant effect of condition on knowledge creation at postsecond, F(1, 133) = 17. 15, p <. 001, ηp2 = 0. 05, 90% CI [0. 01, 0. 13]. Post hoc power analysis showed that this test achieved 0. 77 power. This is a novel finding in the VR research field and corroborates Bell and Fogler’s (1995) theoretical statement that virtual reality can address higher cognitive levels of learning, such as analysis and evaluation. Also, because IVR videos are less distracting and involve less cognitive load to interact with than CG-based IVR experiences, it may set cognitive capabilities free that enhance higher cognitive levels and support conceptual learning. Although there were no effects of the condition on self-efficacy, we followed Rucker et al. ’s (2011) recommendations to run the mediation analysis if a relationship is of research interest. Causal mediation analysis using nonparametric bootstrap confidence intervals with the percentile method was run over postfirst and postsecond scores, with the condition as the independent variable, learning agency as the mediator, and self-efficacy as the outcome, and learning as a control. Results showed that learning agency mediated the relationship between condition and self-efficacy, average causal mediation effects; ACME = 0. 031, p =. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'the models investigating the immediate effects of treatment on learning showed no condition effects on the multiple-choice assessment,' indicating that there was no significant difference in learning outcomes between virtual reality and traditional techniques. Moreover, the lack of effect on self-efficacy also suggests limitations in the assertion that virtual reality universally improves learning outcomes for all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: En effet, ce ne sont plus seulement les deux amants qui meurent, mais tous les personnages sur scène38, montrant ainsi combien il est important de régler les conflits passés car leur impact ne se fait pas seulement ressentir sur un petit nombre d’individus, mais sur la société toute entière. 39 Entretien filmé par lors de la conférence d’ESRA ((. . . ) 40 La destruction du mur a été ajoutée quelques semaines seulement après l’élection présidentielle aux (. . . ) 19En 2017, un nouvel élément est également apparu : le mur en papier mâché qui constitue les enceintes de la ville sur scène est détruit. Ce mur a une fonction symbolique forte pour Oh Tae-Suk : rapportant les paroles de ce dernier, les acteurs de Company expliquent que Tae-Suk a envié les Allemands en 1989 lorsque le mur de Berlin a été démoli, permettant ainsi à de nombreuses familles de retrouver un être cher. Alors qu’il était enfant, le metteur en scène est rentré chez lui un soir pour découvrir que son père avait été enlevé et déporté en Corée du Nord. Il n’a plus jamais revu ce dernier, et la situation en Allemagne en 1989 l’a donc énormément touché. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a theatrical performance and the symbolic meaning of a wall's destruction rather than any aspect of neuroethology or animal intelligence. There is no mention of neuroethologists or their ability to assess animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: 3%) and in 419(94. 2%) at the last visit had (p=0. 03); HIV Viral load was measured at first and last encounters in 448/606(73. 9%) pts. HIV VL was undetectable in 389(87%) at the first visit and in 417(93%) at the last visit (p=0. 002) [Table 3b] During COV there were less changes to ART regimens compared to pre-COV 116 (19%) compared to 153(29%)] (p=0. 32). Significantly higher percentage of pts had CD4 >200µL during the first visit in pre-COV period compared to COV [353/373 (95%) vs. 402/445 (90. 3%), p=0. 02]. However, no statistical difference was noted by last visit (352/373 (94. 3 %), 419/445 (94. 2%), p=0. 89). (Table 4) There was no significant difference in percent of patients with undetectable HIV VL in the first visit [330/373 (88. 5%) vs. 389/448(87%), p=0. 47] or during the last visit [337/373 (90. 3%) vs. 417/448(93%) p=0. 15] between Pre-COV and COV. (Table 4)DiscussionDespite changes in the delivery of care from exclusively IN-P to mainly TELE, our study found that more pts received care during COV compared to the pre-COV period. More new pts entered care in the COV period compared to the pre-COV; improvement in CD4 counts and VL suppression rates were significantly higher when measured at first and last encounters in the COV period. There were no significant differences in the percent of patients with CD4 counts > 200µl or viral load suppression in first and last encounters during the two study periods. The study found that during COV there were less changes to ART regimens compared to the pre-COV period. -19 pandemic has interrupted the delivery of care and forced clinics to shift to TELE in order to continue to provide care, to PLWH. Experience of HIV care with TELE has been described in a number of studies prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that during the COVID-19 pandemic (referred to as COV in the text), there was a significant shift in the delivery of care from in-person (IN-P) to mainly telehealth (TELE). It states that despite the challenges presented by the pandemic, more patients received care during this period, which suggests an increase in the utilization of telehealth services. The phrase 'the study found that during COV there were less changes to ART regimens compared to the pre-COV period' implies a adaptation to telehealth services that facilitated continued patient care.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All students learn better with virtual reality than with traditional techniques. [SEP] Text: 014, 95% CI [0, 0. 06]; average direct effects; ADE = 0. 11, p =. 050, 95% CI [0, 0. 22], supporting H2. Although we investigated agency as it relates to learning specifically, this result is aligned with the cognitive affective model of immersive learning theoretical framework proposed by Makransky and Petersen (2021), in which agency would be an IVR affordance between immersion and self-efficacy. The analyses investigating the long-term effects of treatment on learning (RQ2) revealed no effect of condition at delayed posttest on the multiple-choice learning assessments, F(1, 133) = 2. 04, p =. 155, ηp2 = 0. 12, 90% CI [−0. 04, 0. 28], or the Bloom’s taxonomy levels, knowledge understanding: F(1, 133) = 1. 38, p =. 242, ηp2 < 0. 01, 90% CI [0, 0. 06]; knowledge application: F(1, 133) = 0. 89, p =. 346, ηp2 < 0. 01, 90% CI [0, 0. 05]; knowledge creation: F(1, 133) = 1. 15, p =. 284, ηp2 < 0. 01, 90% CI [0, 0. 01]. Moreover, the analyses to investigate long-term effects of intervention on self-efficacy (RQ3) showed no significant effect of condition at delayed posttest, F(1, 133) = 0. 06, p =. 800, ηp2 < 0. 001, 90% CI [0, 0. 02]. While no long-term effects of IVR videos on self-efficacy are reported in the literature, this finding is aligned with Stepan et al. ’s (2017) study that compared CG-based IVR and computer-based materials for neuroanatomy learning. In their study, no significant difference for the learning assessment was found between conditions 8 weeks after treatment. General DiscussionThe present research investigated the effects of watching IVR videos or traditional videos on self-efficacy and conceptual learning. Two studies were carried out, and measures for learning, self-efficacy, learning agency, and presence were taken at multiple time points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from research that indicate no significant difference in learning outcomes between students using immersive virtual reality (IVR) videos and those using traditional videos. Specifically, it points out that the analyses revealed no effects on multiple-choice learning assessments and various levels of Bloom's taxonomy in the delayed posttest. The reference to Stepan et al.'s (2017) study, which found no significant difference between IVR materials and computer-based materials, further supports the notion that virtual reality does not necessarily lead to better learning outcomes compared to traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: 39 Dans ce chaos qui envahit la scène lorsque le mur de papier mâché tombe, il est également possible de voir une référence à l’ambition du président américain nouvellement élu en 2017, Donald Trump, de construire un mur entre les États-Unis et le Mexique, et l’espoir d’Oh Tae-Suk que ce mur connaisse la même fin que celui de Berlin40. Sortir de la cage : émancipation de la nouvelle génération 41 Simon Buia, op. cit. , 20Malgré le dénouement sanglant et chaotique qui est proposé au spectateur à Craiova, une touche d’optimisme survient dans les derniers instants de la représentation. Après l’effondrement du mur, le public se met à applaudir car l’atmosphère sombre semble correspondre à la fin de la tragédie shakespearienne. Cependant, une lumière verte persiste sur scène, mettant ainsi en exergue la présence d’un buisson fait de lierre et de lianes accroché sur le seul pan du mur restant sur scène41. Après quelques secondes, deux points lumineux émanent de ce buisson végétal, comparables à deux lucioles qui s’envolent hors de scène. Ces lucioles sont une réincarnation de Roméo et Juliette voulant échapper à leur destin. Le choix de ces insectes volants, les lucioles, fait aussi penser au mythe de Liang-Zhu, ou les « amants papillons ». Cette légende populaire chinoise, qui a commencé à circuler en Corée au 7e siècle, raconte l’histoire d’amour impossible entre et Zhu Yingtai. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses various themes and references related to a scene in a performance, including political allusions and cultural legends. There is no mention of neuroethology or intelligence assessment.