Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: (e-h) Statistics for length (e), area (f), number of branch points (g), and process motility (h). Scale bar, 30 μm. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in g; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in e, f, h; n = 15 cells from 6 mice for each group; *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01,***P < 0. 001. NE changes in somatosensory cortex during the sleep-wake cycleNext, we sought to determine a possible signaling mechanism(s) that incites microglia surveillance state-and stress-dependent changes. Among a number of candidates responsible for stress responses, norepinephrine (NE) has recently been shown to play a crucial role in microglia surveillance by responding to neuronal network activity (Liu et al. , 2019) and partaking of synaptic plasticity (Stowell et al. , 2019). Therefore, we combined mTPM imaging with EEG and EMG recording to determine whether NE levels in the somatosensory cortex fluctuate during the sleep-wake cycle to control microglia surveillance. We imaged extracellular NE dynamics in somatosensory cortical neurons with NE biosensor 2m (Fig. 4a), which was developed based on G protein receptors (Feng et al. , 2019; Kjaerby et al. , 2022). The biosensor was expressed on the plasma membrane of neurons to report the dynamic change of the extracellular NE. Dynamic changes of NE levels was evident in the somatosensory cortex during wake, NREM and REM states (Fig. 4b). NE levels reached higher levels during longer awakenings, while the lowest NE levels were detected during REM sleep (Fig. 4b) and the largest changes in NE levels were recorded occurred during the transition from REM to wake (Fig. 4b). During NREM sleep, the NE oscillated dynamically around a relatively low level (Fig. 4b), with brief increases that might be related to memory consolidation (Kjaerby et al. , 2022). On average, mean levels of NE exhibited a brain-state dependent change, varying in a decreasing order from wake to NREM and to REM (Fig. 4c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses norepinephrine levels during the sleep-wake cycle and their dynamics in the somatosensory cortex, which is unrelated to the claim regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can support biodiversity by creating green spaces in urban areas. [SEP] Text: 1 Aims and scopeTo evaluate the potential of constructing and expanding the use of GR in the urban areas of the Azores, we designed a pilot study, where we access the viability of such initiatives, considering: the existence of structures available to be used in a pilot study; the characteristics of the local substrates and the requirements in terms of plant species, considering the possibility of using the local flora. In this framework, the state of the art reveals important benefits of urban GR implementation and the possibility to include natural materials highly available at the intervention areas (e. g. , volcanic substrates) for the constitution of the substrate layer of the GR, with intrinsic characteristics that ensure a high environmental performance. Moreover, GR researchers highlight the need to test different configurations of substrate and plant compositions, and the use of long-term monitoring plans to assess the economic viability of their implementation more accurately, on a large scale, and their real impacts on water management and thermal performance. Therefore, to enhance GR construction and implementation, technical and research studies regarding their design project, economic viability, using native vegetation and innovative substrate composition, are needed. Following this objective, we present the design of a prototype to be installed at the rooftop of the building of the at the University of the Azores, located at the urban area of Ponta Delgada, São (Figure 4). Figure 4. Location of the University of the Azores at urban area (yellow line) and the building to install the pilot study. 2. 2 Study siteThe block now occupied by the University of the Azores was designed as a botanical garden and private residence in the late 19th century, and a collection of native plants from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Europe and Macaronesia remains in the area. It is located on the south coast of the island of São Miguel in the vicinity of the historic city center of Ponta Delgada, the largest and most important urban agglomeration in the Azores. The building of the scientific complex, inaugurated in 2001, develops three floors above ground and is oriented in the North–South direction. The south part of the rooftop was considered to install the experimental study (Figure 5a). Figure 5. Selected place to install the experimental study of green roof (a), and implantation design (b). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of green roofs (GR) in urban areas, specifically highlighting their potential benefits such as the use of local flora and the enhancement of environmental performance. It specifically mentions the necessity of including native vegetation, which supports the notion that urban agriculture initiatives can indeed create green spaces that foster biodiversity in urban environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, configurational investigations have aimed to establish a correlation between UGS configuration and more efficacious cooling, emphasizing the spatial arrangement of UGS relative to other urban elements [46, 54]. While this approach offers a systematic method, it remains uncertain whether a consensus can be reached regarding the association between UGS’s spatial patterns and their cooling performance. Considering the diverse range of conditions, scales, and data resolution observed in case studies, the primary challenge lies in generalizing research findings to establish a practical framework for spatial patterns, cooling mechanisms, and heatwaves in urban environments [45]. However, the landscape ecology paradigm may serve as a reputable framework for optimizing the capabilities of UGS and providing substantiated support to both planning and design practices and future scientific research. The optimization of existing UGS is an effective NBS that enables urban planners and policymakers to enhance cooling efficiency by revising UGS configuration instead of the need for more water resources, change in land use, or vacant land for the expansion of green areas [48, 54, 55, 56]. The cooling capabilities of UGS are not exclusively limited to shading and evapotranspiration processes, as other mechanisms can be regarded as NBS in the planning of urban greenery. A supplementary method employed in the cooling process in vegetation is reflection. Indeed, the presence of vegetation enhances thermal efficiency by utilizing the reflection factor. This attribute operates by the elevated albedo of green areas, which stands at 25% compared to standard surfaces and buildings with a lower albedo of 15% [57]. Contrary to the shading mechanism employed in UGS, the evaluation of reflections in vegetation necessitates intricate soil-vegetation combinations that must be integrated with ‘urban’ models of building, urban geometry, building density, and road interactions with the atmosphere. Furthermore, this factor is highly dependent on soil moisture and often a measure of vegetation ‘intensity’ such as leaf area index (LAI), which makes the scenarios highly complicated for ranking NBS effectiveness [58]. In summary, Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram of the types, mechanisms, and dimensions of the UGS cooling effect. Figure 1. The type, mechanism, and dimension of the UGS cooling effect. The shading and evapotranspiration are critical aspects of the UGS cooling that significantly minimize the UHI effects and reduce energy consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of urban green spaces (UGS) and suggesting that while UGS can help cool urban areas, the effectiveness depends on various factors like configuration, soil-vegetation combinations, and integration with urban models. It emphasizes that cooling capabilities are not solely due to green spaces but involve intricate mechanisms (shading, evapotranspiration, and reflection) and that simply increasing green areas may not lead to a consensus on their cooling performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: These results are in general agreement with recent observations that NE fluctuates in a sleep-state dependent manner in the medial prefrontal cortex, and suggest that NE may play a crucial role in controlling the stage dependent microglial changes. Fig. 4. NE dynamics in mouse somatosensory cortex during the sleep-wake cycle. (a) Schematic diagram depicting mTPM recording of extracellular NE indicated by the 2m sensor expressed in neurons. (b) Representative traces of simultaneous recordings in the somatosensory cortex during the sleep-wake cycle in freely behaving mice. EEG and its power spectrogram (0-20 Hz); EMG (scale, 50 μV); NE signals reflected by the z-score of the 2m fluorescence (scale, 2 z-score). The brain states are color-coded (wake, gray; NREM, white; REM, blue; NE oscillatory during NREM sleep, green). (c) Mean extracellular NE levels in different brain states. Data from the same recording are connected by lines. ***P < 0. 001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (n = 11 from 3 mice). Role of the LC-NE signal in controlling the microglia dynamic surveillanceTo determine possible involvement of NE in sleep state-and SD-induced microglia surveillance, we used the locus coeruleus (LC)-selective neurotoxin, N-(2-chloroethyl)-n-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4; applied 2 days before imaging) to ablate LC axons projecting into the cortex (Supplementary Fig. 4) (Del C. González et al. , 1998) and characterized microglial surveillance with and without an LC-NE signal (Fig. 5a). DSP4 application led to a significant increase in sleep states, particularly NREM sleep (Supplementary Fig. 4), in agreement with previous studies (Del C. González et al. , 1998). Meanwhile, the characteristics of NE dynamics in different brain states were also changed by DSP4 (Supplementary Fig. 4). Importantly, the sleep state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance were abolished altogether; neither microglial morphology nor process motility displayed any of the previously significant changes seen when the brain states cycled across wake-REM-NREM (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure, focusing instead on norepinephrine (NE) dynamics and their relation to sleep states. Since it does not mention melatonin or directly relate to the claim about light exposure and sleep-wake cycles, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can support biodiversity by creating green spaces in urban areas. [SEP] Text: f. ) Schwantes [accepted name, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium L. f. ] were evaluated under different soil-containing and soil-less water-absorbing substrate amenders humic acid applications [26]. Recent studies also included mixtures of alien and native species, in comparison with conventional roofs, showing increased biodiversity in the former [27]. In a recent review, [28] found that plant diversity on intensive roofs was more responsive to soil texture, area and fertilizer use, when compared to extensive roofs, due to substrate depth increasing potential plant diversity, coupled with a wider variability in design intentions is typical for extensive roofs. Those authors also suggested the definition of new classifications to help bridge the gap between practitioner and ecological knowledge and aid in predicting patterns by emphasizing green roof design intent rather than substrate depth [28]. Within this framework, we see that most plants used in green roofs were alien, in a somewhat restricted number of plant families. However, in some cases complex mixtures have also been used, using local European or Mediterranean plant taxa, including small shrubs, such as Lavandula latifolia Medik. (Lamiaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis L. [Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. ] (Lamiaceae), Viburnum tinus L. (Viburnaceae), Calluna vulgaris (L. ) Hull (Ericaceae), Santolina chamaecyparissus L. , Santolina virens Mill. (Asteraceae) and Erica verticillata Forssk. [Erica manipuliflora Salisb. ], as well as plants from other continents, including Cotoneaster dammeri C. K. Schneid. (Rosaceae). Most of the above-mentioned plant species occur in the Azores, although several are considered as top invaders, such as C. edulis and A. cordifolia [29]. The Azores’ vascular plant flora includes more than 3800 plant taxa, with about 2901 cultivated or at least imported, 322 escaped and 578 naturalized, and no more than 400 native or endemic [30]. Meanwhile, due to the wet climate, succulent plants are probably not appropriate to be used in GRs. Nevertheless, at low elevations, plants of European or Mediterranean origin are very common in the Azores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how green roofs can increase biodiversity, particularly highlighting the positive impact of using a mixture of alien and local plant species in urban settings. It mentions that plant diversity on intensive roofs responds well to various factors, which aligns with the idea that urban agriculture, through the creation of green spaces, supports biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: The cooling effect indicators showed a negative correlation with the patch density in the surrounding regions of PGS. Moreover, the cooling effect was observed to be positively correlated with the landscape shape index and the mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance, highlighting the crucial role played by fragmentation, connection, and complexity of the surrounding landscape in determining the cooling effect at class and landscape levels, respectively [61]. Moreover, Yan et al. [65] have reported that the percentage of vegetation area (PLAND) predominantly demonstrates a negative correlation with cooling intensity. It suggests that a greater quantity of surrounding vegetation could potentially conceal the cooling effect of UGS within its surrounding environment. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the area-weighted mean Euclidean nearest-neighbor distance (ENN_AM) and cooling intensity demonstrates that the existence of more vegetation within a limited spatial range could diminish the cooling intensity by reducing the temperature disparity between UGSs and the neighboring environment. As a conclusion, it is evident that the internal factors, namely NDVI and Index (LSI), exert a greater influence on the cooling effect of UGSs as compared to the external factors [65]. Despite continuous endeavors, achieving a precise understanding of the interplay between urban heat issues and UGS cooling efficiency remains elusive. This issue is due to the inherent heterogeneity in the spatial patterns of UGSs [52]. Furthermore, various extraneous variables influence the findings, resulting in ambiguous conclusions. For instance, due to geographical conditions and different climate zones, several research studies have demonstrated that an optimal green area exists that contributes to the cooling effect and variability among green spaces in various cities. Examples of such cities include Nanning, where the optimal green area is 0. 3 ha, as documented by Tan et al. in 2021 [75]. Additionally, Yang et al. found that the optimal green area in Copenhagen was 0. 69 ha [76]. Similarly, Yu et al. [81] reported optimal green regions of Rome and Florence to be 0. 51 ha and 0. 37 ha, respectively [81]. Although this method covers a large scale of areas in most case studies, the findings do not reflect the dynamic characteristics in detail nor detect internal influencing factors of the UGS cooling effect [82]. Therefore, the conclusions drawn from UGSs’ cooling performance depend on several factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the correlation between vegetation and cooling intensity is not straightforward. It states that a greater quantity of surrounding vegetation can potentially conceal the cooling effect of urban green spaces (UGSs) and that the internal factors (like NDVI and landscape shape index) have a greater influence on the cooling effect compared to external vegetation density. This suggests that simply increasing green spaces does not guarantee a reduction in urban heat, as other factors may diminish their cooling effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 5b-g). Likewise, DSP4 treatment completely prevented SD-induced alteration of microglia surveillance (Supplementary Fig. 4). These results indicate an essential role for the LC-NE signal in sleep-and stress-dependent state modulation of microglia surveillance. Fig. 5. Microglial surveillance during natural sleep is controlled by LC-NE signal. (a) Experimental setup: LC-selective neurotoxin DSP4 was used to destroy LC-NE neuronal axons. (b-g) Lack of sleep/wake state-dependent microglial surveillance in LC-axon ablated animals. b-d: Representative mTPM images of microglia at different states. e-g: Statistics for microglial length (e), surveillance area (f), and number of branch points (g) in LC-axon ablated mice. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in e, f; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in g; n = 17 cells from 6 mice for each group; ns, not significant. (h) Schematic diagram for β2ARs on the plasma membrane of microglia in the cerebral cortex responding to NE released from axonal terminals projected from LC. (i-k) State-dependent microglial surveillance during sleep-wake cycle in β2AR knockout mice. Representative microglial images (i-k) and statistics for microglial process length (l), surveillance area (m), and number of branch points (n) at different states in (CX3CR1-GFP+/-; Adrb2-/-) mice. Scale bar, 30 μm. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in m; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in l, n; n = 15 cells from 6 mice for each group; ns, not significant, **P < 0. 01. The effects of the neural modulator NE are mediated by two families of G-protein-coupled receptors, α and β-adrenergic receptors (ARs), each comprising several subtypes and it has been shown that β2AR stimulation rapidly induces microglia dynamic surveillance (Gyoneva and Traynelis, 2013; Liu et al. , 2019; Stowell et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of the LC-NE signal in microglial surveillance during sleep and stress but does not mention melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure or its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can support biodiversity by creating green spaces in urban areas. [SEP] Text: GR substrate mixtures will be characterized regarding their physical and chemical characteristics (granulometry, porosity, pH, water holding capacity, nutrients (N and P), retention capacity, toxicity and percentage of each component present on the mixture). The formulated substrate will then be characterized considering the main physico-chemical characteristics that will influence its performance (porosity, water retention, pH, density, granulometry and presence/absence of toxins). The vegetation growth during this uninterrupted long-term monitoring plan (2 years) will be measured to assess the most adapted species to the climate and subtract composition. By controlling temperature in the different layers, in the surroundings and inside the building, data will be provided to evaluate the thermal regulation of this GR essay. Advertisement 3. Discussion and conclusionsGreen roofs can contribute to the mitigation of extreme rainfall events through water retention and evapotranspiration [32]. Regarding the urban landscape, the horizontal roofs are the most significant projects in terms of nowadays urban planning. Consulting a legitimate tribute to the contemporary architecture [33], promoted by the Association of Architects of the of the Azores, it’s possible to have a selective and competent overview of the territory regarding state-of-the-art construction that indicated this evolution. Horizontal rooftops are a condition to implant green rooftops. Since the available data just covers residential buildings, and other typology buildings, such as hotels, schools and hospitals, in and Lagoa adopted horizontal rooftops instead of other rooftops typologies, we believe that at present, the percentage of horizontal rooftops in the urban areas of and Lagoa is over 3. 1%. Also, the new constructions since 2010 adopt this cover typology more often. Studies must be done to the building’s typology, to get actual percentage of horizontal rooftops. One of the potentialities of GRs is to be able to reconcile the ecosystem services provided by plants, such as the contribution to urban biodiversity, with other functionalities, such as water storage for use in buildings and the installation of photovoltaic panels for energy production. The storage of water for on-site use in second-line uses has a double advantage, which is to avoid the production of runoff and thus protect the receiving waters from contaminants, and on the other hand to constitute a local water source, which will reduce the consumption of drinking water and thus increase its availability for human consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that one of the potentialities of green roofs (GRs) is their ability to reconcile the ecosystem services provided by plants, which includes contributing to urban biodiversity. This indicates that green roofs can indeed support biodiversity by creating green spaces within urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: For instance, a variety of highly effective solutions in a temperate and humid climate may not yield the same results in a hot and arid desert climate [91]. In contrast to other strategies that deal with technology and non-living materials, plants are living organisms whose function is directly based on the dynamism of their immediate surroundings conditions. Thus, within the framework of urban heating, it is imperative to consider that the utilization of plants not only possesses considerable and varied capabilities but also entails significant constraints that may impede the implementation of any strategy on the way to success. Fundamentally, the successful implementation of strategies based on UGS planning and design faces various challenges, which can be classified into two categories: 1) internal challenges and 2) external challenges. 4. 1 Internal challengesInternal challenges are primarily related to knowledge gaps in plant-related fields, encompassing various aspects ranging from selecting the appropriate plant to maintenance techniques. Moreover, insufficient knowledge concerning planting design, implementation techniques, and the horticultural limitations of UGS has led to a disparity between landscape architectural and urban design visions [92]. Furthermore, issues regarding soil quality, planting substrate selection, placement, the timing and method of planting, and ultimately, water quality and irrigation techniques are crucial and can impede the effectiveness of strategies to mitigate temperatures. Meanwhile, issues relating to water are significant, so it is vital to supply more thorough details regarding the water requirements of plants, particularly during dry seasons. It means that maintaining and expanding green plant covers of trees, shrubs, and grasses in dry and hot zone climates requires more water resources, which eventually results in higher costs [56]. Consequently, this section necessitates the development of specific frameworks that simultaneously consider the esthetic characteristics of plants, such as form, color, texture, and size; and the expected functions they perform, such as creating shade and windbreak and reducing pollution. 4. 2 External challengesUGSs constantly face various external challenges that can impact their cooling efficiency. These challenges include the approaches related to policy and strategy formulation for the city, planning, and design visions, as well as implementation techniques. External challenges encompass a group of exterior factors that affect the quantity and quality of the cooling effect of UGSs. These factors include a wide range of land use types, urban morphology, layout geometry and urban form, density, spatial structure, and networks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges related to the implementation of urban green spaces (UGS), including the effective use of plants, knowledge gaps, and external factors that can impact their cooling efficiency. It emphasizes that while plants may provide significant capabilities for cooling urban areas, there are considerable constraints that may impede their effectiveness, thus questioning the straightforward assumption that rooftop gardens will effectively reduce urban heat.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: We, therefore, examined microglia surveillance in β2AR KO animals during natural sleep-wake cycles and under SD stress. Similar to LC axon ablation, β2AR KO disturbed wake-sleep homeostasis, as manifested by a lengthening of overall sleep duration (Supplementary Fig. 4). By contrast, removal of β2ARs failed to abolish dynamic changes in microglia when the brain state switched between sleep and wakefulness (Fig. 5h-n). Nonetheless, the ability of microglia to subtly distinguish between REM and NREM states was largely compromised (Fig. 5h-n and Supplementary Fig. 4), suggesting a partial contribution of β2AR signaling to LC-NE modulation of microglia surveillance during sleep-wake cycles. Regarding microglia responses to SD stress, we showed that microglial morphology and motility remained unchanged during the SD protocol in β2AR KO animals (Supplementary Fig. 4), revealing a predominant role for β2AR signaling in LC-NE modulation of microglia surveillance under SD stress. DiscussionWith the development of mTPM imaging and EEG/EMG recording in freely behaving mice, we now provide direct evidence that microglia surveillance in mouse somatosensory cortex is sleep-state dependent during natural sleep-wake cycles and that microglia contract from ramified into phagocytic forms a few hours after the onset of acute SD stress. Combined with pharmacological intervention and the use of NE biosensor and genetically manipulated animals, we showed that the LC-NE pathway mediates these state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance and that β2AR signaling is involved in various aspects of the microglial responses, extending recent reports that the same pathway underlies microglia surveillance in the context of neuronal network activity (Liu et al. , 2019) and synaptic plasticity (Stowell et al. , 2019). That microglia surveillance is sleep state-dependent substantiates an intimate relationship between rapid, robust state-dependent microglia remodeling and the biology of the sleep-wake cycle (Feng et al. , 2019; Frank and Heller, 2018; Xie et al. , 2013). It has been shown that microglia play a central role in the removal of metabolic waste and even cell debris from the brain (Huisman et al. , 2022; Márquez-Ropero et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microglia surveillance during sleep-wake cycles and the role of β2AR signaling, without mentioning melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. It does not directly address the claim or provide relevant information regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can support biodiversity by creating green spaces in urban areas. [SEP] Text: In: Dias R, Araújo editors. Geologia de Portugal. Vol. vol. 2. Escolar Editora; 2013. 9017. ASTM. for Classification of Soils for - Classification System. ASTM D2487 Edition. 201718. . Substrato orgânico. 2023. Available from: Barros M. Comportamento Não Linear e Histerético de Solos Incoerentes: Avaliação da Resposta Sísmica de Taludes. [Doctoral dissertation, University of the Azores]. 200120. Barros M, Malheiro A. Estudo do Terreno de Fundação. Loteamento do Ilhéu de Vila franca do Campo. Ponta Delgada: Relatório 16/91, do Laboratório Regional de Engenharia Civil, Ponta Delgada; 199121. Fraga C. Caracterização Geotécnica de Escórias Vulcânicas. [Master dissertation, Lisbon – Faculty of Sciences and Technology]. 198822. PWO. Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Gardens, Kew. 2023. Available from:. A comparison of the growth status, rainfall retention and purification effects of four green roof plant species. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021;278(1):111451. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2020. 11145124. . Impact of green roof plant species on domestic wastewater treatment. Environmental Advances. 2021;4:100059. DOI: 10. 1016/j. envadv. 2021. 10005925. . Green roof cooling contributed by plant species with different photosynthetic strategies. Energy and Buildings. 2019;195:45-50. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enbuild. 2019. 04. 04626. Rabbani M, Kazemi F. Water need and water use efficiency of two plant species in soil-containing and soilless substrates under green roof conditions. Journal of Environmental Management. 2022;302(Part A):113950. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2021. 11395027. . Urban green roofs promote metropolitan biodiversity: A comparative case study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning that urban green roofs promote metropolitan biodiversity. This indicates that creating green spaces, such as green roofs in urban settings, can contribute positively to biodiversity, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: In addition, urban planning and design processes, policies, and strategies are also drivers that can influence the effectiveness of UGS in terms of cooling and temperature reduction over a long time. These factors exert a considerable influence not solely on the UGS composition but also on configuration and spatial structure [44]. However, the foremost impact of these challenges on the configuration of green areas is the escalation of spatial heterogeneity, resulting in the decline of the efficiency and functionality of such areas. One of the most critical effects of increasing spatial heterogeneity within the UGS structure is a significant impact on the reduction of their cooling capacity. Given the complexity and spatial variety of ecological factors, spatial heterogeneity is an essential theoretical issue in the science of ecology [93]. From the perspective of Landscape Ecology, urban landscapes are characterized by heterogeneity. The distinct compositions and configurations of the urban landscape across different areas of a city can increase urban heterogeneity, substantially impacting ecological processes. Hence, urban heterogeneity may lead to cooling effects of UGS in other spatial units [94]. While achieving homogeneity in urban layout and structure is nearly impossible, implementing effective urban policies and planning strategies can significantly develop a robust and long-term approach to urban heat mitigation by increasing the cooling capacity and optimizing the efficiency of UGSs. Therefore, understanding how UGS affects UHI intensity poses a significant challenge for urban planners and decision-makers who must design cost-effective urban heat mitigation strategies [48]. Moreover, there has been a growing trend towards an integrating approach by UGS incorporating urban morphology with a concentration on sustainability in the past few decades. This shift is meant to reduce the negative impacts of urban sprawl, congestion, and urban fragmentation issues [95]. Hence, contemporary urban planning and design have adopted more sustainable urban forms by applying various approaches, such as neo-traditional development, urban containment, the compact city, and the eco-city. The compact or dense city form has been particularly emphasized among these forms. The compact city is recognized for its high-density housing, mixed-use, efficient public transport, and encouragement of cycling and walking. Nevertheless, a detrimental consequence of specific facets of urban densification is progressively being demonstrated by the lack of green space in dense urban areas and the removal of such spaces during the densification process [96]. The compact city development has garnered significant attention as an effective and sustainable approach to urban planning. This approach can create a dense environment that accommodates high-rise buildings and increases population density. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative impact of urban densification on green spaces. It notes that while urban planning can enhance the cooling capacity of urban green spaces (UGS), there are detrimental effects, such as the removal of green spaces during the densification process, which can undermine the goal of reducing urban heat. This suggests that increasing green spaces like rooftop gardens could be hampered by urban planning practices that prioritize density over greenery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Our study shows that microglia in the sleeping brain have larger area and length, consistent with greater clearance ability in the sleeping state than the waking. Recently, it has been reported that, in head-fixed mice, microglial morphological complexity was decreased in NREM sleep than during wakefulness (Hristovska et al. , 2022). In consideration of the altered durations of both NREM and REM sleep (Hristovska et al. , 2022), the unnatural sleep state would lead to an increase in the microarousal state, and ultimately lead to a change in the structure of the sleep state, which may be the main reason for the difference in microglia behavior from our natural sleep. Furthermore, our results show that microglia surveillance significantly differs between REM and NREM sleep in the somatosensory cortex, likely reflecting metabolic and functional differences between the two states. More specifically, previous reports have proposed differential roles between the NREM and REM sleep for consolidation of different types of memories. For example, NREM sleep contributes to declarative memories, whereas REM sleep is important for procedural and emotional memories (Besedovsky et al. , 2019; Rasch and Born, 2013). Memory consolidation is closely related to synaptic plasticity, in which microglia play a very important role (Corsi et al. , 2022; Tuan and Lee, 2019). In this regard, our findings hint at the possibility that not all features of microglia-neuron interactions, including mode of action and localization, are equal in the consolidation of different types of memory. It has been shown that a large proportion of Iba1-immunoreactive microglia with larger cell bodies and less ramified processes appear in hippocampal brain slices following 48-72h of sleep deprivation and in the frontal cortex after 4. 5 days of chronic sleep restriction, whereas acute sleep deprivation for 8 hours had no effect on microglial morphology (Bellesi et al. , 2017; Hall et al. , 2020). However, these findings have mostly been derived from slice staining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure; instead, it focuses on the behavior of microglia during different sleep states and their relationship with memory consolidation. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics and aquaponics are commonly used in urban agriculture to save space and resources. [SEP] Text: Eel is cultured at the range of water temperature of 25°C–30°C throughout the year, therefore, it is applicable to the BFT aquaculture (Cho et al. , 2015). Aquaponics is a cultivation system that combines aquaculture and agricultural hydroponics. The feed is supplied for growth and survival of aquaculture organisms in the system. Various inorganic substances like ammonia and nitrates are produced through the decomposition of unconsumed feed and fecal matters by heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms. Plants grow by absorbing the nutrients mineralized by the microorganisms and then the purified water is returned to fish rearing tank. Therefore, aquaponics provides an eco-friendly environment that enables a continuous production of agricultural and aquatic products without exchange of cultivation water (FAO, 2014). Fish feed generally includes 13 types of nutrients (and Al) that plants need. It could provide an enough amount of nutrients for growth of plants, but some such as Ca, K, and Fe are present in a very insufficient degree and must be added artificially (Rakocy, 2007). It was proposed for UVI (university of virgin islands) aquaponics to artificially add the insufficient nutrients such as Ca, K, Fe, and P for optimum growth of plants, which was now universalized worldwide (Bailey & Ferrarezi, 2017; Rakocy et al. , 2006). Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential nutrients for maintaining normal life phenomena related to growth, reproduction, and health of animals and plants. Phosphorus, in the form of phosphate, plays an important role in fundamental biochemical reactions such as respiration, photosynthesis, muscle contraction, cell division, transmission of genetic information, and fermentation (Lall, 1991). Aquatic animals as well as land animals cannot efficiently use phosphorus in animal and vegetable resources, thus either monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) or tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is added to the feed for their maximum growth (Kim et al. , 1998). TCP found in phosphate rock and animal bones is soluble only in strong acids, so stomachless fish like carp do not use it, while being highly available by trout (Ogino et al. , 1979). Lee et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the principles of aquaponics, highlighting its ecological benefits and resource efficiency. It discusses how aquaponics combines aquaculture with agricultural hydroponics, allowing for a continuous production of aquatic and agricultural products with minimal exchange of cultivation water. This supports the idea that these methods are utilized to save space and resources in urban agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: However, this approach also poses a significant threat to UGS as it occupies lands, degrades green courtyards and gardens, disconnects green corridors, and restricts space [96]. As an external challenge, the results show that some of the current approaches have progressed towards reducing UGSs and thus decreasing their cooling effect despite their emphasis on sustainability and the use of green spaces. As demonstrated in this section, the body of reviewed scientific and observational literature implies that adopting a particular urban cooling solution will not lead to a sustainable reduction in urban heat temperatures. Therefore, this section’s present strategy for addressing urban heat-related concerns involves a nature-based approach centered on UGS, which entails a comprehensive approach that considers the scale, monitoring techniques, and urban planning and design. This particular strategy has been achieved by amalgamating three key strategies capable of delivering an extensive array of interventions to cities at various levels: urban scale, neighborhood scale, and building scale. Figure 2 shows the proposed NBS based on the sustainable UGS cooling effect. The following strategies are delineated in brief:Monitoring strategy: uses satellite imagery, environmental sensors, and field measurement to control the quality and quantity of urban green spaces consistently. Additionally, this strategy entails a comprehensive analysis of urban heat islands, the formation of hot and impermeable surfaces, and the meticulous identification of their locations. The resulting reports are then disseminated to urban managers and decision-makers who may utilize this information to make informed decisions concerning future interventions and planning endeavors. It is worth noting that many ranges of intervention in UHI mitigation fall under “control” strategies, like urban development and infrastructure planning decisions. Management strategy: By leveraging the authority of urban managers, the proposed strategy allows cities to facilitate or influence actions towards sustainable cooling at a neighborhood scale. These actions may include raising awareness among residents regarding global warming, climate change, and the significance of maintaining and developing UGS to support urban cooling. Furthermore, this strategy advocates adopting technological instruments like solar panels and online irrigation systems to manage energy and water resources in urban areas. Additionally, various measures and practices can be planned at the neighborhood scale to contribute to sustainable urban cooling. For instance, urban neighborhoods can be designed according to wind direction, enabling natural wind to flow through the urban fabric and decreasing heat and polluted air. Moreover, it is possible to enhance ecological connectivity between green areas to homogenize green patterns, optimize their cooling performance, and maximize cooling effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative impacts of certain green space initiatives, indicating that they can lead to a degradation of urban green spaces (UGS) and a decrease in their cooling effects. It states, 'some of the current approaches have progressed towards reducing UGSs and thus decreasing their cooling effect despite their emphasis on sustainability and the use of green spaces.' This suggests that instead of contributing to reduction in urban heat, the strategies mentioned could actually lead to an increase in heat due to reduced green areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: While the present work support the general conclusion that microglia surveillance is responsive to SD stress, our real-time mTPM imaging in vivo also unmasked a progressive change in microglia surveillance that occurred as early as 3h after onset of SD and full conversion of microglia into the phagocytic form after 6h SD stress. This apparent disparity between the current and previous reports might reflect the complications arising from ex vivo sample preparation, because microglia surveillance is highly dynamic and sensitive to neural environmental changes, evidenced by its cyclic changes during the sleep-wake switch. We have provided two lines of evidence that the LC-NE-β2AR axis is involved in microglial surveillance both during natural sleep-wake cycle and under SD stress. Ablation of LC-NE neuronal projection abolished and knockout of β2ARs markedly altered the manifestation of the state-dependence of microglia surveillance, while the latter recapitulated most, but not all, the phenotypes of the former. These findings are well supported by emerging evidence that NE is necessary for microglial activation (Bellesi et al. , 2016; Berridge et al. , 2012). First, NE is known to be a key neurotransmitter that regulates sleep dynamics (Wang et al. , 2020) and the dynamics of microglia (Liu et al. , 2019; Sugama et al. , 2019). Second, it has been shown β2AR expressed at higher level in microglia than other CNS cell types (Zhang et al. , 2014) and microglia dynamic surveillance rapidly responds to β2AR stimulation (Gyoneva and Traynelis, 2013; Liu et al. , 2019; Stowell et al. , 2019). Moreover, the morphology of microglia in somatosensory cortex is also regulated by neuronal activity, in a microglial β2AR-dependent manner (Liu et al. , 2019). Our results also extend the classic view of NE regulation of sleep and wakefulness by revealing a prominent microglial component in the NE response. It should be noted that pan-tissue β2AR knockout animal model was used in the current study and it warrants future investigation to pinpoint specific roles of microglial β2AR in the brain-state dependent microglial responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses microglial surveillance and neurotransmitters related to sleep dynamics, which is peripheral to the claim about melatonin's role in sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics and aquaponics are commonly used in urban agriculture to save space and resources. [SEP] Text: 2) Vitamin added to supply the following (per kg diet): vitamin A, 22,000 IU; vitamin D3, 4,400 IU; vitamin E, 320 IU; vitamin K3, 24 mg; thiamine HCl, 50 mg; riboflavin, 60 mg; D-Ca pantothenate, 120 mg; biotin, 2 mg; folic acid, 20 mg; vitamin B12, 100 mg; niacin, 300 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 30 mg; inositol, 600 mg; ethoxyquin, 67 mg. 3) Mineral added to supply the following (per kg diet): copper sulfate (25. 4% Cu), 10 mg; zinc sulfate (22. 7% Zn), 60 mg; manganous sulfate (32. 5% Mn), 50 mg; magnesium sulfate (24. 3% Mg), cobalt chloride (24. 8% Co), 2 mg; potassium iodide (76. 4% I), 2. 0 mg; sodium selenite (45. 6% Se), 0. 75 mg. MKP, monobasic potassium phosphate; BHA, butyl hydroxyl anisole. 2. Chemical composition of the experimental diets Composition (%) Mash EP Moisture (%) 6. 56 3. 95 Crude protein (%) 51. 70 47. 27 Crude lipid (%) 5. 01 12. 60 Crude ash (%) 12. 81 16. 37 Crude fiber (%) 0. 44 0. 67 Ca (%) 3. 81 4. 67 P (%) 2. 11 3. 02 Mg (ppm) 1,018. 13 1,932. 09 Fe (ppm) 402. 19 542. 26 Cu (ppm) 4. 43 12. 23 Mn (ppm) 16. 60 29. 84 Zn (ppm) 222. 28 105. 73 K (ppm) 5,243. 51 8,774. 59 Values are means of 2 determinations: Mash, commercial powdered feed; EP, extruded pellet. system configuration and operation The experimental production system of two cultivations, aquaponics and hydroponics is shown in Fig. 1. HBFT-AP, which combines modified BFT aquaculture with hydroponic cultivation facilities, was composed of one fish tank (∮ 4. 5 m × H 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning an experimental production system that includes both aquaponics and hydroponics. The phrase 'The experimental production system of two cultivations, aquaponics and hydroponics' suggests that these methods are being utilized together, which aligns with the idea that they are commonly used in urban agriculture for resource efficiency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens provide access to fresh produce and foster social connections. [SEP] Text: This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’. The category ‘AFN’ is however a heterogeneous category, as is the conventional food system; neither can be easily defined. The degree to which community gardens can be seen as AFNs is therefore unclear. While they do improve the availability of local food and operate outside of the market economy, we do not know how much and how often people eat from their gardens, nor do we know to what extent they are involved in the gardens in order to provide an alternative to the industrial food system. Hence, there is a lack of knowledge about the sense in which community gardens are alternative alternatives. Research questions The overall research question of this thesis is: What is the significance of community gardening in terms of its intention to promote social cohesion as well as its representation as an alternative food system? This broad question is instructed by the following sub-questions: Why do people get involved in community gardens? What are their motivations? How, to what extent, and under which conditions does community gardening promote the development of social relations between participants? How do participants value these social effects? To what extent do the diets of community garden participants originate from the gardens in which they are involved? What is the importance of food in community gardens? What is the importance of growing or getting access to alternative food for participants of community gardens? important theoretical lens in this research is the theory of practice. Practices are defined as concrete human activity and include things, bodily doings and sayings. By performing practices people not only draw upon but also feed into structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while community gardens are aimed at promoting social bonding and improving access to local food, there are uncertainties regarding the extent to which they successfully achieve these goals. It mentions that 'the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear.' This indicates that there is no definitive evidence supporting the claim that community gardens universally foster social connections and provide access to fresh produce, thereby casting doubt on the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: In addition to NE, other potential modulators also present dynamic during sleep-wake cycle and may partake in the regulation of microglia dynamic surveillance. It has been reported that LC firing stops (Aston-Jones et al. , 1981; Rasmussen et al. , 1986), while inhibitory neurons, such as PV neurons and VIP neurons, become relatively active during REM sleep (Brécier et al. , 2022). ATP level in basal forebrain is shown to be higher in REM sleep than NREM sleep (Peng et al. , 2023). Similarly, adenosine level in the somatosensory cortex during REM sleep is higher than in NREM sleep (Response figure 1). These considerations may explain the finding that β2AR knockout failed to abolish microglial responses to sleep state switch and SD stress altogether. A more complete understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of microglia surveillance will help to delineate more precisely roles of microglia in physiology and under stress. In summary, by real-time in vivo mTPM imaging of microglia surveillance, we uncovered the state-dependence of microglia surveillance during natural sleep-wake cycles and a robust, early-onset response to SD stress. Both types of microglial dynamics are under the regulation of LC-NE with the involvement of β2ARs as one of its main effectors. These results highlight that microglia undergo rapid and robust remodeling of both morphology and function to fulfill multimodal roles complementary to those of neurons in the brain. In addition, the methodologies established in the present study may prove to be of broad application for future investigations of microglia dynamics and sleep biology in freely behaving animals. AcknowledgementsWe thank Dr. from and Dr. from for their carefully reading and valuable comments; L. Wang and T. Zhu from Co. , Ltd, and Y. Guo from the company for comments on the optics, biological experiments, and data processing; and the Observatory for data processing services. The work was supported by grants from the 2030 2021ZD0202200 and the of China (81925022, 61975002, 31830036, 31821091, 8182780030 and 61821002), and for (2019-I2M-5-054). Author contributionsX. G. and H. C. conceived the project and supervised the research; X. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of microglia during sleep-wake cycles and their regulation by norepinephrine (NE), but it does not address melatonin production or its relationship to light exposure and sleep-wake cycles. The focus on microglial dynamics and neuronal activity does not support or counter the claim regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics and aquaponics are commonly used in urban agriculture to save space and resources. [SEP] Text: 33% to 47. 83% and from 14. 03 to15. 48 g/dL in catfish weighing 200–300 g grown in HBFT-AP system. PCV and Hb are main indicators of the ability to carry oxygen from blood to each tissue and nutritional anemia in fish. In this study, Japanese eel fed EP showed higher PCV values in the whole blood analysis (Table 10). This could be explained by reinforced oxygen transport capacity required for the metabolic processes of the fish kept in low pH condition in a closed environment, and it might be considered to be the result of the adaptation to the hazardous environment. Lee et al. (2019b) reported that the concentration of Pi (mg/dL) and K (mEq/L) in blood plasma of catfish fed diets containing more than MKP 2. 0% was similar. Also, plasma Pi (mg/dL) of Japanese eel fed EP with MKP 2. 7% was higher than that of fish fed commercial EP without MKP. In this study, similarly, higher values of Pi (m/dL) and K (mEq/L) were observed in Japanese eel fed EP with MKP 2. 7%. These results suggest that dietary MKP increase the plasma Pi (m/dL) and K (mEq/L) of fish. Hydroponics is divided into two cultures ‘water and medium’ depending on whether or not the medium is used, and into two systems ‘open and closed’ depending on whether or not the culture nutrition solution is reused. In water culture, plants grow with nutrition solution without solid medium supporting the roots of plants. This cultivation method includes deep water culture (DWC), nutrient film technique (NFT), aeroponics, and capillary culture. The HP production system used in the present study was a DWC method, but the height of the plant bed was about 10 to 15 cm, which was lower than that of the bed being conventionally used (Fig. 1). Jang et al. (2017) reported that closed system can minimize environmental pollution by reducing the discharge of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus through reuse of waste nutrient solution, and also improve economic efficiency by sparing the amount of fertilizer and raw water used in the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes hydroponics and its methods, including the DWC (deep water culture), which is one of several hydroponic techniques. It mentions that closed systems can improve economic efficiency by reducing nutrient discharge and minimizing the amount of fertilizer and raw water needed, directly relating to the resource-saving aspect of hydroponics in urban agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Formulae display:? Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. AbstractThis study examined the social and economic feasibility of urban farming in Bandung, Indonesia, from the viewpoint of the actors. Observations, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with key informants including urban farmers, urban farming community leaders, traders, and government representatives in Bandung were used to collect data. According to the remarks of the interviewees, urban farming in Bandung is not economically motivated because the practices are not economically profitable for the actors. Rather, social factors, such as social collectivity and personal aspirations have propelled some of the urban farming movement’s continuity in Bandung. This paper concludes that the city government has to start taking social motives into account when designing future urban farming programs rather than only highlighting its profitability, which can lead to future disappointments. This suggestion can contribute to the betterment of future urban farming activities in Bandung and cities with similar characteristics around the world. Keywords: Urban farmingcommunity gardensfood productionsustainabilityinitiatives: Cities and the —1. IntroductionUrban areas host the majority of the world’s population, which made it prone to various threats including natural disasters, pandemics, terrorism, water scarcity, poverty, and food insecurity (Gulyas & Edmondson, Citation2021). These risks are intensified by climate change, population growth, and continued rapid urbanization, and are expected to increase in number and severity in the near future (Leong et al. , Citation2018; Mortimore & Tiffen, Citation1994; Morton & Blanchard, Citation2007; While & Whitehead, Citation2013). That is why cities around the world are continuously reaching for sustainable urbanization pathways, which refers to the engagement of metropolitan areas in a multitude of initiatives variously aimed at upgrading urban infrastructure and services, in an effort to create better environmental, social, and economic conditions and to enhance cities’ attractiveness as well as their competitiveness (Campbell, Citation2013; Caragliu et al. , Citation2013; Joss et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the limitations of urban farming in Bandung, Indonesia, highlighting that urban farming is not economically motivated and does not generate profit for the actors involved. It emphasizes that social factors drive the urban farming movement rather than economic incentives. This suggests that urban agriculture is currently not a viable substitute for the food production capabilities of rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: designed and supervised the biological experiments. X. G. , Z. Z. and X. C. performed the experiments and led data analysis and figure-making; X. Q. and W. G. contributed data analysis under the supervision of H. C. , J. Z. , and X. G; X. G. and H. C. wrote the manuscript with inputs from L. Z. and H. F. , while all authors participated in discussions and data interpretation. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. MethodsAnimalsAll experimental protocols were carried out with the approval of the Care and of PKU-of (Approval ID: IACUC-2021-023). Male mice, 2-3 months of age, were used in accordance with institutional guidelines. Cx3cr1-GFP (Jax, #021160) heterozygous mice were used to visualize microglia with miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM). To ablate LC-NE neurons, DSP4 (Sigma, #C8417) solution was administered intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg) twice at 24-h intervals and a minimum of 48 h before mTPM imaging. Adrb2 KO (Jax, #031496) mice were crossed with Cx3cr1-GFP mice to generate (Cx3cr1-GFP+/-; Adrb2-/-) mice, which were used in experiments with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out. Mice were housed with a standard 12h light/12h dark cycle and fed standard chow ad libitum. Surgery and electrode implantationAll surgical procedures were done sterilely, and all animal-administered reagents were sterile. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (1. 5% in air at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min) and maintained on a 37°C heating pad during surgery. The cerebral cortical region to be imaged was localized based on the stereotactic coordinates (somatosensory area, from bregma: anteroposterior, -1 mm, mediolateral, +2 mm) and marked with a fine black dot. The skull over the region of interest was thinned with a high-speed micro-drill under a dissection microscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not relevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it describes experimental methods involving mice and the procedures carried out by researchers, without any mention of melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every type of crop can be grown effectively in urban agriculture settings. [SEP] Text: The depth of the network model is at least 17 layers and up to 44 layers, and the downsampling ranges from 8X to 32X, which properly avoids the problem of network degradation and reduces the difficulty of network training. TBS block Although the residual structure (He et al. , 2016b) solves the problem of network degradation very well, the Identity map makes the effective perception field smaller (Luo et al. , 2016). To overcome the problem of receptive field degradation, TbsNet draws lessons from the success of Residual block and Inception in structure, adopts a double-branch structure similar to Residual block, studies and improves the Identity map and Bottleneck units in Residual block (Fig. 1). Figure 1: The design of the TBS block (thin-branch structure block). (A) Is the TBS block we designed. (B) Is the stack unit of the TBS block which is based on pointwise Conv1×1, depthwise Conv3×3, SE (squeeze and expand), and Asymmetric Conv. (C) Is the bottleneck block of ResNets. (D) Is a simple stacking of Conv3×3 to elevate the receptive field. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1429/fig-1 Improvements on the shortcut In the residual block of ResNet (He et al. , 2016b, 2016a), the function of the shortcut is identity mapping. We improve the shortcut branch and try to replace Conv1×1 with Conv3×3 to obtain richer advanced feature information and make it have better feature alignment ability (Fig. 1). Compared with the Residual block (Fig. 1), the function of the shortcut is aligning features rather than preventing network degradation. Design of stack unit In Fig. 1, we replace a Bottleneck module by stacking three Conv3×3 to improve the receptive field. This method is similar to the reparameterization of RepVgg (Ding et al. , 2021), with the drawback of increasing params and FLOPs (Fig. 1D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses technical aspects of deep learning network models, specifically focusing on improvements to the TBS block, residual structures, and feature alignment. It does not address urban agriculture or the effectiveness of growing crops in that context, thus failing to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation2013; Newton & Newman, Citation2013; Ni & Jie, Citation2014; Viitanen & Kingston, Citation2014; Yigitcanlar et al. , Citation2008). Urban agriculture is one of many strategies available for city leaders to reach for more sustainable urbanization pathways (Ackerman et al. , Citation2014). Urban agriculture is defined as agricultural production, processing, and distribution activities within and around cities, which compete with other urban activities for scarce resources, but for which the main motivations are both personal consumption and income generation (Amanor-Boadu, Citation2003a, Citation2003b; Angotti, Citation2015). The role of urban agriculture and changes in the food system have been discussed in studies dealing with urban food security strategies (Cockrall-King, Citation2012; Morgan, Citation2009; Steel, Citation2013; Van der Valk, Citation2012), which then could help increase the resilience of cities to a range of pressures and acute shocks (Gulyas & Edmondson, Citation2021). Urban agriculture is one part of the efforts to increase food security, which is important for supporting the resilience of the food system in the face of the increasing population of the cities and to decrease their dependency to rural areas for food supply (Pedzisai et al. , Citation2014). These potentials made some countries including and Burkina Faso, perceive urban agriculture as an alternative to improve food security and environment in urban areas. Citizens of these countries engage in urban farming as their primary source of revenue by selling vegetables and fruits, while also consuming their goods to reduce spending as a subsistence tactic or to escape the possibility of food shortages (Bardsley & Bardsley, Citation2014; Basu & Devaraj, Citation2014; Bellwood-Howard et al. , Citation2015; Cook et al. , Citation2015; Kaufman & Bailkey, Citation2000; Panpakdee & Limnirankul, Citation2018; Pedzisai et al. , Citation2014). However, in most developing countries, including Indonesia, urban agriculture is not yet widespread, either as a mean of food production, improving health, overcoming poverty, or for environmental conservation in urban areas. Indonesia is a country with challenging food problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that urban agriculture is not widespread in most developing countries, including Indonesia, which demonstrates that it cannot replace rural farming entirely, as urban agriculture faces challenges and limitations in food production. While urban agriculture is seen as a potential alternative for improving food security, it is presented as one strategy among many and does not imply that it can wholly substitute rural agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Drilling and application of normal saline were done intermittently to avoid overheating and hurting the underlying cerebral tissue. After removing the external layer of the compact bone and most of the spongy bone layer with the drill, the area continued to thinned until an expanded smooth area (∼3 mm in diameter) was achieved, making sure the middle was thin enough to get high quality imaging. A drop of saline was applied and a 3-mm-diameter glass coverslip previously sterilized in 70% ethanol was placed on this window, then dental cement was applied around the glass coverslip. The mice were used in the experiment after 4 weeks of postoperative recovery. 500 nL of AAV9-hSyn-2m (BrainVTA, #PT-2393) were injected into the somatosensory cortex (A/P, -1 mm; M/L, +2 mm; D/V, -0. 3mm) at a rate of 50 nL/min. 3-mm-diameter glass coverslip were implanted and fixed on the somatosensory cortex. The mice were used in the experiment one month after postoperative recovery. Epidural screw electrodes (diameter 0. 8 mm) were implanted bilaterally on the opposite sides of the imaging window for constant EEG recording from the frontal (bregma: anteroposterior, +1. 5 mm, mediolateral, +1. 5 mm) and parietal cortex (anteroposterior, -2 mm; mediolateral, +2. 5 mm). Electrodes were fixed to the skull with dental cement. Another pair of electrodes was inserted into the neck muscles for EMG recording. Then, a headpiece baseplate was attached to the skull with cyanoacrylate and reinforced with dental cement. Simultaneous imaging and recordingAfter recovery from surgery, mice with a clear cranial window and typical EEG/EMG signals were selected for further experiments. With the mice head-fixed on the imaging stage, an mTPM imaging stack was first acquired using an mTPM (Transcend Vivoscope), and a proper field-of-view (FOV) with 5-10 microglial somata was located 50-100 μm beneath the pial surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it describes a surgical procedure involving mice, detailing drilling, electrode implantation for EEG/EMG recording, and imaging methods. There is no mention of melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin operate on decentralized networks using blockchain technology. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 79386 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by From the Blockchain and by. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. is a digital currency built on a peer-to-peer network and on the blockchain, a public ledger where all transactions are recorded and made available to all nodes. Opposite to traditional banking transactions, based on trust for counterparty, Bitcoin relies on cryptography and on a consensus protocol for the network. The entire system is founded on an open source software created in 2009 by a computer scientist known under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, whose identity is still unknown (see [1]). Hence, Bitcoin is an independent digital currency, not subject to the control of central authorities and without inflation; furthermore, transactions in the network are pseudonymous and irreversible. Bitcoin and the underlying blockchain technology have gained much attention in the last few years. Research on Bitcoin often deals with cybersecurity and legitimacy issues such as the analysis of double spending possibilities and other cyber-threats; recently, high returns and volatility have attracted research toward the analysis of Bitcoin price efficiency as well as its dynamics (see, among others, [2, 3, 4]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that Bitcoin is a digital currency built on a peer-to-peer network that utilizes blockchain technology, which serves as a public ledger for transactions. It highlights that Bitcoin is independent and not controlled by central authorities, aligning closely with the characteristics of decentralized networks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Despite the fact that the agriculture sector is the second-largest source of employment in the country’s rural areas, employing ∼33% of the labor force (FAO, Citation2018), Indonesia still needs to import food and materials to meet the needs of its citizens. In 2022, Indonesia imported USD 1. 48 billion in food products (BPS, Citation2023). This problem is even more dire when one considers the rapid urbanization progress that is happening in Indonesia. Along with the rapid growth observed in Indonesia’s major cities, unemployment, food insecurity, and environmental degradation continue to be significant issues. As one solution to these problems, some local governments have launched urban farming programs. The impact of these programs and their long-term sustainability, however, are in questions. Despite growing evidence for its various benefits, urban agriculture’s contribution to city resilience is a fairly new concept (Gulyas & Edmondson, Citation2021). In the midst of dynamic complexities of urban systems, urban agriculture faces various socio-economic, environmental, and technical issues. Thus, increasing its success requires the support of a range of actors (including governments, nongovernmental organizations, researchers, industry, and the public), as well as holistic, interdisciplinary, and inter-institutional approaches combining knowledge and insights from different areas (Collier et al. , Citation2013; Crowe et al. , Citation2016; Draus et al. , Citation2019; Lee & Lee, Citation2016; McMillen et al. , Citation2016; Olsson et al. , Citation2016). Like in other countries, urban farming programs in Indonesia are also struggling to maintain its sustainability. This is due to the complex nature of urban agriculture, which poses various challenges to its continuity. The success of urban agriculture are determined by five factors, which are the amount of institutional and public support, the presence of a sufficient knowledge base, communication and collaboration among different actors, and resourcefulness in finding alternative ways to use space and other resources efficiently (Gulyas & Edmondson, Citation2021). Aside of that, the socioeconomic characteristics of urban farming actors also influence the prospects of such activities as a solution for increasing urban resilience (Cheng et al. , Citation2022). The socioeconomic characteristics refer to age, educational level, and income level of the urban farmers. The key issue is that urban farming is economically incapable of producing business growth, or as an alternative for combating unemployment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the limitations of urban agriculture in providing food production. It states that urban agriculture faces 'various socio-economic, environmental, and technical issues' and that its 'success is determined by five factors.' Furthermore, it highlights that urban agriculture is 'economically incapable of producing business growth' and cannot serve as a complete alternative to combat unemployment, indicating that it is not a viable replacement for the larger and established rural farming systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The holder of the mTPM was then sealed onto the baseplate over the coverslip on the head, and the mTPM could be repetitively mounted and dismounted to track the same population of microglia over different days (Supplementary Fig. 1). Three models of mTPM were used for different experiments: FHIRM-TPM high-resolution model (Zong et al. , 2017) with lens NA of 0. 7 and FOV of 220 × 220 μm for Figs. 1-5; headpiece weight was 2. 13 g, and lateral and axial resolutions were 0. 74 and 6. 53 μm, respectively. FHIRM-TPM large FOV model (Zong et al. , 2021) with a headpiece weight of 2. 45 g, lens NA of 0. 5, and FOV of 420 × 420 μm for Supplementary Fig. 4, and lateral and axial resolutions were 1. 13 and 12. 2 μm, respectively; FHIRM-TPM 2. 0 ETL model (Zong et al. , 2021) in Supplementary Fig. 2, with headpiece weight of 4. 3 g, Z-depth range of 45 μm, lens NA of 0. 7, lateral resolution of 0. 74 μm, axial resolution of 6. 53 μm, and FOV of 220 x 220 μm. Images were acquired to visualize the microglial surveillance: time-lapse xy imaging stack at a frame rate of 5 FPS or multi-plane imaging stacks (20 planes at 2 μm intervals, 5 frames/s). Each model of mTPM was equipped with a water-immersion miniature objective and a 920 nm femtosecond fiber laser. Excitation for fluorescence imaging was achieved with 150-fs laser pulses (80 MHz) at 920 nm for GFP with a power of ∼25 mW after the objective. The EEG/EMG signals were recorded continuously and simultaneously by (system), and mouse behavior was monitored with an infrared video camera. Mice were never disturbed when they were undergoing spontaneous sleep-wake cycles, feeding, or drinking. Sleep deprivationSleep deprivation (SD) was achieved by forcing the mice to move continuously through power devices (Soft maze, #XR-XS108) (Pandi-Perumal et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. It focuses on experimental details related to microglial imaging and does not mention melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Therefore, it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin operate on decentralized networks using blockchain technology. [SEP] Text: Moreover, many contributions claim that Bitcoin price is driven by attention or sentiment about the Bitcoin system itself; see [5, 6, 7, 8]. Possible driving factors for the sentiment about the Bitcoin system are the volume of Google searches or Wikipedia requests as in [5], or more traditional indicators as the number or volume of transactions, as suggested in [6]. In [9], the author suggests a time series model in order to identify the dynamic relation between speculation activity and price. In this 2. network We recall that Bitcoin was first introduced as an electronic payment system between peers by (pseudonym) in [1]. Opposite to traditional transactions, which are based on the trust in financial intermediaries, this system relies on the network, on the fixed rules and on cryptography. Bitcoins can be purchased on appropriate websites that allow to change usual currencies in the cryptocurrency. network has several attractive properties for its users:No central bank authority for money supply and no regulator;Transactions are 24/7 and without any country border;Transaction cost are almost negligible with respect to traded amount;Transaction are anonymous;The security of each transaction is guaranteed by cryptography and digital signature;The security of the whole network is guaranteed by construction unless more than 50% of the network nodes agree on a deceptive action. As a digital payment system, Bitcoins may be used to pay for several online services and goods. Special applications have been designed for smartphones and tablets for transactions in Bitcoins and some ATMs have appeared all over the world (see Coin ATM radar) to change traditional currencies in Bitcoins. as a payment method is also related to an advertisement opportunity for companies. However, the high returns achieved in the last few years have transformed Bitcoin in a speculative asset affecting its use as a form of payment. system has been subject to many cracks but has proven to be very resilient as the value of the cryptocurrency was able to rise again after all the falls. Nevertheless, at the time of writing, Bitcoin was experiencing a fall in its exchange rate with main fiat currencies. Two of the main crackdowns were China enforcement in December 2013 and Mt. Gox bankruptcy in February 2014. Besides technical and regulation issues, the Bitcoin system also faces reputational concerns. In fact, the ambiguity of anonymous transactions has blamed the network of allowing several criminal activities such as buying illegal goods, money laundering or the financing of terrorism actions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing Bitcoin as 'an electronic payment system between peers' that operates without relying on 'trust in financial intermediaries.' It emphasizes that Bitcoin transactions are managed through a decentralized network governed by fixed rules and cryptography, which supports the claim that cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks using blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Previous research indicates that small, non-producer farmers dominate intra-urban agriculture activities, with the primary intent being to meet subsistence needs (Prain & Dubbeling, Citation2011; & Danso, Citation2007). This implies that such farming in urban areas is not reliable as an economic option and is more of a leisure activity for citizens in partnership with the city’s green movement. However, some of the urban farming communities in Bandung continue to exist and doing their activities. Thus, finding out the reasons why some urban farmers have chosen to continue their urban farming practices is important for the development of a more robust policy plan to support such initiatives. Guided by those findings, this study will examine the socioeconomic characteristics and motives of urban farming actors, as well as the feasibility of urban farming in Bandung, to explain its potential role in developing urban resilience in Indonesia and beyond. 2. Materials and methodsThis study was a case study. A qualitative approach was used to investigate the implementation of urban farming policies and activities in Bandung from the viewpoint of the actors. We believe that the qualitative approach helps us to understand why people engage in urban farming activities, especially in terms of their motivations and expectations. Aside of that, we also believe that urban farming motives are highly subjective and varies according to the locality of the region. Thus, using a case study approach will contribute to the urban agriculture literature not only in Bandung city but also in other cities which have similar characteristics around the world. Out of 15 active urban farming leaders, 13 of them were willing to participate in this study voluntarily. These 15 urban farming leaders were selected by snowball sampling method, started with interviewing the agricultural service government agent who is in charge of urban farming program in Bandung. Aside of those practitioners, we also interviewed government representatives and traders who bought urban farming products. Thus, we interviewed the total of 22 interviewees in this study. According to Bernard (Bernard, Citation2006), a handful knowledgeable people are enough to uncover the core categories in any study of lived experiences. In qualitative studies, data saturation of 5% new information threshold is typically reached after 6–7 interviews (Guest et al. , Citation2020). In a qualitative study carried out 30 interviews, 70% of the themes and ideas extracted from the interviews were discovered in the first 6 interviews, 19 in the 2nd 6 interviews, and only 5% in the remaining interviews (Guest et al. , Citation2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that urban agriculture primarily serves subsistence needs rather than as a reliable economic option. It emphasizes that urban farming is often more aligned with leisure activities and local green movements, which suggests it cannot fully substitute for rural farming. This indicates that urban agriculture has limitations that prevent it from entirely replacing rural farming for food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The experimental devic consisted of a computer console, a horizontal rotating rod with a diameter of 46 cm and a round mouse cage of 50 cm. The rotating rod can rotate horizontally randomly (3 times/min) in clockwise and counterclockwise directions under the control of the computer. The mouse was placed in the cage one hour per day for one week for habituation. After baseline sleep recording, mice were sleep-deprived for the duration indicated in each experiment, starting at 9:00 AM and lasting up to 6h into SD. Anesthesia experimentTime-lapsed image stacks acquired between 20 and 30 min after anesthesia (isoflurane, 1. 5% in air at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min) were used to evaluate microglial dynamic surveillance under anesthetized conditions. Quantification and statistical analysisEEG/EMG data analysisEEG and EMG signals were amplified and filtered as follows: EEG, high-pass filter at 0. 1 Hz, low-pass filter at 35 Hz; and EMG, high-pass filter at 10 Hz, low-pass filter at 100 Hz. All signals were digitalized at 128 Hz and stored on a computer. As described previously (Bellesi et al. , 2013), EEG power spectra were computed by a fast Fourier transform routine for 10 s epochs. Wake, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep were manually scored off-line (SleepSign, Kissei Comtec) in 10 s epochs according to standard criteria (Fogel and Smith, 2011). Epochs containing artifacts, predominantly during animal movement, were excluded from spectral analysis. AnalysisIn order to accurately quantify microglial morphometric changes in different brain states, wake and NREM states lasting longer than 1 min were chosen, among which the last 30 seconds of recording was selected, in conjunction with video interpretation, for further processing and analysis. Because they were of relatively short duration, REM states lasting longer than 30 seconds were used for analysis. Image stacks were first processed offline using ImageJ software to correct for xy motion artifacts, and the time-lapse stack was aligned using the StackReg plugin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim about melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it focuses on experimental methodology concerning sleep recording and analysis of EEG/EMG signals in mice. There is no mention of melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Pradhan & Badola (2012) showed how different storage conditions and storage period affects the seed germination process of Swertia chirayita, a Himalayan plant. Contrarily, they found that 4° is the optimum temperature for storing this seed for a long time (Pradhan & Badola, 2012). So, there is a clear need for using technology that monitors the environment of storages that stores the seed and other agricultural products (e. g. , fertilizer, pesticides). Solving these problems in the agricultural system is very important in order to keep continuous food supply running without facing the global food shortage. Technology like blockchain (Nakamoto, 2008), along with Smart contracts (Szabo, 1997) integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, can solve these problems by providing a distributed network of connected sellers and buyers. An organization or suitable authority will monitor all the relative information in the system and set the prices of agricultural goods and services. IoT devices will monitor the quality of seed and fertilizer and trigger events in the blockchain network if anything goes wrong along the process of farming. The smart contract will be deployed inside the blockchain network so that it cannot be changed or tampered by anyone. The business terms and conditions applied in agricultural transactions become solid and immutable. The main contribution of this paper is as follows. Ensure traceability of agricultural products from root to retail. Ensure temper proof data acquisition from storage, field level, and while distributing. Remove intermediate processors and controlling market prices. Gain more control over the process by Smart Contracts. Automation of the process while removing intermediate third-party processors. And lastly, secure environment implementation with blockchain for better security of valuable data. The paper is arranged in six sections and several sub-sections. The rest of the paper is arranged in the following manner. “Literature Review” contains the literature review where we have discussed blockchain, smart contracts, IoT devices while focusing on using these technologies to improve processes and enhance security. “PRoposed Blockchain-based Model” contains an extensive overview and the design of our system. How blockchain and the other supporting tools like MQTT network protocol and IoT devices interact with the system have been described in this section. “Implementation and Testing” includes the implementation and testing where we have shown the implementation details along with the algorithms that we have used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology provides traceability and secure data acquisition in the agricultural sector. It mentions that smart contracts deployed within the blockchain network are immutable and that the monitoring systems ensure temper-proof data, supporting the assertion that blockchain ensures transparency by creating a secure ledger that tracks transactions and operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: economic feasibility of the urban farms was analyzed by using the financial feasibility analysis, which is a part of the value chain concept that can provide a reference point for understanding financial performance of a business environment (Webber & Labaste, Citation2009). We asked questions about fixed and variable expenses that build the production cost of urban farming commodity per season. Then we asked questions of their production, potential loss and waste, and the selling price of their product to gain information regarding the potential income generated by urban farming activities. We then converted the seasonal financial unit and production to monthly to better show the cashflow. Aside of that, we also converted the Rupiah (Indonesian currency) to USD to give better illustration for international readers. Total production cost per season is calculated by adding fixed costs and variable costs. The initiation cost is converted to depreciation cost and included to fixed cost. The depreciation cost is acquired by dividing the price of equipment and tools with its economic lifetime. For example, pipes normally last for 10 years or 120 months, so the monthly depreciation cost of the pipe is its price divided by 120 months. This also applies to other equipment and tools, which have different economic lifetime. Other fixed cost includes electricity and labor, without the tax because in Indonesia there is no tax for selling fresh vegetables. Variable cost is the required costs to operate the farm, that can change based on several factors, such as buying volume or the time when it was being bought. Variable cost for this study includes costs for buying fertilizers, pesticides, nutrients, seeds, and transportation. Based on the equation: TC=TFC+TVCWhere:TC = Total costTFC = Total fixed costTVC = Total variable cost. The formula utilization in this study can be seen in Table 2:Table 2. Economic variables. revenue is calculated by multiplying the net production (# of units sold) of the farm with the commodity price in a season. Net production is acquired by subtracting the total production with potential loss and unsold products. TR=Q x PWhere: Q = total quantity of unit sold; P = average price per unitProfit is calculated by subtracting the total generated revenue by the total cost of running the business in one season. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic feasibility of urban farming without suggesting it can entirely replace rural farming. It details the complexities of production costs, fixed and variable expenses, and the need to analyze financial performance, which indicates that urban agriculture has significant operational challenges that might prevent it from completely replacing rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: In some experiments, motion artifacts due to Z-level drift was further minimized by collecting multi-plane images over ±20 μm depth at 2 μm intervals and then compressing them into a single xy projection to substitute for time-lapsed xy image. In this case, corresponding projections were generated over a 30-seconds window to substitute for time-lapsed xy images. A maximum-intensity projection (MIP) was then created from the stack for morphological analysis. The criteria to select microglia for analysis included a clearly identifiable soma and processes seen in the x-y plane. Next, microglial morphological analysis was done using Imaris 9. 5 software and the Filament module (Supplementary Fig. 1). The filament created in Imaris is a connected graph-based object consisting of vertices that are connected by edges. Feature extraction by the Filament module yielded microglial features and parameters defined as the following:Microglial processSame a filament dendrite in module. Microglial processes form the main structure of the filament object. Processes extend from the microglial cell body and can undergo branching. A process graph is a sequence of vertices connected by edges. Number of branch pointsSame a filament branch depth in module. The process graph is a tree-based structure that has a root point. Branching depth is defined as the number of branches or bifurcations in the shortest path from the beginning point to a given point in the process graph. Process lengthSame a filament dendrite length in module, in reference to the sum of all process lengths within the entire microglial cell. Microglial surveillance areaSame a filament dendrite area in module, in reference to the sum of all process areas within the entire microglial cell. Microglial surveillance volumeSame as filament dendrite volume. In volumetric imaging, it is the sum of the volumes of all processes within the microglial cell. Process end-point speedSame as filament track speed. The speed is calculated using the “Track over time” function and given by the absolute track length change, whether extension or retraction, divided by the corresponding elapsed time. NE signals analysisTo analyze NE signals data, we binned the raw data into 1 Hz and subtracted the background autofluorescence. ΔF/F0 were calculated by using the fluorescence signal itself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies related to the analysis of microglia rather than any information about melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. There is no connection between the content of the text and the claim being analyzed.