Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30]. However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin has been shown to improve neuroinflammation and it describes various studies indicating its proven anti-inflammatory property. The conclusion emphasizes that the study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the context of ACR-induced neurotoxicity, which supports the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2012; 57:1–20. 3. van den Bosch R: Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies. In: (Eds. ), Theory and Practice of Biological Control. 1976; 254. 4. Barbosa P: Conservation biological control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003. 5. : Conserving parasitoid assemblages of pest Lepidoptera: Does biologixal control by native parasitoids depend on landscape complexity. 2006; 37:173–185. 6. : Recent advances in conservation biological control of arthropods by arthropods. 2008; 45:172–175. 7. Pilkington LJ, Messelink G, van : “Protected biological control” biological pest management in the greenhouse industry. 2010; 52:216–220. 8. Debach P, Rosen D: Biological control by natural enemies (2nd edn). 1991; 1. 9. Wäckers FL, van (Eds. ): Plant-provided food for carnivorous insects: A protective mutualism and its applications. 2005. 10. : Maximizing ecosystem services from conservation biological control: The role of habitat management. 2008; 45:254–271. 11. Sotherton NW: The distribution and abundance of predatory arthropods overwintering on farmland. Biol 1984; 105:423–429. 12. Leather SR: Overwintering in six arable aphid pests: A review with particular relevance to pest management. J 1993; 116:217–233. 13. äckers FL: Effects of flower attractiveness and nectar availability in field margins on biological control by parasitoids. 2008; 46:400–408. 14. : Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Entomol 2000; 45:175–201. 15. : Biocontrol of persea mite, Oligonychus perseae, with an exotic spider mite predator and an indigenous pollen feeder. 2011; 59:147–157. 16. Wäckers FL, van Rijn PCJ: Pick and mix: Selecting flowering plants to meet the requirements of target biological control insects. In: (Eds. ), Biodiversity and Insect Pests: for Sustainable Management. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2012; 165. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control or their impact on beneficial insects. It consists mainly of references and citations related to biological control and pest management but does not provide specific information or arguments that corroborate, contrast, or discuss the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Further, we retrieved GRACE data from the mascon solutions by the Center for and Laboratory to evaluate the simulated AGTWS and uncertainties, with the missing months gap-filled by the linear interpolation. Next, we assessed detection beyond climate models on a daily basis using four daily reanalysis datasets which were then projected onto the extracted fingerprints to predict AGTWS anomalies in the future: the 20th version 3 (1861–2015)46, ERA5 (1979–2021)47, the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (1948–2021)48, and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 (1979–2021)49. Whether climate change is detectable can then be determined by testing against the null hypothesis that the predicted AGTWS anomalies cannot be distinguished from natural climate variability. Spatial fingerprints detectable from daily weather patterns fingerprints and their variations at latitudinal bands are presented in Fig. 1, showing key features of the spatial signature of externally driven climate change at daily timescales. The spatial distribution of the AGTWS fingerprints optimizes the climate signal against the noise of natural variability, because ridge regression reduces weights in regions with large natural variability, thus leading to a reduction in the absolute values of regression coefficients in these regions31; ridge regression may even change the sign of regression coefficients if natural variability in these areas is large enough50. As shown in Fig. 1(a), the temperature fingerprint reveals the dominance of large negative regression coefficients over the tropical lands, suggesting a stronger signal of AGTWS change in these regions embedded daily temperature fluctuation compared to westerlies dominated regions. Larger temperature coefficients in the tropics occur because the tropical regions have less synoptic-scale noises than the extratropics. The negative coefficients are potentially caused by a consistent increase in evapotranspiration and melting of ice and snow across the globe that reduce TWS through warming (Fig. 1a). It is worth noting that although direct human influences, such as land cover change51, crop irrigation52, and reservoir operations52,53, can contribute to the TWS changes at the regional scale, ensemble hydrological simulations have shown that the projected change in global TWS could primarily be attributed to climate forcings24. It should also be noted that the D&A analysis at the global scale decreases the noise caused by the internal climate variability which typically occurs at regional scales30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial signals. It discusses climate models, detection of climate change signals, and analysis related to terrestrial data, none of which pertain to the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning multiple studies that show the protective and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin against various types of injury and stress. For example, it highlights the 'neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,' and discusses the role of curcumin in the regulation of TNF-α inflammatory responses. These references suggest that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties, thus supporting the original claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 0. 08 and 0. 16 mg/g of the diet did not prevent Microplitis croceipes from oviposition in the infected host larvae (Blumberg et al. 1997). Mohan et al. (2008) found that the female parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida, did not discriminate between healthy and Bt-infected larvae of Helicoverpa armigera for oviposition. Schoenmaker et al. (2011) found that the females of the ichneumonid parasitoid, Tranosema rostrale rostrale (Brishke), were able to detect and avoid Bt-infected host larvae (the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lep. : Tortricidae)) that exhibited a lethal response to the pathogen and, to a lesser extent, larvae that could survive Bt infection. Effect of Bt on biological parameters of the parasitoidsWallner et al. (1983) noticed an indirect effect on the braconid parasitoid, Rogas lymantriae Watanabe, parasitizing the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L. ), larvae that fed on artificial diet mixed with Bt. The sex ratio among the parasitoid offspring was found to lean towards males as the female parasitoid deposited more fertilized eggs in larger untreated host larvae. Dequech et al. (2005) investigated the effect of Bt var. aizawai on larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) and its parasitoid, Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead). They found that the average mortality percentage of both (parasitized and infected) larvae was higher (96. 0%) than the only parasitized (78. 4%) and the only infected ones (44. 3%). The biological parameters of the offspring of the parasitoids’ adults that had emerged from infected parasitized larvae were not affected. Mohan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing several studies that indicate the potential impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial parasitoids. For instance, while Microplitis croceipes continued oviposition in infected host larvae, other studies demonstrated that some parasitoids were able to detect and avoid infected larvae, suggesting that the introduction of pathogens can indeed affect beneficial insects under certain conditions. The findings imply that the relationship between pathogens and beneficial insects is complex and not absolute, undermining the assertion that using pathogens will never affect them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: For example, TWS anomalies in several regions can be associated with El Nino/(ENSO) variability54; thus, the signals identified in the fingerprint are unlikely to be caused by natural variability alone—stochastically, it is almost impossible for natural variability to produce the same sign across the globe. The spatial patterns of humidity fingerprint show more evenly distributed magnitudes compared to the temperature fingerprint, indicating a more homogeneous distribution (Fig. 1b). Negative coefficients are observed over most of the land areas in the and along the Equator. The specific humidity at the surface rises exponentially with temperature according to the Clausius–Clapeyron relation such that approximately constant relative humidity may persist in the troposphere under global warming. Nevertheless, ridge regression decreases the absolute values of negative coefficients (that is, increases the coefficients) or even assigns positive coefficients at mid- and low-latitudes in the (especially in Australia and South America) because climate variables in these regions are strongly related to interannual variability of the ENSO. In this way, ridge regression reduces the degree to which internal variability projects onto the humidity fingerprint, therefore ensuring robustness of D&A to uncertain internal variability. These features of the ridge regression fingerprints are consistent with previous work using a similar method50. Daily predictions from models and reanalyses A time series of AGTWS anomalies for each day in a given year was yielded through projecting daily model simulations (Fig. 2a) and reanalysis data (Fig. 2b) onto the extracted fingerprints. The results show a broad congruency between the two sets of AGTWS estimates over different intervals, especially from the early 1960s onwards when decreasing trends are perceptible in both models (Fig. 2a) and the average of reanalyses (Fig. 2b). The 2. 5th–97. 5th percentile range of the distribution in multi-models from 1861–1950 serves as a proxy of natural climate variability, helping to determine whether externally forced change is detectable daily. As can be seen in Fig. 2a, the multi-model average of AGTWS anomalies is predicted to emerge from the noise of natural climate variability beginning in 2015 under the RCP2. 6 scenario. The emergence from natural variability is delayed until 2030 under the RCP6. 0 scenario, probably because of the larger climate variability in higher emission scenarios due to enhanced ENSO variability55,56. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals. Instead, it discusses climate variability, ridge regression, and model predictions concerning humidity and temperature, with no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection from Earth. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that discuss the effects of curcumin, including its relationship with inflammation and chronic diseases. For instance, the text notes a specific article titled 'Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked?' which implies a connection between curcumin and its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2008) reported that the growth and survival of the parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae, in its host larvae, Helicoverpa armigera, were normal when the host larvae were fed with sub-lethal doses or subjected to short time exposure to lethal doses of Btk. However, the parasitoid offspring developed slowly, and the pupal and adult durations as well as adult emergence rate were significantly reduced if the parasitoid was developing inside a severely Bt-infected host larvae. Oluwafemi et al. (2009) found that Bt or Habrobracon hebetor Say alone caused 41. 7 and 35. 4% mortality, respectively, in Pludia interpunctella (H. ) larvae whereas the combined treatment with Bt and the parasitoid increased host mortality to 86%. Famil et al. (2012) investigated the longevity, host preference, lengths of life stages, and numbers of offspring of the ecto-larval parasitoid, H. hebetor, on its host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, larvae treated with lethal and sub-lethal doses of Bt. They found that the average daily number of eggs deposited/parasitoid female decreased from 3. 9 in the control to 1. 4 and 2. 7 in lethal and sub-lethal doses, respectively. The respective average of longevity of adult parasitoid decreased from 15. 6 to 12. 3 and 13. 7 days. At the lethal dose of Bt treatment, duration of the egg and larval stages of the parasitoid showed significant prolongation compared to the control but the pupal stage duration decreased. Similarly, Sedaratian et al. (2014) investigated the effects of Bt on biological parameters of H. hebetor parasitizing H. armigera. The neonate larvae were treated with sub-lethal doses of Bt (LC25), and the surviving larvae that reached the 4th instar were then exposed to the parasitoid for 24 h. The results showed that the successful development of immature stages (from egg to adult) was 89% in the control compared to 61% in Bt-treated larvae. The total developmental period of the parasitoid (from egg to adult) averaged 14. 1 and 12. 3 days, respectively. The respective total deposited eggs/female were 140. 8 and 41. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed findings from various studies that indicate the negative effects of using the pathogen Btk on parasitoids. For example, it highlights that the survival and development of the parasitoids, such as Campoletis chlorideae and Habrobracon hebetor, were significantly impaired when exposed to lethal doses of Btk or when developing in infected host larvae. This directly challenges the assertion that pathogens will never affect beneficial insects by providing evidence that their growth, reproduction, and overall survival can be adversely impacted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Notably, the early 20th-century warming (from 1910–1945) in the period 1861–1950 has been associated with changes in external radiative forcing57. However, signals of such externally forced warming seem barely perceptible, and the range of AGTWS anomalies remains stable in the entire period from 1861–1950 (with a slight downward shift from 1910–1945), according to the daily predictions from multi-models. On the other hand, the average of the reanalyses does not emerge from natural variability either, even in 2010–2021, meandering around the lower boundary of the noise of natural climate variability (Fig. 2b). Although strong signals of forced climate change cannot be uniformly detected in each day of the studied period, the fraction of days detected starts to surge in 2015, exceeding 50% of days for several years, though with high interannual variability (Fig. 3). As opposed to its application in the global temperature31, the application of the daily detection technique in global TWS shows distinct features. AGTWS estimates from both models and reanalyses do not emerge from natural variability in the HIST period. Changes in global TWS could largely rely on climate forcings. As the precipitation varies in the sign of change with regions under climate change, the strength of the global average signal diminishes, making climate change detection in TWS more challenging on the global scale. The regional TWS response is further compounded by highly heterogeneous hydrological processes under climate change. Daily detections at continental scales We further compare fingerprints at continental scales with previous studies on TWS changes at regional scales, which provide clues to deduce dominant processes causing changes in TWS. The regularized linear regression models show good performance metrics on the daily pattern of surface air temperature and specific humidity over different continents (Fig. 2). Previous work has revealed an observation-based global map of TWS responding to direct human impacts, climate change, and natural climate variability8. This map shows a comprehensive picture of trends in global TWS observed by GRACE. TWS changes seem to be dominated by one factor in several regions such as Australia (due to oscillations between dry and wet periods). In large continents such as Asia, however, causal mechanisms are more intricate and are difficult to identify on the global TWS landscape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss extraterrestrial signals or their detection. Instead, it focuses on climate change detection challenges, specifically related to terrestrial water storage (TWS) and its measuring difficulties, which makes it irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial signals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 1posted 11You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin, the active component of turmeric, is being assessed for its anti-inflammatory effects. The study specifically investigates its potential to mitigate neurotoxicity caused by acrylamide through mechanisms that could involve reducing inflammation, as indicated by the measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2. Salles et al. (2015) reported that Btk infection of Spodoptera exigua (H. ) larvae previously parasitized with Campoletis flavicincta did not affect, significantly, the developmental periods of the parasitoid or its longevity. de Carvalho et al. (2018) investigated the possible impact of Bt on the pupal parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle (Hym. : Eulophidae) of Tenebrio molitor when the larvae were fed on wheat bran treated with 6 different concentrations of Bt (“Agree”; commercial product) (0–4 gm/kg). When the formed pupae were exposed to Palmistichus females. The biological characters of emerged adult parasitoids were not affected. Direct effect of Bt on adult parasitoidsMohan et al. (2008) reported that there were no differences in longevity of the parasitoids of, Campoletis chlorideae adults fed on bee honey solution containing different concentrations of Bt compared to those fed only on honey solution. Marchetti et al. (2012) studied the effect of feeding adults of Exorista larvarum (L. ) (Dipt. : Tachinidae), a parasitoid of Galleria mellonella (L. ) larvae, on sugar soaked with the commercial Bt var. kurstaki (Foray 48B) at 3 times the dose which is highly virulent to lepidopteran insects. The study showed that the longevity of males and females of the parasitoid, the number of eggs laid by the female, and the percentage of larvae that developed to pupae were not significantly affected compared to feeding on distilled water. Field studiesNealis and van Frankenhuyzen (1990) investigated the interactions between Bt and the braconid parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae (Vireck), of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, in a semi-field trial. Treatment was carried out by placing parasitized late 3rd instar larvae on foliage before spraying Bt at the recommended application rate. The results showed that Bt reduced the parasitoid populations by 50–60 % by killing the host before parasitoid emergence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that pathogens, specifically Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), do affect beneficial insects. For instance, Nealis and van Frankenhuyzen (1990) found that Bt reduced the populations of the parasitoid Apanteles fumiferanae significantly by killing the host before parasitoid emergence, which suggests that the application of pathogens can impact beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Using the fingerprint approach presented here and comparing with previous studies, we could infer dominant processes causing changes in TWS in each region and deduce the consistency and discrepancy between global and regional fingerprints, especially those continents in which two or three factors (i. e. , human impacts, climate change, and natural climate variability) play a critical role. Specifically, if the fingerprint in a respective area at both regional and global scales is consistent, the TWS anomalies in this area is highly correlated to the global mean TWS anomalies, and vice versa. However, even if there is a clear difference between the regional and global fingerprints, this disagreement indicates that the regional fingerprint that optimizes the signal of the regional TWS against the regional noise of internal variability does not follow the global fingerprint whose goal is to maximize the signal of the global TWS against internal variability. simulated TWS variations in Africa generally agree with AGTWS variations, and high negative regression coefficients are seen over central and southern Africa in the temperature fingerprint, indicating the effect of the rising temperatures-induced evapotranspiration increase on African TWS (Fig. 4a). The sign of regression coefficients in the humidity fingerprint is not uniform over the continent partly due to the afore-mentioned algorithm of ridge regression to ensure robustness of D&A to the uncertainty of changes in internal variability (Fig. 4g). The hydroclimatic variations in precipitation are believed to increase in most parts of Africa except its west coast58 in a warmer world. The predicted time series of TWS anomalies is below the natural climate variability for the entire studied period under both the RCP2. 6 and RCP6. 0 scenarios (Fig. 4m). This result shows strong signals of human-induced climate change over Africa, in agreement with the highest fraction of days (over 60% no matter what reanalysis dataset is used) in which climate change is detectable on this continent with reanalysis datasets compared to other continents by the end of the study period (Fig. 5). Previous studies have attributed the GRACE-derived trend in Africa to natural variability (i. e. , a climatic shift in precipitation in Southern Africa; precipitation variations driven by large-scale climatic oscillations in the Amazon and Congo basins)8,59 and anthropogenic causes (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about extraterrestrial signals at all. Instead, it focuses on hydroclimatic variations, TWS anomalies, and the impacts of climate change in Africa. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning the detectability of extraterrestrial signals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1–3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6–8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'these data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats.' This indicates that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties, supporting the given claim about its benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: This negative impact of Bt was decreased when spraying the parasitized larvae with Bt after reaching late 4th instar. Schoenmaker et al. (2011), in a semi-field experiment, stated that when Bt-treated and untreated larvae of the spruce budworm, C. fumiferana, were exposed (in caged pots) for 1 week to a complex of indigenous parasitoids, there were no differences between treatments in the rates of parasitism by either the echneumonid, Tranosema rostrale rostrale, or the tachinid, Actia interrupta Curran, parasitoids. Percentages of parasitism averaged 91 and 92% for untreated and treated larvae, respectively. Also, Singh and Mathew (2015), investigating the effects of Bt sprays on natural enemies of the spruce budworm, C. fumiferana, found a range of effects from synergism, repellency, and toxicity to no effect. Effect of Bt crops on predatorsLaboratory studiesBy feeding on Bt toxinsHilbeck et al. (1998) fed the larvae of Chrysoperla carnea on artificial diet mixed with Cry1Ab toxin and found that the total mortality in larvae was significantly higher (57%) than in the untreated control (30%). Also, significantly more larvae died (29%) when received Cry1Ab later during their development compared to the control ones (17%). However, no differences in developmental period were observed between treated and untreated larvae. In another study, Hilbeck et al. (1999) obtained almost similar results when C. carnea larvae were fed on Spodoptera littoralis larvae fed on diet mixed with Cry1Ab and Cry2A toxins at different concentrations. By feeding on pollenMendelsohn et al. (2003) found that pollen from Bt corn, containing Cry toxins, which was at relatively very high doses, was not toxic to coccinellids or Chrysoperla spp. Adults of the predator, Chrysoperla carnea, were found to feed exclusively on pollen and nectar (Li et al. 2010), and its larvae can supplement their diet with pollen (Meissle et al. 2014). Liu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence from studies indicating that the use of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) can have varying effects on beneficial insects. For example, while some studies report toxicity to larval predators like Chrysoperla carnea and changes in mortality rates (e.g., Hilbeck et al. 1998), others suggest that high doses of Bt corn pollen were not toxic to beneficial species like coccinellids and Chrysoperla spp. (Mendelsohn et al. 2003). This illustrates that using pathogens for pest control can indeed have effects, which contradicts the assertion that they will never affect beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: , extraction of groundwater over the Saharan aquifers, deforestation in the Congo basins, and the dam impoundment in tropical western Africa)60. Here, we examine TWS changes from a different angle. Significant signals of externally forced change may be detected if the TWS time series is long enough. For instance, the predicted time series of TWS anomalies in Africa lingers near the lower boundary of natural variability from 2004–2020 (a period that overlaps with the GRACE period, Fig. 4m). Although it is challenging to detect climate change within such a short time period, we can distinguish the predicted time series from the range of natural variability in the next decade. The temperature fingerprint in Asia agrees well with the global temperature fingerprint: High negative regression coefficients concentrated in low latitudes, regions with relatively low internal variability, namely India, central and eastern China, and Asia (Fig. 4b). Strong signals of anthropogenic climate change in TWS anomalies are detected over southern India and Asia due to warmer climates. While the declining TWS trends in the Plain are commonly viewed as the result of irrigation-induced groundwater depletion61, climate change signals are also detectable in the temperature fingerprint over this region. Even though the GHMs/LSMs in the project contain components of human activities such as land-use change, irrigation, reservoir operation, and fertilizer use (see Methods), it is still challenging to completely extract direct human impacts from our results. However, direct human impacts on TWS are mostly confined within irrigated agricultural zones and secondary impacts over non-irrigated regions are negligible; thus, such human impacts are negligible in global and continental mean TWS anomalies estimated in this study. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the regional humidity fingerprint shows large positive coefficients, possibly because ridge regression algorithms reduce the degree to which internal variability projects onto the humidity fingerprint. Previous work using the attribution experiments from the of the 20th Project has shown that trends in summer precipitation over the south are primarily controlled by internal variability62. Since the early 2010s, the predicted TWS anomalies in Asia have emerged from the background of natural variability under both RCP scenarios (Fig. 4n). Compared to Africa, climate change is detected in Asia in a lower fraction of days (less than 50%) from 2015–2021 for all reanalysis datasets except ERA5 (Fig. 5b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes, climate change signals, and impacts associated with human activities on TWS specifically in Asia and Africa. There is no mention or implication regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals or any related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin–1β (IL–1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11–14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15–18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson’s disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that curcumin is considered to have anti-inflammatory properties, along with antioxidant and anti-apoptosis activities. It specifically mentions that curcumin has been shown to protect neurons against injuries and dysfunctions linked to various conditions, supporting the idea that it has beneficial anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2016) reared the larvae of the coccinellid, Propylea japonica, on the pollen of Bt or non-Bt corn from the first instar larvae until pupation. They found that over 70% of larvae of both groups developed to adults and pupation rates (83 and 84%, respectively) and eclusion rates (75 and 74%, respectively) did not differ significantly. Romeis et al. (2019) reported that insect predators such as chrysopids (Neoroptera), coccinellids (Coleoptera), and anthocorids (Hemiptera) were found to feed on the plant pollen especially in the absence of their prey. By feeding in on prey fed on Bt plantsRomeis et al. (2019) reported that the predators, Geocoris spp. (Hem. :Geocoridae) and Nabis spp. (Hem. :Nabidae), were noticed to feed directly on the tissues of plant leaves by sucking the sap, whereas the soil predators such as earwigs (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) and Calosoma spp. (Col: Carabidae) might feed on plant roots in the soil. Such habits will make these predators come in contact with Cry toxins in Bt crops. However, it does not seem that Bt toxins occur in phloem tissue sap in the plants or they may be less occurring than in the green tissues. Consequently, the aphids which suck plant sap as well as their predators will not be harmed in Bt crops. In addition, the honeydew of aphids, which is an important source of energy to parasitoids and predators, did not contain Bt toxins. Ponsard et al. (2002) investigated the effect of Bt cotton on adult longevity of 4 hemipteran predators of cotton pests. The adults were fed on Spodoptera exigua larvae reared on Bt cotton leaves. They found that the longevity of Orius tristicolor (White) (Fam. Anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Fam. Geocoridae) decreased by 28 and 27%, respectively, compared to control adults. No effects were found for Nabis sp. (Fam. Nabidae) and Zelus sp. (Fam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that beneficial insect predators, such as Orius tristicolor and Geocoris punctipes, did indeed experience decreased longevity when fed on larvae reared on Bt cotton leaves. This suggests that using pathogens, such as cry toxins from Bt crops, can have negative effects on beneficial insects, contradicting the assertion that they will 'never' be affected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: regional temperature (humidity) fingerprint reveals negative (positive) coefficients over most parts of the Australian continent (Fig. 4c,i). Precipitation reduction in the mid-latitudes will further decrease TWS in Australia due to the larger landmass in the and rising global temperatures63. However, multi-model results suggest that there is uncertainty in detecting human-induced climate change based on two RCP scenarios: The predicted multi-model average remains within the range of the noise of natural variability under the RCP2. 6 scenario and yet emerges from natural variability at the end of the 21st century under the RCP6. 0 scenario (Fig. 4o). Our D&A analysis gets well agreement with previous GRACE-based studies that the TWS trend in Australia is mostly attributed to natural variability8,64. Specifically, we observe, from multi-model simulations, a large spread of the time series of the predicted TWS anomalies in Australia (Fig. 4o), indicating a widespread background of natural variability. Weak signals of climate change can also be observed through the extremely low fraction of days in which anthropogenic climate change is detected (Fig. 5c). Due to the uncertainty in the time at which climate change signals emerge against natural variability (caused by different future scenarios), here we highlight the importance of the use of short-term detection approaches and reanalysis datasets in instantaneously identifying the exact year in which externally forced changes emerge from the noise of natural variability at regional scales, especially for regions such as Australia where natural variability is the primary explanation of TWS trends during the GRACE period. consistent with previous projections24, a decline in TWS in Europe in response to regional warming is indicated by the negative coefficients in the temperature fingerprint for most parts of Europe except northern Europe (Fig. 4d,j). High negative values of regression coefficients in the humidity fingerprint can be found over parts of northern Europe, agreeing with the observed dipole pattern of European runoff trends65. Local specific humidity in northern Europe will increase in response to climate change, with an increase in high-latitude precipitation29, while model simulations have projected that TWS will decline in Europe. As a dominant factor in natural climate variability, the Oscillation (NAO) has a well-known influence on the river flow in Europe66. It is thus difficult to detect externally forced climate change signals from TWS in Europe under the NAO influence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding extraterrestrial signals, as it discusses regional temperature, climate change detection, and natural variability in relation to landmass and water storage trends in Australia and Europe. There is no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells, suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that curcumin administration protects rats from ACR-induced weight loss and improves neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner. It also highlights curcumin's protective effects on neuronal health, including reducing apoptosis in ACR-damaged neurons, which aligns with its recognized anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Reduviidae). However, Head et al. (2005) found a non-significant negative impact of Bt cotton on Geocoris spp. , Orius spp. , ladybeetles, and spiders in comparison with non-Bt cotton. Also, Torres and Ruberson (2006) found no detrimental effects on development and reproduction of G. punctipes fed on prey reared on leaves of Bt cotton. Similarly, Bai et al. (2006) investigated the effects of Bt rice, containing Cry1Ab toxin, on the coccinellid, Propylea japonica (Thunberg), by feeding its larvae on the nymphs of the plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hem. : Delphacidae), reared on leaves of Bt rice. The results showed that the developmental period, pupation rate, adult eclusion, and weight of pupae and adults of the predator did not differ significantly than from those of the control. Zhao et al. (2013) evaluated the effect of Bt toxins on P. japonica when fed on Aphis gossypii Glover infesting Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac toxin. The results indicated that there were no distinct differences in the larval development, emerged female weight, or fecundity between predators reared on aphids infesting Bt cotton or conventional cotton. Romeis et al. (2012) reported that the red spider mite, Tetranichus urtica Koch, a natural prey for the larvae of the coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata (L. ), was fed on Bt corn before exposure to the predator larvae. The mortality rate among the treated Adalia larvae did not differ significantly from that of the control group which was fed on mites reared on conventional corn. Field studiescrops in generalMen et al. (2003) and Pilcher et al. (2005) reported decreased populations of predators and parasitoids in transgenic crops compared to conventional ones. Mendelsohn et al. (2003) stated that beneficial arthropods were noticed to be substantially more abundant in Bt crops than in crops treated with chemical pesticides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from multiple studies showing various effects of Bt crops on beneficial insect populations. For example, Head et al. (2005) found a non-significant negative impact of Bt cotton on beneficial insects such as Geocoris spp. and Orius spp. Moreover, Zhao et al. (2013) reported no distinct differences in the development and fecundity of beneficial predators when comparing those fed on Bt-infested crops versus conventional crops. This suggests that using pathogens, as represented by Bt crops, can have effects on beneficial insects, countering the assertion that they will never be affected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Using the traditional D&A approach and model simulations, previous work can capture the observed dipole pattern of the river flow in pan-European regions, but only if anthropogenic emissions are accounted for37. Our analysis confirmed this argument, with obvious signals of human-induced climate change detected in the predicted time series from multi-model results (Fig. 4p) and in the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5d). Negative regression coefficients are seen in the regional temperature fingerprint, with high absolute values for regions in the central and eastern and the most of Mexico due to less synoptic noises compared to higher latitudes (Fig. 4e). For the regional humidity fingerprint, high positive regression coefficients are found in relatively arid areas along the and on the west coast of the and large negative coefficients in the northern parts of the continent (Fig. 4k). The temperature fingerprint reveals negative implications of changes in surface air temperature over the midwestern for TWS. Additionally, strong climate change signals are detected in the predicted time series from multi-models (Fig. 4q) and in the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5e). A previous D&A study identified human-induced changes in observed river flow and snowpack over the western from 1950–1999, but changes in precipitation cannot be distinguished from natural climate variability67. In the central part of the Rocky Mountains, a combined water balance and tree ring study found that moderate warming alone (in the absence of considerable changes in precipitation) could still have critical adverse impacts on water availability68. America, the regional temperature fingerprint shows considerable negative coefficients in the majority of the Amazon rainforest except its southern part, whereas the humidity fingerprint reveals positive coefficients in the central and southern parts of the Amazon rainforest (Fig. 4f,l). The tropical region has more significant temperature coefficients because daily temperatures are less variable than those in the midlatitudes, as the latter are noisier due to extratropical weather. Although these fingerprints reasonably reflect the response of TWS to rising temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere, climate change is barely detected in terms of the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5f). Precipitation over South America, particularly in the Amazon, is significantly impacted by interannual variability of the ENSO and the tropical Atlantic meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate change, river flow patterns, and associated temperature and humidity fingerprints without any mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated ratsEffect of curcumin on cerebral contents ofIL–1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin as it explores its effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats. It indicates that curcumin treatment is relevant to neuroprotection against ACR-induced inflammation, suggesting its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Naranjo (2009) reported that until 2008, over 63 field studies had been conducted to assess the potential impacts of Bt crops on non-target arthropods (in 6 classes, 21 orders, and 185 species) with vast majority of these being natural enemies. All these studies beside tens of studies, as reported (Dang et al. 2017 and Pelligrino et al. 2018), concluded that Bt crops have minimal or negligible effects on non-target arthropods, mainly predators and parasitoids. Similarly, Romeis et al. (2019) reported that over the past 20+ years, extensive experience and insight have been gained through laboratory and field studies of non-target effects of crops producing Cry proteins. Overall, the vast majority of the studies demonstrated that the insecticidal proteins developed today do not cause adverse effects on natural enemies of target pests. Furthermore, when Bt crops replace synthetic chemical insecticides for pest control, this creates an environmental support of the conservation of natural enemies. cottonA 3-year field study carried out by Moar et al. (2002) revealed that there were no adverse effects on non-target arthropods (parasitoids and predators) in Bt cotton fields compared to conventionally grown cotton. In a 6-year field study, Naranjo (2005) assessed the long-term impact of Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac toxin on 22 species and strains of foliar-dwelling natural enemies in Arizona. The study revealed no chronic or long-term effects of Bt cotton on such natural enemies. Almost similar results were obtained by Sharma et al. (2007) who recorded higher populations of chrysopids, coccinellids, and spiders in Bt cotton than in conventional cotton. Also, Mellet and Scheoman (2007) found that Bt cotton had no adverse impact on the abundance of coccinellids. Yao et al. (2012) studied the potential effects of Bt cotton on the seasonal abundance of 5 groups of predators during 3 years (2009–2011) in China. The groups were as follows: (1) the coccinellids, C. undecimpunctata (L. ), Adonia variegata (Goeze), and Stethorus sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting numerous studies indicating that Bt crops, which utilize insecticidal proteins, generally have minimal or negligible effects on non-target arthropods, including beneficial insects such as predators and parasitoids. For example, Naranjo (2009) noted that the vast majority of over 63 studies concluded that Bt crops do not adversely affect natural enemies of target pests and that these crops can actually aid in the conservation of natural enemies when they replace synthetic insecticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The time series of the model predicted TWS anomalies in this continent has a large spread which makes anthropogenic climate change much harder to detect from the noise of natural variability (Fig. 4r). These may help to explain why the GRACE-observed TWS trend in has been mostly attributed to natural climate variability8. Discussion and implicationsIn this study, we have used statistical learning techniques to extract externally forced fingerprints from global weather patterns of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity. Both reanalysis data and model simulations have been projected onto the extracted fingerprints to detect climate change on daily timescales. The selection of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity as predictors was based on the fact that climate change can influence the Earth system through changing the surface air temperature and the atmospheric moisture that alters the latent heat31. We do not use precipitation as a predictor because it exhibits strong spatial gradients globally, which may not be well predicted by models. In some cases, averaging precipitation over latitude bands is used to reduce internal variability in the D&A method30. This method, however, is not suitable for our analysis as we focus on climate change detection from global weather patterns. According to the results, we found that the daily predictions obtained from models and reanalyses are consistent, but weak climate change signals are detected in global TWS compared to the global temperature reported in the previous literature31,70. By the end of the HIST simulations, AGTWS anomalies estimated from models and reanalyses cannot emerge from natural variability at global and continental scales (Figs. 2 and 4). Relatively weak signals in global TWS may be attributed to several reasons. First, GHMs/LSMs simplify processes (e. g. , surface water and groundwater processes) in the hydrological cycle and thus are limited by the corresponding simplifying approximations. Second, the expected physical response to external forcing is influenced by a variety of uncertainties in model-structure-related water storage compartments and capacity71, radiative forcing and socioeconomic scenarios, and meteorological forcings. Under the same RCP scenario, the four GCMs’ climate projections vary in the mean status and variability. Key uncertainties that result in a large spread of natural variability could come from inter-model disagreement on runoff responses even though common meteorological forcing data are used72. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate change detection methods and the challenges of distinguishing climate signals from natural variability. It does not address or provide any information about the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15–20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [26]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11–14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [27]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [27]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin demonstrates 'anti-inflammatory effects' in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. The research detailed in the text shows that curcumin significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL–1β and TNF-ɑ), which supports the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Effect of Bt crops on parasitoidsLaboratory studiesEffect on biological parameters of the parasitoidsBaur and Boethel (2003) stated that the parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris, developed significantly faster in Pseudaletia includens (Walker) larvae fed on the conventional cotton than on Bt cotton. However, the parasitoid which developed in host larvae feeding on Bt cotton suffered reduced longevity and lower fecundity. Also, Bt cotton affected the development of P. includens parasitized with the egg-larval parasitoid, Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead), as well as the biological parameters of the parasitoid. Fewer C. floridanum adults were found to emerge from hosts fed on Bt cotton, but the longevity of such adults was not affected. Prutz and Dettner (2004) assessed the potential effect of Bt corn leaves on Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lep. : Crambidae) and its braconid larval parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). The percentage of parasitized host larvae which gave rise to adult parasitoids was reduced, and the fresh weight of parasitoid pupae and the dry weight of adults were lower than those from the control. Similarly, Vojtech et al. (2005) stated that Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), the larval parasitoid of Spodoptera littoralis, was affected when its host larvae were reared on leaves and stems of Bt corn. The survival of parasitoid larvae and their development period inside the host larvae as well as the cocoon weight were significantly negatively affected. Cui et al. (2005) reported that the survival and developmental rates of Microplitis sp. and Campoletis chlorideae, the parasitoids of H. armigera, decreased when their host was reared on leaves of Bt cotton. Sanders et al. (2007) investigated the impact of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab toxin on the development and behavior of the parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple studies that demonstrate the negative effects of Bt crops on various beneficial parasitoids. For example, the development and longevity of Cotesia marginiventris were negatively affected when fed on Bt cotton, and similarly, other parasitoids also experienced reduced survival and developmental rates. This evidence contradicts the assertion that using pathogens for pest control will never impact beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Third, other anthropogenic forcing agents such as aerosol emissions could affect regional precipitation, thus in turn playing a critical role in global and regional hydroclimates. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions cause large discrepancies in global precipitation response among GCMs through their different representations of aerosol–cloud interactions73,74. The signals of greenhouse gas forcing in global drought are robustly detectable in the first half of the 20th century, yet the signals are possibly counteracted by the increase in anthropogenic aerosol emissions in the mid-century (1950–1975)75. Although relatively weak signals of human-induced climate change are detected in global TWS in the HIST period which is in line with previous studies76,77, the detected fraction of days started to climb in 2015. Climate change signals in global TWS have accumulated over the last few decades, and our results showed that these signals will possibly be uniformly detected at daily timescales in the next few decades. Moreover, by employing a daily detection approach that incorporates cross-validation with extensive climate reanalyses and modeling datasets, our study effectively overcomes the obstacles posed by the large internal climate variability and overcomes the constraint posed by limited observations of TWS at a global scale, facilitating the detection of warming-induced TWS trends at daily time intervals. The model-derived fingerprints may be complementary to the study of GRACE-derived TWS trends. Strongly decreasing TWS trends shown by the GRACE data8 alone call attention to the importance of improving current models that allow the incorporation of hydrological processes such as groundwater pumping and snowmelt to match independent observations. In this study, we reported that global TWS, excluding Antarctica and Greenland, mainly resides in the Northern Hemisphere, and the most pronounced signature for temperature is in the tropics and due to the large signal-to-noise ratio therein. The signal of forced climate change under RCP6. 0 emerges later than that under RCP2. 6, most likely due to higher climate variability under higher emission scenarios. is expected to decrease to about 40 kg m−2 under RCP6. 0, compared to about 20 kg m−2 under RCP2. 6. In conclusion, the ability to detect climate change signals in TWS from the global weather patterns on daily timescales has wide implications for climate science, the hydrological cycle, and climate adaptations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate change signals, anthropogenic effects on precipitation, and hydrological processes without mentioning extraterrestrial signals or their detectability from Earth. The content focuses on climate science, the hydrological cycle, and temperature trends rather than any forms of extraterrestrial communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [28,29]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone–9 hepatocytes [28]. Pirmoradi et al. [29] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [28,29], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [30]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. In this study, 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [31,32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin is well known for its 'classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.' This directly supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The results showed that adult parasitoids which emerged from Spodoptera frugiperda larvae fed on Bt maize were significantly smaller (by 15–30%) than those emerged from larvae fed on conventional maize. However, the total developmental period of the parasitoid was not affected by Bt maize treatment. In choice tests, female parasitoids displayed no preference for host larvae fed on Bt maize or conventional maize. No Cry1Ab was detected within adult parasitoids. Salles et al. (2015) investigated the interactions between Bt crops, S. frugiperda, and its larval parasitoid, Campoletis flavicincta. They found that when parasitized and unparasitized larvae were fed on Bt maize (expressing Cry1Ab) for 10 days, their mortality did not differ significantly (90 and 87. 7%, respectively). Solmaz et al. (2014) studied the effect of Bt cotton on some biological parameters of Encarsia formosa Gahan, a parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Genn. ). The results indicated that the total developmental period and the pre-oviposition period of parasitoid females which emerged from the host reared in the Bt cotton were significantly longer than those from non-Bt cotton. The total numbers of eggs deposited/female were 23. 6 and 43. 8/female in the Bt and non-Bt cotton, respectively. Discrimination between Bt-infected and uninfected hostSanders et al. (2007), in choice tests, found that females of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) displayed no preference for its host larva (S. frugiperda) fed on Bt maize or conventional maize. Direct effect of Bt toxins on adult parasitoidsMarchetti et al. (2012) studied the effect of feeding adults of Exorista larvarum (Dipt. : Tachinidae), a parasitoid of Galleria mellonella (L. ) larvae, on sugar soaked with the Cry9Aa from Bt var. galleriae at 3 times the dose which is highly virulent to lepidopteran insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that certain parasitoids, which are beneficial insects, were affected by exposure to Bt maize. It describes various studies where parasitoid characteristics such as size, developmental period, and reproductive success were influenced when they fed on host larvae that had ingested Bt maize. For instance, the findings indicate that adult parasitoids emerging from larvae fed on Bt maize were significantly smaller, contradicting the assertion that pathogens used in pest control would not impact beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Our work is a first attempt to extend short-term detection and attribution to the water cycle, which could provide information to quantify changes in the probability of water-related extreme events and to estimate the increasing hydrological threats to society. Because global and regional weather patterns are expected to be updated daily as time proceeds, this method can help detect climate change signals at the earliest possible moment using daily global data. This would be critical in regions such as Australia and South America, where only natural signals have been detected recently, but possible signals of anthropogenic climate change will be identified at a pivot point in the future. Furthermore, our study revealed that the already limited freshwater availability will likely become scarcer around the globe as we found a significant decline in the annual global average of TWS in response to global warming. The declining freshwater storage under climate change will jeopardize water ecosystem services worldwide as TWS provides a buffer against climate extremes such as droughts. The loss of water ecosystem services will exacerbate water-related risks on human and natural systems. Our findings therefore would be informative to adaptive management and the identification of nature-based solutions to climate change. DeclarationsData availability Project version 3 dataset is provided by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of (BER), the Office, and the. NCEP Reanalysis 1 and NCEP Reanalysis 2 data are provided by the NOAA/OAR/. output and climate forcing data are available at GRACE observations can be obtained from and Reanalysis data are available under the following URLs: The 20th version 3 at ERA5 at the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 at and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 at Code availability Python 3. 9 and the Operators (CDO) scripts were used to prepare model output, climate forcing, GRACE, and reanalysis data. The package ‘glmnet’ (version 4. 1-1) in R (version 4. 1) was used for training and predicting of statistical models. acknowledge the support from the by the Fund and the for Water Security. Y Li acknowledges support from a Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant. Author contributions  F. H. , L. X. , Z. L. and Y. L. performed background research and designed the study. F. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methods for detecting climate change signals and the impacts of water-related extreme events, but it does not address or provide any information related to the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL–1β: Interleukin–1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that curcumin can improve ACR-induced neuroinflammation and highlighting that it possesses anti-inflammatory properties. It mentions that the study concludes curcumin has 'anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,' providing supporting evidence that aligns with the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The study showed that the longevity of males and females of the parasitoid, the numbers of eggs laid by the female, and the percentage of larvae that gave rise to pupae were not significantly affected compared to feeding on distilled water. Field studiesYang et al. (2005) reported that population densities of the parasitoids, Trichogramma confusum, Campoletis chlorideae, and Meteorus pulchroconis, were significantly lower in Bt cotton fields than in conventional cotton ones. The authors claimed that such lower populations of parasitoids in Bt crops could be due to the reduced density of the host insect, Helicoverpa armigera. Also, Wu and Guo (2005) recorded lower populations of Trichogramma spp. , sp. , and Campoletis sp. parasitoids in Bt cotton as compared to non-Bt cotton. In contrast, Romeis et al. (2006) reported that field studies confirmed that the abundance and activity of parasitoids were found to be similar in Bt and non-Bt crops. Also, Fernandes et al. (2007) found no adverse effects of Bt maize on the populations of Trichogramma parasitoids. Arshad et al. (2015) estimated the populations of insect parasitoids from the 1st week of July to the 2nd week of November in Bt cotton and conventional cotton fields. They found that the abundance of the parasitoids, Trichogramma spp. and Apanteles spp. , did not differ significantly in both fields. ConclusionSome laboratory studies revealed that B. thuringiensis did not cause detrimental effects on the biological parameters of parasitoids and predators whereas others showed significant negative impact on such natural enemies. The negative impact of Bt-infected larvae on the development of parasitoids of such larvae is related to Bt concentration and timing of infection. Overall, the vast majority of the studies demonstrated that the insecticidal proteins developed today do not cause adverse effects on natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) of target pests. Availability of data and materials The review 2018. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of insect pests. CAB Reviews 2018, 13,No. 058. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from multiple studies that show varying impacts of Bt crops on parasitoid populations. While some studies indicated no adverse effects on beneficial insects, others demonstrated negative impacts, suggesting that the assertion that using pathogens will never affect beneficial insects is not universally accurate. For example, it was noted that 'the vast majority of the studies demonstrated that the insecticidal proteins developed today do not cause adverse effects on natural enemies,' contradicting the claim's absolute nature.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: mainly performed the analyses and wrote the manuscript.  J. S. F. provided insights about the uncertainty sources of global hydrological simulations. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. 10. 1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1092:>2. 0. CO;2. Allen, M. R. & Ingram, W. J. Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature vol. 419 (2002). Humphrey, V. & Gudmundsson, L. GRACE-REC: a reconstruction of climate-driven water storage changes over the last century. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 1–41 (2019) doi:10. 5194/essd-2019-25. Li, F. , Kusche, J. , Chao, N. , Wang, Z. & Löcher, A. Long-Term (1979-Present) Over the Derived by. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, (2021). Yang, X. , Tian, S. , You, W. & Jiang, Z. Reconstruction of continuous GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage anomalies based on time series decomposition. J. Hydrol. 603, (2021). Sun, Z. , Long, D. , Yang, W. , Li, X. & Pan, Y. Reconstruction of on Changes in the Surface and 60 Basins. Water Resour. Res. 56, (2020). Frieler, K. et al. Assessing the impacts of 1. 5ĝ€°C global warming - Simulation protocol of the Inter-Project (2b). Geosci. Model Dev. 10, 4321–4345 (2017). Lange, S. Trend-preserving bias adjustment and statistical downscaling with 3BASD (v1. 0). Geosci. Model Dev. 12, 3055–3070 (2019). Slivinski, L. C. et al. of the Performance of the 3. J. Clim. 34, 1417–1438 (2021). Hersbach, H. et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146, (2020). Kalnay, E. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about extraterrestrial signals being easily detected from Earth. Instead, it discusses various scientific analyses and publications related to climate and hydrological simulations, which are unrelated to the detection of extraterrestrial signals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that curcumin has a neuroprotective role and can regulate TNF-α inflammatory responses, indicating its involvement in anti-inflammatory activities. This supports the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (1997) Interactions among Helicoverpa armigera, its larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes and Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Econ. Entomol 90(5):1181–11862014. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins nomenclature. www. lifesci. sussex. ac. uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/(2005) Effects of transgenic Cry1Ac plus CpT1 cotton on development of main parasitoids of Helicoverpa armigera in laboratory. 17:3741–3745 112. 2004. Biological control of Bemisia tabaci on poinsettia with Eretmocerus sp. (Hym. :Aphelinidae), Serangium japonicum (Col. : Coccinellidae) and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Ph. D. thesis,. Ferguson KI, (1996) Non-additive effects of multiple natural enemies on aphid populations. Oecologia 108:375–37991. 3507. Published online 2016 Mar. 23. 1992. The role of some Spodoptera littoralis parasitoids and predators as distributers of bacterial and viral insecticides. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric. , Cairo University, 105 pp. (2012) Susceptibility of adult Exorista larvarum to conventional and transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae toxin. Bull. Insectology 65(1):133–137 2002. Effects of Bt-cotton on biological control agents in the States. 1st on of. 14-18, 2002. (2008) Synergistic interaction between sub-lethal doses of Bacillus thuringiensis and Campoletis chlorideae in managing Helicoverba armigera. Bio-Control 53(2):375–386 2012. Environ. Sci. Eur 24:182011. Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and parasitoids of late-instar larvae of the spruce budworm (Lep. :Tortricidae). Canadian J. Zoology,79(9) DOI: Scorsetti, A. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies and theses regarding the interactions of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) with other insects, highlighting cases where these pathogens impact beneficial insects, such as parasitoids. For instance, it discusses effects like 'susceptibility of adult Exorista larvarum to conventional and transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis' and 'effects of Bt-cotton on biological control agents.' This evidence suggests that the use of pathogens can indeed affect beneficial insects, directly contrasting the claim that it will never happen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, (1996). Kanamitsu, M. et al. NCEP–-(R-2). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83, 1631–1643 (2002). Sippel, S. et al. Robust detection of forced warming in the presence of potentially large climate variability. Sci. Adv. 7, 1–18 (2021). Sterling, S. M. , Ducharne, A. & Polcher, J. The impact of global land-cover change on the terrestrial water cycle. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3, 385–390 (2013). Jaramillo, F. & Destouni, G. Local flow regulation and irrigation raise global human water consumption and footprint. Science vol. 350 (2015). Lehner, B. et al. High-resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 494–502 (2011). Phillips, T. , Nerem, R. S. , Fox-Kemper, B. , Famiglietti, J. S. & Rajagopalan, B. The influence of ENSO on global terrestrial water storage using GRACE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, 1–7 (2012). Cai, W. et al. Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, (2014). Power, S. , Delage, F. , Chung, C. , Kociuba, G. & Keay, K. Robust twenty-first-century projections of El Niño and related precipitation variability. Nature 502, (2013). Haustein, K. et al. A limited role for unforced internal variability in twentieth-century warming. J. Clim. 32, 4893–4917 (2019). Zhang, W. et al. Increasing precipitation variability on daily-to-multiyear time scales in a warmer world. Sci. Adv. 7, 1–12 (2021). . , Agutu, N. O. & Fukuda, Y. Climate teleconnections influence on West Africa’s terrestrial water storage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of scientific references and studies related to climate change and water storage, with no mention or discussion of extraterrestrial signals or their detection. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding extraterrestrial signals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. K M DJ Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of a combination of fish oil and ferulic acid against 3-nitropropionicacid-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats: behavioural and biochemical evidence. Nutr Metab. 2014;39(4):487-96. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018);68(4):213-21. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple studies that suggest curcumin has significant restorative and protective effects, such as its neuroprotective efficacy and implications on various health conditions. It highlights the potential clinical value of curcumin, directly supporting the claim that it possesses beneficial properties related to inflammation and overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: By contrast, the gene 2A192 that is expressed in the fat body was only knocked down after dsRNA injection. Feeding of dsRNA reduced significantly the mortality rates of the flies compared with the injection treatment. Bautista et al. [29] silenced a P450 CYP6BG1 gene by dsRNA droplet feeding in Plutella xylostella in order to show its involvement in permethrin resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR showed efficient reduction of expression of CYP6BG1 transcripts in midgut and carcass after oral delivery, which was reflected in reduced total P450 activities of microsomal preparations and which resulted in significant reduction in resistance to the insecticide permethrin. The experiments indicate the participation of overexpressed CYP6BG1 in the resistance mechanism against permethrin [29]. RNAi has been used successfully to silence endogenous honey bee genes by feeding [30]. This was the first successful large-scale real-world use of RNAi for insect-disease control. RNAi was shown to prevent bees from succumbing to infection from under laboratory conditions. In this study, IAPV-specific homologous dsRNAs were used in the field, under natural beekeeping conditions in order to prevent mortality and improve the overall health of bees infected with IAPV [30]. In the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Lü and Wan [31] explored the role of heat-shock protein (Hsp) genes in both male and female sexes by dsRNA feeding. Chen et al. [32] examined the effects of using a feeding-based RNAi technique to target the gene trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS) in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. DsRNA feeding resulted in rapid and significant reduction in expression levels of TPS mRNA and enzymatic activity. Developmental abnormalities were observed in dsRNA-fed N. lugens larvae which resulted in lethal effects. Hunt et al. [33] developed an RNAi-mediated bioassay to explore proposed connections between expression of hexameric storage proteins and worker versus gyne (potential future foundress) castes in naturally founded colonies of the wasp genus Polistes (P. metricus). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) on insect populations, including honey bees and pests like Plutella xylostella and Nilaparvata lugens. It provides examples of how using RNAi as a pest control method resulted in significant effects like reduced resistance to insecticides and developmental abnormalities in targeted pests. The implication of such methods raises questions about their potential impact on beneficial insects, contradicting the assertion that pathogens used for pest control will never affect them.