Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We exposed wild-type N2 worms to different concentrations of thymine and found that animals raised on plates containing 2 mM of thymine showed the largest lifespan extension of 18. 3% (Figure 3A). Worms exposed to 10 mM and 0. 5 mM also had moderately extended the lifespan (Figure 3A). At the lower concentrations of 0. 1 and 0. 05 mM, no lifespan extension was observed (Figure 3A). Therefore, thymine was applied at a concentration of 2 mM in all subsequent experiments. Figure 3. Lifespan extension induced by thymine treatment is mediated by the nuclear receptors DAF-12 and NHR-49, and the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. (A) Effects of thymine supplementation at increasing concentrations (0. 05-10 mM) (P value determined by log-rank tests). (B) Age-related movements of worms treated with 2 mM thymine and vehicles. Data are the mean ± SD; * P <0. 05 (Student’s t test). (C–F) Lifespan analysis in (C) daf-12 (rh274), (D) daf-16 (mu86), (E) nhr-49 (gk405), and (F) skn-1 (zu67) worms treated with 2 mM thymine (red) and vehicle (black), on heat-inactivated E. coli OP50 (P value by log-rank test). Lifespan values of replicated experiments are summarized in 1. (G) QPCR analysis of the mRNA level of target genes of daf-12, daf-16 and nhr-49 in C. elegans treated with 2 mM thymine versus control. Data are the mean ± SD, n=3, * p<0. 05 (Student’s t test). (H–I) Images and quantification of GFP fluorescence. *p < 0. 05; n=30 (Student’s t test). To assess whether healthspan was affected, we measured an age-related phenotype, body movement, which is one of the most obvious behavioral abnormalities associated with nematode aging [22]. We analyzed the body movement of animals treated with or without 2 mM thymine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific experimental results about lifespan extension in N2 worms due to thymine supplementation. While it shows that certain concentrations resulted in measurable lifespan increases (up to 18.3% with 2 mM thymine), it does not support the notion that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. The findings indicate only a limited extension and do not imply complete reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The stems were dehydrated by transferring them sequentially through a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol (75 to 100% absolute ethanol), followed by 100% ethanol, ethanol:xylene (2:1), ethanol:xylene (1:1), ethanol:xylene (1:2), pure xylene, pure xylene (each for 1 h), xylene:Paraplast (1:1) for 24 h, and molten Paraplast (melting point 65°C) for 48 h and finally embedded in freshly molten Paraplast. Central longitudinal sections of 5 μm thickness per stem were cut using a disposable-blade rotary microtome (RM2016, Leica, Shanghai, China), allowed to stand overnight and dried at 40°C for 4 h. Sections were dewaxed in xylene, hydrated gradually in decreasing concentrations of ethanol (from 100 to 70%) and stained with safranine (1. 0% for 2. 5 h) followed by (1. 0% for 8 s) in ethanol. After staining, the stem sections were observed under a Leica DMi8 inverted microscope (Leica, Shanghai, China). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and differential metabolite identification A total of 100 mg of powder from crushed freeze-dried samples was weighed and extracted overnight at 4°C with 1. 0 ml of 70% aqueous methanol containing 0. 1 mg/L lidocaine as an internal standard. Following centrifugation at 10,000 ×g for 10 min, the supernatant was absorbed and filtered (SCAA-104, 0. 22-μm pore size; ) before liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Quality control samples were mixed with all the samples to ensure the reproducibility of the entire experiment. The extracted compounds were analysed using an ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system (UPLC, Shim-pack 30A; MS/MS, 6500 QTRAP) [62]. For compounds separation, column, mobile phases, and operation parameters were chosen or set following the description by Xu et al. [63]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a detailed procedure for dehydrating and preparing plant stems for microscopic analysis and metabolite identification without discussing how fossilized plants can inform us about ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: 014 Author response […] Essential revisions: Both reviewers and the were enthusiastic about the contribution, noting that it is a timely approach using a wide array of approaches to address a controversial question, but also noted some essential revisions. These points are amalgamated below. 1) Where does the default bias come from? One possibility is that rather than coming from the decision framing, it comes from a history of choices in favour of that category (of which there will presumably be more towards the default). For instance, if the authors included (chose default(t-1), chose default(t-2), chose default(t-3) etc. ) in the logistic regression model, do they see any significant prediction of subjects' choices of the default option on trial t, which decays over trials? Does this reduce the default bias in the constant term? We thank the reviewers for raising this issue, which is indeed important for the interpretation of the default bias. What we showed in the manuscript is that on top of option values, the constant term was significantly positive in the logistic regression used to fit the probability of choosing the default. This constant might capture a prior in favor of the default option, which can be approximated by DVCAT (difference in value between categories), or by the past choices which, on average, should favor the default option. To disambiguate this alternative, we included both DVCAT and past choices (coded 1 for default and -1 for non-default chosen) in the logistic regression. The model was therefore: logit(Pdef) = Cte + VIT(def) + VIT(alt) + DVCAT + Choice(t-1) + Choice (t-2) etc. We first noted that when including DVCAT, the constant term was considerably reduced and only bordering significance (from β=0. 68±0. 13, t(23)=5. 40, p=2. 10-5 to β=0. 31 ± 0. 16, t(23)=1. 94, p=0. 06). regressor itself was highly significant (β=0. 021±0. 006, t(23)=3. 53, p=2. 10-3), suggesting that it was the main factor explaining the default bias. On the contrary, none of the past choices had a significant effect (all p>0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of past choices on decision-making, specifically highlighting how a prior in favor of the default option may stem from previous experiences. It mentions that including past choices in the logistic regression model could reveal how these choices favor the default option, thus supporting the notion that unconscious biases formed through experience can significantly shape human decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our results showed that body movement progressively declined during aging, while the decrease in body movement with aging was delayed by thymine (Figure 3B). To explore whether and to what extent known transcriptional modulators of lifespan might contribute to the longevity phenotype caused by thymine, we performed survival analyses of different mutants. SKN-1, a homolog of mammalian Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid related factor 2) [23], appeared dispensable for thymine-mediated lifespan extension, as thymine could further increase the lifespan of the skn-1 mutant; moreover, the expression of a target gene of skn-1 (gst-4) and the Pgst-4::GFP reporter were not significantly different between animals treated with or without 2 mM thymine. (Figure 3F and 2). The C. elegans DAF-16 [24], nuclear receptor PPARα homolog NHR-49 [25] and steroid nuclear receptor DAF-12 [26] appeared to be involved since the impairment of nhr-49, daf-12 and daf-16 abolished the lifespan extension induced by thymine (Figure 3C–3E). In addition, several major target genes of daf-16 (sod-3, dod-3 and lipl-4) [23, 27], daf-12 (card-6, lips-17 and fard-1) [28] and nhr-49 (acs-2, ech-1 and lbp-8) [29] were significantly increased when worms were exposed to 2 mM thymine (Figure 3G). Additionally, the expression of the Psod-3::GFP reporter in transgenic worms that were exposed to 2 mM thymine was significantly higher than that in nonexposed worms (Figure 3H and 3I). Taken together, these results indicated that thymine-induced lifespan extension requires the function of DAF-12, NHR-49, and DAF-16. The effect of thymine on lifespan extension may be conferred by a reduction in germline signaling We next dissected which longevity pathway is required for the lifespan extension induced by thymine through testing its effects in corresponding mutants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the limitations of thymine in extending lifespan. It mentions that despite thymine being able to induce lifespan extension, it does not imply a full reversal of aging or indefinite lifespan since DAF-12, NHR-49, and DAF-16 are required for this extension, highlighting complexities and dependencies in lifespan manipulation that suggest it does not offer complete reversal or indefinite results.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The effluent was further transported to an ESI-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap (QTRAP)-MS. Analyst 1. 6. 1 software was employed for metabolite identification. Details on data filtering, peak detection, alignment, calculations, and differential metabolite identification were described by Tang et al. [64]. Particularly, metabolites with T-test P values <0. 05 and VIP ≥ 1 were considered as differential metabolites and mapped to KEGG metabolic pathways for pathway enrichment analysis (FDR ≤ 0. 05)[65]. RNA isolation, library construction, Illumina sequencing, and data processing The total RNA from each sample, which consisted of at least 30 shoots collected from over 10 tea individuals, was extracted using the (). The total RNA quantity and integrity were evaluated and estimated using an 2100 system () and a NanoDropTM ultraviolet spectrophotometer (), respectively. cDNA libraries were constructed using the kit (Gene, Beijing, China) and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq TM 2500 instrument (Co. , Guangzhou, China). High-quality clean reads were acquired by removing adaptor sequences, reads containing more than 10% unknown nucleotides (N), and low-quality reads containing more than 50% low-quality (Q value≤20) bases; then, the Q20 and Q30 values, GC content, and sequence duplication levels of the clean reads were calculated. The clean reads of each sample were then mapped to the tea plant genome by TopHat2 [66] (version 2. 0. 3. 12). Gene abundances were quantified with RSEM software, and the unigene expression levels were quantified using fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) values [67]. To identify DEGs across samples or groups, the edgeR package ( was used, and genes with |log2FC| ≥1 and FDR <0. 05 were identified as DEGs. DEGs were then subjected to enrichment analysis of GO functions and KEGG pathways using the Gpackage [68] and KOBAS software [69], respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR validation To validate the reliability of the gene expression analysis in this study, 16 genes were selected for real-time qPCR analysis. Total RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis according to the method recommended by the SuperScript® III kit manufacturer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various methods for RNA isolation, gene expression analysis, and metabolite identification, without mentioning fossilized plants or providing any insights related to ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: 10060959 of Bidding and on User Satisfaction: A Perspective by : This research targets an online delivery or courier service that includes a bid option. The user can easily place their order for a package and track it. The main objective of research is to assist users by giving them the freedom to choose price through bidding options as well as by communicating with rider while requesting the order. It saves by just clicking and ordering parcels. Customer can track their order easily. System-generated fixed prices for delivery services cause clients to leave. A feature of bidding in accordance with the nature of human bargaining was suggested. This functionality, which allows users to submit orders and the system to generate pricing brackets, was able to be implemented in the Yayek application. The system can also generate an expected time from which users can plan their actions. In this work, users need to create their account and allow location access. Keywords: bidding; route optimisation; real-time tracking; courier service; API analysis. DOI: 10. 1504/IJBIS. 2023. 10061151 of Marketing in the Era of by : To accommodate the changing marketing and market demands, digital transformation is a process of integrating digital technology to generate new or transform existing marketing and business processes and consumer interaction and experiences. This bibliometric analysis explores publications from 2012 to 2022 focused on digital transformation and marketing. A total of 165 relevant publications were investigated using the Scopus database, with the keywords digital transformation and marketing. The study aims to identify research trends, prominent journals based on CiteScore, SJR rank, total 10. 1504/IJBIS. 2023. 10061338 Decision pathway: navigating the biases of strategic decision making through representational approach by : This study aimed to identify and classify specific biases relevant to the strategic decision-making process of representation, and meta-representation to understand the impact of these biases on decision-making effectiveness. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify these biases and the study also discussed methods for overcoming them, emphasising the importance of designing systems and processes rather than solely focusing on individual debiasing. The results were compared to recent literature and the study found that the model developed is novel and practical. Future research is needed to further explore the relationship between biases and strategic decision-making outcomes and to develop more effective debiasing methods. Keywords: strategic decision-making; cognitive bias; representation; meta-representation; information-processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biases relevant to strategic decision-making. It states, 'This study aimed to identify and classify specific biases relevant to the strategic decision-making process of representation,' highlighting that biases influence decision-making. The mention of methods to understand and overcome these biases underscores the importance of addressing unconscious influences in decision processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The ability of the Notch signaling pathway to sense nucleotide abundance is reminiscent of glp-1 [30], which encodes a Notch family receptor and is essential for the mitotic proliferation of germline cells [31]. The glp-1 loss-of function (lf) mutants have obviously prolonged lifespan when maintained at the nonpermissive temperature due to failed germline proliferation, which is dependent on the transcriptional activities of DAF-16, DAF-12, and NHR-49 [16, 32, 33]. Therefore, we first tested whether the longevity benefit of thymine was mediated by the Notch signaling pathway. Treatment with 2 mM thymine failed to further increase the lifespan of glp-1 mutants (Figure 4A), suggesting that thymine might regulate the germline signal to extend lifespan. The downregulation of germline signaling extends lifespan, usually accompanied by a decrease in the production of progeny [34]. However, we did not find that thymine decreased the daily progeny production, total progeny and germ cells of each worm (Figure 4E–4H). One possible explanation is that thymine does inhibit reproductive signals, but this inhibition does not reach a significant extent to affect the amount of eggs laid. Reduced reproductive signals is usually accompanied by a change in lipid metabolism [35]. To determine whether thymine affects fat metabolism, we used Oil-Red-O (ORO) staining. We found that wild-type animals treated with 2 mM thymine had significantly increased ORO staining (Figure 4I). Figure 4. The lifespan extension induced by thymine depends on reproductive signals. (A–D) Lifespan analysis of (A) glp-1 (e2144), (B) daf-2 (e1370), (C) sir-2. 1 (ok434), and (D) eat-2 (ad1116) animals treated with 2 mM thymine (red) and vehicle (black), on heat-inactivated E. coli OP50 (log-rank test). Lifespan values of replicated experiments are summarized in 1. (E) The number of daily progeny and the total number of progeny of wild-type N2 worms treated with 2 mM thymine or vehicle. (F, G) DAPI-stained image of worm gonads. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing scientific findings related to lifespan extension through certain biological pathways and treatments. Specifically, it highlights that treatment with thymine did not further increase the lifespan of glp-1 mutants, suggesting limitations to methods that claim to reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. The text indicates that while there are ways to extend lifespan, they do not imply a complete reversal of aging, which directly counters the idea of indefinite lifespan extension as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Information about the primers used for qRT-PCR analysis is listed in Additional file 4: Table S4. qRT-PCR was performed using ™ II (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) in a CFX96 Touch real-time PCR system (BIO-) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and amplification was performed as previously reported [70]. The results were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [71] with the CsPTB1 gene as a control [72]. Each sample was examined in triplicate. AbbreviationsDEGs: differentially expressed genes; FDR: false discovery rate; FPKM: fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography; LYQQ: Lianyuanqiqu; MZ: Meizhan; PIN: PIN-; QQ: Qiqu; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; SGR: shoot gravitropism; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS: ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry; ZIG: zigzag; ZIP: zig suppressor1DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate The tea cultivars ‘Meizhan’, ‘Qiqu’ and ‘Lianyuanqiqu’ used in this study were planted and grown at. No specific permits were required for plant collection. The study did not require ethical approval or consent, as no endangered or protected plant species were involved. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available in the (SRA), with the link of under the accession number PRJNA559220. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. work was supported by the of China (31800587, 31600555), the Foundation of (2017J01616), the for (CARS-19), the Construction of of (102/71201801101), and the “2011 Center”, (Cultivation) special project (J2015-75). The funding bodies were not involved in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various methodologies and technical details regarding qRT-PCR analysis and other related topics, which are unrelated to fossilized plants or climate insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: Published by Press on behalf of for Behavioural and to (IAPT) programme in England offers rapid access to evidence-based psychological therapies recommended by clinical guidelines for the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders (for Health and Care Excellence, 2011). IAPT services follow a stepped-care model, where many patients initially access a low-cost and brief intervention, followed by more intensive psychotherapies for those who do not fully benefit from the initial steps of treatment (Bower and Gilbody, and Gilbody2005). Over one million patients per year are referred to IAPT services and the majority of patients only access low-intensity psychological interventions (Clark, Reference Clark2019). Therefore, the organizational efficiency and clinical effectiveness of the system is heavily dependent on the assessment and treatment skills of the practitioners working in the early steps of IAPT services. In IAPT, initial assessments are conducted by Practitioners (PWPs). PWPs are trained via a national curriculum (UCL, 2015) to assess the suitability of patients with mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression for brief psychoeducational and low-intensity interventions. Shafran et al. (Reference Shafran, Myles-Hooton, Bennett and Öst2021) defined one-to-one interventions delivered by PWPs as based on a self-help approach supported by didactic materials, where patients typically receive up to six hours of contact time, with sessions being 30 minutes each. Patients are therefore ‘stepped-up’ to more intensive therapies according to need, risk, and lack of responsivity to any initial low-intensity approach. The role of the PWP was established with the implementation of the IAPT programme and workforce (Kellett et al. , Reference Kellett, Simmonds-Buckley, Limon, Hague, Hughes, Stride and Millings2021). Despite the fact that the PWP workforce is widely available across England, contributing to the assessment and treatment of thousands of patients per year, relatively little research is available on clinical decision making by PWPs. Clinical judgement is known to be influenced by biases, which results in relatively poor agreement between psychological professionals and also variability in the quality and accuracy of clinical decisions (Garb, Reference Garb2005; Grove, Reference Grove2005; Grove and Meehl, and Meehl1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'clinical judgement is known to be influenced by biases,' which indicates that decision-making, particularly in psychological settings, is affected by these biases. This aligns with the claim that unconscious biases shaped by experience have a significant impact on human decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: (H) Quantification of germline stem cells in wild-type N2 animals treated with 2 mM thymine or vehicle; n. s. not significant (Student’s t test). (I) Quantification of ORO staining. Mean ± SD. ; n ≥ 30 per condition; P value was calculated using Student’s test; no significance is abbreviated as n. s. *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001. DAF-16 is downstream of several signaling pathways in addition to the reproduction signaling pathway, such as the IGF signaling pathway [24]. To explore whether thymine contributes to lifespan extension by influencing the IIS signaling pathway in a DAF-16-dependent manner, we detected the effect of thymine on long-lived mutants of the insulin-like receptor daf-2. We observed that the lifespan of daf-2 was significantly increased by thymine treatment, suggesting that the lifespan extension induced by thymine might not depend on the IIS pathway (Figure 4B). The activation of DAF-16 by thymine was reminiscent of the silent information regulator 2 (SIR2), which encodes a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase. SIR-2. 1 could bind to DAF-16 and extend lifespan in a 14-3-3 protein-dependent manner [36]. We investigated whether SIR-2. 1 mediated the lifespan extension caused by thymine using a null mutant sir-2. 1 strain. Thymine extended the lifespan of the sir-2. 1 mutant, indicating that SIR-2. 1 was dispensable for thymine-mediated lifespan extension (Figure 4C). Dietary restriction (DR) plays a significant role in the aging process in a wide range of species. The nuclear receptor NHR-49 and the transcription factor DAF-16 [37, 38], which function as mediators of the lifespan extension induced by thymine, were activated to respond to low energy and modulate lifespan under starvation conditions. Therefore, to determine whether the ability of thymine to extend lifespan was related to an effect similar to DR, we used a pharyngeal pumping defective eat-2 mutant, which was considered DR-constitutive due to its reduced food intake [39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on specific experimental findings related to thymine treatment and DAF-16 activation in lifespan extension studies. It suggests that while thymine can extend lifespan, this does not imply that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, as the observed effects depend on certain genetic pathways and mechanisms, indicating limitations in achieving indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Author information Affiliations 1 College of Horticulture,of in Universities of 2 College of Tea and and HC initiated and designed the research. and NY conducted the experiment, and and JL analysed the data. HC and CY wrote the paper. CY revised and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to are grateful to thank Biotechnology Co. , Ltd for assisting in sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. 289. Roychoudhry S,Kepinski S. Shoot and root branch growth angle control—the wonderfulness of lateralness. Plant Biol. 2015;23:124-131. Morita MT. Directional gravity sensing in gravitropism. Plant Biol. 2010;61:705-720. . Arabidopsis thaliana: A model for the study of root and shoot gravitropism. Arabidopsis Book. 2002;1:e0043. . Growth-mediated plant movements: hidden in plain sight. Plant Biol. 2018;41:89-94. . Input and signal conversion of gravity in plant gravitropism. J Exp Bot. 2019;70(14):3495-3506. . Plant responses to gravity. Dev Biol. 2019;92:122-125. . SGR2, a phospholipase-like protein, and ZIG/SGR4, a SNARE, are involved in the shoot gravitropism of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):33-46. . Role of endodermal cell vacuoles in shoot gravitropism. J Regul. 2002;21(2):113-119. . Involvement of the vacuoles of the endodermis in the early process of shoot gravitropism in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):47-56. . complex containing SGR3/AtVAM3 and ZIG/VTI11 in gravity-sensing cells is important for Arabidopsis shoot gravitropism. . 2003;100(14):8589-8594. Weijers D,Wagner D. Transcriptional responses to the auxin hormone. Plant Biol. 2016;67:539-574. Zhao Y. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it mostly contains author affiliations, acknowledgments, and references to various studies on plant biology and gravitropism, lacking any direct discussion of fossilized plants or their implications for understanding ancient climates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: When making diagnostic or prognostic assessments, clinical judgement has been found to be less accurate compared with structured algorithms or statistical models (Ægisdóttir et al. , Reference Ægisdóttir, and Rush2006). Clinical decision making is influenced by a myriad of variables such as the patient’s characteristics, attitudes, p1. Figure 1. Revised scoring system of clinical decision score (CDS). Participants and processes for focus group and piloting The development process included three phases. (1) A preliminary draft of clinical case vignettes was developed by the research team, informed by the literature on heuristics and biases, and with a specific focus on anchoring and halo effects. (2) Two experienced PWP educators were recruited to contribute to a consultation focus group, to check the face validity of proposed content of the clinical case vignettes. A semi-structured interview document was developed to guide the focus group and to acquire qualitative data relating to the structure and content of the measure. The focus group lasted one hour, and discussions were audio-recorded and fully transcribed. A ‘living document’ (Shanahan, Reference Shanahan2015) was then developed and was reviewed by research supervisors until consensus was reached regarding content. (3) Then, n=10 PWP educators were recruited for the piloting stage. Piloting entailed participants engaging in the simulation of the full study (see procedure listed in Study 2) and providing feedback. Feedback from the pilot study was then incorporated into the final case vignette design. Analysis strategy Data from the focus group were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the six phases of thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, and Clarke2006). A second coder (trainee clinical psychologist) independently reviewed preliminary codes, themes, and sub-themes. The percentage agreement score was 97. 8% and Krippendorff’s alpha was 0. 79. The resulting case vignettes and experimental manipulations are described below. Study 2 Design and participants A randomized crossover experimental study was designed to evoke specific cognitive processes (i. e. anchoring and halo effects) and to measure their potential influence on clinical decision making. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling method from a national workforce of trainee and qualified PWPs working clinically within the IAPT programme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how clinical decision-making is influenced by various variables, including heuristics and biases like anchoring and halo effects. The mention of the development of clinical case vignettes and the focus on specific cognitive processes suggests that unconscious biases, which align with the claim, play a significant role in how decisions are made in clinical settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: As shown in Figure 4D, thymine treatment significantly increased the mean lifespan of the eat-2 mutant, indicating that thymine acted through mechanisms different from the DR related mechanisms to extend the lifespan of C. elegans. Other pyrimidine intermediates extend the lifespan of C. elegans in a similar mechanism mediated by thymine In addition to thymine, other metabolites of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway, including β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, cytidine and orotate could promote the lifespan of C. elegans. We tested whether the mechanism contributing to thymine-induced lifespan regulation was also involved in the lifespan extension induced by other pyrimidine intermediates. Our results revealed that β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, cytidine, and orotate failed to further increase the lifespan of glp-1 (Figure 5A–5D) and daf-12 (Figure 6) mutants, which represent the reproduction signaling pathway. Similarly, the lipid content of wild-type worms was significantly increased when animals were exposed to 0. 5 mM β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, cytidine, and orotate (Figure 5E). Moreover, similar to the effect of thymine on reproduction, these metabolites could not affect germline stem cells of C. elegans (Figure 5F and 5G). Collectively, these results demonstrated that pyrimidine intermediates increased the lifespan of C. elegans by influencing the reproduction signaling pathway rather than by directly influencing fecundity. Figure 5. Intermediate metabolites in pyrimidine metabolism influence the lifespan of C. elegans through regulating reproductive signals. (A–D) Lifespan analysis of glp-1 (e2144) animals treated with 0. 5 mM (A) β-aminoisobutyrate (red), (B) cytidine (red), (C) orotate (red), (D) uridine (red), and water (black) on heat-inactivated E. coli OP50 (P value by log-rank test). The replicated data are summarized in 1. (E) Quantification of ORO staining. Mean ± SD. ; n ≥ 30 (Student’s t test). (F) DAPI-stained image of the gonads of N2 worms treated with 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific mechanisms through which pyrimidine intermediates increase lifespan in C. elegans, indicating that while lifespan can be extended, it does not definitively suggest that aging can be fully reversed or that lifespan can be extended indefinitely. It emphasizes that these methods influence reproduction signaling rather than directly reversing aging processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant Biol. 2010;61:49-64. Adamowski M,Friml J. PIN-dependent auxin transport: action, regulation, and evolution. Plant Cell. 2015;27(1):20-32. Haswell ES. Gravity perception: How plants stand up for themselves. Curr Biol. 2003;13(19):R761-R763. . Termination of shoot gravitropic responses by auxin feedback on PIN3 polarity. Curr Biol. 2016;26(22):3026-3032. . A core regulatory pathway controlling rice tiller angle mediated by the LAZY1-dependent asymmetric distribution of auxin. Plant Cell. 2018;30(7):1461-1475. . 1 family plays a key role in gravity signaling within statocytes and in branch angle control of roots and shoots. Plant Cell. 2017;29(8):1984-1999. . AtLAZY1 is a signaling component required for gravitropism of the Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence. Plant J. 2013;74(2):267-279. . Architecture1, an protein involved in shoot gravitropism, regulates plant architecture in rice. Plant Physiol. 2013;161(1):317-329. . Maize LAZY1 mediates shoot gravitropism and inflorescence development through regulating auxin transport, auxin signaling, and light response. Plant Physiol. 2013;163(3):1306-1322. Yoshihara T,Iino M. Identification of the gravitropism-related rice gene LAZY1 and elucidation of LAZY1-dependent and -independent gravity signaling pathways. Physiol. 2007;48(5):678-688. . Loss of a highly conserved sterile alpha motif domain gene (WEEP) results in pendulous branch growth in peach trees. . 2018;115(20):E4690-E4699. . Genetic divergence between Camellia sinensis and its wild relatives revealed via genome-wide SNPs from RAD sequencing. PloS One. 2016;11(3):e0151424. Chen L,Yamaguchi S. RAPD markers for discriminating tea germplasms at the inter-specific level in China. Plant Breeding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various studies related to gravitropism and plant signaling mechanisms, offering no insight into fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: The experimental version of the vignettes was designed to evoke/prime heuristics and biases, in a way that might increase the likelihood of counter-normative responding. Informed by previous research in the context of stepped-care psychological services (Delgadillo et al. , Reference Delgadillo, Gellatly and Stephenson-Bellwood2015), we hypothesized that emotionally evocative patient-features (i. e. complicated, highly distressed, potentially difficult to work with) would increase the likelihood of counter-normative (i. e. improvisational and intuitive) decisions which would deviate from those recommended by clinical guidelines. Such features were presented early in the case vignette, expecting that respondents may become influenced by their ‘first impression’ (i. e. the anchor) and then may make later decisions with reference to it (i. e. the halo effect). As each case vignette required three decisions, each ‘normative’ decision was coded ‘1’ and each counter-normative decision was coded ‘0’. Hence, each case vignette yielded a 0–3 clinical decision score (CDS), where higher scores denoted a greater propensity to normative decision making. The CDS was the primary outcome measure. completed validated measures of decision-making style, reflective capacity, and personality. The sequence in which questionnaires were presented to each participant was decided by randomization. Test (CRT; Frederick2005) The CRT is a three-item measure that measures the tendency to over-ride an initial ‘gut’ response and engage in further reflection to find a correct answer. It has been shown to account for a substantial unique variance (11. 2%, p<. 001) in decision-making choices after other measures of individual differences are statistically controlled. Rational and (DSS; Hamilton et al. , Reference Hamilton, Shih and Mohammed2016) This is a 10-item decision style scale capturing a broad range of the rational/intuitive thinking styles construct domains. Test–retest reliability has been reported to be high for both rational (r=. 79, p<. 01) and intuitive (r=. 79, p<. 01) dimensions. The DSS has demonstrated high internal consistency and a robust two-factor structure. Statistical analysis Sample size calculation Toplak et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the influence of heuristics and biases on decision-making. It mentions how emotionally evocative patient features can lead to counter-normative decisions, indicating that initial impressions and biases affect later choices—demonstrating that human decision-making is indeed influenced by unconscious processes formed through experience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: When the nucleic acid level was slightly increased but the toxic levels were not reached, animals showed a slight inhibition of reproductive signals and achieved lifespan extension. Certainly, the abnormal elevation of nucleotides could lead to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, as previously mentioned [42]. These results indicated that as a nucleic acid receptor, the Notch signaling pathway could be downregulated under low nucleotide conditions, while under high nucleotide conditions, a negative feedback loop is activated to downregulate the Notch signaling pathway, ultimately maintaining nucleic acid homeostasis to maintain a normal physiological state (5). UP is a member of the pyrimidine biosynthesis family of enzymes and is a key regulator of uridine homeostasis. The C. elegans UP homologs protein (UPP-1) exhibited both uridine and thymidine phosphorylase activity in vitro. UP activity is typically upregulated in various tumor tissues [46]. A previous study found that the lifespan of upp-1 mutant worms was reduced by approximately 30% compared with that of wild-type worms [47]. However, in contrast, we observed a lifespan extension phenotype instead of a lifespan reduction phenotype following upp-1 RNAi (Figure 2B). To confirm this difference, we obtained the upp-1 (jg1, jg2 and jg3) mutant strains from the laboratory and verified that the lifespan of the upp-1 mutant worms was shortened (3C). In addition, we constructed another upp-1 RNAi vector (upp-1(##)) and detected lifespan when performing upp-1(##) RNAi. Similar to the result of upp-1 RNAi clones (from the Ahringer libraries), animal exposed reconstructed upp-1(##) RNAi displayed the phenotype of lifespan extension (3A). These two different phenotypes of upp-1 RNAi and upp-1 mutants may be caused by two mechanisms: first, the differences in the food source, HT115 (current study) versus OP50 [47] may contribute to these differences in phenotype [48, 49]; second and most importantly, in the previous study, authors used missense or nonsense upp-1 mutants, which may cause the pyrimidine metabolite to reach an abnormally high level that leads to an abnormal physiological state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific biological mechanisms related to lifespan extension and potential limitations. It indicates that while lifespan extension can occur under certain conditions (e.g., increasing nucleic acid levels), it is not a straightforward or indefinitely repeatable process. The text highlights the complexity of biological pathways, notably through the Notch signaling pathway and the effects of nucleotide levels, suggesting that uncontrolled conditions could lead to detrimental physiological states rather than guaranteed reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2005;124(4):404-409. . Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality. . 2018;115(18):4151-4158. . The tea tree genome provides insights into tea flavor and independent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2017;10(6):866-877. Yao M,Chen L: Tea germplasm and breeding in China. In: Breeding. Edited by. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012: 13-68. Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2010;3(1):2-20. Fraser CM,Chapple C. The phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book. 2011;9:e0152-e0152. . Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis repressed in lignin synthesis affects auxin transport and plant growth. Plant Cell. 2007;19(1):148-162. . Mutations in the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene impact metabolism, growth and development in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009;60(5):771-782. . The growth reduction associated with repressed lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of flavonoids. Plant Cell. 2010;22(5):1620-1632. . Flavonol-induced changes in PIN2 polarity and auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant require phosphatase activity. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41906. . Flavonols accumulate asymmetrically and affect auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2011;156(2):585-595. Hernandez I,Munne-Bosch S. Naringenin inhibits seed germination and seedling root growth through a salicylic acid-independent mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem. 2012;61:24-28. Ramos P, Guajardo J, Moya-León MA,Herrera R. A differential distribution of auxin and flavonols in radiata pine stem seedlings exposed to inclination. Genomes. 2016;12(3):42. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various studies related to the tea genome and specific aspects of plant biochemistry and growth without any mention of fossilized plants or ancient climates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: , Reference Kahneman, Sibony and Sunstein2021), and can be modelled by sampling multiple respondents’ judgements across multiple cases (rather than only one or two cases). Data from the present study reconfirmed that clinical decisions can vary from one respondent to another (i. e. some made normative, and others made counter-normative choices). This is consistent with data from previous studies that show wide variability in actual treatment selection decisions made by several psychological professionals across multiple cases in routine practice (e. g. Delgadillo et al. , Reference Delgadillo, Huey, Bennett and McMillan2017). Strengths, limitations and future research This study followed a rigorous, theoretically informed and multi-phase method to design ecologically valid and realistic clinical case vignettes. This process involved PWPs working in the relevant clinical setting and recruited from nation-wide mailing lists. The experimental design had built-in controls for ordering effects and the recruited sample was adequately powered; the actual sample (n=133) was nearly twice as large as the minimum requirement (n=76). However, the study also had several limitations that could inform the design of future studies. The convenience sampling approach used to recruit participants could be affected by self-selection bias. For example, very busy PWPs may have declined to participate, potentially limiting the ecological representativeness of the sample. The study only collected basic participant characteristics, and these were not linked to data from the experimental task to safeguard anonymity and to promote participation. Therefore, it was not possible to assess if these or other unmeasured features may have influenced decision making during experimental tasks. The CDS metric had a narrow range (0–3), which may have artificially constrained variability. An analogue approach was employed through the use of vignettes, rather than studying decision making in a naturalistic setting. Whilst strengths of the analogue approach include tighter control of variables, it is acknowledged that participants might have been inclined to respond in a socially desirable manner (Hare-Mustin and Marecek, Reference Hare-Mustin and Marecek1988). Emotional evocation in case vignettes is likely to be less intense than simulated (e. g. role play) or actual clinical encounters. Participants may have felt less connected and empathic towards the analogue patients than ‘real’ patients and this may have increased the likelihood of providing more normative responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing variability in clinical decisions among respondents, suggesting that decision-making can be affected by various factors, including unconscious biases. It highlights that some professionals made 'normative' choices while others made 'counter-normative' ones, indicating that prior experiences and biases can influence how decisions are made in practice.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In our study, the RNAi treatment might cause a moderate decrease in upp-1 function causing the beneficial accumulation of the intermediates but not at a toxic level that affects the physiological state. This accumulation might activate a negative feedback regulation loop to inhibit the Notch signaling pathway to achieve the increased longevity of C. elegans (5). Longevity molecules that prevent or attenuate age-related degeneration have long been the ultimate goal of humanity. Many studies have determined that nutrients including, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins, are essential for the survival of organisms. For example, a previous study reported that increasing glucose intake accelerates aging in yeast and C. elegans [50, 51]. Other researchers found that methionine restriction extends the lifespan of Drosophila by downregulating TOR signaling [52]. As one nutrient class, the effect of nucleotides on aging regulation has been scarcely reported. Here, we found that elevated concentrations of some nucleotide bases (e. g. , thymine, orotate, β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, and cytidine) extend the lifespan of worms. Endogenous metabolites such as pyrimidine intermediates could alter C. elegans lifespan, suggesting that an existing internal mechanism may be accessible to intervention; whether this mechanism can translate into manipulating the aging process in humans requires further investigation. The role of Notch signaling in modulating germline proliferation and longevity in response to changes in nucleotide abundance could prompt future mechanistic studies to discover the connections between nucleotide levels and Notch activity, which will help us not only better understand the detail of lifespan regulation by reproductive signals, but also propose a new avenue for investigating lifespan regulation mechanisms by interfering with endogenous metabolic pathways. Materials and and strains The strains used for this publication were obtained from the Center (CGC) (University of Minnesota, USA). Worms were maintained on nematode growth media (NGM) plates at 20 °C with E. coli OP50 bacteria as previously described unless otherwise stated [53]. All of the strains used in this study were: Bristol N2 wild-type, CF1038 daf-16(mu86)I, VC199 sir-2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific research findings on interventions that may extend lifespan in organisms like C. elegans, but it emphasizes that further investigation is required to determine whether these findings can be translated into effective methods for humans. For example, the discussion on various nutrients and their effects on longevity, and the statement that 'whether this mechanism can translate into manipulating the aging process in humans requires further investigation,' suggests that biohacking methods may not provide guaranteed or indefinite reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Conversion of functional specificity in Qb-1 homologues of Arabidopsis. Curr Biol. 2005;15(6):555-560. -Pierce M. Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion enhances amyloplast dynamics in Arabidopsis zigzag1 hypocotyls. J Exp Bot. 2016;67(22):6459-6472. Zheng H, von. The plant vesicle-associated 1a likely mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the prevacuolar compartment. Cell. 1999;10(7):2251-2264. . complex unique to seed plants is required for protein storage vacuole biogenesis and seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2008;20(11):3006-3021. . Vacuolar/pre-vacuolar compartment Qa-3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 have interchangeable functions in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010;64(5):864-873. . Loss-of-function mutations of retromer large subunit genes suppress the phenotype of an Arabidopsis zig mutant that lacks Qb-11. Plant Cell. 2010;22(1):159-172. . ZIP genes encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking of the TGN-PVC/vacuoles. Physiol. 2009;50(12):2057-2068. Wickner W,Rizo J. A cascade of multiple proteins and lipids catalyzes membrane fusion. Cell. 2017;28(6):707-711. . Sec17 can trigger fusion of trans-SNARE paired membranes without Sec18. . 2015;112(18):E2290-E2297. . LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport. Cell Res. 2007;17:402. . Out of shape during stress: a key role for auxin. Sci. 2018;23(9):783-793. Ljung K. Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development. Development. 2013;140(5):943-950. . Transcriptional and hormonal regulation of gravitropism of woody stems in Populus. Plant Cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and findings primarily focused on functional specificity in Arabidopsis and related plant cellular processes. There is no mention or indication that fossilized plants are being analyzed or that they provide insights into ancient climates or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is a common psychological treatment for anxiety and phobias, and it works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus. [SEP] Text: expansion of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the human brain is considered to be responsible for the subjective experience of anxiety and the ability to regulate anxiety-related responses (1,2). While these abilities are advantageous for adapting to the environment, they also contribute to developing anxiety disorders (3). The PFC gathers information from various cortical and subcortical structures to plan adaptation actions. Understanding the function of the PFC has been aided by organizing principles that describe function gradients across the PFC, such as the configuration of the lateral PFC (LPFC) along the rostral/caudal axis based on the level of cognitive control (4). Research using neuroimaging and lesion analysis has suggested that rostral areas of the LPFC are involved in higher levels of cognitive control, processing more abstract representations (5). The hippocampus, known for its role in memory formation, is also crucial in regulating emotions during fear conditioning (6). Unlike the amygdala, which processes cues anticipating a threat, the dorsal hippocampus provides contextual information about the specific threat cue through interactions with the amygdala and ventromedial PFC (7). The dorsal hippocampus encodes contextual information about the threat or cues learned when presented with a stimulus, allowing the organism to differentiate between threat and safety cues, and to evaluate the threat level associated with the stimulus (8,9). This ability to distinguish between threatening and safe features may be essential for automatic cognitive appraisal and reappraisal, contributing to emotion regulation. In animal studies, mice exposed to a tone predicting a shock learn to fear both the tone and the context in which the tone-shock pairs occur (10). Understanding the involvement of the hippocampus in emotional regulation can provide insight into the mechanisms through which emotions are processed and controlled. Understanding the role of the PFC in anxiety disorders has been challenging due to the complex nature of neural processes associated with anxiety. The PFC is responsible for assessing the likelihood of a threat in the environment by gathering information from different brain regions (11). Distorted threat estimations can create a cycle of overreactions to perceived dangers, leading to anxiety and avoidance behaviors. The frontal lobe, specifically the PFC, has significantly evolved in primates, and abnormalities in prefrontal function have been linked to anxiety disorders and their symptoms (2). Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of increasing levels of exposure therapy, in reducing anxiety levels and combating maladaptive behaviors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that the study aimed to determine the effectiveness of increasing levels of exposure therapy in reducing anxiety levels and combating maladaptive behaviors. This aligns directly with the claim that exposure therapy works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Do dietary supplements extend lifespan and prevent brain disease? Genade, Alessia Montesano, and Mawuli MacDonaldBacked by and 8 other backersand : 10. 18258/3104$1,540Raised of $810 Goal190%Funded on 9/10/14Successfully Funded$1,540pledged190%fundedFundedon 9/10/14? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(6)Discussion (17)ProjectCan a cheap, over the counter pill, prevent the onset of ageing-related diseases and extend lifespan? I use the short-lived fish (9 to 12 weeks), Nothobranchius furzeri as a model organism to test compounds for lifespan altering affects. Using my fish to quickly identify candidate supplements would save time in testing the different compounds on long-lived (3 years) mice and rats and instead research can quickly proceed to human trials. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? A multitude of such nutraceuticals are available but are any really effective? Nothobranchius furzeri can be used to test compounds for lifespan altering affects (PMID: 16461283). Part of the work is obvious (I count the days the fish live) while another aspect is more technical. Fish are killed and their brains examined for signs of disease. In this project I am interested in signs of brain disease. Specifically, the production of scar tissue by glia; the presence of inflammation; and the abundance of misfolded proteins (such as misfolded tau and alpha-synuclein found in dementia). We know that with age there is an accumulation of misfolded tau and alpha-synuclein in the fish as well as increased glial scar tissue; and that anti-aging interventions affect these proteins in the fish. What is the significance of this project? No systematic study has been done to determine which proteins change with age in Nothobranchius and whether these changes are correlated with changes in lifespan. Identifying a panel of proteins known to change in response to lifespan would provide other researchers with a starting point to work back to the biochemical mechanisms of ageing. This information can be used to develop more effective drugs against aging-related diseases. This research would also identify nutraceuticals supplements that could be taken to offset the risk of ageing-related diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research that focuses on dietary supplements and their potential to extend lifespan and prevent age-related diseases, rather than suggesting that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or achieve indefinite lifespan extension. It emphasizes the ongoing research into the effectiveness of nutraceuticals and the complexity of aging, stating that no systematic study has been done to determine which proteins change with age in the studied fish, indicating that while some interventions can affect age-related changes, there is no evidence presented that supports the indefinite reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2015;27(10):2800-2813. . VLN2 regulates plant architecture by affecting microfilament dynamics and polar auxin transport in rice. Plant Cell. 2015;27(10):2829-2845. . Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(13):3321-3329. Majda M,Robert S. The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. Mol Sci. 2018;19(4). . (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. Plant J. 2018;93(6):1076-1087. -H, Fujioka S, Lin W-. Antagonistic HLH/bHLH transcription factors mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and plant development in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009;21(12):3767-3780. . HEC of a job regulating stem cells. Devel Cell. 2014;28(4):349-350. . A regulatory framework for shoot stem cell control integrating metabolic, transcriptional, and phytohormone signals. Dev Cell. 2014;28(4):438-449. . PkMADS1 is a novel MADS box gene regulating adventitious shoot induction and vegetative shoot development in Paulownia kawakamii. Plant J. 2002;29(2):141-151. . PpeTAC1 promotes the horizontal growth of branches in peach trees and is a member of a functionally conserved gene family found in diverse plants species. Plant J. 2013;75(4):618-630. . A brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach trees is caused by a nonsense mutation within the gibberellic acid receptor PpeGID1c. New Phytol. 2016;210(1):227-239. . Phases of dormancy in Yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata). Ann Bot. 2006;97(4):497-504. . A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics. Mol Plant. 2013;6(6):1769-1780. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various scientific topics related to plant genes, hormones, and development, without any mention of fossilized plants or their contribution to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is a common psychological treatment for anxiety and phobias, and it works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus. [SEP] Text: In addition, the exclusion criteria were as follows: The primary or secondary diagnosis met the criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia or acute stress disorder, the primary diagnosis was not an anxiety disorder, mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder, psychosis, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder or substance use was a co- or secondary diagnosis, the presence of a chronic disorder of organic origin and a recent trauma with ongoing forensic process. Prior to commencing the research, all necessary units of the private health institution were informed about the research and the process, and the necessary permissions were obtained. All persons, units and institutions participating in the process were informed, and their application and research permissions were obtained. Study procedure At this stage, the participants in the study group were informed about the increasing levels of exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. meeting with the client, a detailed conversation about anxiety, the treatment process for the client, and short and long-term treatment processes were determined. A form was prepared by discussing anxiety-related issues with each client and creating a list. Brain-based explanations for anxiety were given to each client. Short psychoeducational presentations were made for questions, such as how the brain works and what it needs. After the presentations, a form was created that included a list of clients who would participate in the exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. The goals selected from the list were divided into achievable tasks to gradually relieve the clients' anxiety. Behavioral changes were made by changing each client's behaviors towards different goals in this way and dividing them into small, easy practices. Clients were exposed to situations that aroused the sensation that they had difficulty in doing with increasing frequency, and the brain was reprogrammed. Any tasks that the clients could not carry out during the session were given to them as a home assignment. Unfulfilled home assignments were requested again, and support was provided for carrying out the home assignments. In this manner, the clients were provided with their comfort zones with measured and frequent steps, and the control of their home assignments was ensured. It was explained to the clients that moderate and reasonable anxiety strengthens memory. Thus, increasing levels of adrenaline in the brain play a role in encoding and reinforcing the implicit memory of the amygdala. This information enabled the clients to perform their home assignments meticulously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of exposure therapy. It describes how participants in the study were informed about 'increasing levels of exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy' and how clients were gradually exposed to anxiety-inducing situations with 'increasing frequency.' This aligns with the claim that exposure therapy works by gradually increasing exposure, which is a key element in treating anxiety and phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: To see if the supplements have any affect on brain diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's Disease we need the Syn211, SMI311 and Anti-tau antibodies. The budget breakdown includes the cost of shipping. *The GA5 and Actin antibodies were obtained elsewhere. Meet the have been keeping and breeding fish all my life and was elated to join a Nothobranchius research time in 2003. My interest in ageing began during a conference in 2001 where several ageing researchers spoke about their work. I walked out the lecture theater that day knowing what research I wanted to do. This project is a continuation of my PhD work to identify Nothobranchius proteins that change with age so we can better understand how the fish age, what about ageing kills them, and how anti-ageing interventions (like resveratrol treatment) prolong lifespan. I already have a lot of data but had to cut my work short to take up my teaching position. want to get the data I need to complete my current dataset and publish the information. am not doing science for fun, I relax by maintaining my home aquaria, growing planted aquaria, growing & breeding orchids and playing with my 6 month old son. Tyrone GenadeI'm an of Anatomy & Physiology at Northwestern College, Iowa. I research ageing, in particular, the ageing of the short-lived fish, Nothobranchius furzeri. My current research goal is to profile changes in expression of proteins known to be involved in mammalian ageing of the brain in these fish. To do this I need your help! I hold a M. Sc. in Biochemistry and a Ph. D. in Anatomy & Cell Biology. One of my papers, Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and retards the onset of age-related markers in a short-lived vertebrate, has been cited over 500 times and my first paper on Nothobranchius aging (Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius as a model system for aging research) has been cited 78 times. My recent, 2014 paper (Resveratrol extends lifespan and preserves glia but not neurons of the Nothobranchius guentheri optic tectum), has been cited 7 times so far. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that while anti-aging interventions like resveratrol treatment may prolong lifespan, it does not claim that aging can be fully reversed or that lifespan can be extended indefinitely. The researcher discusses their work on understanding aging through studying fish, and emphasizes the need for further research to better understand aging and its related diseases, rather than suggesting that biohacking methods completely halt or reverse the aging process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: . Postharvest metabolomic changes in Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. wild accession ‘Zaoshu Shanli’. J Sep Sci. 2018;41(21): 4001-4013. . 5-Hydroxyhexanoic acid predicts early renal functional decline in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Press Res. 2019;44(2): 245-263. . KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Res. 2008;36:480-484. . TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol. 2013;14(4):R36. Li B,Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:323. . Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol. 2010;11(2):R14. . Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(19):3787-3793. . Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments. Planta. 2019(250):281-298. . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. . Identification and evaluation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze). Mol Sci. 2014;15(12):22155-22172. LegendsAdditional file 1: Fig. S1 Growth architectures of MZ (a and d), QQ (b and e) and LYQQ (c and f) in a natural tea garden. The shoots of QQ and LYQQ exhibit a zigzag shape. Fig. S2 Stem morphology (a) and inter-node length (b) analysis of and QQ. Mature stems were collected on February 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to molecular biology, RNA sequencing, and gene expression, but does not mention fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is a common psychological treatment for anxiety and phobias, and it works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus. [SEP] Text: value for the experimental group was 29. 122. and the F value for the control was 1. 625. P-values: 0. 001 for the experimental group and 0. 234 for the control group. 's State-Inventory. As shown in Fig. 2, the pre-test Trait-mean score of the experimental group was 8. 0667, the post-test mean score was 4. 6667, and the follow-up mean score was 4. 4667. The pre-test Trait-mean score of the control group was 8. 0667, the post-test mean score was 7. 733, and the follow-up mean score was 7. 706. This finding indicates that the participants' anxiety levels markedly decreased after the application and in the measurements made after the application, and the results did not change in the follow-up measurements made afterwards. This finding indicates that the effect of the therapeutic application made in the research continues. On the other hand, it can be seen that there is no change in the control group. As shown in Fig. 2, it is clear that the change is due to the therapeutic application. Figure 2Results of repeated measurements analysis of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up test scores of the study participants. In addition, preliminary checks were made to confirm that the variances were not violated, reliable measurement of normality, linearity, homogeneity of variances, and homogeneity of regression trends. According to the results of no significant difference was found between the post-test mean scores adjusted for Spielberger's State-Inventory according to sex (P>0. 05) (Table IV). In other words, the results indicate that females and males do not react differently to the therapeutic approach used in the study. Table IVResults of for Spielberger's State-Inventory post-test scores according to sex. Table IVResults of for Spielberger's State-Inventory post-test scores according to sex. Dependent variable: Post-testSource of varianceSum of squaresdfMean squaresF valueP-valueEffect sizeCorrected model10. 05733,3521. 4590. 2790. 285Sex1. 93611,936 Pre-test1. 02811,028 re-test of sex1. 02811,028 Error25. 276112,298 Total362. ,00015 Corrected total35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents findings from a study indicating that an experimental therapeutic application resulted in a marked decrease in anxiety levels among participants, with no similar change observed in the control group. This supports the claim regarding the effectiveness of a psychological treatment (likely exposure therapy) in reducing anxiety, thereby corroborating that such treatments work to reduce fear responses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-4 pp 315—327 Overexpression of Sir2 in the adult fat body is sufficient to extend lifespan of male and female Hoffmann1, Renja Romey1,2, Christine Fink1, Li Yong1, Thomas Roeder1, 1 University of Kiel, Dept. of Zoophysiology II, 24098 Kiel, Germany 2 and 20146 Hamburg, Germany Received: April 16, 2013 Accepted: April 27, 2013 Published: April 29, 2013 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 100553 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2013 Hoffmann et al. This is an open-access 2. 1 extends lifespan of worms by up to 50 % [2]. In Drosophila, ubiquitous, constitutive overexpression as well as panneuronal overexpression only in the adult animal was shown to extend lifespan [3, 4]. Studies in mice have demonstrated that the Sir2 homolog Sirt1 does not increase life expectancy but promotes a longer health span by prevention of age associated diseases [5-7]. Due to the apparent evolutionarily conserved effect of Sir2/Sirt1 on health and ageing, the physiological functions and protein targets of the enzyme have been intensively studied in mammals in order to cure age-related diseases. SIRT1 was shown to increase insulin sensitivity and regulate energy expenditure through stimulation of oxidative metabolism like fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation in mice [5, 8-10]. This predestines the enzyme as a novel target for the treatment of diabetes [11]. In addition, it has been implicated in the etiology and/or cure of cancer, Alzheimer's and other age-related diseases [12-14]. In contrast to mammals, in Drosophila only few studies tried to elucidate physiological functions of Sir2 and the molecular mechanisms, which may mediate its effect on life span. A screen for obesity-inducing genes in Drosophila larvae pointed to a role for Sir2 in regulating fat metabolism and response to amino-acid starvation [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that while certain methods, such as the overexpression of Sir2, have been shown to extend lifespan in model organisms like worms and Drosophila, it specifically states that studies in mice demonstrate that the Sir2 homolog Sirt1 does not increase life expectancy but rather promotes a longer health span by preventing age-associated diseases. This indicates that biohacking methods may not fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The length of the inter-node between the third and fourth nodes (red lines) was determined (n=5). ** indicates a significant difference at the 0. 01 level. Fig. S3 GO enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), and QQ-vs-LYQQ (c). Fig. S4 KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-LYQQ_MZ-vs-QQ _QQ-vs-LYQQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), MZ-vs-QQ (c) and QQ-vs-LYQQ (d). Fig. S5. Differential metabolites identified from MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ. Additional file 2: Table S1 Summary of the RNA-Seq data derived from MZ, QQ, and LYQQ. Table S2 Statistics of the number of detected genes in each cultivar Additional file 3: Table S3 Seventy-six key DEGs identified to be involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants Additional file 4: Table S4 DEGs and primers used for qRT-PCR validation of the transcriptomeSupplementary FilesAdditionalfile1Fig. S1. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S3. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S2. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S4. tifAdditionalfile4TableS4. docxAdditionalfile3TableS3. docxAdditionalfile2TableS1. docxAdditionalfile2TableS2. docxAdditionalfile1Fig. S5. tif:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 3posted Submission checks completed at journal25 Feb, 2020Editorial decision: Accept25 Feb, 2020You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionslets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on RNA-Seq data and differential metabolite analysis in tea plants, which are unrelated topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is a common psychological treatment for anxiety and phobias, and it works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus. [SEP] Text: It was determined that there was a significant interaction to the parietal region at 10-13 Hz for alpha right and left [(t (14)=3. 111, P<0. 05] (Table V) This indicates a change in EEG asymmetry asymmetry (please also see the aforementioned data; Fig. 3). These findings demonstrated that the therapeutic application affected the EEG asymmetry changes at the cortical level. Table VThe changes in the right and left frontal and parietal lobe alpha frequencies (10-13 Hz) between the pre-test and post-test. Table VThe changes in the right and left frontal and parietal lobe alpha frequencies (10-13 Hz) between the pre-test and post-test. Group10-13 HzMeannStd. deviationdftP-valueExperimental groupFrontal lobePre-test right2. 0000150. 00000141. 3440. 05 Post-test left6. 0000150. 81650 Parietal lobePre-test right2. 5000150. 29099143. 1110. 05 Post-test left6. 7500151. 50000 the present study, when the data obtained from the analyses were examined, the effectiveness of the gradually increasing levels of exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for maladaptive behavior and anxiety was examined. To date, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies available in Turkey on the application of such methods, namely a brain-based psychological intervention program for anxiety. Therefore, the study is the first of its kind in Turkey. Herein, it was found that the methods used for maladaptive behavior and anxiety were effective and reduced the levels of anxiety in the study participants. This finding can be interpreted as an effective application method for anxiety. According to the follow-up evaluations at the end of the therapy, it was stated by all clients that they benefited greatly from the therapeutic application and that their quality of life increased compared to that before the therapy. A previous study on cognitive behavioral therapy demonstrated that the participants experienced a significant shift in their resting forebrain activity from greater relative right to greater relative left after receiving treatment (13). That study also found that individuals with higher levels of left frontal brain activity before treatment had larger reductions in anxiety symptoms after treatment and lower levels of anxiety post-treatment (11). These associations were specifically related to the frontal alpha EEG asymmetry metric. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of gradually increasing levels of exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for maladaptive behavior and anxiety. It states that the methods used were effective in reducing anxiety levels in study participants, aligning with the claim that exposure therapy works by gradually increasing exposure to fear-inducing stimuli.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Moreover, Sir2 apparently regulates expression of genes involved in fat metabolism and the lack of Sir2 increases fat deposition under normal conditions and consequently impairs starvation survival of flies [16]. It has been hypothesized that Sir2 mediates the effects of dietary restriction (DR) on fly lifespan because decreased activity of the histone deacetylase RPD3, which is down-regulated in DR, increases SIR2 activity [3]. This hypothesis is corroborated by the recent results that revealed a diet-dependent effect of Sir2 on lifespan of Drosophila [17]. In addition, P53 is discussed as a downstream target of RPD3 and SIR2 in mediating longevity [4]. Strong doubts over the lifespan prolonging effect of Sir2 overexpression have recently been expressed [18]. As different genetic backgrounds of control and experimental animals can be a confounder in lifespan experiments, Burnett et al. [19] aimed to validate results for C. elegans and Drosophila with genetically matched controls and could not confirm the positive effect on lifespan. However, a very recent study has supported the initial observation by showing that genetic manipulation of Sir2 in the fly's fat body elongates lifespan in Drosophila [17]. Thus, an urgent need to either confirm or rebut these effects of Sir2 expression levels on lifespan exists. We used the inducible GeneSwitch Gal4/UAS system [20] to drive Sir2 overexpression in the fat body only, which offers two major advantages: first, it is possible to restrict overexpression to the adult animals without affecting development and second, Sir2 overexpressing flies and control flies have the same genetic background since overexpression is induced by treatment with mifepristone (RU486). We found that Sir2 overexpression in the fat body only can promote longevity in both sexes. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the fat tissue revealed no overt structural changes. However transcriptional profiles of fat bodies after DR or Sir2 overexpression suggest that the interventions promote longevity through independent mechanisms. Overexpression of Sir2 in the of avoid differences in genotypes between control and experimental animals, we used the inducible Gene[20] to overexpress Sir2 in the fat body of adult flies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and uncertainties surrounding the effects of Sir2 on lifespan. While there are hypotheses about the role of Sir2 in mediating dietary restriction effects on fly lifespan, the text notes that strong doubts have been expressed about the lifespan prolonging effect of Sir2 overexpression. Additionally, it highlights that validation studies did not confirm the positive effects of Sir2 on lifespan in C. elegans and Drosophila, indicating that there is no clear evidence supporting the idea that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3111723/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published16 May, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMany organisms, particularly plants, can reproduce both sexually and asexually but with varying frequencies. Because variations in the reproductive system profoundly affect fitness and genomic diversity, natural selection should act on changes between sexual and asexual types of propagation. However, the genomic evidence of natural selection driving switches between reproductive systems remains scarce, and the evolutionary consequences of such switches on the genomic and epigenomic diversity remain controversial. Here, by analyzing population genomes and epigenomes of Spirodela polyrhiza (L. ) Schleid. , a facultatively asexual angiosperm, we show that while the genomic diversity and DNA methylation levels are very low, they vary among populations. These variations are associated with both the demographic history and the frequency of sexual reproduction in each population. A genome-wide scan revealed that multiple genes involved in flowering and embryogenesis were under positive selection, consistent with the hypothesis that natural selection drove the evolution of asexuality in this plant. Together, these results provide new insights into the evolution of plant reproductive systems and suggest that natural selection can drive the evolutionary changes of asexuality, which in turn alters the levels of genomic and epigenomic diversity. Biological sciences/Evolution/Population geneticsBiological sciences/Genetics/EpigenomicsBiological sciences/Evolution/Evolutionary geneticsBiological sciences/Genetics/Evolutionary biologyBiological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant reproductionFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4IntroductionUnderstanding the evolution of sexual reproduction has long been at the centre of evolutionary biology. Theories suggest that asexual reproduction is beneficial for the short term but costly for the long term, mainly due to accumulations of deleterious mutations and low effective population size1–5. Facultative asexuality, where organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually depending on environmental conditions, should be optimal for one individual’s lifespan6,7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the reproductive systems of plants and the genomic diversity associated with sexual and asexual reproduction, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The placebo effect, where a patient experiences real improvements due to believing they're receiving treatment, is observed in many clinical trials. [SEP] Text: While you’re on the trial you get a lot more attention, people want to know how you’re going and you do get a bit of extra TLC, which is probably very egocentric but everyone on the trial experiences it and I think that is therapeutic in a way. (F, 70–79, C3) Stage 3: Coming off a clinical drug trialThis theme described the experiences of a considerable proportion of participants in both samples (21% and 25%, respectively) that had previously transitioned off a clinical drug trial (Table 1). In particular, participants reflected on the negative or challenging aspects of transitioning back to usual care and the worries and concerns which accompanied a trial drug not being successful in treating their cancer. Transition back to standard careComing off trial was described as a significant change. Transitions from highly attentive on-trial care to standard care that leaves a lot to be desired (M, 70–79, C3) were difficult for some participants. I suppose you tend to get rather spoiled by your trial nurse because, as I said, nothing was too much trouble, whereas being off the trial, well, yeah, that leaves a lot to be desired… like being part of the general population again… it makes life a bit more difficult. (M, 70–79, C3). For other participants, the possibility that they could go off the trial, and the conditions and decision-making to take them off, was poorly communicated. This meant it was a bit of a shock when they were transitioned off trial with little notice (M, 30–39, C1). They probably mentioned it in all the documents they’ve given me but there’s a lot to read and you don’t always retain everything either, like, I’m not in the medical profession. But maybe if they could just say, ‘If things go this way you won’t continue on the trial’… it would have been good maybe if they could just explain that a bit more that you’ll be on the trial until something like this happens and then you’ll be off. (M, 30–39, C1). One facet of coming off trial was a sense of worry about wasting time while being on an experimental drug that proved to be ineffective (M, 30–39, C1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by implying that the extra attention and care received by participants during a clinical trial, referred to as 'extra TLC,' creates a therapeutic environment that may contribute to positive experiences and feelings of well-being, aligning with the concept of the placebo effect. Participants reflected on how care changes dramatically when moving off the trial, suggesting that the perceived benefit received while on the trial might stem from this attention, providing supportive context for the placebo effect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Here, tissue-specific overexpression of Sir2 is achieved by administration of mifepristone (RU486) to the F1 generation of a cross of UAS-Sir2 with the driver line S1106-Gal4 while genetically and developmentally identical controls feed on normal medium supplemented with the same dose of the diluent ethanol. We first examined the expression level of Sir2 under the experimental conditions. UAS-Sir2>S1106-Gal4 flies were fed 400 μM RU486 or diluent only for 24 h. Fat bodies were dissected and qPCR for Sir2 mRNA was performed. We detected an approx. 3. 5 fold and 2. 5 fold up-regulation of Sir2 gene expression in the fat bodies of females and males, respectively (Fig. S1). This system induces a moderate increase of Sir2 expression, which is presumably in the physiological range of expression changes. Until recently, studies that aimed to investigate the effect of Sir2 on lifespan mainly manipulated its gene expression in whole animals or the nervous system. We decided to study the effect of overexpressing Sir2 in the fat body as it is strongly expressed in this tissue [3]. Moreover, the fat body integrates the response to both immune and metabolic stimuli, which are both important modulators of the aging process [21, 22]. To do so, we determined lifespan of mated UAS-Sir2>S1106-Gal4 flies fed on medium with or without RU486 throughout adult life. Survival curves of females (Fig. 1A) and males (Fig. 1C) overexpressing Sir2 are significantly shifted to the right. As shown in Table 1, median lifespan of females and males treated with RU486 is increased by 12 % and 13 % compared to controls, respectively. These data show that even the relatively weak overexpression of Sir2 induced by the S1106-Gal4 line in the adult fat body promotes longevity in flies, largely by delaying the onset of cohort aging. To rule out the possibility that the GAL4 activator RU486 itself may elongate lifespan of Drosophila, we performed lifespan experiments with flies from a crossing of the w1118 strain and the driver line S1106-Gal4. Flies were treated as described above and no significant shift in survival curves was observed for either females (Fig. 1B) or males (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while overexpression of the Sir2 gene in Drosophila promotes longevity, resulting in a modest increase in median lifespan (12% for females and 13% for males), it does not support the idea that aging can be fully reversed or lifespan extended indefinitely. The findings suggest that only a relatively weak overexpression of Sir2 promotes longevity and does not imply that biohacking alone can completely reverse aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: While rather few animals such as aphids (aphidoidea)8, water fleas (cladocerans)9, and rotifers10 reproduce facultatively asexually, up to ~ 80% of the flowering plants, including important crops and keystone species, can reproduce both sexually and asexually11. Asexual reproduction in plants involves different types of vegetative reproduction (e. g. runners, tubers, bulbs, corms, suckers, plantlets), as well as apomixis, the formation of seeds without fertilization12. Because changes between sexual and asexual reproduction profoundly affect fitness, natural selection might act on the genetic controls of sexual and asexual reproduction in facultative asexual organisms, which in turn can alter the levels of genomic diversity, heterozygosity and effectiveness of selection in the population2,5,13−15. However, direct evidence supporting this prediction remains scarce, mainly due to the lack of a suitable facultative asexually reproducing system in which the signature of selection can be detected at genomic levels. Evolutionary changes in sexual and asexual reproduction might also affect the maintenance and dynamics of epigenetic markers, i. e. , DNA methylations. In plants, cytosine methylation can occur in three sequence contexts: CpG, CHG, and CHH (H = A, T, or C), which are controlled by different mechanisms and have different dynamics during reproduction16. Typically, CpG and CHG methylation are maintained by methyltransferases1 (MET1) and 3 (CMT3), whereas CHH methylation is mostly maintained by CMT2 or the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway17. However, CMT3 was found to also play a role in the maintenance of CHH methylation, as well as de novo methylation18. During sexual reproduction, DNA methylations are highly dynamic19. In both male and female gametogenesis, the megaspore mother cell and its male analogue experience dramatic chromatin changes during cell specification, such as heterochromatin decondensation and an enlarged nuclear21. During male gametogenesis, sperm DNA is highly methylated in the CpG and CHG context but has low CHH methylation in retrotransposons19,22,23. During female gametogenesis, CpG and CHH methylation remains largely steady24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the reproductive mechanisms, genetic controls, and epigenetic markers in flowering plants but does not mention fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The placebo effect, where a patient experiences real improvements due to believing they're receiving treatment, is observed in many clinical trials. [SEP] Text: AbstractMethodological aspects of study design affect therapeutic outcome. We tested the hypothesis that treatment effect of an active drug in studies on acute therapy of migraine is lower in placebo-controlled studies than in those not using a placebo-controlled design. From 522 eligible studies on acute therapy of migraine cited in Pubmed database which were published between 1964 and 1997 we randomly selected 100 studies for evaluation. We excluded five studies because they did not include a quantitative measurement of pain intensity. Of the 95 studies included in the analysis, 61 used placebo control. Response to active drug was significantly lower (P < 0. 05) in placebo-controlled studies (61% [lower and upper quartiles 44% and 75%] vs. 71% [56% and 75%]). We did not find any significant effect of quality of study design on net effect of verum. This observation should be taken into account for future planning of controlled clinical studies in acute migraine. IntroductionThe standard design for evaluation of treatment effects is a placebo-controlled trial. This design allows a separation of the active pharmacological effects of a drug from its placebo effect (1). Placebos have been reported to improve subjective and objective outcomes in pain therapy in about 30–40% of patients with a wide range of responses (2). Explanations for the mechanism of action of placebo in pain research include natural history and regression to the mean as well as non-specific influences. These non-specific influences include physician attention, the sense of interest and concern provided by a healing setting, as well as patient and physician expectations of treatment effects (3). Recent studies have focused on the impact of non-specific influences of placebo in pain therapy (2, 4). The extent to which the patient or clinician believes in the effectiveness of a therapy may influence the power of non-specific effects (5). When using placebo control in studies on pain therapy expectations of success of therapy by both clinicians and patients anticipating a potentially powerless placebo may be diminished. Therefore we tested the hypothesis that the total drug effect is lower in those studies using a placebo when compared with those trials designed without placebo control in studies on acute therapy of migraine. MethodsLiterature search and selection of studiesWe searched in the Pubmed database for trials published between 1964 and 1997. The search was performed using the keywords placebo, acute therapy, and migraine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that placebos have been reported to improve subjective and objective outcomes in pain therapy for about 30–40% of patients. This supports the notion that the placebo effect, where real improvements are attributed to the belief in receiving treatment, is indeed observed in clinical trials, particularly in pain management settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: 1D) compared to controls. Figure 1. Increased expression of Sir2 in the fat body extended lifespan of male and female flies. Mated female (A) or male (C) UAS-Sir2>S1106-Gal4 flies were fed 400 μM RU486 or diluent (ethanol) throughout adult life and lifespan was determined. As a control for a potential lifespan extending effect of RU486, the driver line was crossed to w1118 and female (B) or male control flies (D) of the F1 generation were treated as the experimental flies. For p-values of log rank test see Table 1, n = 100 for each group. Table 1. Elevated expression levels of Sir2 increased life expectancy of flies GenotypeSexRU486Median lifespan (d)Median lifespan extension (% of control)Maximum lifespan (d)χ2p-valueUAS-Sir2>S1106-Gal4♀−4912. 3598. 7960. 003UAS-Sir2>S1106-Gal4♀+5562UAS-Sir2>S1106-Gal4♂−5512. 76813. 150. 0003UAS-Sir2>S1106-Gal4♂+6271w1118>S1106-Gal4♀−456. 7630. 352nsw1118>S1106-Gal4♀+4863w1118>S1106-Gal4♂−573. 4700. 015nsw1118>S1106-Gal4♂+5976 Data derived from log rank analysis of the survival curves shown in Fig. 1. The maximum lifespan is the median of 10 % survival. Log rank test was performed using Graph6. 00. ns, not significant. Experiments shown are representatives of two independent experiments. by Sir2 Overexpression and Do not finding that fat body Sir2 can promote a long life led us to examine which candidate mechanisms may play a role in conferring Sir2-dependent longevity. As several studies suggest that Sir2 mediates at least parts of the response to dietary restriction (DR)[3, 17] we aimed to elucidate how these two interventions alter gene expression patterns of the fat body and to what extent transcriptional responses match. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing an experiment involving the overexpression of the Sir2 gene in flies, which suggests that while certain genetic interventions can increase lifespan, it does not imply that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. The data focuses on lifespan extension measured in days and various conditions, indicating it is not an indefinite reversal of aging.