Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: "2" refers to any line which appears in 6–9 spectra, and "3" denotes that the lower state energy has been determined from 3 to 5 spectra. Finally, "0" indicates that the lower state energy could not be determined from the spectra available; in this case it means that the line occurs in less than three spectra in total. It should be noted that for region D a maximum quality factor of only "2" is achievable. An extract of the hot CH4 line list at 1000°C is displayed in Table 8; the complete line lists are available online in an electronic format. Reset image size Figure 5. Comparison of line intensities at 1000°C with the values for corresponding lines (within ±0. 0025 cm−1) recorded by Nassar & Bernath (2003) at 1273 K. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Table 7. (cm−1) (cm−1) (cm−1) % 1313. 30 1364. 00 1336. 88 2. 0 3072. 57 1590. 79 1494. 72 6. 4 1323. 51 1644. 41 1639. 18 0. 3 1304. 20 1879. 95 1780. 71 5. 6 1301. 59 2036. 83 1976. 72 3. 0 Notes. aThese lines are displayed in Figure 2. bAs shown in the slope of the lines in Figure 2. Download table as: imageTable 8. Extract of the 1000°C Hot CH4 (°C) (cm−1) (cm molecule−1) (cm−1) Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 1343. 952393 4. 21E-22 3. 29E+03 1 1000 1343. 962722 1. 57E-23 1. 82E+03 H 1000 1343. 974972 2. 30E-23 2. 17E+03 H 1000 1343. 980835 8. 99E-23 3. 08E+03 2 1000 1343. 982910 8. 99E-23 2. 78E+03 1 1000 1343. 992990 3. 38E-23 1. 93E+03 H 1000 1344. 015503 3. 96E-23 5. 20E+03 3 1000 1344. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details related to line intensities of methane (CH4) at 1000°C and does not mention anything about biological processes or their implications for the presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres. The content is purely focused on spectroscopy data, which does not relate to the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Better utilization of Lolium perenne in biorefineries based on its chemical composition Yuhong Shi, Jörg-: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 29 The cutting date has a major effect on the quality and chemical composition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) biomass. The present study was conducted to find the impacts of cutting date on grass biomass qualities, in order to develop a better utilization strategy of L. perenne in biorefineries. The nutritive values of ten different L. perenne varieties, each cut at two different maturity stages, were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We found that the cutting dates had essential effects on grass quality. Further work will focus on defining the cutting dates regarding specific grass utilizations. Shall we add some flowers or even add some weeds – will this be the solution for business of seeds? DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 30 Implementation of European law might have strong influences on future species composition of perennial grassland and forage production. For different reasons it might be necessary to (re)add additional species to forage production fields. Multiplication of wild herbs for municipal areas has already been started as a consequence of the convention on biological diversity with economic success for the companies that started to produce seed in time. For the same reasons it can be expected that agricultural production fields will have to contribute in the frame of their possibilities to deliver biodiversity in future. Wild herbs in intensive permanent grassland have decreased strongly. There are reasons to predict that especially the permanent grassland will not only be worth but might be forced legally to contribute to biological diversity in a more intensive manner than it did during the last decades. The functional contributions of wild herbs and minor forage species to grassland in terms of animal health, food quality, climate change adaptability and biological diversity are discussed. Breeding and seed multiplication of wild herb species are presented as an option. Opportunities for breeders, seed multipliers and seed merchants are outlined. Potential for developing improved rhizobium inoculants and lucerne varieties for efficient symbiosis in sustainable agriculture Åshild Ergon, Yuan Gao, Tina Schmaucks, Åsa Frostegård DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by emphasizing the importance of biodiversity in agricultural environments, particularly in relation to the adaptability of grassland species to environmental changes. It discusses how the implementation of diverse species, including wild herbs and other forage plants, is necessary to enhance biological diversity and adaptability, which aligns with the idea that genetic diversity can foster resilience in crops facing changing conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: To date, most CEC field occurrence studies at DWTPs have involved only larger-sized facilities. There is a need to involve smaller-sized DWTPs in CEC occurrence studies to understand if small systems are disproportionately impacted by DFR. Analysis using could help identify DWTPs at higher risk of DFR where such studies could be most beneficial in defining the magnitude of CEC occurrence. These may also be locations where investment in public infrastructure (e. g. , upgraded WWTP or advanced DWTP unit processes) may have the largest ecological or human health risk, respectively. Until such infrastructure is installed, communities predicted to have high DRF levels may be of interest to the health community as locations for assessing biomarkers or health outcomes from wastewater reuse. MethodsStudy area and facilities consideredTexas is located in the south-central USA, covers 695,662 km2, and spans three national hydrologic units (Regions 11 (Red), 12 (Texas Gulf) and 13 (Rio Grande). Texas is the second-most populated state in the US, having about 25 million inhabitants in 2010. By 2060, the population is projected to double to 46 million people, and Texas’s annual municipal water demand is predicted to increase from 4. 9 million acre feet in 2010 to 7. 8 million acre feet by 2060. 54 Water availability varies in Texas, spanning from limited resources in the arid western region to being water-rich in eastern areas. 55 Increasing populations will likely lead to greater reliance and impacts of planned and unplanned (de facto) wastewater reuse. This study included 400 community public water systems in Texas withdrawing surface water from 595 surface water intakes (Table 1). Some DWTPs have more than one surface water intake. Figures SI. 1 and SI. 2 show locations of drinking water sources in Texas and the population served by each DWTP. These surface water DWTPs account for 2690 MGD of design capacity (118 m3/s). This is augmented with a large number of groundwater-supplied facilities that combine to treat up to another 1514 MGD (66 m3/s) of potable water. The groundwater facilities were not included in this study because DFR is less common in groundwater systems and is not considered in the model. A DWTP database was retrieved, and activity codes for facilities unified, from the (TDWW), (TWDB), and on Environmental Quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating significant disparities in water availability across different regions of Texas, such as the limited resources in the arid western region compared to the water-rich eastern areas. This suggests that access to clean drinking water is not equal and varies depending on geographical factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: 033569 1. 19E-22 3. 18E+03 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Only a portion of this table is shown here to demonstrate its form and content. A machine-readable version of the full table is available. Download table as: DataTypeset image 4. have produced CH4 line lists which can be used at temperatures from 300°C to 1400°C. The calibration of the wavenumber scale for each spectrum was done by making wavenumber comparisons of 20 lines to the database and this gives an overall accuracy of better than 0. 005 cm−1. The wavenumber calibration is straightforward but intensity calibration is more difficult. Line intensities are notoriously hard to calibrate and our calibration was made by comparing as many lines as possible to the database. In the end our overall line intensity accuracy is approximately a factor of two. Intensity matches for lower wavenumbers (regions A and B) were good and allowed a consistent calibration function to be determined. Each region overlapped the neighboring region with enough emission lines to place all regions on the same scale. For region D the intensity matches with were effectively absent so a calibration factor could not be determined from this region alone. Since all regions are on the same scale, the calibration function was extrapolated into region D. In order to validate our extrapolation we were able to compare our 1000°C spectrum with the equivalent 1273 K spectrum from Nassar & Bernath (2003). The matches (±0. 0025 cm−1) can be seen in Figure 5 and show a clear intensity correlation to within a factor of two which gives confidence in the calibration applied. The slope is present because the Nassar & Bernath (2003) calibrations were performed using a single factor whereas the calibration used here is a parabolic function. It is difficult to estimate an error for the empirical Elow values presented here because self-absorption causes inaccurate intensities resulting in inaccurate empirical Elow values. This means comparisons can only be made between emission lines removed from the line lists and lines inserted from the database. Comparison of the Elow values of the five lines in Figure 2 can give a false impression of the accuracy, as in Table 7. A better estimate can be obtained by plotting the ratio of Elow from compared to the empirical Elow values of the removed lines (Figure 6 at 1000°C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the relationship between methane in exoplanet atmospheres and biological processes. It focuses on the calibration and accuracy of CH4 line lists without discussing their implications or relevance to the claim about biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 31 The N-fixing rhizobial strain Ensifer meliloti 1021 (E. 1021) has the ability to consume N2O, providing an opportunity of greenhouse gas mitigation. We found that two commonly used commercial rhizobium inoculants neither consumed nor produced N2O and had a lower symbiotic efficiency than E. 1021. Lucerne varieties also varied in their symbiotic efficiency, irrespective of inoculum type. The interaction between rhizobia and agricultural crops can be better utilized through plant breeding and development of multifunctional inoculants. New approaches to the establishment of mixed cultures of alfalfa with grasses : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 32 As a consequence of climatic change, alfalfa is becoming the most important forage crop among legume species in the conditions of the Czech Republic. In this study, we focused on mixed cultivation of alfalfa with grasses grown on alternate rows. First results showed advantages of mixed culture compared to pure alfalfa stands. Results from the first harvest year let foresee a significant potential of mixed culture for wider use than only organic agriculture in the context of climatic change. Development of KASPar markers in Festulolium hybrids éard, David Kopecky, Marc Ghesquière,. . . DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 33 Festulolium are interspecific hybrids between ryegrass and fescue species whose genomes in combination may to varying extents, genetically recombine. From a breeding perspective, both in amphiploid hybrids and their back-cross derivatives, it is valuable to determine the extent of any interspecific genome recombination and consequent allelic substitution of one species by another at any one homeologous chromosome locus. Towards this objective, the genotype distribution at 6 SNP loci located on distinct linkage groups was studied using KASPar technology in 3 contrasting L. multiflorum x F. glaucescens populations (2n=4x=28). From first generation hybrids and the amphiploid cv Lueur, the results confirm the predominant disomic inheritance of Festulolium from F. glaucescens. Thus, the average interspecific heterozygosity in the cv Lueur remains close (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of utilizing genetic diversity in the cultivation of crops, specifically mentioning alfalfa and its mixed cultivation with grasses. It points to advantages of mixed cultures, suggesting that such practices can enhance the adaptability of crops to changing climatic conditions, thereby supporting the notion that genetic diversity plays a role in the adaptation of crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The databases include DWTP intake locations (latitude and longitude), public water system identification number (PWSID), population served, and additional data. Information on type of installed treatment processes at DWTPs was obtained from the TDWW for the most recent 2-year dataset available (2017). also allows access to information on the unit processes at each facility. version 10. 4 was used to create maps and conduct the spatial analysis. The data that support the findings of this study were aggregated from a variety of US Federal sources. WWTP data were obtained from 2008-Agency, which includes facility name, permit number (NPDES), level of treatment, design capacity, and location (longitude and latitude of wastewater outfalls to surface water). There are 1206 WWTPs with a total design capacity of 3213 MGD (141 m3/s) that discharge to surface waters; an additional 253 facilities discharge to groundwater, ocean, or evaporation ponds. Figure SI. 3 shows that ~70% of the 1206 WWTPs included in for Texas are relatively small, with treatment capacity below 1 MGD (0. 05 m3/s). Predicting DFR using -based model of previously developed for all WWTPs and DWTPs serving 10,000 people or more16 was augmented to include DWTPs serving 10,000 or fewer people from surface water sources. Precise locations of WWTP discharges and DWTP intakes were verified using the and visually ground-truthed using Google Earth. Streamflow data was obtained from the NHD-USGS, and stream networks were based on the medium-resolution NHD (1:100,000 scale). Strahler stream order defines stream size based on hierarchy of tributaries,56,57 with values for the USA ranging from a low of first order to larger river networks that approach ninth order. Each river segment within a watershed is treated as a node, with the next segment downstream as its parent. For example, when two first-order streams join then a second-order stream forms. Strahler stream order can be obtained from additional calculated attributes in NHD Plus. 56,58 was also updated by adding USGS stream gauges from within the NHD Plus suite; attribute data include average, min, max, and percentile streamflows. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the variability in the capacity and coverage of water treatment plants (DWTPs and WWTPs) in the U.S., indicating that not all populations have the same access to clean drinking water. It discusses the design capacities of various facilities, the small sizes of many WWTPs, and geographical factors such as latitude and longitude that impact access to water treatment services, suggesting significant disparities in access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: It clearly shows that the most common value of theempirical Elow ratio is approximately one and that the majority of empirical Elow values are accurate to within 20%. It can be seen that the most accurate lines (with a quality factor of "1") also display the smallest spread as opposed to the least accurate lines (quality factor of "3"). Figure 6 also shows why it was necessary to remove these lines because there is a tendency toward low ratios (<1) due to inaccurate line intensities caused by self-absorption. Reset image size Figure 6. Histogram showing the ratios of the values to the empirical Elow values. The vertical bars of the histogram have been shaded to indicate the number of points with the quality factors (QF) 1, 2, and 3. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image At high temperatures, thermal decomposition of methane is expected (Thiévin et al. 2008) and lower intensities are indeed observed for our high temperature spectra. The highest temperature spectra recorded in region D (1200°C and 1300°C) were contaminated by the absorption and emission of the products of thermal decomposition, namely C2H2 and C2H4. Attempts have been made to remove these species by using recent line lists (Moudens et al. 2011; Rothman et al. 2009); however, the emission features could not be completely removed. As this is the case, the hot CH4 emission lines could not be distinguished from the products of thermal decomposition and the 1200°C and 1300°C files of region D have been excluded from our analysis. values have been determined previously using a similar method by our group for the hot line lists of NH3 (Hargreaves et al. 2011, 2012). It has also been used in the submillimeter regime (Fortman et al. 2010) and on "cold" CH4 in the infrared (Sciamma-O'Brien et al. 2009; Lyulin et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2012). Fortman et al. (2010) obtained Elow values of an astrophysical "weed" (ethyl cyanide) using numerous cool (−40–140°C) spectra. Sciamma-O'Brien et al. (2009), Lyulin et al. (2010), and Wang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding methane indicating biological processes; instead, it discusses empirical Elow ratios and the challenges of analyzing methane thermal decomposition without making a connection to biogenic sources. Therefore, the content is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: M. Udupa, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2018. Molecular variance and population structure of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) landraces from Mediterranean countries as revealed by simple sequence repeat DNA markers: implications for conservation and use. Resources 16: 249-59. Idrissi, O. , M. S. Udupa, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2016. Functional genetic diversity analysis and identification of associated simple sequence repeats and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to drought tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris Medicus) Landraces. 34: 659-80. Idrissi, O. , S. M. Udupa, C. Houasli, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2015. Genetic diversity analysis of Moroccan lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) landraces using Repeat and reveals functional adaptation towards agro‐environmental origins. 134: 322-32. Jin, L. , G. Jian-Ping, X. Dong-Xu, X. -Y. Zhang, G. Jing and Z. Xu-Xiao. 2008. Genetic diversity and population structure in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm detected by SSR markers. Sinica 34: 1901-9. Kaur, S. , N. O. Cogan, L. W. Pembleton, M. Shinozuka, K. W. Savin, M. Materne and J. W. Forster. 2011. Transcriptome sequencing of lentil based on second-generation technology permits large-scale unigene assembly and SSR marker discovery. BMC Genomics 12: 265. Khazaei, H. , C. T. Caron, M. Fedoruk, M. Diapari, A. Vandenberg, C. J. Coyne, R. Mcgee and K. E. Bett. 2016a. Genetic diversity of cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) and its relation to the world's agro-ecological zones. Frontiers in 7:1093. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by addressing genetic diversity and its implications for crop adaptation. It refers to various studies on lentil landraces that highlight the relationship between genetic diversity and functional adaptations to environmental conditions, suggesting that this diversity is crucial for coping with environmental challenges like drought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractAccess to safe water is a crucial factor in determining environmental sustainability, public health, and economic prosperity. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are an environmental contaminant of growing concern, which undermine the safety of drinking water. The potential health issues of EDCs are not fully understood yet due to there being relatively scarce research on their exposure and associated risks via drinking water consumption. Because of ineffective drinking water supply systems and unknown risk perceptions of EDCs in drinking water, the role of perceived risks in ensuring access to safe drinking water remains unknown, contributing to the occurrence of such potential risks in the global water system. Integrating preventive measures with a multibarrier approach to safe drinking water is highly challenging because of the relatively low public awareness and political responsibility, as well as the nature and characteristics of EDCs themselves. In addition to reviewing the occurrence and public-perceived risks of EDCs in drinking water, this 1784. Water sources, such as rivers, are a convenient way to dispose of industrial waste, and groundwater is often contaminated via leaching from dumping sites, contributing to waterborne diseases. The occurrence of emerging organic contaminants, particularly endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking water, was resurrected as a major concern in the mid-1970s after the first mention in 1965, yet there were few studies after the mid-1970s. 1 Scientific efforts were focused on other environmental contaminants such as heavy metals (e. g. , lead, which is regarded as the oldest global contaminant) before the potential environmental impacts of EDCs as contaminants emerged as a widespread concern. Currently, the impacts of most commonly known pollutants and newly added pollutants are not well understood, and their effects on the ecosystem and human health are particularly unclear. Meanwhile, most of the studies that have been reported thus far are case studies on the presence and risk of EDCs in aquatic systems and treatment plants (wastewater and water). 2,3,4,5Currently, occasional legislative and policy enactments in countries throughout the world have demonstrated the challenges related to achieving water security to ensure better quality and healthier lives, regardless of their development level. The number of water and health-related issues is expected to increase due to ongoing natural disasters (extreme events triggered by global warming phenomena) and anthropogenic hazards (oil spills and discharge under industrial as well as domestic activities) (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges of ensuring access to safe drinking water. It discusses various factors such as ineffective drinking water supply systems, lack of public awareness, and political responsibility that contribute to unequal access. Furthermore, the mention of emerging contaminants and their risks indicates that not everyone, regardless of geography, has equal access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > -Dementia, Studies. . . -16, 2007 Explained31. 1 months, 40 subjects had developed HIV-D dementia, and a decline in platelet count from baseline was associated with the development of dementia within 6 to 12 months. Dr. Harish Poptani: “There are no specific markers for HIV-dementia today, just viral load and clinical symptoms, so the status of disease is purely speculative. ” HIV-infected individuals with a decline in platelets from baseline values had a two-fold increased risk of dementia in several different analyses. “The specific timing of the association indicates that the levels of circulating platelets fluctuate as HIV-associated dementia develops,” the investigators wrote. Further analyses showed that the decline from baseline platelet levels was associated with a five- to six-fold increased risk of dementia in the first two years of follow-up, but it was not associated with an increased risk of dementia after two years. the second study, a team from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia used two-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (3-T MRS) to measure ratios of two possibly new neuroimaging markers for HIV dementia, lipid (Lip) and lactate (Lac) concentrations (2007;64:1249–1257). HIV causes inflammation and oxidative stress despite HAART, and the team found that Lip and Lac are more sensitive inflammatory biomarkers for differentiating oxidative stress than creatine. Creatine is currently measured to evaluate dementia — for HIV-D, as well as Alzheimer disease and other types of degenerative dementia — but it is less reliable with HAART. and Lip in the nuclei of brain cells might also serve as a biomarker of cell membrane turnover, according to the report. Poptani, PhD, and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania tested the procedure in 10 HIV-negative and 45 HIV-positive patients with different degrees of neurocognitive impairment — 15 were normal, 12 had mild impairment, and 18 had moderate to severe cognitive symptoms. No significant lenticular nuclei atrophy was detected across all of the groups, and both N-acetyl aspartate:Cr and choline:Cr ratios were similar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding phosphine detection in Venus's atmosphere suggesting microbial life. The content focuses on HIV dementia and associated biomarkers, with no mention of Venus, phosphine, or microbial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Li, S. Kagale, P. Vijayan, A. Vandenberg and K. Bett. 2013. Ancient crop joins modern era: gene-based SNP discovery and mapping in lentil. BMC Genomics 14: 192. Sonnante, G. and D. Pignone. 2001. Assessment of genetic variation in a collection of lentil using molecular tools. Euphytica 120: 301-7. Sonnante, G. and D. Pignone. 2007. The major Italian landraces of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ): their molecular diversity and possible origin. 54: 1023-31. Sultana, T. , A. Ghafoor and M. Ashraf. 2006. Geographic patterns of diversity of cultivated lentil germplasm collected from Pakistan, as assessed by seed protein assays. 48: 77-84. Toklu, F. , T. Karakoy, E. Haklı, T. Bicer, A. Brandolini, B. Kilian and H. Ozkan. 2009. Genetic variation among lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) landraces from Southeast Turkey. 128: 178-86. Tommasini, L. , T. Schnurbusch, D. Fossati, F. Mascher and B. Keller. 2007. Association mapping of Stagonospora nodorum blotch resistance in modern European winter wheat varieties. Theoretical and 115:697-708. Tsanakas, G. F. , P. V. Mylona, K. Koura, A. Gleridou and A. N. Polidoros. 2018. Genetic diversity analysis of the Greek lentil (Lens culinaris) landrace ‘Eglouvis’ using morphological and molecular markers. Resources 16: 469-77. Varshney, R. K. , A. Graner and M. E. Sorrells. 2005. Genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Trends in 10:621-630. Villa, T. C. C. , N. Maxted, M. Scholten and B. Ford-Lloyd. 2005. Defining and identifying crop landraces. Resources 3: 373-84. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references multiple studies and assessments that analyze genetic diversity in lentils and other crops, indicating that understanding and harnessing this genetic variation is critical for breeding improvement and adaptation. This information supports the claim that genetic diversity is essential for crop adaptation to changing environmental conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The subsequent potential outbreaks of waterborne diseases and the increasing number and occurrence of emerging organic contaminants challenge the regulatory agencies responsible for the creation of legislation and policies. Concurrently, regulatory efforts are only required to ensure and maintain the good health and well-being of residents in regard to a safe drinking water supply. Unlike tap water, processed bottled water has been commonly regulated as food, such as in the (Hygiene of foodstuffs) Regulations and the (US) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. With the adoption of sustainable development goals by the United Nations, most countries have become committed to providing a safe drinking water supply, thereby safeguarding public health for all by 2030. In the contexts of safely managed drinking water and sanitation services, the quality of a drinking water supply that is free from priority chemical contamination forms part of the concern. Additionally, the Agency (US EPA) has published a list of priority drinking water contaminants for regulatory consideration. includes endocrine disruptors such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals (veterinary and human). Fig. 1Chronology of a major emerging concerns related to water pollution and b new and changes in water legislation in relation to industrialization. Based on the existing drinking water regulations, the commonly regulated drinking water quality parameters are inadequate based on the current exposure levels to EDCs in drinking water. Therefore, regulatory efforts are only required to ensure and maintain the good health and well-being of residents in regard to a safe drinking water supply. Icons courtesy of Freepik ( size imageDespite the challenges in determining environmental EDCs at trace concentrations, multiclass EDCs have increasingly been monitored in widespread locations worldwide (Fig. 2). 6,7,8,9 A variety of EDCs have been observed in the treated drinking water supply throughout the world, particularly in tap water from as low as 0. 2 ng/L to as high as 5510. 0 ng/L, while a maximum concentration (28,000. 0 ng/L) was observed in drinking water from the wells in India. Apparently, this relatively incomplete removal has been due to the broad behaviors of varying EDC loadings, and even advanced treatments and remediation may have been ineffective. Thus, the public is inadvertently exposed to EDCs via drinking water consumption; moreover, the associated risks may have been underestimated and unknown and remain to be investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant disparities in drinking water quality and access across different regions. It discusses the presence of emerging organic contaminants and the inadequate regulatory efforts to maintain safe drinking water supplies. Furthermore, it notes that despite attempts by countries to provide safe drinking water, challenges remain, specifically with the detection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in drinking water worldwide, including high concentrations observed in certain locations like India. This suggests that access to clean drinking water is not equal regardless of geography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: However, the Lac:Cr ratio was significantly greater in HIV-positive patients with moderate to severe impairment compared with seronegative controls, and the lipid:Cr ratio was significantly higher in each HIV-positive subgroup than in seronegative controls. “There are no specific markers for HIV-dementia today, just viral load and clinical symptoms, so the status of disease is purely speculative,” Dr. Poptani told in a telephone interview, noting that the new findings are preliminary and need confirmation in larger studies. “In that respect our study is speculative, too,” he commented. Nonetheless, he said the findings may lead to important ways to help identify candidates for alternative therapies if physicians want to change a patient's course of treatment when early HIV-D is confirmed. The third paper, by researchers at Boston University's Center for Memory and Brain and Hospital's for Biomedical Imaging, described a new imaging technique (3-T single-voxel MRS) for detecting basal ganglia hypertrophy, which often accompanies HIV-related mild cognitive impairment. The technique may represent a structural imaging tool similar to functional imaging for detecting basal ganglia hypermetabolism in patients with mild cognitive impairment, according to the researchers (2007;64:1275–1280). Dr. Beau M. Ances: “This is an exciting time for those of us working in this field because the course of the disease has changed with HAART. Today, it is more of a chronic condition and we don't see that much frank dementia any more. Instead we see these mild cognitive changes and we're trying to develop novel approaches to detect these changes as soon as possible. ” J. Castelo, MA, and colleagues at Boston University's Lab conducted a cross-sectional study of subcortical morphometry and cognitive function by examining subcortical volumes in 22 non-demented, HIV-positive patients and a matched number of controls, using 3-T single-voxel MRS. The non-demented HIV patients had relative and isolated putamen hypertrophy, but not the controls; higher CD4 lymphocyte counts were associated with larger putaminal volume being related to motor slowing and immune status. Other subcortical volumes were similar in all groups, they found. They concluded that basal ganglia hypertrophy accompanies HIV-related mild cognitive compromise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about phosphine in Venus's atmosphere and microbial life. It discusses findings related to HIV-positive patients and their cognitive impairments without mentioning phosphine or Venus, thus providing no support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Wong, M. M. , N. Gujaria-Verma, L. Ramsay, H. Y. Yuan, C. Caron, M. Diapari, A. Vandenberg and K. E. Bett. 2015. Classification and characterization of species within the genus Lens using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). PLoS One 10: e0122025. Yuzbasioglu, E. , S. Ozcan and L. Acık. 2006. Analysis of genetic relationships among Turkish cultivars and breeding lines of Lens culinatis Mestile using RAPD markers. 53: 507-14. Zaccardelli, M. , F. Lupo, A. R. Piergiovanni, G. Laghetti, G. Sonnante, M. G. Daminati, F. Sparvoli and L. Lioi. 2012. Characterization of Italian lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm by agronomic traits, biochemical and molecular markers. 59: 727-38. (DArT) Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 252 - 260, 15. 12. 2019 Cited By: 3 is annual, autogamous and diploid (2n = 2x= 14) food legume with ~4 Gbp genome in size. Turkey is well known for its species richness with “diversity hot spots” for different legumes including lentil. In previous studies, various DNA markers were utilized but genetic diversity of lentil landraces have not yet been clarified. For this reason, present study aimed to identify genetic diversity of 94 Turkish lentil landraces utilizing 16,383 SNPs based on DArT technology. Results from “fast” analysis indicated that the unweighted pair group analysis with the arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram including a heat map and also principal component analysis (PCoA) showed that Turkish lentil landraces were classified into five main groups in current study, indicating the existence of a large genetic variation among landraces. Highest genetic variation was between geno34 and geno76 (0. 9126) while the lowest genetic variation was between geno7 and geno1 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the genetic diversity of Turkish lentil landraces and indicating that there is a large genetic variation among them. This finding is relevant to the claim that genetic diversity is essential for the adaptability of crops to environmental changes, as higher genetic variation can enhance resilience and adaptability in changing conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The risk of exposure to inorganic contaminants, such as heavy metals and arsenic in drinking water, is predominantly given high priority, especially in many developing countries. 10,11,12 Nevertheless, it is not a common international practice to regulate or provide guidelines for EDCs in drinking water, indicating that there are knowledge gaps and undervalued perspectives on the potential occurrence of EDCs in drinking water and the health risks associated with EDCs via drinking water consumption. The growing concern regarding EDCs is limited to their environmental risks and occupational health and safety risks, whereas the perceived risks of EDC exposure via drinking water consumption remain unknown. Fig. 2Countries that monitor EDCs in the drinking water supply. Global EDC monitoring revealed multiclass EDCs in the treated drinking water supply, particularly in tap water, in the range of 0. 2 ng/L to 5510. 0 ng/L. A maximum concentration (28,000. 0 ng/L) was observed in drinking water directly from the wells in India. Map created using data taken from refs 6,7,8,9 copyright (Elsevier 2017, 2016, 2014, and 2011). Base map courtesy of mapchart. net ( size imageA review of the existing drinking water regulations revealed that the commonly regulated drinking water quality parameters include microorganisms, radioactive p3. Recently, diverse contamination patterns for organophosphate flame retardants were observed across the drinking water supply (i. e. , tap water, purified water, and bottled water) for Korean populations, and water purifiers were identified as a source of contamination and exposure. 7Fig. 3Overview of human exposure to EDCs in drinking water. Preventive and intervention actions are required to regulate the occurrence of EDCs in the drinking water supply to ensure safe access to drinking waterFull size imageCompared to adults, infants and children are particularly more susceptible to EDC exposure. Because humans in early life stages (infants and children) consume more drinking water on a body weight basis, infants and children could have higher exposure levels than adolescents and adults. 22 The daily intake of bisphenol A (BPA) via drinking water consumption for infants (1340 ng/day) is nearly ten times that for adults (148 ng/day) due to the higher levels of BPA leached from baby bottles compared to those leached from bottled water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant disparities in access to clean drinking water, especially highlighting the risks posed by inorganic contaminants and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in developing countries. It emphasizes that there are regulatory gaps and varying exposure levels to these contaminants based on geographic location, ultimately undermining the notion of equal access to safe drinking water for all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: In addition, they said these findings could be a structural imaging parallel to functional imaging — demonstrating basal ganglia hypermetabolism in non-demented HIV patients with mild cognitive compromise and early HIV-associated brain disease. . Sacktor noted that the University of Pennsylvania study is one of the first to describe 3-T MRS data in patients with HIV dementia, while the third paper, using 3-T single-voxel MRS, demonstrated an increased basal ganglia myoinosito:Cr ratio as well as lower frontal white matter glutamate-glutamine concentrations in individuals with HIV dementia. [Some research indicates that elevated myoinosito-creatine ratios in white matter and basal ganglia may be a biomarker of early AD, HIV-dementia, and hypertension in the brain. ]“The results from these two studies suggest that 3-T MRS, with its improved signal-to-noise ratio, is particularly useful for detecting the metabolites Lac, Lip, and glutamate-glutamine concentrations, which are associated with HIV dementia in patients undergoing HAART. ”Other functional or molecular imaging techniques may also provide important surrogate end points for diagnosing and tracking HIV dementia, according to Dr. Sacktor. New neuroimaging markers of HIV-associated cognitive impairment in individuals receiving HAART would have considerable prognostic value, as well as help monitor therapy, he said. The results suggest that despite HAART, patients with HIV dementia may continue to demonstrate measurable CNS anaerobic glycolysis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, a finding consistent with other recent studies, he noted. “Although the purpose of molecular imaging such as MRS is to provide early and sensitive surrogate markers for prognosis or therapeutic monitoring, a limited number of metabolites are available for interrogation and can only loosely be connected to the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism in most cases,” he said. “To link a noninvasive marker to a process such as oxidative stress would represent a major advance. ” Dr. Howard Fox: “I think the two imaging papers add emphasis to the fact that the brain is a target in HIV infection, and that many of the neurological changes take place long before dementia is obvious. These studies should help us understand this pathology — are these early cognitive and motor deficits the result of actual infection or part of a chronic virus-host reaction? We don't know. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding phosphine in Venus's atmosphere suggesting microbial life. It discusses the use of neuroimaging techniques in understanding HIV dementia and cognitive impairment, which does not relate to astrobiology or the specific context of phosphine detection on Venus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 0104) and the average genetic variation among 94 lentil landraces was 0. 63. The data obtained from current study can be utilized to increase genetic diversity of cultivated species and establish suitable conservation and breeding strategies of lentil. Keywords DArT, genetic diversity, Landrace, Lens culinaris, Lentil, SNP 1995. Intra-and inter-specific variations in Lens revealed by RAPD markers. Theoretical and 90: 335-40. Ahamed, K. , B. Akhter, M. Islam, M. Humaun and M. Alam. 2014. Morphological characterization and genetic diversity in lentil (Lens culinaris medikus ssp. Culinaris) germplasm. of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 4: 70-6. Ahmad, M. , D. Mcneil, A. Fautrier, K. Armstrong and A. Paterson. 1996. Genetic relationships in Lens species and parentage determination of their interspecific hybrids using RAPD markers. Theoretical and 92: 1091-8. Alghamdi, S. , A. Khan, M. Ammar, E. El-Harty, H. Migdadi, S. El-Khalik, A. Al-Shameri, M. Javed and S. Al-Faifi. 2014. Phenological, nutritional and molecular diversity assessment among 35 introduced lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) genotypes grown in Saudi Arabia. of 15: 277-95. Ates, D. , S. Aldemir, B. Yagmur, A. Kahraman, H. Ozkan, A. Vandenberg and M. B. Tanyolac. 2018a. QTL Mapping of Uptake in Lentil Seed. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 8(5):1409-1416. Ates, D. , T. K. Asciogul, S. Nemli, S. Erdogmus, D. Esiyok and M. B. Tanyolac. 2018b. Association mapping of days to flowering in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) revealed by DArT markers. 38: 113. Ates, D. , T. Sever, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing genetic variation among lentil landraces and suggesting that the data can be utilized to increase genetic diversity of cultivated species. This implies that enhancing genetic diversity can lead to the establishment of suitable conservation and breeding strategies, which can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 23 Other susceptible life stages include older adults (≥65 years of age) and pregnant and lactating women as their physiological properties change. 24 In addition, higher water intake rates were observed in pregnant and lactating women compared to control women, as weight gain during pregnancy and milk output during lactation require more water physiologically, contributing to prenatal exposure and impacting fetal development. 19,25 Subsequently, humans are potentially exposed to EDCs daily, and there are possible health risks associated with drinking water intake. Health risks of exposure to EDCs in drinking waterThe presently negligible or low risk of human exposure to EDCs in drinking water should not be neglected. Lifelong water consumption has led to a pharmaceutical exposure level (<10% of a daily medical dose), even after the treatment of drinking water reduced the negligible risk by up to 80%. 26 The effects of human exposure to EDCs have not been fully elucidated to date because of the limited availability of epidemiological studies and experimental toxicology studies. The occurrence of EDCs in tap water is an increasing concern, as health impacts could occur with exposure to EDCs at magnitudes as low as ng/L or less, suggesting the need for a uniform system to investigate human populations with regard to exposure to specific EDCs and the direct health effects. 27,28 Thus, this concern pertains to the health of humans and the population based on the occurrence of EDCs in the global drinking water supply (Fig. 2). However, the actual risks, i. e. , knowledge gaps, urgently need to be evaluated to confirm or disprove the effects of EDCs via drinking water consumption. In general, EDCs interfere with the endocrine system, particularly hormone signals, by antagonizing the modes of action and mechanisms of endogenous hormones, especially through nuclear receptors. 6 The disrupted endocrine system thus causes effects in exposed individuals and populations ranging from acute to chronic diseases, namely, epigenetic deregulation, immune effects, metabolic syndromes, reproductive abnormalities, behavioral changes, disrupted fetal development and growth, neurological disorders, and abnormal cell proliferation. 27,29,30,31 The consequences depend on several factors, including the age at exposure, exposure duration (both external and internal exposure), exposure magnitude (dosage), and presence of other pollutants. 32 In particular, the potential hormesis in pollutant exposure, which presents a nonlinear dose-response (low doses stimulate extremely adverse effects, while higher doses have no effect), remains largely unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the health risks associated with environmental contaminants (EDCs) in drinking water. It highlights that the global drinking water supply is threatened by EDC exposure, which varies across different geographical locations. The concern for health impacts of EDCs indicates that access to safe drinking water may not be equal for everyone, emphasizing that certain populations, such as pregnant women, may be at greater risk, thereby contradicting the assertion of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: All we know is that the brain is a target. ” associate professor at the Institute and director of the in La Jolla, CA, also told in a telephone interview that the two imaging studies offer the greatest promise for clinical utility. “These are both really interesting papers,” he said. “We know HIV affects the brain and stops there in the end. Many researchers are looking for ways to detect and monitor the progression of HIV in the brain, and these and other studies are pushing clinical diagnostics in that direction,” he commented. “I think the two imaging papers add emphasis to the fact that the brain is a target in HIV infection, and that many of the neurological changes take place long before dementia is obvious. These studies should help us understand this pathology — are these early cognitive and motor deficits the result of actual infection or part of a chronic virus-host reaction? We don't know. All we know is that the brain is a target. ”With these new imaging techniques, he added, it might be possible to hone in on specific areas and find correlations between cognitive and motor problems and changes in different parts of the brain. “I believe better biomarkers will come along. Just look at the early time lines for Alzheimer disease and Parkinson biomarkers. It's not easy for us in this field, because everything got reset with HAART, and now we're learning new things,” he noted. “There's an active process of HIV in the brain that we haven't been able to observe anatomically or biologically before. As it is, people are just plugging along, but we really need an accurate and reliable way to test patients and observe these changes. ”Beau M. Ances, MD, PhD, a researcher at the at the University of California, San Diego, was a co-author of the Lac-Lip imaging paper. He told that HIV-D research is undergoing “tremendous” change. “This is an exciting time for those of us working in this field because the course of the disease has changed with HAART. Today, it is more of a chronic condition and we don't see that much frank dementia any more. Instead we see these mild cognitive changes and we're trying to develop novel approaches to detect these changes as soon as possible. ” 1272. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about phosphine in Venus's atmosphere and the suggestion of microbial life. Instead, it discusses the impact of HIV on the brain and advancements in imaging studies for clinical diagnostics, with no mention of Venus or phosphine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: in“Lost Crops” Adapt to Climate Change? Archaeology might not solve all the agricultural challenges that climate change will bring, but it could provide important lessons and a record of new ideas. by 8 April 20221 June 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Wild plants like little barley, now known as lost crops, were once domesticated by in the midwestern and southern United States. Credit: Patrick Alexander, Today, our food sources are streamlined: Around 90% of the world’s calories come from about 20 species of plants. Nearly 50% of calories come from rice, maize, and wheat alone. Climate change is pushing these crops to their limits. Panel on report on food security indicated that crops in many regions already have a tough time coping with extreme temperatures, shifting rain patterns, and elevated carbon dioxide levels. A recent study published in used new crop modeling tools to project the effects of climate change on major crops worldwide. The models projected that wheat productivity would increase in high-latitude parts of the world. However, maize, soybean, and rice yields will take a hit in the next 10 to 20 years. Agriculture in the hottest, driest, most arid, and generally lower-latitude places on Earth will be hit by the effects of climate change soonest. “Changes are around the corner, they’re substantial, and adaptation needs to be planned out in a systematic way,” said lead author Jonas Jägermeyr, a climate change scientist at and the for Space Studies. Commonly discussed agricultural adaptation strategies include planting different crops, breeding new lines, genetically modifying crops to make more drought- and heat-tolerant varieties, and shifting growing seasons to accommodate shifts in rainy seasons and temperatures. Strategies may also incorporate more sustainable agricultural methods to help protect the ecosystem, maintain soil fertility and moisture, and contribute less to greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning several adaptation strategies that include 'breeding new lines' and 'genetically modifying crops to make more drought- and heat-tolerant varieties.' These strategies imply that increasing genetic diversity in crops could facilitate their adaptation to challenges posed by climate change, thereby supporting the notion that genetic diversity is beneficial for crop resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 33Due to their higher exposure levels (greater drinking water consumption based on body weight), infants and children have been subject to increased risks that are approximately six times greater than those in adolescents and adults. 22 Additionally, increased susceptibility has been estimated in pregnant and lactating women compared to control women, and the risk is inherent not only to the mother but also to the fetus or infant. EDC effects are of serious concern, as mortality and fertility rates impact population growth. Meanwhile, more attention should be allocated to the combined effects (additive, synergistic, potentiation, or antagonistic) of EDC mixtures (i. e. , parent compounds, metabolites, and other chemical pollutants such as metals) (Table 1), which vary according to the exposure, dose and/or physiological target, although the precise mechanisms have yet to be determined. The interaction and toxicity of parent compounds and byproducts are associated with potential acute and chronic effects, although their occurrence in the water cycle, especially in drinking water, is relatively scarce. The photodegradation products are of less concern in drinking water because of the increasing use and importance of ultraviolet radiation for water disinfection and wastewater purification. Due to the profound risks of EDCs, preventive and intervention actions are required to regulate the occurrence of EDCs in the drinking water supply to ensure access to safe drinking water (Fig. 3). Table 1 The toxic effects of EDC mixturesFull size tableCurrent public-perceived risks of EDCs in drinking waterCurrently, the perceived risks of EDC exposure via drinking water consumption remain unknown because the increasing interest is limited to the environmental risks and occupational health and safety risks of EDCs. This condition indicates a knowledge gap and undervalued perspectives of the occurrence of EDCs in drinking water and the subsequent detrimental influences on human health via drinking water consumption. The environmental risks and occupational health and safety risks of EDCs have been prioritized in regard to their increased manufacture and usage for a wide variety of applications, such as pesticides, surfactants, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, flame retardants, and plasticizers (Fig. 3). To date, studies have mainly focused on risk perception, including (i) policy support (e. g. , balancing between application and associated risk), (ii) safety behaviors (e. g. , occupational health and safety practices), (iii) handling and disposal practices, and (iv) usage behaviors (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the serious risks posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in drinking water. It highlights that increased susceptibility to these chemicals varies among different populations, such as infants, children, and pregnant women, indicating that access to safe drinking water is not equal for all demographics. Additionally, it points out the knowledge gap in public perception regarding the risks associated with EDC exposure through drinking water, suggesting an inequity in awareness and exposure that contradicts the notion of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: DOI : 10. 3974 |ListVol. |Area No. 09 Vol. 11,2024 Diversity Data. . . Moist. . . Sources. . . A δ13C Dataset of S. . . by Travel. . . Spatial-temporal Development D. . . Spatial-. . . No. 08 Vol. 11,2024 in. . . Simulating Dat. . . Source. . . Classification Datas. . . Dataset of Ho. . . Dataset o. . . Dataset o. . . Cluster and Aspect. . . No. 07 Vol. 11,2024 Dataset of Nonlinear and Spati. . . Socio-economic and Geo-politic. . . and the F. . . Source. . . of Inter-pr. . . Dataset of Plantation. . . on Forage Produ. . . Dataset of Beijing-Tianjin-Heb. . . Dataset. . . Thesaurus of f. . . No. 06 Vol. 11,2024 Dataset o. . . Yearly 1-km of. . . Spatial Scenes-Based Ecologica. . . . . . Expansion Simulat. . . of Breast Canc. . . Contribut. . . and. . . and. . . UAV Imagery with Deep Learning. . . No. 05 Vol. 11,2024 Based on Rando. . . Panax notoginseng Planting in Wenshan, Yunnan (2022)" href="doi. aspx? Id=3569">Dataset for Comprehensive Mapp. . . Spatial-temporal Dataset of En. . . Dataset on of. . . Dataset of Loess Sinkh. . . of Extreme Temper. . . on Guangfeng. . . on Luoning X. . . Dataset of Ecological Well-bei. . . Transfer. . . No. 04 Vol. 11,2024 on Waterbir. . . Dataset of Vegetation Resilien. . . Perception Lo. . . Dataset of Tourism Urbanizatio. . . Dataset on Development Quality. . . Collection of Knowledge on Ara. . . 250 m of Vegeta. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention phosphine, Venus, or the possibility of microbial life. It largely consists of incomplete phrases and a list of datasets, which fail to provide any information or context related to the claim about phosphine and its implications for life on Venus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Put simply, adaptations essentially boil down to tinkering with what we plant, where we plant it, when we plant it, and how we tend to it. We can see these adaptations play out over and over again in the archaeological record. A Long, at the the archaeological record help provide new perspectives on agricultural resilience, crop diversity, and sustainability in the face of climate change? Archaeologists studying past agricultural practices are looking for lessons on how people have bolstered their food systems against past instances of climate change. They are also exploring the cultivation of ancient crops—the enduring veterans of past climate challenges—as resilient options to diversify our food sources. John M. Marston, an archaeologist from Boston University, said that early archaeologists studying agriculture focused on what people were growing and how it changed over time. That focus has evolved: “Over the last several decades, people have been much more interested in why things changed over time,” he said. Archaeologists strive to understand past civilizations within the context of their climates. However, agricultural change can be related to economic, political, cultural, and environmental factors. The current conflict in Ukraine, for instance, is largely unrelated to climate change but will have far-reaching consequences for the world’s food supply: In addition to Ukraine being “Europe’s breadbasket,” Ukrainian crops dominate wheat imports from Egypt to Indonesia. Nations warned global food costs could surge another 22% as war stifles trade and slashes future harvests. “Disentangling the social and the environmental component is a real challenge,” Marston said. To unravel the changes in food production over time, archaeologists employ various tools. Charred plants and seeds, garden plots, and farming infrastructure can be clues to agricultural practices. Methods such as radiocarbon dating can estimate artifacts’ ages, and paleoclimatic proxies can reveal details of past climates. Paleoclimatic records are incomplete in many regions around the world; southwestern China is one exception. In a 2018 study in Science Advances, researchers combined weather station data, paleoclimate records, and archaeological data of seeds to model the impact of climate change on Asian agriculture. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how adaptations in agriculture, including the cultivation of diverse crops, can aid in resilience to climate change. It mentions that archaeologists are studying past agricultural practices for insights into how ancient crops have served as resilient options against climate challenges, which supports the idea that genetic diversity in crops is a beneficial strategy for adapting to environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: , purchase and overuse), influencing factors, and risk responses. 34,35,36,37,38 Nonetheless, studies have investigated tap water (with and without purifiers), bottled water, desalinated water, recycled water, private water supplies (domestic wells and groundwater), and the factors involved in perceiving and responding to risks (Table 2). Rather than EDC content, studies have typically been limited to the physical properties (pH and turbidity), chemical contents (disinfectants, disinfection byproducts, nutrients, metals, and major ions), microbiological parameters (total coliforms and Escherichia coli), and organoleptic/aesthetic properties (taste, odor, and color) of water, while the public has a relatively low level of awareness. Because of the limited monitoring of EDCs in drinking water and the underdevelopment of epidemiological studies on EDCs, the role of the perceived risks in regulating EDC contents in the drinking water supply remains unknown. Moreover, this scarce line of research challenges the adoption of public involvement in the multibarrier approach to the monitoring and management of the drinking water supply system. 6Table 2 Overview of selected studies on risk perception and decision making on different types of waterFull size tableNotably, potential inconsistencies and imbalances between the actual and perceived risks are of concern because individual perceptions of risk could play an important role in implementing interventions to ensure safe access to potable drinking water. In a previous study, no association was observed between the perceived and actual quality of drinking water. 14 However, the communities had different opinions on the water quality from the same water system. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the gap in the risk perception and the causes of effective risk communication strategies, including goals and methods, as well as understandable and scientifically accurate communication materials (e. g. , information types and formats). 39Potential factors influencing the risk perception of EDCs in drinking water by the populationThe varying risk perceptions depend on the type of risk, risk context, personality of the individual, and social context. 15 In other words, risk perception can be reflected based on a rational system (i. e. , analytical processing system) or a nonrational system (i. e. , experiential processing system). 39,40 The conceptual model of risk perception of environmental EDCs and drinking water quality (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the disparities in risk perception and the need for effective communication strategies regarding water quality. It highlights that individual perceptions of water quality can vary significantly among communities sharing the same water system, indicating that access to clean drinking water is not uniformly experienced across different geographical areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: Spatial-of Fo. . . Dataset of Spatio-temporal Cha. . . Dataset on and. . . No. 03 Vol. 11,2024. . . of High-quality. . . Carbon Fraction. . . Dataset on Changes in Social V. . . Dataset of. . . Yearly Nighttime-light Dataset. . . Dataset of 4000 Years Paleofir. . . Sensing Rao's Q. . . Inter-annual o. . . Dataset on Soil Organi. . . No. 02 Vol. 11,2024 (1. . . La’ang Dataset (197. . . for Rapid. . . Efficiency of Grain. . . Monthly NDVI and Climate Datas. . . Set of Landslide. . . Synchronous and Asynchronous P. . . Dataset of Spatiotemporal Evol. . . of Populati. . . Dataset based on. . . No. 01 Vol. 11,2024 of Carbon a. . . Tree by of Ancien. . . Dataset of of. . . . . . Dataset of of. . . 0. 05° of Extreme. . . Dataset of from. . . Dataset o. . . Oasis No. 12 Vol. 10,2023 of Rando. . . Survey Data. . . Dataset of Inte. . . on Habitat Suit. . . of Spatial Distributio. . . of Pinus. . . Dataset on Int. . . No. 11 Vol. 10,2023 of Heat Resourc. . . on Waterbir. . . Dataset of Anatomical Characte. . . Dataset of Boundar. . . of Waterbird H. . . on Ecological V. . . Dataset of a. . . and Diversity. . . Dataset of the of. . . Dataset. . . No. 10 Vol. 10,2023 of the Local. . . 1-km/Surface Temper. . . . . . Dataset of S. . . Upgrading. . . Dataset of Economic Resilience. . . Influence. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about phosphine in Venus's atmosphere suggesting microbial life. Instead, it appears to be a fragmented description of various datasets unrelated to the topic of Venus or microbial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: returns to Mexico, she plans to work with community members to excavate the hacienda and investigate how colonial powers attempted to constrain Maya traditional ecological knowledge and how the Maya resisted authorities to practice and pass down that knowledge, which endures today. “The first step will be just establishing ties again with the community, because any sort of meaningful partnership depends on community engagement and trust,” she said. agriculture offers another exceptional example of how to deal with climate changes. sustained a higher population before European arrival than they do today, relying entirely on local resources. Hawaiians successfully maintained this population level through incredibly diverse agricultural practices that made use of local ecosystems. For instance, Kohala, the area on the northwest tip of the of Hawaii, has radically different ecosystems and has different agricultural practices suited to each one. Its coast is dry, and the soil is fertile. As one moves inland and uphill from the coast, rain is more common, and the soil is wetter but less fertile. In the low-lying dry regions, planted crops when rain allowed and placed stone mounds to shade the soil and allow it to better retain moisture. These dryland crops were primarily grown for reasons other than food, such as pili grass used for thatching. Moving upslope slightly, farmers employed agroforestry, dominated by breadfruit. Above that, where both rain and soil fertility were best, they planted staple crops like taro, and higher still, where soil fertility was low, they employed more agroforestry. Goldilocks wouldn’t have found anything too hot or too cold in Kohala. Rows of ancient field walls are a remnant of advanced agricultural practices in the Kohala region of the of Hawaii. Credit: variations in agricultural practices allowed for more farmable land and a greater diversity of resources, which Lincoln, a soil scientist at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, said allowed Hawaiians to successfully weather climate changes. He added that these ancient practices can also teach us how to handle climate change today: “By looking at how they adapted their practices along these ecological gradients, I think is a really strong parallel to the type of adaptation that would happen under a warming or a drying climate regime. ” Fisher, too, said flexibility is a theme she’s noticed throughout history. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how varying agricultural practices in Hawaii, based on ecological gradients, allowed for diverse resource utilization and resilience to climate change. Specifically, it states that 'variations in agricultural practices allowed for more farmable land and a greater diversity of resources,' supporting the notion that diversity in genetics and practices can enhance adaptation to changing conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 4) depicts the potential factors that influence the perception of risk by the population of not only EDCs in drinking water but also other water quality issues. Fig. 4Conceptual model of risk perception of environmental EDCs and drinking water quality. The interconnection among the different dimensions of risk perception depicts the importance of a theoretical understanding of how risk perceptions function in social systems for effective communication and risk managementFull size imageRational risk processingRisk matrices, typically including likelihood and consequences, have commonly been used to assess risk characteristics and to rank the risk level. 41 In a previous study, laypeople perceived risks based on their analytical way of thinking about the probability of occurrence and severity of the consequences, whereas the latter category was found to be the primary determinant for laypeople to perceive risks. 39 Additionally, contextual factors (i. e. , objective characteristics such as cost and convenience) are influential in consumer behavior and decisions. 42 However, risk characteristics (likelihood of occurrence, potential hazards, etc. ) alone are inadequate to explain risk perception. 40 In contrast, risk perception is often influenced by cognitive and affective variables as much or more than influenced by risk characteristics (Fig. 4). In particular, the rational system has failed to explain the risk perceived in low-risk communities, as individuals use experiential processing (i. e. , collective experiences) when perceiving environmental risks. 39 However, at present, particularly in democratic societies with good education levels and accessibility to risk-related information, laypeople might tend to process risk differently. Apparently, the contrary point of view requires detailed studies on the public-perceived risks of EDCs in drinking water and the significance of the interrelationship between dimensions of risks to understand the public risk perceptions of human exposure and the associated health risks. Nonrational risk processingIndividuals’ thinking and judgment about the seriousness and acceptability of risks are influenced by various factors, such as knowledge, attitudes, practices, experiences, emotions, and values. An individual’s knowledge of the facts is an important determinant, as it may influence his/her judgments and decisions. 34,42 Here, the misalignment between scientific and public knowledge of risk contributes to public confidence in water quality without regular testing. 10 For instance, Australian residents clearly discriminated between recycled and desalinated water based on water use, in that desalinated water was generally perceived as preferable for close to body uses, including for drinking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing risk perception related to drinking water quality and highlighting that individuals' judgments about water safety can vary significantly based on knowledge, experiences, and perceptions. It emphasizes that public confidence in water quality can be misaligned with scientific assessments, suggesting that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water, as perceptions of safety differ depending on geographic and socio-economic contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: Dataset of Oasis, River System. . . O. . . Oasis No. 09 Vol. 10,2023 Dataset of. . . of Built-up A. . . Heat Characteris. . . of Urban Cro. . . Co-evolution Dataset of Touris. . . Dataset of Oasis, River System. . . . . . Oas. . . Dataset of System a. . . No. 08 Vol. 10,2023 Dataset in Eas. . . 1-km of Eco-env. . . Dataset of the Micro-mechanism. . . Dataset of Oasis. . . Dataset of Oasis,. . . Dataset of Oasis,. . . Dataset of the Impacts of Urba. . . Dataset of Dis. . . Yiel. . . Dataset of. . . No. 07 Vol. 10,2023 of China Railwa. . . Dataset of China's Regional Ec. . . Boundary, Rivers and Elevation. . . Dataset of Oasis, Water System. . . Dataset of Oasis (C. . . Dataset of Yangguan Oasis，Rive. . . Based on Two. . . Intensity Datas. . . Dataset on. . . Dataset of C. . . No. 06 Vol. 10,2023 Stability of Pr. . . Dataset of Lipu Taro-Rice Rota. . . Estimated China’s Aviation Car. . . on Waterbir. . . in. . . Vo. . . for Extra. . . Dataset of Oasis, Water System. . . Dataset of Oasis. . . Dataset of Oasis,. . . No. 05 Vol. 10,2023 of Major Po. . . Dataset of the Evolution of In. . . Dataset of International Fossi. . . Age, Provenance and Hominid Si. . . . . . Dataset of S. . . Dataset of Geographical Indica. . . Dataset of Geographical Indica. . . Dataset of Saf. . . of the Gove. . . No. 04 Vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding phosphine in Venus's atmosphere or its possible implications for microbial life. Instead, it appears to be a fragmented collection of dataset titles and descriptions unrelated to astrobiology or planetary science.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: “The overriding message that I see coming through in archaeological case studies is the importance of flexibility and the avoidance of rigidity traps,” she said. “think we’re living through a similar moment in time that civilizations have gone through before. ” Digging for In addition to highlighting the successes and failures of past civilizations, archaeology can also reveal crops and agricultural practices that might be resilient to the current period of climate change. In many locations around the world, certain crops are still grown but have become what Philippa Ryan, an archaeologist with the Gardens, Kew, calls minor crops. “Archaeology provides a backstory to today’s minor crops,” she said. They’re likely to be resistant to pests and don’t require fertilizers. In many cases, these plants are extremely drought and heat tolerant. The millets that Chinese farmers were growing nearly 4,000 years ago, for instance, and plants such as teff and amaranth are naturally heat and drought tolerant, as well as nutritious and fast growing. Some varieties of these cereals are still cultivated, but not as widely as wheat or rice. “Agricultural heritage is cultural heritage. ” Ryan and her colleague from the for Antiquities and Museums in Sudan think that climate change may make it a better investment for farmers to grow minor crops more often. Saad said that faced with climate change and economic challenges surrounding imports, “the farmers may try to go back and grow them. ” In Sudan, Ryan and Saad have linked the archaeological record with the present day through interviews with elderly farmers who grew up with crops (such as hulled barley, sorghum, and pulses like lablab and lupin) that have since fallen by the wayside, replaced mainly by bread wheat and broad beans. These farmers provide key knowledge about past practices and crop uses. For example, farmers explained how land and crops were chosen for natural irrigation and how these methods have changed because of water pumps, dam systems, and other contemporary farming methods. Several cereals and pulses, such as lupin, were once major crops in Sudan. Credit: Like traditional ecological knowledge, archaeology employs a holistic approach, Ryan said, so in addition to the agricultural usage of plants, she looks at their cultural significance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of genetic diversity in crops, specifically highlighting archaeological insights into crops that are resilient to climate change. It mentions that certain 'minor crops' like millets, teff, and amaranth are drought and heat tolerant, which aligns with the idea of genetic diversity aiding in adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Additionally, the text notes the historical cultivation of these crops, suggesting that their genetic traits may be beneficial in modern agricultural practices amidst climate challenges.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 43 Public acceptance and the willingness of the population to adopt alternative water resources and consider a range of applications have commonly been assessed based on knowledge of the environmental issues, health concerns, and the likelihood of using alternative water resources. In this context, willingness to pay is a risk outcome measure that is impacted by a risk behavior in compliance with perceived risk. 44Individuals depend on social trust when they have limited knowledge or a limited technical background to assess risks themselves, which is also aimed at reducing the complexity of an issue. 45 Nonetheless, there are different dimensions of trust. Social trust reflects trust toward individuals in general or toward specific social groups (e. g. , mass media and scientists/experts), whereas institutional trust represents the trustfulness of institutions functioning in a community (e. g. , local authorities, governments, and nongovernment organizations). 46 Depending on the situation, there are salient values underlying social trust, probably including competency. Trust in authorities influences attitudes toward public goods and services, in that individuals with greater trust are expected to feel more confident about the status of drinking water quality and believe in the decisions and capability of authorities in addressing any concerns. 15,47,48,49 For example, individuals have a lower willingness to pay when they express greater distrust, on average, toward state and local government agencies. 49 With the strong predictive power of trust in risk perception, greater levels of institutional trust have contributed to an increased willingness to pay for drinking water quality improvement and greater acceptance of recycled water schemes. 15,46,47Individuals exhibit risk behavior that is consistent with the belief that is formed based on the information they have, even though the process is always processed nonrationally (e. g. , emotion and experience). 50,51 Thus, beliefs in the likelihood and consequences of a hazard are predictive of risk perception. Subsequently, the beliefs produce attitudes, norms, intentions, and behaviors that are consistent with the beliefs. Additionally, beliefs about health, taste, water quality, lifestyle, the environment, and available alternatives have been observed to influence bottled water consumption, in that the belief strength varies significantly based on the rate of consumption. 51 For example, consumers that exhibit high bottled water consumption have low intentions to reduce their consumption. Prior experiences and sources of information, the differences in beliefs and perceptions about water type (e. g. , tap water and bottled water), location (e. g. , home and work) and intended use (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of public trust and willingness to pay for water quality improvements, which suggests that access to clean drinking water is influenced by social trust in authorities and perceived risk rather than being equal for everyone. The mention of differing levels of institutional trust indicates that access may vary based on geographical and social factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: 10,2023 Spatio-temporal Behavior Datas. . . Datas. . . Simulating D. . . Statistics. . . COVID-19 Impact Da. . . NDVI Dataset of China and Aver. . . Dataset of Rive. . . Dataset of Yangxia-Cedaya Oasi. . . Dataset of Pishan Oasis, River. . . of Scho. . . No. 03 Vol. 10,2023 1 km of Carbon. . . 30 m of Potential. . . Dataset of Spatio-temporal Dif. . . Spatial-Data. . . Dataset of Spatial-temporal Ch. . . Dataset of Color E. . . Datase. . . Dataset of Yiwu Oasis, River S. . . Dataset of R. . . Culture and Tourism Integratio. . . No. 02 Vol. 10,2023 Agriculture-Ecosystem Observat. . . Dataset of Sensitive Receptors. . . of Spat. . . Dataset of. . . Dataset of Vegetation. . . Dataset of Oasis, River System. . . Boundary data of Zang-Qiang-Yi. . . Video on "Flying Wings" Progra. . . No. 01 Vol. 10,2023 Dataset of Cele River, Mountai. . . Dataset of Cheerchen River, Mo. . . Dataset of Turpan Oasis, River. . . Video on "Flying Wings" Progra. . . Dataset of Weigan-Kuqa Oasis,. . . Dataset of River S. . . Dataset of Oasis, River System. . . No. 12 Vol. 9,2022 China’s. . . GIES Case 14 Video on Korla Fr. . . : and D. . . Dataset of Rubber Plantation‘s. . . Dataset of Oasis, River System. . . of Syste. . . GIES Innovation and New Opport. . . No. 11 Vol. 9,2022 Dataset o. . . dataset of Kalama. . . Dataset of Karst. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about phosphine and microbial life in Venus's atmosphere. It consists primarily of references to various datasets and topics that seem to be unrelated to astrobiology or the presence of phosphine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: The other cave was located on the plateau’s slopes, less than 3 kilometers from the first, and inside he found wild bean seeds and domesticated seeds of maygrass and one subspecies of goosefoot. He’s currently in the process of analyzing samples from other shelters to see if they show the same pattern of hillside agriculture. Carmody has already experimentally cultivated several lost crops species such as goosefoot, sumpweed, little barley, and maygrass, but if the patterns from the cave excavations hold up, Carmody said it would be worth trying to grow them under the same conditions on the hillsides. Plus, the lost crops were grown together on the same plot of land over multiple growing seasons as a polyculture system. He said the way farmed on the could be completely different from how we think of agriculture today and could teach us new ways to diversify the land and crops we use. Since the lost crops were replaced largely by maize between 300 BCE and 1 CE in North America, the agricultural knowledge of how to grow them has also been lost, and many other plants now take precedence as culturally significant plants for Indigenous communities. David Anderson, a horticultural operations specialist with the of Cherokee Indians, runs a greenhouse and seed bank dedicated to cultivating and preserving an exhaustive list of plants with cultural ties to the tribe today. He said he selects what he produces at the greenhouse on the basis of the needs of the community. “You could argue that every native plant that’s here is of cultural significance. try to focus on those things that people are noticing that there’s a lack of,” Anderson said. Although he doesn’t grow any of the lost crops, Anderson sees the value in reintroducing edible native plants of all kinds to increase biodiversity and resilience. “Maybe one day [these plants] are resilient to climate change, and we can rely on them,” he said. Sumpweed for Dinner? For Anderson, getting edible plants back into the landscape is “a goal, of a goal, of a goal. ” is unsure whether lost crops could ever again become major food sources because of both economic drivers and taste p10. 1029/2022EO220163. Published on 08 April 2022. Text © 2022. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of reintroducing edible native plants and the relationship between biodiversity and resilience. Anderson states that increasing biodiversity can lead to plants that might be more resilient to climate change, suggesting that genetic diversity in crops can help them adapt to new environmental challenges.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: , direct and indirect consumption) determine water use. 43,51,52Additionally, individual experiences potentially influence the choice of water resources, as risk perceptions and responses are sensitive to people’s everyday lives and experiences, with direct experiences being more influential than indirect experiences. 43,53 In addition, emotion resulting from previous experience affects trust and thus risk perception, with individuals with positive emotions having greater levels of trust and perceiving less risk than individuals with negative emotions. 15 Cognitive responses increase with the level of impact. Moreover, social trust, which accounts for one of the most important components of social capital, has a significant influence on social norms and social networks through the perception that other community members act through similar means for the common good with shared perceptions. 42,46 In contrast, sociocultural factors determine cognitive processes and introduce affective reactions based on different types of knowledge and/or attitudes to generate risk perception because knowledge is built through cultural values, social norms, and local experiences. 10 Additionally, the subsequent attitude resulting from direct experience (affective factor, i. e. , experience) and media exposure (cognitive factor, i. e. , social trust) is predictive of the willingness to pay for public safety. 54 Furthermore, a strong association between a belief (self-efficacy), social norm (descriptive norm), and attitude (instrumental and affective attitude) toward a safe water option contributes to the likelihood of combining social-cognitive factors (modeling perspective) and considering incorporating these factors in communication (intervention perspective). 12,55 The interconnection among the different dimensions of risk perception is illustrated in Fig. 4 and further explained below. Risk perception is driven by sociocultural identity, particularly through variations in personal beliefs and the values shared with others (social identity) as well as beliefs in subjective norms (cultural identity). 45 For example, in a previous study, the perceived hazards in China and the US in response to different risk contexts differed as a function of culture. 56 Moreover, cultures (i. e. , national, regional, organizational, and professional cultures) with societal and individual beliefs have influenced the implementation of water safety plans in urban water utilities. 57 Additionally, a more reliable use of value orientations serves as a proxy for modeling cultural influences. In terms of environmental concern, value orientation is commonly classified into (i) egoistic values (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how risk perception and access to water resources are heavily influenced by sociocultural factors and individual experiences. It mentions that variations in personal beliefs and cultural identity shape risk perception related to water safety, which implies that access to clean drinking water may not be equally available across different geographies. The text highlights that cultural differences can lead to discrepancies in perceptions of hazards and access to resources, suggesting that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: In situ and UAV Lidar Retrieva. . . Moose’s Datas. . . Dataset of Nor. . . Dataset of Integrating Satelli. . . Argo-of FAO. . . No. 10 Vol. 9,2022 Dataset over. . . A Software for Geospatial Data. . . of the Koshi Riv. . . Dataset. . . on Panshi Qiantan. . . Enterprises. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . No. 09 Vol. 9,2022 GIES Case 3 Video on Rice Perm. . . GIES Case 6 Video on Chinese C. . . GIES Case 7 Video on Summer An. . . GIES Case 12 Video on Qiantang. . . GIES Case 11 Video on Panshi L. . . GIES Case 2 Video on Baoshan A. . . GIES Case 9 Video on Wheat-Mai. . . GIES Case 13 Video on Suining. . . GIES Case 5 Video on Yang Coun. . . "Flying Wings" Program for the. . . No. 08 Vol. 9,2022 0. 625°x0. 4712°. . . Reconstruction dataset of Stan. . . of 1-km Vegetatio. . . Islands in Area of. . . Dataset of the Globall. . . Water System, Basin and Elevat. . . Water System, Basin and Elevat. . . of Identi. . . No. 07 Vol. 9,2022 Ecosystem Dataset. . . Water System, Watershed and El. . . Reduction Effe. . . of Annu. . . Bathymetry and In. . . Spatial-temporal Distribution. . . Dataset of Spatio-temporal Cha. . . and Slope, Relief. . . No. 06 Vol. 9,2022 Lig. . . of Annu. . . 30-year Average Monthly/1-km C. . . High-temperature D. . . Erosion/deposition Changes Dat. . . of Land Use. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding phosphine and microbial life on Venus. It appears to consist of a fragmented list of datasets and topics unrelated to the claim about Venus, providing no supporting or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: Genetic relationships between peanut and wild species of Arachis sect Arachis (Fabaceae): evidence from RAPDs. Plant Syst. Evol. 198: 167–178. 1997. Gene pool classification of common bean landraces from Chile based on RAPD and morphological data. Crop Sci. 37: 605–613. 1992. Detection of polymorphic loci in Arachis germplasm using random am-plified polymorphic DNAs. Genome 35: 885–889. PubMed 2001. Genetic diversity among soybean accessions from three countries measured by RAPDs. Crop Sci. 41: 1337–1347. 1995. Genetic diversity in European and Mediterranean faba bean germ plasm revealed by RAPD markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 90: 27–32. 1996. Genetic diversity and relationships among Lablab purpureus genotypes evaluated using RAPD as markers. Euphytica 90: 115–119. 2001. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers variability among cultivars and landraces of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) of south-Brazil. Euphytica 120: 257–263. 1978. Etude tax-onomique d'un groupe complexe d'espèces des genres Phaseolus et Vigna (Papilionaceae) sur la base des données morphologiques et polliniques, traitées par l'analyse informatique. Boissiera 28: 1–273. 1997. A genetic linkage map of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) developed from a cross between two inbred domesticated lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95: 1210–1217. 1995. Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA for identification of soybean cultivars. Field. Crop Res. 43: 43–49. 1998. Genetic diversity in cowpea as revealed by random amplified polymor phic DNA. J. Genet. Breed. 52: 151–159. 2000. RAPD variation in wild, weedy and cultivated azuki beans in Asia. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 47: 603–610. 1959. Africa, History. . 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am. Nat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about genetic modification and its effect on crop diversity. Instead, it discusses various studies related to genetic relationships and diversity within specific plant species using RAPD markers. There is no evidence or argument presented in the text that corroborates or contradicts the claim regarding the effects of genetic modification on crop diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: , personal basis), (ii) socio-altruistic values (i. e. , basis of costs or benefits to human groups such as a community, ethnic group or all of humanity), and (iii) biospheric values (i. e. , basis of costs or benefits to the ecosystem). 58,59 Moreover, egoistic and altruistic values have positive impacts on promoting water-saving behavior, while biospheric values positively influence water consumption behavior. 60 Biospheric values emphasize the social influences on environmental concern and are more strongly correlated with risk perception than egoistic and altruistic values. 59 As values act as guiding principles in life and the foundations of beliefs and behaviors, value orientation could be predictive of public risk perception and behavior regarding drinking water quality. In addition, the tendency of an individual to comply with social norms (individuals act through similar means for the common belief in and good of the community) influences his/her tendency to pay for better drinking water quality. 46 Descriptive norms describe common actions in a given situation (what most others do), whereas prescriptive norms refer to expected behavior that should be performed in a given situation (what most others approve or disapprove of). 61 In the context of social norms, descriptive and prescriptive norms (that are aligned and made salient) are important in ensuring positive changes in behavioral intention. 62 In conclusion, the perception of the risks related to drinking water quality in regard to EDCs could be explained by a social-psychological model that combines and integrates cognitive, experiential, and sociocultural factors and that incorporates sociodemographic variables, which are discussed below. Sociodemographic variables in risk processingIn addition, the actual or perceived proximity to a potential risk may differ by sociodemographic group, thus affecting the risk perception of drinking water quality (amplification or attenuation effects) because sociodemographic factors are associated with many life outcomes. For example, the influences are clearly observable when education determines the risk processing method and accelerates a positive risk outcome. 12,39,49Perceiving risks and making choices are different between age groups. For instance, older adults (aged 40–60 years) are more aware of and willing to consider the environmental hazards of consuming pharmaceuticals compared to younger adults (aged 20–39 years). 34 Moreover, children have been observed to increase the salience of issues to parents (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing how sociodemographic factors, such as proximity to potential risks and education, influence perceptions of drinking water quality. It suggests that access to clean drinking water is not equal among different communities, as those factors can amplify or attenuate the risk perception of drinking water quality. The mention of socio-demographic variables affecting risk processing indicates that access to clean drinking water is uneven and varies by geographic and social context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: Agriculture-Ecosystem Observat. . . No. 05 Vol. 9,2022 of Arcti. . . Datas. . . In situ Dataset of Species Div. . . Dataset of Cha. . . (Thousands Res. . . Yili Oasis, and E. . . Resp. . . Potato Subtropic. . . Ri. . . No. 04 Vol. 9,2022 Land Suita. . . of Year. . . of Year. . . Dataset of Outline,. . . 0. 25°x0. 25° of. . . Anomaly and o. . . 100-km of Locus. . . Ha’apai Group Vava’u Dataset of Crop. . . No. 03 Vol. 9,2022 of UAV Gr. . . Dataset i. . . of 312 Histori. . . Dataset B. . . of Forest Wate. . . Dataset in Vie. . . Dataset of Cooling and Heating. . . of Hunga Tonga. . . FY-4. . . No. 02 Vol. 9,2022 Dataset of in. . . Dataset of Impa. . . of Year. . . Dataset of of. . . Isole di Islands Spatial-temporal Annual Precip. . . Dataset by Multi-so. . . Landsat Image-based Retrieval. . . No. 01 Vol. 9,2022 Dataset of and. . . Oasis Spatial-temporal Mean Temperat. . . Class. . . of Historica. . . Spatial-temporal Dataset of Sa. . . Video Report: E. . . In situ Dataset of Surface and. . . Spatial-temporal Dataset of Ti. . . No. 12 Vol. 8,2021 of 3610 Nation. . . Dataset of Wood Carving, Stone. . . -. . . Wusi Reservoir, Winter Fish-ca. . . Panhai Reservoir, Winter Fish-. . . Houdaying Reservoir, Winter Fi. . . Yongxing Reservoir, Winter Fis. . . Dongfanghong Reservoir, Winter. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a collection of dataset descriptions and does not reference phosphine or microbial life in Venus's atmosphere. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning the potential implications of phosphine detection on microbial life.