Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 87058 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechEcosystems and Edited by From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2013. We are aiming to fill the research and knowledge gap with respect to spatial and temporal variation of economic valuation and mapping of pollination services in developing countries, by taking Ethiopia as an example. Result indicated that the mean economic value of pollination is about US$81. 3 million for this period. Our estimated crop vulnerability ratio was approximately 8. 4%, and pollination service contributes about 4. 2% of the total farm gate value. The spatial analysis of our estimates revealed discrete patterns of zonal level variation in Ethiopia. Estimates and spatial analyses of pollination values and vulnerabilities provide vital information to determine suitable pollinator management strategies at different institutional and ecological scales. Accordingly, our findings have policy and management implications on the potential benefit of addressing pollinator decline at local level. Keywords pollination ecosystem services economic valuation mapping and + Mulatu* Environment and Center (ECRC), Institute (PSI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Address all correspondence to: dawitwmulatu@gmail. com 1. IntroductionPollination is an ecosystem service and a production practice [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'pollination is an ecosystem service.' It provides details about the economic valuation of pollination services, which highlights the importance of ecosystems in providing essential services, in line with the claim that ecosystems offer various services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Source: Collated from www. bis. orgThe above table gives the inflation target of various countries/regions- both developed and developing. Given below is the elucidation of global scenario. February 2022: The global commodity prices were higher than in the previous period and fiscal consolidation measures took place. There was continuation of recovery in global economic activity from Covid-19 and subsequent supply chain disruption. Financial conditions at the global level were largely accommodative. However, they are slated to tighten over the medium-term as monetary policy is expected to normalise earlier than forecasted. International prices of oil have continued to register an increase, which were at the highest level since the outbreak of Covid-19. March 2022: Just as the global economy came out of the pandemic-related disruptions, the inflationary pressures continued to build. These pressures got intensified due to Russia-Ukraine conflict. Further, rise in international commodity prices, emanating from supply chain disruptions and enhanced risky sentiment contributed to inflationary pressures and imbalances on the external front. May 2022: There was slowdown in global economic activity because of continued tensions between Russia and Ukraine. Global commodity prices, especially oil and wheat, remain elevated due to trade sanctions on Russia and the concomitant supply chain issues. The international prices of the said commodities got affected, with the latter influenced by adverse weather conditions and poor harvests in some areas. There was tightening of financial conditions at the global level. This is because major central banks continue to increase policy rates and reduce asset purchase programs in a bid to contain inflationary expectations. At this time, lockdowns for Covid-19 were imposed by China, which led to further disruption in global value chains. June 2022: Global economic activity slowed down on account of ongoing economic tensions between Russia and Ukraine and the subsequent supply chain disruptions. There were tighter global financial conditions, as major central banks went further to tighten policy rates and reduce asset purchase programs, in order to combat inflation. August 2022: There was continuation of slowdown in global economic activity. It was impacted by spillovers from Russia-Ukraine conflict, in addition to enhanced geopolitical risk in South-East Asia. As major central banks continued to hike policy rates, global conditions were tight. There was a slight decrease in global commodity prices. September 2022: The Russia-Ukraine conflict continued to levy its influence. The slight decline in global commodity prices such as oil due to lower demand, which in turn was because of global recessionary expectations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed overview of economic conditions and challenges faced globally, particularly highlighting issues like inflation and the effects of geopolitical conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine war. It demonstrates that external factors, such as market pressures and financial conditions, influence global economic activity, suggesting that businesses may not inherently adopt sustainable practices without regulation or external incentives. The focus is on economic struggles rather than on any guarantees from environmental economics regarding business practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물은 씨앗으로부터 싹이 나고, 뿌리가 생기고, 줄기와 잎이 생기 고, 꽃이 피고, 열매를 맺는 여러 과정들이 유기적 관계 속에서 다양 한 성장과정의 변화를 가진 식물형상은 사람의 내면상태와 관련되 기 때문이다(Kim, 2012). 유기적인 형태감, 율동감, 선의 표현은 식물의 무한한 에너지를 보여준다. 계절을 통한 변화는 미적 분위 기와 경험, 새로운 감성을 제공함으로써 정서적 안정을 준다(Sun, 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the growth processes of plants and their organic relationships but does not specifically address paleoethnobotany or its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: At present, an increasing degree of attention is being given to pollination ecosystem service and its economic value due to its linkage to the world food production; on top, it has become a frequently mentioned example of how ecosystems services are economically valuable [2]. Pollination makes a very significant contribution for the production of a broad range of crops, in particular fruits, vegetables, fiber crops, and nuts. Its value is derived from its contribution to the maintenance of ecosystems as well as its impact on agriculture [3]. However, pollinators’ decline all over the world has consequences in many agricultural areas and is a major global environmental concern [4]. Thus, it is necessary to assess the potential significant loss of economic value of pollination [5]. It is increasingly recognized that more studies are needed to enhance our understanding of pollination services [3, 6], their contribution to the ecosystem [2, 7, 8], and agriculture productivity [6, 9, 10]. As well, there is a limited scientific evidence to explain the ongoing debate on pollination ecosystem service and valuation [2, 11, 12], the spatial and temporal trends of pollination benefits [1, 13], landscape impacts on the stability of pollination ecosystem services [14], and the suitability of habitats for sustaining valuable pollinators [15]. There is also a wide variation placed in the economic value of pollinators, and the economic value of pollination services is still at its infancy stage [2, 7, 10, 16]. Likewise, valuation of pollination services is useful to justify the allocation of resources toward conservation practices [17]. Economic valuation of pollination services not only provides information on the economic impacts of pollination decline but also contributes to decision-making process concerning selection of alternative mitigation strategies [6]. The first global estimate of the economic value of pollination was provided by Costanza et al. [18]. There is an increasing trend in pollination dependency in both the developed and the developing world [19, 20] and crop yields might also be declined due to pollination shortages [5]. The increasing pollination dependency led to a decline in agricultural production, thereby the demand for agricultural land expected to rise due to pollination absence or decline, particularly in developing countries [21]. In most developing countries, managing pollination services is also limited due to limited understanding of its economic value [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of pollination as an ecosystem service and its economic value. It highlights the critical role pollination plays in the production of various crops, thereby linking it directly to the services ecosystems provide. Furthermore, it emphasizes that pollination supports agricultural productivity and has broader implications for ecosystems, affirming that ecosystems indeed provide important services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: October 2022: There have been unprecedented shocks and challenges for the global economy. There was Covid-19 pandemic that led to lockdowns, followed by Russia-Ukraine conflict. December 2022: There was slight easing of international commodity prices. Moreover, financial conditions witnessed stabilisation, with many central banks pointing out that their inflation may have reached peaks and started a reducing path. February 2023: There was relaxation of Covid-19 restrictions in China and Russia-Ukraine war, which were the prominent global issues at that time. March 2023: Reopening of China, banking sector issues in developed economies resulted in huge volatility in the US and EU. May 2023: There was decline in energy prices, leading to a decrease in supply chain bottlenecks and a decline in volatility. June 2023: Inflation globally was above targeted levels. August 2023: There is persistent high inflation at the global level. Advertisement 6. Domestic scenarioThe domestic economic and financial scenario is analysed below for a representative sample of US (developed world) and Egypt (developing world). 6. 1 of America (USA)The table below gives the target range of federal funds rate in the US vis-à-vis the respective date of monetary policy (Table 2). Date of Monetary PolicyTarget range of federal funds rate (%)25–26 January 20220–0. 2515–16 March 20220. 25–0. 53–4 May 20220. 75–114–15 June 20221. 5–1. 7526–27 July 20222. 25–2. 520–21 September 20223–3. 251–2 November 20223. 75–413–14 December 20224. 25–4. 531 January−1 February 20234. 5–4. 7521–22 March 20234. 75–52–3 May 20235–5. 2513–14 June 2023-do-25–26 July 20235. 25 to 5. 5Table 2. Date of monetary policy and target range of federal funds rate in US. Source: www. federalreserve. govJanuary 2022: There was continuation of strengthening of economic activity. Covid-19 pandemic cast its influence on many sectors. But, they have improved. However, there has been a sudden rise in Covid-19 cases. The job gains have been stable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the significant economic challenges and shocks that have occurred globally, such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. These challenges illustrate that the adoption of sustainable practices does not occur automatically in response to economic conditions and hints at the necessity for regulation as businesses are influenced by immediate economic pressures rather than environmental concerns. Thus, the text implies that businesses may not adopt sustainable practices without regulatory frameworks in place.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Raoul France(1974~1943)는 식물도 자신의 몸을 자유롭 고 쉽게 우아하게 움직이며, 같은 종류의 식물일지라도 인간과의 유대감을 통하여 지각에 따라 다른 모습으로 나타나기도 하고 인간 과 같이 감정과 감각이 있다고 하였다(Lee, 2014). 감정을 가진 인 간은 사회관계속에서 살아가며 크던 작던 상처를 안고 살아간다. 또 여러 가지 환경요인에 의해 육체적, 정신적 자극을 받고, 의식적 무의식에 저장되면서 변화되어가고 형성되어가는 존재이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the perception and emotional connection between plants and humans, as argued by Raoul France, but it does not address paleoethnobotany or its focus on historical relationships. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, pollination is far beyond ecological-economical settings, but rather is a service of global importance threatened by land-use change and agricultural intensification [13, 23]. Therefore, we are aiming to fill the research and knowledge gap with respect to spatial and temporal variation of economic valuation of pollination services. Specifically, the major objectives of this study are: the first one is to quantify the economic value of pollination (EVP), the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) or the potential relative production value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators, and the pollination’s contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) or the potential relative agricultural sector production value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators in Ethiopia. The second objective is to map and assess the temporal and spatial variation of and PCV in Ethiopia. Similar to Gallai et al. [5], our study is based on the hypothesis that the economic impact of pollinators on agricultural output is measurable through the use of dependence ratios quantifying the impact of a lack of or disappearance of pollinators on crop production value using a bio-economic approach. Thus, our study focuses on: the analysis of spatial and temporal variation in economic valuation of pollination services and the vulnerability of national economies on pollination benefits; and the use of zonal level data (at local level) to derive mapping of economic valuation pollination, pollination dependency, and vulnerability due to pollination decline. Advertisement 2. MethodsA notable bio-economic approach is applied to estimate the economic value of pollination. It has been used to estimate the economic value of pollination, and the potential relative production and agricultural sector value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators or the production value loss attributable to a decline in pollinator [5, 10]. The total economic value of pollination (EVP) is calculated as follows:EVP=∑i=1nPi∗Qi∗DiE1where for each crop i€ (1:n), (where n = 38 in our study), Qi is the quantity produced, Di is the pollination dependency ratio, and Pi is the price per unit of quantity produced. The potential production value loss attributable to lack of pollinators, which is the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR), is calculated as the ratio of EVP to economic production value of the crops in our study (EV). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of pollination as a service of global significance that is essential for agricultural productivity. It emphasizes that pollination services are integral to ecological and economic systems and highlights the potential negative impacts of land-use change and agricultural practices on these services. This aligns with the claim that ecosystems provide vital services, specifically mentioning pollination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Lenders in Denmark set forth negative interest rates on customers’ deposits. Lower margins are generated on lending. The current account rate, which is the benchmark rate in Denmark, was raised by 75 basis points from a negative interest rate of −0. 1% to 0. 65% in September 2022. stated that its rate hike was a result of the increase by Bank. Danish economy was on the precipice of overheating. of Japan applied a negative interest rate of −0. 1% to the policy rate balances in current accounts held by financial institutions at Bank. (SNB) policy rate was negative from January 2022 till 22 September 2022. It entered positive territory from 23 September 2022, when it was changed from −0. 25% to 0. 5%. The above data is from the site of Review [18]. Advertisement 10. Climate-related issues and monetary policyAs per Mr. [19], Deputy Governor, RBI, the climate risks are of two types, viz. , physical risks and transition risks, which influence macroeconomic decisions. For example, wildfires, storms and floods are the physical risks. Extreme weather conditions can cause disruption in production as well as supply chains, which could lead to shortage of essential goods and services. This could result in increased prices, thereby leading to inflation. Heat waves in addition to fluctuating rainfall trends, on account of El Nino, are likely to affect crop yields. This leads to uncertain conditions for producers and consumers. In the Eurozone, investment in equipment and machinery was resilient thus far, notwithstanding tighter financing situation. It was observed that there was an relieving impact of climate change as regards loans to green companies. On the other hand, there was a shrinking effect with regard to loans to companies based on fossil fuels. Critical water routes such as the are drying up, further aggravating the supply chain concerns. 11. OutlookCPI inflation is slated to decline during the remaining part of the year, bringing to light the lower energy prices. Services CPI inflation is forecasted to be broadly unaffected in the near-term. Core goods CPI inflation to be lower this year, bolstered by indicators w. r. t. cost and price, in the value chain. The short-term outlook for Eurozone is one of weak domestic demand as well as external demand, leading to holding down of manufacturing output. As time progresses, declining inflation, increasing incomes and enhanced supply conditions should augur well for the recovery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of climate-related risks on macroeconomic decisions and financing. It highlights that while there is a positive impact on loans to green companies, there is a shrinking effect on loans to fossil fuel-based companies. This indicates that environmental economics does not guarantee that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation; rather, it shows the influence of monetary policy and market conditions, implying that businesses may not adopt sustainable practices voluntarily without regulatory pressure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물 은 이런 욕망과 감정을 표현하는 매개이며, 훼손된 잎의 지각과정 을 통하여 표현하기도 하고 잎맥을 통해 핏줄과 혈관으로 선을 조 형하기도 하고, 시들어 변형된 식물을 상징적으로 표현하기도 한다 (Lee, 2016). 인간은 식물을 볼 때마다 사건과 경험이 기억나면서 서로의 기 억들은 각각 중첩된다. 기억의 중첩은 이미지를 한 화면에 함축하 면서 생생하게 각인된 정서를 증폭시키면서 기억을 표현한다(Kang, 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the symbolic representation of plants and the emotional connections humans have with them, but it does not specifically address the scientific study or historical examination of the relationship between people and plants, which is central to the claim regarding paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: CVR is calculated as:CVR=EVPEV=∑i=1nPi∗Qi∗Di∑i=1nPi∗Qi%E2We calculate the pollination contribution to total farm gate value (PCV). PCV measures the potential agricultural sector production value loss attributable to lack of pollinators. It is the ratio of EVP to total farm gate value (TFGV). In our case, the total farm gate value is reported for each zone and is a summation of values of all agricultural productions (m is the whole agricultural products). We did not include services and animal products in our total farm gate value calculation. PCV is calculated as:PCV==∑i=1nPi∗Qi∗Di∑i=1mPi∗Qi%E3For Ethiopia, we estimate the and PCV for the period from 2003 to 2013. The spatial pattern and variation of and PCV of Ethiopia at the zone level for respective year are analyzed using geographical information systems (GIS). For a better understanding of the spatial and temporal pattern, maps were produced for the economic value of pollination, crop vulnerability ratio, and pollination contribution to total farm gate value. Spatially explicit analysis of these indices at local or national level show how pollination has fundamentally different regional significance and consequences in its absence [1]. Advertisement 3. DataWe used data of the Surveys (AgSS) from 2003 to 2013 conducted by Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia [24]. The major part of the AgSS is the Main (“Meher”)1 season postharvest survey which consists of area and production, land-use, farm management practices, and crop utilization of private peasant holdings. The specific objectives of main season postharvest survey are to estimate the total crop area, volume of crop production, and yield of crops for main agricultural season in Ethiopia. The data covered the entire rural parts of the country except some of the non-sedentary population zones in Ethiopia (i. e. , Afar and Somali regional states). The agricultural products data collection in AgSS surveys cover all cereals, pulses, and oilseeds and the most commonly grown vegetables, root crops and permanent (perennial) crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the economic value of pollination and its importance in the agricultural sector. It mentions the Pollination Contribution to Total Farm Gate Value (PCV), highlighting the role of pollinators in agricultural production and their absence leading to significant economic impacts. The analyses of spatial patterns and the regional significance of pollination further emphasize the ecosystem service of pollination, aligning with the claim that ecosystems provide essential services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: To do this, we will consider the phenomenon of financial globalization, the monetary role of securities, the replacement of material forms of money (gold) with electronic (virtual) forms, and the actions of central banks in this direction. Advertisement 2. Global financializationAs noted by the economist P. Kruger, economists in general have separate, unified views regarding the objective and nonideological foundations of economic knowledge. At the same time, significant disagreements begin as soon as the economics of business cycles and the practical steps to take in response to a business boom or bust are addressed. In our opinion, the essence of the problem arises from the fact that the world economy has entered a new era—the Era of Globalization. At the end of the last century and the beginning of the new century, globalization reached such proportions that there was no longer any area of social relations that was not covered by this process. But one of the most affected or covered (depending on the relationship to this phenomenon) globalization of the social and economic spheres is indeed, without a doubt, the financial system. And, even more than that, high indicators of internationalization of financial relations are considered not only as results of globalization but also as instruments of globalization processes. That is, in essence, the financial system and financial relations serve simultaneously as both objects and subjects of globalization. As the American professor J. Kirshner noted, “after the War, issues of the real economy—trade, especially liberalization, integration, and strategy—dominated the agenda, while monetary politics tended to pop up when its more severe pathologies (…) threatened to disrupt the smooth functioning of world trade. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, however, these roles have reversed. Money leads and the real economy must follow. From an economic perspective, this has an Alice-in-Wonderland quality to it: money, once the handmaiden of the modern economy, has become its mistress” ([1], p. 407). One of the characteristic features of the current stage of globalization is that “expansion of horizons,” loosening of borders and restrictions, comprehensive unification, and universalization take place against the background of regional fragmentation and integration. The widespread comparison of the volume of derivatives with the total volume of money in circulation, or, say, global GDP (in particular, mention is made of its 10-fold excess), draws attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of financial globalization and the role of monetary systems in the current economy. It does not support the idea that environmental economics alone is sufficient for businesses to adopt sustainable practices, let alone without regulation. Instead, it highlights the interdependencies within global financial systems and the lack of consensus among economists regarding business cycles and responses, indicating that external factors and regulations play a critical role in influencing business practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 우리 기억은 감각적 입력치에 의존한다. 뇌에 인지한 정보 를 저장하고 유지하고 필요한 순간에 다시 불러내는 회상의 기능을 의미한다. 이것은 추억이라는 것으로 존재하며 우리의 현재 삶에 추억으로 계속 살아남게 된다. 이를 식물에 투영하는 방법은 다양 하다. 일반적으로 사람들에게는 ‘식물’이라는 형태가 주는 고정관 념들이 있다(Choi, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses memory and perception in relation to sensory input, without any reference to paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Holders growing at least one or more of these and/or other crops are enumerated, and data on crop area and yield condition are recorded; hence data on production of these crops are acquired. For each year, quantities of various crops production were directly computed from the survey data. These values were aggregated to national, regional, and zonal levels. In order to get the value of each crop production, the volume of each crop production were multiplied by national average price of each crop item per year. The mean annual prices were computed for each crop item from the monthly producers’ agricultural prices released by the CSA [25]. The dollar values of production were calculated by using data from the database [26]. Deflating the values of productions was also important for ease of comparing values across different years. We used information from the database [26] to correct the prices for inflation by considering 2011 as reference year. For all zones in respective years, the scope of our study is limited to 38 different types of crops (pulses, spices, vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, and cash crops). The detail on the type of crops, the crop pollinators, and the mean pollination dependency ratio of crops is presented in Table 1. Crop typeYield/seed increase in the presence of animal pollinators 1In the absence of pollinators yield maybe less byPollinatorsMean pollination dependencyPumpkinsEssentialMore than 90%Honey bees0. 95ApplesGreat40–90%Wild bees0. 65AvocadosGreat40–90%Honey bees (Apis spp. )0. 65CardamomGreat40–90%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 65CorianderGreat40–90%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 65FennelGreat40–90%Apis florea Fabricius0. 65MangosGreat40–90%Apis s0. 65Coffee (Arabica)Modest10–40%Apis dorsata Fabricius0. 25GuavaModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0. 25Horse beansModest10–40%Xylocopa aestuans L. 0. 25SesameModest10–40%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 25RapeseedModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of animal pollinators in increasing crop yields, highlighting the dependency of various crops on pollinators for successful production. This shows how ecosystems, through the presence of pollinators like honey bees and wild bees, contribute to agricultural productivity which can be considered a service provided by the ecosystem.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: With reference to such assessments, conclusions are often made about the financing of the modern economy—that is, its state in which financial agreements (especially in international relations) develop a role, dominating the production and trade conditions, both from the point of view of determining the main direction of development of the global economic system. Financialization itself is an indisputable statistical fact. But from this fact, it is customary to draw a conclusion about the complete detachment of the financial sector from the real economy, the subordination of the real economy to the “financial international” (with further conspiratorial conclusions), the transformation of the financial sector into an “autostatic world of speculation,” and the further development of the financialized economy in the direction of its territory. However, an influential or frankly negative attitude toward financial speculation continues to exist. Such views began to spread especially widely, it seems, after the publication of the book by the professor of the of Economics, the known specialist in the field of international relations, “Casino Capitalism”. The author assumed that money is too important to be left to bankers and economists. Therefore, from her point of view, the meaning of the creation of “casino capitalism” occurs in the development of a financial system that increasingly affects the calming effects of democratic control. The main thesis of S. Strange was that the roots of the world economic disorder are monetary and financial and that the disorder did not arise by chance, but was actually nurtured and inspired by a number of the US government decisions ([2], p. 60). In particular, she pointed out that global financial markets create increased risks for all economic agents and argued that the volatility of exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity market prices (i. e. , the main “underlying assets”) is not a “natural” phenomenon, but the result of certain political decisions that were made in the 1970s. It cannot be denied that the reform of the old and the formation of a new monetary system (both of individual countries and of the world) was formalized by appropriate decisions of political institutions (national and international). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the influence of financial markets and political decisions on economic behavior. It highlights how global financial markets create increased risks and speculate that the volatility of economic indicators is a result of political choices, not a natural outcome. This suggests that without regulatory frameworks, businesses may not adopt sustainable practices as their behavior is influenced by economic forces and strategies rather than an internal commitment to sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물의 색채에서도 사람들은 녹색은 부 드럽고 차분하고 편안하다 등과 같은 감성적 이미지를 연계시킨다 (Jang et. al. , 2015). 이것이 바로 사람들의 식물선호와 관련성을 갖는다. 사람의 식물선호는 형태, 색채, 혹은 특정한 부분적 특성에 집중한 혹은 관련된 어떤 기억과 같은 단서와 관련될 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses people's emotional associations with plant colors and preferences, which is not directly related to the examination of historical relationships between people and plants in paleoethnobotany. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: 25SoybeansModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0. 25SunflowerModest10–40%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 25CottonModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0. 25ChickpeasLittle0–10%Bumble bees0. 05CitronLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05Green pepperLittle0–10%Honey bees0. 05Ground nutsLittle0–10%Apis dorsata Fabricius0. 05Haricot beansLittle0–10%0. 05LemonsLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05Line seedLittle0–10%Apis mellifera L. 0. 05MandarinsLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05OrangesLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05Red pepperLittle0–10%Honey bees0. 05TomatoesLittle0–10%Apis mellifera L. 0. 05Beans kidneyLittle0–10%0. 05BarleyDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0LentilsDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0MaizeDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0MilletDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0OatsDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0RiceDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0SorghumDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0Sugar caneDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0WheatDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0Field peasDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0Table 1. Crops identified in our study and their yield may decline in the absence or decline of pollinators (based on [5, 7, 27]). The crop pollination dependency ratio has been calculated based on the dependency ratio of the recently published for crops by [5, 7], and by using the FAO database2 [27]. The mean value of pollination-driven yield reduction lying between 100 and 90% is 95% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “essential”). The mean pollination-driven yield reduction ranging between 40 and 90% is 65% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “great”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of pollination, which is a key ecosystem service. It discusses the dependency of various crops on pollinators and notes that the absence or decline of these pollinators can lead to significant yield reductions, indicating that pollination is essential for agricultural productivity and thereby supporting the claim regarding ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: However, it is obvious to economists that they did not happen at the whim of individual (even very influential) politicians, but were the result (sometimes forced, which made itself felt after a long political resistance—such as, for example, the rejection of the gold standard or the mechanism of fixed exchange rates courses) of changing the conditions (and, sometimes, the entire paradigm) of the organization of economic life and the operation of objective economic laws. In fact, financialization is the result of the growing importance of finance, financial markets, and financial institutions for the functioning of the economy. First, the focus on shareholder value has led to significant changes in corporate strategies and structures that encourage outsourcing and disaggregation of corporations. Second, financialization has shaped patterns of inequality, new culture, and social change in society. At the heart of these changes is a major shift in the way capital is channeled—from financial institutions to financial markets through mechanisms such as securitization (the conversion of debt into marketable securities). Thanks to the combination of theory, technology, and ideology, financialization has indeed become a powerful force for changes in social institutions. In our opinion, nothing apocalyptic, in fact, is happening, and comparing the volumes of financial transactions (including derivatives) with the volumes of production or trade in goods is completely inappropriate: After all, financial instruments are designed to serve various operations (not only buying and selling but also advance production, financing of research and design works, long-term investment, budget financing, insurance of numerical risks, etc. ) and not only in the field of so-called real economy (production of goods) but also in the field of services (the volumes of which in developed economies exceed the volumes of commodity production), in the “knowledge economy,” in the information economy, and in the digital economy. As for the speculative nature of the financial economy, its size in relation to the “primary basis” isn’t so much impressive compared to speculations on commodity markets. However, the probability of financial crises, which are accompanied by the transmission of the “crisis virus” and parallel events on the global capital markets, increases in the future due to the emergence and strengthening of the importance of not only new players but also new financial instruments. Among them, of course, the so-called derivative financial instruments play a special role (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that changes in corporate strategies and structures, which affect sustainability, do not occur spontaneously or purely through the influence of individual politicians. It highlights that financialization, influenced by economic laws, creates a complex interplay that can foster significant changes in corporate practices but does not guarantee that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulatory pressure. Thus, the assertion that such adoption is guaranteed is strongly disputed by the economic realities discussed in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 그러므로 사람이 선호하는 식물과 행동이나 태도의 관계성을 알 수 있다면 원예활동 프로그램을 개발하고 적용하는 데 유용한 정보 를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 그동안 대부분 식물은 식물의 형질을 기준 으로 분류(Kwack et al. , 2012) 하지만 초등학생은 예쁘다, 향기롭 다 등과 같은 경험을 먼저 떠올리고 식물을 분류할 때도 그러한 경 험을 분류기준으로 삼는 경향이 있다(Ham, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses preferences for plants and the basis for classifying them, but it does not specifically mention paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants in a historical context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: The mean pollination-driven yield reduction ranging between 10 and 40% is 25% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “modest”). The mean pollination-driven yield reduction ranging between 0 and 10% reduction is 5% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “little”). Pollination driven that does not show an increase in yields takes a zero dependency ratio [2, 7]. Advertisement 4. Results and discussionUsing the bio-economic approach, we estimate the economic value of pollination (EVP), the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR), and pollination’s contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) for Ethiopia using the 2003–2013 zonal level production value data for 38 different type of crops. We calculate the annual mean value estimates of and PCV between 68 and 73 zones of the respective years from 2003 to 2013. For Ethiopia, the mean economic value of pollination, total farm gate value, and economic value of crops under study for the period of 2003–2013 were >US$81. 3 million, >US$12. 8 billion, and >US$6. 41 billion, respectively. Our estimated crop vulnerability ratio indicates a potential production value loss for the crops studied of roughly 8. 4% in the absence of pollinators. The CVR for the period of 2003–2013 is presented in Figure 1 and it ranges between 6 and 13% which is comparable with [13] that showed the national dependency of the agricultural GDP on pollination in east Africa (including Ethiopia) which ranges between 5 and 7. 5%. The mean PCV value indicated that the potential relative agricultural sector production value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators in Ethiopia was 4. 2% and the PCV values for respected year are presented in Figure 2. The highest value of CVR and PCV was found for the year 2007. Total farm gate values and economic value of pollination are presented in Figure 3. The CVR and PCV analyses have been done for different crop categories; fruits had highest CVR values due to their high pollination dependency followed by cash crops (e. g. , coffee) and oil seeds (Figure 4). Alternatively, the pollination contribution to farm gate value indicated the highest percentage for oil seeds followed by relatively in similar pattern for fruits and pulses (Figure 5). Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of the economic value of pollination in Ethiopia, quantifying its importance to agricultural productivity. It discusses how pollination leads to significant farm gate values and prevents potential production losses, indicating that pollination is indeed a critical service provided by ecosystems. Specifically, the text mentions that in the absence of pollinators, there could be an 8.4% loss in production value for the crops studied, highlighting the essential role of pollination in agriculture and ecosystem service.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Thus, sovereign funds of national wealth, which are outside the management and responsibility of central banks and are aimed at solving economic problems directly related not to maintaining the exchange rate, providing financing for critical imports, or servicing external debt in emergency situations, but rather to the structural development of the national economy, fundamentally change the mechanism and priorities of the use of foreign exchange earnings. Of course, the mentioned changes could not and did not go unnoticed, neither by the monetary authorities of individual countries nor by the center of the world monetary system—the Fund. Created to manage a system of fixed exchange rates in which all currencies were effectively pegged to the US dollar, the Fund was forced to seek a raison d’etre for its continued existence in the new environment. And such meaning was found in the need to coordinate actions to ensure the financial stability of the world. Having released the genie of free movement of capital, the financial world has created the greatest threat to its stability. Macroeconomic indicators can no longer function as warning signs of approaching crises: The latter arise like tsunamis and are carried unexpectedly (from the point of view of old economic views) under the surface of the financial market to distant parts of the world. Thus, objectively, there was a need for the creation of “permanent surveillance stations” and “operational response center. ”Technological changes in the world currency system were added to the sectoral, functional, and institutional ones. The interdependence of currency markets has increased significantly with the development of means of communication and information processing. The emergence of nationwide payment systems that function in real time (Gross Settlement—RTGS), and later—their connection, in fact, into international financial networks (such as the system)—also seriously reflected on functioning of the world monetary system. After all, now the rules of currency regulation and control must take into account the possible impact of operations not only on the national economy. Accordingly, the impact of operations that take place in geographically distant markets should also be taken into account. This dependence was demonstrated by the crisis of 1997–1998, which spread like a bird flu from to and Russia. The causes of the latest world economic crises and the development of events in the world market indicate that in the new globalized economic system, the main role is not played by production, but by the financial sector, and the causes of crises are the overproduction not of goods, but of money. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the complexities of financial markets and the inadequacies of current economic systems, suggesting that the financial sector's influence and the occurrence of economic crises indicate that mere economic mechanisms do not ensure sustainable practices. It highlights that the causes of crises stem from an excess of money rather than the effective implementation of sustainable business practices, implying that regulation is necessary to address these issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 선인장은 삭막하고 각박한 현대사 회에서 인간소외를 겪게 되는 고독한 인간의 모습과 매우 유사하 다. 전체적으로 사막가운데 성장하는 식물이어서 고립적이고 강한 인상을 가지고 있다(Moon, 2011). 반대로 군중심리는 단체생활 에서 가장 중요한 욕구 표현의 하나로 인간 내면의 깊은 곳에 자리 잡은 하나의 표출방법이다. 인간의 군중 심리는 생물의 군집생태를 중심으로 분석할 수 있다(Lee, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses themes of loneliness and human psychology in modern society, as well as crowd psychology in relation to ecological communities, without addressing the relationship between people and plants in history. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 2. Pollination contribution for farm gate value (PCV) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 3. Total farm gate value, farm gate value of crops under study and economic value of pollination in million USD for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 4. Crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) (%) per crop category for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 5. Pollination contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) (%) per crop category for the period of 2003–2013. Our geographic information system (GIS) analysis revealed the spatial variation of the crop vulnerability ratio (Figure 6), the economic value of pollination (Figure 7), and the pollination’s contribution to total farm gate value (Figure 8). Zones with the higher CVR values appear to be clustered in the west-central part of the country. The north-western part of the country revealed the highest CVR value; these areas mainly produce oil seed products for export market. Some parts of the south and eastern zones show the lowest CVR value because these areas are dry land and mainly livestock production zones rather than crop production. The result for the spatial pattern of the economic value of pollination shown that it is comparable for most parts of the north-eastern and the south-western parts of the country while it had a highest value in the north-western and the central parts of the country which predominantly produced oil seeds and cash crops. Figure 6. Ethiopia zone level mapping of the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 7. Ethiopia zone level mapping of the economic value of pollination (EVP) in million USD for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 8. Ethiopia zone level mapping of the pollination contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Providing an estimate and spatial variation of the economic value of pollination is vital for cost-benefit analysis of planned interventions to perceived or anticipated pollinator decline [1]. The spatial analysis of our estimates revealed discrete patterns of zonal variation in pollination services and values within Ethiopia. Spatially explicit analysis of these indicators is important to support policies related to protection of abundant pollination sites for maintaining pollination services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the economic value of pollination and its contribution to agricultural productivity. It highlights the importance of pollination services in analyzing crop vulnerability and economic metrics, demonstrating that ecosystems, specifically in this context, provide vital ecological services like pollination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: (In connection with this, the opinion about the emergence of “global financialism” has become quite widespread. )The imbalance of the global economy model was manifested in high-deficit foreign trade balances of developed countries and, accordingly, a high surplus (surplus) of the current account in developing countries. The economic crisis of recent years has been largely caused by problems originating from the financial sector and rooted in the disparity caused by the hypertrophied role of this segment of the economy in developed countries. In this regard, at a certain stage of the development of the technological system, an overaccumulation of capital begins to be observed: The accumulated monetary capital cannot be invested in the expansion of production and trade, without leading to the next drop in the rate of return. As a result, there is a significant growth of stock markets and volumes of operations with derivative financial instruments of a speculative nature, which generate rapid, chaotic movement of “hot money. ” World surplus capital from the trade and production sphere flows into the financial sphere and, accordingly, from developing countries (which need additional capital for the development of the real sector of the economy) to industrially developed countries. In the new globalized economic system, the main role is no longer played by production, but by the financial sector. And accordingly, the “crisis of over-financing” has replaced the “crisis of overproduction. ”In his book “Capitalism 4. 0,” the famous English economist claims that capitalism is not a static set of institutions, but an evolutionary system that rethinks and reactivates itself through a crisis. The crisis, in his opinion, will create a new model of global capitalism, which will be based not on blind faith in market forces and not on excessive state intervention. This new kind of capitalism will be the result of four historical transformations: the end of communism, the opening of the economies of China and India, the information revolution, and the worldwide adoption of a system of paper (fiduciary) money ([3], p. 14). Of course, each of these reasons did not play an equal role in the transformation of the global economy, but the fact that these changes related to its very essence, its paradigm, seems to us beyond doubt. Changes that occur in the system of debt relations are no less important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of the global economic model and the roles of the financial sector versus production. It emphasizes that capitalism evolves through crises and adjustments in response to global financial conditions rather than a guaranteed adoption of sustainable practices by businesses without regulation. The notion that the financial sector plays a significant role in shaping economic outcomes suggests that reliance on market forces alone is insufficient for ensuring sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 원예활동 프로그램 개발단계에서 참여자의 식물선호 정도 를 파악하는 데 시사점을 준다. 최근 다양한 대상자에게 원예활동 을 적용하기 위하여 원예선호도 조사(Jeong et al. , 2015)도 늘고 있지만 실제 선호하는 식물과 원예활동 목표와의 관련성은 명확하 게 드러나지는 않는다(Park, 2013; Son, 2013; Kim, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses horticultural activity programs and participant preferences for plants, but it does not address the historical relationship between people and plants, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Our results have policy and management implications on the potential benefit of addressing pollinator decline at local level. Similar to the findings of Barfield et al. [1], estimates and spatial analyses of pollination values and vulnerabilities provide information that is useful for the selection of the most appropriate pollinator management strategies at different institutional and ecological scales. Advertisement 5. ConclusionTo understand the impact of pollinator decline on agriculture production in developing countries, empirical assessment of potential economic losses due to this decline is critical. As well, to support maintaining the pollination service in agriculture, there is a need to better understand the economic value generated by the pollination service. We estimated the economic value of pollination, and the potential relative production and agricultural sector value loss attributable to lack or disappearance of pollinators using bio-economic approach. We use the Surveys (AgSS) data collected by Agency (CSA) for the period of 2003–2013. Result indicated that the potential production value loss attributable due to lack or decline of pollinators is nearly 8. 4% and the potential agricultural sector production value loss attributable due to lack or decline of pollinators is about 4. 2%. In this 1. . An economic valuation of pollination services in Georgia. In: Prepared for Presentation at the February 4-7, 2012; Birmingham, AL; 20122. . Measuring the economic value of pollination services: Principles, evidence and knowledge gaps. Ecosystem Services. 2015;14:124-1323. FAO. Tools for conservation and use of pollination services. In: of Pollination Services: Review of Methods; 20064. Fukase J, Simons AM. Increased pollinator activity in urban gardens with more native flora. . 2015;14:297-3105. Gallai N, Salles J-M, Settele J, Vaissière BE. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics. 2009;68:810-8216. . Economic consequences of pollinator declines: A synthesis. Agricultural and Review. 2010;39:368-3837. Klein A-M, Vaissière - Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the of London B: Biological Sciences. 2007;274:303-3138. Ricketts TH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of pollination services within ecosystems. It highlights the economic value of pollination and mentions the potential production and agricultural sector value loss due to the decline of pollinators, emphasizing that maintaining pollination is critical for agricultural production. This aligns with the claim that ecosystems provide vital services, including pollination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: In particular, the exorbitant, at first glance, increase in public debt (which led to debt crises in the USA and some EU countries), most likely, is not so much a consequence of irrational or irresponsible government policies, but a reflection of the objective requirements of the modern economy, which is based on comprehensive credit development. Credit relations have long and deeply penetrated the very “living fabric” of the capitalist economy, creating its peculiar framework, and recently, quite logically, have become the basis of state finances. And that is why the fight against “excessive debt burden,” in the end, shakes the foundations of the modern economy, clearly demonstrating the need for a fundamental change in the approach to assessing the role and place of credit relations as a whole. In today’s conditions, the element of the new paradigm of the global economy is the “new normal of excessive debt”—such “nontraditional economic relations,” when “abnormality becomes the new normal. ”The above facts allow us to draw a conclusion about a significant change in the interdependencies of trends and factors that determine the very logic of the development of the modern economic system. Such a change in the paradigm of the global economy, which is still emerging and requires in-depth study, is most likely a multifactorial process, influenced by the overlapping of short- and long-term cycles, the emergence and growth of the importance of new, intangible factors of production (knowledge, social capital, credit relations, etc. ), development and economic expansion of “newly created” markets, and so on. The beginning of the 70s was marked by the rapid development of derivative financial instruments or, as they are called in the professional circle, “derivatives. ” The derivatives are generally defined as contracts or securities whose prices or terms are based on the relevant parameters of another financial instrument that is considered the underlying one. The derivative itself is a contract between two or more parties to buy, or buy the right to buy, a new asset. A derivative determines its price based on fluctuations in the underlying asset, like stocks, bonds, currency, commodities, and different market indexes. However, this definition of derivatives can describe the majority, maybe even the absolute majority of derivatives, but not all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interdependencies in the modern economy and the role of credit relations, without mentioning environmental economics or the ability of businesses to adopt sustainable practices. Instead, it highlights the emergence of new economic paradigms and the influence of factors like debt and derivatives, which do not support the claim that sustainable practices would be adopted without regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 그러 므로 식물을 대하는 인간의 감정과 기억에 대한 의미화 과정은 실 제 프로그램에서 참여자가 접하는 식물과 연결되어지는 의미에 영 향을 미치게 된다는 점을 고려할 때, 참여자의 식물선호도가 가지 는 의미를 분석해볼 필요가 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a discussion about the meanings associated with people's feelings and memories regarding plants but does not directly address or provide any information about paleoethnobotany or its studies of the relationship between people and plants in history. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Tropical forest fragments enhance pollinator activity in nearby coffee crops (Fragmentos de Incrementan la Actividad de Polinizadores en Cultivos de Café Cercanos). Conservation Biology. 2004;18:1262-12719. Çurur F, Çurur T. A study on the production and marketing of bee products providing biodiversity: Case study from Turkey. . 2019;17:4707-472410. Quantifying the value of ecosystem services: A case study of honeybee pollination in the UK. In: 12th ‘From the Wealth of Nations to the Wealth of Nature: Growth’; 27-28 September 2010; Venice, Italy; 201011. Costanza R, de Groot R, Sutton P, van der Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Change. 2014;26:152-15812. Garibaldi LA, Steffan- Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science. 2013;339:1608-161113. . Spatial and temporal trends of global pollination benefit. . 2012;7:e3595414. Garibaldi LA, Steffan- Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits. Ecology Letters. 2011;14:1062-107215. Roubik DW. The value of bees to the coffee harvest. Nature. 2002;417:70816. . Valuing pollination services to agriculture. Ecological Economics. 2011;71:80-8817. Allsopp M, de Lange W, Veldtman R. Valuing insect pollination services with cost of replacement. . 2008;3:e312818. Costanza R, Ralph d Value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature: Journal of Science. 1997;387:253-26019. . Long-term global trends in crop yield and production reveal no current pollination shortage but increasing pollinator dependency. Current Biology. 2008;18:1572-157520. . The global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination. Current Biology. 2009;19:915-91821. . How much does agriculture depend on pollinators? Lessons from long-term trends in crop production. Annals of Botany. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting various studies that demonstrate the role of ecosystems, specifically tropical forest fragments, in enhancing pollinator activity, which directly relates to the ecosystem service of pollination mentioned in the claim. Additionally, references to the value of pollination services in agriculture support the assertion that ecosystems provide critical services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: As one researcher noted, a derivative cannot be defined as a financial instrument whose value is dependent (derived) from the value of a specific underlying asset, as such an asset does not exist in the case of weather derivatives, electricity derivatives, and the derivatives whose value depended on the outcome of papal elections in the sixteenth century ([4], p. 142). That is, it is essentially about the fact that the “base asset” can act as simply any change, any probable event, and the derivatives themselves act as a bet on the fact that such an event will occur (or not occur) at a certain time. And it is this purely speculative aspect that most confuses critics of financialization. However, in fact, derivatives did not arise at all for the purpose of turning stock trading into a “financial casino. ” On the contrary, derivatives are designed to limit all kinds of risks, to insure economic agents (traders, producers, and financiers) in case of an unexpected danger—from price changes to weather changes. The results of the analysis conducted at the time by the outstanding Filipino specialist in the field of international finance, Prof. E. Remolona (Eli M. Remolona)—then an analyst at the Bank of New York—testify that “the growth in exchange-traded derivatives arose primarily from the demand for liquidity-enhancing innovations and the growth in OTC derivatives from the demand for market-risk-transferring innovations. At least four broad developments gave rise to these demands. First, sustained shifts and temporary surges in market volatility differentially affected the demands for the various derivatives. Second, the emergence of important cash markets for government bonds and the growth of OTC derivatives fostered a demand for the liquidity provided by exchange-traded interest rate futures Third, interest rate risks faced by financial institutions and nonfinancial corporations created a demand for risk-transferring OTC interest rate contracts. Finally, the global diversification of institutional equity portfolios led to a demand for risk-transferring OTC stock index options” ([5], 3. “Strange money”As we have seen, complex derivatives were created to reduce the riskiness of market operations in conditions of uncertainty and high price volatility. However, not all experts were convinced of exactly this role of derivatives. In particular, S. Strange argued that the derivatives boom actually made the system as a whole more unstable and prone to crisis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complex financial derivatives and their purpose in managing risks, particularly in volatile market conditions. It suggests that market mechanisms, rather than guarantees from environmental economics, are often insufficient to ensure stability and sustainable practices. This implies that businesses may not adopt sustainable practices without some form of regulation or external influence to manage risks effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 한편, 양육태도란 자녀를 양육하는 데 있어서 가지는 내적인 신 념이나 가치를 의미하고, 양육행동은 부모 또는 그 대행자가 아동 을 양육함에 있어서 자녀의 성격이나 행동에 영향을 미치는 보편적 이 행동이라고 할 수 있다(Kim, 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses parenting attitudes and behaviors, which are unrelated to the study of paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants in history. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Models tested using the GLM procedure and the associated Criterion (AIC) obtained by backward stepwise selection procedure. proportions of artificial urban areas calculated at different spatial scales were strongly correlated (Table 2). Accordingly, we did not detect any threshold in the urbanization gradient. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Correlations between the percentages of artificial urban areas calculated in concentric rings at various landscape scales (in meters). DiscussionWe analyzed the parasitism rate of Cotesia glomerata on Pieris brassicae caterpillars and the density of adult butterflies along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation from the periphery to the centre of Paris. The parasitism rate linearly decreased with increased artificial urban areas around the study plots, the proportion of parasitized caterpillars falling from 90% to 0% when the proportion of urban areas increased from 10% to 90%. By contrast, the parasitoid virulence (the number of parasitoid cocoons per parasited caterpillar) remained constant all along the fragmentation gradient, which suggests no alteration in the parasitoid efficiency. The density of adult butterflies was not affected by the fragmentation gradient, although the parasitism rate decreased with increasing butterfly densities. A real measure of parasitoid virulence would be the number of cocoons per caterpillar per parasitoid. However, Cotesia glomerata deposit 15–35 eggs by caterpillar [26]. With a mean number of around 21 parasitoid cocoons per caterpillar, our results suggested that only one female layed per caterpillar. A higher density per host caterpillar would have various costs such as small body size and high mortality [27], suggesting that Cotesia glomerata females avoid laying in previously parasited host. Accordingly, we are confident that female virulence was unaffected by the fragmentation gradient. As mentioned in the literature (e. g. [28]) and not surprisingly, Cotesia glomerata, which occurs at the third trophic-level of the community, was more sensible to habitat fragmentation than Pieris brassicae. Indeed, abundance and diversity of parasitoids were often more strongly affected by habitat fragmentation than the abundance and diversity of herbivorous hosts, even at the scale of few hundred meters [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how habitat fragmentation affects parasitoid and herbivore species. It mentions that 'Cotesia glomerata... was more sensible to habitat fragmentation than Pieris brassicae,' highlighting the impact of fragmentation on species, which supports the idea that habitat fragmentation contributes to species decline and potential extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: So, when such a crisis did begin in 2008, another British specialist, professor of the of Economics, N. Dodd (Nigel Dodd), called the toxic assets that became the “detonator” of the crisis explosion—“strange money. ” True, N. Dodd did not directly mention financial derivatives, but drew attention to the connection between the financial and monetary systems (which was constantly emphasized by S. Strange) and to the fact that, in her opinion, banks do not create money so much as risks ([8], p. 178). In this regard, the analysis and consideration of monetary policy perspectives is an important area of study of various factors of activity in the derivatives market. Although central banks typically control only one, very specific short-term interest rate, their actions affect the entire yield spectrum and other asset classes. And this, of course, determines the natural demand for instruments that can be used to protect against changes in central bank rates or other parameters of monetary policy. Short-term interest rate derivatives are attractive for both purposes because trading these instruments involves much lower cash costs for a given risk than borrowing and lending in the spot market. Moreover, they are also available to traders who, due to limited size or lower credit rating, cannot effectively operate in the spot market. However, money market derivatives are generally highly liquid, allowing traders to use them cheaply, quickly, and with minimal price impact. This feature provides a connection between monetary policy and the turnover of derivatives ([9], p. 65). It is obvious that the first consequence of a more developed financial market for any monetary strategy is the ability to observe a wider range of asset prices that contain information about the current and expected state of the economy. In addition to inflation rates, interest rates, and exchange rate expectations contained in interest rates and futures prices, derivative prices also contain new types of information that a central bank can use to improve its monetary strategy. At the same time, derivative financial instruments represent a form of “quasi-money,” and this leads to the conclusion that monetary policy has lost a certain influence on national liquidity conditions. However, central banks have excellent information and a broader and much more meaningful overview than individual investors and banks can get, which means they can still have a strong lead in financial markets. And this potential is also confirmed by the development of operations with financial derivatives on the part of the central banks themselves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing financial systems and monetary policy rather than addressing environmental economics or sustainable business practices. It highlights the complex interactions in financial markets and the limitations of monetary policy, indicating that regulation is often necessary to manage risks and address issues. This context suggests that businesses are not guaranteed to adopt sustainable practices without regulatory influence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 부모의 양육행동은 초기 부 모-자녀관계 형성을 통해 정서, 성격, 자아개념, 가치관, 사회성 등 심리사회적 발달에 중대한 영향을 미치게 되며, 부모의 심리적 안 녕감과 정서조절능력도 양육태도에 관여한다(Kim, 2010; Yang, 2013). 부모는 식물을 기르면서 동일시-정화-통찰-통합의 심리 적 기제를 경험하며 부모로서 자녀를 돌보는 양육을 배우게 된다 (Woo et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany. Instead, it discusses parental nurturing behaviors and their psychological impacts on child development, mentioning experiences related to plants in a context that does not pertain to historical relationships between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Thus, they all experience a different spatial structure of the habitat in the same landscape [37]. As the distribution of a given plant species can be viewed as a single large patchily distributed population if dispersal is frequent [14]. This plant may feed a herbivore that forms a classic metapopulation made up of local populations with relatively independent dynamics; and this herbivore may in turn have several functionally important predators and parasites, each with their own relationship to the spatial structure of the host populations with which they interact. While the spatial distribution of habitats will play some role in any species interaction, it is especially significant in those situations where both the relative dispersal rates and distances of interacting species differ greatly. Our results show that the third-trophic level species represented by Cotesia glomerata has indeed a smaller distribution range than the lower trophic level species [29], represented by Pieris brassicae and their host plants. Several studies have suggested also that fragmentation could differentially affect insects in different guilds and trophic levels, potentially disrupting metacommunity functioning [38], [39]. In general, higher levels of habitat fragmentation lead to increased herbivore incidence, partly because parasitoids can only colonize patches already occupied by their hosts [28] and also probably because they do not disperse as well as their host. Modest degrees of isolation of suitable patches within a metapopulation can contribute to the stability of the system because this offers to herbivores the opportunity to escape temporally from parasitoids by continuously colonizing new habitat patches. However, large scale fragmentation and the resulting isolation of the patches, can lead to the destabilization of multi-trophic systems, and hence of metacommunity functioning because parasitoids will be absent in many isolated patches [32]. Yet, few studies have mentioned so far that the relaxation of the parasitism rate with increasing habitat fragmentation that we document here. This process could contribute to the persistence of prey species in highly fragmented landscapes. The most parsimonious explanation of this difference is the contrasted dispersal abilities of the parasitoid and the prey (several kilometers for the butterfly [15] vs. several hundred of meters for the parasitoïd [16]). Given this huge difference, we expect that the grain size of the landscape, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how habitat fragmentation can disrupt multi-trophic systems and metacommunity functioning, which are critical for species survival. It mentions the negative effects of high levels of habitat fragmentation, asserting that such fragmentation can lead to increased herbivore incidence and destabilization of ecological interactions. These factors contribute to the argument that habitat fragmentation can indeed lead to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: With the beginning of the new century, the central banks of the Scandinavian countries, the UK, and the Bank began to use derivative instruments to hold currency in their reserves. In the second decade, the US System joined them. By the end of the second decade, two dozen central banks of the world already used this practice. The existence of a certain influence of financial derivatives on monetary policy is unconditional; however, by and large, the question is about recognizing derivatives as new money. According to D. Brian and M. Rafferty, derivatives, in fact, are “behind the scenes” money, which ensure that various forms of assets (and money) are not measured by state regulation (e. g. , regarding fixed exchange rate) and with the help of competing forces. That is, derivatives lead to the merging of the categories of capital and money: they provide additional liquidity to capital markets by making all assets look like money and, on the other hand, represent money itself as capital. Therefore, the result is the elimination of the difference between the sphere of production of goods (the so-called real economy) and the monetary economy ([10], p. 153). Such an opinion, in fact, can arise if we consider derivatives as a counterweight to the mass of commodities that play the role of their underlying assets. However, if you analyze the existing practice, you can make sure that the circle of such basic assets is quite narrow compared to the extremely wide assortment of goods (we are talking, mainly, only about basic raw materials). In addition, the absolute majority of futures contracts with the use of any derivatives does not end with the delivery of a real underlying asset, but only with the payment of a price difference (a premium or a fee for an option). There is no real balancing of the amount of derivatives and volumes, at least of the corresponding underlying assets (even taking into account the speed circulation of financial instruments). The question of the connection of derivatives with the money supply at one time became the subject of a special study by a group of experts of the Bank for (“Hannun Report”), who pointed out that “[t]he growing use of derivatives may have an impact on the stock of money balances, either by changing the demand for money services, or by transforming non-money financial assets which bear price risk into closer substitutes for traditional (risk-free) money, or by a combination of both. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the financial derivatives' influence on monetary policy and the interconnectedness of capital and money. It implies that the market operates in a way that does not ensure the adoption of sustainable practices by businesses without some form of regulation. The mention of derivatives and their ambiguous relationship with the underlying assets suggests that the financial market can operate independently of regulatory frameworks, which undermines the idea that sustainable practices will be universally adopted in the absence of regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 어린식물 단계는 내면의 사유를 드러내어 표 현하는 대상물로서 동일시와 추억, 성장기 식물에게는 식물과 관 계를 맺음으로써 생활 속으로 확장되고 생명력 있는 식물공간에서 자아성장을 위한 통찰적인 자세를 갖게 하는 정화(淨化), 결실기 는 생명의 주기적 본성을 통해 성장과 성숙의 생명주기를 관찰함 으로써 자신의 행동을 자각하는 의식으로 식물과 대화하고 자신의 경험을 재정리함으로써 자기 삶의 긍정적 자기상과 � [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the study of paleoethnobotany or its examination of the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it discusses concepts related to growth, self-realization, and interactions with plants, without connecting to the historical aspect of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: AbstractHabitat loss is the leading cause of the global decline in biodiversity, but the influence of human pressure within the matrix surrounding habitat fragments remains poorly understood. Here, we measure the relationship between fragmentation (the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation), matrix condition (measured as the extent of high human footprint levels), and the change in extinction risk of 4,426 terrestrial mammals. We find that the degree of fragmentation is strongly associated with changes in extinction risk, with higher predictive importance than life-history traits and human pressure variables. Importantly, we discover that fragmentation and the matrix condition are stronger predictors of risk than habitat loss and habitat amount. Moreover, the importance of fragmentation increases with an increasing deterioration of the matrix condition. These findings suggest that restoration of the habitat matrix may be an important conservation action for mitigating the negative effects of fragmentation on biodiversity. Similar content being viewed by others Habitat amount modulates biodiversity responses to fragmentation 10. Central to the debate has been a persistent uncertainty in disentangling the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity from the effects of fragmentation per se, especially relative to the reduction in patch size and the increase in patch isolation8,11. While some studies have challenged the assumption of the impacts of fragmentation6,8,9,12, others have demonstrated that the effects of fragmentation are negative and stronger for local species5,7,13,14, particularly in the tropics15 and at intermediate (30–60%) levels of habitat amount16,17. Resolving this debate is critical to not just informing efforts to prioritise the protection and management of intact and fragmented landscapes with the same total amount of habitat, but also to better understand the role of the areas surrounding patches of habitat, commonly referred to as ‘the matrix’, in maintaining biodiversity10,18,19. The traditional characterisation of landscapes, which view patches of habitat as islands embedded in a matrix of ‘non-habitat’, as assumed in classical theoretical models20,21, has been strongly criticised18,22,23,24. This characterisation has progressively been relaxed with approaches based on the premise that the matrix should be treated as a heterogeneous mosaic of different land covers (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that 'the degree of fragmentation is strongly associated with changes in extinction risk,' indicating that higher fragmentation increases extinction risk for species. Additionally, it states that fragmentation is a stronger predictor of risk compared to habitat loss, thereby supporting the idea that habitat fragmentation is a critical factor in species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: This can undermine the indicator function of traditional monetary aggregates. To the extent that the demand for money is shifting in an unpredictable way, the empirical foundation of monetary targeting is also called into question” ([11], p. 32). Around the same time, a group of American scholars also investigated the problem of the consequences of the use of derivatives for the regulatory function of central banks. They supposed that in such case it was no negative impact regarding the control for monetary aggregates by central banks. “Nonetheless, to the extent that derivatives act to complete markets and provide information through more explicit prices, they may make it more difficult for a central bank to surprise the public” ([12], p. 8). Experts assumed that if commercial banks regularly use derivatives markets to hedge their risks in relation to interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices, then the desired level of excess reserves in the banking system will be lower (than it could be without the existence of a derivatives market). Thus, with the increase in the use of derivatives, voluntary excess reserves will decrease, which, in turn, will leave banks with a greater opportunity for credit issuance, that is, will increase the money multiplier. Central banks were also concerned about the complexity of the work on sterilization of the exchange rate, the effectiveness of which decreases in the case of the spread of the relevant derivatives. And yet, according to U. Bjerg, “money is never just money,” since it is “characterized by a certain ontological uncertainty,” and “any monetary system is characterized by the interaction and transformation of various forms of money. ” And in modern conditions, financial markets play the role of repositories for the circulation of post-credit money issued by certain international banks ([13], 4. From gold to cryptocurrenciesAfter the “Nixon revolution” with the refusal to exchange Dollars for Gold and the Jamaican Agreement, which canceled the peg of national currencies to gold, the question of the use of the “yellow metal” in the international monetary system as a whole and the fate of the official “hung in the air. ” True, the forecast of the famous chemist (and amateur economist) F. Sodi, expressed by him back in 1921 (“Demonetize gold and where will its value go? ” No gold mine will work the day after tomorrow” [14]), did not succeed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of monetary systems and regulations related to derivatives, which suggests that voluntary practices and market behaviors may not guarantee the adoption of sustainable practices without regulation. The focus on derivatives and monetary policy indicates that there are significant external factors affecting financial and economic behavior, thereby disputing the notion that environmental economics alone can ensure sustainable business practices without regulatory frameworks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: �기개념을 갖 게 하는 통찰 단계로 이 활동이 반복적인 체험으로 연결되면서 성 숙 발전에 기여한다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses insights related to experiential learning and development, without mentioning paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: ‘countryside biogeography’25, and the ‘land-sharing’ and ‘land-sparing’ approaches26,27,28,29,30), as it is recognised that species use different matrices for foraging, dispersing, and reproduction purposes31,32. While high-contrast matrices (e. g. intensive agricultural or built environments) act as movement barriers or ecological traps with an elevated risk of mortality for many species33, low-contrast matrices (e. g. secondary forests or shade-grown low-intensive agriculture in forested regions) may act as permeable barriers with a reduced risk of mortality for many others, even for those typically considered as habitat specialists25,27. To date, however, conservation and management assessments have focused mainly on species’ primary habitat34,35, limiting our understanding of their response to the habitat matrix, which may have direct implications for the design of functional landscapes36 and the prioritisation of conservation actions in fragmented landscapes37. Comparative extinction risk modelling is an approach for assessing the drivers of extinction risk and the change in risk over time. These models are based on the relationship between species’ life histories, the habitat pressures within species geographic ranges, and their threat status38,39,40,41,42,43. Built with readily available data, this approach allows for the prediction of the risk of extinction of a larger number of species compared with that provided by expert-based assessments. This more rapid approach can substantially reduce resource requirements, as well as proactively inform conservation and management strategies44,45. However, despite the fact that the loss and fragmentation of habitat are among the main determinants of species extinction risk3,43,46,47, the influence of the matrix condition on the effects of fragmentation and its relationship with the risk of extinction has not been well evaluated for any animal taxon at a global scale. Here, we quantify the relationship between changes in the extinction risk of 4426 terrestrial mammals over a 24-year period (1996–2020), the fragmentation of their suitable habitat (in terms of the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation), and the levels of human pressure within the associated habitat matrix. Our goal is to test the influence of human pressure within the matrix on the effects of fragmentation for determining changes in species extinction risk globally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the loss and fragmentation of habitat are among the main determinants of species extinction risk.' It discusses how habitat fragmentation impacts species, emphasizing the significance of understanding these effects in determining changes in extinction risk globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: The following year, on the same grounds (making settlements without an appropriate license), e-Bullion’s exchange trading of “electronic gold” was banned in California. digital currency scheme (which was equal to a gram of gold) lasted a little longer: the use of registration in Panama and conducting operations in Switzerland made it less vulnerable from the point of view of legal requirements, but in 2014, the company “suspended” operations, and soon its organizers disappeared (together with all the information about the balances of their clients’ funds). However, this did not stop the enthusiasts of “digitalization of gold,” and in 2015, the company BitGold Inc. was established in Canada (later renamed GoldMoney Inc. ), which offers customers the ability to deposit gold into their “BitGold accounts” and then use those funds (or their value in local currency) to make mortgage payments or buy goods. In 2018, the company was established in Australia, which introduced digital representations of gold (Kinesis gold—KAU) and silver (Kinesis silver—KAG) investment bars the following year. The bullion itself is stored in the company’s vaults, and its electronic representatives allow you to instantly buy, trade, send, and spend physical gold and silver worldwide. And in November 2021, California-based Inc. —a resource company that focuses on the production, supply, and sale of metals (including precious metals), primarily in the Asian market—has announced the launch of its “gold token”: a digital currency backed by gold mined directly from its gold mines. The main goal is for the gold token to become the global exchange standard by gradually expanding the circulation of the tokens in the primary markets of and Europe and expanding globally to other markets. However, as noted by authoritative researchers on this issue: “Although gold-backed private tokens already exist, they lack the credibility necessary to become reserve assets. Rather, a publicly issued gold-backed digital token can allow gold to benefit from the liquidity and fluidity of digitization while maintaining its important role as a source of value and a safe-haven asset. (…) However, at the moment, it is difficult to imagine any individual organization or central bank issuing a public gold CBDC” ([15], p. 18)—that is, an official digital currency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific cases where companies engaged in activities related to digital gold, indicating that despite the potential for innovative business practices, issues such as unregulated operations and lack of credibility for certain business models persist. The mention that gold-backed private tokens lack the credibility necessary to become reserve assets suggests that businesses do not automatically adopt sustainable or credible practices without regulations in place, highlighting that environmental economics alone does not ensure adherence to sustainable practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 또 하나는 통합으로서 싹이 나고 꽃이 피고 열매를 맺는 식물의 변화를 자신의 삶과 연결해서 끌어내고 자신 의 성장과 자기실현을 위해서 원하는 변화를 스스로 이끌어내고 스스로 자신을 만난다. 그리고 교육적인 면에서 식물 기르기 체험 은 건강한 부모의 역할을 기대하게 한다. 식물을 돌봄을 통하여 독 특한 생명체로서 자녀를 돌보고 북돋워 주어야 한다는 양육의 경 험을 통합하게 도와준다(Woo et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address paleoethnobotany or its examination of historical relationships between people and plants. Instead, it discusses the personal growth, self-realization, and parenting roles related to caring for plants, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: We focus on terrestrial mammals as they have been used as a focal taxon in previous extinction risk analyses48, they are known to be sensitive to fragmentation46, and data are available to delineate levels of suitable habitat (i. e. high and medium habitat suitability) and unsuitable habitat (i. e. the matrix) within their ranges49. For each species, we quantify the degree of fragmentation as the average Euclidean distance into ‘core’ suitable habitat from the nearest patch edge, the degree of patch isolation as the average Euclidean distance between patches of suitable habitat through the surrounding matrix, and the matrix condition as the extent of high human pressure levels overlapping with areas of unsuitable habitat. Spatial data representing the condition of the matrix were obtained from the recently updated human footprint maps50,51, which provide a single metric of the combined area and intensity of human activities, all of which are driving the current biodiversity crisis3. We define a human footprint threshold of ≥3 out of 50 to represent the extent of human-modified habitat within the matrix. This threshold was used as it has shown to be the strongest predictor of transitions in extinction risk for terrestrial mammals43. Furthermore, this human footprint threshold is associated with the highest declines in mammalian movements52. Following previous studies42,43,53, we classify species into two groups of extinction risk, ‘low-risk’ transitions and ‘high-risk’ transitions, based on the first and last category registered between 1996 and 2020. In combination with other predictors of extinction risk (see Table 1 for a description), we quantify the relative importance of the degree of fragmentation, the degree of patch isolation, and the condition of the matrix for determining extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Table 1 Description of the selected variables to predict extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Full size tableOur analyses reveal that the condition of the matrix plays a major role in the effects of fragmentation for predicting extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Our results suggest that the negative effects of fragmentation may be somewhat mitigated when the matrix is associated with lower levels of human pressure. ResultsChanges in species extinction riskWe found that 2,984 (67. 4%) terrestrial mammals faced a low-risk transition and 1442 (32. 6%) a high-risk transition between 1996 and 2020 (Fig. 1). A total of 4124 species (93. 2%) retained the same category, while 302 (6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the sensitivity of terrestrial mammals to habitat fragmentation and how fragmentation, along with other factors such as the condition of the matrix, plays a significant role in predicting extinction risk transitions. It specifically states that the condition of the matrix and fragmentation directly contribute to the current biodiversity crisis, which aligns with the claim that habitat fragmentation is a leading cause of species extinction.