Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: measurement error or uncontrolled environmental factors from heavy-tailed distributions), making follow-up validation studies necessary before underlying architectures can be confirmed. We consider this to be typical of observational research, in which significant results may indicate causal effects unless uncontrolled confounding factors explain the observed associations, requiring experimental/trial follow-up for validation. We believe that our tests are useful for providing initial inference, and that in some settings – e. g. prioritising samples for sequencing to identify rare variants – could be useful as an initial screening step to increase the efficacy of a planned analysis or study. Additionally, we have now developed “SibArc”, an openly available software tool that takes input sibling trait data and estimates conditional sibling heritability across the trait distribution. Then - based on our theoretical framework developed and described in the paper - for each tail of the trait distribution, estimates effect sizes and generates P-values corresponding to our de novo and Mendelian tests, and performs a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to identify general departures from our null model. Furthermore, SibArc also provides additional functionality for users under preliminary beta form, for example, running an iterative optimisation routine to infer approximate relative degrees of polygenic, de novo, and Mendelian architectures prevailing in each trait tail. We have made this software tool, tutorial, and sample data available online at Github and are hosting these on a dedicated website: www. sibarc. net. Reviewer #1 (Public Review): This is a clever and well-done paper that should be published. The authors sought to craft a method, applicable to biobank-scale data but without necessarily using genotyping or sequencing, to detect the presence of de novo mutations and rare variants that stand out from the polygenic background of a given trait. Their method depends essentially on sibling pairs where one sibling is in an extreme tail of the phenotypic distribution and whether the other sibling's regression to the mean shows a systematic deviation from what is expected under a simple polygenic architecture. Their method is successful in that it builds on a compelling intuition, rests on a rigorous derivation, and seems to show reasonable statistical power in the UK Biobank. (More biobanks of this size will probably become available in the near future. ) It is somewhat unsuccessful in that rejection of the null hypothesis does not necessarily point to the favored hypothesis of de novo or rare variants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological approaches in research related to genetics and trait analysis, not animal communication or any cognition insights. There is no mention of animal behavior or communication, thus it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: This beneficial variant loosens Cra-fbp binding by increasing the Cra-fbp dissociation constant, thus increasing Cra activity. Previous theoretical work has established that selective bottlenecks, i. e. bottlenecks in which two competing genotypes differ in their ability to survive a bottleneck, can accelerate adaptation [42]. The greater the relative advantage of a genotype in bottleneck survival, the faster the genotypes reaches fixation, especially when the bottleneck is severe. We therefore investigated whether Cra expression noise influences how effective the beneficial allele is at mitigating the population bottleneck in acetate. We then examined the effect of these population dynamics on the fitness of the beneficial allele before considering the rate at which the beneficial allele spreads through a population. We simulated populations in which all cells have the same Cra expression noise, but initially 50% of the cells in a population of 2000 cells carry the beneficial allele, and the remainder carry a wild-type allele. We chose both alleles from the region of the fitness landscape with the lowest fitness (Fig 3B). In these simulations, the environment changed in carbon source between glucose and acetate every two days, and the simulations continued until one of the two alleles had gone to fixation (Fig 4A). We quantified the fitness of the beneficial allele relative to the wild-type allele from the change in allele frequency after four days and for 50 replicate simulations. We also recorded how much time it took for the beneficial allele to become fixed. Indeed, the shortened lag times (Fig 4B) of the beneficial allele give cells a competitive advantage (Fig 4C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. The ratio of the smallest number of cells carrying different Cra alleles in acetate is a strong predictor of the fitness of cells carrying the beneficial allele. (A) Stackplot of the number of cells carrying either the wild-type or beneficial allele (dissociation constant 0. 05 and 0. 07 mmol g−1, in green and blue respectively) growing in an environment that switches between glucose and acetate every two days. We show an example simulation in which both subpopulations have a Cra expression noise of η2 = 10. All simulations start with 2000 cells, where 1000 cells carry either allele. The two connected red dots show the smallest number of cells carrying either allele during the first exposure to acetate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a scenario where a beneficial genetic variant enhances survival in a population experiencing a selective bottleneck. It illustrates that the beneficial allele increases competitive advantage in specific environmental conditions (switching between glucose and acetate), indicating that genetic mutations indeed have context-dependent effects on fitness. This aligns with the claim that mutations can be classified as beneficial depending on situational factors, reaffirming the idea that mutations can have different impacts based on their context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: How can we leave the Internet free so that we can see the world at large but have total security for any one-on-one transaction? I am now off to read Networks to see what solution it offers. 20. Rom - Jun 18, 2007 - 08:50 I think most visitors post anonymously not because they want to stay anonymous but because they don’t have time to register for every site just to (for example) leave comments and forget the username & password right after that. Those who want to stay anonymous may register with fake identity anyway. (tools for it) I mean it's often a matter of convenience to remain anonymous. 1 Trackbelow are links to blogs that reference this entry: Anonymity on the Internet. TrackBack URL for this entry: Anonymity from 18, 2004 10:37 AM Joi: The problem with eliminating anonymity in the internet is that it already happened. At no other point in history. . . Search this blog: Between the mud, no lotus (HDR) iin 2. 3. 2 web3 in Complex. Has to Is philanthropy a bad excuse for limiting strong government? Metrics and and the Age of the Anthropocosmos It's OK Will (Likely) Get the. amazon Algorithms to category —————————————————————————————— LIFE — Eating and Cooking. 41 — People. 22 —————————————————————————————— — Manufacturing. 2 — Business and the Economy. 24 — Economics. 43 —. 24 —. 18 — Marketing. 37 — Leadership and Entrepreneurship. 22 —————————————————————————————— — CIT — Mozilla. 13 — Neoteny. 20 — Technorati. 26 — ICANN. 50 —. 1 — MIT. 11 —. 153 —. 11 —————————————————————————————— — Art. 56 — Design. 4 — Creativity. 4 — Music. 106 —————————————————————————————— — Introspective. 80 — Mindfulness. 4 — Religion. 30 — Buddhism. 6 —————————————————————————————— — Japan. 1 ——. 2 —— Democracy. 29 ——. 125 —— ID. 29 ——. 98 ——. 50 —. 123 —. 21 —. 116 —. 42 — China. 3 — Gender. 11 —. 1 ——————————————————————————————. 1 — web3. 1 — Group. 1 —. 3 —. 23 — IM. 2 — Hardware. 16 — Gadgets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that users remain anonymous not solely for safety from authorities, but often out of convenience. It points out that many individuals post anonymously because they do not want to manage usernames and passwords, and not because they expect irreversible anonymity on the dark web. The mention of some users potentially registering under fake identities implies that anonymity can still be compromised, challenging the claim that it is impossible for users to be identified.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: The authors discuss the alternative possibility of rare environmental events of large effect. Maybe attention should be drawn to this in the abstract or the introduction of the paper. Nevertheless, since either of these possibilities is interesting, the method remains valuable. A. 2: We agree with the reviewer that we should have made it clearer that - while our statistical tests are powered to identify de novo and Mendelian architectures – significant findings from our tests could also be explained by rare environmental events of large effect (specifically by uncontrolled environmental factors with heavy-tailed distributions). We have now made this clear throughout the manuscript (see A. 1). Moreover, we agree with the reviewer that whether the cause of deviations from expectations are due to de novo or rare variants, or environmental factors, either possibility is interesting. For example, in either scenario, our results can highlight inaccuracy in PRS prediction of extreme trait values for certain traits, and also provides a relative measure across different traits of large effects impacting on the trait tails, irrespective of whether genetic or environmental. We now place more emphasis on this point throughout the manuscript. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Souaiaia et al. attempt to use sibling phenotype data to infer aspects of genetic architecture affecting the extremes of the trait distribution. They do this by considering deviations from the expected joint distribution of siblings' phenotypes under the standard additive genetic model, which forms their null model. They ascribe excess similarity compared to the null as due to rare variants shared between siblings (which they term 'Mendelian') and excess dissimilarity as due to de-novo variants. While this is a nice idea, there can be many explanations for rejection of their null model, which clouds interpretation of Souaiaia et al. 's empirical results. A. 3: We agree with the reviewer that we should have made clearer that there are other explanations for significant results from our tests and we have now fully addressed this point – (see A. 1, A. 2, A. 4, A. 5 for more detail). In addition, we now elaborate on exactly what our null hypothesis is: which is not only that the expected joint distribution of siblings’ phenotypes is governed by the standard additive genetic model, but that environmental effects are either controlled for or else their combined effect is approximately Gaussian. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding animal communication and cognition. Instead, it focuses on statistical methodologies and interpretations in the context of genetic architecture and environmental factors, which are unrelated to the study of animal communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: (B) Smallest number of cells for both competing alleles during the first exposure to acetate. (C) Fitness of the beneficial allele relative to the wild-type allele as estimated from the change in relative frequency in the four days since the beginning of the simulation. (D) The fitness benefit of the subpopulation carrying a beneficial Cra allele correlates strongly with the logarithm of the ratio between its smallest population size in acetate and that of the subpopulation carrying the wild-type allele (Pearson’s r = 0. 95, p < 0. 001, the line of best fit is shown in black with the 95% confidence interval in grey). Circles show the values observed in 50 replicates. The black square (arrow) shows the one replicate for a Cra expression noise of η2 = 0. 01 where the beneficial allele was lost from the population. For (B) and (C), yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation, and every circle is an observation from a replicate observation. All plots show the result of 50 replicates for each level of Cra expression noise. we studied how the fate of the beneficial allele depends on gene expression noise, we first found that it reduces the severity of population bottlenecks more in populations with higher Cra expression noise. We quantified the smallest population size during the first exposure to acetate for both subpopulations (Fig 4A, red circles). expression noise increases, both competing subpopulations experience less severe bottlenecks after the switch to acetate (Fig 4B). The smallest population size increases more for the subpopulations with the beneficial allele. For example, in the populations with the lowest Cra expression noise, the smallest population sizes differ on average by 12 cells (± 33 cells), while in the populations with the highest Cra expression noise, the average difference in population size is 177 cells (± 202 cells). Gene expression noise thus magnifies the advantage derived from the beneficial allele. Second, we did observe an increasing fitness advantage of the beneficial allele with greater Cra expression noise, but only up to a point. The average fitness benefit (Fig 4C) increases with noise from 1. 13 (± 1. 80) up to 3. 53 (± 1. 7) for a Cra expression noise of η2 = 1 (= 18. 9, degrees of freedom 3 and 196, p < 0. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of beneficial alleles and how their fitness advantages can be influenced by factors such as gene expression noise. It highlights that the fate of these beneficial alleles can vary based on environmental conditions, such as the switch to acetate, reinforcing the idea that the impact of genetic mutations (in this case, beneficial alleles) is context-dependent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Journal of Computer and Communications > Vol. 7 No. 3, March 2019 in and Privacy: A and Review () Arbër S. Beshiri*, Arsim Susuri* Faculty of Computer Sciences, University of Prizren “Ukshin Hoti”, Prizren, Kosovo. DOI: 10. 4236/jcc. 2019. 73004 4,730 Downloads 15,563 Views 43. doi: 10. 4236/jcc. 2019. 73004. 1. people think that the Internet and web are synonyms. In fact, they are two different terms with common elements. includes multiple networks and their massive infrastructure. It enables the connection of a million computers by creating a network in which any computer can communicate with other computers as long as they are connected to the Internet [1]. The web (a medium) provides access to information. In terms of conceptualization, the web is a content made up of accessible web sites through search engines such as Google, Firefox, etc. This content is known as “Surface Web” (Figure 1) [2] [3] [4] [5]. Another part of the Internet is the (Figure 1), which is referred a class of its content where for different technical reasons, it is not indexed by search engines and we cannot access via traditional search engines. It includes information on the private networks and intranets (agencies, universities, companies, commercial databases, etc. ), sites with queries content or searching forms. is segmented further as the (Figure 1). Its content is intentionally hidden and cannot be accessed by standard web browsers [2] [4]. The sites’ publishers on the are anonymous and hidden. Users are accessed on the to share data with little risk and to be undetected (anonymous). The access of users anonymously is essential for the Dark Web, which recently it is supported by the encryption tunneling for monitoring protection. Web content is supported by the (TOR). It is anonymous network and access by the TOR browser. The TOR project was launched in 2002 by the US laboratory to enable online anonymous Figure 1. layers [2]. communication. Project (I2P) is another network on the Internet with the traffic in its borders and it is used for anonymous communication, users’ traffic encryption, etc. It provides more robust and reliability of the networked networks [1] [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information that while the Dark Web allows for anonymity and is accessed using technologies like TOR, it does not guarantee complete invisibility. It mentions that users access the Dark Web looking to share data 'with little risk' but does not assert that they are completely undetectable by authorities. Additionally, it highlights that the Dark Web's nature is dictated by encryption technologies, implying that while anonymity is enhanced, it is not absolute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, by selecting only those traits whose raw trait distribution most closely corresponds to a Gaussian distribution from the UK Biobank, we increase the probability that significant results from our tests are due to rare variants (shared or unshared among siblings). The authors present their method as detecting aspects of genetic architecture affecting the extremes of the trait distribution. However, I think it would be better to characterize the method as detecting whether siblings are more or less likely to be aggregated in the extremes of the phenotype distribution than would be predicted under a common variant, additive genetic model. A. 4: As discussed above we should have stated more clearly that significant results could be due to non-genetic factors, we have now addressed this. However, we do not think that it would be appropriate to characterise our tests as merely corresponding to over and under aggregation of siblings in the tails. Firstly, environmental factors should be controlled for as part of our testing, increasing the probability that significant results are due to genetic, and not environmental factors. Secondly, tests for identifying broad over and under aggregation of siblings in the tails should be designed differently and, accordingly, the tests that we have developed here would not be optimal to detect over/under aggregation of siblings in trait tails. Our test for inference of de novo variants, for example, exploits the fact that de novo alleles of large effect result in one sibling being extreme and all others being drawn from the background distribution, so that the mean of other siblings is relatively low – not merely that other siblings are less likely to be found in the tail. For more discussion on this issue in relation to one of reviewer 1’s points, see A. 9. Exactly how the rareness and penetrance of a genetic variant influence the conditional sibling phenotype distribution at the extremes is not made clear. The contrast between de-novo and 'Mendelian' architectures is somewhat odd since these are highly related phenomena: a 'Mendelian' architecture could be due to a de-novo variant of the previous generation. The fact that these two phenomena are surmised to give opposing signatures in the authors' statistical tests seems suboptimal to me: would it not be better to specify a parameter that characterizes the degree or sharing between siblings of rare factors of large effect? This could be related to the mixture components in the bimodal distribution displayed in Fig 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic testing methods and the aggregation of siblings in trait distributions, without any reference to animal communication or cognition. There are no mentions or implications about animal communication or insights into cognition, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: For populations with the largest Cra expression noise (η2 = 10), we found a lower fitness gain (2. 65 ± 0. 99) from the beneficial allele than for populations with the second largest level of noise (Tukey’s HSD test, p = 0. 035 for the pairwise comparison of populations with Cra expression noise 10 and 1). This reduction in the relative fitness benefit occurs because the highest level of Cra expression noise also substantially increases the smallest cell count of the subpopulation carrying the wild-type allele (Fig 4B). In contrast, the lower levels of Cra expression noise have only a small impact on the smallest cell count of subpopulations carrying the wild-type allele, but affect subpopulations carrying the beneficial allele much more (Fig 4B). Consequently, the factor determining the outcome of competition is not the difference but the ratio between the smallest populations sizes of the two subpopulations. This ratio correlates strongly with the fitness benefit derived from the beneficial allele (Pearson’s r = 0. 95 with p < 0. 001, Fig 4D). In sum, the relative fitness benefit of the beneficial allele increases with Cra expression noise, but only as long as the benefit of noise for the wild-type allele is slight in comparison. Third, we examined whether Cra expression noise, given that it can increase the fitness benefit of a beneficial allele, can also accelerate the spread of the beneficial allele through a population and shorten the time to fixation of the beneficial allele. For this analysis we quantified the change in the frequency of the beneficial allele during the simulation, and recorded the fixation time. The greatest change in allele frequency occurs during periods of acetate exposure (Fig 5A and 5B), and changes in allele frequency become less predictable with lower Cra noise. In one population with the least noise, the beneficial allele is even lost from the population (Fig 5B). The beneficial allele tends to go to fixation the fastest in populations with the second highest level of Cra expression noise, with the fixation time falling from an average of 12 days (± 5 days) at the lowest noise to 9 days (± 2 days) for the second highest level of noise η2 = 1 (pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test with Holm’s correction, p = 0. 002 for the pairwise comparison of fixation times in populations with Cra expression noise η2 = 1 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the fitness benefit of a beneficial allele is influenced by factors such as Cra expression noise and population dynamics. Specifically, it states that 'the greatest change in allele frequency occurs during periods of acetate exposure' and that the beneficial allele's relative fitness benefit varies with 'the ratio between the smallest populations sizes of the two subpopulations.' This supports the idea that genetic mutations can have different outcomes (beneficial, neutral, or harmful) depending on the specific context of the populations under study.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: In the Dark Web, the possibility of user detection is low and this has favored the development of legal and illegal activities among the traffic of this segment of the Internet [2]. Dark web can be achieved through anonymous and decentralized nodes of certain network groups (TOR or I2P). TOR has the software name that we install on the computer and the computer network that care and manage its connections. It enables users to access websites through virtual tunnels where people and organizations can distribute data through public networks without compromising their privacy. TOR enables users to route their traffic through “users’ computers” so in order that traffic is not traced back to the originating users and conceal their identity. To pass the data from one layer to another layer, TOR has created “relays” on computers that carry information through its tunnels all over the world. The encrypted information is placed between the relays. TOR traffic as a whole goes through three relays and then it is forwarded to the final destination [2]. “Exit relay” is called the final relay. The IP address of this relay resembles with the TOR traffic source. With the use of TOR, software is possible to hide the addresses of the users. Browsing websites through TOR enables the display of the link for the given web page (in the background of it exists the IP address of the exit relay of TOR). To have more security, anonymity and privacy during the communication, individuals should use e-mails, web chats or similar communications’ platforms hosted in TOR [2]. 2. There are an increasing number of research papers and projects related to the Dark Web. In terms of the related works, the importance and the essentiality of the project have been the focus of improving the surveillance regarding the state [6]. The exchange of the weapons and the occurrence of the child pornography are easily conducted with the help of the Dark Web. The distribution of the network analysis with the help of the TOR network, and the users can easily afford the anonymous anonymity of the process. Therefore, for the conduct of the in-depth analysis, the various works of literature provide for the enhancement of the research, and thereby the TOR routing with the other principles is providing with the help of the various US intelligence systems. It not only enables the process for the licit purpose, but the illicit purpose also. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that while the dark web can offer low detection possibilities for users, it does not guarantee complete anonymity. It explains that while technologies like TOR help conceal users' identities by routing traffic through multiple relays, it also notes that illegal activities such as the distribution of weapons and child pornography are facilitated by the dark web. Furthermore, it hints at the involvement of US intelligence systems, suggesting that authorities can indeed enhance their surveillance and might be able to identify users despite the use of anonymous networks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: In fact, won't the extremes of all phenotypes be influenced by all three types of variants (common, rare, de-novo) to greater or lesser degree? By framing the problem as a hypothesis testing problem, I think the authors are obscuring the fact that the extremes of real phenotypes likely reflect a mixture of causes: common, de-novo, and rare variants (and shared and non-shared environmental factors). A. 5: We absolutely recognise that there will typically be a complex and continuous mix of genetic architectures underlying complex traits in their tails, dictated by the 2-dimensional relationship between allele frequency and effect size. We did consider developing a fully Bayesian statistical framework to model this, but soon realised that doing this properly would require a substantial amount of model development, accounting for multiple factors in ways that would require a great deal of further investigation; for example, performing a range of complex simulations to investigate the effects of different selective pressures over time, different patterns of assortative mating, and effect size generating distributions. We are in the process of applying for funding for a multi-year project that will perform exactly these investigations as a step towards developing more sophisticated models of inference. In the meantime, we do believe that the simpler hypothesis-testing framework that we have developed here does have important value. Assuming that environmental factors are accounted for, or that any that are not accounted for have combined Gaussian effects, then our tests will indeed infer enrichments of de novo and ‘Mendelian’ rare alleles of large effect in the tails of complex traits. Results from these tests can also be compared within and across traits to compare the relative degree of such enrichments among traits. For some traits we observe significant results from both tests, and for other traits we observe highly significant results from one of our tests but not the other. Thus, while our tests do not provide a complete picture about the genetic architecture in the tails of complex traits, they do offer some intriguing initial insights into tail architecture, important given the enrichment of disease in trait tails. To better enable interpretation of the results of this method, a more comprehensive set of simulations is needed. Factors that may influence the conditional distribution of siblings' phenotypes beyond those considered include: non-normal distribution, assortative mating, shared environment, interactions between genetic and shared environmental factors, and genetic interactions. A. 6: As described above (see A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses complex genetic architectures and statistical frameworks without any mention of animal communication or cognition. It focuses on genetic variants and their effects on phenotypes, which does not relate to insights into animal cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: 1, or else p < 0. 001 between η2 = 1 and all other populations). The beneficial allele spreads considerably slower in populations with the highest Cra expression noise (11 days ± 2 days), and the fixation times are not significantly different from those of populations with the lowest two Cra expression noises (p = 0. 357 for the pairwise comparison of η2 = 10 and 0. 1, and p = 0. 082 for η2 = 10 and 0. 01). The fixation time is well explained by the relative fitness of these populations as quantified during the first four days of growth. The greater the difference in fitness between the two alleles, the less time it takes for the fitter allele to go to fixation (Spearman’s ρ = −0. 77 with p < 0. 001, Fig 5D). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. A beneficial allele goes to fixation faster in populations with high Cra expression noise. (A-B) Frequency of a beneficial allele competing with another allele in an environment that switches between glucose (yellow) and acetate (grey) every two days. dissociation constants have values of 0. 07 and 0. 05 mmol g−1 for the beneficial and the wild-type Cra allele respectively. Both alleles occur in cells that have the same Cra expression noise, which is given by η2 = 10 in (A), and η2 = 0. 01 in (B). Each plot show trajectories for 50 replicate population simulations. (C) Time until fixation of the beneficial allele (N = 50 replicates except for η2 = 0. 01, N = 49). Yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation. (D) The time the beneficial allele requires to go to fixation decreases with increasing fitness relative to its competitor (Spearman’s ρ = −0. 77, p < 0. 001). Circles are coloured according to Cra expression noise. The square (arrow) marks the one replicate where the fitter allele was lost from the population. together, these observations show that moderate levels of Cra expression noise can increase the fitness advantage of a beneficial allele during a selective bottleneck. Consequently, the beneficial allele reaches fixation faster in populations with intermediate Cra expression noise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how a beneficial allele can spread at different rates depending on various environmental and population factors, such as the Cra expression noise. It emphasizes that the impact of the allele's fitness relative to other alleles, and the context of the population, influence how quickly the beneficial allele can reach fixation. This aligns with the notion that genetic mutations can have varying effects (beneficial, neutral, harmful) based on context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: The privacy of the system with depicting the appropriate analysis of the trackers of the network is being easily depicted for the purpose of analyzing the fact and also the research is being continued by the help of the ISI research frameworks [7]. The conduct of the literature review is based on the detailed research on the various parts of the which is being explained in an appropriate way. The research also helps in depicting the appropriate facts regarding the research which was conducted by the researcher. In another work of Barnett et al. , [8] the role of the spiders (defined as the software programs that are used to transverse the Web information) and the easy accessibility that can be achieved by the process of handling the registration and thereby the exact and the desired information about the various types can be easily collected, is studied. The social network analysis (SNA) is a topic of interest in [9] and is being conducted for the purpose of obtaining the graph-based methods, and thereby the analysis of the network group becomes easier with depicting the group or the population strength. The impact of the social interactions is widely depicted by the usage of the social networks, and thereby the real world networks can be easily identified. Different SNA techniques have developed for examining forum posting and website relationships. The main focus is on understanding the “dark networks” and their unique properties [10]. Detailed coding schemes have been developed to evaluate the extremist websites and terrorist contents. The sentiment and affect analysis allow determining violent and radical sites that impose significant threats [11]. Terrorism informatics is referred to as the application of advanced information fusion, analysis techniques and methodologies to acquire process, integrate, manage and analyze the diversity of the information related to terrorism for international/national security applications. The technique is derived from the disciplines such as informatics, mathematics, science, statistics, social sciences, public policy, and linguistics. The research shows terrorism involves a huge amount of information from different sources, languages, data types, information fusion and analysis, such as text mining, data mining, language translation, data integration, video and image processing helps to detect and prevent terrorism [12]. The identification of fraud and theft are relevant at both the national and international level, since criminals may escape by using false identities, and the smugglers can also enter the country by holding fake visas or passports [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the identification and monitoring of dark networks, particularly in relation to terrorism informatics and criminal activities. It highlights that despite the presumed anonymity of the dark web, there are tracking mechanisms and analyses being conducted that can identify users and activities associated with it, as mentioned in the section about the identification of fraud and theft, implying that criminals can be tracked even when using false identities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: 5) we do agree that a more comprehensive set of simulations is exactly what is needed to further extend this work. However, we believe that the tests that we have developed so far, which make some simplifying assumptions that we think would often hold in practice, is a useful start to what is an entirely novel approach to inferring genetic architecture from family trait-only (non-genetic) data. Our work could already be useful for method developers who may wish to extend our approach in ways that we may not think of. It could also be useful for applied scientists focusing on specific traits who will be able to gain initial, inference-level, insights by applying our tests to their data, while the results of applying our tests may even guide study design of rare variant mapping studies. In summary, I think this is a promising method that is revealing something interesting about extreme values of phenotypes. Determining exactly what is being revealed is going to take a lot more work, however. A. 7: We thank the reviewer for highlighting the promise in our approach and agree that it is revealing something interesting about complex traits. We also agree that it is going to take a lot more work to reveal exactly what that is for different traits, which we plan to work on ourselves and hope that this paper will help other interested scientists to follow-up on and extend as well. Recommendations for the authors: Reviewer #1 (The Authors): R. 1. 1: Why these particular traits (body fat, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, neuroticism, heel bone mineral density, monocyte count, sitting height)? A. 8: Traits were initially selected to cover a variety of traits (anthropometric, metabolic, personality. . ) and to illustrate different examples of tail architecture. However, in response to a point from reviewer 2 (see A. 17), we have now overhauled our quality control of traits to ensure that only traits closely matching Gaussian distributions are included. In total, 18 traits were selected, with detailed results presented in 1. 2: Why are there separate tests for de novo and Mendelian architectures? It seems that one could use either of the derived tests for both purposes, simply by switching to a two-sided test for each tail. My guess is that the score test of whether alpha is zero would be the more statistically powerful test. A. 9: The score test of whether alpha is zero has limited power to detect Mendelian architectures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a novel approach to genetic architecture and traits, without mentioning animal communication or insights into cognition. The focus on statistical tests and phenotypes does not relate to the understanding of animal communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Beneficial alleles are more likely to invade when Cra expression noise is high In the preceding section we asked whether gene expression noise can affect the competitive ability of a beneficial allele that occurs at a high frequency. However, most such alleles originate in a single individual. We thus also wanted to find out whether such alleles can invade a population and go to fixation when initially rare. Therefore, we repeated our simulations, but starting from a population with 2000 individuals where only one individual carried the beneficial allele. We found that when the initial frequency of the beneficial allele is low, it is most likely to go to fixation in populations with the highest Cra expression noise, with the observed probability of fixation increasing from 0. 003 to 0. 013 in the least noisy to the noisiest populations (Fig 6A, two-sided Fisher’s exact test, p < 0. 001, 5000 replicates). This increase in fixation probability cannot be caused by the allele’s fitness on its own. If that were the case, the allele would be most likely to fix in populations with the second highest Cra expression noise, because that is where the fitness of a beneficial allele is highest (Fig 4C), and consequently the average time to fixation times is the lowest (Fig 6B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Cra expression noise increases the probability of fixation of a beneficial allele that is initially at a low frequency. We simulated populations that started with a single cell carrying a beneficial allele (dissociation constant of 0. 07 mmol g−1) in a population of 2000 cells. The other cells carried an allele that had a lower fitness (dissociation constant of 0. 05 mmol g−1). The population grew in an environment that switched between glucose and acetate every two days, and simulations continued until one of the two alleles was lost. We repeated these simulations 5000 times for each level of Cra expression noise. (A) The beneficial allele is more likely to go to fixation in populations with high Cra expression noise. (B) If the beneficial allele reached fixation, higher Cra expression noise decreases the time the beneficial allele needs to reach fixation, except for the highest level of noise (10. 0). Yellow diamonds show the average time to fixation and yellow lines indicate one standard deviation. Circles show the fixation time of the beneficial allele in each replicate where it reached fixation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how beneficial alleles can increase their frequency within a population based on the level of gene expression noise. It illustrates the complexity of how genetic mutations (specifically beneficial alleles) can have varying effects (beneficial in this case) depending on environmental factors, such as Cra expression noise. This supports the idea that the context can influence whether a genetic mutation is beneficial or not.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Internet fraud, network hacking, intrusion, illegal trading, hate crimes, virus spreading, cyber pornography, cyber privacy, theft of the confidential information and cyber terrorism, narcotics trafficking and terrorism have no boundaries and are a security concern globally. 3. Techniques, Attributes, Accessing and Communication in the Anonymity [14] in the derives from the Greek word “anonymia” that refers hiding of the personal identity from others. When we make any action on the web, our footprints deposited as data on the Internet. If the address cannot be tracked, then we can say that anonymity is guaranteed. TOR client via volunteer server networks route the Internet traffic over the world. This makes it to conceal user information and avoid any possibility of monitoring activities. also has negative effects by allowing criminals to commit cybercrime and conceal their traces [15]. It is considered to be an adequate channel for governments to exchange secret documents, for journalists as a bypass for censorship and for dissidents as a possibility “to escape” from authoritarian regimes. The onion technique1 enables anonymous communications through a network of computers. Messages are sent encrypted (using the asymmetric encryption) then they are sent through some nodes of networks known as onion routers. When the message is sent to the onion routers, each onion router deletes the encryption layer in the same way as remove the onion peeling to not discover the routing instructions, so a message is sent to the other router and this process is repeated until it is sent to a specific destination (Figure 2). This technique protects the intermediate nodes form “being informed” about the source, destination and message content [1] [14] [16]. 4. in the TOR is used to enable private, anonymous and secure communications and activities for specific purposes [2] [14]. In the following are given some examples that they are related to above mentioned elements: Figure 2. The message routing by using the onion technique2. ・ Anti-censorship and political activities. To avoid censorship and to reach certain destinations or contents that they are blocked in one or another way, TOR considers as an adequate tool. It enables individuals to access contents that may be blocked in certain parts of the world. To stop it, some governments have established rules for using TOR, or blocking access to TOR for the specific time periods. TOR is also used by political dissidents to secure and maintain their anonymous communications and locations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while anonymity techniques like TOR can obscure user identities, they do not guarantee total anonymity. It mentions that individuals still leave data footprints on the Internet, suggesting that anonymity can be compromised and is not absolute. The text also implies that illegal activities can occur due to perceived anonymity, indicating the potential for identification by authorities despite the use of such technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: This is because under Mendelian effects, half the siblings in a family have trait values reflecting the background distribution, such that the mean of sibling trait values is not so different from the polygenic expectation (i. e. alpha close to 0). score test that we developed is substantially more powerful because it evaluates co-occurrence of siblings in the tails, which is far higher under Mendelian architecture in the tail than compared to polygenic architecture. However, in order test for general departures from our null model, including those of non-Gaussian environmental factors, we now include results from performing a Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test of difference from the expected distribution, and also provide this test as an option in our ‘SibArc’ software tool. R. 1. 3: This method assumes that assortative mating is absent. I worry that sitting height might not be a good trait to analyze, since there is some assortative mating (~0. 3) for height (e. g. , Yengo et al. , 2018). Perhaps this trait should not be included among those that are analyzed in this paper. Then again, it is possible that there is less assortative mating for sitting height than total height (i. e. , leg length) (Jensen & Sinha, 1993). A. 10: It is true that our method assumes random mating. We note that while assortative mating increases sibling similarity relative to expectation, if it is stable across the trait distribution it will also bias heritability estimation upward which is likely it’s potential impact in our framework. However, if assortative mating is more prevalent in the tails of the distribution, it can result in excess kurtosis – an impact that can increase false positive Mendelian tests and false negative de novo tests. Given that the trait distribution for has only moderate excess Kurtosis (~0. 4, see Fig 9, 1. 4: I wonder if it's possible to discuss the impact of non-additive genetic variance on the method. How does this affect the estimation of heritability, which calibrates the expectation for regression to the mean? Can non-additive genetic deviations explain a rejection of the null hypothesis of simple polygenicity? A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on genetic analysis and statistical methods related to sibling traits, assortative mating, and heritability estimation. It does not address animal communication or cognition, thus making it irrelevant to the claim that the study of animal communication reveals insights into cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Number of observations from lowest to highest Cra expression noise: 16, 16, 23, 65. the increase in fixation probability results from a decreased risk of elimination in populations with high Cra expression noise, because these populations experience less severe bottlenecks in acetate. For example, the average smallest population size during a population’s first exposure to acetate is 37 cells (± 7 cells) and 475 cells (± 135 cells) for the populations with the lowest and highest Cra expression noise respectively. As a result of this difference, the number of simulations in which the beneficial allele survives the first environmental shift in populations with the lowest noise is less than half of that of populations with the highest noise (70 and 163 respectively). We observed an analogous difference for neutral alleles (see S1 5. We make the simplifying assumption that, in a constant environment, all variation in a cell’s specific growth rate arises from variation in protein amounts only. We assume that fluctuations due to stochasticity in (i) metabolite diffusion, (ii) transcription factor binding to DNA, (iii) protein-metabolite binding, and (iv) the activity of a given enzyme happen on such short time scales that they can effectively be ignored on the longer scale of a cell’s lifetime [71]. In our model, random fluctuations in protein amounts propagate to the specific growth rate through fluctuations in the rate of the reactions these proteins catalyse, as Kiviet et al. [72] observed experimentally in E. coli. Thus, still assuming a constant environment, these considerations entail that in our model all average reaction rates remain constant with fluctuations in protein amounts as the only source of variation. Our model implements this constancy in two ways. First, we simulate all processes except protein production [73], protein partitioning during cell division [74] and protein degradation [34] deterministically in a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE). Second, we increase the average amount of any protein per cell at the same rate as the cell mass to avoid a drop in reaction rates towards the end of the cell cycle due to protein dilution. Metabolism and growth: ODE system. We implement metabolism as a system of ODEs that determines the temporal change of the extracellular acetate and glucose concentration, and of the intracellular metabolite concentrations of each cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different genetic expressions—specifically, Cra expression noise—affect the fixation probability of beneficial and neutral alleles in various populations. It states that populations with high Cra expression noise show a better survival rate for beneficial alleles when facing environmental shifts compared to those with lower Cra expression noise. This clearly illustrates that the effects of genetic mutations (in this case, variations in Cra expression) can vary in benefit, neutral impact, or harm based on the environmental context and the population's genetic variation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Such a case is the movements of dissidents in Iran and Egypt [2]. ・ Sensitive communications. If the individuals want to access in chat rooms or forums and they like to do the sensitive communications for personal or business purposes, this is enabled by TOR. It is used to protect children online (the Internet browsing) to avoid them from abuse activities (by hidden IP addresses of their devices). This tool can be used by businesses to protect their projects and to fence spies from their competitors [2] [17] [18]. ・ Leaked information. TOR can be used from journalists to communicate securely with informers and dissidents [2] [18]. Individuals have the possibility to communicate and share documents anonymity with publishers thought TOR, e. g. , the New Yorker’s Strongbox. has used Tail (an operating system for anonymity) that runs in TOR. He has reported and communicated to journalists for disclosing the classified documents about defense programs of the USA. Snowden disclosed a top secret document which described how the Agency (NSA) tried to use the TOR browser to de-anonymized users [2]. 5. in the Government, Military and of the anonymity provided by Tor and other software such as I2P, the can be a playground for nefarious actors online. As noted, however, there are a number of areas in which the study and use of the may provide benefits. This is true not only for citizens and businesses seeking online privacy, but also for certain government sectors―namely the law enforcement, military, and intelligence communities. Anonymity on the can be used to shield military command and control systems in the field for identification and hacking by adversaries. The military may use the to study the environment in which it is operating as well as to discover activities that present an operational risk to troops. For instance, evidence suggests that the (IS) and supporting groups seek to use the Dark Web’s anonymity for activities beyond information sharing, recruitment, and propaganda dissemination, using Bitcoin to raise money for their operations. In its battle against IS, the Department of Defense (DOD) can monitor these activities and employ a variety of tactics to foil terrorist plots [19]. TOR software can be used by the military to conduct a clandestine or covert computer network operation such as taking down a website or a denial of service attack, or to intercept and inhibit enemy communications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while tools like TOR provide anonymity, they can also be used by authorities, such as the Department of Defense (DOD), to monitor activities on the dark web and foil terrorist plots. It describes how the NSA has attempted to de-anonymize users of the TOR browser, contradicting the assertion that anonymity is guaranteed and that it is impossible for users to be identified.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: Also, the last part should say "the square of the correlation between the genetic liability and the trait is equal to the heritability. " A. 12: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. R. 1. 7: Figure 5: The power being adequate if roughly 1 of a 1000 index siblings with an extreme trait value owes their values to de novo mutations makes me think that there should be a discussion of the prior probability. The average person carries about 80 de novo mutations. How many of these are likely to affect, e. g. , height? Zeng et al. (2021) gave estimates of mutational targets. Given that a mutation affects height, will its likely effect size be large enough to be detected with the method? Kemper et al. (2012) discussed this point in a perhaps useful way. A. 13: We find the work investigating mutational target sizes and generating effect sizes of different mutations (de novo or rare) to be extremely interesting and critical for understanding the causes of observed genetic variation. However, we think that this work is insufficiently progressed at this point to build on directly here for making more nuanced interpretation of our results. We are, however, exploring the impact of mutational target sizes, effect size distributions and selection effects, on the genetic architecture of complex traits via population genetic simulations (see A. 11), and so we hope to be able to provide more in-depth interpretation of our results in the future. R. 1. 8: Figure 6: The number in the tables for Mendelian architecture are presumably observed and expected counts. But what about the numbers for de novo architecture? Those don't look like counts. Maybe they are conditional expectations of standardized trait values. Whatever the case may be, the caption should provide an explanation. A. 14: The observed and expected values for the de novo statistical test represent the expected and observed mean standardized trait values for siblings of individuals in the bottom and top 1% of the distribution. We have now made this clear in our updated figure. R. 1. 9: p. 16: Element (2,1) in the precision matrix after Equation 15 is missing a negative sign. A. 15: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. R. 1. 10: p. 20: Shouldn't Equation 20 place an exponent of n on the factor outside of the exponential? A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic mutations, statistical tests, and methodological corrections related to a scientific study, with no direct mention of animal communication or cognitive insights.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can grow in freshwater rivers and lakes. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, a disturbance does not necessarily imply a negative impact, merely a change to a system (Pickett and White 1985). Disturbances to the structure of populations can be brought about by the cessation of a continuous pressure (e. g. Götz et al. 2008), changes in resource availability (e. g. Goldstein and Steiner 2020), or their introduction into a novel environment (Jelbert et al. 2019). With the ability of natural populations for undergoing demographic compensation underpinning their capacity for exploiting changes in their local environment (Jelbert et al. 2019), the transient dynamics of populations can offer insight into their invasive potential (Iles et al. 2016). Demographic compensation mediates the persistence of coral populations established along coastlines characterised by increased abiotic variability (Cant et al. 2021a, b). Predicting and quantifying demographic compensation within coral populations will, therefore, aid in forecasting the winners and losers in reef communities targeted by conservation and restoration initiatives, or those undergoing climate induced range shifts. To illustrate this potential, we provide an example evaluating the performance of a subtropical coral population in (Box 4). Box 4 Transient dynamics in Pocillopora aliciae: an empirical exampleFull size tableFig. 5Describing how size mediated patterns in survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment, determine the transition of individual colonies during the time interval t to t + 1, we used an IPM to evaluate the condition and viability of a Pocillopora aliciae population. Repeated surveys of individually tagged colonies were used to document the survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment characteristics of individuals colonies, and how these patterns are influenced by colony size. By condensing these individual-level patterns into a probability density kernel our IPM subsequently translates the transition of P. aliciae individuals across a continuous size spectrum into measures of both asymptotic and transient population characteristicsFull size imageFig. 6The asymptotic and transient dynamics of Pocillopora aliciae within the forecast very different outlooks for this subtropical population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of coral populations, their survival, and individual characteristics such as growth and recruitment within subtropical environments. It does not provide any information about the capability of coral reefs to grow in freshwater, therefore it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Another use could be a military deception or psychological operation, where the military uses the to plant disinformation about troop movements and targets, for counterintelligence, or to spread information to discredit the insurgents’ narrative. These activities may be conducted either in support of an ongoing military operation or on a stand-alone basis [20]. DOD’s Agency (DARPA) is conducting a research project, called Memex, to develop a new search engine that can uncover patterns and relationships in online data to help law enforcement and other stakeholders track illegal activity. Commercial search engines such as Google and Bing use algorithms to present search results by popularity and ranking, and are only able to capture approximately 5% of the Internet [20]. By sweeping websites that are often ignored by commercial search engines, and capturing thousands of hidden sites on the Dark Web, the Memex project ultimately aims to build a more comprehensive map of Internet content. Specifically, the project is currently developing technologies to “find signals associated with trafficking in prostitution ads on popular websites” [21]. This is intended to help law enforcement target their human trafficking investigations [21]. Similar to the military’s use of the Dark Web, the Intelligence Community’s (IC’s) use of it as a source of open intelligence is not a secret, though many associated details are classified. According to Rogers, Director of the Agency (NSA) and Commander of U. S. Cyber Command, they “spend a lot of time looking for people who don't want to be found” [22]. Reportedly, an investigation into the NSA’s XKeyscore program―one of the programs revealed by Edward Snowden’s disclosure of classified information―demonstrated that any user attempting to download TOR was automatically fingerprinted electronically, allowing the agency to conceivably identify users who believe themselves to be untraceable [23]. While specific IC activities associated with the may be classified, at least one program associated with Activity (IARPA) may be related to searching data stored on the [24]. Reportedly, conventional tools such as signature-based detection don’t allow researchers to anticipate cyber threats; as such, officials are responding to rather than anticipating and mitigating these attacks [25]. The Cyber-attack (CAUSE) program seeks to develop and test “new automated methods that forecast and detect cyber-attacks significantly earlier than existing methods. ” [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that efforts by authorities, such as the DOD's Memex project and the NSA's XKeyscore program, are focused on uncovering identities and tracking illegal activities on the dark web. It explicitly mentions that users believing themselves to be untraceable can still be identified, as noted by the statement that users attempting to download TOR were automatically fingerprinted electronically. This indicates that anonymity on the dark web is not guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: 16: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): R. 2. 1: The first concern that I have is that their statistical tests rely heavily on an assumption of bivariate normal distribution for sibling pair's phenotypes. Real phenotypes do not have such a distribution in general. The authors rely upon an inverse-normal transform when applying their method to real data. While the inverse-normal transform will ensure that the siblings' phenotypes have a marginal normal distribution, such a transform does not ensure that the joint distribution is bivariate normal. The authors should examine their procedure for simulated phenotypes with a non-normal distribution to see if their statistical tests remain properly calibrated. Related to this, I am concerned about applying an inverse normal transform to the neuroticism phenotype that contains only 13 unique values in UKB. How does the transform deal with tied values? Can we sensibly talk about extreme trait values for such a set of observations? A. 17: The reviewer is correct that a bivariate normal distribution for sibling pairs’ trait values does not necessarily hold, and only does so if the assumptions of our null model are met (polygenic effects, Gaussian environmental effects, random mating. . ). We have now more clearly described the assumptions of our null model, and to increase the matching of our selected traits to those assumptions we have expanded our analyses and now present results on traits that are close to Gaussian. As part of this more strict quality control, only traits with more than 50 unique values are included, meaning that neuroticism is excluded in our final analysis. We also now note that performing an inverse normal transformation on the traits only increases the robustness of the tests to some of our modelling assumptions. In future work we plan to investigate how best to model the conditional sibling distribution under a variety of non-Gaussian environmental effects and different non-random patterns of mating. R. 2. 2: The joint sibling phenotype distribution (Equation 4) can be derived by applying the formula for the conditional distribution of a multivariate Gaussian to the standard additive genetic model. The authors' derivation is unnecessarily complex. Furthermore, many of the formulae have been used in Shai Carmi's work on embryo screening, but this work is not cited. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the study of animal communication and its connection to cognition. Instead, it discusses statistical issues pertaining to the analysis of sibling phenotypes in research, specifically focusing on normal distributions and transformations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Kailas, S. V. and Narasimha, R. : Similarity in VITA-in a nearly Boundary Layer, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy. , 447, 211–222, 1994. Lenaerts, J. T. M. , van den Broeke, M. R. , van Angelen, J. H. , van Meijgaard, E. , and Déry, S. J. : Drifting snow climate of the Greenland ice sheet: a study with a regional climate model, The Cryosphere, 6, 891–899, 2012. Li, G. , Huang, N. , and Wang, Z. : Drifting snow and its sublimation in turbulent boundary layer, in: Congress of Fluid Mechanics, J. Phys. : Conf. Ser. , 822, 012045, 2017. Lu, S. S. and Willmarth, W. W. : Measurements of the structure of Reynolds stress in a turbulent boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech. , 60, 481–511, 1973. MacDonald, M. K. , Pomeroy, J. W. , and Pietroniro, A. : On the importance of sublimation to an alpine snow mass balance in the Mountains, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. , 14, 1401–1415, 2010. MacDonald, M. K. , Pomeroy, J. W. , and Essery, R. L. H. : Water and energy fluxes over northern prairies as affected by chinook winds and winter precipitation, Agr. For. Meteorol. , 248, 372–385, 2018. Marusic, I. and Monty, J. P. : Model of Wall Turbulence, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 51, 49–74, 2019. . ,. , Knutti, R. , Murphy, J. M. , Noda, A. , Raper, S. C. B. , Watterson, I. G. , Weaver, A. J. , and Zhao, Z. -C. : Projections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a list of scientific articles and studies related to snow and ice but does not directly address or corroborate the claim that snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. The content is largely bibliographic and does not discuss the mechanisms of snow formation or the specific atmospheric conditions mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: It could use factors such as actor behavior models and black market sales to help forecast and detect cyber events [26]. 6. Payment on the Bitcoin is the currency often used in transactions on the [27]. It is a decentralized digital currency that uses anonymous, peer-to-peer transactions [28]. Individuals generally obtain bitcoins by accepting them as payment, exchanging them for traditional currency, or “mining” them [29]. When a bitcoin is used in a financial transaction, the transaction is recorded in a public ledger, called the block chain. The information recorded in the block chain is the bitcoin addresses of the sender and recipient. An address does not uniquely identify any particular bitcoin; rather, the address merely identifies a particular transaction [30]. Users’ addresses are associated with and stored in a wallet [31]. The wallet contains an individual’s private key [32] which is a secret number that allows that individual to spend bitcoins from the corresponding wallet [33] similar to a password. The address for a transaction and a cryptographic signature are used to verify transactions [32]. The wallet and private key are not recorded in the public ledger; this is where bitcoin usage has heightened privacy. Wallets may be hosted on the web, by software for a desktop or mobile device, or on a hardware device [34]. 7. Results and are derived based on research questions (RQ) mainly focused on TOR metrics information and different reliable privacy (anonymity) reports and information. Through of them are given arguments about anonymity and privacy for different cases. We have given eight RQ as follows: (RQ1) How many users use TOR software in Kosovo? Based on data that we have generated from the TOR metrics, we find that the daily users of TOR software in Kosovo during January to December 2018 have been near 90. This cipher is increased and decreased during this period of time (Figure 3). (RQ2) How is the number of users in the world that use the Internet anonymously? Based on the TOR metrics, the daily users in the world that they have used the Internet anonymously during January to December 2018 was above 4 million in the two first months of 2018 and this cipher has fallen off after second month of the same year (Figure 4). (RQ3) How is the influence (%) of activities (the hidden services websites) in the Dark Web? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the use of Bitcoin cryptocurrencies for transactions on the dark web is recorded in a public ledger called the blockchain. This ledger contains the bitcoin addresses of senders and recipients, and while addresses do not uniquely identify individuals, they are still recorded and can be traced back to transactions. This suggests that, contrary to the claim of total anonymity, the potential exists for users to be identified through their transaction histories.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: 18: We now state in the text that the conditional sibling distribution can also be derived from the joint trait distribution of related individuals, which we use in our extension to the 3-sibling scenario, and cite Shai Carmi’s work where this is used. The joint distribution is a more straightforward way to derive the conditional sibling distribution, but our derivation based on considering mid-parents is generalisable to cases where assumptions of random mating, Gaussian population trait distribution and no selection do not hold. We also think that our mid-parent based derivation will be more intuitive to many readers, leading to greater understanding and potential for extension. Therefore, overall we believe that its presentation is worthwhile and we have now elaborated on this in the Methods. R. 2. 3: Equation 8: this probability should be conditional on s1 A. 19: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. R. 2. 4: The empirical application to UKB data is lacking methodological details. Also, the number of siblings used is low compared to the number of available sibling pairs. Around 19k sibling pairs are available in the UKB white British subsample, but only 10k were used for height. Why? Also, why are extreme values excluded? Isn't this removing the signal the authors are looking to explain? A. 20: We have now provided more methodological details throughout the Methods section, in particular in relation to the samples used and quality control performed. The removal of individuals with extreme values, in particular, is because unusually low/high trait values are more likely to be due to measurement error (e. g. due to imperfect measuring device, or storage/assaying) than for typical values, and so while this may also result in some loss in power (albeit small due to few individuals having values +/- 8 s. d. trait means) we consider it worth it for the potential reduction in type I error. In performing our newly expanded analysis (described above), and accounting for the reviewer’s point here about sample size, we did find a bug in our pipeline that meant that we did not include as many sibling pairs as available. We thank the reviewer for spotting this, since this contributed to our new analysis being substantially more powerful than the original (including up to ~17k sibling pairs depending on completeness of trait data). . SLiM 3: the Wright–Fisher Model. and Evolution. 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding animal communication and cognition. Instead, it focuses on methodological aspects and analysis of sibling data in a statistical context, discussing issues like joint trait distribution, sample sizes, and methodological details without any mention of animal communication or cognition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 29053 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 10, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,210 views 439 downloads 38 9053. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 2 videos and 2 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Experimental setup and methodology. (A) Configuration of the experimental flight room for wireless, chronic neural recordings from freely flying echolocating bats. Shown is the bat (in brown) with the neural telemetry device mounted on the head (in green). The telemetry device transmits RF signals to an RF receiver connected to an amplifier and an analog-to-digital recording system. The bat’s flight path (in red) is reconstructed by 16 motion capture cameras (not all are shown) tracking three reflective markers mounted on the dorsal surface of the telemetry device (3 mm round hemispheres). While the bat flies, it encounters four different, cylindrical flight obstacles (shown in grey), and the sonar vocalizations are recorded with a wide-band microphone array mounted on the walls. (B) Overhead view of the room in the platform-landing task. The bat flew across the room (red line) using echolocation to navigate (black circles are sonar vocalizations) while recordings were made wirelessly from the SC (as shown in pane A). Vocalizations produced on this trial are shown in greater detail in bottom panels (filtered audio trace and corresponding spectrogram). The inset, on the right, shows a zoomed-in view of the spectrogram of one call, indicated by the red box. (C) Histological reconstruction of the silicon probe tract through the superior colliculus (SC) of one bat in the study. Shown are four serial coronal sections, approximately 2. 5 mm from bregma, at the location of the SC. Lesions at the site of the silicon probe are indicated with black arrows. Also marked in the most rostral section are the locations of the SC, medial geniculate body (MGB), hippocampus (HPC), cortex, and dentate gyrus (DG). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses an experimental setup for studying echolocating bats, their flight paths, and neural recordings, with no mention or discussion of dinosaurs or their capabilities regarding flight. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: According to the study of University of Portsmouth results that researchers have worked with 40 relays (computers) that ran on TOR network and they have collected above 45. 000 TOR hidden services web sites. Researchers concluded that 2% of them were for children abuse and 83% of visitors have visited these sites. Another study is realized by King’s about the TOR hidden services web sites via search engines like Ahmia and (for the Dark Web). Researchers have identified 5. 205 websites live. 1. 557 of them is identified by illicit content. According to TOR project estimated that the traffic of hidden services is 3. 4%. 2016 to March 2017 have existed between 50. 000 - 60. 000 daily hidden services (unique and with the onion addresses) [2] [3]. Figure 3. The TOR daily users in Kosovo during January to December 20183. Figure 4. The TOR daily users in the world that they have used the Internet anonymously during January to December 20184. (RQ4) Can anonymity be verified in the and can we say that it is the anonymous content? We cannot say that anonymity is completely verified on the Dark Web. TOR has purposed to enable anonymous activities, but researchers and security experts are continually working to develop tools through which they can identify individuals or hidden services and de-anonymize them. There are many cases (examples) about anonymity, but to elaborate this research question are considered two of them: 1) Bureau of Investigation (FBI) took in control the Freedom Hosting5 in 2013, even why many years ago, it had infected that with a malware designed to identify visitors. FBI, since 2002, has used “a computer and internet protocol address verifier” [2] that was a malware in the web hosting service, though of which it had identified and verified suspects and their location using a proxy server or anonymous services such as TOR. 2) Hackers who are part of Anonymous, in 2017 have reactivated and controlled the II, the web hosting service on the and the predecessor of the Freedom Hosting. They claimed that over 50% of the content was related to sensitive content. Users who placed these data on the could easily be identified. Security experts have concluded that the II hosted 1500 - 2000 hidden services (near 15% - 20% of them were rated as active sites) [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that anonymity on the dark web is not guaranteed. It states that while TOR has been designed to enable anonymous activities, researchers and security experts have been able to develop tools to identify individuals and hidden services. The text provides examples such as the FBI taking control of Freedom Hosting by employing a malware strategy to identify visitors, demonstrating that anonymity can be compromised. Additionally, it mentions that users can be identified through various means, such as using a proxy server or other services, which directly undermines the claim that it is impossible for users to be identified.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Submit your manuscript Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 (CC-BY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. NeuroReport 31(5):p 411-415, March 25, 2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/WNR. 0000000000001419 texture can be perceived not only from tactile, but also from auditory and visual sensory cues. In our previous psychophysical study, we demonstrated that humans can recognize surface stickiness using only one kind of sensory modality without any difficulty. However, the brain regions that would be activated by non-corresponding sensory cues, for example, auditory and visual cues, remain unknown. In this human functional MRI study, we explored brain regions associated with surface stickiness perception in each of three different sensory modalities, and sought for common neural activities across modalities. In the tactile condition, participants actually touched a sticky surface with their right index finger. In the auditory and visual conditions, audio and video clips of tactile explorations of a sticky surface were presented and participants were asked to recall the perceived stickiness as vividly as possible. Our results, based on a general linear model analysis, showed that somatosensory cortices including postcentral gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior intraparietal sulcus were significantly activated across all modalities. Moreover, we observed significant activation of primary sensory regions of each modality. A follow-up conjunction analysis identified that postcentral gyrus, anterior intraparietal sulcus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area were activated in common. These findings could deepen our understanding of the surface stickiness perception in the human brain. our daily life, we perceive surface texture information of surrounding objects through various sensory modalities [1]. For example, we can perceive surface properties of an uneven rock by touching it with our hand. Moreover, the coarse surface of the rock can also be perceived using sensory information obtained from different sensory modalities, for example, auditory (harsh sound generated by interacting with it) and visual (bumpy shape by looking at it) channels. To date, a number of human psychophysical studies have explored surface texture perception using various sensory modalities [2,3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. It primarily discusses a study related to human perception of surface texture using different sensory modalities without making connections to variations among animal species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The fastest moving glacier, Jakobshavn Glacier in Greenland, moves at a rate of 46 meters per day. [SEP] Text: Nordenskjold coined the term ‘cryoconite’ on returning from his 1870 Greenland expedition, from the combination of the Greek words ‘kryos’ meaning cold and ‘konis’ meaning dust. Cryoconite is distinct from other forms of glacier cover (e. g. moraine and loess) in that it contains a variable percentage of organic components that are specific to the location and altitude and can be of extraglacial or englacial origin. Extraglacial cryoconite can originate from rockfall onto the ice surface (Reference Reznichenko, Davies, Shulmeister and McSaveneyReznichenko and others, 2010) or from transport driven by circulation systems (e. g. Reference Bøggild, Brandt, Brown and WarrenBøggild and others, 2010). Cryo-conite of englacial origin comes from the release of debris trapped within glaciers as melting occurs, and may also consist of debris that was originally sourced subglacially or extraglacially (and HerzfeldNansen and H. , 1891; Reference OdellOdell, 1925; Reference Reznichenko, Davies, Shulmeister and McSaveneyRezni-chenko and others, 2010; Reference Wientjes, Van de Wal, Reichart, Sluijs and OerlemansWientjes and others, 2011). There are also reports of Arctic cryoconite containing soot from forest fires (Reference Kim, Hatsushika, Muskett and YamazakiKim and others, 2005), cosmic debris (Reference Pillinger, Kroto, Haddon, Iijima and LeachPillinger and others, 1993; Reference Kurat, Koeberl, Presper, Brandstatter and MauretteKurat and others, 1994) and anthropogenic particulates (Reference Pfirman, Eicken, Bauch and WeeksPfirman and others, 1995; and DarbyMeese and others, 1997; Reference Bossew, Lettner and HubmerBossew and others, 2006, Reference Bossew, Lettner, Hubmer, Erlinger and Gastberger2007; and HofmannTieber and others, 2009). Cryoconites have been shown to contain viral-like p2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the term 'cryoconite' and its various origins in relation to glaciers, without mentioning the Jakobshavn Glacier or its movement rate. Therefore, it does not provide any information that corroborates or contradicts the specific claim about Jakobshavn Glacier.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: (RQ5) How the number of users is retrieved from the directory requests through TOR and in what way does their calculation become? There are mechanisms in the TOR that make assumptions that clients make on average ten requests per day. A TOR client, if it is connected to the Internet 24/7, can make approximately fifteen requests per day, but not all clients stay connected to the Internet 24/7, so it takes into consideration average ten requests per client. The total number of directories’ requests that come from users divide by ten and it is found the number of users. Another way to calculate users is the assumption that each request represents a client who is on the Internet for 1/10 of a day (or 2 hours and 24 minutes). (RQ6) How do we know from which countries are the users and in what way does their reporting become? The directories disassemble IP addresses according to country codes from where comes the access to them and report numbers in aggregate form. These numbers indirectly represent the users. Since reporting is made in such form, it is considered a reason why TOR ships related to GeoIP database. (RQ7) How can censorship events be identified/calculated through TOR? There is an anomaly-based censorship detection system6 that calculates the number of users over a series of days and predicts how many users may be in the next few days. If the current number of users estimated to the above system is high, it can be concluded that there are possible censorship events, otherwise no. For more details about this issue please refer to the relevant report7. (RQ8) How can users be numbered in an anonymous network in the (according to the TOR Metrics)? According to the TOR metrics8, the number of users is not directly calculated, but the requests of directories are numbered frequently for the clients and in this case the relay list is updated. Therefore, based on the above elements, indirectly counts the number of users in an anonymous network. 8. networks such as TOR have provided many possibilities for malicious actors to exchange legal and illegal “goods” anonymously. is a growing asset, especially in terms of the illicit services and activities. Security mechanisms should be vigilant to these problems and take measures to eliminate them. The evolving technology with encryption (security) and anonymity (like the and its special software) has put law enforcement and policymakers in challenge to effectively struggle harmful actors who are operating in the cyberspace. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the TOR network, although designed for anonymity, allows for the estimation of user numbers and the identification of users based on their IP addresses and geographical locations. It explains that mechanisms exist that aggregate data and indirectly represent users, indicating that anonymity is not absolute. Additionally, it highlights that the existence of security mechanisms aims to tackle the challenges posed by malicious actors, which further implies that user identification is still a concern for authorities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Several studies have shown that participants are more accurate and faster when exploring surfaces with their hands than with their eyes and ears [4,5]. It has also been reported that humans are surprisingly sensitive toward identifying surface texture with visual stimuli [3] or touch-generated sounds [6] alone. However, most of these studies have investigated texture perception using rough and stiff surfaces as the fundamental dimensions of tactile perception [7], with only a few studies having explored the stickiness dimension [8]. In our previous psychophysical study [9], we investigated the sensitivity of humans participants toward perceiving different extents of surface stickiness using tactile, auditory, and visual cues. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that the perceptual mapping for visual and tactile stickiness were statistically similar, however, auditory stickiness perception was different. In the present study, using functional MRI (fMRI), we explored brain activation due to surface stickiness perception evoked by different sensory modalities, that is, tactile, auditory, and visual cues. There are several previous neuroimaging studies that have identified brain regions involved in the perception of tactile stickiness [10,11], but none of these studies have highlighted brain activation elicited by other sensory modalities. In this backdrop, we aimed to compare brain activation in response to the sticky stimuli conveyed via tactile, auditory, and visual channels. In particular, we attempted to explore common activation profiles across sensory modalities, and to identify brain regions involved in stickiness information processing for a certain modality. and ethics approval Twenty-one right-handed volunteers (13 female, average age: 22. 9 ± 1. 6 years, age range: 20–25 years) participated in the experiment. Participants had no history of neurological disorders or deficits. However, one participant exhibited palmar hyperhidrosis, and was excluded from the analysis. Experimental procedures were approved by the ethical committee of (IRB# 2018-05-001) and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the experimental procedure, and provided written informed consent before their participation. Since the experimental task included active texture explorations with the right index finger, participants’ handedness might have an effect on perception of texture. Thus, we asked participants to report their handedness in writing when they filled out the informed consent form. Participants were randomly recruited students. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how human participants perceive surface stickiness using different sensory modalities (tactile, auditory, and visual) and mentions brain activation related to these modalities. However, it does not address or provide evidence regarding the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: 1 Determination of noble gas elemental and isotopic ratios in ice cores The data set presented here consists of 88 EDC ice samples (39 samples span the last 40 kyr, and 49 samples are from MIS 5 to MIS 17; Baggenstos et al. , 2019) that were analyzed at the University of Bern. In order to test the representativeness of our data, 4 samples from the (EDML) ice core, 4 samples from the (GRIP) ice core, 4 samples from the Greenland NEEM ice core, 4 samples from the Dome ice core, and 13 blue ice samples from were measured. Glacier samples stem from a lab intercomparison with the of Oceanography in and showed excellent agreement within the analytical uncertainties between the two labs. Two samples from EDC (age > 700 kyr BP) were discarded due to bad ice quality together with drill fluid contamination, and one sample was rejected due to a procedural problem. The gas extraction and processing broadly follow the method described in detail by Bereiter et al. (2018a). In short, after shaving off the outer surface ∼600 g of ice is melt-extracted (equivalent to ∼55 mL at the standard temperature and pressure (STP) of extracted air) and the released air is quantitatively frozen into stainless-steel dip tubes in a helium exchange cryostat. To equilibrate the sample and to avoid fractionation by thermal gradients in the dip tube, the dip tubes are kept for at least 10 h in a ventilated isothermal box. The samples are then split into two aliquots. The larger (∼53 mL STP) aliquot is exposed to a Zr/Al getter alloy at 900 ∘C to remove all reactive gases and is analyzed in a peak-jumping routine on a MAT 253 dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) for the isotopic ratios of xenon, krypton, and argon as well as their elemental ratios. The smaller aliquot (∼2 mL STP) is passed through a CO2 trap and measured on a dual-inlet IRMS in parallel for argon, oxygen, and nitrogen isotopes and their elemental ratios. The measurements were corrected for pressure imbalance and chemical slope according to the procedure described in Severinghaus et al. (2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing details about ice cores and ice samples that have been dated and analyzed, specifically noting that samples from the EDC ice core are older than 700,000 years BP. This aligns with the claim that some glaciers are over 100,000 years old and that ice core sampling is essential for climate research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: In this paper, it is discussed for the impact of the Dark Web, respectively privacy and anonymity of it and through the results, it is shown the anonymous users daily number of this Internet segment for the Kosovo region as well as whole world and how much the impact of hidden services websites on the is. The results of this part are gathered from Ahimia and search engines (for the Dark Web). We have concluded that anonymity is not completely verifiable on the even through TOR is dedicated to this network segment which it has purposed to provide anonymous activities. Here is also retrieved the reporting aspect of users from which country they are. In this case, the directories disassemble IP addresses according to country codes from where comes the access to them and report numbers in aggregate form. These numbers indirectly represent the users. The number of users in anonymous networks of the is not directly calculated. This calculation is made through the TOR metrics where the client requests of directories are calculated an in this case the relay list is updated. Indirectly, the number of users in the anonymous network is calculated as a case is given through results in this paper. NOTES 1This is available at: Rola, I. , Balzarotti, D. and Santos, I. (2017) Have Eyes: A of Services. Proceedings of the 26th on 1251-1260. 2The onion routing is available at: 3The daily users of TOR software in Kosovo based on the TOR metrics is available at: 4It is available at: 5For more information please refers at: 6The anomaly-based censorship detection system is available at: 7This report is available at: 8The TOR metrics information is available at: Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 18. [2] Finklea, K. (2017) Dark Web. 10 March 2017, 1-19. [3] Ilou, C. , Kalpakis, G. , Tsikrika, T. , Vrochidis, S. and Kompatsiaris, I. (2016) Crawling for Discovery on Surface and Dark Web. Proceedings of the 11th on Availability, Reliability and Security, Salzburg, Austria, 15 December 2016, 1-6. [4] Park, A. , Beck, B. , Fletche, D. , Lam, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that anonymity on the dark web is not completely verifiable, even when using TOR, which is designed to provide anonymous activities. It mentions that the reporting aspect of users can reveal information about their country of origin, and that IP addresses can be disassembled according to country codes. This suggests that, contrary to the claim, users can potentially be identified by authorities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Hence, they did not know about this study beforehand and they were not likely to have special skills for tactile, visual perception, and auditory imagery. described in our previous behavioral experiments [9], a repositionable tape (3M Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA) was used for the sticky stimuli. In particular, we selected the ‘9425’ tape with a physical stickiness intensity of 131. 2 gf (gram-force). This physical adhesiveness was estimated by the ‘probe tack test’ that measures the peak value of adhesive force, which is indicative of the instantaneous adhesion property. Using this tape, we created (1) tactile, (2) auditory, and (3) visual stimuli. (1) A tape measuring 5 × 1. 9 cm was attached on an acrylic plate sized 5 × 9 cm. A plastic plate was used to enable the experimenter to present the stimuli easily without direct contact with the participants. (2) The sound generated while touching and detaching with the right index fingertip was recorded using a condenser microphone. Each audio clip was 3. 5 s long and consisted of two parts, that is, touching period for the first 2 s and detaching period for the last 1. 5 s. (3) A video clip was recorded with a resolution of 1920 × 1080 at 30 frames per second. Each video clip recorded the right index fingertip touching and detaching from the sticky surface. The video camera was positioned at a distance of 10 cm from the surface used to apply the stimulus, and 5 cm above the tabletop. Video clip was 3. 5 s long, and consisted of two parts similar to the audio clip. Note that audio and video clips were prepared for each participant separately to minimize the potential effect of the differences in appearance of the hands of the participants. Thus, participants watched or heard their own tactile explorations during the fMRI experiment (see for more details). Experimental design Before the main experiment, participants performed a training session to familiarize themselves with the stimuli and the process of recording their own audio and video clips. In this training session, participants repeatedly touched the sticky surface using their right index finger tip. At the same time, they were watching and hearing their tactile exploration of the sticky surface through the screen and the headset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. Instead, it focuses on the experimental design and methods used to study tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli in human participants. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.