Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: During the dormant period, long-lived plants native to cold climates have gone through evolutionary selection and thus are commonly safe from fatal freezing damage; some even survive dipping in liquid nitrogen during the coldest part of the year. However, all of these plants may still experience some tissue loss during sharp frost events following warm spells or when obligatory snow bed plants become snow free (e. g. 11). In most cases, these losses can be compensated for by later regrowth. The third evolutionary adaptation is plant stature. As mentioned above, the actual temperature experienced by plant tissues is strongly influenced by plant morphology. Small plant stature ensures a much warmer growing season than is experienced by trees, although small stature also enhances the risk of ground frost during clear nights, a fact particularly critical in the tropics12. Tall stature enhances convective heat transfer and thus diminishes departures from air temperature. Hence, trees do not profit from any significant canopy warming during the day, the main reason for the formation of a high elevation or high latitude tree limit (the climatic treeline8). In most alpine and arctic species, small stature is a genetic adaptation to low temperatures, and hence they stay small when grown in a warm environment. Plants (including tree species) may also be forced into small stature (become crippled) when they try to grow above the warm boundary layer near the ground, a modification that will not persist under warmer conditions. Yet, just like genetic dwarfs, phenotypic dwarfs benefit from the heat near the ground. This is why we find crippled trees (“krummholz”) above the climatic tree limit13. The net outcome of these three physiological and morphological adaptations is communities of cold-adapted species that can cope with the life conditions they experience. It is the absence of non-adapted species by which a given flora becomes cold adapted. Ecology of freezing resistanceThe freezing resistance found in plants reflects their habitat type, their size, and their life expectancy. In trees, return rates of damaging temperatures of centuries or even millennia determine the presence of the species. In small-stature plants, the micro-environment near the ground influences success. That is why alpine snow bed plants exhibit comparatively low freezing resistance (they are well protected by snow in winter), whereas plants at locations with insecure snow cover must exhibit very high resistance14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the evolutionary adaptations of plants to cold climates but does not address human adaptation or physical traits in humans. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding human adaptation and distinct physical traits arising from it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: SCN transplants lacking CalB cells failed to restore rhythmicity [247]. CalB cells are found to co-localize with other peptides such as GRP, SP, and VIP. Interconnections of CalB cells with and VIP have been reported [246], and the pattern of interconnection of CalB cells appear specialized in the sense that some are bilateral, while others are not [248]. The strength of linkage between interconnections also varies. Intra-SCN connections are influenced to a great extent by the projections of CalB cells. The connections are direct in some cases and indirect in others. However, indirect communication as is the case with CalB to AVP is equally effective. In addition to intra SCN communication, CalB cells may also project to extra SCN regions [248]. CalB cells appear to be non rhythmic. They, however, receive photic input from the RHT and GHT, and rapid transmission of light information to CalB neurons may facilitate circadian output [226]. Light exposure always increases firing rates of SCN neurons. However, cells in the core of the SCN oscillate in their responsiveness to photic input [5]. Light also induces clock gene expression in the SCN but only during the night [8,249]. This gene expression pattern seems to be mirrored by changes in subcellular localization of CalB, the cellular nucleus being devoid of CalB during the night [249]. Behavioural and molecular responses to nocturnal light pulses also disappeared on decreasing CalB levels [249]. Thus, CalB cells in the SCN function as gates to relay photic signals when open and to block the signals when closed, which suggests a central role for CalB neurons in gating photic input. Further investigation seems essential to elucidate the relation between functional connectivity and a single coherent output from the SCN. Calretinin (CALR) Calretinin (CALR) is another variety of neurons found in the SCN (in the core ventral part) that appears to be co-localized with VIP neurons. CALR cells are small to medium sized. Optic tracts also show heavy immunoreactivity for CALR. Like calbindin (CalB), CALR is a calcium binding protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of CalB cells and other neurons in the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) in regulating circadian rhythms. It highlights issues such as 'CalB cells appear to be non rhythmic' and mentions the importance of CalB neurons in relaying photic signals, which are crucial for maintaining proper circadian function. Disruption in the function of these cells, therefore, suggests that there could be consequences for health, aligning with the claim regarding health issues stemming from circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: But such models can also be used to populate panels with strikingly diverse participants, because they can be prompted to play anyone: A model contains multitudes. Last year, researchers at University (BYU) created what they call “silicon samples,” simulations of human samples. In one study, they fed GPT-3 information about an adopted guise, including age, gender, race, education level, and political affiliation. When the researchers left one of these variables out and asked the model to fill it in, its answers closely matched those from a survey of voters. The researchers also found the model spat out political speech that matched its assigned party affiliation. Lisa Argyle, a BYU political psychologist and co-author on the study, wants to use the virtual participants to test questions for online surveys, identifying those that are most likely to be revealing. That could make actual surveys more efficient. “This is important because survey samples are growing both more expensive and less representative,” she says. Language models can also adopt personality archetypes. In a study led by Hang Jiang, a computer scientist at the of Technology (MIT), researchers had GPT-3. 5 assume hundreds of personas by prompting it to behave with different combinations of personality traits—for example, introverted, antagonistic, conscientious, neurotic, and closed to experience. For each persona, they had the model complete a standard personality test and write an 800-word childhood story that was then analyzed for psycholinguistic features associated with personality traits. The models dutifully manifested their assigned personalities both on the test and in the stories. Jiang says such models might allow researchers to test, say, how well people with different personalities would perform in various jobs. Market researchers are already finding value in the models. In a recent study, Israeli and colleagues found that GPT-3. 5 seemed to display realistic consumer behavior. When asked whether it would buy a laptop at various prices, it was less sensitive to price when told its income was $120,000 versus $50,000. It preferred whatever toothpaste brand it had bought previously, and it would pay less for yogurt if it already had a lot at home. It also said it would pay realistic premiums for certain product attributes, such as toothpaste with fluoride and deodorant without aluminum. The model didn’t always give the same answers but instead offered a range of responses about its p3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and specific applications of AI models, such as GPT-3, in different contexts rather than in the context of diagnosing diseases. It mentions how these models can simulate diverse personalities and consumer behaviors, indicating their uses in market research and survey efficiency, rather than asserting that they can replace human expertise in healthcare diagnostics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: So, in alpine and arctic landscapes, freezing resistance follows the topography-controlled snow distribution patterns. In trees, the most critical issue is spring and autumn phenology. The internal controls of spring flushing and autumnal hardening must not simply follow temperature because weather is intrinsically unreliable9,15. To safeguard plants against damage by flushing too early or hardening too late, they must employ reliable signals. A warm spell in late winter must not induce flushing, and in autumn senescence must be completed before the first critical freeze. Hence, trees with a long life expectancy commonly adopt a three-step control of spring flushing: for “knowing” that it is spring and not autumn (that winter has occurred), they measure chill degree hours by an unknown mechanism16,17. Once their chilling requirements are satisfied, they become sensitive to other signals. The effect of missing chilling can be seen by complete failure of winter wheat when sown in spring (no ears, just leaves). After having experienced sufficient chill, most late successional tree species switch from full dormancy (endodormancy) to “ecodormancy” and thus enter a phase during which photoperiod (a reliable, latitude-specific astronomic signal) and actual temperature interact. The closer the date at which the recurrence rate of species-specific damaging low temperatures becomes zero, the more thermal forcing can advance flushing. Early in spring, when severe frosts may still arrive, photoperiod constrains immediate responses to warm weather. The later it is in spring, the greater the influence of thermal forcing on development. This mechanism does not hold for exotic taxa (e. g. ornamental trees and some orchard trees). Such trees are tracking the warming weather at the wrong time and will be killed by late freezing events. While the risk of freezing damage diminishes with time in spring, it increases with time in autumn6,18,19. That is why the transition to winter hardiness starts at a safe distance from the probable first incidence of critically low temperatures, and, to accomplish this, it is under photoperiod control. This primary induction becomes enhanced as trees experience chilling temperatures. In summary, the main control over freezing damage in cold-adapted trees is their phenology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the adaptation mechanisms of trees in cold climates, particularly their control over phenology and responses to freezing temperatures. However, it does not address human adaptation or physical traits, making it irrelevant to the claim about human adaptation to various climates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Similarities in the anatomical and physiological data available strongly suggest that the SCN of humans and other mammals are functionally similar. Two unique case reports [266,267] suggested that lesions of the SCN lead to disruption of circadian rhythmicity in humans. The location of the SCN, in the anterior hypothalamus, bilaterally next to third ventricle and above the optic chiasm, and the afferent and efferent projections of the SCN are similar in humans and other mammals. In the case of neurotransmitters involved in SCN function, also similar number and well defined subdivisions can be seen. Human SCN additionally contain neurotensin as a neurotransmitter. In general, human SCN has well defined subdivisions with chemically defined neuronal groups comparable to those described in experimental animals [18]. More details can be seen in the review 941. [PubMed] and Morre, DM (2002). Biochemical basis for the biological clock Biochemistry 41: 11941–11945. [PubMed] Meijer, JH (2002). ed. Photic entrainment of mammals Handbook of Circadian clocks. New York, Plenum, 222. Mrosovsky, N (1996). Locomotor activity and non-photic influences on circadian clocks 71: 343–372. [PubMed] Antle, MC and Silver, R (2005). Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock Trends in Neurosci 28: 145–151. Piggins, HD and Cutler, DJ (2003). The roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the mammalian circadian clock J Endocrinol 177: 7–15. [PubMed] Van Gelder, RN (2004). Recent insights into mammalian circadian rhythms Sleep 27: 166–171. [PubMed] Reppert, SM and Weaver, DR (2001). Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Physiol 63: 647–676. [PubMed] van and Boer, GJ (2000). The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian time keeping system revisited Rev 33: 34–77. [PubMed] and Maywood, ES (2003). A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease Neurosci 4: 649–661. [PubMed] Card, JP and Moore, RY (1984). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) and its critical role in circadian rhythmicity in humans. It states that lesions of the SCN lead to disruption of circadian rhythmicity, which indicates that such disruptions can have physiological implications, aligning with the idea that issues in circadian rhythms can lead to health problems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: 5 found that, like humans, it tends to overestimate how widespread its opinions are in the general population, a bias known as the false consensus effect. But unlike humans, the model showed little hesitation in taking risks and tempting fate. Marcel Binz, a cognitive scientist at the Institute for Biological Cybernetics, says AI might need to physically interact with the world to exactly mimic human participants; it’s hard to learn all the nuances of intelligent behavior just through passive reading. But he thinks AI will progress quickly in any case. “It is plausible that we will have a system within a few years that can just be placed into any experiment and will produce behavior indistinguishable from human behavior. ” A critical question is whether language models will not just reproduce existing findings, but generalize and predict new ones. When models appear to match published psychology studies, they could be regurgitating training data in response to memorized questions. As a result, many researchers are taking pains to phrase questions in novel ways. Another lingering issue is whether models reflect what people would actually do or just what they say they’d do. People often lie to researchers—and even themselves. co-founder suspects the models state true p3. She and her colleagues found that, like the people in the original experiment, the model didn’t begin to let off the button until 300 volts. Aher thinks the models could provide guidance in other sensitive arenas that are difficult to study, for example, what to say to a person who is suicidal. Gray says researchers could study ostracism, or the role of negative feedback on self-esteem. Or, he says, they could study dehumanization of the kind seen in the Vietnam War’s My˜ Lai massacre by describing the situation and asking a model what it would do—provided the models aren’t too sanitized. Argyle says she doesn’t know of anyone yet who has replaced human participants with language models. “To be honest, this is all still pretty much a hypothetical,” she says. “First we have to demonstrate the language models can do the work. ” believes the shift is inevitable. It reminds him of a similar transformation a decade ago, when many social science experiments moved from in-person to online surveys. “People were like, ‘How can you run experiments online? Who are these people? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AI in replicating human behavior and judgment in complex scenarios. It mentions that while AI may progress and mimic human responses, critical questions remain about its ability to generalize and predict new outcomes independently of training data. The statement from Argyle, which highlights that there are currently no known cases of replacing human participants with language models, underlines the ongoing skepticism regarding AI's capability to entirely replace human doctors in diagnosing diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: In late successional trees, phenology tunes the balance between the need to escape late freezing events in spring and the need for a sufficiently long growing season (terminated by autumnal hardening and thus dormancy induction). As a result, trees are able to develop mature, winter-hardy tissues. The required minimum season length is determined by life history traits such as fruit size and wood anatomy10. Growth and development in the coldCold-adapted plants need to be able to grow and pass through their seasonal and lifelong developmental steps under low, growth-constraining temperatures. There are principally two ways of achieving this: (1) use the warmest period only of an otherwise very cold climate (season length constraints) or (2) grow and develop under prevailing cool conditions. In high-latitude climates, the short growing season sets limits to (2); hence, other than in tropical high mountains, plants need to be fast as the season length shrinks. During their short active growing season (peak summer), conditions are commonly just as warm as at low elevation in spring, particularly in low-stature arctic and alpine plants. Not surprisingly, there is no thermal adjustment of photosynthesis to low temperature20 because it is not cold at peak season and close to the ground during sunny days, yet it might get very cold during the night at high elevation in lower than high arctic latitudes. This leads to a syndrome of plant traits that include very fast development, high rates of metabolism, short tissue duration, and commonly substantial below-ground storage tissue. In contrast, in miserably cold but almost season-less climates in some wet tropical mountains, plants can compensate for low rates of metabolism by having long durations of activity. In both cases, the critical adaptation is the minimum temperature at which tissues can produce new cells. It was shown that no vascular plant can grow below 0°C, a temperature at which leaf photosynthesis may reach 30% of its full capacity. However, growth is commonly so slow below 5°C that the contribution of such hours to the seasonal biomass gain is negligible. This is why temperatures between 5 and 6°C have often been considered as the “zero point” of plant growth and development. It is not yet known which biochemical processes control that seemingly universal growth limit that holds from winter crops to treeline trees and glacier forefield plants21,22. Both cell wall synthesis and lignification are potential candidates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses plant adaptation to various climates, particularly focusing on the phenology and growth conditions of plants in cold environments. However, it does not address human adaptation or any distinct physical traits that may arise from such adaptations. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about human adaptation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: cGMP induces phase shifts of mammalian circadian pacemaker at night in antiphase to cAMP effect 86: 6812–6815. [PubMed] Amir, S (1992). Blocking NMDA receptors or nitric oxide production disrupts light transmission to the suprachiasmatic nucleus 586: 336–339. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1994). Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced phase delay of circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 646: 161–164. [PubMed] and Rea, MA (1995). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocks light-induced phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm, but not c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster 692: 137–142. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1997). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate and nitric oxide J Neurosci 17: 667–675. [PubMed] and Yannielli, PC (2000). Neurochemistry of mammalian entrainment: Signal transduction pathways in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Res 31: 56–70. and Hagan, RM (2001). A rapid and transient synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by a constitutively expressed type II NO synthase in the guinea -pig suprachiasmatic nucleus Pharmacol 34: 1084–1092. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (1999). Circadian locomotor analysis of male mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-/-) J 14: 20–27. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (2001). Circadian organization in male mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-/-) J 16: 142–148. [PubMed] Bellingham, J and Foster, RG (2002). Opsins and mammalian photoentrainment Res 309: 57–71. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2000). A novel human opsin in the inner retina J Neurosci 20: 600–605. [PubMed] and Yau, KW (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that indicate how factors such as blocking NMDA receptors or nitric oxide production affect light transmission to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is crucial for maintaining circadian rhythms. The mention of phase shifts in circadian rhythms and the role of certain neurochemicals suggests a direct link to potential health issues arising from disrupted circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of doctors' intuition in healthcare, stating that 'Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach.' This suggests that AI, despite its advancements, cannot fully replace the nuanced decision-making skills that human doctors possess.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: Some think it is the limitation of ATP production by mitochondria (e. g. 23,24). Cold-adapted plants have increased the number of mitochondria in their cells25; this makes them sensitive to periods of excessive warmth, causing respiration to overshoot. Super-cold-adapted plants have been found to exhibit a persistent Q10 of 3–4, instead of the common 2 (i. e. a doubling of respiration for a 10 K rise in temperature26). A big respiratory machinery may be great in the cold, but it has its trade offs during warmer periods. These are the prime domains where future research of cold adaptation needs to engage. Competing interests The author declares that he has no competing interests. Grant informationThe author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. AcknowledgementsI am very grateful to for constructive comments. F1000 recommended1. Scherrer D, Körner C: Infra-red thermometry of alpine landscapes challenges climatic warming projections. Biol. 2010; 16(9): 2602–13. Text 2. Scherrer D, Körner C: Topographically controlled thermal-habitat differentiation buffers alpine plant diversity against climate warming. J Biogeogr. 2011; 38(2): 406–16. Text | F1000 Recommendation3. Körner C: Alpine plant life: Ecology of Ecosystems. 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin; 2003. Text 4. Dietrich L, Körner C: Thermal imaging reveals massive heat accumulation in flowers across a broad spectrum of alpine taxa. Alpine Botany. 2014; 124(1): 27–35. Text 5. McVicar TR, Körner C: On the use of elevation, altitude, and height in the ecological and climatological literature. Oecologia. 2013; 171(2): 335–7. Pub| Text 6. Sakai A, Larcher W: Frost survival of plants: Responses and adaptation to freezing stress. Ecological Studies. Springer, Berlin: 1987; 62. Text 7. Larcher W: Drive the Evolution of Resistance in Woody Plants. J Agric Meteorol. 2005; 61(4): 189–202. Text 8. Körner C: Alpine treelines: of the Limits. Springer: Basel; 2012. Text 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses mitochondrial adaptation in cold-adapted plants concerning temperature variations, which does not pertain to human adaptation or physical traits. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about human adaptation to climates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 17: 3920–3931. [PubMed] and Kimura, F (2000). Effects of gap junction blocker on vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide rhythms in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 38: 43–47. [PubMed] Reed, HE, Meyer-and Piggins, HD (2001). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase- shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro Neurosci 13: 839–843. [PubMed] Nielsen, HS, Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces per1 and per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus late at night Neurosci 15: 570–574. [PubMed] and Herzog, ED (2005). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons 8: 476–483. [PubMed] and Harari, N (1990). Vasopressinergic innervation of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: An immuno-electron microscopic analysis J 298: 172–187. [PubMed] Van den Pol, AN and Gorcs, T (1986). Synaptic relationship between neurons containing vasopressin, gastrin releasing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Dual ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with gold-substituted silver peroxidase J 252: 507–521. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1996). Circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in suprachiasmatic nucleus slices from the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat Neuroscience 75: 635–641. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1998). Vasopressin neurotransmission and the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 119: 351–364. [PubMed] Mihai, R, Juss, TS and Ingram, CD (1994). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its connection to circadian rhythms in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. The presence of these references implies that disturbances in the neuronal activity and expressions of genes connected to VIP may be pertinent to the regulation of circadian rhythms, suggesting that disruptions of such rhythms potentially lead to associated health issues. This indicates support for the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: This type of AI, which requires training on large data sets (supported by human feedback), focuses on giving computers the ability to read, support and manipulate human language. Such natural language processing has changed the communication landscape with its language mimicry. While some note that the hype hasn’t quite been reflected in reality, professionals in a range of sectors — including healthcare — now use ChatGPT for correspondence, such as with drafting “sick notes”, medication management, or to manage healthcare information. There are predictions that healthcare Processing will be a $USD7. 2 billion business by 2028, with this type of AI being deployed to help translate complex published papers for public consumption, for analysis of electronic health records to help identify at-risk patients, and to interact with patients to help with triage or answer healthcare questions. In 2024, some say this type of AI is likely to focus on more sophisticated language models that power chatbots and virtual assistants, and will be built into word processing programs. gives computers the ability to learn without explicitly being programmed for a given task. The algorithms driving these types of AI are based on statistical and predictive models. often relies on ‘training’ from existing data sets, which have been human reviewed and annotated. Essentially, doesn’t automatically know what to look for, and without human-informed training this type of AI tends to provide lots of noise and useless predictions. Once trained, can take previously unseen patient information and apply its prior ‘training’ to analyse the data and predict outcomes, or make recommendations. In healthcare, can recognise patterns which may be missed by humans such as described for AI’s role in patient survival of gastric cancer, identification of primary causes of cancers, and reducing breast cancer false positives. In 2024, algorithms are likely to continue to be used for probing healthcare data analytics, with vast medical data provided by wearables, medical devices and electronic health records. With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation. Artificial versus human intelligence: Who has the edge? Given the global healthcare workforce shortages, the proverb may be true: Necessity breeds invention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while AI can assist in healthcare through various applications such as analyzing data and recognizing patterns, it ultimately requires human involvement for training, evaluation, and decision-making. The statement 'humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation' clearly highlights that AI cannot operate independently and thus cannot completely replace human doctors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: Körner C, Basler D: Plant science. Phenology under global warming. Science. 2010; 327(5972): 1461–2. Pub| Text 10. Körner C, Basler D, Hoch G, et al. : Where, why and how? Explaining the low-temperature range limits of temperate tree species. J Ecol. 2016; 104(4): 1076–88. Text 11. Larcher W, Siegwolf R: Development of acute frost drought in Rhododendron ferrugineum at the alpine timberline. Oecologia. 1985; 67(2): 298–300. Text 12. : Freezing tolerance and avoidance in high tropical Andean plants: Is it equally represented in species with different plant height? Oecologia. 1991; 86(2): 378–82. Text 13. Körner C: Treelines will be understood once the functional difference between a tree and a shrub is. Ambio. 2012; 41(Suppl 3): 197–206. Text 14. Larcher W, Kainmüller C, Wagner J: Survival types of high mountain plants under extreme temperatures. Flora. 2010; 205(1): 3–18. Text | F1000 Recommendation15. Blümel K, Chmielewski F: Shortcomings of classical phenological forcing models and a way to overcome them. Meteorol. 2012; 164: 10–19. Text 16. Coville FV: of Cold in Stimulating the Growth of Plants. . 1920; 6(7): 434–5. Pub| Text | Text 17. Basler D, Körner C: Photoperiod and temperature responses of bud swelling and bud burst in four temperate forest tree species. Tree Physiol. 2014; 34(4): 377–88. Pub| Text 18. Larcher W, Bauer H: Ecological significance of resistance to low temperature. In: (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, New series 12A, Physiological plant ecology I. Springer, Berlin. 1981; 403–437. Text 19. : European deciduous trees exhibit similar safety margins against damage by spring freeze events along elevational gradients. New Phytol. 2013; 200(4): 1166–75. Pub| Text 20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of references and citations from various scientific articles related to plant science and ecological studies. It does not address human adaptation or physical traits at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about human adaptation to climates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Suppression of suprachiasmatic nucleus neuron activity with a vasopressin receptor antagonist: possible role for endogenous vasopressin in circadian activity cycles in vitro 179: 95–99. [PubMed] and Ingram, CD (1994). The effects of [Arg8] vasopressin and [Arg8] vasotocin on the firing rate of suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro Neuroscience 62: 783–792. [PubMed] and Goldman, BD (1984). Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region Science 223: 833–835. [PubMed] and Maini, BK (1987). Suprachiasmatic injection of a vasopressin antagonist modifies the circadian rhythm of food intake Biol 48: 344–351. [PubMed] and Singh, PI (1992). Vasopressin antagonist disrupts the circadian rhythm of water intake on suprachiasmatic injection 9: 356–361. [PubMed] Decoursey, PJ and Buggy, J (1986). Restoration of locomotor activity in SCN-lesioned golden hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN. [abstract] Neurosci 12: 210. and Bittman, EL (1987). Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain J Neurosci 7: 1626–1638. [PubMed] Stoynev, AG and Nagai, K (1996). Lack of effect of suprachiasmatic infusion of a vasopressin antagonist on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity in rats 22: 39–43. [PubMed] Boer, GJ, van Esseveldt, KE, van der and Rietveld, WJ (1999). Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circadian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats Neuroscience 89: 375–385. [PubMed] van and Swaab, DF (2001). Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression Psychiatry 58: 655–662. [PubMed] and Aguilera, G (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies that explore the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and vasopressin in circadian rhythms. The cited studies imply that alterations in the activity of these neural components can affect circadian rhythms, which suggests that disruption in these processes can potentially lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while AI can assist in certain tasks, it cannot replace the nuanced decision-making and emotional intelligence that human doctors provide. The text states that 'AI won’t replace the doctors' and emphasizes the complexity of clinical reasoning that human healthcare professionals engage in, which AI algorithms cannot fully replicate. It highlights the necessity of human intuition and implicit knowledge in effective clinical care, which current AI technology lacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: Potentially this could also be assisted by the non-native plants in the gardens and green areas in the residential, business and university campus surroundings, and perhaps some cavity-nesting species can find suitable habitats on the sides of buildings. The study supports previous research which found that Hymenoptera are more resilient to urbanisation than other pollinator species. The species composition at each site varied a great deal, however, and so it seems that specific bee and wasp species are differently impacted by the changing ecosystem. The surface area available to ground-nesting species and other factors such as larval food supplies are likely to also play a role in determining which species thrive in an urban environment. The lack of the expected difference in visitation to C. fasciculata can most likely be explained as being due to the pollinator not being specific to the plant – C. fasciculata may rely on the bumblebee for pollination, but Bombus spp. can visit many plants including both specialists and generalists. The low numbers of beetle and butterfly visitors to the plants at the Ecosystem suggests these are more sensitive to urbanisation, and this is again likely due to these insects having requirements (other than food in the form of nectar) that are not met in an urban ecosystem. and May (and volunteers with the Pollinator Project) continue to record pollinator visitation to the Ecosystem each summer, and hope to attract a greater diversity of pollinators by increasing the available larval food sources and adding further flowers to provide resources to insects year-round. /Shutterstock. com What could this mean in terms of protecting native pollinator species against habitat destruction and climate change? <>Our research is consistent with that of others who have found that small urban ecosytems can provide habitat for plants and invertebrates in an increasingly human-dominated landscape, though the pollinator communities in urban fragments may be a novel mix of species. The extent to which these new, urban communities can also withstand accelerating climate change requires continued investigation The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: -pollinator interactionspollinator visitationpollinatorsin Floridaurban ecosytemsthis 178. Sandhill Ecosystem. [online]. webpage. Available at: [Accessed 18 Sept. 2020]. Pollinator Project. [online]. webpage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the critical role of bees as pollinators for crops and wild plants. It discusses urban ecosystems and their pollinator communities, noting that certain bee species may have varied impacts but does not explicitly affirm or deny the importance of bees in pollinating crops or wild plants. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Reghunandanan, R (1988). Bilateral suprachiasmatic injection of naloxone disrupts circadian rhythm of food intake 26: 954–956. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1992). Effect of naloxone injection into the suprachiasmatic nuclei on the circadian rhythm of water intake J Biol 1: 33. and Zhou, QY (2005). Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock BMC Neurosci 6: 17. [PubMed] and Weaver, DR (2005). Analysis of the prokineticin 2 system in a diurnal rodent, the unstriped Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) J 20: 206–18. [PubMed] and Hedley-Whyte, ET (1986). A discrete lesion of ventral hypothalamus and optic chiasm that disturbed the daily temperature rhythm J Neurol 233: 1–4. [PubMed] Cohen, RA and Albers, HE (1991). Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study Neurology 41: 726–729. [PubMed] Scheer, FA, Kalsbeek, A and Buijs, RM (2003). Cardiovascular control by the suprachiasmatic nucleus: neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms in human and rat 384: 697–709. [PubMed] Bell-and Zoran, MJ (2005). Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms Genet 6: 544–556. [PubMed] and Lee, C (2002). Gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111: 41–50. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo Science 302: 255–259. [PubMed] Green, CB (2005). Time for chronotherapy? Clock genes dictate sensitivity to cyclophosphamide 102: 3529–3530. [PubMed] Von Schantz, M and Archer, SN (2003). Clocks, genes and sleep J R 96: 486–489. [PubMed] and Takahashi, JS (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies that explore the effects of disruptions in circadian rhythms, such as those caused by hypothalamic lesions and the regulation of circadian rhythms by external factors like light. This supports the claim that disruptions in circadian rhythms are linked to health issues, as indicated by the citations that investigate various physiological and cognitive consequences of circadian disruption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations of AI in healthcare. It emphasizes that while AI can assist healthcare providers by alerting them on variables not considered in algorithms, human intervention remains essential. The text discusses the importance of healthcare provider education in recognizing when to question AI predictions, which counters the notion that AI can completely replace human judgment and expertise in diagnosing diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: cellular processes are driven by cytoskeletal assemblies. It remains unclear how cytoskeletal filaments and motor proteins organize into cellular scale structures and how molecular properties of cytoskeletal components affect the large-scale behaviors of these systems. Here, we investigate the self-organization of stabilized microtubules in Xenopus oocyte extracts and find that they can form macroscopic networks that spontaneously contract. We propose that these contractions are driven by the clustering of microtubule minus ends by dynein. Based on this idea, we construct an active fluid theory of network contractions, which predicts a dependence of the timescale of contraction on initial network geometry, a development of density inhomogeneities during contraction, a constant final network density, and a strong influence of dynein inhibition on the rate of contraction, all in quantitative agreement with experiments. These results demonstrate that the motor-driven clustering of filament ends is a generic mechanism leading to contraction. eLife digest The ability of cells to move, divide, and carry out other processes depends on networks of protein filaments and motor proteins collectively known as the cytoskeleton. The motor proteins can move along the filaments to transport molecules and larger structures around the cell, or to rearrange the filaments themselves. The cytoskeleton of animal, plant, and other eukaryotic cells contains two main types of filaments, known as actin filaments and microtubules. Both types of filament have distinct ends, known as the plus and minus ends. Previous studies have revealed that networks of actin filaments can rapidly contract to drive the movement of muscles and other processes. However, it is not known whether networks of microtubules can also contract. Foster et al. studied the microtubules in extracts made from the eggs of a frog called Xenopus laevis. The experiments show that these microtubules form networks that can spontaneously contract. Foster et al. propose that this contraction is caused by the minus ends of the microtubules clustering together due to the activities of a motor protein called dynein. To test this idea, Foster et al. developed a mathematical model based on an 'active fluid' theory. This model makes predictions that agree very well with the experimental data. The next step in this work is to find out if this model of microtubule contraction applies to other networks of microtubules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses cellular processes related to cytoskeletal assemblies and the contraction of microtubule networks, particularly in the context of frog eggs. It does not address the claim about insects and their metamorphosis, thus rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe immune system is regulated by circadian clocks within the brain and immune cells. Environmental circadian disruption (ECD), consisting of a 6-h phase advance of the light:dark cycle once a week for 4 weeks, elevates the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both in vivo and in vitro. This indicates that circadian disruption adversely affects immune function; however, it remains unclear how the circadian system regulates this response under ECD conditions. Here, we develop an assay using ex vivo whole-blood LPS challenge to investigate the circadian regulation of immune responses in mice and to determine the effects of ECD on these rhythms. LPS-induced IL-6 release in whole blood was regulated in a circadian manner, peaking during subjective day under both entrained and free-running conditions. This LPS-induced IL-6 release rhythm was associated with daily variation in both white blood cell counts and immune cell responsiveness. ECD increased the overall level of LPS-induced IL-6 release by increasing immune cell responsiveness and not by affecting immune cell number or the circadian regulation of this rhythm. This indicates that ECD produces pathological immune responses by increasing the proinflammatory responses of immune cells. Also, this newly developed whole blood assay can provide a noninvasive longitudinal method to quantify potential health consequences of circadian disruption in humans. The immune system and its responses are regulated by circadian clocks within the brain and immune cells (Haus and Smolensky, 1999; Scheiermann et al. , 2013). At the molecular level, circadian rhythms are generated by interlocking transcriptional/translational feedback loops involving a family of clock genes (e. g. , Period1-3, Cryptochrome 1-2, Bmal1, Clock) that regulate cellular functions across the day (Ko and Takahashi, 2006). At the whole animal level, immune responses are regulated in a circadian manner, with daily rhythms in immune cell counts and cytokine levels evident in rodents and humans (Abo et al. , 1981; Arjona and Sarkar, 2006; Born et al. , 1997; Gibbs et al. , 2012). Isolated macrophages exhibit rhythms in clock gene expression, phagocytic activity, and response to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Gibbs et al. , 2012; Keller et al. , 2009). Importantly, responses to specific antigens (Fortier et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how environmental circadian disruption (ECD) elevates inflammatory responses and adversely affects immune function. It cites evidence that indicates ECD produces pathological immune responses by increasing proinflammatory responses of immune cells. The text also mentions the regulation of immune responses by circadian clocks within the brain and immune cells, which supports the claim regarding health issues arising from disrupted circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems have the ability to feel empathy when treating patients. [SEP] Text: With this structure, the autonomy of the property ascribed to the perceived is maximal: copular feel and the structure have a feel detach the property from the perceived of the experiencer; the have a feel to it construction also detaches it from the perceived itself. 7 8 Conclusion 68This contribution shows that three constructions that appear to be semantical equivalent do not admit the same collocations, which suggests that they have different semantic orientations. 69The same principle seems to be at play in the evolution of the meaning of the verb and of the noun: the copular use of the verb admitting the referent of the perceived as its grammatical object appeared after its use as referring to personal experience; the use of the noun referring to the objective properties of the perceived is also more recent than its meaning of personal experience. In both cases, the most recent meaning consists in the objectification of a personal impression, but the noun goes further in that direction because of its very nominal nature, and the X HAVE a(n) feel to it constitutes the climactic stage of the autonomy of the property ascribed to the perceived. 70The evolution of the two lexemes may rest on the notion that individual experience is based on an extralinguistic reality shared by many speakers, which gives that experience a validity that goes beyond purely subjective sensations or emotions. 71This would explain why historically the copular verb and the noun in their “objective” meaning were first related to physical properties (cf. sections 1. 1 and 1. 2) and only later with affects: the sensations brought about by the perceived have been thought to be common to experiencers before the feelings triggered by a place or a situation. This hypothesis would also account for the late appearance of the structure have a(n) feel to it – depicting an atmosphere or a general impression – whose first occurrence in the Corpus of English (COHA) dates back to 1959. Top of page 439. Cotte Pierre, 1997, Grammaire linguistique. Paris : Didier Érudition. Davies Mark, 2008-, of English: 560 million words, 1990-present, available at Davies Mark. (2010-) of English (COHA): 400 million words, 1810-2009, available online at Gisborne Nikolas, 1993, “Nominalizations of perception verbs”, UCL in Linguistics 5, 23-24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the semantics of perception and the evolution of language rather than addressing the emotional capacities of artificial intelligence. It elaborates on the differentiation of meanings related to perception and personal experience, indicating a focus on linguistic constructs rather than the ability to feel empathy, which is central to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: mechanics, motions, and internal organization of eukaryotic cells are largely determined by the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton consists of filaments, such as actin and microtubules, and molecular motors, which consume chemical energy to exert forces on and arrange the filaments into large-scale networks. Motor proteins, including dynein and roughly 14 different families of kinesin (Wordeman, 2010), organize microtubules to form the spindle, which segregates chromosomes during cell division. The motor protein myosin organizes actin filaments into networks which drive cell motility, polarity, cytokinesis, and left-right symmetry breakage (Mitchinson and Cramer, 1996; Mayer et al. , 2010; Naganathan et al. , 2014). The non-equilibrium nature of motor activity is essential for the organization of the cytoskeleton into these diverse sub-cellular structures, but it remains unclear how the interactions between filaments, different motor proteins, and other biomolecules influence the behaviors of the networks they form. In particular, it is difficult to extrapolate from the biochemical properties of motors characterized in reconstituted systems to the biological function of those motors in vivo. To address this question, we study self-organization of cytoskeletal filaments in Xenopus extracts, which recapitulate the biochemical complexity of the in vivo system. The self-organization of cytoskeletal filaments has been extensively studied in cell extracts and in reconstituted systems of purified components. Actin can form macroscopic networks that exhibit a myosin-dependent bulk contraction (Murrell and Gardel, 2012; Bendix et al. , 2008; Köhler and Bausch, 2012; Alvarado et al. , 2013; Szent-Györgyi, 1943). Microtubule networks purified from neuronal extracts have also been observed to undergo bulk contraction (Weisenberg and Cianci, 1984), while microtubules in mitotic and meiotic extracts are found to assemble into asters (Gaglio et al. , 1995; Mountain et al. , 1999; Verde et al. , 1991). Aster formation in meiotic Xenopus egg extracts is dynein-dependent, and has been proposed to be driven by the clustering of microtubule minus ends by dynein (Verde et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the mechanics and organization of eukaryotic cells' cytoskeleton, without mentioning insects or metamorphosis. Thus, it does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: , 2011; Shackelford and Feigin, 1973) and nonspecific bacterial products (Halberg et al. , 1960) are under diurnal regulation. Thus, recent work indicates that circadian and immune functions are highly interconnected; however, the consequences of a disrupted circadian environment for proper immune functions remain unclear. Environmental lighting conditions that produce circadian disruption lead to pathological immune responses (Golombek et al. , 2013). Using an environmental circadian disruption (ECD) paradigm involving 4 weekly 6-h phase advances of the light:dark cycle, we have demonstrated that ECD elevates LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mice in vivo and in isolated macrophages ex vivo (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). Furthermore, clock gene rhythms were disrupted in peritoneal macrophages of ECD mice, with changes in both Bmal1 and Per2 rhythms (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). This suggests that pathological immune responses are associated with altered circadian functions in immune cells; however, it remains unclear whether LPS-induced cytokine release is clock controlled and how ECD affects this response. Here, we develop an ex vivo whole-blood LPS challenge to investigate the circadian regulation of immune responses and the effects of ECD. LPS-induced IL-6 release in whole blood was robust and rhythmic under both entrained and free-running conditions. Circadian variation in this immune response was associated with daily variation in both white blood cell counts and immune cell responsiveness. ECD did not abolish this immune response rhythm but instead elevated overall LPS-induced IL-6 release by increasing immune cell responsiveness and not immune cell number. Materials and MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice (N = 144; age = 4-5 mo) () were entrained for at least 10 days to a 12-h light:12-h dark cycle (LD12:12, lights-off at 1800 h EST) with light provided by fluorescent bulbs (200-400 lux at cage level). Mice were housed singly in polypropylene cages without a running wheel inside light-tight boxes with ad libitum access to water and food (rodent chow #5001, Purina, St. Louis, MO). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how environmental circadian disruption (ECD) leads to pathological immune responses and altered circadian functions in immune cells. It states that ECD elevated LPS-induced inflammatory responses and suggests that this is linked to disrupted circadian rhythms, indicating a potential health issue arising from such disruption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: RAI products also offer users interpretability and transparency, making them well-suited for recruitment-based tasks. Getting a job offer – or being denied one – could be life-changing for an applicant. RAI-based tools support fairness for job applicants. Suppose a tool’s developers and users can see why it made certain decisions over others. They can check for potential bias, ensuring it did not influence a particular outcome. That capability is also important if a C-suite member wants to analyze whether now is the right time to expand into a new country or region. Such decisions could forever change the company’s course, making it necessary to have as much trust in the AI as possible. RAI allows this with its transparency emphasis. However, not all company leaders can immediately approve the development resources for an RAI tool. The next best thing is to only use AI for applications that would not substantially change someone’s life or cause harm if the technology reached flawed conclusions. 3. Involved AI development has occurred so rapidly that the technology is now readily available to anyone who want to use it. For example, the AI built into offers real-time suggestions to help drivers take the quickest routes. Spotify and Netflix rely on AI to make content suggestions, increasing the likelihood that users will engage with those platforms longer. Some company leaders are so enthusiastic about AI’s capabilities that they want to remove human oversight. Besides putting jobs at risk, this approach could be particularly dangerous when using AI to handle decision-making. In one 2023 study of business leaders in the and Ireland, 93% favored maintaining humans’ involvement in AI-based decision-making. Additionally, only 29% felt confident that people use AI ethically in business. Continuing to prioritize humans’ input could perhaps increase the confidence in AI because a human could flag unethical or otherwise questionable uses of the technology. That said, 65% of the business leaders polled felt pressured to use AI in their organizations, which could mean some are using AI before they’re ready just to keep up with the Joneses. Most changes take time to implement well, and the organizations that feel rushed could inadvertently begin relying on AI tools containing biases or presenting ethical dilemmas. AI does an excellent job of processing huge amounts of data to find meaningful trends. However, human expertise remains valuable, and people should always question AI conclusions that seem highly unusual or otherwise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that many company leaders favor maintaining human involvement in AI-based decision-making, especially in sensitive areas where flawed conclusions could lead to harm. It emphasizes the importance of human oversight, particularly in contexts where decisions could significantly impact lives, thus arguing against the autonomy of AI in making critical decisions without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 1991). It has also been suggested that dynein binds to the minus ends of microtubules in spindles and clusters the minus ends of microtubules to form spindle poles (Heald et al. , 1996; Burbank et al. , 2007; Khodjakov et al. , 2003; Goshima et al. , 2005; Elting et al. , 2014) and dynein has been shown to accumulate on microtubule minus ends in a purified system (McKenney et al. , 2014). Purified solutions of microtubules and kinesin can also form asters (Nédélec et al. , 1997; Hentrich and Surrey, 2010; Urrutia et al. , 1991), or under other conditions, dynamic liquid crystalline networks (Sanchez et al. , 2012). Hydrodynamic theories have been proposed to describe the behaviors of cytoskeletal networks on length scales that are much greater than the size of individual filaments and motor proteins (Prost et al. , 2015, Marchetti et al. , 2013). These phenomenological theories are based on symmetries and general principles of non-equilibrium physics, with the details of the microscopic process captured by a small number of effective parameters. As hydrodynamic theories are formulated at the continuum level, they cannot be used to derive the values of their associated parameters, which must be obtained from more microscopic theories (Prost et al. , 2015, Marchetti et al. , 2013) or by comparison to experiments (Mayer et al. , 2010; Brugués and Needleman, 2014). A key feature of networks of cytoskeletal filaments and motor proteins that enters hydrodynamic theories, and differentiates these non-equilibrium systems from passive polymer networks, is the presence of additional, active stresses (Prost et al. , 2015, Marchetti et al. , 2013). These active stresses can be contractile or extensile, with profound implications for the large-scale behavior of cytoskeletal networks. Contractile stresses can result from a preferred association of motors with filament ends (Kruse and Jülicher, 2000; Hyman and Karsenti, 1996), nonlinear elasticity of the network (Liverpool et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the behaviors of cytoskeletal networks and active stresses related to motor proteins and microtubules, without any mention of insects or their metamorphic processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 8), which is similar to the phase of highest mortality after LPS challenge in vivo (Halberg et al. , 1960; Marpegan et al. , 2009). The LPS-induced IL-6 response rhythm in whole blood persisted after release into DD (CircWave: F2,45 = 44. 8, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 1A), indicating that this rhythm is under circadian control. Similar to LD controls, the DD peak time occurred during subjective day (center of gravity: CT2. 9 ± 2. 5), but LPS-induced IL-6 values were higher at most time points in DD than LD controls (group: F1,79 = 44. 7, p < 0. 0001; group × time: F7,79 = 3. 9, p < 0. 005; LSM contrasts, p < 0. 001) (Fig. 1A). This result is consistent with previous reports that indicate cytokine levels and inflammatory responses are increased under DD (Carlson and Chiu, 2008; Hansson et al. , 1990; Monje et al. , 2011). and colleagues (2009) did not observe persistence of the LPS-induced mortality rhythm in DD, this may reflect that DD mice had higher mortality responses than LD mice at each of the 2 time points investigated. The increase in immune responses under DD may indicate that daily light exposure under entrained conditions suppresses inflammatory responses; however, it remains to be determined whether this is an acute response to DD release and if it is associated with increased severity of LPS responses in vivo. Figure 1. (A) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of whole blood in LD control and DD groups (*p < 0. 006; †p < 0. 05; n = 6 per time point). (B) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of whole blood in LD control and ECD groups. LPS-induced IL-6 responses were also rhythmic after ECD (CircWave: F2,45 = 6. 5, p < 0. 005) (Fig. 1B), with a daytime peak (center of gravity: ZT4. 8 ± 3. 1). Relative to LD controls, stimulated IL-6 release responses were elevated by ECD (group: F1,79 = 27. 0, p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of circadian control on the IL-6 response during different light and dark conditions (DD). It highlights that cytokine levels and inflammatory responses are increased under DD, indicating potential health issues related to the disruption of circadian rhythms. The evidence provided suggests that disruption of daily light exposure can lead to elevated immune responses, which may indeed connect to health issues, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: It’s better to take the time to investigate than trust something that seems even slightly off just for a quick result. 4. and upholding ethical AI applications will likely require several employees within an organization to oversee all AI activities and ensure they meet stated objectives. The chosen individuals can come from various departments, within or outside of technical teams. In a 2022 study, 80% of respondents indicated the primary AI ethics person within their organization was a nontechnical executive. Additionally, three-quarters of those polled viewed ethics as a competitive differentiator. However, many still have significant work to do to meet their ethics-related goals. Fewer than 25% reported implementing AI ethics in their workplaces, but 79% of CEOs said they were prepared to do so. Another relevant finding was that 68% of respondents felt diverse, inclusive workplaces reduced AI bias. However, data indicates that many AI teams still need more gender diversity, underrepresented minorities and further inclusion of those who identify with the + community. 5. Select and bias-free ethical AI tools won’t happen overnight, but people tend to get better results when defining specific goals and identifying the most practical paths to success. Sustainability is another popular topic requiring clear definitions and strategies. Statistics suggest as many as 60% of companies have sustainability strategies. However, they’ll differ based on resources, timelines, current circumstances and other business factors. Those overseeing AI ethics and anti-bias efforts in an organization should determine what constitutes progress in their work. How can they verify a new business analytics tool operates ethically? Has the company established a bias baseline so people can verify that AI is becoming more balanced over time? Choosing and tracking the appropriate metrics allows you to create and stay focused on goals. Also, once it becomes clear things are going in the right direction, the statistics make it easier to justify further investments for more improvements. 6. Efforts to Regulate AI Numerous government agencies and legislators are considering how and when they may regulate AI to minimize the harm it could cause. 2023, representatives from four U. S. federal agencies affirmed they would ensure people always use AI tools in ways consistent with federal laws, and they had already seen ways the technology could worsen fraud and discrimination. The parties also mentioned their legal authorities extend equally to new technology applications as any other type of conduct. Union is working on the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive law for the technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for human oversight in AI applications, particularly in ethical contexts. It states that upholding ethical AI applications will likely require several employees to oversee AI activities, indicating that AI cannot operate independently in critical areas such as life-saving treatments. The mention of organizations needing a primary AI ethics person and the complexities surrounding AI regulation further highlights the necessity of human involvement rather than supporting the idea of AI autonomy in decision-making.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2009), or the buckling of individual filaments (Murrell and Gardel, 2012; Lenz, 2014; Soares e Silva et al. , 2011). Extensile active stresses can arise from polarity sorting or result from the mechanical properties of individual molecular motors (Gao et al. , 2015; Blackwell et al. 2015). In networks with dynamically growing and shrinking filaments, polymerization dynamics can also contribute to the active stress. Experimentally, acto-myosin systems (Murrell and Gardel, 2012; Bendix et al. , 2008; Köhler and Bausch, 2012; Alvarado et al. , 2013; Szent-Györgyi, 1943) and microtubule networks from neuronal extracts (Weisenberg and Cianci, 1984) are observed to be contractile, while purified solutions of microtubules and kinesin can form extensile liquid crystalline networks (Sanchez et al. , 2012). It is unclear which microscopic properties of filaments and motor proteins dictate if the active stress is contractile or extensile in these different systems. Here, we investigate the motor-driven self-organization of stabilized microtubules in Xenopus meiotic egg extracts. These extracts are nearly undiluted cytoplasm and recapitulate a range of cell biological processes, including spindle assembly and chromosome segregation (Hannak and Heald, 2006). We have discovered that, in addition to microtubules forming asters in this system as previously reported (Verde et al. , 1991), the asters assemble themselves into a macroscopic network that undergoes a bulk contraction. We quantitatively characterized these contractions and found that their detailed behavior can be well understood using a simple coarse-grained model of a microtubule network in which dynein drives the clustering of microtubule minus ends. This end clustering mechanism leads to a novel form of active stress, which drives the system to a preferred microtubule density. Our results suggest that the dynein-driven clustering of microtubule minus ends causes both aster formation and network contraction, and have strong implications for understanding the role of dynein in spindle assembly and pole formation. Furthermore, the close agreement we find between experiments and theory demonstrates that simple continuum models can accurately describe the behavior of the cytoskeleton, even in complex biological systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microtubule networks, cytoskeletal behavior, and dynein's role in spindle assembly rather than insect metamorphosis or larval stages. It does not address the topic of insect life cycles or development in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: , 2010), ECD increased the level of LPS-induced IL-6 release from PBMC cultures (LSM contrast, p < 0. 01) (Fig. 3A). Last, we tested if PECs exhibited an LPS-induced IL-6 release rhythm that could account for the LPS sensitivity rhythm in vitro (Fig. 1A and 1B) and in vivo (Halberg et al. , 1960; Marpegan et al. , 2009). IL-6 release was significantly higher at ZT4 than at ZT16 (LSM contrast, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 3B), and ECD history augmented this response at both time points (LSM contrast, p < 0. 005) (Fig. 3B), similar to results using whole-blood LPS challenge (Fig. 1B). Since immune cell number was controlled when testing for PEC responses, this further indicates that differences in cell numbers alone cannot account for time-of-day or ECD-induced changes in IL-6 release following LPS challenge. Figure 2. (A) Mean lymphocyte and monocyte cell counts (±SEM) of LD control mice at ZT4 and ZT16 (***p < 0. 0001; *p < 0. 005). (B) Mean lymphocyte and monocyte cell counts (±SEM) of LD control and ECD mice at ZT4. Figure 3. (A) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of cultured PBMCs from LD control and ECD mice (***p < 0. 0001). (B) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of diurnal PECs from LD control and ECD mice (*p < 0. 01). -induced IL-6 responses remain rhythmic in both whole blood and PECs, which was an unexpected result given our previous observations indicating that ECD diminishes clock gene rhythmicity in macrophages (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the rhythmicity of IL-6 release in response to LPS in immune cells and indicates that ECD diminishes clock gene rhythmicity, which suggests that disruptions in circadian rhythms can indeed affect immune responses. This implies a link between circadian rhythm disruption and potential health issues associated with immune function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: It splits applications into three risk categories. The law would ban the riskiest applications and require tight regulations for others. As these efforts and others continue, companies can support this process as part of their bias reduction and efforts plans. Even though some regulations are in the early stages, they’ll likely create frameworks for organizations to build AI tools that operate responsibly. A 2022 study of more than 350 organizations across various industries also indicated that people support increased regulations. For example, a growing desire for government regulations to prevent AI bias was a sentiment shared by 81% of business leaders. About 54% said they felt deeply concerned about bias-associated risks. Additionally, 36% said AI bias had already caused problems in their organizations. In 62% of instances, it resulted in the company losing revenue, and in 61% of cases, the issue resulted in lost customers. Bias could also detrimentally affect worker retention – 43% of those polled said it had made employees leave. 7. Establish a to intelligence is a buzzworthy topic, but some need help seeing through all the impressive case studies and slick websites. AI has abundant potential, but its shortcomings are also apparent. Several years ago, Amazon tried using an AI hiring tool, but the results showed bias against women, so the company ultimately scrapped it. It is important to balance being open to how AI could assist in business analytics while understanding it’s an imperfect technology. Company leaders could establish training programs to teach employees to recognize bias and unethical performance. A 2023 study comprising interviews with 640 business and senior-level IT professionals found that 51% thought a lack of awareness and understanding of bias created obstacles to addressing it. However, training sessions for development teams and employees within the wider organization could enable them to meaningfully address these issues. Making the training as interactive as possible – such as by asking participants to spot bias and unethical practices – should help them stay engaged and see how the material relates to their work. Such education can also support a culture of responsible AI use throughout an organization. Artificial intelligence is still emerging, although people are rapidly expanding its potential business analytics applications. These seven tips will help users and developers get the best results from AI-based systems and increased confidence in the outcomes, as well as enable organizations to remain ethical and combat bias, even as they quickly scale AI for more company applications. Simply put, check for biases before jumping on the AI bandwagon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the need for regulations and oversight in the use of AI systems, particularly regarding bias and ethical concerns, which implies that AI systems are not currently equipped to make autonomous decisions without human input. The mention of past failures like the Amazon AI hiring tool shows that AI can exhibit biases that necessitate human intervention, undermining the assertion that AI can operate independently in critical decision-making.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: further study the motor-induced organization of microtubules, we added 2. 5 μM Taxol to Xenopus egg extracts and loaded them into microfluidic channels (Figure 1A). Taxol causes microtubules to rapidly assemble and stabilize (Mitchison et al. , 2013), which allowed us to decouple the effects of motor-driven self-assembly from the complicating effects of polymerization-depolymerization dynamics. In some regions of the channel, microtubules organized into asters (Figure 1B) as observed previously (Verde et al. , 1991). A NUMA antibody was used to locate microtubule minus ends (Mitchison et al. , 2013), and was found to localize to the aster core, confirming the polarity of the aster (Gaglio et al. , 1995). Isolated asters were found to interact and coalesce (Figure 1C, Video 1). In other regions of the channel, microtubules formed networks of aster-like structures (Figure 1D), which were highly dynamic and exhibited large-scale motion that persisted for several tens of seconds (Figure 1E, Video 2). NUMA was found to localize to the interior of these structures, confirming their aster-like nature (Figure 1F,G). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Stabilized microtubules form asters in Xenopus egg extracts. (A) Experiments were performed in thin rectangular channels of width W0, height H0, and length L0. (B) In some regions of the channel, microtubules organize into asters, with minus ends localized in the aster core (Scale bar, 5 μm). (C) Isolated asters fuse together over minute timescales (Scale bar, 5 μm). (D) Aster-like structures form in other regions of the channel (Scale bar, 10 μm) (E) Aster-like structures show large scale movement on minute timescales. (Scale bar, 25 μm). (F) NUMA localizes to the network interior (Scale bar, 20 μm). (G) Closeup of aster-like structure showing NUMA localized on the interior (Scale bar, 10 μm). Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the organization and behavior of microtubules in Xenopus egg extracts and does not mention anything related to insects, metamorphosis, or larval stages. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: While rhythmicity was not abolished, the overall level of the LPS-induced IL-6 response was elevated by ECD in whole blood, PBMCs, and PECs. Since macrophages can remain in the peritoneum for long periods of time, it is likely that the PEC cells tested here in vitro were exposed to ECD while in vivo. Conversely, PBMCs are only in circulation for a few days before migration and differentiation. Therefore, these newly derived cells were not exposed to ECD but yet, like PECs, display an ECD-induced increase in LPS responsiveness. Mechanisms for this ECD-induced increase in IL-6 response in these newly derived cells may include a systemic signal in circulation or epigenetic modifications to hematopoietic parent cells that are passed to daughter cells during replication and act on LPS-activated proinflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory pathways. In summary, the circadian rhythm in the inflammatory response to LPS is related to both diurnal variation in immune cell number and responsiveness. ECD elevates the LPS-induced IL-6 release response without abolishing this immune rhythm. ECD-induced elevation of IL-6 release is associated with increased immune cell responsiveness rather than cell number. It remains to be determined whether the LPS-induced IL-6 release rhythm is altered during ECD but recovers when resynchronization is complete, which was the focus of this investigation. Also, it remains unknown whether humans exhibit pathological immune responses after circadian disruption. The whole blood assay developed here may provide a noninvasive longitudinal means to quantify inflammatory responses in human subjects across the circadian day and following laboratory- or real life–induced circadian disruption. 3034. The authors thank the MSM Center for Resources, the MSM Office of Graduate Studies, and Drs. Andrew Gewirtz, Ting-Chung Suen, and Gianluca Tosini. Conflict of Interest StatementThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 1363. PubMedWeb of Science476. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4464. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5805. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6300. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science587. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science144. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between circadian rhythms and immune responses, specifically stating, 'the circadian rhythm in the inflammatory response to LPS is related to both diurnal variation in immune cell number and responsiveness.' This suggests that disruption of circadian rhythms can influence health by affecting immune responses, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: For example, while MAPLE’s camera can be used to acquire time-lapse movies of yeast colony growth, Physarum plasmodium movement, or C. elegans locomotion, purpose-built worm imaging systems can provide comparable data with higher throughput (Churgin et al. , 2017) or higher resolution (Stern et al. , 2017). Likewise, purpose-built yeast colony picking robots (e. g. BioMatrix, S and P Robotics) achieve higher performance on specific tasks like transferring colonies, although typically at a higher price. MAPLE’s open, modular design is meant to facilitate customization and prototyping, so it may be a good platform for the development of new organism-handling hardware, for example, for the dissection and transfer of Physarum syncytium or individual worms. These and other experimental applications might rely on liquid-handling. MAPLE currently has no liquid-handling capabilities, but there are open source liquid-handling robotic systems such as Opentrons ( which could be integrated with MAPLE. Specifically, liquid-handling effectors could be installed on MAPLE z-axes, replacing some or all of the current effectors. In its current configuration, MAPLE has some drawbacks. Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations of the AI system MAPLE. While it can perform tasks like handling organisms and can work autonomously for long periods, it has a 90% success rate and relies on checks to confirm actions, which indicates that it does not make fully autonomous decisions without human intervention. The need for verification of its actions suggests that human oversight is still necessary, which directly contradicts the claim that AI systems can make autonomous decisions on life-saving treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as asters undergo coalescence. Taxol stabilized microtubules in Xenopus oocyte extracts self-organize into asters that can then coalesce. The mageneta channel depicts microtubules while the green channel depicts NUMA localization, here used as a proxy for microtubule minus ends. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as organize into dynamic aster-like structures. In other regions of the channel, microtubules organize into aster-like structures that exhibit large-scale movement on the minute timescale. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. To characterize these large-scale motions, we next imaged networks at lower magnification, obtaining a field of view spanning the entire channel width. The networks, which initially filled the entire channel (width W0 = 1. 4 mm), underwent a strong contraction, which was uniform along the length of the channel (Figure 2A, Video 3). The contractile behavior of these microtubule networks is highly reminiscent of the contractions of actin networks in these extracts (Bendix et al. , 2008), but in our experiments actin filaments are not present due to the addition of 10 μgmL Cytochalasin D. We characterized the dynamics of microtubule network contractions by measuring the width, W(t), of the network as a function of time (Figure 2B). Occasionally, we observed networks tearing along their length (Video 4), yet these tears seemed to have little impact on the contraction dynamics far from the tearing site, arguing that the Poisson ratio of the network is ≈ 0. We then calculated the fraction contracted of the network: (1) ϵ(t)=W0-W(t)W0, Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Stabilized microtubules form a contractile network in Xenopus egg extracts. (A) Low magnification imaging shows that microtubules form a contractile network (Scale bar, 500 μm). (B) The width of the microtubule network decreases with time (n = 6 experiments). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects and metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses microtubule networks in Xenopus egg extracts, which is irrelevant to the biological process of insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Variation in nocturnality and circadian activity rhythms between photoresponsive F344 and nonphotoresponsive ratsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-8Submitted on May 28, 2008Accepted on Sep 9, 2008Published on Sep 9, 20084. 0 timing of both circadian and seasonal changes in physiology and behavior are important for animals [1]. Biologically appropriate daily and seasonal timing depends upon normal and precise function of the circadian system [2 - 4]. Genetic variation for circadian clock function can affect circadian physiological rhythms, daily cyclical behaviors, onset and offset of activity, melatonin rhythms, and regulation of seasonal physiological changes in energetics and reproduction [4 - 6]. Such genetic variation may affect animal and human health and function through effects on biological rhythms and related physiological systems [4,7 - 9]. Particularly important for the circadian system may be pleiotropic variation that could cause correlated variation in more than one trait, thereby affecting multiple body systems [e. g. , examples of gene knockout studies reviewed in [4]]. Studies on laboratory colonies of hamsters have described pleiotropic genetic variation in the circadian clock that also causes variation in photoperiodism [10 - 14]. hamsters, for example, genetically nonphotoperiodic individuals in short photoperiod have a delayed, lower amplitude nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin, a 4. 5 hour delay in the onset of nightly activity, a longer free-running activity period (tau), a shorter duration of running wheel activity (alpha), and some nonphotoperiodic individuals are arrhythmic, relative to photoperiodic individuals [10,11]. In tau mutant Syrian hamsters, the free running rhythm is too short for proper entrainment to a short photoperiod, leading to an inability to produce a short photoperiod melatonin pattern [15]. In contrast, studies on natural populations of rodents have reported genetic variation in seasonal photoperiodic traits which have not been found to be related to circadian variation [16 - 20], suggesting independent sources of variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that genetic variation affecting circadian clock function can lead to alterations in circadian physiological rhythms and related behaviors, which may have implications for animal and human health. It specifically mentions that this variation can impact biological rhythms and physiological systems, thus supporting the notion that disruptions in circadian rhythms can result in health issues.