Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The investigation of microglial surveillance during the sleep-wake cycle demands technologies suitable to track the rapid dynamics of natural microglia behavior in real-time. Though there have been pioneering studies on microglia dynamics in cultured brain slices (Honda et al. , 2001), static ex vivo conditions can hardly recapitulate the dynamic microenvironments and neuronal activities in vivo. Based on results obtained from fixed brain slices, it has been shown that chronic sleep restriction but not acute sleep loss causes microglia process changes (Bellesi et al. , 2017), but it is difficult to use this approach to reconstruct the dynamic behavior of microglia accurately and quantitatively. As a major advance, two-photon microscopy has recently been applied to image microglia in head-fixed or anesthetized animals, revealing microglial process motility, chemotaxis and homeostatic translocation, and multifaceted microglia-neuron interactions in vivo (Davalos et al. , 2005; Eyo et al. , 2018; Liu et al. , 2019; Stowell et al. , 2019). However, because of mechanical constraints or anesthetics, this technology still precludes experimental paradigms in which the natural sleep-wake cycle is undisturbed. In this regard, the recent advent of mTPM has provided a powerful new tool ideal for fast and high-resolution brain imaging in freely behaving rodents (Zong et al. , 2021; Zong et al. , 2017). With the aid of mTPM, researchers have mapped the functional network topography of the medial entorhinal cortex (Obenhaus et al. , 2022), deciphered the microcircuit dynamics in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during social competition (Zhang et al. , 2022), and unraveled the specific itch signal processing in the primary somatosensory cortex (Chen et al. , 2021). In this study, we aimed to determine whether microglia surveillance undergoes any significant changes during natural sleep-wake cycles, and if so, what is the underlying regulatory mechanism. Using different models of mTPM tailored for high-resolution, multi-plane, or large field-of-view (FOV) imaging, we monitored microglia in the somatosensory cortex of mice during natural sleep-wake cycles or while being subjected to acute SD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure, nor its influence on sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it focuses on the investigation of microglial behavior during sleep-wake cycles using advanced imaging techniques. Hence, it is considered irrelevant ('pass') to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Wearable innovation encounters, the current status of mind and nerve inserts, and biofeedback imaging, and whatever other sensors that give a multifaceted finger impression novel to a specific human’s transient experience is recorded. Involving these innovations as an establishment, examination might be directed to improve navigation, learning, review, and rehabilitative medicines. Advertisement 7. Future perspectivesThe clinical business can benefit significantly from blockchain innovation. Comparatively to how the web changed medical services and presented telemedicine, blockchain innovation is probably going to take clinical science to the powerful later on by bringing down the expenses of checking, design, and having a focal server for information, as well with respect to the organization dealing with the clinical information. Utilizing blockchains in medical care settings would significantly cut handling time since, when a patient signs up for a review, the entire assortment of information will be accessible without a moment’s delay inferable from the conveyed record’s accessibility. Moreover, clinicians will not need to stress over the patient giving a genuine clinical history since they will actually want to get to the first, bona fide, and quality source-reported information progressively, decreasing any potential clinical history mistakes. Likewise, on the grounds that the information is straightforward, patients will not have to look for a second assessment from another specialist. Having patient records on a blockchain organization will permit individuals to find out about and interface with individuals all around the world who have comparable ailments as they do, which will not just help their wellbeing yet will likewise leave patients feeling acknowledged, upheld, and with a more grounded will to battle the sickness. Patients will have complete command over their information and will actually want to pick who gets it. Etwaru contended at a book send off in 2016, the coming period can be portrayed as Freedom-as-a-Service. Advertisement 8. ConclusionsBlockchain innovation addresses a huge chance for clinical exploration: it can help with the improvement of additional straightforward and auditable procedures and, gave a bunch of center metadata is characterized, can support the straightforward and to some degree algorithmic check of clinical preliminary uprightness. At last, Blockchain can prompt the development of a local area driven Internet of wellbeing information, uniting specialists and patient networks, interpersonal organizations, and Internet of Things information streams on a worldwide scale, with individual granularity, decentralization, and security, as well as straightforward connections to empower simpler and more straightforward examination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry. It elaborates on how blockchain can improve processes such as patient record management, enhance clinical trial integrity, and create a decentralized network for health data. By highlighting the potential of blockchain to transform fields outside of finance, particularly in clinical research and patient care, the text supports the notion that various industries are indeed exploring blockchain applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Preserving a single species can restore an entire ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Thereafter, the target services can be the re-establishment of productive sites, carbon sequestration, and the increase of the aesthetic value of the site or the landscape. Ecologists preferably emphasize the re-establishment or increase of biodiversity as a goal of restoration. Because biodiversity is seen to be associated with the increase in ecosystem functions or ecosystem services (et al. 2008), it is commonly used as a core criterion or as a surrogate of ecosystem “health. ” The term biodiversity can be understood as the diversity of species, functional groups, food webs, or genetic structure of populations (Gaston and Spicer 2004). Although species diversity is a useful and often easily measured criterion in restoration projects, it may be insufficient and even misleading in some cases. For example, high species diversity may indicate that there are both target species (SER 2004) and competitive generalists, sometimes alien species, at the restored site. The latter may signal an unwanted regeneration pathway (Kopeć et al. 2015). Selecting biodiversity indicators in mining and restoration projects implies making choices based upon values and focusing on some aspects that can be managed (Pitz et al. 2015). Ecological restoration and reclamationPassive restoration (Holl and Aide 2011), also known as spontaneous succession (Prach and Pyšek 2001), forms one end of a continuum of ecological restoration intervention levels (Prach and Hobbs 2008; Holl and Aide 2011; Walker et al. 2014). Passive restoration involves no or few active restoration measures, and the ecosystem is expected to recover principally through natural succession. The other end of the continuum is technical reclamation which is often applied to heavily disturbed sites such as mining and other industrial sites. Technical reclamation involves heavy interventions such as the restructuring of landforms, importing soil, and planting or sowing of plants. The target ecosystem may not always be the original ecosystem lost by mining or industrial activities, but a system that is considered useful for some purpose (SER 2004), for example forest management (Metslaid et al. 2015). Intermediate interventions are called assisted restoration and may include an ecologically justified enhancement of abiotic site conditions, the suppression of undesirable species, planting or sowing target species, and creating microsite heterogeneity. At mining and industrial sites, assisted restoration aims at speeding up the natural regeneration of the ecosystem, which might otherwise be very slow, for example, due to adverse (cold, dry, wet, nutrient poor, polluted) conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that restoring an ecosystem often requires more than just the preservation of a single species. It emphasizes the importance of biodiversity and acknowledges that merely maintaining species diversity may not be enough for successful restoration. For instance, high species diversity may include competitive generalists and alien species that could hinder recovery. The text also discusses various levels of ecological restoration, from passive to intensive methods, suggesting that a singular focus on one species overlooks the complexities of ecosystem restoration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: We found robust sleep state-dependent and SD-induced changes in microglia surveillance with characteristics differing from those induced by anesthetics. Furthermore, we showed that norepinephrine signals from the axonal projections of the locus coeruleus (LC) underlie the state-dependence of microglia surveillance, and β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) signaling plays a significant role in this process. microglia dynamics in freely behaving mice To visualize microglial morphology and dynamics during the sleep-wake cycle, microglia were specifically labeled with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed under the control of an endogenous Cx3cr1 promoter (Cx3cr1-GFP). Time-lapse imaging of the somatosensory cortex utilized the fast and high-resolution miniature two-photon microscope (FHIRM-TPM) recently developed by our laboratory (Zong et al. , 2017), and EEG/Electromyography (EMG) signals and behavior videos were simultaneously recorded to determine corresponding sleep-wake states (Figure 1a–c, Figure 1—figure supplement 1). The focal plane of the FHIRM-TPM was placed 50–100 μm beneath the surface of the somatosensory cortex with a FOV of 220 μm × 220 μm (Figure 1d). Under the experimental conditions, we were able to track morphological and positional changes of a cohort of 5–10 microglia at a frame rate of five frames per second (FPS) over prolonged durations of greater than 10 hr (Figure 1—figure supplement 1, Figure 1—videos 1 and 2), while the animals were allowed to roam and behave freely and their sleep-wake cycles remained undisturbed. Though, we were initially concerned with potential phototoxicity associated with prolonged mTPM imaging, no changes in microglial morphology and fluorescent intensity were evident even after non-stop recording over the entire protocol period (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). This remarkable result indicates that photodamage is minimal, if any, during in vivo imaging (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Imaging microglial surveillance in the somatosensory cortex in freely moving mice. (a–c) Experimental setup. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses microglia dynamics and their surveillance during sleep-wake cycles, without any mention of melatonin or its regulation by light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The viable use of blockchain innovation in the medical services space will help an enormous number of people, clinical experts, medical services suppliers, R&D trained professionals, medical care substances, and biomedical scientists by permitting them to really scatter gigantic measures of information, share clinical information, and impart suggestions while keeping up with more prominent security and security. The compelling arrangement of blockchain innovation in medical care clinical settings will without a doubt propose new examination ways for biomedical exploration improvement. Conversely, in accuracy medication applications, the protected, secure, and adaptable social occasion, stockpiling, and trade of clinical information would help with the improvement of practical methodologies for sickness conclusion and therapy. Neurotechnology is still in its beginning phases, and a couple of associations have ventured to such an extreme as to approve blockchain innovation’s contribution. In any case, the topic of how secure individual cerebrum information would be on a blockchain stays unanswered. Albeit the decentralized and straightforward construction of blockchains will keep information from being controlled or taken, a considerable lot of the typical stresses over huge scope information gathering remain:That delicate information might be offered to outsiders for questionable showcasing objectives, and people might in any case be by implication conspicuous (as with bitcoin) by means of pseudonymous characters or information designs. Thus, this blockchain-based medical care structure will connect with individuals more in their medical services, ultimately working on their personal satisfaction in a more proper manner. 1. äntymäki M. Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda2. et al. BHEEM: A blockchain-based framework for securing electronic health records. In: 2018 (GC Wkshps). Dec 2018. 6. DOI: 10. 1109/. 2018. 86440883. Shubbar S. and Blockchain for of Responses to in Women’s Breast Cancer: Concept and Implementation. Ohio, United State: University; 20174. . A blockchain approach applied to a teledermatology platform in the Sardinian region (Italy). Information. 2018;9(2):44. DOI: 10. 3390/info90200445. . Innovative, adapted online services that can support the active, healthy and independent living of ageing people. A case study. of Economics and Management Systems. 2017;2:321-329. Accessed: Mar. 29, 2020. [Online]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the application of blockchain technology in the healthcare sector. It details how blockchain can enhance the distribution of medical data, maintain security, and support biomedical research, demonstrating that industries beyond finance are indeed exploring and implementing blockchain solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Preserving a single species can restore an entire ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Advanced, late successional ecosystem stages may not always be the target of restoration, as also early successional stages may exhibit a high conservation value for some specialized species (Řehounková et al. 2016; Tropek et al. 2015). Hence, their maintenance can also be a goal of restoration projects. Generally, it is easier to set targets to generalized plant community characteristics, such as total vegetation cover, and the presence of species functional groups than to species composition (Horáčková et al. 2015). Conclusions and perspectivesIn effort to restore the sites disturbed by mining and industrial activities, restoration projects should involve ecologically suitable and economically viable measures which will produce multiple social and ecological benefits. A challenge is that a general consensus of biodiversity indicators is difficult to reach due to the complexity of the biodiversity concept (Pitz et al. 2015). This may influence the restoration target, which is partially dependent on the values of the stakeholders. Besides the principally perceived negative environmental impacts of mining and industrial sites, post-mining and post-industrial sites are not only negative products of human disturbances. They may provide refugia for specialized wildlife (Prach et al. 2011; Heneberg et al. 2013; Mata et al. 2016; Řehounková et al. 2016; Tropek et al. 2015). Unless mining and other industrial activities destroy valuable sites with high natural, historical, or aesthetic value, they may increase, under certain conditions, biodiversity and geodiversity of a landscape. Some examples are given also in this special issue. Based on the papers presented in this special issue, we can conclude: Spontaneous succession (passive restoration) per se often leads to the re-establishment of target ecosystem. Natural processes can be assisted to speed up the recovery under adverse environmental conditions. Adverse environmental conditions, contamination of the surroundings, or economic reasons may also favor technical reclamation. Scientific information on various measures and approaches, and factors influencing the regeneration is a basis for the planning of effective ecological restoration at mining and post-industrial sites. 10. 1007/s11356-015-5681-2 (2000) The use of natural processes in reclamation—advantages and difficulties. Plan 51:89–10010. 1007/s11356-015-5442-2 (2006) Linking ecology and economics for ecosystem management. Bioscience 56:121–13310. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of ecosystem restoration, suggesting that restoration does not rely solely on preserving a single species. It highlights that restoration targets often focus on generalized plant community characteristics and that both early and late successional stages have conservation value, indicating multi-faceted approaches in restoration rather than focusing on individual species alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The animal was head-mounted with a miniature two-photon microscope (mTPM) and electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) electrodes and behaved freely in a cylindrical chamber (a). Microglia expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the somatosensory cortex were imaged through a cranial window using the mTPM (b) and the sleep/wake state of the animal was simultaneously monitored using an EEG/EMG recording system (b–c). (d-e) Microglial morphological dynamics when the animal was awake. A representative image with a field-of-view (FOV) of 220 μm × 220 μm. (e1–e3) Expanded views of selected microglia in box from (d) at 10 min (e1), 20 min (e2), and 30 min (e3) of continuous recording. (e1'-e3') Microglial process graphs digitally reconstruction for e1-e3 using Imaris software. e1′-e3′, the branch points of processes are represented in red and the number of different branches of the whole cell is represented as gradient colors. (f–h) Quantitative analysis of changes in microglia surveillance area (f), process length (g), and process motility, indexed by the speed of the extension and retraction at endpoints of the processes (h). Note that the gross morphology of microglia remained largely unchanged over a 30 min time frame in the wake state, despite significant motility at the ends of the processes. Scale bars, 25 μm. n=12 cells from three mice. Dynamic changes in microglial area, branching points, and process endpoint speed were then analyzed using Imaris software (Figure 1 e1–e3’, Figure 1—figure supplement 1). We found that individual microglia maintained a relatively stable territory of surveillance over the entire experimental period, even while their individual projections extended and contracted incessantly, giving rise to a process endpoint motility of 1. 39 ± 0. 09 μm/min in the wake state (Figure 1f–h). These results show that mTPM in conjunction with multi-modal recordings of EEG/EMG and behavioral videos enables in vivo visualization of microglia dynamics over multiple time scales in freely behaving mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodology used to study microglial dynamics and their behavior in relation to EEG/EMG monitoring, without mentioning melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Available from: Kuo T-T, Kim H-E, Ohno-Machado L. Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications. Journal of the Informatics Association. 2017;24(6):1211-1220. DOI: 10. 1093/jamia/ocx0687. . MedRec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management. In: 2016 2nd on Open and (OBD), Vienna, Austria. IEEE; Aug 2016. 30. DOI: 10. 1109/OBD. 2016. 118. . MeDShare: trust-less medical data sharing among cloud service providers via blockchain. IEEE Access. 2017;5:14757-14767. DOI: 10. 1109/. 2017. 27308439. Available from: Available from: Pérez-Marco R. Bitcoin and Protocols. Paris, France: CNRS, Univ. Paris 13; 201612. . Timestamping using the Bitcoin. Japan: of Informatics Tokyo;13. Giles C. Financial Times. London, England, UK: Financial Times, Bracken House; 2014 [October 17, 2014] (Thomas Piketty’s exhaustive inequality data turn out to be flawed)14. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Evolution of Translational Omics: and the Path Forward. Washington, DC: Academies Press; 201215. . Ten simple rules for reproducible computational research. PLoS Computational Biology. 2013;9(10):e100328516. Chu S. Apple watch release news: Survey finds 80 percent of US employees would give health data from wearables to employers. iDigitalTimes, 2 Feb 2015. [Accessed: 7 July 2015]17. Available from:. Blockchain protocols in clinical trials: Transparency and traceability of consent. F1000Research. 2017;6:6619. . Improving data transparency in clinical trials using blockchain smart contracts [version 1; referees: 3 approved]. F1000Research. 2016;5:2541. DOI: 10. 12688/f1000research. 9756. 120. Office of Scientific Investigations, Metrics. US Food and Drug Administration. 201421. Barney JR, Antisdel M. Common problems in informed consent. (HRPP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various applications of blockchain outside of finance, specifically in biomedical and health care fields. It cites specific examples such as 'MedRec' for medical data access and 'MeDShare' for trust-less medical data sharing, indicating that industries beyond finance are exploring blockchain technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ecosystems can fully recover from deforestation within a few years. [SEP] Text: 29% and the alpha value (Benjamin et al. , 2018). The fitted model can be written as: (5) yt(DailyDeaths)=1905. 14+0. 340yt−1+0. 251yt−2+8. 93xt−10. 25xt−2−0. 176wt−1+0. 597wt−2−0. 262wt−3+εt In the second scenario, we examine the relationship between the number of recover cases and confirm cases. We fit the ARDL model for recover cases xt of COVID-19 series with confirm wt cases. We take p1=4,andq=3 using R square and parsimony of the model and fitting the ARDL model to the datasets. The results obtained from the ARDL model are presented in Table 3. Table 3: Summary of final ARDL model 2 for confirm and recover of COVID-19. Std. error t value P-value (Intercept) 7. 96 × 10(2) 1. 59 × 10(2) 5. 00 7. 6 × 10(−07)*** Ct. 1 8. 41 × 10(−1) 4. 20 × 10(−2) 20. 02 <2 × 10(−16)*** Ct. 2 −2. 21 × 10(−1) 5. 43 × 10(−2) −4. 07 5. 2 × 10(−05)*** Ct. 3 1. 42 × 10(−1) 4. 12 × 10(−2) 3. 43 0. 00059*** Rt. 1 4. 25 × 10(−3) 6. 29 × 10(−4) 6. 75 3. 5 × 10(−11)*** Residual standard error: 1,727 R-squared: 0. 8294 Adjusted R-squared: 0. 8281 F-statistic: 670. 8 P-value: 2. 1 × 10(−15) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 746/table-3 Note: *** Significant at 1%. Table 3 shows the summary of the ARDL model, the confirmed cases recorded in the current day. The daily recover cases of the first day have a significant impact on the number of daily confirm cases from the COVID-19 on that particular day. The model is significant at the 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an ARDL model related to COVID-19 recovery cases and does not mention ecosystems, deforestation, or recovery from such environmental changes. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, we also observed occasional short-range translocation in a few cells, suggesting the ability of microglia to survey territories beyond their own boundaries, in general agreement with recent observations in head-fixed mice (Eyo et al. , 2018). Microglia surveillance during the sleep-wake cycle By simultaneously imaging microglia and recording EEG/EMG throughout a sleep-wake cycle, we obtained continuous 4–6 hr datasets from different mice and, in conjunction with video interpretation, segmented and sorted them into subgroups corresponding to wake, NREM, and REM states (Figure 2a). For each state, we quantified morphological features and process motility from 15 to 20 cells. Wake and NREM states lasting longer than 1 min were identified, for which the last 30 s recording was selected, and REM states lasting longer than 30 s for the characterization of possible state-dependent microglia dynamic surveillance. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Microglial surveillance is state-dependent in the sleep-wake cycle. (a) Representative electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) recordings showing the sleep-wake stage switch. Top, EEG power spectrogram (0–20 Hz). Middle, EMG trace. Bottom, brain states are classified as wake (color code: gray), rapid eye movement (REM) (blue), and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) (white). (b–d) Representative microglial morphological changes during the sleep-wake cycle. (b′-d′) Microglial morphology reconstructed from b-d using Imaris software. (e–h) Microglial morphological parameters, length (e), area change (f), number of branch points (g), and process endpoint speed (h), all exhibited brain state-dependent dynamic change. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in e; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in f–h; n=20 cells from seven mice for each group (e–g), n=15 cells from six mice for each group (h); *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. (i–o) 3D multi-plane imaging and reconstruction of microglial morphology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microglia dynamics and their morphological changes during the sleep-wake cycle. It does not mention melatonin production, regulation by light exposure, or its role in sleep-wake cycles, thus failing to provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Under these circumstances, consumers around the globe are demanding detailed information in terms of product provenance and what parties are involved in each stage of the food supply chain. However, the lack of supply chain transparency severely inhibits the capacity of food supply chain stakeholders to provide such information. Moreover, when food contamination incidents occur, low transparency also delays the effective implementation of countermeasures. In this context, academics and practitioners have begun to investigate the potential of technological innovations (e. g. artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and internet of things) to improve food supply chain transparency. In this paper, we examine how blockchain technology can be used to address food supply chain challenges and the factors that influence its effective implementation in food supply chain. Our analysis is based on a critical synthesis of a wide range of sources in the recent years from major businesses who are leading the digitalization efforts in agri-food industry, world leading supply chain consulting firms, global international organizations, trade magazines, and research 2. Agri-food supply chain challengesTraditional agri-food supply chains encompass diverse actors from the raw material suppliers, processors, wholesalers, and retailers to end customers. Over time, modern agri-food supply chains have transitioned from autonomous, independent, and local actors to globally interconnected systems of multiple actors that affect the way food is produced, sourced, processed, transported, and delivered to the final consumer. Complexities emerge due to the need of real-time information sharing, mutual scheduling, product quality guarantee, and timely fulfillment of delivery promises. Current supply chain transactions are based on complex, paper-based settlement process. Not only do these transactions lack transparency and efficiency, but they are also vulnerable to fraud. Most of the food supply chain participants still adopt the “one-up-one-down approach” that is laid out by CAC/GL 60-2006: participants can identify at any given stage of the food chain (from production to distribution) where the food comes from (one step back) and where it goes (one step further). By doing so, the visibility of focal firms in the movement of agricultural products is limited to the level of their direct suppliers and customers. This tracking method is largely inadequate, especially for multi-ingredient foods that include elements from different sources in different countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology is being investigated as a solution to improve transparency in the food supply chain. This indicates that blockchain is being explored for uses outside of finance, specifically in agri-food supply chains, which aligns with the broader trend of industries looking into blockchain applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ecosystems can fully recover from deforestation within a few years. [SEP] Text: In 1979, when he was 15 years old, a boy was going by train from his home in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, to join his parents who were visiting in Toronto, Ontario. He got off the train, carrying a heavy suitcase by his right hand. He walked the length of the train platform, down stairs, across the train station, then up stairs and across a wide plaza to where his parents were waiting to pick him up. He lifted the suitcase up into the trunk of the car, and got into the back seat. About 30 seconds later, as his father was making a left turn about a block from the train station, he fell over in the back seat, unconscious. He was taken to hospital in Toronto, and then a couple of days later was transferred to my hospital in London, Ontario because it was closer to his home. It turned out that he was born with an extra rib in his neck called a cervical rib This is a rare abnormality; it happens in about 1 in 500 people, and strokes from this are very rare. The heavy suitcase had pulled his collar bone down onto the extra rib, pinching the artery to his right arm for long enough that the blood clotted. The clot backed its way down into the main artery that goes to both the brain and the arm on the right side. Then pieces of the clot went into the main artery to the front of the brain as well as into the artery that goes up through the bones in the neck to the back of the brain, and he had a severe stroke (Figure 1). Figure 1 - How the stroke happened. The heavy weight of the suitcase pulled the collar bone down, compressing the artery to the arm against an extra rib in the neck A. This caused clotting that went back down into the brachiocephalic artery, also called the Innominate artery B. Clots broke off from both ends, going up the vertebral artery (black arrows, Panel C. ) and the carotid artery, blocking the right middle cerebral artery (black arrows, Panel D. ). Credits: A. Thoracic outlet: B. Brachiocephalic artery: C. Vertebral artery: D. Arteries at the base of the brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a personal story about a boy's medical emergency due to a cervical rib and the effects of a heavy suitcase, with no mention of ecosystems, deforestation, or recovery processes. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: A 3D electrical tunable lens (ETL) lens was used to acquire multi-plane imaging (220 μm × 220 μm × 40 μm) at Z-intervals of 2 μm, at a rate of 7. 5 stacks/5 min. (i–k) 3D reconstructed microglial morphology in wake (i), REM (j), and NREM (k) states, with corresponding time stamps shown at the bottom. (l-o) Quantitative analysis of microglial length (l), volume change (m), number of branch points (n), and process motility (o) based on multi-plane microglial imaging. Data from 3D imaging corroborated state-dependent changes of microglial morphology in the sleep-wake cycle. Scale bars, 30 μm. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in l, o; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in m, n; n=17 cells from 7 mice for each group (l-n), n=15 cells from six mice for each group (o); *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. We found that during the NREM and REM states, microglial process length, and surveillance area increased compared with those during wakefulness (Figure 2b–d and b′–d′). Concomitantly, the number of branching points significantly increased, while endpoint moving speed of microglial processes decreased (Figure 2e–h), indicating state-dependent changes in microglial morphology as well as process motility under natural sleep-wake cycles. To provide a volumetric view of the dynamics of microglial morphology, we adapted our latest version of mTPM with an electrical tunable lens (ETL) capable of imaging variable focal planes (Figure 2i–o, Figure 2—figure supplement 1; Zong et al. , 2021). Multi-plane reconstruction revealed more extended process lengths and greater branch point numbers as compared to single-plane imaging as expected (Figure 2l and n). The volume of surveillance for individual microglia changed from 1661 ± 264. 4 μm3 in the wake state to 3802 ± 670. 5 μm3 in REM state and 4616 ± 324. 6 μm3 in NREM state (Figure 2m). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it focuses on microglial morphology and its changes during different sleep states without discussing melatonin or its relationship to light exposure and sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In case of suspected contamination, the entire shipment will be discarded as a precautionary measure in accordance with the one-up-one-down approach, resulting in heavy economic losses. In addition, the currently deployed food traceability systems are neither integrated with each other nor linked among all participants in the supply chain. This disconnection generates information asymmetry between supply chain parties, resulting in poor supply chain visibility. Nowadays, consumers are increasingly demanding in terms of product provenance and sustainability. They need to know where and how their food is produced and delivered. The current traceability and provenance systems for food supply chain can no longer fulfill such demands. In addition to the pressure on the demand side, regulations such as the food safety modernization act and general food law regulation profoundly impact the global food supply chain by mandating hazard analysis and end-to-end traceability. Unpredictable incidences of food safety or health hazards can significantly reduce a company’s brand value, erode consumer trust, and lead to lawsuits and product recalls. There are some technological innovations that are applied for agri-product traceability purposes, such as radio-frequency identification tags, electronic data interchange, and internet of things. However, current food traceability systems are built on top of centralized infrastructures, which leave room for unresolved issues, including data integrity, tampering, and single points of failure [3]. To address these issues and enable end-to-end traceability, supply chain professionals envision the use of blockchain technology. Advertisement 3. Blockchain technologyBlockchain is a distributed database that allows the storage and transmission of information in a transparent and secure manner. It operates without a centralized control body because it is managed by a network of computers/users, also called nodes, on a peer-to-peer basis. This database is constituted by a growing list of digital records of validated transactions, known as blocks, which are chained to each other in chronological order through hashing function [4]. The validation of a new block of transactions involves all the relevant nodes. They execute algorithms to evaluate and verify the authenticity and accuracy of the transactions. If the majority of nodes agree that these transactions are valid, then the new block of transactions is accepted into the database. Each block is attributed with a unique hash number – a digital fingerprint of data, and it also carries the hash of the previous block. Once these blocks are chained to each other, they become immutable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how supply chain professionals envision the use of blockchain technology to address issues in food traceability systems. It highlights the limitations of current systems and suggests that blockchain can enable end-to-end traceability and enhance supply chain transparency, indicating that industries beyond finance are indeed exploring blockchain applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All ecosystems can fully recover from deforestation within a few years. [SEP] Text: AbstractWe estimated carbon pools and emissions from deforestation in northern Argentine forests between 1900 and 2005, based on forest inventories, deforestation estimates from satellite images and historical data on forests and agriculture. Carbon fluxes were calculated using a book-keeping model. We ran 1000 simulations for a 105-year period with different combinations of values of carbon stocks (ha−1), soil carbon in the top 0. 2 m, and annual deforestation series. The 1000 combinations of parameters were performed as a sensitivity analysis that for each run, randomly selected the values of each variable within a predefined range of values and probability distributions. Using the simulation outputs, we calculated the accumulated C emissions due to deforestation from 1900 to 2005 and the annual emission as the average of the 1000 simulations, and uncertainties of our estimates as the standard deviation. We found that northern Argentine forests contain an estimated 4. 54 (2. 312 in biomass and 2. 233 in soil). Between 1900 and 2005 approximately 30% of the forests were deforested, yielding carbon emissions of 0. 945 (SD = 0. 270) Pg C. Estimated average annual carbon emissions between 1996 and 2005, mostly from deforestation of the Chaco dry forests, were 20,875 (SD = 6,156) y−1 (1 Gg = 10−6 Pg). These values represent the largest source of carbon from land-cover change in the extra-tropical southern hemisphere, between 0. 9 and 2. 7% of the global carbon emissions from deforestation, and approximately 10% of carbon emissions from the Brazilian Amazon. Deforestation, which has accelerated during the last decades as a result of modern agriculture expansion, represents a major national source of greenhouse gases and the second emission source, after fossil fuel consumption by fixed sources. We conclude that Argentine forests are an important carbon pool and emission source that need more attention for accurate global estimates, and seasonally dry forest deforestation is a key component of the Argentine carbon cycle. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 2001. Overgrazing and soil carbon dynamics in the of Argentina. Ecol 16: 243–92005. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that deforestation has significant long-term impacts on forest ecosystems in northern Argentina. It states that between 1900 and 2005, approximately 30% of the forests were deforested, indicating that recovery may not occur fully or quickly. The findings emphasize the importance of forests as carbon pools and sources of emissions, suggesting that modern deforestation contributes to ongoing greenhouse gas emissions, which further implies that ecosystems may face challenges in recovery, undermining the claim that they can fully recover within a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Similar to results obtained with single-plane imaging, the endpoint speed of processes decreased in REM and NREM compared to the wake state (Figure 2o). While both REM and NREM had the same trends in change as compared to the wake state, significantly greater changes were associated with NREM than REM in terms of cell volume, branch length, branch number, and endpoint speed (Figure 2l–o). These results demonstrate differential microglial dynamic surveillance as the brain state switches among wakefulness, REM and NREM, and the state-dependent morphological and process-motility changes can be robustly reproduced with either single-plane or volumetric imaging. Intriguingly, microglia can even sense and respond to subtle differences between REM and NREM states. Because more extended microglia are thought to have greater surveillance ability (Kierdorf and Prinz, 2017), our results support the notion that microglia during the NREM and REM periods tend to be more active in the opportune clearing of metabolic wastes accumulated during the wake states. To this end, it is also instructive to compare and contrast REM/NREM state-dependent characteristics with those induced by anesthesia. In mice under isoflurane (1. 2% in air) for 20–30 min, we found that microglial length, area, and number of branching points (Figure 2—figure supplement 1) were similarly increased compared with the wake state, as was the case in NREM and REM. However, the endpoint movement of processes exhibited opposite changes (Liu et al. , 2019), increasing with anesthesia but decreasing in sleep states (Figure 2h and o; Figure 2—figure supplement 1). This result shows that microglia surveillance appears to differ qualitatively between sleep and anesthesia states. Acute SD promotes the contraction of microglial processes Sleep loss is detrimental to brain function and results in structural plastic changes in nerve cells. Whether microglia dynamic surveillance alters after sleep loss remains controversial (Bellesi et al. , 2017; Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, we induced acute SD in mice by forcing the animals to exercise and interrupting sleep with a rotatory rod, starting at 9:00 AM and lasting for 6 hr (zeitgeber time 2–8) (Figure 3a). The duration of recovery sleep, especially NREM sleep, increased after SD (Figure 3—figure supplement 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on microglial surveillance changes during different sleep states, such as REM and NREM, and the effects of sleep loss on brain functions, without mentioning melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The only distinction between public and private blockchain is related to who is allowed to participate within the network, execute the consensus protocol, and maintain the shared ledger [18]. A private blockchain calls for invitation proof that should be validated by either the network starter or by a group of rules. Private blockchain is usually operated by one organization, which defines limited visibility rights to chosen participants within a permissioned network [13]. In another word, participants must obtain a permission to join the blockchain. The access control mechanism could vary according to organization’s choice: existing participants could decide future entrants; a regulatory agency could issue licenses for participation or a consortium could make the choices instead [19]. Advertisement 4. Why blockchains are important for agri-food supply chainCurrently, food supply chain actors still struggle to find a reliable and effective way to verify the origin and details of products and services. More than 70,000 consumers recently signed a petition urging major companies and brands, including Walmart, to enhance their supply chain transparency [20]. Blockchain has the potential to improve such transparency by providing a complete audit trail of transaction data collected at various stages of the supply chain. By doing so, this technology offers customers and other stakeholders with undisputed proof of the origin and authenticity of products to fight food fraud and improve food safety. Blockchain has the possibility to make complex and costly dispute settlement a thing of the past. It is not uncommon for suppliers fail to deliver agricultural products on time or in the correct quantity and quality. Under these circumstances, relevant parties need to identify the source of the problem and resolve the dispute, usually through fines or compensation. However, supply chain disputes are often tedious and costly to handle and manage. Blockchain’s ability to record ownership transfers and legal and security requirements in real time can help to reduce the likelihood of disputes. Smart contracts enabled by blockchain technology can automatically trigger compensation or fines at low cost if predetermined terms are violated. There are many requirements to monitor and comply with in the agri-food industry, including product safety and integrity, ethical sourcing, technical regulations, and social and environmental responsibility of suppliers [21]. Failing to comply with these requirements can lead to potential regulatory scrutiny and have a negative impact on firm’s reputation. Blockchain can address agri-food supply chain compliance issues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of blockchain technology in the agri-food supply chain for improving transparency and compliance. It specifically states that blockchain can track product origin and authenticity, which highlights its application in a sector outside of finance. This shows how different industries, such as agriculture, are exploring blockchain to solve issues like product fraud and dispute settlement, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are instantly breakable by quantum computers. [SEP] Text: To guarantee that the decrypting party applies respective conjugates of the same permutation matrices that were used to encrypt plaintext, the two communicating parties pre-share a secret key using some asymmetric key exchange scheme. This secret key is used to create the Permutation Pad, consisting of permutations, as well as the Pad, consisting of the Hermitian conjugates of the permutations used for the encryption. Permutation matrices can be efficiently implemented in a quantum circuit using and SWAP gates [27]. Moreover, permutation matrices can be used to specify Qiskit operator objects using row-by-row matrix description, thus making it possible to implement QPP in the IBM Quantum systems. On the other hand, permutation matrices can be converted into arrays, to be implemented in classical systems. To the best of our knowledge, QPP is the first ever hybrid quantum-classical scheme. It will require further examination to determine whether there are advantages to using the quantum implementation of QPP as opposed to a classical implementation, for instance, we would expect that the quantum implementation is more efficient than the classical implementation. However, one of the main attributes of QPP is that it can be implemented in both classical and quantum devices. Previous implementations of QPP have shown that it is lightweight and can be run today on a free-of-charge IBM Quantum system as well as any classical computer, unlocking the potential of being widely used for quantum encryption in classical systems, quantum systems, as well as hybrid systems, with significant potential use-cases such as quantum internet [19–21, 24–26]. Having a hybrid encryption scheme reduces the limitations and vulnerabilities of a scenario where two different schemes are used on quantum and classical devices, and therefore we continue advancing QPP to ensure that both quantum and classical QPP implementations are efficient and secure. In this work, we present a fully-functioning implementation of the QPP algorithm used to encrypt superposition states with Qiskit in IBM Quantum systems. We were curious to examine whether QPP is limited to basis states, and also explore whether there are any security benefits brought about by introducing superposition states. This work goes beyond academic interest and exhibits potential to be used in the future quantum internet where the states of quantum systems may generally be superposition states transmitted over a quantum channel [28, 29]. This paper builds on and extends our previous research [24–26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how the QPP (Quantum Permutation Pad) can be effectively implemented in both quantum and classical systems. It highlights that QPP can secure encryptions against quantum attacks, implying that not all encryption methods are instantly breakable by quantum computers. The mention of hybrid encryption schemes suggests that advancements in encryption methods can mitigate vulnerabilities associated with quantum computing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: In the wake state, microglia typically exhibited an extended form with ramified, long, thin processes. Overt morphological changes occurred as early as 3 hr after SD, when microglia presented a contracted form bearing short and thick processes. By 6 hr, nearly all microglia cells were converted into a phagocytic form, assuming an amoeboid shape with few processes (Figure 3b–d). We found that microglial length, area, and number of branching points decreased with the continuous SD (Figure 3e–h). The same changes were observed in 3D reconstruction (Figure 3—figure supplement 1). Changes in the endpoint speed of processes appeared to be biphasic, increasing at 3 hr SD and then declining below baseline level at 6 hr SD (Figure 3h); the latter may result in part from the dramatic shrinkage of the processes. As the sleep pressure was eased during recovery sleep, morphological changes of microglia were partially reversed over a timescale of several hours (Figure 3—figure supplement 1). Thus, our real-time recording in live animals clearly demonstrates that SD stress induces microglia to assume an active state, and conspicuous microglial response occurs early in SD. Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Changes of microglial surveillance in the state of sleep deprivation. (a) Experimental setup for sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation in mice was achieved by forcing them to exercise and interrupting their sleep with the rotation of a 46 cm rod (18 turns/min) in the chamber (diameter 50 cm). (b–d) Microglial processes contracted after sleep deprivation (SD), baseline (b), SD 3 hr (c), and SD 6 hr (d). (b′-d′) Morphological changes of microglia reconstructed using Imaris software. b'-d' correspond to b-d, respectively. (e–h) Statistics for length (e), area (f), number of branch points (g), and process motility (h). Scale bars, 30 μm. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in g, h; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in e, f; n=15 cells from six mice for each group; *p<0. 05, ***p<0. 001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the morphological changes of microglia during sleep deprivation and does not mention melatonin or its regulation by light exposure. Thus, it does not support or contradict the claim regarding melatonin's relationship with light exposure and sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: By providing real-time visibility and data auditability into the supply chain, blockchain ensures that all contractual terms are met and compels supply chain participants to work with each other within regulatory requirements. In case of the violation of the required environmental conditions detected by sensors in a container, smart contracts can help avoid agricultural product degradation by sending real-time warnings for inspection. Data immutability enabled by blockchain provides a reliable means for supply chain actors to protect the interests of final customers. There are many interesting use cases of blockchain in the following area: agri-food distribution, food origin and sourcing, and food safety and quality [22]. For instance, Walmart, the world’s largest retailer, uses IBM blockchain service to quickly pinpoint the culprit in future food safety scares. In 2016, it partnered with BLU-82 to form IBM Food Trust. The main objective is to increase the supply chain transparency in responding to the increasing customer demand in terms of food provenance and safety. Walmart has cooperated with IBM to develop a blockchain-based food traceability system and completed two tests: trace pork sold in China and mangoes in the Americas [18]. For pork sold in its Chinese stores, this food traceability system allowed uploading certificates of authenticity to the blockchain, bringing more trust to a system where that used to be a serious issue. For mangoes in the US, the time needed to trace their provenance went from 7 days to 2. 2 seconds [23]. 2018, Walmart required all its lettuce and spinach suppliers to log their shipments on the blockchain. Today, Walmart can now track the origins of 25 products (e. g. strawberries, yogurt, and chicken) using the aforementioned system. Another example of blockchain-enabled transparency in food origin and sourcing is the export of beef from Australia to China. China’s growing demand for beef and the difficulty of meeting domestic demand have led to the import of beef mainly from Australia. BeefLedger, an Australian blockchain company, has developed a token-driven platform for food sourcing and monitoring, where beef supply chain members take part in the network by purchasing beef tokens. Importers, wholesalers, and retailers can use these tokens as payment for beef shipments. BeefLedger stores all information associated with cattle (cow feeding and health history), meat processing, transportation, and storage conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of how blockchain technology is being utilized in the supply chain industry, specifically in agri-food distribution and food safety. It highlights Walmart's use of IBM blockchain for food traceability and mentions other applications related to environmental compliance and transparency, demonstrating that blockchain is indeed being explored for uses beyond the financial sector.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are instantly breakable by quantum computers. [SEP] Text: In [24–26] we describe how QPP can be used to encrypt basis states in an IBM Quantum device using Qiskit. We find it important to provide the reader with a brief description of the previous work, to facilitate a better understanding of the developments described in this paper. 1. 1 Encryption of basis states using quantum permutation padQPP is a symmetric encryption scheme that requires a pre-shared secret key for configuration. Consider two communicating parties, Alice and Bob, with a pre-shared secret key. Alice prepares a message “Hello Bob! ”, expressed as a binary string to be encrypted using QPP with 2-qubit permutations. This QPP scheme uses that act on 2-qubit states, one at a time. Thus, Alice splits the message into 2-bit blocks, to be encrypted one at a time. For each message block, a quantum circuit is created with 2 qubits and 2 classical bits. The initial state of each such circuit is set to reflect the corresponding binary message block using Qiskit’s QuantumCircuit. initialize(Statevector. from_ label(state_vector)) command. That is, if the corresponding message block is ‘01’, the initial state of the system will be set to \(|01\rangle \). Using the pre-shared secret key Alice generates a consisting of 2-qubit Permutation Operators, by specifying matrices row by row, and converting them to Operators using Qiskit’s Operator() command. There are 24 possible distinct 2-qubit Permutation Operators, however, to achieve 256 bits of entropy the permutation pad consists of 56 2-qubit permutation matrices chosen at random using the pre-shared secret key. In this case, repetitions are allowed. To encrypt every plaintext state, that is the state initialized according to the plaintext message block, Alice dispatches a from the to act on a given plaintext state, producing a ciphertext state. The dispatching of the from the can be done using the pre-shared secret key. Due to a lack of a quantum channel, the quantum ciphertext states can not be sent directly and must be measured, with the highest probability results used to create a binary file containing the ciphertext. Figure 1 illustrates a general form of the encryption circuit, used to encrypt each plaintext block. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a specific quantum encryption method, called Quantum Permutation Pad (QPP), which utilizes a pre-shared secret key and quantum circuits for encrypting messages. This implies that not all encryption methods are instantly breakable, as QPP requires a secure key and has a structured approach to encryption, which is not aligned with the claim that all encryption can be easily broken by quantum computers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: NE changes in the somatosensory cortex during the sleep-wake cycle Next, we sought to determine a possible signaling mechanism(s) that incites microglia surveillance state- and stress-dependent changes. Among a number of candidates responsible for stress responses, norepinephrine (NE) has recently been shown to play a crucial role in microglia surveillance by responding to neuronal network activity (Liu et al. , 2019) and partaking of synaptic plasticity (Stowell et al. , 2019). Therefore, we combined mTPM imaging with EEG and EMG recording to determine whether NE levels in the somatosensory cortex fluctuate during the sleep-wake cycle to control microglia surveillance. We imaged extracellular NE dynamics in somatosensory cortical neurons with NE biosensor 2m (Figure 4a), which was developed based on G protein receptors (Feng et al. , 2019; Kjaerby et al. , 2022). The biosensor was expressed on the plasma membrane of neurons to report the dynamic change of the extracellular NE. Dynamic changes in NE levels were evident in the somatosensory cortex during wake, NREM, and REM states (Figure 4b). NE levels reached higher levels during longer awakenings, while the lowest NE levels were detected during REM sleep (Figure 4b), and the largest changes in NE levels were recorded occurred during the transition from REM to wake (Figure 4b). During NREM sleep, the NE oscillated dynamically around a relatively low level (Figure 4b), with brief increases that might be related to memory consolidation (Kjaerby et al. , 2022). On average, mean levels of NE exhibited a brain-state-dependent change, varying in a decreasing order from wake to NREM and to REM (Figure 4c). These results are in general agreement with recent observations that NE fluctuates in a sleep-state-dependent manner in the medial prefrontal cortex, and suggest that NE may play a crucial role in controlling the stage-dependent microglial changes. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Norepinephrine (NE) dynamics in mouse somatosensory cortex during the sleep-wake cycle. (a) Schematic diagram depicting miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM) recording of extracellular NE indicated by the 2m sensor expressed in neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses norepinephrine (NE) dynamics in the somatosensory cortex during the sleep-wake cycle but does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Chinese consumers can thus easily access to the information about the origins of the beef, how was it sourced, and how authentic the claims on the label are. Blockchain is also used in combination with other digital technologies, such as internet of things, to address fraudulent practices that lead to food safety and quality issues. is a pioneer in the beer industry to jointly use blockchain technology and internet of things to provide full transparency of beer ingredients and brewing techniques. By using sensors, every aspect of the beer-making process (e. g. location, temperature, and humidity monitoring) is recorded safely on the blockchain. Consumers can use their smartphones to scan the QR codes marked on the bottles where they can access information related to the ingredients, processing methods, bottling process, storage, temperature conditions, etc. Blockchain along with big data analytics, automation, internet of things, and artificial intelligence are rapidly becoming pillars of supply chain digitalization. The adoption of blockchain helps to foster a paperless agri-food supply chain [24]. It will help break down bureaucracy, radically reduce transaction times and administrative costs, and speed up the flow of goods by eliminating tedious paperwork and using automated data storage process. Advertisement 5. Factors influencing blockchain adoption in agri-food supply chainThe application of blockchain in agri-food supply chain is still in its infancy. While some use cases can be found, the scope of most blockchain pilots in agri-food industry is still quite limited. Therefore, it is urgent to carefully examine the factors that affect the implementation of blockchain in this specific industry. In this paper, we adopt Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework [25] to comprehensively analyze blockchain adoption from the technological, organizational, and environmental perspective. TOE framework is widely used by previous studies to investigate the adoption of technological innovations, such as social commerce [26], customer relationship management systems [27], and software as a service [28]. We believe that this integrative framework is also suitable to understand blockchain adoption in agri-food industry. Figure 2 shows the integrative adoption model proposed in this paper. Figure 2. An integrative framework for blockchain adoption in food supply chain. 5. 1 Technological considerations5. 1. 1 ScalabilityEach node within the blockchain network has a complete copy of all the information stored on the blockchain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of blockchain in the agri-food supply chain, highlighting that blockchain is not only used in the finance sector but also in various industries such as food safety and quality. It mentions that blockchain technology is used to address fraudulent practices and provide transparency regarding the ingredients and processing methods in beer production. This exemplifies how blockchain is being explored and implemented in sectors outside of finance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are instantly breakable by quantum computers. [SEP] Text: Moreover, we require that k is established using a quantum-safe algorithm. NIST has recently announced candidate algorithms for quantum-safe key encapsulation and digital signatures [30]. These algorithms can be used for authentication and key establishment. Moreover, novel PQC algorithms such as MPPK/DS and MPPK can be used to pre-share a secret key k [31, 32]. 4. 2 RandomizationIn the framework of QPP, the plaintext must be randomized prior to being encrypted to eliminate any statistical patterns that can be used by the adversary for statistical analysis attacks. The importance of this step, from the security perspective, is discussed in [23]. However, in our previous work [25, 26] we did not incorporate a randomization step as we were exploring whether QPP can be implemented in quantum computers and did merely a toy example of the implementation. For this implementation, we use the classical XOR function and the secret key to randomize the plaintext. This step is done classically before any quantum circuits are created, as discussed in Sect. 2. However, ideally, the randomization step would be done using the quantum X (CX) gates. The CX gates are a quantum alternative to the classical XOR function and would be an ideal tool for the quantum randomization procedure. In this case, the original plaintext as well as the secret key would be broken into 2-bit blocks, used to initialize the initial states of the corresponding circuits. The circuits in this case would have 4 qubits and 2 classical bits, where 2 qubits correspond to the plaintext, and the other 2 qubits correspond to the secret key. The secret key qubits would then be used as control qubits, and the X gates would act on the plaintext qubits. Current limitations, however, make it difficult to implement the above-discussed quantum randomization procedure. We use free-of-charge IBM Quantum computers for this implementation that has a (QV) of 32. This means that the width (the number of qubits) and the depth (the number of layers) of the largest quantum volume circuits that can be executed ‘successfully’ on a specified quantum device is 5. We noticed that running QPP circuits with 4 qubits on devices with QV of 32 produces a lot of noise and makes it difficult to interpret the correct results. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing quantum-safe algorithms designed to withstand attacks from quantum computers. It mentions that NIST has announced candidate algorithms for quantum-safe key encapsulation and digital signatures, indicating that not all encryption methods are vulnerable to instant breaking by quantum computers. Additionally, the text discusses the implementation of a randomization step in quantum encryption processes, which is intended to enhance security against statistical analysis by adversaries, further supporting the notion that there are resilient methods against quantum decryption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: (b) Representative traces of simultaneous recordings in the somatosensory cortex during the sleep-wake cycle in freely behaving mice. Electroencephalography (EEG) and its power spectrogram (0–20 Hz); electromyography (EMG) (scale, 50 μV); NE signals reflected by the z-score of the 2m fluorescence (scale, 2 z-score). The brain states are color-coded (wake, gray; non-rapid eye movement (NREM), white; REM, blue; NE oscillatory during NREM sleep, green). (c) Mean extracellular NE levels in different brain states. Data from the same recording are connected by lines. ***p<0. 001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (n=11 from three mice). Role of the LC-NE signal in controlling the microglia dynamic surveillance To determine possible involvement of NE in sleep state- and SD-induced microglia surveillance, we used the LC-selective neurotoxin, N-(2-chloroethyl)-n-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4; applied two days before imaging) to ablate LC axons projecting into the cortex (Figure 5—figure supplement 1; González et al. , 1998) and characterized microglial surveillance with and without an LC-NE signal (Figure 5a). DSP4 application led to a significant increase in sleep states, particularly NREM sleep (Figure 5—figure supplement 1), in agreement with previous studies (González et al. , 1998). Meanwhile, the characteristics of NE dynamics in different brain states were also changed by DSP4 (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). Importantly, the sleep state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance were abolished altogether; neither microglial morphology nor process motility displayed any of the previously significant changes seen when the brain states cycled across wake-REM-NREM (Figure 5b–g). Likewise, DSP4 treatment completely prevented SD-induced alteration of microglia surveillance (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). These results indicate an essential role for the LC-NE signal in sleep- and stress-dependent state modulation of microglia surveillance. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Microglial surveillance during natural sleep is controlled by LC-NE signal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of the LC-NE signal in sleep states and microglial surveillance but does not mention melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Since different nodes of the distributed ledger may be located in different regions of the world, it is a complex and even conflicting task to decide which laws should be complied with and which courts have the authority to decide what matters in blockchain-related issues [29]. The blockchain pilot initiators should collaborate with legal professionals to define rules and a detailed set of contingencies to anticipate potential legal issues [13]. Advertisement 6. ConclusionIn this paper, we attempt to provide answers to the following questions: how blockchain technology can be used to address food supply chain challenges and what are the factors that influence its effective implementation in food supply chain? Based on a critical synthesis of the state of the art, we first identify the main challenges of food supply chain, such as food fraud, food safety, customer, and regulatory pressure to ensure transparency and responsiveness in case of product contamination. We then demonstrate how the key attributes of blockchain technology, such as immutability, traceability, transparency, automation, and security, can address the identified challenges. Finally, we propose an integrative framework to help scholars and practitioners better understand the critical success factors of blockchain adoption in the agri-food industry. 1. Organization. Food Safety. 2020. Available from: European commission. Food fraud. Available from:. Estimating the impact of blockchain adoption in the food processing industry and supply chain. of Food Engineering. 2020;16(5-6):1-184. Nakamoto S. . Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Cash System. 20085. . Blockchain adoption challenges in supply chain: An empirical investigation of the main drivers in India and the USA. of Information Management. 2019;46:70-826. Ganne E. Trade? Geneva: Organization; 20187. Iansiti M, Lakhani KR. The truth about blockchain. Review. 2017:118-1278. . Blockchain technology: implications for operations and supply chain management. Management: Journal. 2019;24(4):1-349. . Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. of Web and Grid Services. 2018;14(4):352-37510. Pilkington M. Blockchain technology: Principles and applications. In: on Digital Transformations. Publishing; 201611. . Toward a blockchain cloud manufacturing system as a peer to peer distributed network platform. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2018;54(January):133-14412. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the diverse applications of blockchain technology in the food supply chain context. It highlights how key attributes of blockchain, such as immutability, traceability, and transparency, can address specific challenges in the agri-food industry, thereby illustrating that industries beyond finance are indeed exploring blockchain applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can easily access a powerful quantum computer from home. [SEP] Text: (2024) on a pneumatic rebbachisaurid caudal Taylor and Wedel (2023) on pneumatic Brachiosaurus ribs Wedel and Taylor (2023) on bifurcated cervical ribs Lei et al (2023) on theropod-bitten Morrison sauropods Wedel and Atterholt (2023) on expanded neurocentral joints in sauropods Aureliano et al (2023) on pneumaticity in et al. (2023) on the of et al (2022) on vertebrae of early saurischians Taylor and Wedel (2022) on vertebral orientation Smith, Rodgers, Dollé, and Wedel (2022) on nerve growth in big animals et al (2022) on dental cementum and age at death in humans Atterholt and Wedel (2022) on paramedullary diverticula in birds Woodruff et al. (2022) on respiratory infection in a sauropod Taylor (2022) on incomplete necks Aureliano et al. (2021) on saltasaur pneumaticity Kay, Estes, and Wedel (2021) on variation in the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) Amedeo et al (2021) on variation in human leg muscles Wedel et al. (2021) on expanded neural canals in the Taylor and Wedel (2021) on pneumatic variation Staples et al (2019) on long cutaneous branches of the obturator nerve in humans Taylor (2018) on Xenoposeidon as a rebbachisaurid Taylor and Wedel (2016) on the neck of and Wedel (2016), Dinosaurs: Life in the Age of et al. (2016) on moral dimensions of open Hone, Farke, and Wedel (2016) on dinosaur ontogenetic stages Taylor (2016) on evaluating research Wedel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and findings related to dinosaurs and other scientific topics without mentioning quantum computers or home access to them. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: (a) Experimental setup: LC-selective neurotoxin DSP4 was used to destroy LC-NE neuronal axons. (b–g) Lack of sleep/wake state-dependent microglial surveillance in LC- axon ablated animals. b-d: Representative miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM) images of microglia at different states. e-g: Statistics for microglial length (e), surveillance area (f), and number of branch points (g) in LC-axon ablated mice. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in e, f; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in g; n=15 cells from six mice for each group; ns, not significant. (h) Schematic diagram for β2ARs on the plasma membrane of microglia in the cerebral cortex responding to norepinephrine (NE) released from axonal terminals projected from locus coeruleus (LC). (i–k) State-dependent microglial surveillance during sleep-wake cycle in β2AR knockout mice. Representative microglial images (i–k) and statistics for microglial process length (l), surveillance area (m), and number of branch points (n) at different states in (CX3CR1-GFP+/-; Adrb2-/-) mice. Scale bars, 30 μm. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in m; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in l, n; n=15 cells from six mice for each group; ns, not significant, **p<0. 01. The effects of the neural modulator NE are mediated by two families of G-protein-coupled receptors, α and β-adrenergic receptors (ARs), each comprising several subtypes and it has been shown that β2AR stimulation rapidly induces microglia dynamic surveillance (Gyoneva and Traynelis, 2013; Liu et al. , 2019; Stowell et al. , 2019). We, therefore, examined microglia surveillance in β2AR KO animals during natural sleep-wake cycles and under SD stress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of the neurotoxin DSP4 on microglial surveillance and the role of norepinephrine in sleep-wake cycles, without mentioning melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: . Overview of business innovations and research opportunities in blockchain and introduction to the special issue. Financial Innovation. 2016;2(1):1-713. -Davies P. Understanding blockchain technology for future supply chains: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Management: Journal. 2019;24(1):62-8414. Christidis K, Devetsikiotis M. Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. IEEE Access. 2016;4:2292-230315. . Bitcoin-ng: A scalable blockchain protocol. In: at the. 201616. IBM. Real for Business. New York, NY: IBM; 201617. Guo Y, Liang C. Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation. 2016;2:2418. IBM. with Dole, Driscoll’s. Unilever and Walmart to Safety Worldwide: and Company, McLane Company, Nestlé, Tyson Foods; 2017. Available from:. Blockchain: The introduction and its application in financial accounting. of & Finance. 2018;29(4):37-4720. Scarano G. Walmart, primark urged by 70k consumers to boost supply chain transparency. Sourcing Journal. 2018. Available from: Deloitte. on the Block: Planning for blockchain in the retail and consumer packaged goods industries. 2018. Available from: Menon S, Jain K. Blockchain technology for transparency in agri-food supply chain: Use cases, limitations, and future directions. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 2021:1-1523. Hyperledger, Case study: How walmart brought unprecedented transparency to the food supply chain with Hyperledger Fabric. 2018. Available from: Gartner. for 2019 and Beyond. 2018. Availale from:. of Technological Innovation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books; 199026. Abed SS. Social commerce adoption using TOE framework: An empirical investigation of SMEs. of Information Management. 2020;53:10211827. Cruz-. Understanding CRM adoption stages: Empirical analysis building on the TOE framework. Computers in Industry. 2019;109:1-1328. č A. Understanding SaaS adoption: The moderating impact of the environment context. of Information Management. 2019;49:1-1229. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing various examples of blockchain applications across different industries, such as supply chain transparency in agri-food, banking, retail, and consumer packaged goods, indicating that many sectors are indeed exploring blockchain technology beyond just financial contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: Recently, the government developed the policy, which aims to promote better nutrition for the population through a multifaceted approach involving the government, the private sector and civil society. (NAP) represents another attempt by the Malawian government to promote food security through increased production of diversified food crops for better nutrition [2]. Despite the government’s food security initiatives, there have only been limited improvements in food security in Malawi, raising concerns among policymakers due to pernicious effects of food insecurity, especially on vulnerable populations [2]. When designing food security initiatives, government should consider women’s role in household food and nutrition decisions. Women play a leading role in food production, processing, and preparation and hence maintain a significant responsibility in ensuring food security in developing countries [19, 39, 65]. They control vital livestock products for food security and are the main food producers [56]. However, their ability to achieve food security is constrained by their lack of access to productive resources and inability to participate in much of the decision-making. Women in developing countries have limited control over productive resources and lack decision making authority [41]. Evidence suggests that increasing women’s access and control over productive resources contributes to the achievement of food security because unlike men, women are more likely to spend their income on food [44, 61]. Furthermore, raising livestock provides an opportunity to empower women because they can have greater access and control of livestock and their products compared to other productive resources [26]. Several strategies have been used to empower women in agriculture. While some have focused on empowerment through resources and achievements such as education levels [37, 53], one empowerment dimension that has received far less attention is agency that involves decision-making processes. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how the empowerment of women in livestock decision-making affects household food security. Although previous studies have provided evidence that the empowerment of women in livestock is necessary for household food security, no study has been conducted in a Malawian context to investigate this relationship. Furthermore, most of the studies have measured the empowerment of women in the agriculture sector using the Women’s Empowerment in (WEAI), a commonly used tool for measuring women’s empowerment, agency, and their involvement in the agriculture sector [9]. Despite its reliability in most agricultural contexts, the index pays little attention to livestock-related issues and does not investigate how women’s agency in nutrition affects household food security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite government initiatives aimed at improving food security in Malawi, there have only been limited improvements. It emphasizes the challenges faced by women in achieving food security due to their lack of access to productive resources and decision-making authority, suggesting systemic issues that may limit the effectiveness of urban agriculture as a solution. The focus on women's empowerment and the inadequacy of current measures also imply that urban agriculture alone may not be sufficient to improve food security without addressing these underlying barriers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Our study shows that microglia in the sleeping brain has a larger area and length, consistent with greater clearance ability in the sleeping state than the waking. Recently, it has been reported that, in head-fixed mice, microglial morphological complexity was decreased in NREM sleep than during wakefulness (Hristovska et al. , 2022). In consideration of the altered durations of both NREM and REM sleep (Hristovska et al. , 2022), the unnatural sleep state would lead to an increase in the microarousal state, and ultimately lead to a change in the structure of the sleep state, which may be the main reason for the difference in microglia behavior from our natural sleep. Furthermore, our results show that microglia surveillance significantly differs between REM and NREM sleep in the somatosensory cortex, likely reflecting metabolic and functional differences between the two states. More specifically, previous reports have proposed differential roles between the NREM and REM sleep for the consolidation of different types of memories. For example, NREM sleep contributes to declarative memories, whereas REM sleep is important for procedural and emotional memories (Besedovsky et al. , 2019; Rasch and Born, 2013). Memory consolidation is closely related to synaptic plasticity, in which microglia play a very important role (Corsi et al. , 2022; Tuan and Lee, 2019). In this regard, our findings hint at the possibility that not all features of microglia-neuron interactions, including mode of action and localization, are equal in the consolidation of different types of memory. It has been shown that a large proportion of Iba1-immunoreactive microglia with larger cell bodies and less ramified processes appear in hippocampal brain slices following 48–72 hr of sleep deprivation and in the frontal cortex after 4. 5 days of chronic sleep restriction, whereas acute sleep deprivation for 8 hr had no effect on microglial morphology (Bellesi et al. , 2017; Hall et al. , 2020). However, these findings have mostly been derived from slice staining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the behavior of microglia in different sleep states and their relation to memory consolidation rather than addressing melatonin production or light exposure. It does not provide information on how melatonin is influenced by light or its role in sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: With the purpose to create an independent financial system, Bitcoin is sustained by a community able to validate transactions (miners) and co-create code updates (developers), which translates into new functions and participation rules without the interference or orchestration of a central sponsor. Later on, in 2016, born the first assumed decentralized autonomous organization called the DAO. The DAO raised 150 million dollars in a short period of time, making it the world’s largest crowdfunding project at that time. Despite that the DAO project suffered a massive attack due to security breaches, its governance model came to stay and prosper and thousands of DAOs have been emerging in different areas as decentralized finance (e. g. , Uniswap), media (e. g. , Research and Forefront), gaming (e. g. , Decentraland), art and culture (e. g. , SuperRare and Rarible) and investment funds (e. g. , BitDAO and MetaCartel), among others. While the DAO is a governance model that highly celebrated among cryptocurrency projects, very little is known about its characteristics, as well as the problems they solve (i. e. , lack of extrinsic incentives, censorship, mismanagement and lack of transparency and accountability) and face (i. e. , lack of participation, rigidity, voting misbehaviours and legal status). Advertisement 2. Definition and characteristics of are blockchain-based organizations, owned and governed by members. DAOs follow a set of self-executing governance rules that are embedded into a blockchain that run without the interference of a central authority (see Table 1 for a summary) [1, 2, 3]. Blockchain-basedDAOs run on a blockchain infrastructure that allows autonomy and decentralization. Self-executing rulesDAOs embed a set of self-executing governance rules that are turned into computer code. Community-owned and governedCommunity members own the organization through token holding and govern the organization through proposals and voting systems. Table 1. Characteristics of DAOs. DAOs are blockchain-based organizations. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology (DLT), which translates into a public database, where information is written in “blocks” cryptographically linked to the previous blocks, forming a chain of blocks [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) have emerged in various non-financial sectors such as media, gaming, art, and culture. It illustrates that these organizations leverage blockchain technology for governance and operations outside of traditional financial applications, which directly supports the idea that industries are venturing into blockchain utilization beyond just finance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: 5 ha per capita, the relationship flattens out. Because most smallholder farms, and especially the poorest ones, are well below 2. 5 ha in size, it is likely that measures to promote access to land may reap very high payoffs in terms of rural poverty reduction. Fig 3Bivariate cross-country relationships between landholding size and household incomes per capita. Source: Jayne et al. 2009 Full size image What do such land-income relationships mean for feasible smallholder-led development pathways? The structural transformation processes in Asia, as documented by pioneering development economists such as Johnston and Kilby (1975) and Mellor (1976), show that a smallholder-led agricultural strategy was necessary to rapidly reduce rural poverty and induce demographic changes associated with structural transformation. An inclusive smallholder-led strategy is likely to provide the greatest potential to achieve agricultural growth with broad-based reductions in rural poverty in most of sub-as well. However, it is not at all clear how such a smallholder-led agricultural strategy must be adapted to address the limitations of very small and declining farm sizes in densely populated areas that are dependent on rain-fed production systems with only one growing season per year. Footnote 1 To our knowledge, there has been very little recognition of the potential challenges associated with increasingly densely populated and land-constrained areas of rural Africa. Nor has there been sufficient discussion of how institutions and policies relating to land access would need to be modified to achieve inclusive smallholder-led agricultural growth leading to rural poverty reduction. This study is motivated by the need to understand the nature and magnitude of emerging land constraints in African agriculture, the possible impacts of status-quo policies and institutions on food security and poverty, and the potential for institutional reforms to address these challenges. Kenya is a useful case study to examine these issues, given that it is one of the more densely populated countries in the region and may therefore provide an advance picture of the dynamics that other countries in the region are likely to be experiencing in the not too distant future. Conceptual framework and hypothesesThere are several alternative ways to cast the issue of emerging land constraints within smallholder farming areas in Africa. One way is to ask how various rates of change in rural population density are affecting the evolution of farming systems, including technical and institutional responses to increased land constraints. Of course, the ways in which increasing population density affects farming systems and smallholder input demand and output supply behavior is primarily through factor and food prices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by smallholder farming in densely populated areas, particularly in rural Africa. It highlights issues such as very small farm sizes, dependence on rain-fed production, and the lack of adequate institutional recognition of land constraints. This implies difficulties in achieving food security through urban agriculture in these settings, suggesting that intervention and adaptation strategies are necessary for such an approach to be effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: In addition to NE, other potential modulators also present dynamic during the sleep-wake cycle and may partake in the regulation of microglia dynamic surveillance. It has been reported that LC firing stops (Aston-Jones and Bloom, 1981; Rasmussen et al. , 1986), while inhibitory neurons, such as PV neurons and VIP neurons, become relatively active during REM sleep (Brécier et al. , 2022). ATP level in the basal forebrain is shown to be higher in REM sleep than NREM sleep (Peng et al. , 2023). Similarly, the adenosine level in the somatosensory cortex during REM sleep is higher than in NREM sleep (1). These considerations may explain the finding that β2AR knockout failed to abolish microglial responses to sleep state switch and SD stress altogether. A more complete understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of microglia surveillance will help to delineate more precisely the roles of microglia in physiology and under stress. In summary, by real-time in vivo mTPM imaging of microglia surveillance, we uncovered the state-dependence of microglia surveillance during natural sleep-wake cycles and a robust, early-onset response to SD stress. Both types of microglial dynamics are under the regulation of LC-NE with the involvement of β2ARs as one of its main effectors. These results highlight that microglia undergo rapid and robust remodeling of both morphology and function to fulfill multimodal roles complementary to those of neurons in the brain. In addition, the methodologies established in the present study may prove to be of broad application for future investigations of microglia dynamics and sleep biology in freely behaving animals. All experimental protocols were carried out with the approval of the Care and of PKU-of (Approval ID: IACUC-2021–023). Male mice, 2–3 months of age, were used in accordance with institutional guidelines. Cx3cr1-GFP (Jax, #021160) heterozygous mice were used to visualize microglia with miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM). To ablate LC-NE neurons, DSP4 (Sigma, #C8417) solution was administered intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg) twice at 24 hr intervals and a minimum of 48 hr before mTPM imaging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relevance to the claim as it discusses microglial dynamics, regulatory mechanisms, and various aspects of sleep-wake cycles but does not mention melatonin or its production or regulation by light exposure. Therefore, it does not support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: All transactions on a blockchain are completely anonymous. [SEP] Text: Speaking of practical applications, the proposed scheme can be in principle used for network conference, paid-TV or DVD broadcasting application systems to assure secure communication among authorized participants, while at the same time, providing complete anonymity for all participants. To facilitate the description of our scheme, notations used throughout the document are summarized in Table 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Notations. security of the proposed scheme is based on the following problems and security assumptions. Let G1 and G2 be two cyclic groups of prime order q and let P be a generator of G1. Let e: G1×G1→G2 be a bilinear mapping. and DBDH-M problems can thus be defined as: Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) Problem: Given for and unknown determine whether holds. Definition 1: The advantage of any probabilistic polynomial time (PPT) algorithm B in solving the DBDH Problem is defined as: DBDH assumption: For any PPT algorithm B, is negligible. Computational Diffie-Hellman (CDH) Problem: Given for some compute abP. Definition 2: The advantage of any PPT algorithm B in solving the CDH Problem is defined as: CDH assumption: For any PPT algorithm B, is negligible. Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH-M) Problem: Given for and unknown determine whether holds. Definition 3: The advantage of any PPT algorithm B in solving the DBDH-M Problem is defined as: DBDH-M assumption: For any PPT algorithm B, is negligible. Our identity(ID)-based multi-recipient signcryption scheme with complete anonymity consists of four algorithms, namely: Setup, Extract, Anony-signcrypt and De-signcrypt, shown as follows: Setup. Generator (PKG) runs this algorithm to generate a master key s and public parameters params. Note that the public parameters are publicly known while the master key must be kept secret. Extract. This algorithm is run by PKG to extract the private key of the user. With a user’s identity ID, PKG’s master key s and the public parameter params as input, it outputs the private key D associated with ID, namely D = Extract(ID, s, params). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the proposed scheme provides 'complete anonymity for all participants.' This directly supports the assertion that transactions on a blockchain can be anonymous, reinforcing the idea that such systems are designed to ensure privacy.