Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated ratsEffect of curcumin on cerebral contents ofIL–1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that curcumin has potential anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, it mentions that curcumin treatment affects the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β and TNF-ɑ in brain tissues, suggesting that curcumin may mediate neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats potentially through its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient humans could communicate with dinosaurs before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: Although environmental changes leading to failure of food supply would certainly threaten the survival, over years or decades, of the wide variety of dinosaur species, the most effective mechanism of extinguishing the dinosaur family altogether would be one that prevented reproduction. One could speculate that if the modern bird descendants of theropod dinosaurs were today unable to obtain cholecalciferol from their environment, then over a short period of time they too would become extinct from reproductive failure. Of course, if reproductive failure because of cholecalciferol deficiency was the cause of all dinosaur species becoming extinct, why then did other terrestrial vertebrates survive and evolve into the animals we know today? It is apparent that modern birds do not have a storage mechanism for cholecalciferol. Could other animals, such as mammals, have developed a means of conserving cholecalciferol to allow its many functions to continue when the environmental supply ceased? Present-day nocturnal mammals which seldom are exposed to solar UVB radiation seem to be able to maintain the functions of cholecalciferol without any apparent input from its formation in skin. There is evidence that the ancestors of modern mammals at the time of the dinosaurs had a nocturnal lifestyle(Reference Maor, Dayan and Ferguson-Gow33). By being both viviparous and nocturnal they may have avoided the reproductive failure of egg-laying dinosaurs. It is also possible that some dinosaur species survived the catastrophic events that were associated with most dinosaur extinctions. A few species that lived within the had anatomical features that suggested they were able to see in the dim light of winter and may have died out long after other Dinosauria had become extinct(Reference Vickers-Rich and Rich34). Apart from being able to see in the darkness of the Antarctic winter and accommodate to a cooling climate from the asteroid impact and volcanic eruptions, these polar dinosaurs may have also been able to conserve sufficient cholecalciferol, produced during the Antarctic summer, to maintain their capability for oviparous reproduction. Would it be possible to test a cholecalciferol-deficiency hypothesis by further study of fossilised dinosaur eggs and embryos? Evidence could come from determining whether fossilised dinosaur embryos had bone pathology comparable with that, for example, of cholecalciferol-deficient turkey embryos that had died before hatching. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information about environmental changes and reproductive failure as potential causes of dinosaur extinction, without mentioning any interaction or communication between ancient humans and dinosaurs. It discusses factors such as cholecalciferol deficiency and anatomical features of certain dinosaurs, but does not support the idea of communication, which is the crux of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the contribution of the Kd current does not appear to change much and nor does its role in the activity. Figure 14 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Changes in waveform of current shares as one current is gradually decreased. The panels show the probability distribution of the share of each current Ci^(t) for model (f) as CaT is decreased (see Figure 14—figure supplement 1). Performing the same analysis for all conductances results in a large amount of information. Despite this and because we are plotting the normalized currents or current shares, our representation allows us to display this information in a coherent fashion. As an example, in Figure 15 we show the effect of gradually decreasing each current on all the currents in model (c). The rows indicate which conductance is decreased and the columns show the effect of this perturbation on the corresponding current. The first row shows how the shares of each current change as the Na current is decreased. For instance, the effect of decreasing gNa on the Na current (indicated by *) is as expected, with the maxima of the distribution trending to zero as gNa→0. The effect of removing gNa on the other currents is non-trivial and is displayed along the same row. Notice that while the effect of removing a current on that same current (diagonal panels) is relatively predictable, the rest of the currents become rearranged in complicated ways. Figure 15 Download asset Open asset Changes in waveform of current shares as each current is gradually decreased. The panels show the probability distribution of the share of each current Ci^(t) for model (c) as each current is decreased. Again, a full description of these diagrams is beyond the scope of this work so we will only make some observations. When the pertubations are negligible or weak (100% to ≈90%) all currents play a role because there are periods of time in which they contribute to at least ≈20% of the total current. There are ranges of the conductances over which small changes result in smooth transformations of the current configuration, there are specific values at which sharp transitions take place, and these values are different depending on the current that is decreased. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the complete elimination of pollution through current technologies. Instead, it discusses changes and effects related to current modeling, which is unrelated to pollution or technology. Thus, it is irrelevant (pass) to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15–20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [26]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11–14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [27]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [27]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, particularly through the significant decreases in IL–1β and TNF-ɑ levels, which are markers associated with inflammation. Additionally, the text states that curcumin demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in the context of neurotoxicity, suggesting its therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of Atlantis revealed an entire civilization beneath the sea. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inMapping a the recent expedition mapped one of the world’s longest submarine channels, revealing previously undiscovered physical features and raising questions about its unusual origin and shape. by. Mosher 28 January 202214 March 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) sets over the Labrador Sea, as seen from the R/V Maria S. Merian during expedition 102 (MSM102) in summer 2021 to map the Mid-(NAMOC). Credit: Maps for Mapping a the Geohazards on Land and at at the World’s Rivers and Paths to Along the sloping margins of most of the world’s continents, underwater canyons and channel systems extend from sources on land to sinks in the deep sea. These submarine channels, which share many similarities of form and function with rivers on land, are critical in Earth’s sedimentary and biogeochemical cycles. They not only distribute eroded continental material to the deep sea, but they also redistribute carbon and vital nutrients such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur across Earth’s surface. Channel, for example, carries massive quantities of eroded sediment from the Himalayas to the and accounts for 10%–20% of the global burial of organic carbon [Galy et al. , 2008]. Because they deliver and bury carbon, submarine channels play important roles in long-term sequestration—and therefore in climate over geologic timescales—as well as in the manufacture of hydrocarbons and reservoir rock in deepwater systems along continental margins. Discoveries of such systems in the past 20 years have become major players in global estimates of hydrocarbon resources [e. g. , Zhang et al. , 2019]. Just as rivers are formed by the erosive action of water currents, submarine channels are formed by erosive turbidity currents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mapping of submarine channels and their role in Earth's sedimentary and biogeochemical cycles. It does not mention Atlantis or any civilization, thus it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: While some of this information can also be extracted from Figures 12 and 13, the diagrams in Figure 15 show how the currents get reorganized at these transitions. In addition, this arrangement is convenient for comparing the effect of decreasing each conductance on a given current. For example, the contributions of the Na and Kd currents change little for most perturbations (except when these conductances are decreased). In contrast, the contributions of CaT, CaS, H, KCa, and the leak change more noticeably. Finally, the contribution of the A current increases for most conductance decrements of any type, except at the transition values where it can grow or shrink in an abrupt manner. is an ever larger availability of experimental data to inform detailed models of identified neuron types (McDougal et al. , 2017). Experimenters have determined the kinetics of many channel types, both in vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. There are also model databases with thousands of parameters which permit the development of large scale models of neural tissue (Bezaire et al. , 2016). One difficulty in ensemble modeling is the necessity of incorporating the biological variability observed in some of the parameters – such as the conductances – at the same time that we require the models to capture some target activity. In other words, we may be interested in modeling a type of cell that displays some sterotypical behavior, and would like to obtain many different versions of such models. Two main approaches to this problem were introduced in the past. One consists of building a database of model solutions over a search domain and screening for target solutions: this considers all possible value combinations within an allowed range up to a numerical resolution and then applies quantitative criteria to determine which solutions correspond to the target activity (Prinz et al. , 2004). An alternative approach consists of designing a target function that assigns a score to the models’ solutions in such a way that lower scores correspond to solutions that meet the targets, and then optimizing these functions (Achard and De Schutter, 2006; Druckmann et al. , 2007; Ben-Shalom et al. , 2012). Both approaches have advantages and shortcomings. In the case of the database approach, trying all posible parameter combinations in a search range becomes prohibitively expensive as more parameters are allowed to vary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experimental findings and modeling techniques related to neuron types and does not address the topic of pollution or its elimination through technology. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [28,29]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone–9 hepatocytes [28]. Pirmoradi et al. [29] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [28,29], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [30]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. In this study, 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [31,32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by affirmatively stating that curcumin is 'well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.' This clearly supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient human remains are perfectly preserved in saltwater lakes. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3999626/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractEvaluating the bone quality of archaeological remains can provide valuable insights into the lifestyle and health of ancient hominins. Archaeologists have attempted various non-destructive techniques to accurately quantify bone mass, but each method has its limitations and its accuracy is debated. We utilized dual-energy CT to evaluate the bone density of 30 hominid individuals ranging from the Age to the early Iron Age. Our results show that compared with single-energy CT, dual-energy CT color-coded imaging can better display the preservation of cancellous bone in the medullary cavity. The virtual calcium measurement technology based on air-water substance can assess the bone calcium content, and the virtual calcium value can accurately show the bone loss pattern of trabecular bone related to age, with the measurement demonstrating good repeatability. The color-coded imaging technique and virtual calcium value technique of dual-energy CT are a reliable and non-invasive technique to evaluate the quality of ancient human bone. Ancient humansbone lossdual-energy CTliver virtual noncontrastcontrast agent density. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 111. Introduction1. is a disorder marked by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue architecture, leading to fractures due to fragility (Compston et al. 2019). Osteoporosis can be classified as primary or secondary, with variables like aging, female menopause, and hormone therapy contributing to its development (Lane 2006). 50% of women and 25% of men over 50 will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture throughout their lives. Osteoporosis causes over 1. 5 million fractures per year, including 300,000 hip fractures, around 700,000 vertebral fractures, 250,000 wrist fractures, and over 300,000 fractures in various locations (Masi 2008). Bone mineral density (BMD) is frequently utilized in clinical assessments of bone health. As bone mineral density decreases, the severity of osteoporosis increases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evaluation of archaeological remains, specifically ancient human bones, through dual-energy CT. It notes that there are limitations and debates regarding the accuracy of various non-destructive techniques used to assess bone quality, implying that not all ancient remains are perfectly preserved—contradicting the assertion that all such remains are 'perfectly' preserved in saltwater lakes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: One advantage of this approach is that it provides a notion of how likely it is to find conductances within a search range that will produce the activity. In the landscape approach, we find solutions by optimization and – without further analysis – we do not know how likely a given solution type is. This approach has the advantage that it can be scaled to include large numbers of parameters. Additionally, if a particular solution is interesting, we can use genetic algorithms on successful target functions to ‘breed’ as many closely related models as desired. Ultimately, any optimization heuristic requires blind testing random combinations of the parameters, and developing quantitative criteria for screening solutions in a database results in some sort of score function, so the two approaches are complementary. A successful target function can determine if a random perturbation results in disruption of the activity and this can be used to perform population-based sensitivity analyses (Devenyi and Sobie, 2016). Regardless of the optimization approach, most work is devoted to the design of successful target functions. Different modeling problems require different target functions (Roemschied et al. , 2014; Fox et al. , 2017; Migliore et al. , 2018) and one challenge in their design is that sometimes we do not know a priori if the model contains solutions that will produce good minima. In addition, a poorly constrained target function can feature multiple local minima that could make the optimization harder, so even if there are good minima they may be hard to find. One difference between the landscape functions in Achard and (2006) and the ones utilized here is that in their setup model solutions are compared to a target time series via a phase-plane method. The functions introduced in this work use an analysis based on Poincaré sections or thresholds to characterize the waveform and to define an error or score. Instead of targeting a particular waveform, we ask that some features of the waveform – such as the frequency and the burst duration – are tightly constrained, while other features – such as the concavity of the slow waves – can be diverse. This is motivated by the fact that across individuals and species, the activity of the pyloric neurons can be diverse but the neurons always fire in the same sequence and the burst durations have a well-defined mean. Our approach is successful in finding hundreds of models that display a target activity in minutes using a commercially available desktop computer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding pollution elimination. Instead, it discusses optimization methods and modeling in computational scenarios, lacking any reference or relevance to pollution or technology aimed at its elimination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL–1β: Interleukin–1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the potential of curcumin to improve ACR-induced neuroinflammation and emphasizes its anti-inflammatory properties. It states that 'curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property,' directly linking curcumin's effects to anti-inflammatory action.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient human remains are perfectly preserved in saltwater lakes. [SEP] Text: Archaeology often focuses on studying the bone health of ancient humans, although diagnosing osteoporosis through paleopathology is challenging (Brickley and Mays 2019). Bone remains are influenced by burial settings, leading to variations in bone preservation quality. The absence of standardized diagnostic criteria and consistent methodologies results in significant variability in research examining bone loss patterns. Currently, diagnostic methods in archaeology are categorized into two types: damaging and non-damaging examination methods. The damaging methods include histometrics(Roberts and Wakely 1992), electron microscopy(Bereshiem et al. 2019), elemental analysis(Schug 1997) and Micro-CT(Tarasiuk et al. 2023). These methods can analyze bone loss and remodeling patterns, providing relatively accurate assessments. However, they require analyzing bone tissues in slices, which compromises the integrity of the specimens. Ancient human bone specimens hold significant archaeological significance and once destroyed, further research becomes impossible. Therefore, protective measures are necessary to safeguard these specimens for ongoing research. Common diagnostic tools in paleopathology include non-invasive tests such as X-ray(Gilmour et al. 2021), low angle X-ray(Farquharson et al. 1997), quantitative ultrasound(Pasini et al. 2023), dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)(Brødholt et al. 2021), and quantitative computed tomography (QCT)(Korpinen et al. 2023). These tests offer unique diagnostic advantages. The second metacarpal index, commonly used in X-ray, is a reliable diagnostic tool for assessing bone loss patterns. Research indicates that lifestyle does not impact the accuracy of this index (Mays 2015), although it necessitates meticulous specimen preservation. The second metacarpal index is a widely used diagnostic tool that has been proven to be a dependable way for identifying bone loss patterns in various investigations. Quantitative ultrasound is a developing noninvasive method for measuring bone density. It has been found to be diagnostically significant for age-related bone loss in archaeology. However, it has limitations and inaccuracies because it cannot assess cancellous bone in archaeological specimens, which can only be evaluated in cortical bone. DXA is considered the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis in clinical settings and is commonly used in archaeology. However, there are significant discrepancies in the test results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how bone preservation quality varies greatly depending on burial settings, stating that ancient human remains are influenced by these conditions, which can lead to significant variability. The passage emphasizes the challenges in diagnosing bone health and notes that preservation is not uniform, thus debunking the idea that all remains, including those in saltwater lakes, are perfectly preserved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Application of evolutionary techniques to optimize these functions provides a natural means to model the intrinsic variability observed in biological populations. One of the main benefits of computational modeling is that once a behavior of interest is successfully captured we then possess a mechanistic description of the phenomena that can be used to test ideas and inform experiments (Coggan et al. , 2011; Lee et al. , 2016; Devenyi and Sobie, 2016; Gong and Sobie, 2018). As the models gain biophysical detail these advantages wane in the face of the complexity imposed by larger numbers of variables and parameters. Conductance-based models of neural activity generate large amounts of data that can be hard to visualize and interpret. The development of novel visualization procedures has the potential to assist intuition into the details of how these models work (Gutierrez et al. , 2013). Here, we introduced a novel representation of the dynamics of the ionic currents in a single compartment neuron. Our representation is simple and displays in a concise way the contribution of each current to the activity. This representation is easily generalizable to multi-compartment models and small networks, and to any type of electrically excitable cell, such as models of cardiac cells (Britton et al. , 2017). We employed these procedures to build many similar bursting models with different conductance densities and to study their response to perturbations. The responses of the models to current injections and gradual decrements of their conductances can be diverse and complex. Inspection of the ISI distributions revealed wide ranges of parameter values for which the activity appears irregular, and similar regimes can be attained by gradually removing some of the currents. Period doubling routes to chaos in neurons have been observed experimentally and in conductance-based models (Hayashi et al. , 1982; Hayashi and Ishizuka, 1992; Szücs et al. , 2001; Canavier et al. , 1990; Xu et al. , 2017). The sort of bifurcation diagrams displayed by these models upon current injection are qualitatively similar to those exhibited by simplified models of spiking neurons for which further theoretical insight is possible (Touboul and Brette, 2008). Period doubling bifurcations and low dimensional chaos arise repeatedly in neural models of different natures including rate models (Ermentrout, 1984; Alonso, 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses computational modeling, neural activity, and various techniques in biological research, but it does not address pollution or the application of current technologies to eliminate it. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in various studies, particularly its role in attenuation of inflammatory responses, as indicated by references to 'Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses' and 'Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.' These references suggest that curcumin indeed has effects that align with the claim regarding its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient human remains are perfectly preserved in saltwater lakes. [SEP] Text: The site is known to have been a land and water post during the Yuan Dynasty, as confirmed by archaeologists at Jilin University's Laboratory. Fresh cow hooves are obtained from the front hooves of recently slaughtered cows at the abattoir. Ancient human remains from the in Xinjiang were gathered at the of Jilin University. Cemetery is situated on the Gobi terrace, 3 kilometers south of in Yar Township, Turpan City. Based on the study of unearthed artifacts, it is estimated to date back to around the 8th century B. C. dating back to the 5th century B. C. , from the Age to the Age. Basin features an arid climate, which has led to the good preservation of bones. The sex and age of the specimens at the time of death are also identified. Thirty adult specimens, consisting of 19 females and 10 males, were chosen for the experiment. A total of 55 femurs and 54 humeri were included in the study. There was no notable erosion observed on the cortical bone surface of any archaeological specimens. 2. 2 examinations were scanned at the Department of Radiology at the second hospital of Jilin University, depended on a second-generation 128-section dual-source unit operating in dual-energy mode (Flash; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). The settings for both x-ray tubes were consistent: the tube A was set at 80 kV of voltage and 111mAs, whereas tube B was set at 150 kV with a Sn filter and 74 mAs. Scanning settings were as follows: rotation time, 0. 5 seconds; temporal resolution, 290 milliseconds; and pitch, 0. 6. All bones are organized with the long axis parallel to the CT examination bed and the short axis perpendicular to the CT examination. Images were reconstructed using a kernel of 130f, a section thickness of 0. 75 mm, and an increment of 0. 5 mm. Single-energy mode CT scan set the voltage 120kV, slice thickness 0. 75mm, slice increment 0. 5mm. 2. 3 DECT Quantification of Referring to the bone marrow configuration file of dual-energy analytic software (Syngo. via-software V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the climate where the ancient human remains were found is arid, which implies that preservation is not dependent on saltwater environments. It notes that the conditions led to the good preservation of bones, but does not support the idea that all ancient remains are perfectly preserved specifically in saltwater lakes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: The bursters studied here are close (in parameter space) to aperiodic or irregular regimes suggesting that such regimes are ubiquitous and not special cases. We showed that in these model neurons similar membrane activities can be attained by multiple mechanisms that correspond to different current compositions. Because the dynamical mechanisms driving the activity are different in different models, perturbations can result in qualitatively different scenarios. Our visualization methods allow us to gather intuition on how different these responses can be and to explore the contribution of each current type to the neural activity. Even in the case of single compartment bursters, the response to perturbations of a population can be diverse and hard to describe. To gain intuition into the kind of behaviors the models display upon perturbation, we developed a representation based on the probability of the membrane potential V. This representation permits displaying changes in the waveform of V as each current is blocked. This representation shows that the models respond to perturbations in different ways, but that there are also similarities among their responses. A concise representation of the effect of a perturbation is a necessary step towards developing a classification scheme for the responses. Materials and methods Numerical data and data analysis and plotting code, sufficient to reproduce the figures in the paper are available on Repository ( Model equations Request a detailed protocol The membrane potential V of a cell containing N channels and membrane capacitance C is given by: (5) CdVdt=Ie-∑i=18Ii. Each term in the sum corresponds to a current Ii=gimpihqi(V-Ei) and Ie is externally applied current. The maximal conductance of each channel is given by gi, m and h are the activation and inactivation variables, the integers pi and qi are the number of gates in each channel, and Ei is the reversal potential of the ion associated with the i-th current. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address pollution or the effectiveness of current technologies in eliminating pollution. It primarily discusses the dynamics of model neurons and their responses to perturbations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding pollution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. K M DJ Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of a combination of fish oil and ferulic acid against 3-nitropropionicacid-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats: behavioural and biochemical evidence. Nutr Metab. 2014;39(4):487-96. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018);68(4):213-21. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that imply curcumin's beneficial effects in various health contexts, such as its neuroprotective applications and its role in managing inflammation and oxidative stress in different animal models. While the text does not directly state that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties, the context of its restorative and protective effects suggests it contributes to reducing inflammation, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient human remains are perfectly preserved in saltwater lakes. [SEP] Text: 2020), which can better present the situation of bone trabecula in the intramedullary cavity, and is widely used in the diagnosis of bone marrow edema and occult fracture with a sensitivity and specificity of up to 95% (Kellock et al. 2017). When we processed the data using color imaging in our experiment, we also observed certain cavities in the bone marrow cavity of some specimens, which may be due to the invasion of various bacteria in the buried geology. When identifying the ROI area, color imaging can avoid highlighting the huge number of missing trabecular bone. Our experimental data demonstrate that the virtual calcium value measurements of femoral head and femoral neck have a substantial association with age. The BMD of women in this site hits its peak at 20–25 years old, and subsequently diminishes with age, and decreases significantly beyond 35 years old. This is comparable to the results of Frigo et al (Frigo et al. 1995). However, no trend of bone loss was detected in males, which may be attributable to the limited sample size or the different socioeconomic division of work between males and females in this group. People in the have various ways of living, mainly animal husbandry and hunting, in addition to a certain degree of agricultural planting and collecting economy, with men mainly responsible for production and women mainly responsible for life. The factors impacting bone health in men are more complex than those in women. The loss of cortical bone thickness has a lag relative to the decline in trabecular bone mass, and clinical studies have shown that a linear decline in cortical thickness of the second metacarpal bone occurs only at 40 years of age in males and 50 years of age in females(Fox et al. 1995). However, the survival pressure of ancient humans is great and the overall survival period is not long, while most of the metacarpals excavated in archaeological regions are disfigured or outright absent, which limits their application in ancient people. Compared to metacarpals, femurs and humeri are more likely to be preserved. Literature reveals that the femoral cortical index correlates substantially with the severity of mechanical stress on the femoral stem and is a good criterion for determining the biological age of the femur (Wyczołkowski et al. 1990). Also a decrease in femoral cortical index is a good sign for measuring bone fragility and predicting hip fracture(Feola et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the preservation of ancient human bones, noting that 'most of the metacarpals excavated in archaeological regions are disfigured or outright absent', which indicates that not all remains are perfectly preserved. It further explains that femurs and humeri are more likely to be preserved compared to metacarpals, suggesting that preservation varies and is not uniform.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: The reversal potential of the Na, K, H and leak currents were kept fixed at ENa=30mV, EK=-80mV, EH=-20mV and Eleak=-50mV while the calcium reversal potential ECa was computed dynamically using the Nernst equation assuming an extracellular calcium concentration of 3×103μM. The kinetic equations describing the seven voltage-gated conductances were modeled as in Liu et al. (1998), (6) τmi(V)dmidt=m∞i(V)−miτhi(V)dhidt=h∞i(V)−hi. The functions τmi(V), m∞i(V), τhi(V) and h∞i(V) are based on the experimental work of Turrigiano et al. , 1995 and are listed in refs. (Liu et al. , 1998; Turrigiano et al. , 1995). The activation functions of the KCa current require a measure of the internal calcium concentration [Ca+2] (Liu et al. , 1998). This is an important state variable of the cell and its dynamics are given by, (7) τCad[Ca+2]dt=-CaF(ICaT+ICaS)-[Ca+2]+Ca0. Here, CaF=0. 94μMnA is a current-to-concentration factor and Ca0=0. 05μM. These values were originally taken from Liu et al. and were kept fixed. Finally, C=10nF. The number of state variables or dimension of the model is 13. We explored the solutions of this model in a range of values of the maximal conductances and calcium buffering time scales. The units for voltage are mV, the conductances are expressed in μS and currents in nA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the reversal potentials and kinetic equations of ionic currents in cells, which does not address pollution or technologies related to its elimination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. Krishnan M, Kang SC. Vitexin inhibits acrylamide-induced neuroinflammation and improves behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019;74:106811. TableTable 1. Effect of curcumin on the levels of and GSH-Px in cerebral homogenates prepared from ACR intoxicated rats (n = 10, mean ± SD). Groups MDA (nmol/mg prot) GSH (mg/g prot) SOD (U/mg prot) GSH-Px (U/mg prot) Normal 0. 425±0. 141 4. 41±0. 58 60. 21±5. 38 14. 81±1. 95 ACR 1. 133±0. 352 ** 2. 30±0. 47** 52. 72±6. 94 ** 10. 36±1. 84 ** ACR+curcumin 50mg/kg 0. 918±0. 322 2. 77±0. 46 # 53. 89±8. 02 12. 58±1. 96 # ACR+curcumin 100mg/kg 0. 854±0. 216 # 2. 92±0. 59 # 59. 16±6. 46 # 13. 15±1. 87 ## **P < 0. 01 compared to the corresponding control rats. # P < 0. 05, ## P < 0. 01; compared with the corresponding ACR group. Supplementary FilesNC3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains research data indicating the effects of curcumin on various biomarkers related to inflammation. It mentions specific changes in the levels of oxidative stress parameters when comparing experimental groups, suggesting that curcumin has a role in modulating inflammatory responses, thereby corroborating the claim that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient human remains are perfectly preserved in saltwater lakes. [SEP] Text: 2015b). Decrease in humeral cortical thickness has also been proven to be a good predictor of humeral humeral bone density and is a sensitive technique of ruling out osteoporosis (Schmidutz et al. 2021). The experimental data showed that the cortical index of femur and humerus decreased with age, but the decrease of humerus cortical index was not statistically significant. This may be related to the archery of the crowd, and heavy tension bows were unearthed in the cemetery, which were much stronger than modern people, which may have resulted in the upper limbs of some people. Therefore, we recommend femur as the reference material for the comparison of ancient human bone. Both non-destructive in archaeology such as DXA and QCT have their advantages of application, but the accuracy of their measurements is also questionable. We applied a relatively advanced imaging technique, DECT, which can better present the state of the preserved structure of the trabecular bone inside the bone marrow cavity by applying advanced post-processing software algorithms to assess the bone quality of the retained trabecular bone, and at the same time comprehensively assess the state of the bone quality of the cortical bone through cortical bone measurements. We recommend using dual-energy CT to evaluate trabecular bone density and cortical index to evaluate cortical bone health. Therefore, we believe that the technical advantages of DECT can provide a comprehensive assessment of the bones of ancient human remains, and the virtual calcium value based on the air-water algorithm are good indicators for assessing the bone health of ancient humans. 5. ConclusionDual-energy CT technology is currently an advanced and non-destructive inspection technology, which can display the bone preservation status of archaeological specimens relatively accurately. The measured virtual calcium value can be used as a parameter to evaluate bone, so it has potential application in ancient human bone archaeology. DeclarationsCRediT authorship contribution statement Min Yi: Date curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft. Jianhua Liu: Formal analysis, Methodology. Quanchao Zhang: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources,Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Yanguo Qin: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Declaration of competing interest There are no conflicts of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various advanced imaging techniques (such as dual-energy CT) used to assess the preservation of ancient human bones, indicating that the preservation status can vary and is not guaranteed to be perfect. It highlights the complexities involved in evaluating the condition of ancient remains, which implies that they are not all perfectly preserved, conflicting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Voltage traces were obtained by numerical integration of Equation 5 using a Runge-Kutta order 4 (RK4) method with a time step of dt=0. 1msec (Press et al. , 1988). We used the same set of initial conditions for all simulations in this work V=-51mV, m,hi=0 and [Ca+2]=5μM. For some values of the parameters, the system (Equation 5) can display multistability (Cymbalyuk et al. , 2002; Shilnikov et al. , 2005). Optimization of target function Request a detailed protocol Optimization of the objective function Equation 2 is useful to produce sets of parameters g that result in bursting regimes. In this work, the optimization was performed over a search space of allowed values listed here: we searched for gNa∈[0,2×103] ([μS]), gCaT∈[0,2×102], gCaS∈[0,2×102], gA∈2×[0,102], gKCa∈[0,2×103], gKd∈[0,2×102], gH∈[0,2×102], gL∈[0,2×10], τCa∈[0,103] ([msecs]). We minimized the objective function using a standard genetic algorithm Holland (1992). This is optimization technique is useful to produce large pools of different solutions and is routinely utilized to estimate parameters in biophysical models (see for example Assaneo and Trevisan, 2010). The algorithm was started with a population of 1000 random seeds that were evolved for ≈10000 generations. The mutation rate was 5%. Fitter individuals were chosen more often to breed new solutions (elitism parameter was 1. 2 with 1 corresponding to equal breeding probability). The computation was performed on a multicore desktop computer (32 threads) and takes about ≈1 hr to produce good solutions. a detailed protocol The currentscapes are stacked area plots of the normalized currents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses numerical integration methods and optimization techniques used in simulations but does not address pollution or suggest that it can be eliminated by any technologies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 3posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackground: Acrylamide (ACR) formed during heating of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich food as well as widely applied in industries has been known as a well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. Results: ACR-induced weigh loss, deficits in motor function as well as pathological alterations in brains were significantly improved in rats administrated with 50 and 100 mg/kg curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing a study that assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide in rats. The study reports that curcumin administration significantly improved pathological alterations and was involved in measuring levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, indicating its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetics has proven that all humans descend directly from a single pair of individuals. [SEP] Text: Individuals in all compartments are exposed to primary infections at rate λ, following which they will move down the flow diagram to a compartment representing blood-stage infection and carrying a greater number of hypnozoites. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset 1 Description of model parameters ParameterDescriptionValueReferenceWithin-host Nnumber of hypnozoites per infection8. 5estimate* αrate of hypnozoite activation1/332 day−1estimate* µrate of hypnozoite/hepatocyte death1/425 day−1estimate* dduration of temperate long-latency180 days(Battle et al. , 2014) σdstandard deviation of temperate long-latency30 days(Battle et al. , 2014) Mnumber of compartments for simulating long-latency: M = (d/σd)236 δrate of progression through long-latency compartments: δ = M/d0. 2 day−1Humans btransmission probability: mosquito to human0. 5(Smith et al. , 2010) rrate of clearance of blood-stage infections1/60 day−1(Collins et al. , 2003) frelapse frequency (1/time to first relapse)1/76 day−1Equation 6 hexpected number of relapses4. 7Equation 4 γrate of hypnozoite clearance1/420 day−1Equation 5Mosquitoes amosquito biting frequency0. 21 day−1(Garrett-Jones, 1964) gmosquito death rate (1/mosquito life expectancy)0. 1 day−1(Gething et al. , 2011b) mnumber of mosquitoes per humancalculated nduration of sporogony in mosquito12 days(Gething et al. , 2011b) ctransmission probability: human to mosquito0. 23(Bharti et al. , 2006) * Based on estimates from Asian tropical strains. Additional files Supplementary file 1 Estimated parameters for the within-host relapse. Download elife-04692-supp1-v2. docx Source data 1 ‘Individual_Level_Relapse_Data. xlsx’: Data on time to first relapse infection from Battle et al 2014, 13:144. Download elife-04692-data1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses parameters related to within-host relapse of infections and does not mention anything about genetics or human ancestry. It focuses on infections and does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim concerning human descent from a single pair of individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Although it is easy to describe their meaning, a precise mathematical definition of the images in Figure 2 can appear daunting in a first glance. Fortunately, the implementation of this procedure results in simple python code. The time series of the 8 currents can be represented by a matrix C with 8 rows and nsecs×1dt=N columns. For simplicity, we give a formal definition of the currentscapes for positive currents. The definition is identical for both current signs and is applied independently for each. We construct a matrix of positive currents C+ by setting all negative elements of C to zero, Ci,j+=Ci,j∣Ci,j>0 and Ci,j+=0∣Ci,j≤0. Summing C+ over rows results in a normalization vector n+ with N elements nj+=∑iCi,j+. The normalized positive currents can be obtained as C^+=C+/n+ (element by element or entry-wise product). Matrix C^+ is hard to visualize as it is. The columns of C^+ correspond to the shares of each positive current and can be displayed as pie charts (see Figure 2). Here, instead of mapping the shares to a pie we map them to a segmented vertical ‘churro’. The currentscapes are generated by constructing a new matrix CS whose number of rows is given by a resolution factor R=2000, and the same number of columns N as C. Each column j of C^+ produces one column j of CS. Introducing the auxiliary variable pi,j=C^i,j+*R we can define the currentscape as, (8) CSi,j=k∣∑mkpm,j≤i<pk+1,j+∑mkpm,j. The current types are indexed by k∈[0,7] and we assume ∑mk=0pm,j=0. The black filled curve in Figure 2B corresponds to the normalization vector n+ plotted in logarithmic scale. We placed dotted lines at 5nA, 50nA and 500nA for reference throughout this work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mathematical and coding processes related to a matrix of currents without addressing the topic of pollution or the potential for its elimination through current technologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains were less than those in the ACR model group. Curcumin administration especially at the dose of 100 mg/kg upregulated the TERT mRNA expression and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues. Moreover, curcumin treatment reduced the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA, while increased the GSH contents as well as the SOD and GSH-Px activities in the cerebral homogenates, in comparison to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during the high-temperature processing of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich foods, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the effects of curcumin as anti-inflammatory. It states that curcumin treatment reduced the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, suggesting its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, the conclusion mentions the data suggested anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity, which directly supports the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetics has proven that all humans descend directly from a single pair of individuals. [SEP] Text: The x-axis represents k1 which is the fraction of the genome where two individuals share 1 allele IBS at a given SNP. The y-axis represents k2, which is the fraction of the genome where a pair of individuals share 2 alleles IBS. Each grey dot represents a pairwise relationship between two BioMe participants. Directly related pairs of individuals can be identified based on observed levels of IBS sharing (which is expected to be high for directly related individuals). Directly related individuals were detected in both the AA and HL populations. No directly related individuals are detected in either the AJ or Non-populations. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Analysis of all BioMe participants show extensive global genetic diversity. Participants from BioMe are represented in shades of grey, with dark grey representing US-Born BioMe participants, and light grey representing Non-US born participants. Global reference panels from the 1KGP are also represented, here colored based on their continental region, with African samples in blue, European samples in red, samples in purple, samples in yellow, and samples from the Americas in green. BioMe participants fall across the spectrum of global diversity. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Analysis in BioMe AA and EA reveals sub-continental structure. (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) of BioMe AA individuals (grey) reveal that the majority of individuals fall on a cline between the European (red) and African (blue) reference panels, suggesting that they have varying proportions of African and European admixture. A small number of AA individuals cluster near the reference panel (yellow), investigation of questionnaire information for these individuals revealed them to mostly have been born in Trinidad and Tobago. (B) PCA analysis of BioMe EA reveals 39% of participants cluster with the reference panel. Non-EA individuals cluster with other European samples from the 1KGP reference populations, namely; the Finnish in Finland (FIN; blue), the British in England and Scotland (GBR; green), the Iberian population in Spain (IBS; pink) and the Toscani in Italia (yellow: TSI). Some BioMe individuals fall on a cline on PC1 between the and non reference panels. We suspect that this may be the result of recent admixture between Ashkenazi and Non-Europeans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of genetic diversity among individuals within the BioMe dataset. It describes the analysis of genetic relationships showing varying degrees of admixture between populations and does not support the idea of all humans descending from a single pair of individuals. Instead, it highlights extensive global genetic diversity and varying ancestry among different participants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2013. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000438516. 42232. e9 FigureResearchers have for the first time shown that high-dose chemotherapy consolidation is safe and feasible in the multicenter, cooperative group setting for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma patients. Previously, the had shown that a combined-modality approach using high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed by whole-brain radiotherapy significantly extended median progression-free survival (PFS) to two years. However, concerns regarding neurocognitive toxicity of whole-brain radiotherapy motivated development of alternative, dose-intensive chemotherapeutic strategies as consolidation in primary CNS lymphoma. “At this point I would recommend that no patient with primary CNS lymphoma be treated with whole-brain irradiation as consolidation in first remission,” said the lead author of a multicenter study of the technique, in the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. “There is enough evidence that whole-brain radiotherapy has irreversible and severe neurotoxicities that do not appear to be elicited with high-dose chemotherapeutic approaches. ” In the study, published in the September 1 issue of the Journal of (2013;31:3061-3068), he and colleagues performed a multicenter, Phase II study (CALGB 50202) of high-dose consolidation without whole-brain irradiation in patients without primary CNS lymphoma. The team determined the rate of complete response (CR) after remission induction therapy with methotrexate, temozolomide, and rituximab (MT-R), and noted the feasibility of a two-step approach using high-dose consolidation with etoposide plus cytarabine (EA). Patients who achieved a CR then received EA consolidation. The researchers also performed a prospective analysis of molecular prognostic biomarkers in the setting of a clinical trial. Virtually all (98%) of the patients, median age of 61, had large B-cell lymphoma. “The most appropriate primary CNS lymphoma candidates for high-dose chemotherapy consolidation therapy are patients younger than 75 who are fit enough to tolerate dose-intensive chemotherapy,” Rubenstein said. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the elimination of pollution. It discusses high-dose chemotherapy consolidation for patients with primary CNS lymphoma and the safety and feasibility of various treatment approaches. There is no mention of pollution or technologies that may address it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active constituent in turmeric, a common spice, with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin, as the most active constituent in turmeric, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. It is mentioned that curcumin has been considered a potential natural neuroprotective agent due to its known activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetics has proven that all humans descend directly from a single pair of individuals. [SEP] Text: 95% confidence intervals are represented by blue ribbon. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Integrated haplotype score (iHS) in ancestry individuals at the 9q32 Locus reveals no evidence of selection. iHS scores were calculated along chromosome 9 for BioMe individuals inferred to be of ancestry. No inflation of the iHS score was observed at the 9q32 locus. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Global ancestry proportions for the individuals used as reference samples for RelateAdmix in the BioMe H/L. Global ancestry was calculated using the software at k = 3. Each bar on the x-axis represents a reference population. Individuals have been grouped based on the ancestral populations that they are intended to represent: The YRI from the 1KGP were selected to represent African ancestral populations, the CEU from the 1KGP to represent European ancestral populations, and a separate reference panel to represent ancestry. The y-axis represents the proportion of each ancestral component ‘k’ that has been inferred by to compose each individual’s genome (each summing to 1). Here, the components inferred by broadly correspond to African ancestry (blue), European ancestry (red) and ancestry (green). The selected reference samples do not exhibit any continental admixture. 1 Clinical characteristics of five BioMe participants homozygote, thirty-four carriers and thirty-one non-carriers of the COL27A1. pG697R variant using evidence documented in Records (including billing and procedural codes, laboratory, radiologic, and progress notes) compared to features previously reported in Flynn et al. (2010), and Steel et al. , 1993 for 27 children and 7 adults with Steel syndrome. CharacteristicsEHR-Documented evidenceLiteratureHomozygous children<55yoaBioMeControlsAdults <55yoaSample size (Gender)N (N of females)27 (9)7(6)5 (3)34(20)31(23)AgeMean age (years)12. 835. 451. 641. 840. 6Described CharacteristicsEHR-HistoryN(%)N(%)N(%)N(%)N(%)Short StatureHeight >= 2 s. d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complex genetic data and ancestry that suggests multiple reference populations and the absence of continental admixture. The references to global ancestry calculations and integration of haplotype scores indicate a broader and more diverse genetic framework for humans rather than a direct descent from a single pair of individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: “Remarkably, the PFS of patients over age 60 years was similar compared with that of younger patients—a result that contrasts with previous studies in primary CNS lymphoma. ” He said that although preliminary, this observation does suggest that many of the established prognostic features of the disease may be dependent on treatment-related variables, including radiotherapy. In addition, there may be subgroups of patients with primary CNS lymphoma for whom radiotherapy may be necessary and who may potentially be identified in randomized studies. . : “At this point I would recommend that no patient with primary CNS lymphoma be treated with WBI as consolidation in first remission. There is enough evidence that WBI has irreversible and severe neurotoxicities that do not appear to be elicited with high-dose chemotherapeutic approaches. ”Although median overall survival has not been reached, the researchers calculated an estimated 0. 65 probability for that at four years. There have been 17 deaths, and median survival among the other 27 patients was 4. 9 years. Generally Well-regimen was generally well-tolerated, he said, with the exception of one treatment-related death caused by sepsis in a patient treated as an outpatient after having EA chemotherapy. “This event highlights the recommendation of detailed inpatient monitoring during the neutropenic and thrombocytopenic nadirs expected after the intensive consolidation phase of treatment. On the other hand, myelosuppression during the remission induction phase was mild; few patients required growth factor support; and there was only one case of grade 3 renal toxicity, despite the high doses of methotrexate administered. ” Although there were no reported episodes of severe acute neurotoxicity, detailed post-treatment neurocognitive testing was not performed, he noted. Treatment delay was associated with an adverse outcome. More than half of the patients with more than 30 days of delay in treatment initiation died from their lymphoma, compared with less than 30 percent of patients who started treatment within 30 days—“This has important implications for the management of these patients, and provides evidence that the prompt initiation of therapy after diagnosis may translate to improved outcomes in primary CNS lymphoma. ” Interventions that facilitate early diagnosis of primary CNS lymphoma and intraocular lymphoma may also translate into improved outcomes for patients, Rubenstein added. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about pollution elimination through current technologies. Instead, it discusses medical treatment strategies and outcomes for patients with primary CNS lymphoma, which is irrelevant to the subject of pollution and technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how curcumin administration in ACR intoxicated rats led to significant improvement in body weight and neurobehavioral changes, indicating potential anti-inflammatory effects. Notably, it states that curcumin improved neurobehavioral alterations and reduced pathological changes in the brains of intoxicated rats, which suggests its role in combatting inflammation and injury.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA allows people to live longer if passed down from ancestors with long lifespans. [SEP] Text: Species with very fast telomere shortening rates such as mice have very short lifespans, and species with very slow telomere shortening rates such as humans have very long lifespans [3, 4]. It is interesting to note that species that share a similar longevity in spite of being evolutionarily distant like flamingos and elephants, also show a similar rate of telomere shortening, while evolutionarily closer species like mice and elephants, show very different longevities and also have very different rates of telomere shortening [3]. These findings suggest that longevity can be determined, at least in part, by epigenetic traits, such as the rate of telomere shortening. Furthermore, these findings pose the interesting question of which is the molecular determinant by which higher telomere shortening rates lead to shorter longevities. An obvious answer is that higher rates of telomere shortening will be associated to faster accumulation of critically short/dysfunctional telomeres, which are known to contribute to activation of a persistent DNA damage response stemming from telomeres, which leads to loss of cell viability and aging phenotypes [5, 6]. Thus, species that shorten telomeres at faster rates will reach telomere exhaustion and trigger a persistent DNA damage response earlier than those species that are able to maintain telomeres protected for a longer period of time. A short/dysfunctional telomere is recognized by the cell as an irreparable DNA double strand break (DSB), triggering a persistent DNA damage response which results in phosphorylation of γH2AX, and which eventually leads to cell death and/or senescence [7, 8]. In turn, induction of cellular senescence either owing to critically short telomeres or to other insults is also associated with increased γH2AX levels, involving in some instances the mTOR pathway [9–11]. Thus, accumulation of cells with DNA damage throughout lifespan should also correlate with species longevity. DNA damage has been proposed to be one of the major determinants of aging and lifespan [12–19]. In particular, the abundance of the 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine lesion in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA was previously found to correlate inversely with species lifespan [18, 19], indicating that lower levels of this type of DNA damage are associated with longer lifespans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of telomere shortening in lifespan, suggesting that longevity is influenced by factors like telomere rates rather than mitochondrial DNA specifically. It highlights that shorter lifespans in species like mice are due to fast telomere shortening, which leads to DNA damage and aging phenotypes, rather than directly linking mitochondrial DNA inheritance to longevity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Several factors contribute to having a delayed start after diagnosis, such as community practitioners perhaps not being familiar with the therapeutic options, patients choosing to delay treatment to obtain a second opinion, and the assumption that the disease is incurable. Also found was that a high expression of BCL6 in newly diagnosed patients correlated with shorter survival, suggesting, he said, that this biomarker could prospectively be used in risk-adapted therapy, and that rational application of antagonists to this marker could be used in treatment. “The MT-R EA regimen is well-tolerated and I believe appropriate therapy for the majority of primary CNS lymphoma patients,” Rubenstein said. “Efficient diagnosis, staging, and initiation of therapy may lead to improved outcomes. ” On the basis of these encouraging results, he said, an intergroup study has now begun to compare the use of EA consolidation with myeloablative chemotherapy in a randomized trial in primary CNS lymphoma, in which neither arm involves whole-brain irradiation. “With the intergroup study, we will begin to learn about the relative efficacies and relative toxicities of distinct high-dose consolidative regimens in patients who receive a uniform induction regimen that is well-tolerated,” he said. “A number of important correlative studies are being performed as well that will provide further insight into prognostic risk groups, and I hope facilitate the development of risk-adapted therapies. ” In an accompanying editorial (JCO:2013;31:3051-3053), Tracy T. Batchelor, MD, of Center and School, said that “a sound scientific rationale was employed for the selection of the drugs in the induction and consolidation regimens employed in the trial. ” Each of the drugs selected for the MT-R induction regimen had demonstrated safety and efficacy as a single agent in prior clinical studies in patients with either newly diagnosed or relapsed primary CNS lymphoma. EA had previously been combined as effective salvage therapy in a study of patients with relapsed disease. He called the results of the trial—a median progression-free survival time of four years, and 59 percent of patients remaining progression free at two years—“impressive achievements, comparable with or superior to results obtained in other prospective, multicenter trials with regimens that included whole-brain irradiation as consolidative therapy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about pollution and its elimination through current technologies. Instead, it focuses on factors related to cancer treatment, including diagnosis, therapy options, and clinical trial results related to primary CNS lymphoma. As such, it does not support or contradict the claim regarding pollution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining showed that the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduce the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at the dose of 100mg/kg increased TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR To explored the possible anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of and the activities of -Px in the cerebral homogenates were quantified as measures of the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, the content of MDA was markedly increased, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX were markedly decreased in cerebral homogenates of ACR-treated rats in comparison to the normal control group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, these alterations induced by ACR were significantly ameliorated by curcumin treatment in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the protective effect of curcumin against neuron apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by ACR in rats. Specifically, it mentions that curcumin administration could reduce the number of apoptotic cells and suggests curcumin's anti-apoptotic activity, which is consistent with the claim of curcumin having anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA allows people to live longer if passed down from ancestors with long lifespans. [SEP] Text: Evidence is accruing that people with higher intelligence in early life are more likely to have better diets, take more exercise, avoid accidents, give up smoking, engage in less binge drinking and put on less weight in adulthood. But this too doesn't seem to be the whole story. In an assessment known as the US Study9, higher intelligence test scores at induction were associated with a lower likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome in middle age — a condition combining factors such as obesity, high blood pressure and impaired glucose metabolism. In the same study, higher intelligence was also associated with lower likelihood of dying in 15 years of further follow-up. Adjusting for metabolic syndrome reduced the association of intelligence with total mortality by up to 10%, and with cardiovascular disease mortality by up to 32%. Third, mental test scores from early life might act as a record of insults to the brain that have occurred before that date. These insults — perinatal events, or the result of illnesses, accidents or deprivations before the mental testing — might be the fundamental cause behind both intelligence test scores and mortality risk. So far, little evidence supports this. Both birth weight (commonly used as a marker of fetal development) and parental social class (used as a marker of early-life circumstances) are correlated with intelligence test scores. But, when the associations between intelligence and mortality are adjusted for these factors, the association remains almost unaltered. Perhaps subsequent work may find better indicators of early-life tribulations that have more explanatory power. Fourth, mental test scores obtained in youth might be an indicator of a well-put-together system. It is hypothesized that a well-wired body is more able to respond effectively to environmental insults. This 'system integrity' idea has a parallel in the field of ageing, where some data suggest that bodily and cognitive functions age in concert. Some supporting evidence comes from the finding that simple reaction speed — the time taken to press a button when a stimulus appears — can displace intelligence test scores as an even better predictor of mortality risk10. Reaction-time tasks do not require complex reasoning, and so are unlikely to be improved by education. A major job for the field is to discover better markers for system integrity and to test their explanatory power for mortality. Unclear chain Although intelligence plays a part in health behaviours and health outcomes that contribute to specific causes of death, a clear chain of causation from intelligence to health outcomes and then to death has not emerged. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the relationship between intelligence and various health outcomes, including mortality risk, but does not mention mitochondrial DNA or its effects on longevity related to ancestry. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: There is an extensive literature linking bank capital to a more prudent behavior toward risk in general. However, it is worth noting that the conversion of loans at par may have had a positive—and therefore partially offsetting—effect on net worth by reducing the rate of default by imperfectly hedged bank borrowers. The acronym stands for Bonds, Auditing, Supervision, Information, and Credit Rating. approach was introduced following the Tequila crisis of 1994–95 and relied heavily on providing timely and relevant information on individual banks to both private markets and regulators. In turn, regulators and markets would then use this information to punish banks for excess risk taking: regulators, by imposing higher capital requirements, and markets, by pricing down banks' subordinated debt. For example, the capital-to-asset ratio was 10. 5 percent and the capital-to–risk-weighted-assets ratio was 21. 2 percent. Provisioning had been well above 100 percent of nonperforming loans during 1997–99, but an increase in nonperforming loans owing to the recession brought the provisioning ratio to 77. 1 percent in 2000 (Perry and Servén (2002) based on data from the of Argentina). The acronym stands for a ratings scheme for banking systems based on a composite index of capital adequacy, asset quality, management (percentage of foreign ownership), liquidity, operating environment, and transparency. For example, in Figure 11 in de la Torre, Levy-Yeyati, and Schmukler (2003), voluntary domestic financing of the central government is shown to increase steadily between 1994 and 2001, with banks and pension funds being the major contributors. It should be noted that this behavior was common to a number of emerging economies since the mid-1990s, as documented by a recent study by Hauner (2006). For a sample of 42 middle-income countries, Hauner shows that the share of the public sector in total bank credit grew from 17 percent in 1995 to more than 27 percent in 2003. Barajas and Steiner (2002) analyze recent credit slowdowns in eight countries, including Argentina. Using a breakdown of major changes in banks' balance sheets, the authors rank the relative importance of different factors, such as deposit growth or alternative uses of funds raised. It is interesting to note that, up until 2000, government financing did not appear to be a major factor causing the slowdown in Argentina. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the complexity and structure of languages. Instead, it discusses banking, risk management, and financial regulatory activities, which are unrelated to language complexity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, be responsible for its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program has been well-accepted as a fundamental component in the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is vitally important to prevent against neuronal cell apoptosis, and then limit the brain damage caused by neuronal death [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin. It specifically states that curcumin significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats, indicating its capability to reduce inflammation. The phrase, 'our study showed that ... the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats' supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.