Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View in gallery Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. raw image Fig. 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about microclimates and their effects on weather variations. It describes various meteorological analyses and visualizations, but does not provide any information or evidence related to the existence or impact of microclimates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 1% in China (Yu et al. , 2021), 18. 7% to 24. 2% in eastern European countries (Surkalim et al. , 2022), and 29. 1% in (Kim et al. , 2022). The mortality rate of those who suffer from loneliness is 26% higher than the norm (Holt-Lunstad et al. , 2015). The loneliness of older adults now transcends the problem of individual emotional pain and is emerging as a social problem (Organization, 2021). Social isolation among older people results in an estimated 6. 7 billion dollars in Medicare spending per year (Holt-Lunstad, 2021). Not all socially isolated individuals experience loneliness, and while some individuals may experience loneliness while not being socially isolated, but loneliness is considered perceived social isolation, not objective social isolation (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010). Moreover, loneliness may be a threat to public health comparable to well-established risk factors for mortality such as obesity and smoking, and the impact will be greater in the future (Holt-Lunstad et al. , 2010, 2015)In this respect, maintaining social connection is considered a key element of good aging. However, older people have fewer opportunities to engage in social contact than other age groups (Leist, 2013). Moreover, older people have become more isolated as a result of the social distancing required during the COVID-19 pandemic (Berg-Weger & Morley, 2020). One potential solution to overcoming such barriers is social media (Association [APA], 2020; Casanova et al. , 2021; Silva et al. , 2022). APA (2020) has recommended connecting through social media to stay safe, be informed, and relieve stress during the pandemic. Because social media is a computer-mediated communication channel that is not bound by geographic location or time (Hajek & König, 2021), it provides the possibility for older adults to participate in social contacts (Leist, 2013). The percentage of older adults in the who reported using at least one social media platform has increased steadily from 3% in 2005, to 7% in 2010, to 27% in 2014, and to 45% in 2021 among those aged 65 or older (Center, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning that while social media can help connect older adults and relieve stress, it also discusses the increase in social isolation and loneliness among older individuals, especially intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it indirectly supports the claim by highlighting the need for social connections, suggesting that while social media use has increased, the overall social contact opportunities for older adults have diminished, potentially contributing to feelings of loneliness and anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Reference Tol, Song and Jordans2013b ); and (c) in which local communities are empowered to build on their strengths in a participatory manner. Below examples of evidence-based promotion and prevention interventions in accordance with the different types of intervention are provided: mental health promotion, universal, selective, and indicated prevention. The examples chosen differ in terms of age groups in which they are implemented, and have been implemented in different types of settings in LMICs. These examples were selected to illustrate the breadth of promotion and types of prevention activities across the life span, not necessarily because they have the strongest comparative evidence base in LMICs. Mental health promotion: positive parenting in the early childhood period Early childhood is a critical period in life, in which negative environments may solidify in life-long risks to health and human development, or in which foundations for positive health may be laid. The last decades have seen an upsurge in research in the neurobiological, behavioral, and social sciences, which has greatly increased our understanding of the importance of this period. This research has shown that biology and experience shape each other in a continuous interaction, making the nature v. nurture debate outdated. The early childhood period presents a period of plasticity in which the developing nervous system architecture is particularly sensitive to outside influences. In addition, research has shown that relationships with caregivers and others are critical in this period, either for the promotion of health and development or by constituting central risks (Shonkoff & Phillips, and Phillips2000). For example, the stress response system is highly malleable in the fetal and early childhood period. Frequent activation of the stress response system, in the absence of supportive caregivers, may result in sustained elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol and setting the response system in a ‘high alert’ mode. Sustained high levels of cortisol can damage hippocampal functioning, the brain region important for learning and memory. Conversely, children experiencing secure relationships have more controlled stress hormone responses (Council on the Developing Child, 2005). Given that a key objective of global health is to target health inequities within and between populations (Koplan et al. and Wasserheit2009), it is not surprising that the early childhood period is viewed as an essential window of opportunity (2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significance of early childhood development and mental health across the lifespan, indicating that mental health issues are not limited to teenagers. It references critical periods in health development, particularly in early childhood, which supports the idea that individuals of all ages can be affected by mental health issues, contrary to the claim that only teenagers are impacted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View raw image Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View raw image Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses technical details related to precipitation rates and terrain elevation without directly addressing the concept of microclimates or their impact on weather variations over short distances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 305 1 Loneliness1. 836. 550. 855. 070*1 Media literacy2. 824. 795. 937. 094*. 096*1Note: *p <. 05To test the main effect of social media use and the moderating role of media literacy on the relationship between social media use and loneliness, the relationships between variables were analyzed following the procedure of the model 1 proposed by Hayes (2017). Sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, education, income, employment status, and marital status) were entered into the regression model as control variables. As shown in Table 3, regarding RQ1, social media use was found to have a significant positive effect on loneliness (β =. 006, p <. 05). Regarding RQ2, the interaction term of social media use and media literacy was found to be statistically significant (β = −. 002, p <. 05). The amount of change in R2 by the interaction term was also significant (ΔR2 =. 008, p <. 05), confirming the moderating effect of media literacy. These results indicate that the more people use social media, the more they feel lonely, but this effect differs according to the level of media literacy. Table 3. Main and of Variables. VariablesCoefficient (β)SET95% (ref. female). 009. 063-. 144-. 115. 133Age-. 006. 006-1. 007-. 018. 006Education. 037. 0351. 051-. 032. 106Income-. 017. 019-. 889-. 055. 021Employment status (ref. unemployed). 046. 074. 615-. 100. 192Marital status (ref. currently unmarried)-. 206. 080-. 258*-. 363-. 049Social media use. 006. 0032. 490*. 001. 012Media literacy. 110. 0382. 932*. 036. 184Interaction-. 002. 001-2. 175*-. 003-. 000R2. 040*Incremental R2. 008*F (df1, df2)2. 489* (9, 544)Note: *p <. 05. The significance region of these conditional effects was further examined using the Johnson-Neyman technique. As shown in Figure 2, the score of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that social media use was found to have a significant positive effect on loneliness (β = .006, p < .05). This means that increased use of social media correlates with higher feelings of loneliness, directly supporting the claim regarding social media's impact on emotional well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: The early childhood period provides a chance to ameliorate, for example the pressures of poverty and violence in the home, before they become embedded in children's wellbeing and social functioning. In 2007, an estimated 200 million children in LMICs were not reaching their developmental potential (Walker et al. and Group2007). The identified key risks for suboptimal health and development indicate the value of interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches, in that they reach across several domains: (1) malnutrition and growth (stunting, iodine deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, intrauterine growth restriction, and prenatal maternal nutrition); (2) maternal mental health (maternal depression and stress); (3) social interaction (inadequate cognitive stimulation, institutionalization, and exposure to violence); and (4) infectious disease and environmental health (malaria, HIV infection, and lead exposure). Breastfeeding and maternal education are protective factors (Walker et al. Reference Walker, Wachs, Grantham-McGregor, Black, Nelson, Huffman and Richter2011). The identified importance of inadequate cognitive stimulation and early caregiver relations has spurred interest in parenting interventions in the early years. Such interventions are often implemented by locally trained para-professionals, and have consisted of home visits by community workers or primary health care (PHC) workers, as well as combined nutrition and early stimulation activities through home visits by PHC workers, with most interventions addressing mother–child interaction (for example play, responsive feeding, and communication) (Barry et al. Reference Barry, Clarke, Jenkins and Patel2011). A systematic review of early childhood development interventions in LMICs identified 11 controlled studies and four assessments of scaled-up programs focused on parenting specifically (Engle et al. 'Gara, Yousafzai and Iltus2011). In the 11 controlled studies, substantial positive effects were found for child development, including on cognitive or social-emotional development (nine studies), and parent knowledge, home stimulation, and learning activities with children (two studies). Larger effects have been found for interventions focused on both parents and children and for programs with younger and poorer children, Effects for purely information-based and parent-only interventions have been smaller. According to this review, the most effective programs are those that have systematic training methods, a structured and evidence-based curriculum, and opportunities for parental practice while feedback is provided (Engle et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of early childhood development factors on mental health and wellbeing, highlighting that children are also significantly affected by social environments, violence, and inadequate cognitive stimulation. It mentions that an estimated 200 million children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were not reaching their developmental potential, indicating that mental health issues are not limited to teenagers but can also arise in younger children due to various factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View raw image Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 1290 365 19 PDF Downloads 697 210 11 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Next 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1 Page(s): 1017–1025 09. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses spatial distributions and vertical motions without directly addressing the concept of microclimates or their effects on weather variations over short distances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 874 for media literacy was a point of transition between a statistically significant and a nonsignificant effect of social media use on loneliness. When the media literacy level was 2. 874 or lower (53. 249% of the total sample), as the level of social media use increased, loneliness increased. Conversely, when the media literacy level of older adults exceeded 2. 874 (46. 751% of the total sample), social media use had no significant effect on loneliness. Figure 2. The significance region of conditional effects. DiscussionThe effects of social media use on loneliness among older adults are still subject to debate. The existing literature provides a divided picture whether social media use mitigates or exacerbates loneliness among older adults. The current study clarified the relationship between social media use and loneliness among older adults by considering media literacy as a moderator. Analysis of a total of 554 Korean respondents aged 60–79 years revealed that there was a positive relationship between social media use and loneliness. In other words, loneliness among older people increased as the time spent on social media increased, which aligns with previous studies that found a positive association between social media use and depressive symptoms (e. g. , Hofer & Hargittai, 2021). Considering the use of social media in older adults carries the risk of aggravating loneliness, it is necessary to pay more scholastic attention to determine the boundary conditions in this area. One possibility is that the types of behaviors engaged in using social media might influence mental health among older adults. Active social media use, such as posting videos and photos, was positively related to depressive symptoms among older adults (Lewin et al. , 2022). More scholars need to explore the mechanism behind potential risks of social media use among older adults (Fang et al. , 2019). As an effort to clarify the relationship between social media use and loneliness, this study examined the moderating role of media literacy. The results of this study revealed that the effect of social media use on loneliness was moderated by their level of media literacy. As the amount of time spent using social media increased, loneliness increased for respondents with low-to-middle media literacy, while the level of loneliness was not related to social media use time among respondents with high media literacy. These findings imply that for older people with lower media literacy, excessive social media use can have negative consequences on their mental health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that states, 'As the amount of time spent using social media increased, loneliness increased for respondents with low-to-middle media literacy.' This indicates that increased social media use is associated with increased feelings of loneliness, aligning with the claim that social media can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: 'Gara, Yousafzai and Iltus2011). Universal prevention: addressing intimate partner violence Intimate partner violence is a worldwide highly pervasive phenomenon with well-documented negative consequences for mental health and thereby forms a critical social determinant for mental health. A recent meta-regression of multiple international studies, involving data from 141 studies in 81 countries, found that 30% of women 15 years and older experienced physical, sexual violence, or a combination in their lifetimes. There is considerable regional variation in rates, from 16% in to 66% in central Sub-(Devries et al. Reference Devries, Mak, Garcia-Moreno, Petzold, Child, Falder and Watts2013b ). Among other health consequences, the link with adverse mental health outcomes is well substantiated (Trevillion et al. Reference Trevillion, Oram, Feder and Howard2012). For example, a systematic review of intimate partner violence and depression found that 9–28% of depressive symptoms can be attributed to intimate partner violence (Beydoun et al. Reference Beydoun, Beydoun, Kaufman, Lo and Zonderman2012). Longitudinal studies have revealed statistically significant relations between intimate partner violence depression and suicide, with an odds ratio of 1. 97 for depression across six studies (Devries et al. and Watts2013a ). In the perinatal period specifically there are also consistent relations between intimate partner violence and a range of worse mental health outcomes, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety (Howard et al. Reference Howard, Oram, Galley, Trevillion and Feder2013). Evidence for the effectiveness of interventions aimed at preventing or reducing intimate partner violence in LMICs has been growing rapidly in the last years – with more recent research focusing on prevention rather than response (Ellsberg et al. and Watts2015). From a mental health perspective, the different approaches to prevent or reduce violence can be categorized as universal prevention or selective prevention. For example, a community-based intervention aimed at preventing or reducing intimate partner violence with people regardless of current violence exposure, addresses an important risk factor for mental health at the population level (universal prevention). Interventions in the health care sector with women who have experienced (or who are experiencing) intimate partner violence can be viewed as selective prevention, given that they work with a group at particular risk for the development of mental health problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing mental health impacts related to intimate partner violence, which can affect women 15 years and older, thus indicating that mental health issues are not limited to teenagers. It provides evidence that adults are also significantly affected by mental health problems resulting from social factors, which directly contradicts the notion that only teenagers are impacted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: During periods when microwave data are not available at a location, it uses spatial propagation information obtained from geostationary satellite infrared data to transport the microwave-derived precipitation features (see more technical details online at This study examines data over all available warm-season months (May–August) during 2003–09 on a 23° × 23° domain (25°–48°N, 105°–128°E; Fig. 1a). (GFS) 1° × 1° operational analyses, available every 6 h over the course of this period, are used to provide the corresponding environmental conditions. Our focus area is over the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess–and the adjacent Plains (Fig. 1a), which have similar terrain patterns to that studied in Carbone et al. (2002, see their Fig. 1b) with the exception of predominant slope declines that transverse from northwest to southeast in northern China instead of from west to east over the and adjacent of the United States. The prevailing warm-season midtropospheric steering-level winds over the area of focus are predominantly northwesterly from high terrains to lower plains (not shown). Averaged over all warm-season hours from May to August during 2003–09, the total precipitation over the Plains on the southeastern side of the domain is much higher than that over the plateaus to the northwest (Fig. 1b). The rainfall distribution from the estimate agrees well with the rain gauge observations (e. g. , Qian et al. 2002, their Fig. 1), which adds confidence to the applicability of the dataset as attested by Janowiak et al. (2005), Dai et al. (2007), and Zhou et al. (2008). Figure 1c shows the mean terrain and precipitation along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed focus area in Fig. 1a. A sharp drop in elevation of more than 1200 m from ∼250 to 550 km exists. On average, the higher the terrain is the lower is the warm-season precipitation amount. The averaged precipitation rate increases by nearly a factor of 2 from the top of the plateaus (on the northwest) to the flat plains (on the southeast). 3. The diurnal precipitation cycle and its phase propagation Figure 2a shows the spatial distribution of the diurnal contribution to total precipitation, expressed as a percentage (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the use of microwave and satellite data to analyze precipitation in a specific geographical area. While it mentions variations in precipitation based on terrain elevation, it does not explicitly address the concept of microclimates or variations in weather over short distances. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, once individuals reach a certain level of media literacy, they may be better equipped to deal with the potentially negative effects of social media use on mental health outcomes such as loneliness. The findings provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between social media use and loneliness and how media literacy moderates this relationship. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of educational interventions to increase the digital media literacy of older adults. To decrease the detrimental effects of social media use on older adults, older adults must develop skills to enhance their social capital and satisfy their informational needs using social media. Previous studies (e. g. , Blažun et al. , 2012; Lee & Kim, 2018) provide evidence that interventions promoting media literacy could reduce loneliness. For example, older adults who participated in a mentoring program in the that provided one-on-one technology tutorials showed increased self-efficacy and eHealth literacy and a decrease in loneliness (Lee & Kim, 2018). Nationwide educational programs tailored to the literacy level of older adults could help enhance skills to access, use, analyze, and evaluate social media properly and ultimately contribute to the mental health of older populations. The current findings have important implications for individuals, mental health practitioners, psychologists, and policy-makers. Individuals who use social media may benefit from media literacy training to help them develop the skills needed to navigate social media in a healthy and constructive manner. Mental health practitioners may find it useful to incorporate media literacy training into their interventions for individuals experiencing loneliness or other negative mental health outcomes related to social media use. Community and educational psychologists should make collaborative efforts to build educational programs that support older populations’ social media use to increase their social connectedness and enhance their physical and mental health. Policy-makers may consider implementing media literacy programs in community settings to help individuals develop the skills needed to navigate social media and other forms of media in a healthy and constructive manner. In addition to educational interventions, policy-makers should take the initial step to make a program filtering fake news or harmful information on social media that might mislead older adults with low media literacy. Most studies on the relationship between social media use and loneliness among older adults were conducted in Western countries (e. g. , Aarts et al. , 2015; Casanova et al. , 2021; Hofer & Hargittai, 2021; Lewin et al. , 2022; Ongun et al. , 2016; Silva et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the 'potentially negative effects of social media use on mental health outcomes such as loneliness.' It indicates that media literacy can mitigate these effects, highlighting that previous studies provide evidence that interventions promoting media literacy could reduce loneliness. Specifically, it mentions how educational interventions and media literacy training may help individuals navigate social media healthily, suggesting that without such skills, individuals may indeed face increased feelings of loneliness due to social media use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: The evidence for prevention of intimate partner violence was summarized – together with evidence on interventions for violence against women more broadly – in a recent special issue in the Lancet. In LMICs, several types of interventions have shown to effectively reduce levels of intimate partner violence, including community mobilization; empowerment training for women and girls; group-based training for women and men; as well as economic empowerment interventions combined with gender equality training (Ellsberg et al. and Watts2015). Of the nine studies included in this review, only one directly examined mental health outcomes. This randomized controlled trial in western Kenya found that unconditional cash transfers were associated both with improvements in female empowerment as well as improvements in several wellbeing indicators (happiness and life satisfaction) and a reduction in perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and in levels of the stress hormone cortisol (Haushofer & Shapiro, and Shapiro2013). There remains a need for further studies that directly examine how addressing intimate partner violence translates to prevention of mental disorders. Three strands of knowledge support this as a viable research strategy, including (a) aforementioned epidemiological research that shows strong links between intimate partner violence and negative mental health outcomes; (b) evaluations of intimate partner violence response interventions that show simultaneous reductions in intimate partner violence and mental health symptoms (Hegarty et al. Reference Hegarty, O'Doherty, Taft, Chondros, Brown, Valpied and Gunn2013; Saftlas et al. and Peek-Asa2014); and (c) rigorous evaluations of intimate partner violence prevention interventions showing concomitant results on reduced intimate partner violence and other health outcomes (e. g. HIV incidence) (Jewkes et al. and Duvvury2008; Wagman et al. and Serwadda2012). Selective prevention: school-based interventions for conflict-affected children Just over one billion children globally live in countries and territories affected by armed conflicts and wars (Machel, Reference Machel2009). As noted above, exposure to violence constitutes a well-documented risk factor for child development and mental health in LMICs (Walker et al. Reference Walker, Wachs, Grantham-McGregor, Black, Nelson, Huffman and Richter2011). Exposure to violence has been linked to a range of mental health consequences; the best studied constituting symptoms of PTSD, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders (Attanayake et al. and Mills2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses intimate partner violence and its links to mental health outcomes in various populations, particularly women. It does not mention teenagers, social media, or any specific age group affected by mental health issues, thus not supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 3b–d and 4), implying a semidiurnal rainfall cycle over these areas as was also noted by Yu et al. (2007). The averaged phase propagation speed toward the southeast starting from the top of the mountain ranges is approximately 13 m s−1, which is similar to that of a 14 m s−1 eastward speed in Carbone et al. (2002, their Fig. 2), except that the phase propagation is more coherent in the current study (Fig. 4). Note that Fig. 4 also shows the presence of two parallel, smaller-scale peaks within the primary diurnal peak phase in the plains, separated by ∼100 km in horizontal distance and ∼3 h in time, which is not visible in the filtered maps in Fig. 3. Parallel to the diurnal precipitation peak phase line, there is also a southwest–northeast belt of daily precipitation minimum visible at nearly all hours. The minimum phase is most pronounced at the top the Yanshan–ranges right after midnight, at the sharpest terrain slope during early morning hours, and on the plains in the late morning through early afternoon hours (Figs. 3 and 4). 4. Discussion on diurnal propagation and nocturnal precipitation peaks The speed of phase propagation and the relationship between the local diurnal precipitation maxima and minima may be related to the diurnal variation of a regional-scale, mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation induced by differential heating between the high mountain ranges and the plains over this region. This is evident by examining the mean GFS analysis averaged through the same warm-season months of 2003–09 shown in Figs. 5 –6. The evolution of the MPS circulation over the and the adjacent plains of the United States, along with its impacts on summertime precipitation and other weather phenomena, has been extensively studied (e. g. , Tripoli and Cotton 1989; Wolyn and McKee 1994; Zhang and Koch 2000; Koch et al. 2001; Carbone and Tuttle 2008). Figure 5 shows the low-level (900 hPa) vertical motions and perturbation wind vectors at each GFS analysis averaged over 2003–09. Figure 6 shows the corresponding averaged vertical motions, or the perturbation vertical circulation vectors averaged along the same northwest–southeast cross section as in Figs. 1c and 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence related to the claim about microclimates creating weather variations over short distances. Instead, it discusses diurnal rainfall cycles, phase propagation speeds, and regional-scale circulations in connection with precipitation patterns, which may imply local variations but do not specifically mention microclimates or their effect on short-distance weather variability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: The findings of this study expand scholarly understanding of the impact of social media use in non-Western countries. Considering that Korea has the fastest population aging rate and high social media use among adults, this study’s findings provide useful insights for understanding the effects of social media use among older adults in other countries facing similar circumstances. This study was meaningful as it presented greater clarity of the relationship between social media use and loneliness among older adults by examining the moderating effect of media literacy on the relationship. However, caution is needed in interpreting the results because of the limitations of this study. First, the data were extracted from the 2021 Panel Survey. The sample might not be representative of the national population of Korea. There is a possibility that those in the panel might use more social media and might have a higher level of media literacy than those not included in the panel. Second, the mean age of the sample was 63. 58 years old. Whether there are differences in the effects of social media on loneliness and other indicators of mental health between relatively younger adults (e. g. , individuals aged 60–70 years) and relatively older adults (e. g. , individuals aged 70 years and older) needs further investigation. Third, in the panel survey data, social media use was measured considering only the total time spent on social media. Differences might exist depending on which platform they use and how they use it. Future research should consider various types of social media and usage behavior (such as active vs. passive use, informational vs. socio-emotional use) in examining the relationship between social media use and loneliness among older adults. Fourth, in the panel survey data, media literacy was measured with items focusing on critical understanding and evaluation of information obtained through general media, not specific to social media. Items specifically measuring digital media literacy and various aspects of media literacy, such as information access/search abilities and content-creation abilities, should be employed in future research. Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 1. K. H. Kim and colleagues (2017) media literacy scale originally consists of 4 dimensions with 77 items developed based on the media literacy index of the for (2011). 949. of Science12. of Science2001. Review, 21, 17–23. 10. 1177/14614448211054377573. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between social media use and loneliness among older adults. It specifically mentions that the study provides 'greater clarity of the relationship between social media use and loneliness' which directly supports the claim that social media can influence feelings of loneliness. Therefore, it corroborates the claim by indicating that social media has been linked with feelings of loneliness among older adults.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: However, it is recognized that many children do not show long-term negative mental health impacts of armed conflict, a phenomenon studied under the term resilience. Research on mental health and resilience in children growing up in conflict zones can be particularly informative for the development of selective preventive interventions. A systematic review of the resilience literature has shown that resilience should not be equated to a simple balance of risk and protective factors with universal relevance. Rather, resilience appears to be determined in complex time- and context-dependent processes. For example, longitudinal studies have shown that the same coping methods had different benefits for mental health depending on whether they were applied in an active phase of conflict or in the post-conflict phase. Similarly, political affiliation appeared protective among conflict-affected youth in Nepal, but the reverse was observed in Bosnian adolescents. Different impacts of protective factors have also been observed depending on gender and developmental stage. Such findings underscore the importance of context-sensitive preventive interventions, rather than the application of similar prevention interventions across diverse socio-cultural contexts (Tol et al. Reference Tol, Song and Jordans2013b ). This can be further illustrated by the findings of evaluations of a school-based intervention for conflict-affected children in Burundi, Indonesia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Several randomized controlled trials evaluated the classroom-based intervention (CBI), a manualized group intervention with children aged 8–12 years in 15 sessions over 5 weeks. The CBI combines elements of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral techniques (such as drawings related to adverse events, psychoeducation, and discussion of coping) and creative-expressive activities components (drama exercises, movement, and use of music), aimed at reducing distress and strengthening coping and social support (Macy et al. Reference Macy, Johnson Macy, Gross and Brighton2003). The CBI was implemented as part of a multi-tiered package of services in several conflict-affected settings. Besides the CBI, this package also included school-based mental health promotion, universal preventive intervention, and treatment interventions (Jordans et al. and de Jong2010b and de Jong2013). A brief screening tool was developed to assess eligibility, including exposure to violence and a perceived lack of coping and social support (Jordans et al. Reference Jordans, Komproe, Ventevogel, Tol and de Jong2008, Reference Jordans, Komproe, Tol and De Jong2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mental health impacts and resilience in children, particularly those affected by armed conflict. It emphasizes that mental health issues are not limited to teenagers, as it notes evidence from research involving children aged 8–12 years and highlights the complexity of resilience in various developmental stages, thus indicating that mental health issues can affect younger children as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, because of the decrease of boundary layer friction and turbulent mixing that results in the absence of solar heating, a perturbation low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet has fully developed (Figs. 5c and 6c). This enhances the low-level warm-, moist-air advection from the southwest as well as low-level lifting, both of which are likely responsible for the nocturnal precipitation maximum over the plains (Fig. 3e). By now, strong downslope flows (Fig. 6c) have led to a precipitation minimum over the slopes and foothills (Fig. 3e). A low-level southerly nocturnal jet, parallel to the mountain ranges, is also widely observed over the of the (e. g. , Bonner 1968) and has at least in part been a cause of nocturnal precipitation maxima (e. g. , Higgins et al. 1997). At 0000 UTC (0800 LST), a few hours after sunrise, the upward branch of the remnant MPS circulation remains over the central plains but is substantially weakened while the perturbation low-level southwesterly jet has been completely replaced by the north-northwesterly downslope winds (Figs. 5d and 6d). There is only a very weak signature of the diurnal precipitation peak associated with this upward branch. The minimum precipitation phase is observed over most of the focus domain, except at the eastern corner where the ocean has a strong influence (Fig. 3f). The above diagnosis performed with the GFS analysis demonstrates a strong connection between the evolution of peak diurnal precipitation and the upward branch of an MPS circulation, progressing southeastward from the top of the mountain ranges in the early afternoon to the central Plains in the early morning. The 13 m s−1 propagation speed and direction correspond to a midtropospheric steering level at around 500 hPa (not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the dynamics of a nocturnal jet and its effects on precipitation patterns, focusing on larger meteorological processes rather than the localized variations that microclimates imply. Although it mentions connections between weather events and geographical features, it does not specifically address how microclimates create weather variations over short distances, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: × and Support with 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1, 373 - 382, 29. 12. 2023 Emine Sevinç Tok Aldemir primary objective of this study is to explore the correlations between feelings of loneliness, inadequacy, and social anxiety, alongside virtual social support levels, in relation to the extent of social media addiction. Additionally, the study aims to assess a predictive path analysis model, comprised of these explanatory variables, to enhance comprehension of social media addiction. Targeting young adults aged 18-35, acknowledged for their heightened engagement with internet and social media, the study recruited a total sample size of 250 participants. Data collection involved the use of a and Addiction Scale. Correlation analysis outcomes revealed a significant and positive association between loneliness, inadequacy, social anxiety, virtual social support scores, and the overall social media addiction score. Moreover, multiple regression analysis indicated that all independent variables accounted for 44% of the total variance in social media addiction scores. Lastly, employing a path analysis model demonstrated remarkably high fit indices (CMIN/DF=1. 163; CFI=. 998; GFI=. 997; NFI=. 993; AGFI =. 949; RMSEA=. 034), elucidating direct and indirect relationships between independent variables and social media addiction. 6. (2009) İnsanı Tanıma Sanatı (Çeviri Ed. K Şipal). İstanbul, Say Yayınları. Akdoğan R, (2014) Adleryen grupla psikolojik danışmanın yetersizlik duygusu ve psikolojik belirtiler üzerindeki etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5:280-293. Al-Saggaf Y, (2014) Self-disclosure on facebook among female users and its relationship to feelings of loneliness. Behav, 36:460-468. Ansbacher HL (1992) Alfred Adler, pioneer in prevention of mental disorders. Individ Psychol, 48:3-33. APA (2013) Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, 5th ed (DSM-5). . (2001) Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Soc Netw, 4:377-383. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating a 'significant and positive association between loneliness, inadequacy, social anxiety, virtual social support scores, and the overall social media addiction score.' This suggests that social media addiction correlates with increased feelings of loneliness and anxiety, aligning with the claim that social media can contribute to such feelings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Evaluations through cluster randomized trials have shown diverse mental health benefits of the CBI across settings, and identified a complex set of mediators and moderators of intervention benefits. Intervention benefits were found in Burundi (Tol et al. and de Jong2014), Indonesia (Tol et al. and De Jong2008), Nepal (Jordans et al. and de Jong2010a ), and (Tol et al. and de Jong2012). However, intervention benefits were differentiated by both gender and age (Tol et al. and de Jong2010). Other important moderators of intervention included pre-intervention levels of exposure to conflict-related events (Burundi and Sri Lanka), family-level variables such as household size and family composition (Burundi), and displacement status (Burundi). Moreover, in ongoing sites of conflict (Burundi and Sri Lanka) better outcomes in the control group were identified for some symptom outcomes. Based on these findings, it is clear that context plays a critical role in determining the outcome of preventive interventions. Although more research is necessary to disentangle the specific mechanisms responsible for these diverse findings, they are consistent with the above-described findings in the epidemiological literature on resilience and mental health. Similar to this epidemiological literature, these intervention studies highlight the critical importance of careful tailoring of interventions to target population and contexts. Further work, for example, is required to study how gender-sensitive interventions may result in more consistent outcomes, and how targeting narrower age groups may change outcomes. However, such changes in narrower targeting need to be weighed against the cost-benefit of reaching a smaller population. Critically, the inclusion of trauma-focused elements in prevention programs may need to be reconsidered in areas of ongoing instability (i. e. the trials in Burundi and Sri Lanka). Removing the trauma-focused element in preventive efforts and providing separate evidence-based treatments for children with more severe psychological difficulties may be indicated here. This direction is supported by a randomized controlled trial by Ager et al. (and Boothby2011) which evaluated an adapted version of CBI with displaced children in northern Uganda without specific trauma-focused elements and found positive impacts on child wellbeing. Indicated prevention: preventing postnatal depressive disorder in pregnant women with heightened levels of depressive symptoms Depression forms a critical global health priority. It is characterized by lowered mood, reduced energy, and decreased activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental health issues are not limited to teenagers and that various factors, including gender, age, and context, influence intervention outcomes. The mention of interventions being tailored to different age groups implies that mental health concerns can affect people beyond just teenagers, thus disputing the assertion that only teenagers are affected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Geophys. Res. , 104, 6377– 6402. )| falseSearch 744. Dai, A. , X. Lin and K-L. Hsu 2007: The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes. Climate Dyn. , 29, 727– 744. )| falseSearch 507. Higgins, R. W. , Y. Yao E. S. Yarosh J. E. Janowiak and K. C. Mo 1997: Influence of the low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States. J. Climate, 10, 481– 507. )| falseSearch 3105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. Janowiak, J. E. , V. E. Kousky and R. J. Joyce 2005: Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses. J. Geophys. Res. , 110, D23105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. )| falseSearch 503. Joyce, R. J. , J. E. Janowiak P. A. Arkin and P. Xie 2004: : A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydrometeor. , 5, 487– 503. )| falseSearch 933. Koch, S. E. , F. Zhang M. L. Kaplan Y-L. Lin R. Weglarz and C. M. Trexler 2001: Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain–plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 909– 933. )| falseSearch 2415. Lin, Y. , and F. Zhang 2008: Tracking mesoscale gravity waves in baroclinic jet-front systems. J. Atmos. Sci. , 65, 2402– 2415. )| falseSearch 168. Qian, W. , H. Kang and D. Lee 2002: Distribution of seasonal rainfall in Monsoon region. Theor. Appl. Climatol. , 73, 151– 168. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about microclimates and their influence on weather variations over short distances. Instead, it lists various research sources and their respective studies without discussing any particulars about microclimates or their impact on weather.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Lu W, Hampton KN (2017) Beyond the power of networks: differentiating network structure from social media affordances for perceived social support. Soc, 19:861–879. Martin JM, (2003) Loneliness and social uses of the internet. Behav, 19:659-671. Nalwa K, Anand AP (2003) Internet addiction in students: a cause of concern. Soc Netw, 6:653-656. (2018) The online social support scale: measure development and validation. Psychol Assess, 30:1127-1143. (2015) Üniversite öğrenci̇leri̇nde problemli̇ internet kullanımı, yalnızlık ve algılanan sosyal destek. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23:281-292. (2009) The theory of planned behavior applied to young people's use of social networking web sites. Soc Netw, 12:755-759. (2015) Creating, consuming, and connecting: examining the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness. J Soc, 4:158-172. Polat BA (2009) Firma performansını etkileyen faktörlerin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi. Prizant-(2016) Social anxiety and internet use, a meta-analysis: what do we know? what are we missing? Behav, 62:221-229. Rook KS (1984) Research on social support, loneliness, and social isolation: toward an integration. Soc Psychol, 5:239–264 (1980) The revised : concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J Psychol, 39:472-480. (1978) Developing a measure of loneliness. J Person Assess, 42:290-294. Russell DW (1996) (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Person Assess, 66:20-40. Soykan C, Özgüven HD, Gençöz T (2003) Anxiety Scale: the Turkish version. Psychol Rep, 93:1059-69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several studies and articles that explore the relationship between social media use, loneliness, and anxiety. For instance, the reference 'Creating, consuming, and connecting: examining the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness' directly points to research indicating a connection between social media usage and increased feelings of loneliness. Additionally, the mention of 'Social anxiety and internet use, a meta-analysis: what do we know?' also supports the claim by focusing on the relationship between internet use and social anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Typical symptoms include reduced capacity to enjoy and be interested in activities, severe tiredness after minimum effort, disturbed sleep and appetite, diminished self-esteem, and feelings of worthlessness (Organization, 1990). Of the 7. 4% of disease burden caused by mental and substance use disorders globally, depression is responsible for 40. 5% – constituting the largest mental health contribution to the global burden of disease (Whiteford et al. and Vos2013). Epidemiological research has shown significant variation in prevalence of depression across countries, commonly with an age of onset in young adulthood and an often chronic or relapsing course. Socio-economic disadvantage and exposure to violence are key determinants of depression, and depression itself is associated with increased mortality (e. g. through suicide) (Patel et al. Reference Patel, Simon, Chowdhary, Kaaya and Araya2009). Maternal mental disorders are also associated with worse child health outcomes. A substantial global literature has documented perinatal mental disorders as risks for a broad range of negative child outcomes (including increased risk for premature delivery, lower birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction; attachment difficulties; impaired physical growth and cognitive development; and child emotional difficulties), some of which can persist into late adolescence (Stein et al. and Pariante2014). van Zoonen et al. (Reference van and Cuijpers2014) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent depression globally. Their systematic review focused on randomized controlled trials of prevention interventions (universal, selective, and indicated), with study participants not meeting criteria for major depressive disorder at baseline. Thirty-two studies were identified with a total of 6214 participants, most (30 out of 32) focused on indicated and selective prevention, and 25 of the 32 studies were conducted in the USA and Europe. Fifteen of the studied prevention interventions were based on cognitive behavioral approaches, and five were based on interpersonal group therapy. The quality of the studies was evaluated as relatively high. Overall, the combined interventions reduced the incidence of new cases of depression with 21%. There was low statistical heterogeneity of the effectiveness of prevention interventions between studies. Prevention effectiveness did not differ by prevention type, type of intervention, age group, number of sessions, study country, or target group. Interpersonal group therapy-based interventions showed a lower number needed to treat than cognitive behavioral prevention interventions(7 v. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental health issues, such as depression, affect a broader demographic beyond just teenagers. It presents evidence of the global burden of mental health disorders, with emphasis on the age of onset commonly being in young adulthood. Furthermore, it connects socio-economic disadvantage and exposure to violence as determinants of depression, implying that various age groups, including adults, can experience these issues. The mention of maternal mental disorders impacting child health outcomes also highlights that mental health issues span across different age brackets and affect individuals at various life stages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: )| falseSearch 2461. Trier, S. B. , C. A. Davis D. A. Ahijevych M. L. Weisman and G. H. Bryan 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. , 63, 2437– 2461. )| falseSearch 328. Tripoli, G. J. , and W. R. Cotton 1989: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part II: Analysis of governing dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117, 305– 328. )| falseSearch 419. Wallace, J. M. , 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 406– 419. )| falseSearch 1629. Wang, C. C. , G. T. J. Chen and R. E. Carbone 2004: A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over east Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 132, 1606– 1629. )| falseSearch 1508. Wolyn, P. G. , and T. B. McKee 1994: The mountain–plains circulation east of a 2-km-high north–south barrier. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 122, 1490– 1508. )| falseSearch 1170. Yin, S. , D. Chen and Y. Xie 2009: Diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season over China. Int. J. Climatol. , 29, 1154– 1170. )| falseSearch 1704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. Yu, R. , T. Zhou and A. Xiong 2007: Diurnal variation of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L01704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. )| falseSearch 2796. Zhang, F. , and S. E. Koch 2000: Numerical simulation of a gravity wave event observed during CCOPE. Part II: Wave generation by an orographic density current. Mon. Wea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a compilation of citations for various studies and does not present any information directly related to microclimates or their impact on weather variations over short distances. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: (2007) Family factors of internet addiction and substance use experience in Taiwanese adolescents. Soc Netw, 10:323-329. Young KS (2007) Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: treatment outcomes and implications. Soc Netw, 10:671-679. (2013) Lise öğrencilerinin problemli internet kullanımının sosyal kaygı ve akran ilişkiler açısından incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Yalnızlık, Yetersizlik, Sosyal Kaygı ve Desteğin Bağımlılığıyla İlişkisi Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1, 373 - 382, 29. 12. 2023 Emine Sevinç Tok Aldemir çalışmanın amacı, yalnızlık, yetersizlik ve sosyal kaygı duyguları ile sanal sosyal destek düzeyinin sosyal medya bağımlılığıyla ilişkilerinin sınanmasıdır. Çalışmanın ikinci amacı ise, sosyal medya bağımlılığının anlaşılması için yordayıcı değişkenlerden oluşturulan yol analizi modelinin test edilmesidir. Araştırmanın katılımcıları, alanyazındaki bulgulara dayanarak, internet ve sosyal medya kullanımının en yüksek seyrettiği yaş aralığı olan 18-35 yaş genç yetişkinlerden seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemi toplam 250 katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that aims to explore the relationship between feelings of loneliness, inadequacy, social anxiety, and levels of virtual social support in relation to social media addiction. It explicitly addresses the emotional aspects mentioned in the claim, suggesting that the use of social media could indeed be linked to these negative feelings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: The paper aimed to provide examples to illustrate this breadth by providing examples of promotion and different types of prevention in different life phases: supporting positive parenting in the early childhood period (mental health promotion); community-wide prevention and reduction of intimate partner violence as a critical determinant of ill mental health (universal prevention); school-based preventive interventions for children exposed to conflict-related violence (selective prevention); and preventing the onset of full-scale postnatal depressive disorder in pregnant women with higher levels of depressive symptoms (indicated prevention). A detailed summary of the evidence supporting all promotion and prevention interventions in mental health in LMICs is beyond the scope of this paper, but interested readers may consult a recent report by Barry et al. (Reference Barry, Clarke and Petersen2014). Their summary of evidence for prevention and promotion interventions is briefly summarized in Box 2. Box 2. et al. (Reference Barry, Clarke and Petersen2014) Sufficient evidence in LMICs: - Home visiting programs for new mothers and their babies integrating mental health promotion within routine pre- and postnatal-care services. - Screening and prevention for women at risk of postnatal depression. - Universal social and emotional learning delivered through school-based life-skills programs in primary- and post-primary schools. - Targeted interventions which enhance resilience, cognitive, and coping skills for children at increased risk of depression and anxiety - CBIs for vulnerable children (orphaned by HIV/living in areas of conflict/war) improve psychological and social functioning and coping. - Out-of-school empowerment programs for adolescents/young adults designed to promote youth health through the use of multi-component interventions. - Screening and brief interventions for problem drinkers by PHC workers. - Raised tax/price on alcohol; restricted access to alcohol; and bans on alcohol advertising. - Restricting access to potential lethal means of suicide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various mental health promotion and prevention interventions across different life phases, including early childhood, pregnancy, and interventions for adolescents/young adults. This indicates that mental health issues affect not just teenagers, but diverse age groups such as children, pregnant women, and vulnerable populations, thus refuting the notion that only teenagers experience these issues related to social media.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Rev. , 128, 2777– 2796. )| falseSearch 4010. Zhou, T. , R. Yu H. Chen A. Dai and Y. Pan 2008: Summer precipitation frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China: A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations. J. Climate, 21, 3997– 4010. )| falseSearch 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding microclimates and their effects on weather variations over short distances. Instead, it discusses summer precipitation in China and provides details about study domains and terrain distribution, which are not relevant to the claim about microclimates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Veri toplama araçları olarak, Katılımcı ızlık Ölçeği, Ölçeği, Destek Ölçeği, Kaygı Ölçeği ve Bağımlılık Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Yapılan korelasyon analizi sonuçlarında yalnızlık, yetersizlik, sosyal kaygı ve sanal sosyal destek puanları ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı toplam puanının anlamlı ve pozitif yönde ilişki gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, çoklu regresyon analizi sonucunda tüm bağımsız değişkenlerin sosyal medya bağımlılığı toplam puan varyansını %44 oranında açıkladığı gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, bağımsız değişkenlerin sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkileri yol analizi modeliyle test edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yol analizi sonuncunda oldukça yüksek uyum indeksleri olan bir modele ulaşılmıştır (CMIN/DF=1. 163; CFI=. 998; GFI=. 997; NFI=. 993; AGFI =. 949; RMSEA=. 034). Keywords Yalnızlık, Sosyal Kaygı, kurum bulunmamaktadır. 6. (2009) İnsanı Tanıma Sanatı (Çeviri Ed. K Şipal). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting findings that indicate a significant and positive relationship between social media addiction scores and feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and lack of social support. Specifically, it mentions that the correlation analysis shows loneliness, inadequacy, social anxiety, and virtual social support are positively associated with social media addiction, which aligns with the claim about social media's role in increasing feelings of loneliness and anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: AbstractNews reporting about mental illness lack perspectives of the mentally ill themselves and it is almost exclusively psychiatrists who are accessed when healthcare staff is consulted. The perspective of mental health nurses might contribute to the public understanding of mental illness. The purpose of this study was to describe mental health nurses’ experiences of how mental illness is portrayed in media. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with qualified mental health nurses. A qualitative content analysis resulted in three categories: Negative portrayals of mental illness, Inconclusive images of mental illness and Biased dissemination of different perspectives. The conclusion of this study is that mental health nurses experience media portrayals of mental illness as negative and misleading with too much emphasis on the medical perspective while a holistic mental health nursing perspective is heavily obscured. Mental health nurses need to take a more prominent role in public reporting on mental health to resolve the current lack of relevant facts regarding mental illness. Further research is needed regarding portrayals of mental illness in social media and how the current lack of perspectives affects public perceptions of mental illness. In addition, further studies regarding the viewpoints of journalists reporting on mental illness are required. BackgroundThe stigmatization of people diagnosed with mental illness is well documented, and schizophrenia is in particular a diagnosis that is commonly linked to stigmatization (Angermeyer, Matschinger, & Schomerus, Citation2013; Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014; Read, Citation2007; Read & Harré, Citation2001). People diagnosed with schizophrenia often experience fear of abandonment or exclusion due to their diagnosis and studies have shown that even healthcare staff in the mental health services discriminate against patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). People diagnosed with schizophrenia also run a greater risk of having their integrity and autonomy violated by healthcare staff (Jormfeldt & Hallén, Citation2016; Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). Earlier studies have shown that a biological model for the explanation of the illness increases the public’s fear of mental illness (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013). This increase of fear has been linked to the interpretation that a biological model reduces the individual’s possibility for changing or preventing their symptoms of mental illness. This thus makes people with mental illness appear to be different and unpredictable and becomes an indication that anyone can be affected by severe mental illness (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013; Cross, Citation2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental illness can affect individuals of all ages, not just teenagers. For instance, it mentions that 'anyone can be affected by severe mental illness,' which directly challenges the notion that only teenagers are impacted by mental health issues related to social media. Additionally, the text addresses the broader societal issues of stigma and discrimination faced by individuals with mental illness, particularly those diagnosed with schizophrenia, showing that the issue extends beyond a specific age group.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about microclimates causing variations in weather over short distances. It discusses diurnal precipitation deviations, terrain elevation, and vertical motions but does not explicitly address microclimates or their impact on short-distance weather variations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Kandell JJ (1998) Internet addiction on campus: The vulnerability of college students. Soc Netw, 1:11-17. (2011) Online social networking and addiction: a review of the psychological literature. 8:3528-3552. Küçükali A (2016) Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımı: Atatürk Üniversitesi örneği. Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7:531-546. Liebowitz MR (1987) Social phobia. Pharmacopsychiatr, 22:141-173 (2017) Social network sites influence recovery from social exlusion: individual differences in social anxiety. Behav, 75:538-546. Lu W, Hampton KN (2017) Beyond the power of networks: differentiating network structure from social media affordances for perceived social support. Soc, 19:861–879. Martin JM, (2003) Loneliness and social uses of the internet. Behav, 19:659-671. Nalwa K, Anand AP (2003) Internet addiction in students: a cause of concern. Soc Netw, 6:653-656. (2018) The online social support scale: measure development and validation. Psychol Assess, 30:1127-1143. (2015) Üniversite öğrenci̇leri̇nde problemli̇ internet kullanımı, yalnızlık ve algılanan sosyal destek. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23:281-292. (2009) The theory of planned behavior applied to young people's use of social networking web sites. Soc Netw, 12:755-759. (2015) Creating, consuming, and connecting: examining the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness. J Soc, 4:158-172. Polat BA (2009) Firma performansını etkileyen faktörlerin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to various studies that explore the relationship between social media use and psychological outcomes, including loneliness and social anxiety. For instance, it mentions knowledge from multiple sources such as 'Creating, consuming, and connecting: examining the relationship between social media engagement and loneliness.' This suggests that there is research supporting the idea that social media can influence feelings of loneliness and anxiety, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: A review of studies on influences regarding stigma related to mental disorders in the media maintains that mental illness is the most common form of illness represented in TV and movies (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008). Mental illness was more commonly associated with negative stereotypes compared to somatic illness. News media, newspapers in particular, are a common source of inaccurate and negative information about mental illness and studies have shown that the portrayal of mental illness in news media does not differ from entertainment media in terms of inaccurate and negative information about mental illness (Stuart, Citation2006). An examination of 300 news 2016. Data analysisThe interviews were transcribed in January–March 2018 by the first and second author (ML) and (SK). The transcriptions were coded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis inspired by Graneheim and Lundman (Citation2004). First, the interviews were read several times to gain an understanding of the content as a whole. Meaning units related to the research question were then identified and condensed. The condensed meaning units were then abstracted and given a code. Descriptions of the contents were close to the original statements, rather than interpretations of the content. The codes with a similar content were sorted into subcategories and categories (see Table 1). Table 1. Examples of data analysis. considerationsAll identification markers were removed from the interviews during the transcription process in order to prevent identification of the participants. Sound files and transcribed interviews were stored on a password-protected computer and copies of the interviews were saved on an encrypted USB memory stick that was kept in locked storage. All the participants were informed about the study and any risks associated with participation prior to signing a consent form for participation in the study, which is in accordance with the current Swedish legislation (SFS, Citation2003, p. 460). The most evident risk for the participants was moderate ethical or professional stress, as the interviews entailed topics that could be considered sensitive or controversial from a professional viewpoint. These risks were considered to be sufficiently prevented, as both interviews were experienced researchers, one of whom was also a qualified psychiatric nurse. The participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could terminate their participation at any time without having to give any reason. Furthermore, all the participants had long experience of their profession and had expressed an active desire to participate in the study. The study was approved by the local ethics committee at the Department of Health and Welfare at (Dnr. UI 2018/159). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the broader implications of media portrayal of mental illness, indicating that negative stereotypes about mental health affect a wider audience than just teenagers. It does not specifically limit the influence of media on mental health issues to teenagers, thus suggesting that people of various ages may also be affected by these influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on twitter Abstract1. Introduction2. Precipitation dataset and mean3. The diurnal precipitation cycle and its phase propagation4. Discussion on diurnal propagation and nocturnal precipitation peaks5. Conclusions 850. Bonner, W. D. , 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 96, 833– 850. )| falseSearch 4146. Carbone, R. E. , and J. D. Tuttle 2008: Rainfall occurrence in the U. S. warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Climate, 21, 4132– 4146. )| falseSearch 2056. Carbone, R. E. , J. D. Tuttle D. Ahijevych and S. B. Trier 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci. , 59, 2033– 2056. )| falseSearch 3103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. Chen, G. , W. Sha and T. Iwasaki 2009: Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: Spatial distribution and its seasonality. J. Geophys. Res. , 114, D13103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. )| falseSearch 6402. Dai, A. , F. Giorgi and K. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides technical details regarding atmospheric conditions, including precipitation averages and diurnal cycles, but does not directly address the concept of microclimates or variations in weather over short distances. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 124. 124. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search -19 pandemic is a serious global burden. Epidemiological data suggest that the severity of COVID-19, in particular its case fatality rate, rises strongly with age. It is possible that neither a vaccine nor an effective treatment will be available for >1 year. Thus, it may be necessary for older adults to protect themselves by avoiding direct social contact and practicing social distancing for a rather long period of time. This may result in loneliness and social isolation because, for example, grandchildren cannot visit their grandparents. In turn, both loneliness and social isolation can have serious deleterious consequences (e. g. , in terms of morbidity and mortality). Thus, the question arises: are there ways to mitigate loneliness and social isolation? One way to stay in contact is to use online social media such as Facebook or using video calling software such as Skype. However, there are very few studies examining whether the use of online social media or video chats are associated with loneliness and social isolation in older adults. We sum up some preliminary findings and make a call for further research on the link between online social media use/video chat and loneliness, as well as social isolation, in older adults. Keywords: Social isolation, Social media use, Social exclusion, Loneliness, Video call, Internet use, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2; -19 pandemic has already changed the world and will continue to do so. While the economic and social consequences are not completely predictable, there is little doubt that it will have an effect on many areas of life – at least in the midterm. It is widely acknowledged that the severity of COVID-19, in particular its case fatality rate, increases considerably with age. One possible scenario is that older adults will be forced to stay home for extended periods of time to avoid physical contact with other people (e. g. , when buying food) in order to avoid infection with the coronavirus. This can affect mental health and well-being among individuals in old age [1, 2]. Ultimately, this can also lead to feelings of social isolation (feeling that one does not belong to the society) and loneliness (perceived discrepancy between actual and desired social relationships). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of social isolation and loneliness on older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that the severity of the pandemic necessitates social distancing, which can lead to feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Furthermore, while it mentions ways to maintain contact through social media and video chats, it emphasizes the need for more research on how these methods may be linked to loneliness and social isolation, thus indirectly supporting the idea that social media use may have complex effects on feelings of loneliness and anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: ResultsThe analysis of the interviews resulted in three categories: Negative portrayals of mental illness, Inconclusive images of mental illness and Biased dissemination of different perspectives. In the category Negative portrayals of mental illness the subcategories were: Crimes being linked to mental illness and Stigmatizing reporting on mental illness. In the category Inconclusive images of mental illness the subcategories were: A more positive image of mental illness and Lack of facts in images of mental illness. In the category Biased dissemination of different perspectives the subcategories were: Biomedical mental health emphasis and Absence of psychiatric nursing perspective. An overview of categories and subcategories are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Result categories and subcategories. portrayals of mental illnessCrimes being linked to mental illnessThe participants described experiences of the media linking crimes to mental illness. Participants spoke of the news media reporting on violent crimes and described experiences where the journalists used mental illness to explain why violent crimes were committed. The participants talked of two perspectives regarding the reporting of crimes in media. The first perspective was that people experiencing mental illness were portrayed as dangerous and erratic. The second perspective was that mental illness was used as to explain why perpetrators committed violent crimes without presenting any further elucidation. It is as if mental disorders in themselves are the thing that makes people commit… commit crimes. (Interview 4)Stigmatizing reporting on mental illnessThe participants described that the media, to a varying extent, reported on or portrayed mental illness in a stigmatizing way and spoke of experiences of mental health diagnosis and mental illness being used as invectives in the media. A recurring experience was that the negative portrayal of mental illness in the media was perceived as being intended to label people with mental illness or otherwise group them together to make it easier to generalize about mental illness. The participants expressed that these generalizations of mental illness were negative and upsetting. It is invectives, invectives we are talking about. It was in a fit of psychosis or… a psychotic person that killed someone, not like a cancer-diseased person that killed someone, but it… yeah. It is used to describe… people. (Interview 1)Inconclusive images of mental illnessA more positive image of mental illnessThe participants said that some media gave a relatively positive or unprejudiced image of mental illness. They also spoke of alternatives to the traditional media as contributing with information that was more positive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various portrayals and perceptions of mental illness in the media, indicating that mental health issues are complex and not solely linked to teenagers. The participants' experiences highlight the stigmatization and various narratives surrounding mental illness, suggesting that it affects a broader population. For instance, the discussion of violent crimes linked to mental illness and the portrayal of individuals with mental illness as dangerous implies that these issues extend beyond just the teenage demographic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Trenberth 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycle over the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res. , 104, 6377– 6402. )| falseSearch 744. Dai, A. , X. Lin and K-L. Hsu 2007: The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes. Climate Dyn. , 29, 727– 744. )| falseSearch 507. Higgins, R. W. , Y. Yao E. S. Yarosh J. E. Janowiak and K. C. Mo 1997: Influence of the low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States. J. Climate, 10, 481– 507. )| falseSearch 3105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. Janowiak, J. E. , V. E. Kousky and R. J. Joyce 2005: Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses. J. Geophys. Res. , 110, D23105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. )| falseSearch 503. Joyce, R. J. , J. E. Janowiak P. A. Arkin and P. Xie 2004: : A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydrometeor. , 5, 487– 503. )| falseSearch 933. Koch, S. E. , F. Zhang M. L. Kaplan Y-L. Lin R. Weglarz and C. M. Trexler 2001: Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain–plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 909– 933. )| falseSearch 2415. Lin, Y. , and F. Zhang 2008: Tracking mesoscale gravity waves in baroclinic jet-front systems. J. Atmos. Sci. , 65, 2402– 2415. )| falseSearch 168. Qian, W. , H. Kang and D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of scientific studies and references related to precipitation and weather patterns but does not directly address the claim about microclimates creating variations in weather over short distances. Therefore, it is assessed as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: This has been found to be the case, for example, when grandchildren cannot have direct contact with their grandparents. Loneliness and social isolation are correlated, but they are distinct constructs and differ in their predictors. While individuals can perceive themselves as socially isolated, they may not feel lonely at the same time and vice versa. Nevertheless, both social isolation and loneliness should be avoided because they can have important negative consequences for morbidity and mortality. One possible solution to cope with this situation and stay in contact with others is to use video chats (e. g. , Skype) or online social media (e. g. , Facebook). These solutions may at least temporarily substitute physical contact (e. g. , with friends, acquaintances, children, or grandchildren) in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. It appears plausible that these possibilities can reduce feelings of social isolation or loneliness (e. g. , when seeing their grandchildren on their monitor or smartphone). Moreover, older individuals using video chats or online social media sites to stay in contact with family and friends may think that they are better off than when they did not use such technical possibilities during self-isolation (intraindividual comparison). Thus, they may highly appreciate such technical solutions to overcome feelings of isolation and loneliness. Furthermore, they may compare themselves with other individuals who are not able to participate (e. g. , for health reasons) in video chats or online social media sites (interindividual comparisons) and may realize that they are better off than these individuals. Both intraindividual and interindividual comparisons could lead to decreased feelings of social isolation or feelings of loneliness. To date, very few studies have investigated the association between the use of video chats or online social media and social isolation or loneliness among older adults. We first summarize these preliminary findings before making a call for further research on the association between online social media use/video chat and social isolation among older adults. It is worth noting that we focused on nationally representative samples to present findings which are generalizable to the entire (community-dwelling) population of older adults in the specific countries. We included studies focusing on individuals in their second half of life (i. e. , 40 years and over [3]). Based on nationally representative samples, only 3 studies have investigated the link between online social network sites and loneliness or social isolation among older adults. While a first study focused on various outcomes (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by acknowledging the correlation between loneliness and social isolation and mentioning that there are distinct constructs that affect how individuals feel. It suggests that while social media can provide a temporary solution for maintaining contact during periods of isolation, it also implies that the lack of direct contact can contribute to feelings of loneliness. The discussion around how older individuals using video chats or social media may perceive themselves as better off than those who do not engage with these technologies, supports the idea that social media has complex relationships with feelings of loneliness and anxiety, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Examples of these alternatives were 1177. se (Swedish healthcare’s national information website), social media and the literature published by patient organizations. The participants also talked of experiencing that the media had started to present a more positive image of mental illness, referring to TV-series as positive examples. They also spoke of the news media having started to improve their reporting on mental illness by doing so in a more nuanced manner. I feel as if they are providing a more nuanced picture and that they are comprehensive when discussing mental illness today… and that they’ve even begun to take some responsibility for what they’re writing. (Interview 8)Lack of facts in images of mental illnessParticipants talked of experiences of the media presenting a misleading image of mental illness, in both news reporting and literature as well as in movies. The participants spoke of a lack of facts in the media portrayals of mental illness. This was primarily related to news reporting about mental illness, but was also described in relation to fictional literature and a lack of facts in reporting about what cure or help can be given for mental illness. The participants talked of experiences of the media making false claims about mental illness, and how fictional literature and movies presented misleading images of mental illness. They also experienced that the mental health experts made statements about events or people in the media, despite not having been sufficiently knowledgeable about the individual case to be able to provide a fair picture. Well, you are still talking about psychosis and those things I think are stigmatizing in themselves, instead of talking about what kind of vulnerability or what the person has experienced in life (Interview 8)Biased dissemination of different perspectivesBiomedical mental health emphasisThe participating nurses talked of experiences of a predominantly biomedical perspective in the news media and that psychiatrists were the ones authorized to make statements about mental illness. The participants invariably described the psychiatrists’ superior role and the dominance of the biomedical perspective in public media as being destructive and incorrect. They also spoke about other professional perspectives having been neglected due to the medical focus in the media. Somehow it is often… the psychiatrists who asked to be on the air, to talk and respond to this or that when something has happened. And then… you often end up with the biomedical perspective. (Interview 2)Absence of mental health nursing perspectiveThe participants talked of a lack of a mental health nursing perspective in portrayals of mental illness in the media. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the experiences of various participants regarding mental health portrayals in the media, which includes insights about adult mental health and the misleading representations of mental illness. The participants talk about a lack of facts in media portrayals, the predominance of a biomedical perspective, and a bias towards different professional perspectives being neglected. This indicates that mental health issues affect individuals beyond just teenagers, contradicting the claim that only teenagers are impacted.