Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Expression of clock genes like Per 1, Per 2, BMAL1, and neuropeptide VIP are also affected by ANGII. However, these effects depend on time of day, type of receptor as well as interaction with other neurotransmitters. ANGII receptors and signaling pathways within the SCN can tell us more about the interplay among the neurotransmitters and the changes they make in the clock function. The molecular mechanism operating in the clock depends on the TTFL of clock genes and is present in the SCN as well as in the clocks present in peripheral organs. There is synchronization between central and peripheral clocks and this helps to anticipate external stimuli and maintain homeostasis. Damage to this synchronization can lead to cardiovascular diseases and other abnormalities. One study reported [310] that infusion of ANGII caused changes in blood pressure and other cardiovascular parameters. In addition, there was a distinct daily rhythm in Per2 expression in the SCN with 28 days infusion causing significant phase advance. This was considered as ANGII modulating the functioning of a central and peripheral circadian system based on Per2 expression and locomotor activity. ANGII produces dose-dependent stimulation and inhibition of many SCN neurons in recordings [309] and AT1 receptor antagonist was found to block both these actions. AT1 receptor activation by ANGII depolarizes SCN neurons and causes increased GABA release in the mouse SCN. ANGII is not a clock gene. It shows diurnal variation in its activity and could be influenced by the clock. The precise mechanism of ANGII interaction should provide some insights into the development of a chronotherapeutic approach to combat cardiovascular diseases and information on the regulation of the biological clock. GalaninGal is yet another 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide, present in the SCN [311] and has a significant role in the SCN function. In human SCN Gal and AVP-containing neurons and Gal receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) are seen [311]. Neurons of the shell area of the SCN having and ANGII m ENK receive input from Gal and VIP [6] Gal acts through GPCR and exerts inhibitory effects on neurotransmitter and hormone secretion. The inhibitory actions of Gal remind us of those of GABA and NPY. It also has modulation of neuronal activity function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms, particularly through the synchronization of clock genes like Per2 and interactions with ANGII. It emphasizes the importance of the SCN in the central circadian system, which helps maintain homeostasis, indicating that the SCN serves as a master clock in biological timing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed examples of plant species that are used medicinally by indigenous peoples in the Colombian Amazon. Specifically, it mentions that Warb among the Taiwanos people is used as an antimalarial, along with descriptions of other plants like Plinia cf. duplipilosa and Rudgea cornifolia, which are also used to treat malaria. This indicates that ethnobotany includes medicinal plants and is not solely focused on those used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Union represents an example where the different UAS regulations of each EU country are now unified under a common and simplified regulation (EU 2018/1139 and implementing acts). A review of worldwide UAS regulations is presented by Stöcker et al. (2017). Concurrently, advances in computer vision algorithms (Anderson et al. 2019) and hardware (e. g. , GPU) facilitated the use of photogrammetry through Structure from Motion (SfM) (Ullman 1979) and Multi-reconstruction (MVS) methods (Scharstein and Szeliski 2002). Today, SfM-MVS methods represent a core data capture and analysis approach widely used by earth and environmental scientists (Anderson et al. 2019; James et al. 2019). These technological and scientific advances facilitate the collection of centimeter-resolution continuous top-view data of shallow reefs at relatively low cost with more flexibility in the survey plan or experimental design (e. g. , Casella et al. , 2017). Although these are clear advantages for coral reef mapping and research, few studies surveying coral reefs with UASs and SfM-MVS exist compared to studies on terrestrial ecosystems (David et al. 2021; Fallati et al. 2020; Levy et al. 2018; Casella et al. 2017). The refraction of light by water, which causes features on the seafloor to appear shallower than they are may have led to this discrepancy because it introduces more significant errors than on-land environments. In addition, turbidity, water surface roughness, and the maximum depth for light penetration represent additional error sources (Joyce et al. 2018; Woodget et al. 2015). Some possible solutions to reduce the effect of the refraction of light on UAS SfM-MVS derived data exist or are being developed (Agrafiotis et al. 2020; Shintani and Fonstad 2017; Dietrich 2017; Ye et al. 2016; Woodget et al. 2015; Maas 2015). This study aims to investigate the relative accuracy of coral height reconstruction of two-media (air/water) SfM-MVS datasets derived from low-altitude UAS flights on shallow coral reefs (< 3 m depth). Rather then focusing on the geographic accuracy, our goal is to answer the question: “how accurately (relative accuracy) can we reconstruct coral height? ”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses regulations on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), technological advances in data collection for coral reef mapping, and specific challenges related to coral reef surveys, without providing any information regarding the diversity of marine species supported by coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gal influences various physiological processes and may form a part of the complex interplay of neuropeptides in the SCN for controlling the clock. In animal models, a suppressive effect is reported on insulin secretion [312] which points to Its influence on metabolic processes related to circadian rhythms. However, this effect is not seen in humans. Like some other neurotransmitters not much is known about its specific role in SCN. With the availability of specific high affinity Gal antagonists, it is expected that new dimensions will be given to its function. OxytocinUnlike AVP, it is not possible to assign specific neurotransmitter-related functions for oxytocin (OX) in the SCN. However, the involvement of OX in various neural functions and its regulation has been reported [313]. OX, a nonapeptide is produced in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and can affect SCN. It has a crucial role in social bonding, childbirth, and post-childbirth. It is seen that OX action in the brain can prevent or attenuate the disturbance of the circadian feeding rhythm [314] due to the irregular light-dark cycle seen in shift work or jet lag. In the context of the SCN, While the exact role of OX is debatable, it influences circadian rhythms and may modulate neural activities related to circadian timing. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and social behaviors are among them. SCN coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral functions in response to light and the role of OX may be as part of a broader network of hormonal signaling for synchronization of circadian activities in SCN. OX functions in the body are abundant and many neural connections can produce controversial effects. Interaction with other hormones also makes the situation different. Clinical trials or usage of OX and OX-related compounds will contribute to therapeutic actions for the benefit of human health. ConclusionsNeurotransmitters in the SCN, afferent inputs, and efferent projections are crucial for the generation and maintenance of robust circadian rhythms which is a fundamental mechanism for regulating most of the physiological functions of our body. The presence of more than 100 neurotransmitters makes their role in the working of the clock important and complex. More information about the link between neurotransmitters and genes has improved our understanding of the role in molecular mechanisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms, stating that neurotransmitters in the SCN are crucial for regulating many physiological functions in our body. The mention of the SCN coordinating autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral functions in response to light directly supports the claim that it serves as the master clock for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of plants used for medicinal purposes in the Amazon region. It details specific plants used for treating diseases such as leishmaniasis and malaria, as well as the methods of preparation and administration of these remedies, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal plant uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: The Phantom-4 Pro has an integrated RGB sensor 1’’ CMOS (effective pixel: 20 M), a focal length of 9 mm, and a resolution of 5472 × 3648 pixels (as per technical specifications: dji. com/phantom-4pro). Nine different flights were programmed to survey the sites at an altitude of 10 m (see Supplementary Table). app (dji. com/de/ground-station-pro) was used to program the UAS flights so that each flight resulted in a 90% forward and lateral overlap. Two types of markers were placed on the seafloor of each site before the flights (Fig. 1c, d): ground control points (GCPs) and scale bars (SBs). A total of 45 30 × 30 cm bright-colored towels and 29 50 cm-long steel bars covered by bright-colored tape were used as GCPs and SBs, respectively. The geographic position of GCPs was collected using a handheld GNSS receiver (Garmin eTrex® 10) with a horizontal accuracy in the order of meters, and their vertical position (local depth) was measured with a handheld Hondex PS-7 dive sonar with reference to the local water level at the time of measurement. The position of GCPs and the length of SBs were used to scale the point cloud generated during the SfM-MVS process. The position of GCPs was also used to georeference the point cloud, optimize the image alignment, and minimize the sum of the re‐projection error and the georeferencing error of the estimated internal camera parameters and point cloud in the SfM-MVS method. The acquired photographs, GCPs, and scale bars were used as inputs in the SfM-MVS method through 1. 6. 2 (agisoft. com) to reconstruct a 3D model of the scene captured by aerial photographs. Specifically, DSMs and orthomosaics of each reef were reconstructed (Fig. 1d, e). For a comprehensive description of the SfM-MVS method, the reader is referred to Westoby et al. (2012) and Carrivick et al. (2016). To validate the DSMs, IMs were collected at each site. Over the entire study area, the height of 51 corals was measured with a meter rod in situ to the nearest centimeter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding coral reefs and their support for marine species. Instead, it discusses technical specifications and methodologies related to surveys of reef sites, including equipment used and methods for data collection, which are irrelevant to the claim about biodiversity in coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1. Comparing label-free quantitative peptidomics approaches to characterize diurnal variation of peptides in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Anal Chem. 2014;86:443–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]2. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport. 2001;12:435–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 3. Output from VIP cells of the mammalian central clock regulates daily physiological rhythms. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1453. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]4. Spatiotemporal single-cell analysis of gene expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:456–467. [DOI] [PubMed] 5. 4th. The dynamics of GABA signaling: Revelations from the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;44:35–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]6. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res. 2001;916:172–91. [DOI] [PubMed] 7. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus organization. Res. 2002;309:89–98. [DOI] [PubMed] 8. NPAS4 regulates the transcriptional response of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light and circadian behavior. Neuron. 2021;109:3268–82. e6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]9. Cell-autonomous clock of astrocytes drives circadian behavior in mammals. Science. 2019;363:187–92. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in various aspects related to circadian rhythms, such as its organization, projections, and functions. It suggests that this nucleus indeed plays a central role in regulating daily physiological rhythms, which supports the idea that the SCN acts as the master clock for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Miyavi is eagle, kuboba means leg or foot, ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field mainly by its leaves which are arranged in threes and resemble a hawk’s claw. It is a native vine that grows wild. An extraction of the fresh root is prepared for the treatment of malaria. The extraction can be prepared by decoction of the fresh root from either the juvenile or adult plant and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, is contraindicated during pregnancy and cannot be combined with other drugs. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the (Valley Chazuta) it is used against eye irritation,46 in the Oyapock basin (French Guyana) it is used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. 444 Senna spinescens is known in the region with the vernacular name Kijiku (Cubeo). Yupari in Cubeo refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, kijiku means small and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field by its texture and its similarity to a cultivated plant known as guamo (species Inga). It is a native tree that grows wild on the slopes of the rivers. The part used for the treatment of malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees, is prepared by decoction, and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: consider the leaf dust of the S. spinescens as an excellent repellent for body lice. 35 The species of a genus very near to Senna are reported as medicinal in the by Schultes et al. 35 Anaueria brasiliensis is known in the region with the vernacular names Yurajiku (Cubeo) or Aguacatillo (mestizo). The species is recognized in the field by its leaves and fruit which resemble the avocado plant (Persea americana), its red stems and yellow flowers. It is a native tree that grows wild in both mature and managed forests. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of different plant species found in the Amazon. For instance, it states that an extraction of a fresh root is used for the treatment of malaria and other ailments, highlighting that ethnobotany also encompasses medicinal applications, not just those related to food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Both in situ and 2D rugosity were calculated by dividing the length obtained following the shape of the terrain (i. e. , bottom profile) with the linear distance (for our case, it is 20 m for each transect) between starting and ending points of the transect (Fig. 3a). The 3D rugosity was calculated using the same method but buffering the digital transect line 0. 5 m on each side. In this case, the 3D surface (DSM) was divided by 20 m2 (as the transect swath is 20 m long and 1 m wide). The closer the rugosity is to zero, the flatter is the terrain. Fig. 3a Difference between in situ vs 2D rugosity; b Histograms representing reef rugosity as calculated in situ and from the DSMs (2D and 3D rugosity, see text); c linear relationships (fitted lines and confidence intervals) between the in situ rugosity and the DSM-derived rugosity (both 2D and 3D). The dotted line shows the 1:1 relationship for referenceFull size imageResults and discussionThe average resolution of the reconstructed orthomosaics and DSMs is 0. 3 cm pix−1 and 0. 6 cm pix−1, respectively. The average XY and Z errors on GCPs are 120 and 7 cm, respectively (see and Report). Comparing the coral heights measured in situ (IMs) with those estimated using corrected and uncorrected DSMs, we find that using refraction-corrected DSMs reduces the root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 21 to 10 cm (Fig. 2b). The variation across sites is reported in the Supplementary Table. It is noteworthy that coral height is still underestimated in the corrected DSMs, albeit slightly. Compared to uncorrected DSMs, which underestimate coral heights by 35% (this is due to the current limits of the method and the propagation of DSM errors, James et al. 2017), corrected DSMs underestimate them by 13%. We argue that such correction is effective when flying at a low altitude (e. g. 10 m) and collecting near-nadir images on very shallow areas. The incident and refracted angles of the light ray should be very small (< 15°) for the correction equations to hold true. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. Instead, it focuses on technical measurements of rugosity and methods used to estimate coral heights, without mentioning species diversity or ecological significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Differential roles of AVP and VIP signaling in the postnatal changes of neural networks for coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN. Sci Adv. 2016;2:e1600960. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]22. Colwell CS. Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN. Neurosci. 2011;12:553–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]23. Silver R. Anatomy, Physiology, and Neurochemistry. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. 2018. 24. Hannibal J. Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract. Res. 2002;309:73–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 25. Reghunandanan V, Reghunandanan R. Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Circadian Rhythms. 2006;4:2. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]26. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr Biol. 2018;28:R816–22. [DOI] [PubMed] 27. Reghunandanan V. Vasopressin in circadian function of SCN. J Biosci. 2020;45:140. [PubMed] 28. . GABAergic mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that influence circadian rhythm. J Neurochem. 2021;157:31–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 29. . Roles of Neuropeptides, VIP and AVP, in the Circadian Clock. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:650154. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]30. Connectome of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: of the Core-Shell Relationship. eNeuro. 2018;5:. 0205–18. 2018. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]31. . Calbindin-D28K cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons. Neuroscience. 2002;111:575–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]32. A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and in Mice and Flies. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2363. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and research articles that emphasize the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. The mention of neurotransmitters and signaling pathways in the SCN indicates its significance as a master clock in the brain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing numerous medicinal uses of plants, indicating that ethnobotany includes research on plants used for medicinal purposes. It describes various applications for the plant A. grandifolia, such as treatment for malaria, wound healing, and inducing abortion, which directly contradicts the assertion that ethnobotany only focuses on food-related plant uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2023. The first revision was submitted on August 3rd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on October 2nd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. The 2023. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Oct 9, 2023 · authors have given responses to all the queries of the reviewers. Hence, I accept this manuscript after some minor revisions. However, I advise the authors to follow an important suggestion of the reviewer to include the graphical representations of the sponge morphology as described in the discussion. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Xavier Pochon, a PeerJ covering this Section #] · Oct 3, 2023 Basic reporting This is the second version. The changes have been made by the authors. Experimental design Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Validity of the findings Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Additional comments Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Cite this review as (2023) #4 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 3)". PeerJ 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Oct 2, 2023 Version 0. 2 · Sep 14, 2023 · The authors have done substantial revision but it needs some more improvement for this manuscript to be published, hence I advise minor revision as per the reviewer's comments. · Sep 14, 2023 Basic reporting 1. The language is clear and comprehensible. 2. Literature cited is recent. 2022 (7), 2021(31) 3. The sources of the meta data have been cited. 4. 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Aug 3, 2023 Version 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim about coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. It primarily discusses aspects of peer review related to a manuscript on sponge host-guest interaction networks in tropical coral reefs without providing relevant information on the diversity of marine species found in these ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]33. . The circadian visual system, 2005. Rev. 2006;51:1–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 34. Morin LP. Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythmicity. Ann Med. 1999;31:12–33. [DOI] [PubMed] 35. . Paradoxical sleep suppresses immediate early gene expression in the rodent suprachiasmatic nuclei. Front Neurol. 2010;1:122. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]36. . Inputs and Outputs of the Clock. Biology (Basel). 2023;12:508. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]37. . Molecular and in Nuclei. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2052. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]38. Hirata Y, Enoki R, Kuribayashi-. Circadian rhythms in Per1, PER2 and Ca2+ of a solitary SCN neuron cultured on a microisland. Sci Rep. 2019;9:18271. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]39. Evans JA. Collective timekeeping among cells of the master circadian clock. J Endocrinol. 2016;230:R27–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]40. Belle MDC. Circadian Tick-the Circuits: the Molecular and Clocks. J Neuroendocrinol. 2015;27:567–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]41. . Period gene expression in the brain of a dual-phasing rodent, the Octodon degus. J Biol Rhythms. 2013;28:249–61. [DOI] [PubMed] 42. . of Coupling in the Clock Network. J Mol Biol. 2020;432:3618–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 43. Cellular clocks in AVP neurons of the SCN are critical for interneuronal coupling regulating circadian behavior rhythm. Neuron. 2015;85:1103–16. [DOI] [PubMed] 44. . Identification of the suprachiasmatic nucleus venous portal system in the mammalian brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it includes references to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), describing its role and importance in circadian rhythms. It mentions that cellular clocks in AVP neurons of the SCN are critical for regulating circadian behavior rhythms, directly supporting the assertion that the SCN acts as the master clock for these biological processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: falciparum strain FcB2 10 times greater than that obtained from the Remijia peruviana species (control species with quinones). Additionally, in vivo studies using mice infected with P. berghei, the same extract at a concentration of 250mg/kg, inhibited parasite growth by 66% without evidence of cytotoxicity. 63 Aspidosperma excelsum is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extract of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Extracts and secondary metabolites purified from Amazonian plants of the genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) have shown effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 No information was found on the herbarium labels for the A. excelsum species, however, others have reported its antimalarial use. Rodrigues reported that the inhabitants of the Jaú in the Brazilian Amazon, used the bark of this plant for the treatment of malaria. 45 Kvist et al64 reported the antimalarial use of A. excelsum among the inhabitants of eleven geographic and ethnic areas of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon. They also reported an average antiplasmodial activity (CI50) between 10-50mg/mL. 64 The Ingaricó indigenous people and local communities in the states of Roraima and Para, Brazil, used the bark in a bitter decoction or infusion for the treatment of malaria. 41,65 Mangifera indica is an introduced a tree grown in the study area. For the treatment of malaria the stem bark prepared by decoction is used. On the revised herbarium labels, reports were found indicating that the fruit of M. indica is edible (Diaz J. , et al. 151 COAH. Blair et al. (2005) reported this species with antimalarial use and for tonsillitis in a study conducted near the Colombian Pacific. In an ethnobotanical study on malaria conducted in the Budiope County, Uganda, M. indicawas one of the species most often cited. 66 In similar studies conducted in the Dangme district of West Ghana,67 in Nigeria68 in an area southwest of Nigeria,69 and in the maritime region of Togo,70 all found M. indica was used to treat malaria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple examples of plants that are utilized for medicinal purposes, specifically for the treatment of malaria. It mentions the use of Aspidosperma excelsum and Mangifera indica for their antimalarial properties, indicating that ethnobotanical studies encompass medicinal applications beyond just food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 1 (original submission) · Mar 22, 2023 · This study is relevant to understanding the structure of sponge communities and sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs. Three reviewers have given their comments and suggestions to improvise the manuscript. Reviewer 2 has given elaborate guidance on how to improvise this manuscript and pointed out that "the ecological context and the hypotheses to elucidate an overall pattern beyond what previous studies have found are not clearly stated". Hence, follow all reviewers' comments and suggestions carefully and revise the manuscript. [# PeerJ Staff Note: Please ensure that all review and editorial comments are addressed in a response letter and any edits or clarifications mentioned in the letter are also inserted into the revised manuscript where appropriate. #] [# PeerJ Staff Note: The review process has identified that the English language must be improved. PeerJ can provide language editing services - please contact us at copyediting@peerj. com for pricing (be sure to provide your manuscript number and title) #] · Mar 12, 2023 Basic reporting - The authors should improve English grammar and usage. - The authors should provide locations in Figure 1 - The authors should give clear hypotheses Experimental design - Provide clearer research questions - The authors should provide details of the methods. Validity of the findings - Provide clearer conclusion Additional comments - This manuscript should be improved for better understanding of the readers. Cite this review as (2023) #1 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Mar 15, 2023 Basic reporting This manuscript evaluates through a meta-analysis (= a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies) the structural importance of sponge species in hos-guest interactions. The hosts' structural importance is based on two functional traits, sponge species' accumulated geographical area and sponge morphology. The meta-analysis is based on a filtrated version of the bibliographic database by Pérez-Botello and Simões, 2021( and includes records at the species level. An ecological network analysis, a Model (GLM), a Ordination (PCO), and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilized to identify holistic properties within host-guest interactions. Overall this study is relevant to understanding how sponge communities structure and how much associated biodiversity they host. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information related to the claim about coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. It focuses on the evaluation of a manuscript concerning sponge communities and host-guest interactions within coral reefs, without mentioning diversity in marine species specifically. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: McClung CA. Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;114:222–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]88. . Diurnal differences in dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in rat brain: dependence on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 2007;1129:34–42. [DOI] [PubMed] 89. Impact of circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBα on midbrain dopamine production and mood regulation. Cell. 2014;157:858–68. [DOI] [PubMed] 90. Beaulé. Circadian modulation of gene expression, but not glutamate uptake, in mouse and rat cortical astrocytes. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7476. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]91. . GABA and Gi/o differentially control circadian rhythms and synchrony in clock neurons. . 2006;103:19188–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]92. The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell. 2002;109:497–508. [DOI] [PubMed] 93. Dual-Color Single-of the Reveals a in Network Synchrony. Neuron. 2020;108:164–79. e7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]94. 'Neill JS, O' Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr Biol. 2006;16:599–605. [DOI] [PubMed] 95. 3 Function in SCN via an AT Motif-Driven Axis. Cell. 2015;162:607–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]96. Bano- Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal. . 2021;118:e2100094118. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]97. . Rhythms in Excitability. Physiol Rev. 2020;100:1415–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]98. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that demonstrate the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. For instance, it includes findings related to the SCN's importance in the control of dopamine levels and the synchronization of circadian clock cells, reinforcing its status as a master clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text directly contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of plants that are used in traditional medicine, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses not only plants used for food but also those that have medicinal applications. It discusses several plants, such as M. indica and M. glandífera, and their uses in treating various ailments, including malaria and fever, which illustrates the broad scope of ethnobotany beyond just food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: accumulated geographic area, and 3. morphology of host sponges. Figure 3. Add the species in colors or morphological characteristics to this figure to detect any pattern in species or morphology and in relation to accumulated geographic area. Figure 4- The photograph selected to represent encrusting species is from an “excavating” sponge, not from an encrusting species, and the spherical representative species is a common massive species; as their growth patterns vary, please select a typically spherical species. Checking the supplementary list, I found several errors related to the morphology assigned to the species. I recommend you include/collaborate with a sponge expert taxonomist or ecologist to re-organize this data. 284-287- Vague sentence “However, our findings have the potential to provide new insights into predicting the functional responses of faunal assemblages associated with sponges to potential species extinctions in endangered coral reef ecosystems. ” Please specifically state how the study results provide new insights into predicting the functional responses. Lines 292-301- This section in the discussion has interesting statements. However, it is vague and does not express why the results are important and how this knowledge contributes to the structure of interaction networks in sponge communities and associated fauna “Galiana et al. (2018) proposed a relationship between geographic area and the probability of establishing a species interaction. Especially they found that widespread species are more likely to interact with other species. Our results indicate that as the sponge's accumulated geographic area increases, so does the potential for interactions with other organisms” The authors mention that widespread sponge species (as sponge accumulated geographic area) tend to have more potential for interactions with other organisms. Still, it does not specify which species of sponges are those and with which organisms those interactions occur. Instead, keep generalizing “Widely distributed sponge species are found to be particularly important in shaping the structure of the interaction network". Please explain what significance you found in your results. The following sentence is general and does not expose the relevance of the results or why it is important in the context of this study “The positive relationship between the importance of a sponge species within the contribution to network organization and its accumulated geographic area is crucial to understanding the significance of these widely distributed sponge species and the vulnerability of specific geographically restricted interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between sponge species and their interactions with other organisms, but it does not specifically address coral reefs or the diversity of marine species they support. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]130. . Circadian rhythms of extracellular ATP accumulation in suprachiasmatic nucleus cells and cultured astrocytes. Neurosci. 2009;30:869–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]131. Circadian variation in gfap immunoreactivity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Res. 2005;36:141–50. [DOI] 132. . The circadian clock: a tale of genetic–electrical interplay and synaptic integration. Physiol. 2018;5:75–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]133. . and in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2022;42:5522–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]134. . Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Biol. 2014;24:90–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]135. . Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2018;19:453–69. [DOI] [PubMed] 136. The VIP-VPAC2 neuropeptidergic axis is a cellular pacemaking hub of the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian circuit. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3394. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]137. . Integrated brain circuits: neuron-astrocyte interaction in sleep-related rhythmogenesis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010;10:1634–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]138. . Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32:421–31. [DOI] [PubMed] 139. Albrecht U. Timing to perfection: the biology of central and peripheral circadian clocks. Neuron. 2012;74:246–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 140. Chi-Castañeda D, Ortega A. of Glutamate Transporters. (Lausanne). 2018;9:340. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]141. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that explore various aspects of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythms. The mention of 'Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus' directly supports the assertion that the SCN functions as a master clock in regulating these rhythms. Additionally, the references to the molecular architecture and neuropeptidergic axis of the SCN further reinforce its established role in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 73 The dichloromethane extract from the seeds demonstrated good antimalarial activity (IC50≥10µg/mL) in the F32 and D2 P. falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine and D2 strains resistant to chloroquine. The cytotoxicity was 28. 8±8. 2 ug/mL in the U-937 cell strains. 74 The crude plant extract has anti-inflammatory activity. 75 Sesquiterpenes,76 terpenes, diterpenes, steroids77 and pregnane have all been isolated from an ethanol extract from the leaves. 78 Picrolemma sprucei is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used for the treatment of malaria, which is prepared by decoction. The herbarium labels contained information on various medicinal uses for this species. It is used to treat sores (Pabón E. 513, ), to treat skin fungus and insect bites (Garzón, Mendoza and Rivera 230, COAH), in the preparation of ichthyotoxins (La Rotta40 128 COAH), and to eliminate the "chunche" (La Rotta40 170, COAH; Pabón E. 613, COAH). In Brazil, and Peru this plant is used for the treatment of malaria. 79 The family to which this species belongs, Simaroubaceae, contain quassinoids responsible for the anti-malaria, anti-cancer and antiamoebic activity. 38 The cuasinoide neosergeolide was isolated from the stem and root of this species, which has significant in vitro activity in multidrug resistant P. falciparum, being more active than quinone and chloroquine. 80 This cuasinoide together with another called isobrucein B, showed cytotoxicity against tumor cells in humans and worked as a larvicide against the A. aegypti mosquito responsible for the spread of dengue. Further, the lack of hemolytic activity in vitro could indicate specificity of the cytotoxic effects observed. 81 Potalia resinifera is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used to treat malaria, and the treatment is prepared by decoction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing several examples of medicinal uses of plants, specifically Picrolemma sprucei and Potalia resinifera, which are used in treating malaria. It details various applications of these plants for different medicinal purposes, thus showing that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal uses, contrary to the assertion that it solely focuses on food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: ” Lines 328-329- The authors focus on functional characteristics of the sponge they did not measure, such as the physical structure of the sponges (volume, oscula size, number of tubes), but their never organized sponge species based on these characteristics for their analyses. The only morphological characteristic is general morphology, which seems biased, as not all photographs match the correct morphological characteristics for the representative species (i. e. , Figure 4). Lines 324-327- How do you verify that organisms inside the internal space were not excluded in encrusting species? Also, the internal space was not quantified, measured, or even supported by referenced research for each species. Therefore this statement is invalid “This sponge network importance, biological, translates to the fact that morphos that promote spatial micro-compartmentalization could support a more diverse community of associated fauna than morphos with less internal space”. What do you define as micro-compartmentalization? The limitations of this study are not clearly stated in the discussion. There is no clear context for the findings concerning previous literature and results. Lines 343-366- If you want to discuss the relevance of sponge-host interactions concerning chemical defenses, please categorize the species in your metanalyses based on chemical defenses and then evaluate directly in the network analyses your findings. I encourage the authors to include this hypothesis in their network analysis, make it part of this research, focus the network analysis, and develop a more substantial discussion. Additional comments Formatting and English language needs improvement to communicate ideas better so an international audience can understand your text. For example, the first line of the abstract, "Sponges have widely spread organisms in the tropical reefs", should be rephrased; sponges are organisms; they do not have organisms. Also, "behaving like ecosystem engineers" should be replaced by ecological terminology such as "they structure ecosystems". In addition, throughout the text, statements are placed without connecting ideas. For example, in the first paragraph of the introduction, the following three statements are three disconnected sentences of definitions that lack connective words between them "The ecology of a species or community can be studied based on the functional characteristics of organisms (Gagic et al. 2015; Schmitz et al. 2015; Pimiento et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the limitations of a study focusing on sponge species and their functional characteristics, but does not provide any information regarding the diversity of marine species supported by coral reefs. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about coral reefs and marine biodiversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Regulation of rhythmic behaviors by astrocytes. Biol. 2020;9:e372. [DOI] [PubMed] 142. Sládek M, Liška K, Houdek P, Sumová A. Modulation of single cell circadian response to NMDA by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition reveals a role of endocannabinoids in light entrainment of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropharmacology. 2021;185:108455. [DOI] [PubMed] 143. . of in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Insights from Mathematical Modeling. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:287–301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]144. çois-Bellan A, Bosler O. Ultrastructural plasticity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Possible involvement in clock entrainment. Glia. 2008;56:294–305. [DOI] [PubMed] 145. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide entrains circadian rhythms in astrocytes. J Biol Rhythms. 2009;24:135–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]146. Carmona-. Circuit development in the master clock network of mammals. Neurosci. 2020;51:82–108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]147. . Nucleus at 50: Looking Back, Forward. J Biol Rhythms. 2024;39:135–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]148. . Vasopressin and the output of the hypothalamic biological clock. J Neuroendocrinol. 2010;22:362–72. [DOI] [PubMed] 149. Mieda M. Mechanism of the Pacemaker of the SCN: a Expected? Front Neurosci. 2019;13:139. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]150. Asymmetric vasopressin signaling spatially organizes the master circadian clock. J Comp Neurol. 2018;526:2048–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]151. Morin LP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock for circadian rhythms. It references various studies and research articles that discuss the SCN's role in regulating circadian rhythms and its rhythmic behaviors. The mention of NMDA response modulation and clock entrainment further indicates ongoing research surrounding the SCN's influence, thus reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing several examples of plants commonly used for medicinal purposes among native peoples in South America. For instance, it mentions the use of Potalia species for treating fevers, snakebites, and inflammation. It also provides various medicinal uses of other plants such as Abarema laeta for treating malaria and Jacaranda copaia for skin infections, clearly demonstrating that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: A functional trait is an organism's distinguishable and quantifiable attribute, typically evaluated at the individual level and compared across different species (Poff et al. 2006; Weiher 2011). Classifying biodiversity according to some trait or functional group emphasizes the phenotypic differences between taxa and breaks the species ancestor-descendent phylogenetic link (McGill et al. 2006; Weiher 2011; Gagic et al. 2015; Bagousse-Pinguet et al. 2019). " The connection between statements and ideas needs to be clarified throughout the document. Repetition of statements without explicitly mentioning how this study contributes and connects to previous work is found in the introduction and discussion. Format- Several mistakes, including misspellings of species names “ Aplisyna“ and words Line 503 “Graunds”, grammar Line 59 “2020). . ”, and scientific notation Line 222 “10m2”, are found throughout the text. Also, some 0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Mar 21, 2023 Basic reporting • language should be improved to ensure that an international audience can clearly understand your text. English grammar and punctuations to be thoroughly checked. • Spell checks to be done. • Spacing and alignment issues in manuscript to be looked into. • Introduction & background needs more elaboration, needs more detail. • Literature well referenced & relevant. • Discussion is not adequate, I felt. • Discussion should be focusing more on the results obtained. • Introduction portions are in Discussion, to be re framed. • Figures are relevant, quality needs to be improved in some figures, however, I have suggested some changes in legend colouring in the map. Experimental design • Research question well defined, relevant & meaningful. However, authors should clearly mention the knowledge gap their research fills. • Methodically explained the steps of conducting this research. The methodology looks good. • The text needs to be more seamless. It feels very disjointed as if each section is written by a different co-author. There is a dissonance in the writing, making it a little difficult for the reader to quickly comprehend. Validity of the findings • Conclusions are linked to the original research question & are supporting results. However, it does not link well with the discussion. It is advised to rework the discussion part for writing a better conclusion. • All underlying data have been provided. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding coral reefs and their support for marine species. Instead, it discusses functional traits of organisms, biodiversity classification, and various editorial suggestions for a scientific paper without any reference to coral reefs or marine species diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuroanatomy of the extended circadian rhythm system. Exp Neurol. 2013;243:4–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]152. . Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats. Bull. 1981;6:125–30. [DOI] [PubMed] 153. Neuromedin s-producing neurons act as essential pacemakers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to couple clock neurons and dictate circadian rhythms. Neuron. 2015;85:1086–102. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]154. Disrupted circadian rhythms in VIP- and PHI-deficient mice. . 2003;285:R939–49. [DOI] [PubMed] 155. . for Normal Light-of the Circadian System. J Neurosci. 2018;38:7986–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]156. . Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Neurosci. 2012;35:445–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]157. . the Clock in a by Sex and Polypeptide Signaling. Neuroendocrinology. 2022;112:904–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]158. . Vasopressin Neurons: of Time and Homeostasis. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43:839–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 159. Carmona-. Developmental patterning of peptide transcription in the central circadian clock in both sexes. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1177458. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]160. Yamaguchi Y. Arginine vasopressin: Critical regulator of circadian homeostasis. Peptides. 2024;177:171229. [DOI] [PubMed] 161. King VM, Chahad-. A hVIPR transgene as a novel tool for the analysis of circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2003;17:822–32. [PubMed] 162. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of neuromedin s-producing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus as essential pacemakers that couple clock neurons and dictate circadian rhythms. This supports the notion that the SCN is integral in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of plants used for medicinal purposes, indicating that ethnobotany does involve the medicinal use of plants. For instance, it mentions the use of J. copaia leaves to cure malaria and leishmaniasis, as well as various other plants used for treating respiratory issues, headaches, and inflammation, thus demonstrating that ethnobotany encompasses more than just food-related uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: • It would have made a stronger paper if there was also proper field collection collected and studied by the authors, to better support the dataset information. However, the outcome of this work seems to have potential in the future. Additional comments The manuscript PDF is annotated for authors to see and check. The manuscript needs to be restructured essentially in the Introduction and discussion part to convey the scientific potential of this research. In this context, I am recommending the manuscript for a major revisions to incorporate the suggestions mentioned in the PDF version of the Manuscript, which is attached here before the acceptance. Annotated reviews are not available for download in order to protect the identity of reviewers who chose to remain anonymous. Cite this review as (2023) #3 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Feb 6, 2023 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding coral reefs and marine species diversity. It focuses on the critique of a manuscript's structure and suggests revisions rather than discussing coral reef ecosystems or their biodiversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Kalló Transgenic approach reveals expression of the VPAC2 receptor in phenotypically defined neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and in its efferent target sites. Neurosci. 2004;19:2201–11. [DOI] [PubMed] 163. . Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2013;110:1097–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]164. . Coherency of circadian rhythms in the SCN is governed by the interplay of two coupling factors. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018;14:e1006607. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]165. Reed HE, Meyer-. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase-shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro. Neurosci. 2001;13:839–43. [DOI] [PubMed] 166. . Regulating the (SCN) Circadian Clockwork: Interplay between Cell-Autonomous and Circuit-Level Mechanisms. Biol. 2017;9:a027706. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]167. . Disrupted neuronal activity rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:2553–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]168. Meyer-Spasche A, Piggins HD. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide phase-advances the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei circadian pacemaker in vitro via protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Neurosci Lett. 2004;358:91–4. [DOI] [PubMed] 169. . Aberrant gating of photic input to the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker of mice lacking the VPAC2 receptor. J Neurosci. 2004;24:3522–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]170. . for VIP Neurons in the Neonatal and Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:465–75. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythms. It mentions various studies that explore neuronal activity in the SCN and its relationship with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which is known to influence the SCN's functionality and circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing extensive examples of plants used for medicinal purposes, such as Doliocarpus dentatus and Abuta rufescens, which are documented for their treatments of malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes, and other health conditions. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses not only plants used for food but also a significant focus on their medicinal applications, directly contradicting the assertion that it ignores such uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: on Mars: Remediation of to --and Enlik KildibekovaBacked by -Pondanera, and 41 other backersand Eric D. i: UrbanTundra_: 10. 18258/7387$3,848Raised of $2,500 Goal153%Funded on 8/30/16Successfully Funded$3,848pledged153%fundedFundedon 8/30/16? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(4)Discussion (7)Project Results2016 Edmonton ihigh school team hopes to present our Mars colonization project at an international science competition in Boston (iGEM). A Martian colony must make efficient use of the planet’s limited resources. Martian soil contains high levels of perchlorate (ClO4) making it toxic. Our team is developing an automated prototype for ClO4 extraction, its conversion to rocket fuel, and its genetically engineered biodegradation to oxygen. Remediated soil can then be recycled for construction and agriculture. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? This project was hatched from what we learned of iGEM from the “Fusion” we attended last fall, and the movie, “The Martian”. When we dug deeper, we stumbled on the work of Davila et al [1] who proposed that that toxic concentrations of ClO4 in Martian soil was actually a resource that could be exploited both as a source of rocket fuel and O2, while remediating the soil in the process. It was also shown that 2 enzymes from soil bacteria on earth could biodegrade ClO4 to O2. Here, we plan to build on this work and others [2], [3] by developing an integrated and inexpensive process for: 1) perchlorate extraction, purification and concentration using activated charcoal, and 2) using engineered E. coli that grows on colony bio-waste to efficiently convert ClO4 to O2. What is the significance of this project? recognized that humans are like eggs in a basket - drop the basket and all is lost. is the basket, and over the long-term, a calamity - be it through climate change, disease, asteroid collisions, etc. - is a statistical certainty. is the first step in distributing the eggs to other baskets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production on Earth. Instead, it discusses a project related to Mars colonization and specifically mentions the extraction of perchlorates and their conversion to oxygen through a genetic engineering process. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim about phytoplankton.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]171. Maywood ES, O' Genetic and molecular analysis of the central and peripheral circadian clockwork of mice. . 2007;72:85–94. [DOI] [PubMed] 172. in VIP-IRES-CRE Mice (JAX 010908). J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:340–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]173. Park J, Zhu H, O' Single-and Involved in the Clock. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:481. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]174. Suprachiasmatic VIP neurons are required for normal circadian rhythmicity and comprised of molecularly distinct subpopulations. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4410. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]175. . Temporally chimeric mice reveal flexibility of circadian period-setting in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. . 2016;113:3657–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]176. . Role of GABA in the regulation of the central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol Sci. 2018;68:333–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]177. . Seasonal induction of GABAergic excitation in the central mammalian clock. . 2014;111:9627–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]178. . The effects of GABA and benzodiazepines on neurones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of Syrian hamsters. Brain Res. 1991;552:53–7. [DOI] [PubMed] 179. . GABA networks destabilize genetic oscillations in the circadian pacemaker. Neuron. 2013;78:799–806. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]180. Sueviriyapan N, Granados-. Modelling the functional roles of synaptic and extra-synaptic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor dynamics in circadian timekeeping. J R Soc Interface. 2021;18:20210454. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]181. Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science. 2000;288:682–5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. It mentions studies focused on the genetic and molecular aspects of the SCN, highlighting its essential function in normal circadian rhythmicity, thereby supporting the assertion that the SCN serves as the master clock for regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that ethnobotany includes the study of medicinal plants, highlighting significant traditional knowledge of medicinal plants among men and the role of various plant families, such as Bignoniaceae and Fabaceae, in medicinal use. The findings emphasize that a variety of plants are recognized for their therapeutic properties, countering the assertion that ethnobotany only pertains to plants used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: However, colonies must be able to sustain themselves on what can be found locally. There isn’t much on Mars, but there is perchlorate, and that is why we feel that this project and others like it will contribute significantly to what is evolving into a major international effort. In short term, Mars missions will develop, and spin-off a range of creative technologies that will allow us all to live more comfortably, efficiently, and cleanly on planet Earth. What are the goals of the project? Our project has two main themes: 1) the extraction, purification and concentration of ClO4 from Martian soil, and 2) the bioconversion of ClO4 to oxygen using genetically engineered E. coli. These themes and others are covered more thoroughly under “Lab Notes”. ClO4 is highly soluble in water. We are testing the idea that ClO4 can be highly enriched and concentrated inexpensively using activated charcoal, as previously shown for a similar compound [4]. For O2 production, we plan to synthesize and express the genes from the soil bacterium that are responsible for ClO4 breakdown, Ideonella dechloratans, [3] into the bacterium E. coli. We have also developed a method for the recycling of Martian colony biowaste into a highly enriched media for bacterial growth. wait. . . We are 18 students representing 4 high schools in Edmonton, Canada. We hope to attend the iGEM (Engineered Machines) Jamboree competition that will be held in Boston this fall. iGEM’s focus is on synthetic biology, an emerging field that unites biology with engineering. Student teams are evaluated not only on the originality and execution of their research projects, but also on a variety of other criteria that include: the ability to communicate complicated ideas effectively, adherence to ethical and legal principles, and the relevance of their work to real-world problems. Our team is very fortunate to have the support of some generous professors at the University of Alberta who have provided lab space, equipment and the chemicals we need to pursue our project. Our major challenge is to raise the $17,000 required to register our team. Endorsed byI have advised undergrad teams for the iGEM competition since 2008 but this high school team is special. The bar for competing at iGEM is set very high. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses a Mars project involving the extraction and purification of perchlorate and the bioconversion to oxygen using genetically engineered E. coli. There is no mention of phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cell Differ. 2008;44:29–48. [DOI] [PubMed] 193. . Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:399–400. [DOI] [PubMed] 194. . Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1666. [DOI] [PubMed] 195. . receptors regulate retinohypothalamic tract synaptic transmission by inhibiting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:3727–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 196. . Mechanism of irregular firing of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in rat hypothalamic slices. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91:267–73. [DOI] [PubMed] 197. . Cation-chloride cotransporters and neuronal function. Neuron. 2009;61:820–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 198. Alamilla J, Perez-Burgos A, Quinto D, Aguilar-Roblero R. Circadian modulation of the Cl– equilibrium potential in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Int. 2014;2014:424982. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]199. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus provide sparse GABAergic outputs to local neurons with circadian regulation occurring distal to the opening of postsynaptic GABAA ionotropic receptors. J Neurosci. 2015;35:1905–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]200. Phase shifts to light are altered by antagonists to neuropeptide receptors. Neuroscience. 2016;327:115–24. [DOI] [PubMed] 201. . GABA transporters regulate tonic and synaptic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol. 2017;118:3092–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]202. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing references to various studies that highlight the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. For example, it mentions that 'cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus,' which directly supports the idea that the SCN regulates circadian functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the medicinal uses of plants in ethnobotany, particularly the use of various tree species in treating malaria. It provides evidence that traditional healers utilize native vegetation for health purposes, which indicates that ethnobotany is indeed concerned with medicinal plants, not only those used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: This team however has achieved a remarkable competency in rigorous experimentation coupled with a strong sense of team play. Their enthusiasm, competitiveness, and resolve to make their families/advisors proud, is a joy for any educator to behold. Going to MIT will be a transformative life experience for each of them. They deserve to be there. Mike EllisonProfessorDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaMeet the from of of of of of of AlbertaView ProfileCatherine Paet-PondaneraStudent ResearcherAffiliatesUniversity of of AlbertaView ProfileTeresa Nguyen-PhamStudent ResearcherAffiliatesUniversity of of of of of of and of illustrator UrbanTundra EdmontonWe are a group of students from four different Edmonton high schools who will be spending our summer together doing incredible research. Most of us are recent high school graduates who will be attending our first year of university this upcoming fall. Through our interest in the STEM fields, we chose to participate in an international competition called iGEM (Engineered Machine). The aim of iGEM is to find solutions to large-scale problems through the use of synthetic biology. It's our collective passion and curiosity for science and creativity that brought us all together. All of us have our own unique and individual skill sets, making full use of the interdisciplinary nature of our project. We are aspiring engineers, medical doctors, research scientists, architects, and computer programmers. We are currently working on our research in the Building at the University of Alberta, supervised, trained, and mentored, by university students and professors. In the interest of serving the public, we have been hosting presentations, hand-on classes, and demonstrations at local elementary and junior high schools. This complements our goals in sharing our experiences in hopes of teaching and inspiring the younger generation about science, engineering, and biology. Lujia CaiHi, I am a recent high school graduate student from Edmonton, Alberta. My favorite past-times are reading, biking and playing piano. It is amazing how life as we know it is composed fundamentally of science. I dream to create new technologies and help humanity. Science is definitely a vital part of me; and I plan to contribute something extraordinary to science in return. Yassir MohamedI too am a recent high school graduate, and will be in my first year of Engineering at the University of Alberta this upcoming fall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a group of students from high schools in Edmonton participating in research and competing in the iGEM competition. It does not mention phytoplankton or their role in producing oxygen.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro. J Neurosci. 2000;20:5496–502. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]203. . Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide. J Neurosci. 2005;25:2447–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]204. Gastrin-releasing peptide mediates photic entrainable signals to dorsal subsets of suprachiasmatic nucleus via induction of Period gene in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;61:26–34. [DOI] [PubMed] 205. Carmona-3rd Ontogeny of and Synchrony in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2018;38:1326–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]206. . Specializations of gastrin-releasing peptide cells of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2010;518:1249–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]207. . Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci. 1997;17:3920–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]208. . Architecture of retinal projections to the central circadian pacemaker. . 2016;113:6047–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]209. . Light exposure induces short- and long-term changes in the excitability of retinorecipient neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:576–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]210. . Gastrin-releasing peptide modulates fast delayed rectifier potassium current in Per1-expressing SCN neurons. J Biol Rhythms. 2011;26:99–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]211. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that investigate neuronal rhythms and signaling within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is described as the master clock of the brain. The mention of gastrin-releasing peptide affecting the SCN and the photic entrainable signals supports the idea that the SCN plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ethnobotany encompasses the study of medicinal plants, as illustrated by the mention of '42 species with antimalarial use' in indigenous communities. This indicates that ethnobotany is not limited to food plants, highlighting its relevance to medicinal flora.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: My passion lies in being immersed in the frontiers of science - addressing big problems, and seeking methods of solving them. Never have I been given a greater opportunity to do that than being a part of this research team. As an aspiring entrepreneur, building a network with an amazing group of people and creating value for the masses are my two biggest life goals. I see this project as a first step in accomplishing that. “People who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do. ” ― Steve JobsKaroline NguyenI am a high school graduate planning to pursue a career in radiation therapy or oncology. On the team, I am one of the student researchers. I really enjoy learning about biology and physics, so iGEM provides a multidisciplinary approach at synthetic biology that interests me a lot. I'm really excited to see what I discover! Outside of the lab, I am a gamer, reader, and hot pot enthusiast. David HerczegAs a child, I always fantasized about humans living on different planets. Because of that, I've never been more eager to experiment and do research on this project. Aspiring to become an engineer, I love the way this project challenges me apply problem solving techniques to real-world problems. In my spare time, I enjoy playing various card games and board games with my friends. Catherine Paet-PondaneraI am a recent high school graduate from Edmonton, Alberta, going off to pursue my dream of becoming an architect. Ever since I was a child I have loved creating things with my own hands. Through creation, my physical form becomes immortalized. Human life is short and I want to make the most of it. This is why I joined iGEM; I am able to push past the boundaries of life itself. Senthil KumarI have always wanted to be a research scientist. My favorite part about research is the learning experience you get by trying several methods to find a solution to a hypothesis. iGEM gives me the opportunity to experience something that is totally beyond what an average high school student would do with their summer. As a hobby, I enjoy watching movies and creating functional computer programs. "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong. " - Albert EinsteinSeymur DadashovHello, my name is and I am freshly graduated high school student out of Archbishop MacDonald. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on individuals' aspirations, careers, and personal experiences in research rather than providing any information about phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus. Neurosci. 2008;27:1763–70. [DOI] [PubMed] 264. . Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 2002;295:1065–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]265. Beaulé. Melanopsin in the circadian timing system. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;21:73–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 266. . The circadian output signals from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Res. 2012;199:119–27. [DOI] [PubMed] 267. Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene. J Neurosci. 2006;26:11615–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]268. . Expression of prokineticins and their receptors in the adult mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 2006;498:796–809. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]269. . Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2007;104:648–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]270. . Overexpression of Prokineticin 2 in Leads to Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Clock. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018;16:13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]271. Differential arousal regulation by prokineticin 2 signaling in the nocturnal mouse and the diurnal monkey. Mol Brain. 2016;9:78. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]272. évet P, Meissl H. modulates neuronal activity of the rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neurosci. 2009;30:65–75. [DOI] [PubMed] 273. . Circadian and dark-pulse activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons. Mol Brain. 2008;1:19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the context of circadian rhythms. It mentions differential innervation and circadian output signals related to the SCN, which supports its role as the master clock regulating these rhythms.