Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Neonatal seizures may directly influence the effects of activation of GABA-A receptors (74–77) and alter receptor expression at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. For example, such seizures modify the expression of glutamate receptors of various types (78–81), GABA receptors (82), and a number of additional important ion channels (83–86). Notably, both the structural and molecular changes provoked by neonatal seizures might be persistent (87, 88). the Life CycleIn both human and animal models, prolonged seizures and status epilepticus appear to result in loss of specific neuronal populations in hippocampus and the hilus of the dentate gyrus (89–94), as well as other vulnerable brain regions (for examples, see Cavalheiro et al. [90], Motte et al. [93], Pitkänen et al. [95], and Kubová et al. [96]). However, the majority of evidence suggests that even prolonged seizures and SE are less likely to provoke cell death during development (70, 71, 97–102). Reorganization of neuronal connectivity is another common outcome of seizures in the mature brain. Typical is axonal “sprouting” and the formation of new synapse (103–107). This process, which might be driven in part by the loss of neuronal targets of the affected axons, is also more attenuated during development (108, 109). Subtle changes in neuronal structure, including loss of dendritic spines and synapses (70, 110), with potential loss of hippocampal volume (111) are found. Thus, during the developmental stages of infancy and childhood, rodent brain seems more resilient to seizure-induced excitotoxicity. However, the age-specific mechanisms responsible for this relative resilience are not fully understood. Understanding why neurons in hippocampus and other vulnerable regions do not die, when the inciting seizures are prolonged and severe is of paramount clinical importance. The underlying mechanisms might enable future protection of neurons in the adult brain from seizure-provoked death. One potential mechanism for this resilience of neurons in immature brain to long seizures and status epilepticus is the relatively mild inflammation in response to seizures during development (112, 113). This is in contrast to the adult, where cytokines and related mediators are both released from injured cells and contribute to neuronal death (113). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about neurogenesis occurring in specific brain regions throughout life. Instead, it discusses the effects of neonatal seizures on neuronal populations and the resilience of immature brains, focusing on cell death and reorganization of connectivity rather than on the process of neurogenesis itself. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: ~50 or 570 ka old Lonar crater, India, was excavated in the flood basalt of Cretaceous age by the impact of a chondritic asteroid. The impact-spherules known from within the ejecta around this crater are of three types namely aerodynamically shaped sub-mm and mm size spherules, and a sub-mm sized variety of spherule, described as mantled lapilli, having a core consisting of ash-sized grains, shocked basalt and solidified melts surrounded by a rim of ash-sized materials. Although, information is now available on the bulk composition of the sub-mm sized spherules (Misra et al. in Sci 7:1001–1018, 2009), almost no idea exists on the latter two varieties. Here, we presented the microprobe data on major oxides and a few trace elements (e. g. Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn) of mm-sized impact spherules in unravelling their petrogenetic evolution. The mm-sized spherules are characterised by homogeneous glassy interior with vesicular margin in contrast to an overall smooth and glassy-texture of the sub-mm sized spherules. Undigested micro-xenocrysts of mainly plagioclase, magnetite and rare clinopyroxene of the target basalt are present only at the marginal parts of the mm-sized spherules. The minor relative enrichment of SiO2 (~3. 5 wt% in average) and absence of schlieren structure in these spherules suggest relatively high viscosity of the parent melt droplets of these spherules in comparison to their sub-mm sized counterpart. Chemically homogeneous mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb share similar bulk chemical and trace element compositions and show no enrichment in impactor components. The general depletion of Na2O within all the Lonar impactites was resulted due to impact-induced volatilisation effect, and it indicates the solidification temperature of the Lonar impactites close to 1,100 °C. The systematic geochemical variation within the mm-sized spherules (Mg# ~0. 38–0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the geological features and chemical compositions of impact spherules from the Lonar crater, including their implications for petrogenetic evolution and solidification temperatures. This information connects directly to understanding how impact craters, like those on the Moon, can reveal significant insights into the broader history of the solar system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: For instance, the US Weeds list (2017), includes no fewer than 13 taxa, but ploidy level for many of these is unknown or uncertain. In particular, C. solstitialis is a Eurasian native annual herb which was introduced into the Americas and Australia during the last two centuries (Barker et al. , 2017) and became an impactful invader in the former case. In the invaded ranges, C. solstitialis forms dense stands that displace native plants species and reduce considerably livestock grazing capacity and forage value (Eagle et al. , 2007). It alters ecosystem functions by depleting soil water and nutrients through an extensive root system (DiTomaso, 2000), and can cause a neurological disorder in horses similar to human Parkinson (Chang et al. , 2011). As an economically important plant, the species has been the subject of intensive research, and significant differentiation between native and non-native ranges have been reported for plant size (Eriksen et al. , 2012; Graebner, Callaway & Montesinos, 2012; García et al. , 2013; Dlugosch et al. , 2015), growth rates (Graebner, Callaway & Montesinos, 2012), germination (Hierro et al. , 2009), competitive ability (Montesinos & Callaway, 2017), and reproduction (Montesinos, Santiago & Callaway, 2012), among others. Such changes suggest diverging local adaptation occurring among native and non-native ranges, and hypothetical changes in genome size and ploidy level could be potentially responsible for at least some of the observed trait-shifts. Until now, only three genome size estimates were available in the literature for C. solstitialis: two from the native range (Bulgaria: 1. 74 pg/2C, one accession, in Bancheva & Greilhuber, 2006; and Croatia: 1. 95 pg/2C, five accessions, in Carev et al. , 2017) and another from an invasive population in western USA: 1. 66 pg/2C, thirty accessions (Miskella, 2014). Based on these few studies, C. solstitialis had been reported to be diploid (Dlugosch et al. , 2013; Rice et al. , 2015) with 2n = 2x = 16 chromosomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant differentiation in responses of C. solstitialis between native and non-native ranges, suggesting that responses to environmental stimuli can vary greatly among individuals of this species. It discusses various traits such as plant size, growth rates, and reproductive abilities that exhibit divergence, which implies that individuals do not respond uniformly to environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: A second mechanism might involve the resilience of mitochondria in the immature brain to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promotes mitochondrial injury and cell death (114, 115). During adult SE, metabolic demand in neurons results in the formation of ROS and overwhelming of mitochondrial function. In contrast, mitochondria in immature brain are partially uncoupled due to the high basal expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). This protein reduces mitochondrial membrane gradient, prevents ROS accumulation, and protects from seizure-induced cell loss (116, 117). Other properties of the developing brain, potentially including higher levels of BDNF and other growth factors might protect neurons from excitotoxic injury. Notably, the paucity of cell loss does not indicate that seizures during infancy or childhood do not have significant sequelae. Indeed, a large body of existing and emerging literature suggests that functional (45, 118) as well as structural changes in neurons may be induced by seizures throughout life, and may contribute to cognitive deficits and emotional dysfunction (119). during AgingAn important correlate (comorbidity) of seizures and epilepsy involves cognitive deficits (110, 120–122). In humans, it is more difficult to discern the relationship of the epilepsy and the cognitive defects (122). Temporal lobe or limbic seizures propagate through the same neuronal pathways that are engaged in learning and memory processes (111). Thus, seizures might directly cause such problems; alternatively, the abnormalities that result in the seizures might independently provoke cognitive dysfunction. Work in experimental animal models demonstrated that seizures, and even interictal activity, reduce cognitive performance (118). Indeed, in both humans and animals, rapid seizure-induced injury to dendritic spines and the synapses that they carry might underlie some of the cognitive effects of epileptic activity (123). During aging, whereas there does not seem to be a major reduction in the numbers of hippocampal neurons, spine density is reduced in pyramidal cells. This finding, reported in aging monkeys, suggests that the number of synapses is also reduced (124). This loss of functional excitatory synapses might be a basis for reduced cognitive reserve in the aging brain. The aging brain may thus be more vulnerable to seizure-induced loss of additional synapses. Other factors that contribute to vulnerability to cognitive loss that might be provoked by seizures include an established, age-dependent accumulation of mitochondrial injury (125). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about neurogenesis. While it discusses the resilience of mitochondria in the immature brain, seizure-induced cognitive effects, and neuronal changes throughout life, it does not provide any information confirming or denying the occurrence of neurogenesis in specific brain regions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: (2014) have recently reported the 10Be and 26Al exposure ages of four quartz pebbles sampled from the summits of the rim and the topographic high on the ejecta blenket of the Lonar crater. One of this four pebbles yielded the 10Be and 26Al ages close to 37. 5 ka, which is interpreted as the minimum age of formation of the Lonar crater. The other three ages produced far young ages (9–5 ka), which are interpreted due to erosional removal of materials at their sampling sites. These authors also have dated the pre-impact soils from the west of the Lonar crater by 14C dating technique, which yielded a maximum age of the Lonar crater of 40. 7 ± 0. 7 ka. The thermoluminescence dating of three in situ impact-melt bomb samples collected from the northern, western and eastern parts of the Lonar crater rim from within the ejecta blanket yielded a mean age of 52 ± 6 ka (Sengupta et al. 1997). However, the most precise 40Ar/39Ar age of the four impact-melt rocks is much older and is 570 ± 47 ka (Jourdan et al. 2011). The impact- and impact-looking glasses occurring in and around the Lonar crater were classified into two fundamental petrographic classes (Osae et al. 2005). Out of these two classes, only the class I glasses include mm-sized impact-spherules (type ‘a’ subclass) and cm-sized (~≤1 to 30 cm in diameter) impact-melt bombs (type ‘c’ subclass), which were the products of shock-induced melting due to asteroid impact (Fredriksson et al. 1973; Kieffer et al. 1976; Osae et al. 2005). The class I glasses show very restricted occurrences outside the crater rim mostly to the east within the ejecta blanket at present. These are, in general, brown in colour, translucent impact-glasses, showing schlieren and flow structures under the microscope. The unmelted mineral fragments present within these glasses include plagioclase, clinopyroxene and crystals of magnetite of the target basalt. The origin of class II impact-looking glasses, which occur both inside and outside of the crater (Osae et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the scientific dating of impact craters, specifically the Lonar crater, and how these studies provide ages that are interpreted to reveal the crater's formation history and impact events. It highlights the significance of impact-glass materials and their correlation with asteroid impacts, emphasizing the broader implications for understanding lunar and solar system history.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: fluorescence pulse height; FL vs. FS in log scale and FL vs. SS in log scale. Mean fluorescence values and coefficient of variation (CV value) of the fluorescence of both sample and standard were obtained for at least 1,300 nuclei in each G1 peak, whenever possible. Samples with CV values above 5% were discarded, prepared and ran again. At least three individuals from every population were used to estimate genome size (Table S2), in different days, to account for the variation generated by the flow cytometer. The remaining individuals were analyzed in pool (three or four individuals) to determine ploidy level (Table S2), only. The absolute DNA content of a sample was calculated based on the following formula: 2C nuclear DNA content of the sample = (sample G1 peak mean)/(standard G1 peak mean) × 2C DNA content of standard. Descriptive statistics were calculated for genome size data (mean, standard deviation of the mean, standard error, coefficient of variation and minimum and maximum values) using 2016. Differences in average genome size values among regions were assessed by means of Linear Mixed-with the formulation of Laird & Ware (1982), with a region as fixed factor and population within region as a random nested factor, in R-3. 2. 0 (R Team, 2010). Data was plotted in BoxPlotR (Spitzer et al. , 2014). of fresh leaf tissue sampled from seedlings germinated from wild seeds of individuals from 52 populations from and Australia (Table S1), showed no significant differences in genome size (F5,44 = 0. 58; p = 0. 716) among regions (Fig. 1). All individuals (N = 477) were found to be diploid, presumably with 2n = 16 chromosomes. Average genome size ranged from 1. 70 pg/2C (SD = 0. 06 pg) in Australia and Spain (SD = 0. 06 pg) to 1. 71 pg/2C (SD = 0. 06 pg) in Chile, 1. 72 pg/2C (SD = 0. 06 pg) in Argentina and California (SD = 0. 07 pg) and 1. 73 pg/2C (SD = 0. 07 pg) in Turkey (Table 1). Figure 1: Comparison of genome size among native and non-native genotypes of Centaurea solstitialis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating variability in genome size among individuals from different populations, as noted by the lack of significant differences in genome size among regions. The analysis involved at least three individuals from every population to account for variation, suggesting that individuals do not respond the same way to stimuli, which further implies that there is variability in responses among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: In addition, there is an accumulation of beta amyloid and tau, as described above. These factors, and probably many additional ones that are as yet unknown, combine to exacerbate the potential consequences of seizures on the aging brain. SummaryThe brain evolves throughout life, and this evolution contributes to the probability of the occurrence of seizures, as well as to their type. In addition, the consequences of seizures are significantly influenced by age-specific properties of the brain. Understanding the unique features of the neonatal, child, adult, and aging brain is crucial for optimal diagnosis and treatment of both seizures and their consequences. 7563. 1. Hauser WA. Epidemiology of epilepsy. 1978; 19: 313–339. PubMed2. . Incidence of status epilepticus in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965–1984. Neurology 1998; 50: 735–741. CrossrefPubMed3. . : Prospective incidence study of epileptic seizures in newly referred patients in a island (Martinique). Epilepsia 1999; 40: 1103–1109. CrossrefPubMed4. . Incidence of unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Iceland and assessment of the epilepsy syndrome classification: A prospective study. 2005; 4: 627–634. CrossrefPubMed5. Shinnar S, Glauser TA. Febrile seizures. J 2002; 17(suppl): S44–S52. CrossrefPubMed6. . Fever, febrile seizures and epilepsy. 2007; 30: 490–496. CrossrefPubMed7. ; for the. Distribution of febrile seizure duration and associations with development. 2011; XX: XX–XX. 8. . Seizures after stroke: A prospective clinical study. 2001; 49: 33–36. PubMed9. Maytal J, Shinnar S, Moshé SL, Alvarez LA. Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children. Pediatrics 1989; 83: 323–331. CrossrefPubMed10. Arzimanoglou A. Outcome of status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia 2007; 48(suppl): 91–93. CrossrefPubMed11. . Status epilepticus. N Med 1998; 338: 970–976. CrossrefPubMed12. '. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about neurogenesis and instead discusses the evolution of the brain, the influence of age on seizures, and factors related to aging and seizures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the occurrence of neurogenesis in specific brain regions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: These are importantly the bulk geochemistry and internal geochemical variations of the mm-sized spherule, possible geochemical fractionation of impactor asteroid components between the Lonar impact-melt bomb and varieties of impact spherules (cf. Mittlefehldt et al. 1992, 1993; Mittlefehldt and Hörz 1998), abundance of platinum group of elements and Cr isotopic composition particularly of the sub-mm sized spherules etc. The main focus of this work is to examine the bulk geochemical composition (along with some trace elements) of the mm-sized impact spherule, along with a detail study on the backscattered electron (BSE) images of these spherule in order to evaluate (1) the mechanism of formation and cooling history of the Lonar impactites, and (2) the possible fractionation of impactor component(s) among the impact-melt bomb, and mm- and sub-mm sized impact spherules. 2 of Lonar Cratercrater is a bowl-shaped, near-circular simple impact crater, with an average diameter of approximately 1,810 m with a circularity of 0. 95, and a depth of approximately 150 m (Fredriksson et al. 1973; Fudali et al. 1980; Koeberl et al. 2004; Kumar 2005; Misra et al. 2010). Except for a small sector in the NE, there is a continuous well developed raised rim encircling the crater, which raises to an average elevation of approximately 30 m above the adjacent plains, and the crater floor lies approximately 90 m below the pre-impact surface. The rim is flanked in all directions by a continuous ejecta blanket that extends outward with a gentle slope of 2°–6° to an average distance of approximately 700 m from the crater rim, except to the west where it extends for little more than a kilometer (Fudali et al. 1980; Misra et al. 2010). The crater floor is presently occupied by a shallow hypersaline and alkaline lake (depth <6 m, pH ~9. 5–10. 5, cf. Komatsu et al. 2014 and 58. 356′N, 76°31. 072′E) (Misra et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the geological and geochemical analyses of the Lonar impact crater, highlighting its features and the study's focus on impact spherules. This suggests that studying lunar impact craters can yield valuable insights into the process of crater formation, the characteristics of impact events, and implications for understanding the early solar system's history.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 46359 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJuly 22, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptJune 21, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,667 views 259 downloads 21 6359. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 10 figures, 1 table and 4 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset Urgent and non-urgent variants of the antisaccade task. (a) The compelled antisaccade task. After a fixation period (150, 250, or 350 ms), the central fixation point disappears (Go), instructing the participant to make an eye movement to the left or to the right (±10°) within 450 ms. The cue is revealed (Cue) after a time gap that varies unpredictably across trials (Gap, 0–350 ms). The correct response is an eye movement (Saccade, white arrow) away from the cue, to the diametrically opposite, or anti, location. (b) The delayed antisaccade task. In this case, the cue is shown before the go signal, during fixation. The interval between cue onset and fixation offset varies across trials (Delay, 100 or 200 ms). In all trials, the reaction time (RT) is measured between the onset of the go signal and the onset of the saccade, whereas the raw processing time (rPT) is measured between cue onset and saccade onset. Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Perceptual performance in the compelled antisaccade task demonstrates a vortex. Each panel shows a tachometric curve, that is, a plot of the probability of making a correct response as a function of rPT, or cue-viewing time. Colored points are experimental results in overlapping time bins (bin width = 15 ms); light shades indicate ± 1 SE from binomial statistics; black lines are continuous, analytical functions fitted to the data. The vortex is the part of the curve for which saccades are highly likely to be captured and performance drops below chance. It is demarcated by gray shades for individual participants (small panels, P1 – P6) and for the aggregate data set (large panel, All participants). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the compelled antisaccade task, which involves measuring reaction times and variations in responses among participants. The mention of a 'vortex' in perceptual performance and the inclusion of data for individual participants (P1 – P6) suggests that responses vary significantly, indicating that not every individual responds the same way to the same environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Short-term outcomes of children with febrile status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 47–53. CrossrefPubMed13. Raspall-. The epidemiology of convulsive status epilepticus in children: A critical review. Epilepsia 2007; 48: 1652–1663. CrossrefPubMed14. Towne AR. Epidemiology and outcomes of status epilepticus in the elderly. Neurobiol 2007; 81: 111–127. CrossrefPubMed15. . Treatment of seizure emergencies: Convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus. 2006; 68(suppl): S77–S82. CrossrefPubMed16. deToledo-. Basic research in epilepsy and aging. 2006; 68(suppl): S21–S37. CrossrefPubMed17. . Is there more to GABA than synaptic inhibition? Neurosci 2002; 3: 715–727. CrossrefPubMed18. Ben-Ari Y, Spitzer NC. Nature and nurture in brain development. 2004; 27: 361. CrossrefPubMed19. Hollrigel GS, Soltesz I. Slow kinetics of miniature IPSCs during early postnatal development in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 5119–5128. CrossrefPubMed20. Represa A, Ben-Ari Y. Trophic actions of GABA on neuronal development. 2005; 28: 278–283. CrossrefPubMed21. . An immature mossy fiber innervation of hilar neurons may explain their resistance to kainate-induced cell death in 15-day-old rats. Res 1994; 79: 47–62. CrossrefPubMed22. Mizrahi EM. Neonatal seizures: Problems in diagnosis and classification. Epilepsia 1987; 28(suppl): S46–S55. CrossrefPubMed23. Scher MS. Controversies regarding neonatal seizure recognition. 2002; 4: 139–158. PubMed24. . Reduced sensitivity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate component of synaptic transmission to magnesium in hippocampal slices from immature rats. Res 1990; 56: 257–262. CrossrefPubMed25. Hestrin S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly relate to the claim about neurogenesis. It consists of references to various studies and articles on topics related to epilepsy, status epilepticus, and neuronal development, but it does not discuss or provide evidence regarding neurogenesis occurring in specific brain regions. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2010) using a hand-held X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer over a hundred impactite samples of shocked and melted materials failed to find a sample with a substantial enrichment in Ni comparable to those in the Wabar or Henbury crater samples. Evidence for fractionation of impactor components within the terrestrial impact melt bomb and spherules from other craters are not new. Observations on impactite samples from around 64 ky old Wabar crater, Saudi Arabia, which has a diameter of around 90 m and formed by impact of a IIIAB iron meteorite into a quartz-dominated target, show that the impact spherules contain >10 % meteoritic component, compared to <5 % for the massive impact melts (Mittlefehldt et al. 1992). Recent work by Boslough and Crawford (2008) and Newsom and Boslough (2008) have suggested that these materials could have formed by an airbrust mechanism. Studies on mm- to cm-sized impactites from around 49 ky old and 1. 2 km diameter Meteor (Barringer) crater, Arizona, USA, which was formed by the impact of a IAB iron meteorite on sandstone–siltstone–limestone sequence, also established 15–22 % meteoritic material in the impactites, with the glasses containing a relatively high CaO content and a low meteorite component (Mittlefehldt et al. 1993; Mittlefehldt and Hörz 1998). A similar history of evolution is also observed for the Lonar crater, India, and in addition we observed fractionation of asteroid components within the impact spherules depending in the sizes. While the sub-mm sized Lonar impact spherules contain significant proportion (~12–20 wt%) of impactor asteroid component (Co, Cr, Ni) (Misra et al. 2009), the impact-melt bomb and mm-sized impact spherule from this crater have very similar siderophile element geochemistry to that of the target basalts and do not show any enrichment of impactor components (Table 1; Fig. 8a). The exact mechanism, which resulted in the fractionation of meteoritic components between the impact-melt bomb and impact spherules from the Lonar crater, is still poorly constrained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing scientific studies on impact craters and their samples. It details how the analysis of impactite samples provides evidence regarding the composition and history of craters like the Wabar, Barringer, and Lonar craters. These findings enhance our understanding of the materials and processes involved in crater formation, thereby offering valuable insights into the broader history of impact events in the solar system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Results are from trials (between 1366 and 1534 per participant) in which the high-luminance cue (icon) was shown. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Performance in non-urgent antisaccade trials. All data are pooled across participants and sorted by luminance level, high (bright green), medium (grayish green), and low (dark green). Results are shown separately for easy trials (left side), in which the delay between cue and go onset was 100 or 200 ms, and zero-gap trials (right side), in which cue and go onset were simultaneous. (a) Mean fraction correct in easy trials (± 1 SE, from binomial proportion). (b) Mean RT in easy trials (± 1 SE across trials). (c) Tachometric curves from easy trials. (d) Processing time distributions in easy trials. Both correct and incorrect responses are included. (e–h) As in (a–d) except for zero-gap trials. In easy trials, essentially all rPTs correspond to asymptotic performance. In zero-gap trials, the late rise in the tachometric curve becomes partially observable, but the majority of rPTs still correspond to asymptotic performance. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Perceptual performance varies as a function of cue luminance. (a) Tachometric curves for trials in which the cue had high, medium, and low luminance (indicated by bright, grayish, and dark green points, respectively). Results are for the pooled data from all participants. The vortex shifts to the right and becomes less deep as luminance decreases. (b) Tachometric curves from three individual participants at each cue luminance level, high, medium and low, as indicated by the icons. Gray shades demarcate the vortex of each curve. In each panel, colored points are experimental results and black lines are continuous fits to the data. Figure 4 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Perceptual performance quantified across participants and luminance conditions. Each panel shows one particular quantity derived from the fitted tachometric curves, with results sorted by participant (x axes) and luminance level, high (bright green), medium (grayish green), and low (dark green). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals obtained by bootstrapping. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing experimental results that indicate variability in perceptual performance based on luminance levels and individual responses. For instance, it mentions that 'the majority of rPTs still correspond to asymptotic performance,' which implies that not every individual responds the same way to the cue stimuli, as performance varies depending on the luminance levels and among different participants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Activation and desensitization of glutamate-activated channels mediating fast excitatory synaptic currents in the visual cortex. Neuron 1992; 9: 991–999. CrossrefPubMed26. . The distribution of thirteen GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. III. Embryonic and postnatal development. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 4151–4172. CrossrefPubMed27. Wisden W, Seeburg PH. GABAA receptor channels: From subunits to functional entities. Neurobiol 1992; 2: 263–269. CrossrefPubMed28. . Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors. Neuron 1994; 12: 529–540. CrossrefPubMed29. . The K+/Cl− co-transporter KCC2 renders GABA hyperpolarizing during neuronal maturation. Nature 1999; 397: 251–255. CrossrefPubMed30. Brooks-Kayal AR. Rearranging receptors. Epilepsia 2005; 46(suppl): 29–38. CrossrefPubMed31. . Developmental regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. I. Rodent cerebral white matter and cortex. J 2006; 497: 42–60. CrossrefPubMed32. . Developmental regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. II. Human cerebral white matter and cortex. J 2006; 497: 61–77. CrossrefPubMed33. Ben-. and AMPA receptors: A developmentally regulated ‘ménage à trois. ’ 1997; 20: 523–529. CrossrefPubMed34. . NR2A subunit expression shortens NMDA receptor synaptic currents in developing neocortex. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 2469–2476. CrossrefPubMed35. Pickard L, Noël. Developmental changes in synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptor distribution and AMPA receptor subunit composition in living hippocampal neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about neurogenesis directly. It discusses various developments in synaptic currents, receptor expressions, and properties within the brain but does not provide information related to the occurrence of neurogenesis in specific brain regions throughout life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2009), the mm-sized spherule from the Lonar crater contains vesicles and micro-xenocrystic plagioclase, pyroxene and titano-magnetite of the target basalt, which are more common towards the marginal part of these spherules, indicating the role of impact-induced spin of their parent liquid droplets within the impact-plume for partial separation of melts from the volatile and micro-xenocrystic phases. These spherules also lack the schlieren structure defined by tiny magnetite crystals, which are common in sub-mm sized spherules. 2. The sub-mm sized Lonar spherule shows enrichment in impactor components (e. g. Cr, Ni), whereas the mm-sized spherule is relatively enriched in Si, Na, K and P, although all the Lonar impactites, in general, are relatively depleted in Na compared to that in the target basalt. 3. The morpho-chemical difference between the Lonar impact-spherules suggest progressively heterogeneous nature of the Lonar impact-plume in terms of temperature and vapourized impactor component particularly at the end of excavation stage of the crater. The central part of the plume was hot (could be more than 1,100 °C) and enriched in vapourized impactor component mostly towards the head of the plume. There was a peripheral part of the impact-plume, which was relatively cool and devoid of impactor components. 4. The trajectory of the sub-mm sized spherule was perhaps sub-vertical and mostly restricted within the hot central part of the plume where they incorporate most of the impactor components through mixing of their parent liquid droplets with the vaporized impactor (and perhaps other) components. On the other hand, the trajectory of the mm-sized spherules was relatively gentle and mostly restricted towards the peripheral part of the impact plume where their parent liquid droplets chilled at relatively low temperature and thus contain relatively more volatile components like Si, Na, K and P but without any component of the impactor. 5. The general loss of Cu from the mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb constrain the lower temperature of the peripheral plume more than 760 °C. 10. 1016/j. ijimpeng. 2008. 07. 053 5388. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the composition and characteristics of spherules formed from the Lonar crater, including their physical and chemical properties indicative of impact processes. It discusses the role of impact-induced phenomena in shaping the materials found within impact craters, thereby providing insights into both the processes that affect the Moon's surface and the history of impact events in the solar system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (a) Mean perceptual accuracy, calculated as the average value of the fitted tachometric curve for rPTs between 0 and 250 ms. (b) Vortex time, calculated as the rPT at which the minimum of the fitted tachometric curve is found. (c) Endogenous response centerpoint, equal to the rPT at which the rise of the fitted tachometric curve is halfway between its minimum and maximum values. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Additional quantities that characterize perceptual performance across participants and cue conditions. Each panel shows one particular feature derived from the fitted tachometric curves, with results sorted by participant (x axes) and luminance level, high (bright green), medium (grayish green), and low (dark green). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals obtained by bootstrapping. Same format as in Figure 4. (a) Maximum slope attained during the rising phase of the tachometric curve. (b) Vortex depth, equal to the minimum fraction correct. Note that, for participants 1, 4, and 6, the depth is zero for the high-luminance cue. (c) Left edge of the vortex, equal to the rPT at which the dip of the tachometric curve is halfway between chance (0. 5) and its minimum value. Although these metrics are somewhat noisier than those shown in Figure 4, the effects of luminance are again highly consistent across participants, albeit with significant quantitative differences. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Simulated perceptual performance quantified in the same way as the experimental data. Results were obtained with the exact same analyses as those in Figure 4 (Materials and methods), except that they were based on simulated trials. The model data were generated using the best-fitting model parameters for each individual participant. Same format as in Figure 4. Figure 5 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Dissociation between perceptual capacity and overall task performance. In each panel, the data from each participant (joined by lines) are shown for trials of high, medium, and low luminance cues (bright, grayish, and dark green points, respectively). Crosses indicate the typical (median) uncertainty (2 SEs) associated with the measurement in each direction. correlations between values on the x and y axes are indicated, along with significance (Materials and methods). The partial correlation eliminates the association due exclusively to luminance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while there are metrics for perceptual performance (e.g., mean perceptual accuracy and vortex depth), the results indicate 'significant quantitative differences' among participants. This suggests that individuals do not respond in the same way to varying environmental stimuli, as highlighted by the variability noted in their responses to different luminance cues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: J Neurosci 2000; 20: 7922–7931. CrossrefPubMed36. Ben-Ari Y. Excitatory actions of gaba during development: The nature of the nurture. Neurosci 2002; 3: 728–739. CrossrefPubMed37. Avishai-. Stressed-out, or in (utero)? 2002; 25: 518–524. CrossrefPubMed38. Mares P, Velísek L. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced seizures in developing rats. Res 1992; 65: 185–189. CrossrefPubMed39. . Corticotropin releasing hormone induced seizures in the infant rats in the amygdala. 1992; 31: 488–494. CrossrefPubMed40. . Febrile seizures: An appropriate-aged model suitable for long-term studies. Res 1997; 98: 265–270. CrossrefPubMed41. Holmes GL, Ben-Ari Y. The neurobiology and consequences of epilepsy in the developing brain. 2001; 49: 320–325. CrossrefPubMed42. Coppola A, Moshé SL. Why is the developing brain more susceptible to status epilepticus? Epilepsia 2009; 50(suppl): 25–26. CrossrefPubMed43. Gomez-. Axonal remodeling during postnatal maturation of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J 1997; 384: 165–180. CrossrefPubMed44. Stafstrom CE. The incidence and prevalence of febrile seizures. In: Febrile Seizures. (Baram TZ, Shinnar S, eds. ) San Diego: Academic Press, 2002: 1–25. Crossref45. Dubé. Febrile seizures: Mechanisms and relationship to epilepsy. 2009; 31: 366–371. CrossrefPubMed46. . Pediatric traumatic brain injury: Not just little adults. 2007; 13: 143–152. CrossrefPubMed47. . The influence of gonadal hormones on neuronal excitability, seizures, and epilepsy in the female. Epilepsia 2006; 47: 1423–1440. CrossrefPubMed48. . Endogenous neurosteroid synthesis modulates seizure frequency. 2010; 67: 689–693. PubMed49. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about neurogenesis or its occurrence in specific brain regions. Instead, it lists various research articles related to seizures and the developing brain without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: This interpretation is strengthened by the fact that it should be even easier to recognize the polygonality of larger impact crater due to the restrictions of the data, and therefore the percentage of the PICs among small impact craters (12–20 km) is probably even larger than 53%, which includes only the most obvious examples. Fig. 9The diagram clearly shows that the relative abundance of polygonal impact craters increases among the smaller craters compared to larger cratersFull size image We studied the distribution of these two crater types also in terms of geologic environment, as provided by Herrick et al. (1997). This analysis showed the geological environment does not seem to have marked effect on the abundance of polygonal impact craters, and is similar in this respect to Mars (Öhman et al. 2006b). The only slight difference we identified between craters is that PICs seem to be more prevalent on the plains and “normal”-shaped craters more prevalent on fractured plains. However, this geological categorisation does not inform us of the local tectonic environment, which we expected to find is the most important factor leading to the formation of straight rim segments of impact craters (Öhman et al. 2005, 2006a). For example, the tectonics that affect the formation of polygonal craters could be exactly similar in different geologic groups studied, e. g. the regions defined such as “volcano”, “rift”, and “coronae” don’t characterise their regional tectonic environments. Not only are the general geologic settings of polygonal and “normal” impact craters more or less similar (Fig. 10), but also their altitudes show no difference. The mean altitude of PICs is 6051. 86 and other craters 6051. 92. Thus, as could be predicted from their global distribution, the average radius for both groups is similar to the mean planetary radius. Fig. 10The abundance of impact craters in different geological terrains defined by Herrick et al. (1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the distribution and geological analysis of different types of impact craters, including polygonal impact craters (PICs), and how these characteristics can lead to insights about their formation and, by extension, the history of the solar system. It emphasizes the analysis of geometric forms and their geological environments, which supports the idea that studying craters can provide valuable information regarding geological processes on the Moon.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (a) Mean observed accuracy versus mean perceptual accuracy. (b) Mean observed accuracy versus mean RT. Average RT data include both correct and incorrect trials. (c) Mean perceptual accuracy versus mean RT. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Dissociation between perceptual capacity and overall task performance based on the curve centerpoint. Same format as in Figure 5, except that the endogenous response centerpoint is plotted instead of the mean perceptual accuracy. (a) Mean observed accuracy as a function of the centerpoint. (b) Mean observed accuracy as a function of mean RT. (c) Centerpoint as a function of mean RT. The centerpoint relates to the mean observed accuracy and the mean RT (this figure) in nearly identical ways as the mean perceptual accuracy (Figure 5), if one takes into account that a lower centerpoint corresponds to better perceptual performance. Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Decoupling perceptual and motor performance. All results are based on data aggregated across participants. Each panel compares results in fast (F) versus slow (S) blocks of trials, which were sorted as follows. First, the 30 blocks of trials performed by each participant were ranked, post hoc, according to mean RT. Then the 10 blocks at the top and the 10 at the bottom were designated as the fast and slow blocks, respectively. Finally, the fast and slow blocks were separately pooled across participants to yield two corresponding groups of trials. (a) Mean RT (± 1 SE) in compelled antisaccade trials. Bar colors, bright, grayish, and dark green, correspond to cue luminance, high, medium, and low, respectively. (b) Mean observed accuracy, equal to the measured fraction of correct responses (± 1 SE from binomial proportion), in compelled antisaccade trials. Note that, for a given luminance, the observed accuracy was higher in the slow than in the fast blocks. (c) Mean perceptual accuracy, equal to the mean value of the fitted tachometric curve over the 0–250 ms rPT range (± 1 SE from bootstrap). Note that perceptual accuracy was slightly lower in the slow than in the fast blocks. (d) Tachometric curves for fast (cyan dots) and slow blocks (gray dots). Each panel shows data for a specific cue luminance level, as indicated by the icons. Vertical lines mark the centerpoints of the fitted curves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from the results aggregated across participants, indicating variability in responses to environmental stimuli. Specifically, it notes that the observed accuracy and reaction times (RT) varied between fast and slow blocks of trials, indicating that individuals do not respond identically to the same stimuli. The mention of differing performance in compelled antisaccade trials based on luminance also implies variability, opposing the claim that all individuals respond the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Reframing sexual differentiation of the brain. 2011; 14: 677–683. CrossrefPubMed50. Zhou L, Fester L, von -. Aromatase inhibitors induce spine synapse loss in the hippocampus of ovariectomized mice. Endocrinology 2010; 151: 1153–1160. CrossrefPubMed51. . Frequency of catamenial seizure exacerbation in women with localization-related epilepsy. 2004; 56: 431–434. CrossrefPubMed52. Kramár. Cytoskeletal changes underlie estrogen's acute effects on synaptic transmission and plasticity. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 12982–12993. CrossrefPubMed53. . Enhanced anticonvulsant activity of neuroactive steroids in a rat model of catamenial epilepsy. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 337–344. CrossrefPubMed54. . Ovarian cycle-linked changes in GABA(A) receptors mediating tonic inhibition alter seizure susceptibility and anxiety. 2005; 8: 797–804. CrossrefPubMed55. . Aromatase inhibitors as add-on treatment for men with epilepsy. Neurother 2005; 5: 123–127. CrossrefPubMed56. Reddy DS, Jian K. The testosterone-derived neurosteroid androstanediol is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors. J Ther 2010; 334: 1031–1041. CrossrefPubMed57. Hauser WA. Seizure disorders: The changes with age. Epilepsia 1992; 33(suppl): S6–S14. CrossrefPubMed58. . Drug treatment in the elderly. In: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Vol 2. 2nd ed. (eds. ) Philadelphia: & Wilkins, 2008: 1269–1278. 59. Palop JJ, Mucke L. Epilepsy and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer disease. 2009; 66: 435–440. CrossrefPubMed60. . Amyloid-ß/Fyn-induced synaptic, network, and cognitive impairments depend on tau levels in multiple mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 700–711. CrossrefPubMed61. Kelly KM. Aging models of acute seizures and epilepsy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding neurogenesis in specific brain regions throughout life. It discusses various topics related to epilepsy, hormonal influences on the brain, and seizure disorders, but there is no mention of neurogenesis or brain regions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: and 1, Jiao Wang1,2 & Cong Wan1,2 412 Accesses 1 all metrics craters on the lunar surface have a variety of morphometric characteristics that are very useful in understanding the evolutionary history of lunar landscape morphologies. Based on digital elevation model data and photographs from China’s Chang’E-1 lunar orbiter, we develop morphologic parameters and quantitative methods for presenting the morphometric characteristics of impact craters, analyzing their relational distribution, and estimating the relative order of their formation. We also analyze features in profile where craters show signs of having formed on the edge of previously existing craters to show that superimposed impacts affect morphologic reconstructions. As a result, impact craters have significant effects on the reconstruction of ancient topography and the estimation of relative formation ages. Similar content being viewed by others Progresses and prospects of impact crater studies 4. 5-billion year evolutionary history of the solar system (Ronca 1966; Ouyang 2005). Impact craters are the most obvious and typical geomorphologic units (Ronca 1969; Neukum and Ivanov 1994; Neukum et al. 1975); they form when a planetary body (meteoro, comet, etc. ) impact against the surface (King 1976). The diameters of impact craters on the lunar surface range widely from only a few centimeters to hundreds of kilometers (Peter 1999). For most craters, their rims are higher than the center; as the diameters increase, the morphologic characteristics of specific impact craters appear to become more complex (Oberbeck et al. 1974). The morphometric characteristics of impact craters can provide much information regarding impact characteristics and processes (Hartmann et al. 1981; Cameron 1984). Asteroids or comets striking planetary surfaces generally produce circular impact craters, even when those objects hit at angles substantially off vertical (Melosh 1996). Elliptical impact craters are produced when impacting angles are low relative to the horizontal, with the transition between circular and elongated craters occurring somewhere near 10° (Bottke et al. 2000). Such results have been confirmed by laboratory experiments consisting of small aluminum and Pyrex spheres shot at several km/s into sand or aluminum targets (Burchell and Mackay 1998). Burchell et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that craters on the lunar surface have 'a variety of morphometric characteristics that are very useful in understanding the evolutionary history of lunar landscape morphologies.' It emphasizes that the analysis of impact craters helps in reconstructing ancient topography and estimating their formation ages, suggesting that these craters indeed provide valuable insights into the history of the solar system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: In the high- and low-luminance cases, the blue curve is slightly shifted to the left relative to the gray (asterisks indicate p < 0. 0005 for the difference in centerpoints, from bootstrap). This implies slightly better perceptual performance in the fast than in the slow blocks. Figure 5—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Dissociation between perceptual capacity and overall task performance as seen with the accelerated race-to-threshold model. Results were obtained in the exact same way as those in Figure 5, except that they were based on simulated trials. The model data were generated using the best-fitting model parameters for each individual participant. Same format as in Figure 5. Figure 5—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Model parameters that characterize individual perceptual performance. In each panel, the data from each participant (joined by lines) are shown for trials of high, medium, and low luminance cues (bright, grayish, and dark green points, respectively). Parameter values are as listed in Supplementary file 1. correlations between values on the x and y axes are indicated, along with significance (Materials and methods). The partial correlation eliminates the association due to luminance. (a) Mean perceptual accuracy as a function of the mean afferent delay of the cue (parameter μCUEaff, or mean cue latency). There seems to be a strong, negative association, but it is all due to mutual dependencies on luminance; within each luminance level, cue latency does not predict perceptual accuracy. This is an example of Simpson’s paradox, a statistical effect whereby a trend between two variables disappears or reverses when the data are conditioned on a third variable. (b) Mean perceptual accuracy as a function of the exogenous acceleration (parameter aEX). (c) Mean perceptual accuracy as a function of the endogenous acceleration (parameter aEND). (d) Correlation between endogenous and exogenous acceleration. The negative relationship indicates that participants whose attention is captured strongly by the cue also tend to endogenously shift their visuospatial attention more slowly. Other model parameters showed weaker relationships to perceptual accuracy. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Three representative single trials of the race-to-threshold model. Traces show motor plans rL toward the left (red) and rR toward the right (black) as functions of time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting differences in perceptual performance among individuals. It discusses how the results were based on individual participant data, indicating that variability exists in response to environmental stimuli, particularly in relation to luminance and cue latency. This suggests that individuals do not respond the same way as their perceptual accuracy and other performance metrics differ based on their individual characteristics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: 2010; 10: 15–20. CrossrefPubMed62. . Epilepsy in the elderly. Semin Neurol. 2008; 28: 336–41. CrossrefPubMed63. Constantine-Paton M, Cline HT. LTP and activity-dependent synaptogenesis: The more alike they are, the more different they become. Neurobiol 1998; 8: 139–148. CrossrefPubMed64. . Refining the roles of GABAergic signaling during neural circuit formation. 2007; 30: 382–389. CrossrefPubMed65. Segal M. Rapid plasticity of dendritic spine: Hints to possible functions? 2001; 63: 61–70. CrossrefPubMed66. . Activity-induced changes of spine morphology. Hippocampus 2002; 12: 585–591. CrossrefPubMed67. Lin B, Kramár. Theta stimulation polymerizes actin in dendritic spines of hippocampus. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 2062–2069. CrossrefPubMed68. . Convergent CaMK and RacGEF signals control dendritic structure and function. Biol 2008; 18: 405–413. CrossrefPubMed69. . Regulation of spine and synapse formation by activity-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. Neurobiol 2010; 20: 108–115. CrossrefPubMed70. Swann JW, Al-. Spine loss and other dendritic abnormalities in epilepsy. Hippocampus 2000; 10: 617–625. CrossrefPubMed71. -Ari Y. Seizure-induced damage in the developing human: Relevance of experimental models. Res 2002; 135: 321–334. CrossrefPubMed72. Baram TZ. Long-term neuroplasticity and functional consequences of single versus recurrent early-life seizures. 2003; 54: 701–705. CrossrefPubMed73. . Molecular signaling mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis. Sci STKE 2006; 2006: re12. CrossrefPubMed74. . Bicuculline induced seizures in infant rats: Ontogeny of behavioral and electrocortical phenomena. Res 1990; 57: 291–295. CrossrefPubMed75. Velísková J, Velísek á D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neurogenesis. Instead, it consists of a list of references related to various studies on epilepsy and neural circuit formation, with no direct mention of neurogenesis or specific brain regions involved in it. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: (2010) further used laboratory methods to imitate the impacting process, with the same speed and angle of incidence, combined with extrapolating to the correct size scale to match the SMART-1 impact; this predicts a highly asymmetric crater approximately 5. 5–26 m long, 1. 9–9 m wide, 0. 23–1. 5 m deep with a volume of 0. 71–6. 9 m3. Craters constitute rays and impact units formed by small objects (Melosh 1996; Neukum and Ivanov 1994) and this information can be used to estimate the relative geologic ages of a given lunar region (Shoemaker 1965). Aeronautics and (NASA 1969) used the ratio of impact crater depth to diameter as a determination of relative age, and divided the craters into four categories: fresh, young, mature and aged. Methods of determining an estimate ages for cratered planetary surface units is to find a size-frequency distribution for observed craters of a given surface unit with a known crater production function, and to use the crater frequency for certain crater sizes together with a calibrating chronology function to obtain an estimate formation age for the impact craters (Oberbeck et al. 1974; Hartmann et al. 1981; Neukum 1984; Neukum and Ivanov 1994; Hartmann and Neukum 2001; Ivanov 2001). Neukum et al. (1975) found that the lunar impact crater size distribution is largely constant in the size range 0. 3 km ≤ D ≤ 20 km for regions with formation ages between ~3 and ≥4 Ga, based on a calibration size distribution curve. The relationship between cumulative crater frequency N and crater diameter D can be expressed as a logarithmic function. Moutsoulas and Preka (1982) used the ratio intervals from small- and medium-scale craters for morphological descriptions. On different planets or over different terrains of the same planet, a change in the fractal dimensions of craters appears to indicate different geological settings related to the geological age. Ouyang (2005) established a relationship between the distribution density of impact craters with diameters >4 km and lunar relative geological age. As mentioned earlier, many investigations have focused on craters size-frequency distribution to derive estimates of relative formation age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methods used to analyze lunar impact craters, which helps estimate the relative geologic ages of lunar regions. It mentions that craters can be categorized based on their morphological features and the relationships between crater size-frequency distribution and geological age, indicating that these craters hold significant information regarding the history of the Moon and, by extension, insights into the solar system's history.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Because in these examples the cue is assumed to be on the left, these variables also correspond to motor plans toward the cue (red) and the anti location (black), respectively. After the exogenous response interval (ERI, pink shade), the former (incorrect) plan decelerates and the latter (correct) plan accelerates. A saccade is triggered a short efferent delay after activity reaches threshold (dashed lines). (a) A correct, long-rPT trial; that is, an informed choice (RT = 369 ms, rPT = 219 ms). (b) An incorrect trial with rPT within the vortex; that is, a captured saccade (RT = 283 ms, rPT = 133 ms). (c) A correct, short-rPT trial; that is, a correct guess (RT = 206 ms, rPT = 56 ms). In all examples, the gap is 150 ms. The influence of the cue depends on its timing relative to the ongoing motor activity. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Contributions of two distinct neural mechanisms to attentional/oculomotor capture. Top row: representative single, long-rPT trials from the model. Second row: tachometric curves, simulated (black traces) and experimental (green dots). Third row: rPT distributions for correct trials (fC), simulated (black traces) and experimental (green shades). Bottom row: rPT distributions for incorrect trials (fI), simulated (black traces) and experimental (red shades). (a) Results from a restricted version of the model in which, during the ERI, the motor plan toward the cue accelerates but the plan toward the anti location keeps advancing, unperturbed. (b) Results from another restricted version of the model in which, during the ERI, the motor plan toward the anti location halts but that toward the cue keeps advancing, unperturbed. (c) Results from the full-blown model, in which, during the ERI, the cue plan accelerates and the anti plan halts. For each model variant, results were obtained with the parameter values that minimized the error between the model and the pooled experimental data in the high luminance condition (Materials and methods). Figure 8 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset The race-to-threshold model accounts for antisaccade performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing variations in responses to a cue based on motor plans and behavior during exogenous response intervals. It explains how different outcomes arise depending on timing and individual motor activity, indicating that individuals do not respond the same way to environmental stimuli. The mention of various trials with differing response times (RT) and performance on correct versus incorrect trials suggests variability in individual responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Ethosuximide suppresses seizures and lethality induced by picrotoxin in developing rats. Behav 1993; 44: 975–979. CrossrefPubMed76. . NKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brain. 2005; 11: 1205–1213. CrossrefPubMed77. . Progressive NKCC1-dependent neuronal chloride accumulation during neonatal seizures. Neurosci 2010; 30: 11745–11761. CrossrefPubMed78. -Kayal AR. Long-term alterations in glutamate receptor and transporter expression following early-life seizures are associated with increased seizure susceptibility. J Neurochem 2004; 88: 91–101. CrossrefPubMed79. . AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated downregulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by calcineurin after seizures in the developing rat brain. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 3442–3451. CrossrefPubMed80. . Recurrent seizures and the molecular maturation of hippocampal and neocortical glutamatergic synapses. 2007; 29: 168–178. CrossrefPubMed81. . Early alterations of AMPA receptors mediate synaptic potentiation induced by neonatal seizures. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 7979–7990. CrossrefPubMed82. -Kayal AR. Increased GABA(A)-receptor alpha1-subunit expression in hip-pocampal dentate gyrus after early-life status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2006; 47: 1665–1673. CrossrefPubMed83. . A chronic focal epilepsy with mossy fiber sprouting follows recurrent seizures induced by intrahippocampal tetanus toxin injection in infant rats. Neuroscience 1999; 92: 73–82. CrossrefPubMed84. -Ahmadi M, Baram TZ. Developmental febrile seizures modulate hippocampal gene expression of hyperpolarization-activated channels in an isoform- and cell-specific manner. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 4591–4599. CrossrefPubMed85. ás. Long-term plasticity of endocannabi-noid signaling induced by developmental febrile seizures. Neuron 2003; 39: 599–611. CrossrefPubMed86. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neurogenesis and instead focuses on various studies related to seizures, neurotransmitter signaling, and synaptic transmission in the developing brain. It lacks any discussion or mention of neurogenesis or specific brain regions involved in this process, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The statistics above show that the larger the craters are, the deeper and the higher central peak the craters own (Head 1976). Based on the above analysis, this study selects the morphological indicators (including diameter and depth) of bowl-shaped impact craters to determine the specific numerical attributes from Chang’E-1 DEM data. This work can provide basic data for further study. Various complex morphologic relationships exist between the various impact craters on the lunar surface. Based on the morphometric parameters of the impact craters, the typical bowl-shaped crater models can be used to estimate the positional relationship and relative impact order between pairs of impact craters. A schematic diagram showing the vertical profiles and horizontal projections of two impact craters is presented in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Horizontal projection and schematic profile diagram of bowl-shaped craters (after Grosse et al. 2012)Full size image Most of the impact craters on the lunar surface have a raised rim and low depression, whose dimensions depend on size, velocity from impacting object and age (Head 1976). A crater rim is defined simply as the crater boundary in this paper. Based on DEM data, 11 morphometric parameters, including radius (R), depth (Dp), area (A), perimeter (P), roundness (r), elevation (E), diameter (d), length (L), rays (Rs), latitude (Lat) and longitude (Lon) are selected and calculated. The basic attribute indices of impact craters are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Lists of morphometric parameters and their descriptions for the characterization of impact cratersFull size table 3 3. 1 between two polygons can be generalized into four types: contained, intersected, tangent and disjoint. Thus, the positional relationships between two impact craters can be characterized by these same type descriptions by comparing their centroid distance values and radius additions. The method for assessing this positional relationship is expressed in Table 2. Table 2 Method for deducing the positional relationship between two impact cratersFull size table Statistical analysis of impact carters from remote sensing imagery and DEM data indicates that there are few crater relationships on the lunar surface that can be characterized as tangent. As a result, in this study, the basic position relationships between two impact craters are simplified to disjoint and intersected types. Tangent types are regarded as disjoint and contained types are regarded as intersected (see Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how various morphological indicators of impact craters on the lunar surface can illuminate their specific attributes and relationships. It states that the analysis of these craters, such as size, depth, and positional relationships, can provide basic data for further study, indicating a systematic approach to understanding the history and formation of the solar system through craters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (a) Tachometric curves for high (left), medium (middle), and low (right) luminance cues. Continuous lines are model results. (b) Processing time distributions for correct (shades) and incorrect trials (red traces) at each luminance level. Overlaid traces (black and dark red) are corresponding model results. (c) RT distributions for correct (shades) and incorrect trials (red traces) at individual gap values (125 and 175 ms) for each luminance level. Overlaid traces (black and dark red) are model results. Dotted vertical lines mark the rPT at which the vortex reaches its minimum point (vortex time). All empirical data are pooled across participants. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The race-to-threshold model reproduces average performance in individual gap conditions. (a) Mean fraction of correct choices as a function of gap. Circles are experimental results for high (bright green), medium (grayish green), and low luminance (dark green) conditions; continuous lines are model results. (b) Mean RT as a function of gap. Same conventions as above. All experimental points represent data pooled across participants. Figure 8—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The accelerated race-to-threshold model individually fitted to the data of participants 1 (top two rows), 2 (middle rows), and 3 (bottom two rows), as indicated on the right. (a) Mean fraction of correct choices (top) and mean RT (bottom) as functions of gap. Circles are experimental results for high (bright green), medium (grayish green), and low luminance (dark green) conditions. Continuous lines are model results. (b–d), Tachometric curves for high (b), medium (c), and low luminance cues (d) are shown in the top panels. Corresponding rPT distributions for correct (shades) and incorrect trials (red traces) are shown in the bottom panels. Black and dark-red continuous lines are model results. For each luminance, the dotted vertical line marks the vortex time. Figure 8—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset The accelerated race-to-threshold model individually fitted to the data of participants 4 (top two rows), 5 (middle rows), and 6 (bottom two rows). Same format as in Figure 8—figure supplement 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the accelerated race-to-threshold model was individually fitted to the data of participants. This implies variability in responses to environmental stimuli, as different individuals were analyzed separately, showcasing that responses can differ among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Formation of heteromeric hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the hippocampus is regulated by developmental seizures. Neuro-biol Dis 2005; 19: 200–207. CrossrefPubMed87. . A single episode of neonatal seizures permanently alters glutamatergic synapses. 2007; 61: 411–426. CrossrefPubMed88. McClelland S, Dubé. Epileptogenesis after prolonged febrile seizures: Mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities. 2011; 497: 155–162. CrossrefPubMed89. Ben-Ari Y. Limbic seizures and brain damage produced by kainic acid: Mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 1985; 14: 375–403. CrossrefPubMed90. -. The susceptibility of rats to pilocarpine-induced seizures is age-dependent. 1987; 465: 43–58. CrossrefPubMed91. Sloviter RS. The functional organization of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and its relevance to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. 1994; 35: 640–654. CrossrefPubMed92. . 1997. Neuron loss, granule cell axon reorganization and functional changes in the dentate gyrus of epileptic kainate-treated rats. J 1997; 385: 385–404. CrossrefPubMed93. . Spatial and temporal evolution of neuronal activation, stress and injury in lithium-pilocarpine seizures in adult rats. 1998; 793: 61–72. CrossrefPubMed94. de. A retrospective analysis of hippocampal pathology in human temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence for distinctive patient subcategories. Epilepsia 2003; 44: 677–687. CrossrefPubMed95. Pitkänen A, Immonen RJ, Gröhn OH, Kharatishvili I. From traumatic brain injury to posttraumatic epilepsy: What animal models tell us about the process and treatment options. Epilepsia 2009; 50(suppl): 21–29. CrossrefPubMed96. Kubová á L, Haugvicová R, Jirmanová I, Pitkänen A. Status epilepticus causes necrotic damage in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in immature rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding neurogenesis occurring in specific brain regions throughout life. Instead, it discusses various studies and findings related to seizures, epilepsy, and neuronal activation, but does not mention neurogenesis, thereby making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Fig. 3Positional relationships between two simple impact craters (I disjoint types; II intersected types)Full size image 3. 2 has a great influence on lunar surface morphology. Additionally, the ages of craters, which provide the timing of impacts, can be used to estimate a history of lunar morphological change. Over the course of lunar evolution, the lunar surface has been modified by many endogenic and exogenetic factors such as surface lava flows, blanketing by ejecta, superposition of craters, infilling and abrasion and mass wasting (Neukum and Ivanov 1994). Here, we focus on edge-intersected craters in order to constrain the relative impact order between two craters with a simple positional relationship. Such characterizations provide basic information for studies of lunar chronology. The edge-intersected method can estimate typical combinations between two impact craters. This information reveals whether or not the edge of a certain impact crater has been overlain by a younger crater, and whether or not the original crater edge was destroyed. Because of erosion and reconstruction, the rims of complex and relative older craters appear polygonal or irregular in shape. In contrast, relative younger craters often have rays and are round or have arc-shaped rims that are steep inside and shallow outside. Ronca (1969) classified the craters on the nearside of the Moon into five classes based on their degree of erosion, i. e. , very sharp and fresh-looking craters, craters with blurred rims, craters with more extensively broken rims, craters usually described as ruins, and ghost craters that are so fragmentary that they are not easily recognized. With regard to interactions with secondary craters and calderas, the primary and newly formed craters can be distinguished from a number of ways; we can classify them based on four characteristics. The first one is their hue in remote sensing imagery. Relative older and/or younger craters can be distinguished by means of light or dark hues in a relative given small region. Relative younger craters appear brighter than their surroundings, showing that unweathered materials maybe be excavated and scattered around the impact area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the ages of the impact craters can provide information about lunar morphological changes and the history of the lunar surface. It explains that studying these craters allows for understanding their erosional states and relative ages, which is critical for reconstructing the timeline of impacts on the Moon. The classification of craters based on their degrees of erosion also underscores the connection between craters and the broader history of the solar system.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Values are represented as mean (± sem) (years) Height (m) Body mass (kg) BMI (kg/m2) Mean 18. 06 1. 65 63. 35 21. 35 sem. 128 2. 74 2. 68 0. 46 1. Hormonal Assay: Trained laboratory technicians performed blood sampling at standardized laboratory conditions. Before obtaining a blood sample, participants were required to fast for at least 4 hours. Subsequently, the venous blood sample was collected on the third day of the spontaneous cycle. The collected samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for one hour and were then subsequently centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 oC. The serum samples were then stored at -20 oC until assayed. Clear non-hemolyzed sera were separated and used for the assay of testosterone, estrogen, follicle-stimulating (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) by solid-phase competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay through the utilisation of analyser purchased from DPC (). None of the participants had engaged in any form of an exercise training programme for at least two months prior to the study. The group carried out their HIIT exercise training program (3 sessions/week, 2 h after lunch) for eight weeks on alternate days (Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday). Each participant's repetition maximum (1RM) was measured. Participants completed a warm-up set of 8–10 repetitions at 50% of their estimated 1RM, before moving to a warm-up set of 3–5 repetitions at 85% of their estimated 1RM. To determine squat 1RM, participants performed 1RM attempts over 4–5 trials separated by 3 min rest intervals. 1RM was measured again, and intensity was re-established after four weeks of HIIT training. The detailed exercise training programme is presented in Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels. It provides detailed information about a hormonal assay and exercise training protocol, with no mention of urban living or stress levels. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: J Neurosci 2001; 21: 3593–3599. CrossrefPubMed97. . Seizure-induced neuronal injury: Vulnerability to febrile seizures in an immature rat model. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 4285–4294. CrossrefPubMed98. é SL. Developmental differences in the neurobiology of epileptic brain damage. Suppl 1992; 9: 67–80; discussion 80–81. PubMed99. . Kainic acid seizures in the developing brain: Status epilepticus and spontaneous recurrent seizures. Res 1992; 65: 227–236. CrossrefPubMed100. -Kayal AR. Epilepsy after early-life seizures can be independent of hippocampal injury. 2003; 53: 503–511. CrossrefPubMed101. -Kayal AR. Fate of newborn dentate granule cells after early life status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 13–19. CrossrefPubMed102. -Kayal A. Does acquired epileptogenesis in the immature brain require neuronal death. 2011; 11: 21–26. CrossrefPubMed103. . Synaptic reorganization in the hippocampus induced by abnormal functional activity. Science 1988; 239: 1147–1150. CrossrefPubMed104. . Electrophysiological evidence of monosynaptic excitatory transmission between granule cells after seizure-induced mossy fiber sprouting. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90: 2536–2547. CrossrefPubMed105. . Axon sprouting in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy creates a predominantly excitatory feedback circuit. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 6650–6658. CrossrefPubMed106. . Translamellar disinhibition in the rat hip-pocampal dentate gyrus after seizure-induced degeneration of vulnerable hilar neurons. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 853–864. CrossrefPubMed107. . Initial loss but later excess of GABAergic synapses with dentate granule cells in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J 2010; 518: 647–667. CrossrefPubMed108. -Ari Y, Chevassus-Au-Louis N. Mossy fiber sprouting after recurrent seizures during early development in rats. J 1999; 404: 537–553. CrossrefPubMed109. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses a range of studies related to neuronal injury and epilepsy, without directly addressing the topic of neurogenesis or its occurrence in specific brain regions. There are no statements or evidence provided that support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: However, in some highland-mare borders, the opposite process may occur because of aluminous materials from the highlands may lighten the optical appearance of the crater’s ejecta, it should be taken into consideration in the future. The second one is the appearance of rays. Lunar rayed craters are the relatively youngest features on the Moon, superposed to any other morphology (Shoemaker and Hackman 1962). Their visibility depends mainly on the state of optical maturity of the ray material; if the composition of the ray deposits differs from the surrounding terrain, they can remain visible longer, particularly over mare units (Hawke et al. 2004). The third one is the depth of the impact crater. According to the statistic in Fig. 1, we found that the deeper the crater is, the larger diameter the crater is. The fourth one is that older craters become more weathered and flat floor with time. The longer a crater is exposed on the lunar surface, the more likely the floor of the crater may be flat. Therefore, craters with floors containing a large number of small craters are relatively older. Younger craters can retain their original impact morphology for longer time as the rate of impacts decreases comparing to older ones from the perspective of long time span (i. e. , billion of years). Synthesizing the above morphometric parameters, positional relationships and impact orders enables the establishment of a framework for estimating relative impact orders between craters. The framework of this method is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4Framework flowchart for assessing relative impact order for impact cratersFull size image 4 Case study: Timing of Two Craters4. 1 Data SourceDuring China’s first lunar exploration mission, the first map of the lunar surface was produced using a stereo charge-coupled device (CCD) camera on Chang’E-1 that was orbiting the Moon at an elevation of about 200 km. The CCD camera uses the linear push-broom imagery technique, with a scan track width of 60 km and a pixel resolution of 120 m. The DEM data from Chang’E-1 were determined from digital photogrammetric image data. The altitude of this DEM is based on a spherical surface within a radius of 1,737. 4 km from the center of mass of the Moon; the spatial resolution is 500 m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of lunar craters, including their morphology, depth, and how they can provide relative age estimates based on the weathering processes over time. It mentions that lunar rayed craters are the youngest features and their visibility relates to material composition, which implies that studying these craters can yield information about the Moon's geological history and consequently the history of the solar system.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In industrial large scale bio-reactions micro-organisms are generally exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, which might be detrimental for growth and productivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role among the common stress factors–directly-through incomplete reduction of O2 during respiration, or indirectly-caused by other stressing factors. or L-ascorbic acid acts as a scavenger of ROS, thereby potentially protecting cells from harmful oxidative products. While most eukaryotes synthesize ascorbic acid, yeast cells produce erythro-ascorbic acid instead. The actual importance of this antioxidant substance for the yeast is still a subject of scientific debate. Methodology/We set out to enable Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to produce ascorbic acid intracellularly to protect the cells from detrimental effects of environmental stresses. We report for the first time the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from D-glucose by metabolically engineered yeast cells. The amount of L-ascorbic acid produced leads to an improved robustness of the recombinant cells when they are subjected to stress conditions as often met during industrial fermentations. Not only resistance against oxidative agents as H2O2 is increased, but also the tolerance to low pH and weak organic acids at low pH is increased. Conclusions/platform provides a new tool whose commercial applications may have a substantial impact on bio-industrial production of Vitamin C. Furthermore, we propose S. cerevisiae cells endogenously producing vitamin C as a cellular model to study the genesis/protection of ROS as well as genotoxicity. Citation: (2007) Biosynthesis of by to Resistance. 2(10): e1092. Editor: Christophe Herman, of Medicine, of AmericaReceived: August 21, 2007; Accepted: October 9, 2007; Published: October 31, 2007Copyright: © 2007 Branduardi et al. This is an open-access 1. Ascorbic acid biosynthetic pathway. Schematic representation of the pathway of L-AA production from D-glucose in plants. The following enzymes are involved: A, hexokinase (2. 7. 1. 1), B, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (5. 3. 1. 9), C, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (5. 3. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid in yeast cells and their resistance to environmental stresses, without any reference to urban living or stress levels associated with it. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborative or contrasting evidence regarding the relationship between urban living and stress levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Bender RA, Dubé C, Gonzalez-. Mossy fiber plasticity and enhanced hippocampal excitability, without hippocampal cell loss or altered neurogenesis, in an animal model of prolonged febrile seizures. Hippocampus 2003; 13: 399–412. CrossrefPubMed110. Ben-Ari Y, Holmes GL. Effects of seizures on developmental processes in the immature brain. 2006; 5: 1055–1063. CrossrefPubMed111. . Cognitive dysfunction after experimental febrile seizures. 2009; 1: 167–177. Crossref112. Dubé. Epileptogenesis provoked by prolonged experimental febrile seizures: Mechanisms and biomarkers. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 7484–7494. CrossrefPubMed113. . The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Neurol 2011; 7: 31–40. CrossrefPubMed114. . Blockade of Ca2+-permeable AMPA/kainate channels decreases oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced Zn2+ accumulation and neuronal loss in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 1273–1279. CrossrefPubMed115. Waldbaum S, Patel M. Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and temporal lobe epilepsy. 2010; 88: 23–45. CrossrefPubMed116. Sullivan PG, Dubé. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 protects the immature brain from excitotoxic neuronal death. 2003; 53: 711–717. CrossrefPubMed117. . The ketogenic diet increases mitochondrial uncoupling protein levels and activity. 2004; 55: 576–580. CrossrefPubMed118. . Interictal spikes in developing rats cause long-standing cognitive deficits. 2010; 39: 362–371. CrossrefPubMed119. é SL. Seizure mechanisms and vulnerability in the developing brain. In: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Vol 1. 2nd ed. (eds. ) Philadelphia: & Wilkins, 2008: 469–480. 120. Dreifuss FE. Cognitive function-victim of disease or hostage to treatment? Epilepsia 1992; 33(suppl): S7–S12. CrossrefPubMed121. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a series of references to studies and does not provide information directly related to neurogenesis or its occurrence in specific brain regions throughout life. It discusses various studies related to epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction but does not address the claim directly or provide corroborative or contrasting information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The horizontal error is 192 m and vertical error is 120 m (Li et al. 2010a, b). The Chang’E-1 first full coverage data are useful for lunar studies across multiple fields, and can make a significant contribution to the development of lunar science and future lunar exploration missions (Li et al. 2010a, b). In comparison, the Chang’E-1 laser altimeter DEM model is similar to the 2005 model in terms of accuracy and resolution, and has almost the same accuracy and resolution as Japan’s laser altimeter DEM model. The highest point in the Chang’E-1 model is similar to that found in the model; however, the lowest point in the Chang’E-1 model is lower than that found in the model (Li et al. 2010a, b). 4. 2 Setting of the Study AreaThe study area is located in the middle-low latitude area on the near side of the Moon at 90°W–90°E, 45°N–45°S (Fig. 5). The terrain of the research area is complex, and ring-like structures are plentiful. In addition, the time span represented by impact craters is very long, with both the oldest pre-Nectarian strata and the younger Copernican craters present (Wilhelms 1987). Based on the DEM map in Fig. 5, the range of elevations present in the study area is −6,658 to 4,450 m. About a total of 1,764 impact craters that have been identified ( 5Digital elevation model (DEM) of study area from Chang’E-1Full size image Although there are numerous impact craters on the farside of the Moon, their superimposed relationships are very complex. Therefore, it is not possible to analyze the positional relationships and relative impact order for all lunar impact craters. As a result, this paper focuses on relationships between pairs of impact craters to develop a method that can be extended to multiple crater analyses in the future. 4. 3 Relative ImpactsIn this study, 39 groups of impact craters from the study area are selected and presented to highlight edge-overlaid morphometric characteristics (Table 3) and 18 groups of impact craters were selected to illustrate the relative impact timing of pairs of craters (Table 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the study of impact craters on the Moon can reveal insights into the geological history of the lunar surface and, by extension, the history of the solar system. It mentions that the time span represented by impact craters is very long and includes both ancient and more recent structures, which directly supports the idea that these craters can offer significant historical insights.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Control sounds include a popped balloon, a sinusoidal sweep, and a series of pure tones randomized within the human hearing range. Selective hearing Detailed analysis of the recordings is just beginning, but already some interesting patterns are emerging. First, I have confirmed that a hill in the middle of the sanctuary is an exceptional location for people to both hear and communicate with others across the site. If a person were to stand on a specific spot about a third of the way up the hill, he or she could speak with someone located in the middle of the hippodrome below (around 100 meters away and 25 meters lower in elevation) or in the seats (around 90 meters away and 5 meters lower in elevation). In contrast, the athlete baths and the public fountain houses are essentially cut off acoustically from the majority of the site. The proposed processional way—an easily traversable ridgeline that points from the hippodrome toward the altar above—has also proved to be an intriguing acoustic feature. I have found that, surprisingly, sounds emanating from the ridgeline are not heard very clearly through most of the site. To reach a wider audience, a speaker could move a few meters downhill of the ridgeline. However, equally surprisingly, a listener at the altar can faintly discern sounds from the ridgeline 570 meters away, despite a difference of 187 meters in elevation. What do these types of relationships tell us at a site where the buildings are so thoroughly in ruins? First, the acoustics give an indication of how sound traveled at the site. That is relevant information: Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of the hippodrome dating back to approximately the fifth century BCE and the lower sanctuary from the seventh century BCE, which indicates 100–300 years of ritual use before the visible stone buildings were permanently erected. Details such as where announcements could best be made, how well a hypothetical procession to the altar could be heard, or where to find the best natural seats for spectating can provide information about daily use on par with microscopy of sedimentary levels. The acoustics work also locates potential new areas for further study—archaeologists may be able to find items that ancient spectators dropped in the seating area, for example. Acoustic research also might provide insight into the logic of building placements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing archaeological findings and acoustic research at historical sites, particularly focusing on how ancient practices evolved over time. The mention of the hippodrome dating back to the fifth century BCE and the lower sanctuary from the seventh century BCE highlights that significant developments occurred in rituals and site utilization, indicating that ancient agricultural practices have likely changed rather than remained static.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: , directions in which groups or societies could potentially go Identifying areas in which groups/societies would eagerly cooperate, and where the likelihood of success is relatively high; identifying areas of motivation by responding to some important, though not necessarily visible, needs. Group facilitators or social entrepreneurs—individuals who bring substantial and durable change—probably use their social empathy in order to release the groups’ or societies’ potential. They do that without lecturing, preaching, patronizing, or acting as experts. Instead, they simply catalyze the process they feel buzzing under the surface. 5. 2 a closer look at the group dynamics, one finds that many group facilitators use some recurrent group rituals, such as dancing (e. g. , the students’ organization routinely uses group dancing as an icebreaker). They assume that these rituals become a backbone of group synchronization, enabling smoother communication and cooperation. Does synchrony really influence human behavior in groups? If we think, for example, about the many rituals with recurring elements used in group activities, we may presume that rituals involving synchronous activities produce some kind of positive emotions. Consequently, the psychological boundaries between the self and the group weaken, and that motivates members to contribute to the collective good. This conjecture was verified in a series of research projects, which documented that acting in synchrony with others can increase cooperation by strengthening social attachment among group members (Wiltermuth and Heath 2009). Moreover, those who are in synchrony with us are not only perceived to be more similar but also evoke more of our compassion and altruistic behavior than asynchronous individuals experiencing the same difficult conditions (Valdesolo and DeSteno 2011). Furthermore, “the positive emotional contagion group members experienced improved cooperation, decreased conflict, and increased perceived task performance. ” (Barsade 2002, p. 644). 6 Précis and conclusionsIn the introduction we presented the conjectures of the film editor, Dr. Karen Pearlman, who holds that the rhythm of cycles of tension and release occurring throughout a film provoke and modulate an empathetic response, understood as a felt and embodied phenomenon operating on many levels: physiological, cognitive, and energetic, and leading to internalization and participation in the film’s flow of images, emotions, and events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how synchronized activities within groups can evoke compassion and altruistic behavior among participants. It mentions that individuals who are in synchrony with others are perceived as more similar and elicit greater compassion, indicating a link between social behavior and emotional responses. This aligns with the idea of mirror neurons being involved in empathy, as they could facilitate understanding and response to others' emotions, thus promoting cooperative and empathetic interactions.