Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: By designing MoodAdaptor and deploying it in a real-world setting, we were able to answer theoretically-motivated questions about the relationship between mood, reflection and well-being when using technology. A systematic analysis of the words people used in their memories and reflections uncovered the mechanisms behind these relationships. Our findings reveal a competition between positivity and negativity in our moods and memories, yielding adaptive mechanisms when positivity prevails, and contamination when negativity overshadows. This extends theories of well-being and opens up exciting new opportunities for future research. Lastly, our findings provide new insights about how to design impactful TMR systems that harness mood. 441. 2014. Accessed 9 Mar 2015. . Contingency judgments by depressed college students: sadder but not always wiser. J Psychol. 1985;49(5):1323. 20. 68. 66. 129. 60. 2007. 2014. 5. 261. 47. 11. 2005. p. 111–23. . The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71–5. 521. 88. 2338. 178. In: 18th European conference on artificial intelligence, Patras, Greece. 2008. p. 256–60. Gross JJ. The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Psychol. 1998;2(3):271. 50. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1992. . Echoes from the past: How technology mediated reflection improves well-being. In: Proceedings of the conference on human factors in computing systems, Paris, France. Paris: ACM; 2013. p. 1071–80. . Measuring emotional expression with the linguistic inquiry and word count. Psychol. 2007;120:263–86. PubMed 69. 520. 90. 41. 7. 1985. . Emotion and memory research: a grumpy overview. Soc Cognit. 2004;22(5: Special issue):530–54. 55. 55. 85. 41. 48. 2002. p. 573–83. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):569–82. 1993. p. 278–308. Parrott WG, Sabini J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the design and deployment of technology can explore relationships between mood and well-being. It mentions the competition between positivity and negativity in moods, indicating that the mechanisms uncovered could lead to positive outcomes for mental well-being when positivity prevails. These insights hint at the potential for impactful systems that could harness mood, aligning with the claim about soundscapes and their positive impact.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices prevent all respiratory issues. [SEP] Text: Radon-resistant construction techniques are recommended for new homes built in Zone 1 counties [15]. Advertisement 5. Combustion products Combustion products comprise another category of indoor air pollutants. They consist of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, respirable particulates, and water. Nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, and respirable particulates are lung irritants, and carbon monoxide (CO) can kill. To avoid indoor these pollutants, combustion-based, unvented space heaters should not be in the home. Central heating system systems should be regularly serviced: annual servicing for fuel oil-based systems and every 2 years for gas systems. Smoking should not be permitted in a home, and a gas kitchen range should have an exhaust fan over it that is vented to the outside. Combustion products can pollute the air inside a home when components of a central heating system are damaged and leak combustion gases into indoor air. Indoor use of combustion-based electric generators will also do this. And when a house comes under negative pressure, combustion gases can be drawn from a chimney or fireplace into the home. Normally, when a person breathes healthy air, oxygen binds with hemoglobin in blood to form oxyhemoglobin. When a person breathes air that is polluted with CO, CO binds with hemoglobin, and carboxyhemoglobin is formed, which prevents oxygen from getting to the brain. At low levels, this causes tiredness and dizziness. At higher levels, gradual suffocation and death occur. Carbon monoxide is responsible for hundreds of deaths and thousands of emergency room visits in the USA per year [16]. These are all preventable deaths and often occur when people are sleeping. Every home and apartment should have at least one carbon monoxide detector installed in the hallway outside the sleeping area. Carbon monoxide detectors are important, but they are no substitute for regular servicing of combustion appliances and common sense safety procedures with combustion appliances in the home. Advertisement 6. have used lead for numerous purposes for at least 7000 years [17]. Before 1550 BCE, ancient Egyptians used lead as a medicine and for decorative purposes. When babies were born, a lead ball was placed on their belly buttons to stop bleeding. Women would decorate their nipples with lead and breast feed their babies. People have been aware of lead poisoning for over 2000 years [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific indoor air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), and emphasizes the importance of regular maintenance of combustion appliances and safety practices. It suggests that while indoor air quality devices, like CO detectors, can help, they do not replace the need for regular servicing and safety procedures, indicating that these devices alone do not prevent all respiratory issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 1% cresyl violet, as described previously [43]. The sections were washed, dehydrated, cleared, mounted, and coverslipped using DePex mounting media (). The slides were dried, after which photomicrographs were taken using a compound light microscope (Olympus, Japan) with 100× objectives (total magnification of 1000×). The number of pyknotic, or tangle-like, cells were counted manually using Image-J software ( and were expressed as number of pyknotic cells per 100 µm2 area. A minimum of 5 serial sections, each with 10 different fields, were used for counting the number of pyknotic cells in each group (n = 4), with the experimenters blinded to the group identity of the specimens being analyzed. Neuroinflammation study by immunohistochemistryTo compare the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice, the brain tissue from each mouse was labeled with GFAP and Iba-1, which are the markers for activated astrocytes and microglia, respectively. GFAP-immunohistochemistryA subset of brain sections were rinsed three times with 0. 1 M PBS (pH 7. 4) for 5 min each. The sections were then blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 1 h at room temperature with gentle shaking. The tissue was incubated overnight on a shaker at 4 °C with GFAP antibody (rabbit polyclonal, 1:500). On the next day, the sections were thoroughly washed with PBS, three times, for 10 min each. The sections were incubated with anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:1000), tagged with Alexa-594 (Molecular Probes, OR), for 30 min at room temperature. Then sections were washed thoroughly with distilled water, dehydrated, cleared and mounted on slides using anti-fading Fluoro-mount aqueous mounting media (Sigma) prior to microscopic examination using a fluorescence microscope (Leica, Germany) with the appropriate excitation/emission filters. Iba-1 immunohistochemistrySimilarly, for Iba-1 immunohistochemistry, another subset of brain section were thoroughly rinsed, three times with 0. 1 M PBS (pH 7. 4) for 5 min each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about curcumin, turmeric, or their anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it describes a detailed methodology for immunohistochemistry experiments without mentioning the specific effects of curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: An exploratory study of the impact of group singing activities on lucidity, energy, focus, mood and relaxation for persons with dementia and their caregivers access Published: 18 December 2014 An exploratory study of the impact of group singing activities on lucidity, energy, focus, mood and relaxation for persons with dementia and their caregivers Davidson1 & Almeida2 Psychology of Well-Being 35. 6 million people worldwide who are suffering from dementia, with figures likely to increase to 65. 7 million by 2030 and 115. 4 million people by 2050. Given the urgent need to find tools for enhancing the quality of life for persons living with dementia (PWD), the current paper offers an exploratory insight into the potential use of a structured singing group activity for beneficial outcome. The paper begins by outlining the relevance of music interventions for PWD and goes on to acknowledge that carers also need to be given tools to manage their own mood and stress levels. It continues by describing controlled practical work and its results in terms of quantitative and qualitative reports of the impact of group singing for PWD and their carers. The mixed methods approach enables the authors to gain some insights into ecologically-grounded work that by its very nature engages people in small groups. Why is music a potentially useful intervention for people living with dementia? Dementia, characterised by the development of multiple cognitive deficits that are caused by disorders affecting the brain, and its effects include memory impairment and at least one other cognitive disturbance, for instance aphasia or disruption in executive functioning (Association, [2000]). Several psychological problems have been associated with the dementia. For instance, while a study of elderly adults discovered that at follow-up, those with depressive symptoms were more likely to have dementia relative to those without such symptoms (Jorm, [2001]), other research reported that the presentation of depressive symptoms coincided with or followed the onset of dementia, rather than preceding it (Butters et al. , [2008]; Korczyn and Halperin, [2009]). Anxiety disorders are also frequently observed in individuals with dementia, with prevalence rates ranging between 17% and 38% (Ballard et al. , [1996]; Ballard et al. , [2000]; Ballard et al. [1994]; Wands et al. , [1990]). Musical involvement by PWD has demonstrated positive outcomes in psychological factors, such as the PWD’s level of depression (Cooke et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of group singing activities on mood and relaxation for persons with dementia and their caregivers. It mentions that music interventions can enhance the quality of life for individuals living with dementia, indicating a link between musical involvement and improved psychological factors, including mood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices prevent all respiratory issues. [SEP] Text: During the early postneonatal period, developing lungs are very susceptible to pollutants; and the immature immune, pulmonary, and nervous systems of children can be damaged by environmental pollutants, including routinely applied residential pesticides. Young and older infants and young children breathe through their mouths than adults do. This difference in breathing patterns is likely to increase a child’s risk of exposure to respirable particulates [27]. This risk is lower for adults whose breathing through their noses causes air to become filtered as they breathe it through the upper respiratory airway [27]. Toddlers crawl on the floor and young children walk, run, and play on the floor. These factors cause the breathing zone of children to be much lower (up to 3 feet from the floor). This zone is known as the child breathing zone (CBZ) [28]. Walking-induced turbulence in a room causes resuspension of respirable particulates, and shorter people are exposed to more resuspended particulates than taller people. IAQ can be significantly worse in the CBZ than in the adult breathing zone (ABZ), and the assumption of uniform pollutant concentration in indoor environments can be an erroneous assumption of breathing concentration risk. Although there is an increasing awareness that children are vulnerable to poor IAQ in the scientific community, there is very limited research with a focus on IAQ in the CBZ. There is no current IAQ management system that specifically focuses on improving IAQ in the CBZ. Advertisement 9. most effective strategy for controlling indoor air pollution is to control the problem at its source. Ventilation is also important, especially in the case of moisture. Expel moisture to the outside through exhaust fans that are vented to the outdoors. In the case of combustion pollutants, regular servicing of heating systems and other appliances that are combustion based is necessary. Radon gas is a radioactive human carcinogen that is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. This pollutant can be controlled through mitigation in existing homes and with radon-resistant construction techniques in new homes. Exposure to some VOCs, which are present in building materials, paints, strippers, and other substances, can be hazardous to human health. Adequate ventilation should be provided when using these materials. Low- or no-VOC emitting products are now available and should be considered as safer alternatives. Lead and asbestos are present in older homes and apartments and pose considerable health risks to humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the complexities of indoor air quality (IAQ) and its effects, particularly on vulnerable populations such as children. It highlights that while IAQ devices may help manage pollutants, there are insufficient systems specifically addressing the child breathing zone (CBZ), indicating that IAQ devices alone do not effectively prevent all respiratory issues. Moreover, it discusses various pollutants and management strategies, implying that a comprehensive approach is necessary beyond just the use of devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The sections were then immersed in a solution of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 0. 1 M PBS (pH 7. 4) for 30 min at room temperature to inhibit endogenous peroxidase. Then the sections were rinsed with PBS and blocked with 10% normal goat serum (NGS), which underwent gently shaking for 1 h at room temperature. The tissue was then incubated with Iba-1 antibody (rabbit, monoclonal, 1:4000) with gentle shaking for 4 h at room temperature and then for overnight at 4 °C. On the next day, the sections were thoroughly washed 3 times for 5 min each, and incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:250) for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, the sections were incubated with peroxidase substrate solution, supplied with the ABC kit (Vector Laboratory, CA), and the signal was developed using diaminobenzidine (DAB) until the desired staining intensity emerged. The tissue was then washed, dehydrated with graded alcohol, cleared with xylene, mounted on slides, coverslipped with DePex (), air dried, and visualized using a compound light microscope (Olympus, Japan) with 20× objectives (total magnification 200×). Quantification of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cellsFor quantification of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells, the sections were imaged using a fluorescent microscope (Leica, Germany) and a compound light microscope (Olympus, Japan), respectively. The number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR were counted manually using Image-J software ( Briefly, the images were taken from randomly selected regions of the layer IV/V of PFC (bregma +3. 20 mm), striatum (bregma +1. 00 mm), subicular complex, hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus) at bregma −3. 30 mm, and the entorhinal cortex (bregma −3. 30 mm), using 20× objectives (total magnification at 200×). The total area of each image was measured and the numbers of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells were counted manually in those areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a series of experimental procedures involving tissue samples, imaging techniques, and quantification of specific cell types. There is no mention or data related to curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: [2010a]; Han et al. , [2011]), anxiety (Guetin et al. , [2009]; Sung et al. , [2010]), and agitation (Lin et al. , [2011]). An additional benefit specific to involvement in group music programs is the avenue for social interaction, which is often severely negatively impacted following the progression of a dementia. A study by Lin et al. ([2011]) examined whether group music intervention reduced agitated behaviour in elderly PWD who reside in nursing facilities. They employed a randomised experimental paradigm where the experimental group (N = 49) received a total of twelve 30-minute group music intervention sessions (conducted twice weekly for six consecutive weeks) while the control group (N = 51) participated in normal daily activities. The level of aggression displayed by the PWD was assessed before the intervention, at the sixth and twelfth group sessions, and at one month following cessation of the intervention. The experimental group displayed improved performance (reductions in: agitated behaviour in general; physically non-aggressive behaviour; verbally non-aggressive behaviour; and physically aggressive behaviour) at the sixth and twelfth sessions, and at the one-month follow up. A reduction in verbally aggressive behaviour was only observed at the sixth session. Lin et al. ([2011]) concluded that group music intervention alleviated agitated behaviour in PWD; however they did not explore other benefits of such musical intervention, such as improvement in mood, lucidity, or focus. Hammar et al. ([2011]) conducted a study that investigated expressions of emotions and resistance to care among PWD (N = 10) during morning care situations either with or without music therapeutic caregiving (MTC; this involves the caregiver singing either to or with the PWD during caregiving). When MTC was employed, a significant decrease in only three (i. e. , pull away, grab object, and adduct) of the 13 resistant behaviours exhibited by the PWD was observed. Positively expressed emotions (i. e. , pleasure and general alertness) by the PWD significantly increased under the MTC intervention, relative to the standard morning care sessions. However, they did not observe a significant decrease in any of the negatively expressed emotions (e. g. , anger, anxiety, and sadness) examined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how group music interventions can lead to significant improvements in emotional responses, such as increased pleasure and alertness, among persons with dementia (PWD). The study highlights that positively expressed emotions rose during music therapeutic caregiving, implying that soundscapes, like music, can indeed positively affect mood and mental well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices prevent all respiratory issues. [SEP] Text: Only trained professionals should perform abatement or encapsulation of both materials. Children are at a higher risk of health problems from pollutant exposure, especially because air in the child breathing zone is more polluted than it is in the adult breathing zone. Awareness of these issues is a critical first step in improving air quality in homes and apartments. 1. Cincinelli A, Martellini T. Indoor air quality and health. of. 2017;14(11):1286. DOI: 10. 3390/ijerph14111286 2. Leech JA, Smith-Doiron M. Exposure time and place: Do COPD patients differ from the general population? Journal of & Environmental Epidemiology. 2016;16(3):238-241. DOI: 10. 1038/sj. jea. 7500452 3. -Mazzuoli. Indoor air pollution in old people’s homes related to some health problems: A survey study. Indoor Air. 2005;15:267-274. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 2005. 00371. x 4. Franklin PJ. Indoor air quality and respiratory health of children. Reviews. 2007;8(4):281-286. DOI: 10. 1016/j. prrv. 2007. 08. 007 5. Ponessa J. Indoor air quality. In: Carswell AT, editor. of Housing. Thousand Oaks, CA: 2012. 396. DOI: 10. 4135/9781452218380. n137 6. Arlian LG. Water balance and humidity requirements of house dust mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 1992;16(1-2):15-35. DOI: 10. 1007/BF01201490 7. . Cost-Effectiveness of Ventilation. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: April 19, 2018] 8. Tech Note: Whole-Ventilation Code: Safety and Performance Considerations. 2013. Available from: [Accessed: April 19, 2018] 9. . Temporal characteristics of volatile organic compounds in newly-constructed residential buildings. Research. 2013;18(3):169-176 10. U. S. Agency (EPA). Quality. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: April 22, 2018] 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that awareness of pollutant exposure and professional intervention are critical to improving air quality, implying that devices alone do not suffice to prevent respiratory issues. It specifically notes that children are at a higher risk of health problems, suggesting that reliance solely on air quality devices may not be adequate for protecting vulnerable populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Only clearly visible fluorescent signals or brown DAB color were considered as GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells, respectively. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells were expressed as number of cells per 100 µm2 area. A minimum of 10 serial sections, from which thirty different fields were used to count the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in each group, using four different animals in each group with the experimenter blinded to the group identity of the specimens analyzed. Comparative study of inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation by Cur or SLCPTo compare the anti-amyloid activity, such as inhibition of Aβ42 oligomer and fibril formation by Cur or SLCP, the dot blot assay was used [14]. Briefly, Aβ42 peptide was dissolved in HFIP, vortexed for 1 min and allowed to solubilize for 30 min at room temperature. Then, the HFIP was evaporated under laminar hood, until the peptide was completely dried to make a thin film. This was followed by speed-vacuuming for 10 min [42, 44], after which the film was stored at − 20 °C. Each HFIP film was dissolved in 60 mM NaOH (final concentration 6 mM) and diluted with Tris-buffer saline (TBS, 0. 1 M, pH 7. 4, 0. 025% NaN3) to get the desired peptide concentration (10 μM). Then 50 μL of peptide solution (10 μM) was taken in Eppendorf tube and incubated, with or without different concentrations of Cur or SLCP (in μM: 1, 0. 1, 0. 01, 0. 001), for 8-, and 24-h at 37 °C, with gentle shaking (200 rpm). After the stipulated period of incubation, about 10 μL of peptide solution was spotted on nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies related to the analysis of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells, as well as an assay involving Aβ42 aggregation by curcumin (Cur) or another agent. While curcumin is mentioned, the text does not address its anti-inflammatory properties, nor does it provide supporting evidence or research related to that claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: These results may be explained by the nature of the intervention, as MTC is primarily a receptive form of singing that involves the caregivers singing songs they chose based on what they preferred to sing, and there is no emphasis on the PWD participating in the activity. Hammar et al. ([2011]) concluded that MTC can be an effective intervention to provide PWD a more pleasant experience of morning care situations as it decreases resistant behaviour and increases positive emotions. This study was designed to improve the interpersonal relationship between PWD and their caregivers, with the goal of improving the morning care situation for the PWD. As such, the benefits to the PWD were emphasised, yet no direct benefit to the caregiver was highlighted. A need for work with persons living with dementia and their carers togetherAs described above, a body of research has investigated the benefits of musical involvement for PWD, yet few studies have investigated the potential benefits for their co-participating carers. In both community and residential care settings, it is often the case that the regular family carer or professional carer accompanies the PWD to a recreational or therapeutic activity deemed to be potentially beneficial to the PWD, with the potential impact of these activities on the carers themselves being largely overlooked. Indeed, relative to the amount of information available regarding PWD, substantially less knowledge exists for those who care for PWD (of Health and Welfare, [2007]; Schofield et al. [1996]). national survey that collected data about carers (Survey of Disability, Ageing, and Carers; SDAC) found that 46% of caregivers reported at least one adverse effect that resulted from their caring role (of Health and Welfare, [2007]). Adverse effects included frequently feeling resentful or angry about their caring role, being diagnosed with a stress-related illness, feeling weary or lacking energy, or feeling worried or depressed. The majority of Australian studies have reported a link between carer burden and the behavioural and psychological symptoms associated with dementia (of Health and Welfare, [2007]). Therefore, as evidence supports improved behavioural and psychological outcomes for PWD following musical intervention, it is also valuable to determine whether such musical involvement positively impacts outcomes for caregivers. Current studyThe work described in this paper comprised two stages: firstly, we created a singing group program for PWD and their caregivers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that musical interventions, such as the Music Therapy Care (MTC) program, can lead to improved behavioral and psychological outcomes for people with dementia (PWD), which suggests a positive impact on mood and mental well-being. It mentions that MTC can decrease resistant behavior and increase positive emotions, thereby supporting the idea that soundscapes (or musical therapy) can enhance emotional experiences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices prevent all respiratory issues. [SEP] Text: The mean air temperature value, computed all over the OT, is within the limits suggested by the Italian and International standards for the correct use conditions (23. 5 °C) and slightly outside the limits for the incorrect use conditions (24. 4 °C). Taking into account results obtained on the air RH, it can be detected that vapour production, due to persons presence, determines an air moisture content that is not well balanced by the incoming air at the considered hygrometric conditions. Figure10 shows (left side) RH distribution in a horizontal slice (z=1. 5) for “correct operational conditions”. Figure 9. On the left side: temperature [°C] map plotted on contours and in a horizontal slice (z=1. 5) for the “incorrect operational use” (step 3, time 13 s). On the right side: temperature profiles along the x-direction (y=8; z=1. 5, see the line sketched on the slice) for “at rest” (dashed line), “operational correct use” (continuous line) and “operational incorrect use” (dotted-dashed line) conditions. Figure 10. On the left side: RH (%) field in a horizontal plane (z=1. 5) for the “correct operational use”. On the right side: RH profile along the y-direction (x=1. 1; z=1. 5) for “operational correct use” (continuous line) conditions. The mean value computed all over the room in this condition is 67. 8%, which is exceeding any maximum threshold suggested by all the standards. The RH profile lying on a horizontal line along the y axis (x=1. 1; z=1. 5, sketched in the horizontal slice) is also reported in the right portion of Figure10. An increasing level of the moisture content along the y-direction can be noticed: RH at the back of the operating zone presents higher level. This could be due to the lack of ventilation all over the room that can determine stagnation zones. The mean age of air (τ) was also evaluated, using the steady airflow achieved for “at rest” and “correct operational conditions” as transport field for τ computations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific measurements and conditions in a room related to air temperature and relative humidity (RH). It highlights that certain operational conditions, especially incorrect ones, can lead to unbalanced moisture content and stagnant air, which can negatively impact indoor air quality. This suggests that while indoor air quality devices might improve conditions, they do not guarantee the prevention of all respiratory issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Then, the membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat milk in TBS-Tween-20 (TBS-T) at room temperature for 1 h, washed with TBS-T, and probed with Aβ-oligomer (A11) and Aβ fibril (OC) specific antibodies (rabbit polyclonal, 1: 1000) in 5% non-fat milk powder in TBS-T overnight at 4 °C. After washing, it was probed with anti-rabbit horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) conjugated secondary antibody solution (1: 25,000, ) for 1 h at room temperature. After washing three times, the blot was developed with (GE-) for 2–5 min. The dot blots were scanned using gel documentation system (Bio-), and the optical density of each dot was measured using Image-J software ( analysisThe morphometric data for GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas were expressed as mean ± SEM. All data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD (honest significant difference) post-hoc tests being conducted when appropriate. A probability value ≤ 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. ResultsComparison of permeability of Cur or SLCP to the brain tissueTo compare the permeability of Cur or SLCP after their injections (i. p. ) for 2 or 5 days, the 5xFAD mouse brains were sectioned and observed under a fluorescent microscope. We observed that both Cur and SLCP crossed the BBB and bound with Aβ plaques after 2- and 5-days of injections (Fig. 1a) and co-localized with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 1b). We also found that SLCP showed more permeability than Cur, as assessed by intensity of fluorescent signals that were bound with Aβ plaques. In addition, those mice receiving 5 days of treatment showed increased Aβ plaque labeling when compared to those receiving 2 days of treatment for both the Cur and SLCP groups (Fig. 1a). Similarly, a trend towards more solubility and greater permeability was observed after 2 h exposure of SLCP over Cur with N2a and primary hippocampal neurons at 7 days in vitro (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the permeability of Curcumin (Cur) and its interaction with amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in a mouse model, but does not provide any information regarding its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, which specifically addresses Curcumin's effects on inflammation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: This program built on systematic earlier work in which an approach was developed suitable for seniors, structured for positive physical and psycho-social outcome (see Davidson and Faulkner, [2010]). This comprised a warming session for voice and body, including diaphragmatic support and breathing exercises and some physical stretches; also, some musical games, for technical and social impact; and a broad selection of repertoire comprising both familiar and new. A socialising tea break was also included in the approach and the session lasted 2 hours. In the current context, we wished to apply the principles of the structured singing group format to the PWD to examine whether any significant change in a PWD’s lucidity, mood, agitated behaviour, and focus could be founda. In addition, we aimed to examine directly whether the caregivers’ own energy, mood, level of stress/relaxation and focus was improved following attendance at the group singing session. As a control activity, we also investigated whether any significant changes in these variables were observed in PWD following involvement in a quiz. The quiz drew from materials used by some of the occupational therapists involved with the PWD in the current project and represented a well-established tool for engagement for PWD. As an oral presentation, it included many of the same fun elements of presentation of questions, informal chat and entertainment involved in the singing activity (see Holthe et al. , [2007]; also Dowling, [1995]). In a second stage, we sought to determine whether any additional benefit in these PWD and caregiver variables was observed when attending six consecutive weekly singing sessions. Given the positive results of Lin et al’s ([2011]) study after six weeks of group singing sessions, this was felt to be the minimum timeframe in which any on-going benefit may be detected. Though these were only once a week as opposed to twice a week as in Lin et al. ’s study, our session lasted for 2 hours and were immersive experiences, so we hoped that the length of study would compensate for the lesser frequency. Also, most music therapy and community music activities tend to happen on a weekly basis, so we wanted to replicate this norm and also reflect the goal of the organisations supporting the activity, that is to hold weekly activities for members. If attendance at successive weekly group singing sessions demonstrates a residual benefit on these variables (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a structured singing group program that was aimed at improving the mood and well-being of individuals with dementia (PWD) and their caregivers. It highlights that the sessions included various musical activities and exercises designed to positively influence mood, lucidity, and reduce agitation, indicating that these elements may enhance mental well-being. Furthermore, it references previous studies that found positive outcomes following group singing sessions, supporting the idea that engaging with soundscapes, such as those created during singing, can have beneficial effects on mood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices prevent all respiratory issues. [SEP] Text: Figure13 also shows the average pressure trend as a function of time during step 1 (door opening): a significant pressure decrease can be seen from the plotted data. Starting from its initial value, i. e. 32. 6 Pa, the OT average overpressure with respect to the corridor level becomes very low, i. e. 1. 2 Pa. The overpressure variation due to an “unforeseen event” occurring during an “incorrect use condition” of the OT, can determine a temporary non compliance of the pressure scheme with limits suggested by all the considered standards giving specific indications for it. Figure 12. Air velocity field [m/s] in a horizontal slice (z=1. 5) for step 2 and time 7 s (left side) and an enlargement with velocity vectors representation, in the proximity of crossing zone of the door towards the corridor (right side) during “incorrect operational use” conditions. Figure 13. Time evolution of average OT pressure (dashed black line), airflow rate (continuous black line) and total volume of air out-coming the OT (grey-filled surface) during the sliding door opening (Step 5 of the “incorrect operational use” conditions). 5. 2. IAQ indexes evaluationReferring to the air freshness concept, the calculated CO2 concentration, was found to be considerably below the critical limit of 3000 parts per million (ppm) in the global room volume and 1000 ppm in the operating table zone. CO2 concentration is high only in the breathing zone where staff are exhaling. The driving effect due to the velocity field prevails over its spatial distribution. The simulation results obtained for CO2 concentration and its distribution in the BZ and OZ, but also in the PZ and in the total volume of the OT, are in agreement with those provided by recent studies [15, 53]. Anyway, results showed that there is a significant increase in the CO2 concentration from the fundamental zone BZ, to the OZ but progressively to the PZ and TV. Moreover, some IAQ indexes were computed using simulation results and discussed. The proposed indexes are usually applied for IAQ assessment and a quantitative evaluation of ventilation system performance with regard to contaminant removal and infection risk control [54, 55, 56]. Once the distribution of the dependent variables inside the OT, i. e. air velocity, CO2 and p14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of indoor air quality (IAQ) devices, specifically highlighting scenarios in which significant increases in CO2 concentration occur and how certain conditions can lead to non-compliance with recommended pressure limits. For instance, it notes that during 'incorrect operational use,' CO2 concentration was found to be high in the breathing zone, which indicates that while IAQ devices can help in monitoring and managing air quality, they do not prevent all respiratory issues, especially if used under non-optimal conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: injections of Cur or SLSP, observed significant amounts of Cur and SLCP reached the brain and that SLCP appeared to provide greater binding to Aβ plaques in comparison to Cur. We hypothesize that SLCP may have greater capability of delivering free Cur in the brain tissue than Cur (Fig. 1) [32]. However, further investigations with different Cur formulae are needed to confirm and extend these findings in order to optimize this form of therapy. When we compared the number of Aβ plaques in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, we found that after 5-, but not 2-days, of treatment, a significant reduction (~ 50%) of Aβ plaques in PFC and DG areas was observed in both the Cur and SLCP groups (Fig. 2), suggesting the longer duration of treatment is required to optimize reduction in plaque load. Interestingly, after 5 days of treatment, the size or the plaques was relatively smaller and breakage or disaggregation of plaques by Cur or SLCP was confirmed [14, 17]. We have carefully counted the number of Aβ plaques on single focal plane, but more work using unbiased stereology is needed to confirm those findings and provide a more comprehensive profile of the effects of these treatments on Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, we observed greater reductions of Aβ plaques in case of SLCP group, which may be due to its higher permeability into brain tissue, when compared to that of Cur, allowing it to become more capable of inhibiting the assembly of Aβ plaques (Fig. 2). In our dot blot experiments, SLCP also appeared to inhibit Aβ fibril formation more than that observed by Cur, which may be due higher penetration of free Cur released by the SLCPs, which interspersed between Aβ species and interfered with their aggregation pathway (Fig. 3). Although we have yet to directly measure the levels of soluble Aβ after treatment with Cur and or SLCP in 5xFAD mice, we have shown that SLCP reduced Aβ-oligomer formation more than did Cur, as shown by our dot blot experiment (Fig. 3). Similarly, we have shown the number of Aβ plaques were significantly reduced in the PFC and hippocampus (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses the effectiveness of Cur and SLCP in reducing Aβ plaques and mentions their interactions with brain tissue without specifying anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 1, a single singing session ran according to the principles outlined by Davidson and Faulkner ([2010]) and was undertaken to immerse the participants in the group singing experience. Given the membership included PWD, the session required considerable management to organise the PWD into the rehearsal room and have them settled. Therefore, the two hour time period was also chosen to avoid rushing in and out of the session and also to encourage informal chat and a tea break, all adding to the ambience of the experience. The quiz session took a similar format and engaged participants in similar ways. 2, a total of six × 2-hour long sessions were delivered to Group A, building and progressing vocal warm-ups, main repertoire, musical games and tea break, in accordance with the facilitator’s usual practice in applying the training method devised by Davidson and Faulkner. Assessment MaterialsAcross the singing and quiz activities, assessment through bi-polar rating scales drew on behaviours commonly reported as difficulties experienced by PWD and their caregivers (Association, [2000]; of Health and Welfare, [2007]; Ballard et al. , [1996]; Ballard et al. , [2000]; Cooke et al. [2010b]; Finkel, [2003]). For the PWD, two four-item scales were used: Confused – Lucid, – Positive Mood, Agitated – Relaxed, and Unfocused – Focused. Carers made proxy responses for the PWD using a five-point scale. Data were captured two hours prior to and two hours following the singing and quiz sessions. The caregivers also made their own self-assessments, indicating where they fitted on four bipolar five-point scales assessing: Tired – Energised, – Positive Mood, Stressed – Relaxed, Unfocussed – Focused. In addition to these quantifiable measures, participants who took part in the six-week trial were questioned informally immediately after the sessions. ProcedureStage 1The pre- and post-session scales (proxy and self-assessments) were distributed to the caregivers of singing and quiz group members prior to the session, and they were requested to record their responses based on ratings made two hours prior to the session and in the two hours following the session. A, each PWD had their caregiver (a significant other) participate in the singing sessions and complete their proxy report, as is commonly practised in quantitative studies of PWD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a structured program involving singing sessions that focuses on measuring mood changes in participants, particularly among people with disabilities (PWD) and their caregivers. The use of bipolar rating scales assesses changes in mood and emotional states, indicating a potential positive impact from the singing sessions. Additionally, caregivers reported their own mood improvements, further supporting the idea that soundscapes, in this case through group singing, can positively influence mental well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices prevent all respiratory issues. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsAn experimental and numerical investigation on the airflow patterns and thermal field in a real OT is presented in this 17. LCRE for CO2 in a horizontal slice (z=1. 6). Figure 18. LCRE for p1. 4). From the case study presented here, the efficiency of the AHU-HVAC system for providing the right indoor microclimatic conditions in compliance with standard thresholds is seen not only related to a good plant design, but also to medical staff and assistant behaviour and room use. Measurements of p1. . Performance of ventilation system in a non-standard operating room. Building and Environment 2003; 38(12) 1401-1411. 2. . Comparison of performances of displacement and mixing ventilations. Part II: indoor air quality. Int. J. of Refrigeration 2005; 28 288-305. 3. . CO2 dispersion studies in an operation theatre under transient conditions. Energy and Buildings 2008; 40 231-239. 4. Pfost JF. A re-evaluation of laminar air flow in hospital operating rooms. 1981; 87(2) 729-739. 5. . Three-dimensional analysis for hospital operating room thermal comfort and contaminant removal. Engineering 2009; 29 2080-2092. 6. Memarzadeh F, Manning A. Comparison of operation room ventilation systems in the protection of surgical site. 2002; 108(22) 3-15. 7. Memarzadeh F, Manning A. Reducing risks of surgery. 2003 45(2) 28-33. 8. Mendez C, San Jose´. Optimization of a hospital room by means of CFD for more efficient ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 2008; 40 849–854. 9. . The integrated effect of medical lamp position and diffuser discharge velocity on ultraclean ventilation performance in an operating theatre. Environment 2006; 15(4) 315-331. 10. Zoon WAC, Van der. On the applicability of the laminar flow index when selecting surgical lighting. Building and Environment 2010; 45(9) 1976-1983. 11. . Testing the effectiveness of operating room ventilation with regard to removal of airborne bacteria. Building and Environment 2011; 46 2570-2577. 12. Kameel R, Khalil EE. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the efficiency of HVAC systems in providing indoor conditions while implying that effectiveness is related not only to the design of the systems but also to the behavior and use of the space by medical staff. This suggests that indoor air quality devices alone do not prevent all respiratory issues, as other factors are critical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to This 10. 7554/eLife. 45650 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 5, 2020 Version of RecordJune 24, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptJune 10, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,145 views 254 downloads 16 5650. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 1 table and 7 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identification and quantification of synaptic OXT content in neurohypophyseal axonal termini. (A–C) Scheme describing the neurohypophyseal vasculature and synapses in 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:EGFP). The dense neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) were used as an anatomical landmark to localize the larval neurohypophysis prior to tissue preparation for Microscopy (TEM) imaging (A). TEM image showing cross-section of axons (yellow dashed line) and neurohypophyseal synapses (red dashed line) (B,C). Large dense core vesicles with electron-dense neuropeptides are visible in NS (white arrows). Membranal fusion resembling exocytotic pit (black arrow), membranal invagination resembling endocytic pit (red arrow head) and empty vesicle resembling recycled vesicle (white arrow head) are visible in NS (B’,C’). Ax: axon, BM: basement membrane, EC: endothelial cell and NS: neurohypophyseal synapse. Scale: 500 nM (B,C) and 100 nm (B’, C’). (D,E) Oxytocin neuron-specific labeling of synapses using EGFP-fused synaptic vesicle marker synaptophysin-B (D). Whole-mount confocal microscope imaging of hypophysis of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic Tg(oxt:Gal4;UAS:SYP-EGFP) zebrafish following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein (E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address or reference willow bark or its use for pain relief. Instead, it discusses neurohypophyseal synapses and imaging techniques related to oxytocin neurons. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: However for and the quiz group, as there were more PWD than there were caregivers, each caregiver reported on several PWD that they cared for. Stage 2Members of undertook the quantitative questions and in addition, very short qualitative interviews were undertaken, in which simple questions were asked about feelings, mood and experience. Both PWD and carers were interviewed by the researchers, using a conversational approach. Note that from the individuals studied, there was no difficulty in obtaining verbal responses. was selected for this second stage of the study owing to the fact that PWD-carer pairs were family members and that these people were in the closest relationships. Also, although the professional carers in were keen to participate, they were very limited in their time available to offer extra input. Again owing to time demands on the participants in this second study, it was only possible to collect Stage 2 data fortnightly over the six-week trail (weeks 2, 4 and 6). Whilst these were inevitable compromises, they nonetheless reflected the real world environment facing facilitators working with these populations. ResultsStage 1The pre- and post-session measures were administered to the singing group participants and the data were analysed for each group separately, and with both groups’ data combined. Paired samples t-tests were performed to determine whether any significant changes were observed pre- to post-singing session. Group AAll t-values were negative, reflecting a trend of improvement in all variables from pre- to post-session, with PWD lucidity (t (5) = −2. 666, p <. 05) and caregiver mood (t (5) = −3. 162, p <. 05) being significantly improved. Group BAgain, all t-values were negative, indicating a trend of improvement in variables following the singing session. PWD lucidity (t (10) = −3. 614, p <. 01), agitation (t (10) = −2. 390, p <. 05), and focus (t (10) = −3. 464, p <. 01) were significantly improved, with mood approaching significance (t (10) = −2. 193, p =. 053). None of the caregiver variables were significantly improved, however Energy was approaching significance (t (3) = −3. 000, p =. 058). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of significant improvements in mood and well-being among both people with dementia (PWD) and caregivers after participating in singing sessions, which are a form of soundscape. Specifically, it mentions that caregiver mood (t (5) = −3. 162, p <. 05) was significantly improved, indicating a positive impact on their emotional state, thus supporting the claim regarding the beneficial effects of soundscapes on mood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: 71% of the population occupy apartment buildings, the remaining population lives in detached or terraced houses (20%) and in farmhouses (9%). The majority (84%) of apartment buildings were erected after II, primarily between 1961-1990. One of the main types of building during that period was prefabricated concrete large-panel building, Fig. 1. The thermal properties of the building envelope of these typical apartment buildings are modest Thermal transmittancesExternal wall 0. 5…1. 3 W/(m2 K)Window3. 0 W/(m2 K)Roof0. 7…1. 1 W/(m2 K)Air tightness of the building envelope:n 50: 6. 1 h-1, q 50 4. 2 m3/(h m2) The actual indoor temperature and humidity conditions are important data for assessing indoor climate and thermal comfort as well as energy consumption. To guarantee thermal comfort indoors, both the heating and the ventilation systems and the building envelope play a considerable role. In winter, continuous heating systems should keep the temperature according to the set point of thermostats. In old multi-storey prefabricated apartment Figure 1. Examples of typical apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements (left: type 1-464A-15, right: type 1-464 Д-84) buildings, radiators are typically without thermostats and the system is typically equipped with standpipe valves. The one-pipe heat distribution system is typical of old multi-storey prefabricated apartment buildings. If the one-pipe system is properly installed and balanced, it can work satisfactorily. If improper modifications have been made and as the balancing of the heating system is complicated, the stability and the temperature level may cause problems during the heating season. Air tightness of the building helps to avoid uncontrolled airflows through the building envelope. This can lead to problems related to the hygrothermal performance of the building envelope, energy consumption, health, performance of the ventilation systems, thermal comfort, noise, and fire resistance. Almost all building envelopes have thermal bridges - locations where the thermal resistance of the assembly is locally lower. Due to lower temperatures on the thermal bridge, higher RH occurs. While surface condensation starts at the 100% of the RH, the limit value for RH in respect of mould growth is above 75% to 90% RH depending on the material. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the indoor conditions of apartment buildings, which are often not high-rise. It mentions issues related to thermal comfort, air tightness, and the potential for high relative humidity (RH) which can affect health and indoor air quality, indicating that problems with indoor air quality can be relevant in various types of buildings, not just high-rise ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Mean weighted colocalization coefficients for OXT fluorescence with respect to GFP fluorescence = 0. 87; n = 5 larvae (and methods for detailed description). Scale: 5 μM. (F) Scheme describing the pipeline for detection of neurohypophyseal synapses. Whole-mount confocal microscope imaging of hypophysis of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:EGFP) zebrafish following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein. Analysis of GFP-positive neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) and OXT puncta were performed by using the ‘object identifier’ function in Volocity software on individual channels. Scale: 5 μM. Figure 1—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 1: colocalization analysis of synaptic OXT and EGFP fluorescence. The excel sheet includes values for weighted colocalization coefficients calculated from confocal images of immunostained transgenic (oxt:gal4; UAS:Syp-EGFP) larval neurohypophysis. Download elife-45650-fig1-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 1—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Z-stack images and three-dimensional render of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter zebrafish Tg(oxt:EGFP) following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Osmotic challenge decreases synaptic OXT neuropeptide content. (A) Transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae at eight dpf were treated with hypertonic solution (25% artificial sea salt in Danieau buffer) for 20 or 60 min. The larvae that underwent 60 min treatment were allowed to recover in isotonic Danieau buffer for another 60 min. The mean number and volume of NS (B,C) and OXT puncta overlapping with GFP +NS (D,E) were quantified (**p<0. 01 and ***p<0. 001; one-way ANOVA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding willow bark and its historical use for pain relief due to salicylic acid. Instead, it focuses on different experiments involving neurohypophyseal synapses in zebrafish, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Combined data from singing groupsAn improvement across all PWD variables was observed (lucidity: t (16) = −4. 243, p <. 01; mood: t (16) = −2. 781, p <. 05; relaxation: t (16) = −2. 781, p <. 05; and focus: t (16) = −3. 816, p <. 01). Furthermore, by combining data across groups, three of the four caregiver variables were also significantly improved (energy: t (9) = −3. 000, p <. 05; mood: t (9) = −3. 000, p <. 05; focus: t (9) = −2. 449, p <. 05)), with the fourth variable ‘relaxation’ approaching significance (t (9) = −2. 236, p =. 052). Paired samples t-tests for the control pre- and post-quiz data revealed no significant changes in the four PWD variables (lucidity: t (7) =0. 00, p =1. 00; mood: t (7) = −. 552, p =. 598; relaxation: t (7) = −. 552, p =. 598; and focus: t (7) =0. 00, p =1. 00). Given these results, it was decided at Stage 2 that it would not be necessary to run a control group, especially in the context of work which revealed PWD tend to retain a responsiveness to music, rather than verbal communication (Simmons-Stern et al. [2010]). Stage 2Data were additionally collected fortnightly from across a six-week period. Unfortunately, but typical of the cohorts studied, at week 4, two PWD and their two Caregivers were unable to attend, and in week 6, two PWD and one caregiver were unable to attend. Thus, the quantitative data were extremely weak, so when examining for any pre- and post-session differences at weeks 2, 4, and 6, significant differences were only observed in the PWD’s level of focus in Week 2 (t(5) = −3. 162, p <. 05) where attendance was highest, and reflecting an improvement in their focus post-singing group session. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that participation in singing groups, which constitutes a form of soundscape, led to significant improvements in mood as indicated by the reported statistical results (e.g., t (16) = −2. 781, p <. 05). It notes improvements not only in the mood of the participants with disabilities (PWD) but also in their caregivers, indicating a broader positive impact on mental well-being due to engagement in musical activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: Thermal bridges lead to an increase in heat losses. If large poorly-insulated or non-insulated envelope areas exist, the surfaces will be cold in winter and may cause problems with thermal comfort due to cold draughts or radiation (in particular, asymmetric radiation). The paper presents the results of the study of indoor climate and energy use and the factors that affect them in typical apartment buildings. As constructions and outdoor climate also influence the indoor climate and the energy use they should always be taken into account. The study is confined to the investigation of the problem in cold climate (Estonia) and to the apartment buildings erected from prefabricated concrete elements. Advertisement 2. give an overview of the indoor temperature and humidity conditions and energy use in old multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements, long-term field measurements were carried out in 39 apartments in 20 blocks of flats in Estonia (Kalamees et. al. 2009). The buildings were heated by district heating and a one-pipe radiator heating system. Radiators, as a rule, were not equipped with special thermostats, therefore individual control of the room temperature was impossible. Room temperature for the whole building was controlled in heat substations, depending on outdoor temperature. The data about energy use were collected from the building studied separately (room heating including heating of ventilation air), heating of domestic hot water (DHW), use of electric energy (for appliances, equipments, lighting, technical systems, etc. ). The temperature and the RH in the rooms were measured with data loggers at 1-h intervals over a 1-year period. The data loggers were located on the separating walls mainly in master bedrooms. The temperature range measured by the data loggers was between 20º C and +70º C with an accuracy of ±0. 35º C and the RH range was between 5% and 95RH% with an accuracy of ±2. 5RH%. Indoor thermal conditions in the apartments studied were assessed on the basis of the target values from the standards (CR 1752, 1998, EN-15251, 2007). The II indoor climate category (normal level of expectation, for new buildings and renovations) and the III indoor climate category (acceptable, moderate level of expectation, for existing buildings) were selected for the comparison. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the factors affecting indoor climate and energy use in typical apartment buildings, specifically referring to multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements in Estonia. It highlights that indoor thermal conditions and air quality should be monitored in these buildings, indicating that poor indoor air quality is not limited to high-rise structures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (F–J) Cell-specific blockage of synaptic release using botulinum toxin light chain B increases hypophyseal OXT levels (F). The mean number and volume of mCherry +NS (G,H) and oxytocin puncta overlapping with mcherry +NS (I,J) were quantified in 8-dpf old larvae of Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry) labeled as BoTx- (n = 13 larvae) versus Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:BoTxLCB-GFP; UAS:NTR-mCherry) at isotonic Danieau buffer (BoTx+ (n = 14 larvae)) or upon 60 min treatment with hypertonic solution (ST BoTx+; n = 12 larvae). (***p<0. 001, ****p<0. 0001; one-way ANOVA). Error bars indicate SEM in (B-E and G-J). Figure 2—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 2: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon hyperosmotic challenge. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta upon hyperosmotic challenge. Download elife-45650-fig2-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Actin polymerization regulates synaptic OXT content. (A–D) Spatial relationship between actin and neuropeptide in hypophysis revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) images of the neurohypophyseal area of 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) Tg(oxt:gal4; UAS:lifeact-EGFP) larvae stained using anti-OXT and anti-GFP antibodies (A). (B–D:) Magnifications of squared areas. Scale bars: 1 µm. (E–H) Assessment of the effect of cytochalasin D treatment on synaptic properties in Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae. Larvae were treated with DMSO or cytochalasin D at 400 nM between 4 and 5 dpf, stained using anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and quantified following imaging as in Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of botulinum toxin on oxytocin levels and synaptic properties in larvae, which does not relate to willow bark or its use for pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: The lack of significant differences in the other variables and weeks in this extra data collection is very likely due to the limited power of the study, as significant differences were observed across all variables (with the exception of caregiver relaxation) when the data collected from the singing groups was combined and so the N met a good minimum standard (N = 25) (as reported above). The pre- and post-session trends reflected an improvement in all variables (with the exception of caregiver focus in Weeks 2 and 4). To determine whether there was any additional benefit from attending consecutive singing sessions over the six-week period, the pre- and post- scores that were calculated for each variable (for the PWD and for their caregiver, at 2, 4, and 6 weeks) were normalised. These data were then fitted with a linear regression, to determine whether the slope of the linear function was significantly different than zero, reflecting an additional benefit of regular attendance at the singing group sessions. All slopes were positive, reflecting a trend of improvement in the variables from session to session. A significant benefit from attending consecutive sessions was observed in three of the four PWD variables (lucidity: (F(1,4) = 13. 700, p <. 05); mood (F(1,4) = 9. 600, p <. 05); focus: (F(1,4) = 42. 42, P <. 01); relaxation: (F(1,4) = 3. 321, p =. 143)). For the caregiver, such additional benefit in attending consecutive singing group sessions was observed in their level of relaxation (relaxation: F(1,4) = 8. 955, p <. 05)), however no significant effect was observed in the other variables (energy: (F(1,4) = 2. 048, p =. 226); mood (F(1,4) = 2. 001, p =. 230); and focus (F(1,4) =. 034, p =. 86). The qualitative interviews with the PWD and their caregiver, though collected in brief interactions, complimented the main rating scales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of improvements in mood and relaxation levels following participation in singing group sessions. Specifically, it states that significant benefits were observed in variables such as mood (F(1,4) = 9.600, p <. 05) and relaxation (F(1,4) = 8.955, p <. 05) for both people with dementia and their caregivers. This aligns with the claim that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: If there were more measurements from one building, the average value was calculated to represent the air tightness of the building. From the measurement results, the reference value of air tightness for different types of buildings was calculated. The reference value q 50,delc (Eqn. 1) represents the median value (50% fractile) with a confidence level of 90% for air tightness. The reference value of air tightness is applicable for energy calculations, when air tightness is not measured or the air tightness base value given in energy performance regulation is not suitable for use (too large or too small). q 50 d e c l = q 50 + k ⋅ σ q 50 m 3 ( h · m 2 ) E1 where: q 50 is the mean value of air tightness of this building type, m3/(h m2); k is a factor to take into account the median value with a confidence level of 90% (Eqn. 2), and σ q 50 is the standard deviation of air tightness measurement results (Eqn. 3). k = 1. 645 n E2 where: n is the number of measurements. σ q 50 = ∑ i = 1 n ( q 50 i − q 50 ) 2 n − 1 m 3 ( h · m 2 ) E3 where: q 50 i is a single air tightness measurement result. Additionally, an interview questionnaire was completed for each apartment, where the building characteristics, occupants’ habits, typical perceptions, complaints and symptoms related to the indoor climate were included. Indoor temperature and RH were continuously measured for each apartment building at 1-h intervals over a 1-year period. Outdoor climate was measured near the apartment buildings studied or climatic data were retrieved from the nearest weather station. Advertisement 3. Energy use in typical apartment buildings Most of the buildings were heated by district heating, a small part of them by local boiler houses and a one-pipe radiator heating system. Radiators as a rule were not equipped with special thermostats, therefore individual control of the room temperature was impossible. Room temperature for the whole building was controlled in heat substations depending on outdoor temperature. Data on energy use in the buildings studied were collected separately, room heating including the heating of the ventilation air, heating of domestic hot water (DHW), electricity use (for appliances, equipments, lighting technical systems etc. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various building types and how air tightness measurements and indoor climate monitoring were conducted in apartment buildings. It does not support the idea that only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality needing monitoring; instead, it implies that monitoring is relevant for different types of buildings, suggesting that poor indoor air quality could also be a concern in apartment buildings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: The number and mean volume of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (E,F) and the number and mean volume of NS-associated OXT puncta (G,H) was quantified. p<0. 01, Student’s t-test, Cohen’s d = 1. 54 (E); p<0. 1, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 0. 85 (F); p<0. 05, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 17 (G); p<0. 01, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 43 (H), n = 8, 12 for DMSO and cytochalasin D treatment, respectively. (I–N) Assessment of the effect of oxytocin-neuron specific perturbation of actin. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxytocin Gal4 driver (oxt:Gal4) were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP (I) or UAS:Cofilin-EGFP (L) expression cassettes. All the injected larvae were sorted for fluorescent heart selection marker and were subjected to immunostaining with anti-EGFP and anti-OXT antibody. 5-dpf larvae with and without expression of EGFP-labeled neurohypophyseal synapses were imaged using confocal microscopy as in Figure 1F. The number (J,M) and volume of OXT puncta (K,N) were quantified. (J-M: ns, non-significant; N: p<0. 05; Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 0. 92). Error bars indicate SEM in (E-H, J,K,M and N). Figure 3—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 3: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon actin perturbation. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larvae that were subjected to DMSO vs cytochalasin treatment or embryos that underwent transgenesis experiment for OXT-neuron specific EGFP vs cofilin expression. Download elife-45650-fig3-data1-v3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim about willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. It focuses instead on the quantification and assessment of neurohypophyseal synapses and does not mention willow bark, salicylic acid, or pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Researcher-led discussion took place with the PWD and his/her carer, and through these interactions it became obvious to the researchers that the carers not only had great insight into the moods and behaviours of the PWD, but that they were extremely sensitive to the impact of the singing groups over time, on both parties. Indicative positive comments collected on different occasions are captured in in Table 1 below. Table 2 highlights some negative comments and Table 3 shows other factors of significance to the participants to have emerged in the brief interviews. Table 1 Positive target behaviour comments offered across the six-week program by carers, PWD and the facilitator Full size table Table 2 Negative target behaviour comments offered across the six week program by carers, PWD and the facilitator Full size table Table 3 Additional comments offered across the six-week program by carers, PWD and the facilitator relating to matters considered to be of importance, but not related to the target behaviours Full size table Together these qualitative data reveal that when given the opportunity to comment, the majority of participants believed the variables under investigation to be important and positively reinforced in the singing group context. Where negative comments are made, it is evident that the PWD or the carer has displayed a lower mood behaviour that was perhaps not so effectively regulated by the singing that day, though these were only small negative reflections set within a positive overall experience. Finally, some other emergent factors are worthy of further comment: the potential for positive identity construction that seemed to be elicited by the activity of singing, which in turn appeared to facilitate socio-emotional connection between carer and PWD. This effect was also reflected in the specific value of reminiscence. More generally, the physical proximity afforded by group singing also seemed to offer participants a type of closeness that might have otherwise been changed or lost through the effects of the dementia. Taking the data shown in these three tables together, it can be seen that participants overwhelmingly perceived positive value in the vocal activity, with the core factors of lucidity, focus, energy, mood and relaxation all being present and indeed – even within the small cohort studied – developing as engagement increased over the sessions. DiscussionThis study was made possible by creating two singing groups containing PWD and their caregivers. The aim was to determine whether attendance at a one off or more extended weekly two hour singing sessions had positive impact for the group members. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that participants in singing groups reported positive impacts on their mood and mental well-being. It notes that most participants believed that the singing activity had a positive effect on key factors such as mood, relaxation, lucidity, focus, and energy. Additionally, it indicates that even when negative comments were made, they were set within a context of an overall positive experience, suggesting that singing may have a generally uplifting effect on those involved.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: In spite of problems concerning the work of one-pipe heating systems the heat consumption in those buildings within the 35 years (1974-2009) has still decreased considerably. The decrease has first of all taken place due to a decrease in the DHW consumption ( Koiv, Voll & Hani, 2010 Koiv, Hani & Voll, 2009) and to a certain lowering of the internal temperature (the latter becoming possible owing to the use of automatic heat substations and the balancing of the heating systems) and partly by renovating the envelope elements of the buildings, all in all about 170 kWh/m2 (per gross area of apartments), see Fig. 2. 115 kWh/m2 of the decrease in the heat consumption was made up by a decrease in the DHW consumption, because by that time the DHW systems in bigger towns had mostly been renovated. It can be seen that the 80s saw a very slight change in the heat consumption in apartment buildings, but after that it started decreasing very quickly. A decrease in the DHW consumption did not bring about any special problems. A decrease in the heating costs became possible due to the renovation of the heat substations (boiler houses) and in part of the buildings also to that of the heating systems, as well as the renovation of the building envelope (first of all the windows). By replacing the windows it was possible to economize on the heat consumption, but to a great extent it took place at the expense of decreasing the air change, which considerably deteriorated the indoor climate and often caused mould in apartments (Koiv, Voll, Mikola, Kuusk & Maivel, 2010). Figure 2. Approximate heat consumption of DHW, heating (room heating and heating of ventilation air) and the total for the years 1975-2009 (per gross area of apartments) Advertisement 4. Performance of ventilation The ventilation system of the apartment buildings investigated was natural (passive stack) ventilation, Fig. 3. In some apartments kitchens were supplied with a hood. In all of the dwellings studied, windows could be opened for airing purposes. The air change in such buildings is unstable, being affected by external temperature, the height of the ventilation channel and also by the strength of the wind and its direction. Though mechanical ventilation has been the standard installation in new apartment buildings in Estonia during the last two decades, old apartment buildings have preserved natural ventilation due to the complexity of the ventilation renovation. Figure 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that natural ventilation in old apartment buildings can lead to deteriorated indoor air quality, including mould issues, due to reduced air change. It highlights that the problems with air quality are not exclusive to high-rise buildings but can also occur in traditional apartment buildings that have undergone renovations that affect ventilation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 3—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT and Lifeact-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic actin dynamics. (A) robo2 is expressed in larval zebrafish neurosecretory preoptic area (NPO) and colocalizes with Oxytocin neurons. Confocal Z-stack images showing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of transgenic larvae Tg(oxt:EGFP) (3 days post-fertilization (dpf)) using probes directed against robo2 mRNAs (magenta), followed by anti-EGFP staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which OXT neurons were labeled is shown. Scale bar: 20 µm. (B,C) Real-time monitoring of synaptic actin dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae mounted in 0. 1% low-melt agarose and imaged using multi-photon microscopy upon after Photobleaching (FRAP) (B). Time-series images of FRAP experiment in a neurohypophyseal synapse with Lifeact-EGFP expression (C). Scale bar: 200 nm. (D–F) Assessment of synaptic actin dynamics in robo2 mutant using the transgenic actin dynamics reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae. Graph showing the normalized FRAP profile of Lifeact-EGFP fluorescence intensity in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 19 synapses from seven larvae) and robo2-/- (n = 21 synapses from seven larvae) (D) (***p<2e-16) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention willow bark, pain relief, or salicylic acid. Instead, it discusses synaptic actin dynamics in zebrafish and provides details on neurosecretory systems and imaging techniques, which are unrelated to the historical use of willow bark for pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: When analysing the combined data from the two singing groups, though quantitatively small, the data nonetheless produced positive analyses, revealing encouraging changes in the PWD’s lucidity, mood, agitation, and focus, observed from the two hours prior to a one-off singing session to the two hours post-session. Such positive changes were not observed in these variables following involvement in the control activity of a quiz. Further, caregivers’ energy levels, mood, and focus were improved from pre- to post-singing group session (and their mean level of relaxation had also increased and was approaching significance). In addition, attendance at the sessions over six weeks had positive effects on the PWD’s baseline level of lucidity, mood, and focus when assessed in the following fortnight’s session. Similarly, attending consecutive weekly singing sessions had positive impacts on the caregivers’ stress level, with an increase in their baseline level of relaxation occurring from session to session. The residual benefit of these variables, which was observed fortnightly over the six-week period, supports the promotion of regular attendance at singing sessions for PWD and their caregivers. Further to these small-scale quantitative outcomes, the qualitative reports generally support these data, offering a richer and human face to the rating scale results. This study is novel in that it demonstrates the potential benefit available to elderly PWD and their caregivers following attendance at a weekly singing group. Until now, no study has directly explored whether such improvements experienced by PWD following musical intervention can similarly be observed in caregivers if musical involvement is also undertaken. This is surprising given the impact the role of ‘caregiver’ has on those who undertake such a role to care for PWD. As mentioned in the introduction to this paper, a report produced by the for Health and Welfare (AIHW) following a national data analysis of dementia in Australia, noted that 46% of caregivers reported at least one adverse effect as a result of their caring duties (2007). These adverse effects included frequently feeling anger or resentment about their caring role, being diagnosed with a stress-related illness, feeling weary or lacking energy, or frequently feeling anxious or depressed because of the caring role. Further the AIHW report (2007) noted that most Australian studies report a link between carer burden and the behavioural and psychological symptoms associated with dementia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the positive effects of singing sessions on mood and mental well-being for both people with dementia (PWD) and their caregivers. It notes observable improvements in PWD’s lucidity, mood, agitation, and focus following singing sessions, which were not seen in a control activity. Additionally, caregivers experienced increased energy levels, mood, and relaxation, thereby supporting the idea that musical interventions, like soundscapes, can positively influence psychological well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: The ventilation system of the apartment buildings investigated (left: up to a five-storey building, right: higher than a five-storey building) It is practically impossible to achieve necessary airflows in apartments with natural ventilation. It is possible to use window airing, but this may worsen thermal comfort during the winter season. Because of worsened thermal comfort due to outdoor air inflow from stack (caused by wind) occupants seal the stack and ventilation outlets, Fig. 4. Figure 4. Ventilation stack is closed by occupants due to cold air inflow caused by wind Ventilation airflow in apartments is smaller than required (Fig. 5 left) and the CO2 level is higher than the one permitted (Fig. 5 right). In such a situation the RH is also high and it is often accompanied by a rise of mould. Replacing the old non-hermetic windows with more airtight ones in such apartment buildings results in dramatically worsened indoor air quality. The replacement of windows without renovating the ventilation results in lower air leakage and ventilation airflows, Fig. 6. In partly renovated apartment buildings problems with low air change often arise. Figure 5. Ventilation airflow (left) and CO2 level (right) in bedrooms Figure 6. The influence of the replacement of old windows on the air tightness of the apartment (before and after the replacement) (left) and on the air flow in bedrooms (right) Advertisement 5. Indoor temperature and humidity conditions 5. 1. Dependence of indoor temperature and humidity on outdoor temperature To give an overall view of the indoor climate the dependence of the indoor temperature and the RH on the outdoor temperature was analysed. From each room at each average daily outdoor air temperature, all average daily indoor temperature values were selected, Fig. 7 left. From all the indoor temperatures at the corresponding outdoor temperature, the average value was calculated. Each individual thin solid lightly shaded curve in Fig. 7 (right) represents the average value from the average daily indoor temperature at the corresponding average daily outdoor temperature in one apartment. The dotted curve represents the average curve from all the apartments. A one-pipe heat distribution system was installed in the apartments studied. As radiators were not equipped with thermostats, there was no possibility to control the room temperature. The room temperature was controlled in the boiler room based on the outdoor temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that poor indoor air quality issues exist in both high-rise buildings and lower-rise apartment buildings. It highlights that apartments (including those up to five stories) often have ventilation systems that cannot achieve necessary airflows, leading to high CO2 levels and humidity issues. Furthermore, the text indicates that replacing windows without renovating ventilation can worsen indoor air quality, emphasizing that poor indoor air quality is not limited to high-rise buildings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bar graphs showing the dynamic (E) and stable (F) Lifeact-EGFP fractions in robo2+/+ vs robo2-/- neurohypophyseal synapses (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test; with Cohen’s d = 0. 67). Error bars indicate SEM in (D–F). Figure 4—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 4: Actin dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic Lifeact-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values, dynamic and stable fraction generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig4-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Slit3-Robo2 signaling regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A–E) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content in robo2 mutant was performed as described in Figure 1F. Graph showing the number and size of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (A,B) and colocalizing OXT puncta (C,D) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (E) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) robo2+/+ (n = 13) vs robo2-/- (n = 17) larvae (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen's d = 0. 82; ns denotes not significant). (F–J) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content upon slit3 knock-down. Transgenic (oxt:EGFP) embryos were injected with injection buffer or injection buffer with 0. 85 ng of morpholino targeted to the translational start site of slit3. Graph showing the number and size of NS (F,G) and colocalizing OXT puncta (H,I) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (J) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) control (n = 15) vs slit3 morpholino injected (n = 14) larvae (**p<0. 05 with Cohen’s d = 1. 23; ns denotes not significant, Student’s t-test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the historical use of willow bark for pain relief or its salicylic acid content. Instead, it discusses experimental data related to neurohypophyseal synapses and oxytocin levels, which is unrelated to the claim regarding willow bark. Therefore, the text is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: More than half (61%) of co-resident primary carers (similar to the caregivers employed in this study) reported that the caring role had at least one adverse main effect on their relationships with other family members and friends, thus affecting their level of social interaction (of Health and Welfare, [2007]). Therefore, involvement in a singing group results not only in the improvements reported in this study (i. e. , improvement in energy levels, mood, and level of focus) but provides these workers with a context for social interaction, both with other caregivers, and with the individuals they care for. This preliminary study investigated the impact of singing group involvement on various caregiver and PWD variables, both immediately following a singing session, and also across a number of consecutive weekly singing sessions. As the number of participants in the study was low, this led to difficulties in establishing significant results. Pre- and post-session data were collected from both groups and combined to increase the power of the study. This was chosen to be the preferred method, given that large groups of singers are not typical for this form of intervention. The qualitative data offer positive triangulation for the quantitative data, suggesting that whilst exploratory, the study has offered novel and useful insights into the value of singing with PWD and their carers. Of course, we were dependant on volunteers, who may have been positively focused towards singing and ideally further study is necessary to validate all of these outcomes. However, in terms of ecological validity, community and residential care relies on volunteer participation from its membership, so finding activities that are attractive to them is of course necessary. In effect, this study raises the on-going challenge for investigations of PWD, that is the difficulty in recruiting sufficiently large enough samples for meaningful investigation. The triangulation of research methods in the current work produced a detailed set of results, but, the recruitment situation explains why there is a paucity of research in this particular area. This study promotes the idea of using singing for improving the abovementioned outcomes for PWD, and also for their caregivers. Further, regular singing group attendance is recommended for PWD and their caregivers, as it was observed that there is additional benefit gained from attending consecutive singing group sessions. Endnote aNote that some of the raw data drawn upon in this study have been used in other analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of singing group involvement on mood and energy levels, which are indicators of mental well-being. It mentions that participants experienced improvements in these areas, suggesting that engaging in group singing can enhance positive mood, thus supporting the idea that soundscapes can have beneficial impacts on mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: In this study the amount of weighted excess hours 150 h during the summer season is used as the criterion of the acceptable thermal comfort. The limit of weighted excess hours 150 h during the summer season was exceeded in 10 % of the apartments. Figure 13. The distribution of the indoor temperature (left) and the RH (right) in Estonian old multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements during the summer season 5. 4. Correspondence of the indoor thermal conditions to the target values Target values for the room temperature and the RH in the average (II) and the lowest (III) indoor climate categories (CR1752, 1998, EN-15251, 2007) were selected to assess the indoor thermal conditions. Values outside the III category should only be accepted for a limited part of the year. Allowable rate for the target values of the indoor temperatures that may be exceeded was 5% of the measured time length. Figure 14. Percentages of time when the indoor temperature exceeded the target values (left) and temperature target values exceeded degree hours during winter (right) In 41% of the apartments the room temperature did not correspond to the indoor climate category III criteria allowing 5% excess, Fig. 14 (left). In 41% of the apartments the temperature was not within the target values during the winter season and in 14% of the apartments the temperature was not within the target values during the summer season. The target values of the temperature for the indoor climate category II were exceeded in 70% of the apartments (65% during the winter season and 42% during the summer season). The analysis of the degree hours outside the target values revealed that thermal problems in old multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements relate to low room temperatures. Target values were exceeded at the highest rate there (Fig. 14 right). Advertisement 6. Air tightness of the building envelope In the apartments measured, the mean air leakage at the pressure difference of 50 Pa in the entire database was 4. 2 m3/(h m2), the minimum being 0. 3 m3/(h m2) and the maximum 15 m3/(h m2). The mean air change rate at the pressure difference of 50 Pa from all the databases was 6. 0 h-1, the minimum being 0. 4 ach and the maximum 24 h-1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that poor indoor air quality is also present in old multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements. The analysis indicates that in 41% of these apartments, the indoor temperatures did not meet guideline criteria, suggesting that issues with indoor air quality may not be limited to high-rise buildings. The existence of thermal problems and exceedances of target indoor climate values in these multi-storey apartments highlights that other building types also experience poor air quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (K) Hypophyseal POMC cells are localized near OXT synapses. Confocal Z-stacks maximum intensity projection of hypophysis region of 5 day old triple transgenic (pomc:EGFP; oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry). The hypophysis area showing OXT NS adjacent to anterior and posterior clusters of POMC cells are shown. Scale: 10 μM. (L–R) Local overexpression in mosaic hypophyseal POMC clones located. Transgenic embryos expressing the pomc:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:tRFP (M,P) or UAS: Slit3-EmGFP (N,Q). The injected 5-dpf larvae were subjected to immunostaining with anti-OXT protein and anti-GFP. OXT-puncta (arrows) within a distance of 2 μM (yellow dashed ellipse) from the clone surface were quantified. Scale bar: 2 µm. Bar graphs showing the mean volume of OXT puncta upon expression of tRFP vs Slit3 in hypophyseal POMC anterior (n = 15 and 18, respectively) or posterior clone (n = 10 and 10, respectively) position (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 1. 14). Error bars indicate SEM in (A-J, O and R). Figure 5—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 5: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon gain- or loss-of function of slit3 or robo2. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larval neurohypophysis of multiple experiments namely: 1) robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- 2) Mock vs morpholino-injected embryos 3) Mosaic transgenesis experiments by hypophyseal expression of tRFP vs slit3. Download elife-45650-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters and does not mention willow bark, pain relief, or salicylic acid. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.