Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : animals are no longer essential to producing meat and milk. Technologists can now grow animal cells in industrial cultures and harvest the cells — or their products — to yield real meat or milk. These cellular meat and milk products are not yet commercially viable, but researchers are making rapid progress. Food & lab-grown meat — and milk — to the table Beef, chicken and dairy made from cultured cells could offer a smaller footprint than conventional farms. Companies are working on scaling up and bringing prices down. Holmes 12. 22. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español Diners at the swanky restaurant in expect to be served something unusual. After all, the venue boasts three Michelin stars and is widely considered to be one of the world’s top restaurants. But if all goes according to plan, there will soon be a new dish on the menu that truly is remarkable: chicken that was never part of a living bird. & are the (tiny) cheesemakers Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Food & science: How to grill a flavorful steak That peculiar piece of meat — likely to be the first of its kind ever sold in the US — comes from a radical sort of food technology now in development, in which meat is produced by culturing muscle cells in vast tanks of nutrients. A similar effort — to culture mammary cells — is also underway and may soon yield real milk without cows. The company behind Crenn’s chicken, California-based Upside Foods, got a thumbs-up in November 2022 from the US Food and Drug Administration, which said it had no concerns about the safety of the technology. (The company’s manufacturing facility still requires a certificate of inspection from the US Department of Agriculture. )This cellular agriculture, as some of its proponents call it, faces formidable technical obstacles before it can ever be more than a curiosity. But if it does reach the mainstream, it offers the prospect of a cruelty-free source of meat and dairy — potentially with a smaller environmental footprint than conventional animal products. Conceptually, cellular agriculture is straightforward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that lab-grown meat and milk products are not yet commercially viable and that there are formidable technical obstacles to overcome before they can become mainstream. This suggests that the replacement of traditional meat products by lab-grown alternatives within the next five years is unlikely given the current state of the technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of academic sources and references related to ancient civilizations and their art or inscriptions, but it does not provide any argument or evidence regarding whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the presence of public lands is associated with a higher likelihood of a species being precluded from listing due to conservation (Treakle et al. , 2023). Recovery status also has been more likely to improve for listed species that occur on federal land than for those that occur solely on private land (Groves et al. , 2000), an outcome that could arise from differences in the regulatory and institutional regimes between public and private lands, including regarding ESA-listed species (Eichenwald et al. , 2020; Evans et al. , 2016). In addition, federal land managers generally have mandates to protect conservation resources, including nonlisted species of conservation concern. Private landowners, in contrast, may not manage for conservation objectives, and some have even preemptively destroyed habitat to avoid potential listing regulations (Lueck & Michael, 2003). However, various programs have been developed to encourage preemptive conservation efforts on private land (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). In recognition of these various dimensions of conservation activities, we explored the magnitude and attributes of conservation efforts for species that were precluded from listing due to conservation. To do so, we coded information from listing determination documents for these species to quantify the number and type of initiatives, partners, and actions involved in their conservation. We also compiled data on species’ conservation contexts. We used these data to address 3 questions. What magnitude of conservation effort (number of initiatives) and number of partners were involved in the conservation of species that were precluded from listing due to conservation? How does the magnitude of conservation effort and number of partners for a species relate to its listing context (e. g. , range extent, landownership, threats, and taxon)? And finally, what types of actions (restorative vs. prohibitive) were specified in the as important for preempting the listing of species and where were actions implemented (private vs. public land)? We addressed these questions with data on 43 precluded species to provide a cross-species characterization of preemptive conservation efforts deemed to contribute to their avoided listing. considered conservation activities for 43 species precluded from listing from 2003 to 2018 and whose preclusion was attributed to conservation actions. We obtained a base list of species precluded from listing due to conservation directly from the U. S. Fish and (J. Moore, personal communication 2018). This list overlaps with a subsequently published list on the (USFWS, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how conservation efforts and programs have played a crucial role in preventing certain species from being listed as endangered, detailing various initiatives and actions taken that contributed to the conservation of species. The mention of specific species that were precluded from listing due to conservation activities underscores the positive impact of these efforts, supporting the idea that conservation has indeed led to the recovery or improved status of certain endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Technicians take a small tissue sample from a chicken, cow or other animal. From that, they isolate individual cells that go into a bioreactor — basically a big vat of nutrient solution — where the cells multiply manyfold and, eventually, mature into muscle, fat or connective tissue that can be harvested for people to eat. Products in which these cells are jumbled together, as in ground meat, are easiest to make, and that’s what most cellular meat companies are developing, at least initially. has a more ambitious goal: to create chicken with whole muscle fibers. “We’ve figured out ways to produce that textural experience,” says Eric Schulze, Upside’s vice president of product and regulation. He declines to explain exactly how they do it. Cellular meat is cultivated in tanks at Upside Foods, a company now developing products for commercial use. Cultivation facilities such as this use large amounts of electricity, so their environmental impact depends greatly on whether they draw electricity from sustainable sources. : process takes two to three weeks from start to finish, regardless of whether they are making chicken or beef. That’s much faster than the eight to 10 weeks required to raise a fryer chicken, or the 18 to 36 months needed for a cow. “We’re doing a cow’s worth of meat in 21 days or less,” says Schulze. One cellular meat product is already available commercially, though not in the US. In Singapore, a few restaurants and street vendors now offer a chicken nugget that contains a mix of cellular meat and plant-based ingredients. The product sells for about the same price as organic, farm-raised chicken, but the true cost of production is higher. “We’re selling it at a loss, for sure,” says Vítor Espírito Santo, senior director of cellular agriculture at Good Meat, the US-based company producing the nugget. But the cost should come down once the company expands to larger scale, Santo says. “Everything we do right now is more expensive because we are using a 1,200-liter bioreactor. Once we are producing in 250,000 liters, it will be competitive with conventional meat. ” The company is now working on gaining approval in the US. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current state and challenges of lab-grown meat production. It highlights that one cellular meat product is available commercially but notes that it is not yet released in the US and is currently sold at a loss. Additionally, while the process of lab-grown meat production is faster than raising traditional livestock, it implies that large-scale production and competitive pricing are still in development stages, suggesting that lab-grown meat will not be widely available globally within the next five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists a variety of scholarly sources and works related to ancient history and archaeology but does not directly address whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: b From McNemar's pairwise frequency comparisons: *p < 0. 05. aimed to better understand the magnitude and attributes of conservation efforts applied to 43 species that were identified as having been precluded from ESA listing due to conservation activities. We quantified the number of conservation initiatives and number of partners involved and found that the magnitude of effort applied to preemptive conservation increased with the complexity of the conservation context and was significantly associated with species and context characteristics. In addition, both restorative and prohibitive actions were important components of preemptive efforts, as were actions across public and private lands, but relative prevalence varied across taxa and threats. Conservation efforts across our set of precluded species were diverse and involved. Multiple conservation initiatives generally were associated with each species’ preemptive conservation efforts (mean = 4. 3, range 1–22). Similarly, multiple conservation partners (mean = 8. 2, range 1–31) of different types were involved in implementing the conservation initiatives for most species. These results reflect the complexity of activities that were commonly applied for species in our sample, such as referenced in the listing decision documents for the Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) (USFWS, 2014b). This salmonid has naturally occurring and introduced populations that have been harmed by habitat degradation in the upper basin. The species’ conditions are declared to be improving because of conservation initiatives that engage 22 partners across 5 documented agreements, 14 partners involved in 16 other measures, and 1 working group that contributed to efforts for the species prior to the listing determination. The documented number of partners is likely an underestimate because many efforts that may contribute to a species’ conservation are not focused specifically on the species and therefore may not be named, and we expect many entities that support efforts may not be acknowledged in the documents we considered. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that the lower bound of complexity for initiatives and partners can be substantial. Context factors that increased the number of initiatives were the species’ range area, proportion of private land, and number of threats. A large range and a high proportion of private land are likely to increase the number of affected jurisdictions and landowners. As such, the observed increase in number of initiatives with these factors could reflect the reality of implementing conservation across multiple management jurisdictions or contexts (Wyborn & Bixler, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of conservation initiatives contributing to the recovery of species such as the Arctic grayling. It discusses the complexity of conservation efforts, the involvement of multiple partners, and the positive outcomes, stating that the conditions of the species are improving because of these initiatives, which directly supports the claim about the recovery of endangered species due to conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Enthusiasts also claim that cell-based products should be more sustainable than conventional animal products, because farmers will no longer need to feed, water and house entire animals just to harvest their muscles. It’s hard to know whether this benefit will pan out in reality, since the technology is still under development. Only a few studies have tried to estimate the environmental impact of cell-based meat, and all have made huge assumptions about what future technologies will look like. One thing seems clear, however. Cell-based meat relies heavily on electricity for tasks like heating or cooling culture tanks and pumping cells from place to place. If that electricity comes from renewables, the overall carbon footprint of cell-based meat will be much less than if it comes from fossil fuels, says Swartz. Assuming a relatively green electric grid, though, one careful study of cell-based meat’s potential, by the Dutch consulting company CE Delft, suggests that its environmental footprint is likely to be roughly the same as that of conventional pork or poultry — among the greener conventional meats, by most reckonings — and far less than that of beef. So far, however, companies and academic researchers have only taken baby steps toward cellular agriculture. If the industry is ever to grow big enough to change the face of global agriculture, it would need to overcome several major hurdles, says David Block, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Davis, who works on the technology behind cultured meat. Dutch researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions from various protein sources. As a best-case scenario, they assumed that by 2030 conventional protein products would be produced in a way that minimizes their greenhouse gas footprint: no forests cleared to grow animal feed, animals grazed outdoors when possible and only sustainable energy sources used on farms and in production. For cellular meat products, the main factor affecting greenhouse gas emissions is the source of the electricity used in production facilities: The standard footprint assumes the current mix of energy sources; the minimum footprint assumes that all energy comes from renewable sources. One of the biggest challenges, most experts agree, is finding an inexpensive way to supply the nutrients and growth factors the growing cells need. Existing culture media are far too costly and often depend on calves’ blood for molecules such as fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1, which are essential for cell growth and maintenance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the current limitations and challenges of cell-based meat production. It mentions that the technology is still under development, with only a few studies estimating its environmental impact. Experts indicate that the industry has only made initial progress ('baby steps') toward cellular agriculture, and several major hurdles must be overcome for it to achieve a scale that could replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various publications and scholarly works related to ancient civilizations but does not directly address the claim regarding the presence or absence of detailed written records in every ancient civilization. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Similarly, for species facing a higher number of threats, more initiatives are likely needed to support preemptive conservation outcomes (Treakle et al. , 2023). For example, the Georgia aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum) grows in the southeastern in populations that are often small and susceptible to incidental take or competition from non-native plants. Two documented agreements and 9 other measures detail the efforts implemented to address specific threats on public and private property. In particular, the U. S. “has been thinning woody vegetation, conducting prescribed burns, and treating for nonnative invasive species” and the Department of Transportation “does not mow in the height of the growing season, and they do not use herbicides near known S. georgianum populations” (USFWS,2014d). The number of partners involved in conservation efforts also increased with a species’ range area and the proportion of private land. This likely reflects the additional jurisdictions within its range but may also be a result of management complexity: as ranges get larger, additional expertise and thus additional partners are needed. This may be particularly important when private landowners are involved. Twelve (30%) of the species we examined included private landowners as a partner in their conservation. Private landowners often are engaged in preemptive conservation through formal programs (e. g. , the ) or with NGOs (e. g. , Conservancy), and these efforts may involve high levels of collaboration (BenDor et al. , 2017; Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). For instance, the beetle (Pseudanophthalmus major) occurs in a single limestone cave on private land. “Program coordinated several conservation efforts that were planned and implemented through five interrelated agreements/contracts between the landowner and the agencies: (a) a 15-year Enhancement Agreement; (b) a (CCRP) 15-year contract through FSA; (c) a (WHIP) 15-year contract through NRCS; and (d) two Program (LIP) 10-year agreements through KDFWR” (USFWS, 2006). In our analyses, we likely undercounted the private landowners, given that many were not explicitly named or numbered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific conservation efforts that have been implemented to address threats to endangered species like the Georgia aster and the beetle, which demonstrate proactive measures aimed at species recovery. It discusses various strategies and collaborations involving private landowners and organizations, suggesting that such efforts are vital for the conservation and recovery of species facing significant threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining significant challenges in scaling up lab-grown meat production to make it commercially viable. It mentions that the transition from small research cultures to large commercial operations presents problems, such as ensuring waste removal and maintaining the integrity of the muscle cells. Additionally, the text quotes San Martin, who states, 'I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years.' This indicates that the technology is not expected to reach the point where it can replace traditional meat within the claimed five-year timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding written records from ancient civilizations. Instead, it lists various studies and publications, predominantly related to Roman history and art, without discussing the breadth or existence of written records from any ancient civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: However, as seen for the beetle, NGOs and government partners help foster private landowners’ engagement, and diverse partners perform actions or contribute resources toward the collaborative conservation of the species. This exemplifies how conservation organizations often work together on initiatives with shared goals (Labich et al. , 2013), and how such partnering is often instrumental to achieving preemptive conservation outcomes. Indeed, these patterns align with prior findings that species occupying a larger range area were less likely to be precluded from listing due to conservation, but, controlling for range area, species spanning a greater number of states were more likely to be precluded (Treakle et al. , 2023). The positive association with number of states may capture the greater number of state agencies and environmental organizations involved in such efforts. Action types that were specified as important for preempting a listing also offered insight into the effort required for preemptive conservation. Our results showed that restorative actions were at least as prevalent as prohibitive actions across preemptive conservation efforts. The frequencies of species with each action type were not significantly different, even within taxa. However, we did find a statistically higher proportion of species with restorative actions among the set of species threatened by species–species interactions. Together, these findings highlight the important role of restorative actions in preemptive conservation. The ESA can prohibit harm to listed species but does not mandate restorative actions. Despite the differential regulatory authority regarding these types of actions, we found that both types were well represented in preemptive conservation efforts. This finding supports the idea that preemptive conservation could achieve voluntary conservation outcomes that might not be incentivized for ESA-listed species (Donlan, 2015; Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). Preemptive conservation actions were applied more frequently on public land than on private property, which may reflect the inclusion of conservation objectives in the mandates for many public lands (Evans et al. , 2016; Smith-Hicks & Morrison, 2021) and institutional structures that facilitate collaboration and lower the costs of achieving conservation outcomes on public lands (Henson et al. , 2018). This finding is consistent with prior empirical findings that species with more of their habitat on public lands are more likely to be precluded from listing due to preemptive conservation (Treakle et al. , 2023). Plant species in particular had more actions on public lands, such that the association between actions and public land may be driven by conservation effort for plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the active roles of NGOs and government partners in facilitating conservation efforts, particularly through preemptive conservation actions. It highlights how these collaborative initiatives and restorative actions are crucial for the conservation of species, emphasizing that conservation organizations work together to achieve shared goals. This suggests that such concerted efforts contribute significantly to the recovery of endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while the costs of lab-grown meat are decreasing, it is still currently more expensive than traditional meat. It elaborates that significant investments and innovations are necessary to make cultured meat commercially viable, suggesting that it may not replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. Furthermore, the text suggests that hybrid products combining cultured and plant-based ingredients are more likely to dominate the market, which implies that a full replacement may not occur in the short time frame proposed by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding written records of ancient civilizations. It appears to be a citation list of various academic works on related topics but provides no support or contradiction to the claim about written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: For example, cinquefoil (Potentilla basaltica) is a perennial forb found on approximately 9. 19 ha in Humboldt County, Nevada, and in Lassen County, California. At the time of the USFWS decision, 95% of the species’ occurrence was on BLM land. The BLM constructed fences around areas where cinquefoil occurred to reduce grazing impacts and also coordinated efforts to remove non-native, invasive plants. In 2008, the BLM issued a record of decision on the Plan which “identified the need for establishing a long-term monitoring plot for Potentilla basaltica and limiting OHV travel to designated routes” (USFWS, 2012). Harm to ESA-listed plants is prohibited only on federal land (ESA sec. 9[a][2]), as opposed to private land, and that distinction can have conservation repercussions (McCune & Morrison, 2020) and affect the regulatory burden of listing. We coded information about conservation efforts and activities from determination documents for our 43 imperiled species that were precluded from listing by preemptive conservation. This approach enabled us to summarize information across a large number of species and analyze patterns across taxa and contexts. However, the approach necessarily missed the nuance and detailed analyses that might emerge from a focus on 1 or a few species. For instance, we excluded information for efforts that were ambiguous in their timing relative to a species’ listing decision. We also recognize that additional partners or initiatives that contributed to a species’ preemptive conservation may not have been identified in the determination documents. For example, in the decision documentation for the Highlands tiger beetle (Cicindelidia highlandensis), it is stated that “lands are managed for the scrub habitat and species, including the Highlands tiger beetle, through government and private partnership prescribed burn programs, invasive species control, best management practices, and enforcement and protection of the resources” (USFWS, 2016). The partners here would be government and private partnership, but those entities are not named. Moreover, in some documented agreements, confidentiality protections prohibited the disclosure of partners’ names (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service—et al. , 2013). Finally, the level of detail in the determination document may be related to political contentiousness of a listing decision. However, including document types as control variables did not alter our results or improve our models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of conservation efforts for specific endangered species, such as the cinquefoil and the Highlands tiger beetle. It discusses how the BLM constructed fences to reduce grazing impacts and the implementation of monitoring plots and habitat management through government and private partnerships. These efforts demonstrate a commitment to the conservation needed for the recovery of these species, aligning with the claim that conservation efforts do lead to recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: A few of these cell-cultured meat and milk products should make it to supermarket shelves within the next few years, experts say. But as promising as these first steps are, no one really knows whether cellular meat and milk will eventually grab a significant share of the global market for animal-based foods. “There are certainly immense challenges — no one’s denying that,” says Schulze. “But our plan is to work on that as an industry. It’s effectively a space race for food. The difference here is we will attempt to rationally solve these challenges one by one in a reasonable time frame — and do it safely, of course, since it’s food. ”Editor’s note: A caption for an image in this 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal. 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while cell-cultured meat and milk products may appear in supermarkets shortly, the future share of these products in the global market remains uncertain. The expert expresses doubts about lab-grown products significantly replacing traditional meat within the next five years due to 'immense challenges' that need to be addressed, indicating that the timeline for widespread acceptance and replacement is not assured.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of citations and references concerning ancient inscriptions, studies, and historical analysis but does not explicitly address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Rather, it presents various scholarly works related to the topic of ancient inscriptions without supporting or contradicting the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 44359 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 13, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptApril 12, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,817 views 408 downloads 48 4359. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Abstract eLife digest and methods Data availability 10. 7554/eLife. 44359. 001 eLife digest Throughout evolution, countless populations have expanded their territories by invading new areas. This invasion can happen on the scale of kilometers and millennia – such as when humans migrated out of Africa – or millimeters and months, such as the growth of a population of cells in a solid tumor. During this expansion, mutations can occur that can either increase or decrease fitness in the new territory. If a favorable mutation occurs at the edge of the population, then it has plenty of room to expand. Such a mutation has a high chance of becoming established, and so it can have a very strong impact on the genetic makeup of the population. This increase in evolutionary advantage in individuals at the front is called “gene surfing”. This phenomenon is well known in populations living in “homogeneous” territories, where the new space a population is invading is more or less the same as the one they already occupy – think of the endless flat grasslands of the Siberian steppes. But in reality, many territories are not like that. What happens if the new territory is not completely homogeneous? For instance, if a species’ expansion is impeded by a mountain range with a series of valleys. Gralka and Hallatschek investigated how such changes in landscape could affect phenomena like gene surfing. Experiments using E. coli as a model system and computer simulations showed that a varied environment – such as roughness akin to a mountain range and valleys, but on a bacterial scale – had a strong influence on the fate of mutations arising in a population. Whether the environment is favorable for expansion or not in the place where the mutation happens becomes much more important than how the mutation itself affects fitness. So, if a beneficial mutation occurs at a cliff-edge, it is not likely to get far. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how mutations during population expansion can either increase or decrease fitness, and it highlights that if a favorable mutation occurs, it has a high chance of becoming established, thus suggesting that such mutations can indeed be beneficial. The concept of 'gene surfing' illustrates that beneficial mutations can significantly impact the genetic makeup of populations, supporting the idea that genetic mutations play a role in evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat in taste, texture, and cost. [SEP] Text: Technicians take a small tissue sample from a chicken, cow or other animal. From that, they isolate individual cells that go into a bioreactor — basically a big vat of nutrient solution — where the cells multiply manyfold and, eventually, mature into muscle, fat or connective tissue that can be harvested for people to eat. Products in which these cells are jumbled together, as in ground meat, are easiest to make, and that’s what most cellular meat companies are developing, at least initially. has a more ambitious goal: to create chicken with whole muscle fibers. “We’ve figured out ways to produce that textural experience,” says Eric Schulze, Upside’s vice president of product and regulation. He declines to explain exactly how they do it. Cellular meat is cultivated in tanks at Upside Foods, a company now developing products for commercial use. Cultivation facilities such as this use large amounts of electricity, so their environmental impact depends greatly on whether they draw electricity from sustainable sources. : process takes two to three weeks from start to finish, regardless of whether they are making chicken or beef. That’s much faster than the eight to 10 weeks required to raise a fryer chicken, or the 18 to 36 months needed for a cow. “We’re doing a cow’s worth of meat in 21 days or less,” says Schulze. One cellular meat product is already available commercially, though not in the US. In Singapore, a few restaurants and street vendors now offer a chicken nugget that contains a mix of cellular meat and plant-based ingredients. The product sells for about the same price as organic, farm-raised chicken, but the true cost of production is higher. “We’re selling it at a loss, for sure,” says Vítor Espírito Santo, senior director of cellular agriculture at Good Meat, the US-based company producing the nugget. But the cost should come down once the company expands to larger scale, Santo says. “Everything we do right now is more expensive because we are using a 1,200-liter bioreactor. Once we are producing in 250,000 liters, it will be competitive with conventional meat. ” The company is now working on gaining approval in the US. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the cost of cellular meat products is currently higher than traditional meat, with statements that they are 'selling it at a loss' and the 'true cost of production is higher.' This suggests that the lab-grown meat is not yet comparable to traditional meat in terms of cost, which is a critical aspect of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of citations and does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. It does not provide evidence supporting or refuting the assertion that every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: But if it happens at a population edge by the bacterial equivalent of gently rolling hills, there is a much better chance of the mutation taking hold. The findings suggest that the amount a population can adapt during expansion is limited, and it can even lead to the spread of harmful mutations in a population if they occur in just the right spot. Piecing together these scenarios is important in order to accurately infer the evolutionary history of a species based on mutations present in its genome now. This type of knowledge can also be useful in developing new treatments for cancers, making use of these evolutionary processes to slow or halt a tumor’s expansion. and its competition with deterministic forces plays an integral role in biology, such as in stochastic gene expression, cellular decision making, and cell differentiation (Balázsi et al. , 2011). Stochastic processes are also at the heart of evolutionary dynamics: not only do the mutations entering a population occur at random times in random individuals and at random positions in their genome, but in addition the fate of a mutation and its clonal lineage is largely stochastic and only partly determined by its effect on the individual’s fitness. The random fluctuations in the frequency of a mutant allele due to the stochasticity associated with reproduction are called genetic drift. Genetic drift is particularly strong at the front of range expansions, where only a relatively small number of individuals at the front of the expansion contributes to future growth and thus has any influence on the future genotypic composition of the population. The neutral diversity and adaptation in spatially expanding populations has been studied in computer simulations (Edmonds et al. , 2004; Klopfstein et al. , 2006; Kuhr et al. , 2011; Kuhr and Stark, 2015; Lavrentovich and Nelson, 2014; Otwinowski and Krug, 2014), in the field (Ramachandran et al. , 2005; White et al. , 2013; Louppe et al. , 2017), and in microbial colonies (Hallatschek et al. , 2007; Fusco et al. , 2016; Gralka et al. , 2016b; Korolev et al. , 2011), which can serve as a useful model system because short generation times and ease of handling allow for quantitative investigations of the evolutionary dynamics of range expansions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of mutations in evolutionary dynamics and how genetic drift can influence the adaptation of populations. It suggests that mutations can occur randomly and highlights that these mutations can affect the evolutionary history and adaptation of species. The mention of how understanding these processes can be useful in developing new treatments further supports that mutations, which are a natural part of evolution, can lead to beneficial outcomes in specific contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat in taste, texture, and cost. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant challenges associated with lab-grown meat production, particularly in terms of cost and complexity. It mentions that costs for lab-grown meat remain much higher than for conventional meat, citing the production of a lab-grown burger patty that cost approximately $330,000 in 2013, with current costs still higher compared to traditional meat. Additionally, concerns about replicating the structure and taste of traditional meat are underscored, casting doubt on the claim that lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of references to academic sources and articles related to ancient names and onomastics. It does not address or provide information about whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: In microbial colonies, nutrient gradients and mechanical effects limit the number of proliferating individuals to a small region close to the colony perimeter called the growth layer (Grant et al. , 2014; Gralka et al. , 2016b; Warren et al. , 2019). For mutations occurring inside the growth layer, most mutant offspring are concentrated in a relatively small number of enormously successful lineages that manage to remain at the front and 'surf’ on the expanding population wave (Excoffier and Ray, 2008). As a consequence, the evolutionary dynamics is different in microbial colonies compared with well-mixed populations. For instance, the clones (that is the collection of the initial mutant’s offspring) of spontaneous neutral mutations often reach much larger sizes (Fusco et al. , 2016), and existing beneficial variants can sweep to high frequency much faster in microbial colonies than in well-mixed populations (Gralka et al. , 2016b). Conversely, deleterious mutations are predicted to remain at the population frontier for extended periods because genetic drift is strong at the front, which prevents selection from efficiently weeding out deleterious alleles (Travis et al. , 2007; Burton and Travis, 2008; Lavrentovich et al. , 2016; Peischl et al. , 2013; Gralka et al. , 2016a). The quantitative outcome of the competition of selection and genetic drift in microbial colonies is determined by the local shape and roughness of the front (Gralka et al. , 2016b; Farrell et al. , 2017), which in turn is determined by microscopic details, such as cell-cell adhesion or cell morphology shaping the mechanical interactions between cells (Kayser et al. , 2018b; Kayser et al. , 2018a; Giometto et al. , 2018), although the direct mapping is typically unknown (Farrell et al. , 2017). The evolutionary effects of fluctuations at expanding microbial population fronts have been studied in depth, but these studies have focused only on fluctuations associated with the growth, division, and random motion of cells, whose strength may depend on intrinsic properties of the microbial species, in homogeneous environments. However, any range expansion will experience varying degrees of environmental heterogeneity, which can be viewed as a source of extrinsic noise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how beneficial variants can sweep to high frequency in microbial colonies. It indicates that in these environments, successful lineages, which stem from mutations, can expand rapidly, showing that genetic mutations can lead to advantageous outcomes in evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat in taste, texture, and cost. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that cultured meat is currently more expensive than traditional meat and discussing various approaches to make it commercially viable. It specifically mentions that while costs have reduced since 2013, cellular meat remains pricier than conventional options. This undermines the claim that lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat in cost, as it has not reached competitive pricing yet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of a list of scholarly references and annotations related to Roman art and history. It does not directly address the claim regarding the existence or absence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Since plasmid loss in our system is also coupled with a loss in fluorescence, we can easily detect mutant clones, that is the individual cell that incurred the mutation originally and its offspring, under the microscope as dark patches in the colonies (see Figure 1), allowing us to observe the evolutionary dynamics in real time. Our approach extends previous experimental model systems for evolutionary dynamics during microbial range expansion that employed either an initial mixture of wild-type and mutant cells (Hallatschek et al. , 2007; et al. , 2013; Müller et al. , 2014; Gralka et al. , 2016b; Korolev et al. , 2012; Kayser et al. , 2018a) or were confined to spontaneous neutral (Fusco et al. , 2016) or deleterious (Lavrentovich et al. , 2016) mutations. The ability to track spontaneous mutations in colonies grown from single cells is essential to ensure identical starting conditions in our experiments, allowing a quantitative comparison of the evolutionary outcomes between the two growth conditions. Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Substrate roughness impacts bacterial colony morphology. (a and b) Colonies of E. coli were grown from single cells harboring a plasmid containing a fluorescence gene and a resistance cassette. Loss of the plasmid leads to non-fluorescent ('mutant’) sectors in the population that expand at the expense of the fluorescent ('wild-type’) population. Colony morphology depends on whether the colony is grown on smooth (c) or rough (d) agar surfaces (Materials and methods). White scale bars are 2 mm. (e) On rough surfaces, troughs in the surface direct growth along them, leading to locally accelerated regions (arrows) that widen slowly and are eventually integrated with the bulk of the population. To investigate the impact of environmental heterogeneity on colony growth and adaptation dynamics, we grew the colonies on two different substrates (Figure 1): standard, 'smooth’, agar plates as well as agar surfaces with random microscopic features, created by depositing filter paper onto melted agar and removing it after cooling and drying (see Materials and methods). The resulting substrate had an average roughness (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the detection of mutant clones allows for the observation of evolutionary dynamics in real time. It highlights that spontaneous mutations can contribute to the evolution of a population, as evidenced by the expansion of non-fluorescent 'mutant' sectors in bacterial colonies. This suggests that genetic mutations, which can arise in microbial populations, play a significant role in evolution and can be beneficial for adaptation to different environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: Hunted wild game meat – sustainable option for meat consumption? & Merja Lähdesmäki Food consumption increasingly raises ethical questions amongst contemporary consumers. These concerns are related, for instance, to animal welfare and negative environmental effects of food production. Particularly conventional meat production has received criticism concerning the living conditions of animals as well as the contribution of the production methods to greenhouse emissions and climate change. Consequently, the demand for more ecologically and socially sustainable food is acknowledged as one of the leading consumer trends at the global level. Expanding organic production is one means to mitigate food related ethical concerns, including animal welfare issues. Accordingly, the European organic meat products market is experiencing a strong growth as, for example, the production of organic beef, mutton and pork meat is increasing. Another option for more sustainable meat consumption is hunted wild game meat. Indeed, according to recent studies, consumers perceive game meat as more ‘green’ when compared to farmed meat. Furthermore, free roaming and following their natural grazing behavior is often associated with meaningful life for the animals (see Matilainen et al. 2021). Hunted wild game meat does not only provide an option for environmentally sustainable livestock system but wild game meat is also considered to retain high nutritional values with a low fat and cholesterol content. While consumers’ increasing health awareness is one of the predicted consumer trends globally, hunted wild game meat may appeal to modern consumerswhen purchasing meat products. Furthermore, from an environmental point of view, there is also an ecological “surplus” of hunted wild game meat. In many countries, it is a necessity to control overgrown game populations in order to avoid damages to fields and forests as well as to avoid traffic accidents. Thus, to some extent hunted game meat is a side product of wildlife management aiming to control damage. In the Finnish context, an example of this kind of game is the European moose (Alces alces), which is the most significant game animal concerning meat provision. In Finland, moose hunting is strongly embedded in rural traditions and based on a specific hunting culture. The hunting rights belong to landowners, often private non-industrial forest owners, who make the decision whether to allow hunting or not. According to rural tradition, forest owners typically rent their forests as hunting areas for local moose-hunting clubs, free of charge or for nominal compensation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting hunted wild game meat as a sustainable option alongside lab-grown meat. It discusses the ethical and environmental concerns related to conventional meat production while highlighting that wild game meat is perceived as more 'green' than farmed meat. Additionally, it suggests that hunted wild game meat contributes to environmental sustainability and is linked to wildlife management. This evidence refutes the idea that lab-grown meat is the sole sustainable solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata. Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient civilizations leaving behind detailed written records. Instead, it appears to be a citation list of scholarly works, without any specific commentary or evidence related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: 050. 10. 150. 20. 250. 30. 350. 40. 50. 60. 70. 91. 1n (smooth)830372631273241303630243128n (rough)2024322032251922312818192729 The primary readout of our experiments is the final mutant frequency fMT in the colony and the number of surviving mutant clones (sectors) as a function of the selective advantage s that the mutation confers. These measures are proxies for the degree of adaptation of the population during the expansion process and the success probability of spontaneous mutations in shaping the composition of the population, respectively. Thus, our system gives us direct access to population genetic measures of interest. Alternatively, one can measure the frequency of mutants at the colony perimeter, which has a more direct influence on the future genetic composition of the population at the front. However, this measure can quickly become uninformative for beneficial mutations as mutants overtake the whole perimeter, and it is often difficult to measure accurately because of the low fluorescence signal at the front. The mutant frequency averaged over the whole population still gives a good, if conservative, measure of the mutant frequency at the perimeter. On smooth substrates, in accord with previous experimental results (Gralka et al. , 2016b; Korolev et al. , 2012), advantageous mutants increased in frequency fMT rapidly as the colony grew (see Figure 2—figure supplement 2 for an analysis of the mutant dynamics over time): for s=0. 2, mutants made up roughly half of the total population (Figure 2d) after 72 hrs. At higher antibiotic concentration, mutants became first neutral and eventually deleterious (Figure 2—figure supplement 1), and accordingly, the final mutant frequency was lower, decreasing approximately exponentially with the fitness cost s (Figure 2—figure supplement 4) such that strongly deleterious mutants made up only a small fraction of the final population. On rough substrates, deleterious and neutral mutants remained at frequencies comparable to those observed in smooth colonies at the corresponding values of the fitness (dis)advantage s. However, in contrast to smooth colonies, beneficial mutants in rough colonies did not increase in frequency with s relative to the neutral case. This finding is surprising, given that the growth rate advantages of mutant over wild-type colonies were the same on rough and smooth substrates (Figure 2c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how advantageous mutations can increase in frequency within a population, particularly in smooth substrates where mutants can quickly dominate the total population. This supports the idea that genetic mutations are not only a natural part of evolution but can also confer significant benefits leading to evolutionary adaptations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : animals are no longer essential to producing meat and milk. Technologists can now grow animal cells in industrial cultures and harvest the cells — or their products — to yield real meat or milk. These cellular meat and milk products are not yet commercially viable, but researchers are making rapid progress. Food & lab-grown meat — and milk — to the table Beef, chicken and dairy made from cultured cells could offer a smaller footprint than conventional farms. Companies are working on scaling up and bringing prices down. Holmes 12. 22. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español Diners at the swanky restaurant in expect to be served something unusual. After all, the venue boasts three Michelin stars and is widely considered to be one of the world’s top restaurants. But if all goes according to plan, there will soon be a new dish on the menu that truly is remarkable: chicken that was never part of a living bird. & are the (tiny) cheesemakers Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Food & science: How to grill a flavorful steak That peculiar piece of meat — likely to be the first of its kind ever sold in the US — comes from a radical sort of food technology now in development, in which meat is produced by culturing muscle cells in vast tanks of nutrients. A similar effort — to culture mammary cells — is also underway and may soon yield real milk without cows. The company behind Crenn’s chicken, California-based Upside Foods, got a thumbs-up in November 2022 from the US Food and Drug Administration, which said it had no concerns about the safety of the technology. (The company’s manufacturing facility still requires a certificate of inspection from the US Department of Agriculture. )This cellular agriculture, as some of its proponents call it, faces formidable technical obstacles before it can ever be more than a curiosity. But if it does reach the mainstream, it offers the prospect of a cruelty-free source of meat and dairy — potentially with a smaller environmental footprint than conventional animal products. Conceptually, cellular agriculture is straightforward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it presents lab-grown meat as a promising alternative while also acknowledging that it is not yet commercially viable and may face formidable technical obstacles. It does not support the notion that lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution, implying that there could be other methods or technologies yet to be discovered. The phrase 'offers the prospect of a cruelty-free source of meat and dairy' suggests that although lab-grown meat may be more sustainable, it is not definitive or exclusive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). Behind every Greek signature there is not necessarily a Greek. Pseudonyms of visual artists in ancient 2018, Volume: 16, 205 - 227, 15. 11. 2018 the vast majority of visual artists signed in Greek especially in the late republic as well as in the early and middle imperial period in central and northern Italy, it is considered as communis opinio in modern research that this is a sign for their ethnic origin. However, the fact that, at least in Italy, Greek names and cognomina of slaves and freedmen do not always indicate their region of birth, urges us to be cautious. Furthermore, there are numerous testimonies demonstrating that it was common in some professional groups (e. g. athletes, gladiators, charioteers, doctors and stage artists) to acquire Latin or Greek pseudonyms. The reason for this is that one wanted to join a long and positively connoted tradition. The same should apply to visual artists. In this respect, it has already been noticed in research for a long time that younger representatives apparently occupied the name of a famous predecessor in some cases. The name can by all means indicate also family relationships, but this is not always convincing in each case due to dating back hundreds of years. The choice of pseudonyms can be illustrated by three examples from the imperial period (two grave inscriptions and one donor inscription). The reason for the adoption of the pseudonym might lie in the art form, the theme or the style which their role models represented. But not only the names of well-known representatives could be chosen; apparently a fictitious Greek name and/or a signature in this language were sufficient as a positive statement of advertising character. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide information about the presence or absence of detailed written records in ancient civilizations. Instead, it discusses the cultural practices surrounding the use of names and pseudonyms among visual artists in ancient Italy, which is irrelevant to the claim regarding written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Thus, this apparent inefficacy of selection in affecting evolutionary outcomes was not caused by an altogether elimination of growth rate differences. Instead, a closer look at the colony growth dynamics on rough substrates, shown in Figure 1e, suggests a different mechanism: the surface structure of the rough substrate constrains and guides growth along predetermined paths where growth proceeds faster than in the immediate surroundings, such that any mutation can only be successful, that is establish a sector and thus rise to high frequency in the population, if it happens to arise in one of the branch-like regions of accelerated growth. Conversely, a beneficial mutant clone will be unable expand even if its per capita growth rate is higher than its wild-type neighbors if the mutation occurs in a portion of the front that is slowed down by the environmental heterogeneity. If this proposed mechanism is indeed the root cause for the apparent inefficacy of selection on rough substrates, then one would expect the number of successful mutants, that is those that manage to establish sectors, to be independent of the mutant’s selective advantage s. Indeed, this is what we observed: the probability of forming a sector, which quantifies the evolutionary success probability of individual mutations, increased with s in smooth colonies (Figure 2e), but was constant in rough colonies as long as s>0. Notably, the establishment probability was extremely low in both scenarios: Even for the most advantageous mutants in smooth colonies, we estimate u∼10-7 per mutation making evolutionary success an extremely rare event. The low success probability is a consequence of two processes: firstly, the mutation must occur in a favorable location, namely in the first layer of cells at the front of the population (Gralka et al. , 2016b), which reduces the number of mutations eligible for sector formation by a factor of about 1000 (assuming a growth layer width of 10 cells and a colony height of about 100 cells, see Figure 2—figure supplement 3). We estimate that about 2000 mutations per colony arose in favorable positions, each of which had an establishment probability of order 10-3. Secondly, each eligible mutation has to survive genetic drift, which in microbial colonies is manifest in the random fluctuations in the sector boundaries as a consequence of stochastic cell growth and division, and subsequent cell motion due to mechanical pushing of cells on each other (Hallatschek et al. , 2007; Farrell et al. , 2017; Kayser et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic mutations can lead to evolutionary success, albeit with low probability. It details how conditions in different environments can influence the success of mutations, stating that a mutation has to occur in a favorable location to be successful. The establishment probability of advantageous mutants is described, highlighting that even beneficial mutations are crucial for evolutionary processes. This supports the idea that genetic mutations are not only natural but can have beneficial implications in the context of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: These chicken pieces — being grilled at a street vendor’s stall in Singapore — are the first cellular meat products to be sold commercially. The company that made them, Good Meat, is working toward gaining approval for these and other products in the as well. : isn’t the only animal product that can come from cell cultures. Several companies are working to produce milk by culturing mammary cells and collecting the milk they secrete. For example, Opalia, a Montreal-based company, grows mammary cells on the surface of a three-dimensional, branched structure that resembles the lobules of a real udder, says CEO Jennifer Côté. The cells secrete milk into the structure’s lobules, where it can be collected and drawn off. Some other companies, such as North Carolina-based BioMilq, are using a similar technology with human mammary cells to produce human breast milk. None are yet on the market. In some ways, the process for making milk is easier than producing meat because the cells themselves don’t need to be harvested and replaced. “The cells we use can stay alive for multiple months on end,” says Côté. That means the company can concentrate on developing cells that secrete a lot of milk, rather than ones that divide rapidly. Moreover, she adds, because the cells themselves are not part of the product, Opalia can genetically modify its cells without the milk itself being a GMO product. Proponents hope that cellular meat and milk can eventually offer several big advantages over the conventional versions. By cutting animals out of the process, cultured products do away with most of the animal-welfare issues that beset modern factory farms. Meat and milk that come from clean culture facilities instead of manure-laden farmyards should also be less likely to carry food-borne diseases, says Elliot Swartz, lead scientist for cultivated meat technology at the Institute, a Washington DC-based nonprofit organization supporting alternatives to meat. Cellular milk is made by harvesting udder cells from a cow, then growing those cells in a large tank, or bioreactor. Eventually, the cells are encouraged to secrete milk that can be drawn off for use. This overview shows the production process being developed by Canada-based Opalia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the development of cellular milk products alongside lab-grown meat, implying that lab-grown meat is not the only sustainable solution for reducing emissions related to animal products. It highlights the work of companies producing milk from cultured mammary cells, indicating that alternatives to traditional meat and dairy could also contribute to sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: This can apply not only to sculpture, but can also be applied to toreutics and stone cutting. These are the genres in which many famous names survived in the art-historical literature of antiquity. Accordingly, there are no Greek mosaicist signatures from central and northern Italy - with the exception of two justifiable cases- because, apart from one exception, apparently no representatives of this technique were mentioned in an¬cient art history. The surprising conclusion in view of this situation is that every Greek signature does not necessarily stand for a Greek. Regrettably, it is not possible to differentiate certainly if the mentioning of the artist indicates his homeland or not. In the meanwhile, there has been a comparable phenomenon with some Italian painter signatures since the early modern period, implying that there has been continuity in this phenomenon. However, the problem of pseudonyms can be more easily solved here, since the situation of the historical sources is incomparably more favorable. Keywords : signatures, pseudonyms, Cognomina, professions 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of ancient art and the challenges in identifying the origins of certain signatures in that context. It does not address the existence or lack of detailed written records left behind by ancient civilizations, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: , 2018a). The low establishment probability means that most mutations will not manage to create sectors, but instead they will form so-called bubbles, that is individual mutant clones that have lost contact with the front. We extracted the size of mutant clones, both bubbles and sectors, by measuring the individual areas of non-fluorescent patches in the colony micrographs. The resulting clone size distribution P(X>x) (clone areas normalized by colony area, shown in Figure 3) is related to the site frequency spectrum in population genetics, where it can be used to predict rare evolutionary outcomes such as fitness valley crossing (Weissman et al. , 2009) and evolutionary rescue (Fusco et al. , 2016), and is well understood for toy models of microbial colonies (Fusco et al. , 2016; Otwinowski and Krug, 2014). For neutral mutations, the clone size distribution is expected to be broad up to a shoulder indicating the typical size of the largest expected bubble. In our experiments, we indeed observed a broad shoulder-like distribution for neutral mutations, consistent with earlier experiments using population sequencing (Fusco et al. , 2016). In smooth colonies, beneficial mutations created a larger number of bulging sectors, leading to an even broader distribution with maximum clone sizes of almost half the population, while the distribution for strongly deleterious mutations was cut off at small clone sizes. This clone size distribution is consistent with our initial observation that a larger selective advantage s gave rise to a larger overall mutant frequency, but it also shows that even at the largest s≈0. 2, most mutant clones remained small, with more than half of the visible clones reaching frequencies of at most 1%. By contrast, the clone size distributions obtained from rough colonies were virtually indistinguishable for all s>0, whereas we observed the same cut-off for large clones for deleterious mutations. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Clone size distribution P(X>x) for colonies grown on smooth (a) and rough (b) substrates. Deleterious mutants are shown in magenta tones; their clones are typically small. Neutral clones are shown in green; their size distribution had a broad tail. Advantageous mutations in smooth colonies were even more broadly distributed, as large sectors establish more often. By contrast, beneficial clones in rough colonies had size distributions that were indistinguishable from the distribution for neutral mutations. Figure 3—source data 1 Source data for Figure 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how beneficial mutations lead to a larger number of bulging sectors in smooth colonies, resulting in an even broader distribution of clone sizes. This suggests that beneficial mutations can have a significant positive impact on the evolutionary outcomes, which aligns with the assertion that genetic mutations can be beneficial as part of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: Enthusiasts also claim that cell-based products should be more sustainable than conventional animal products, because farmers will no longer need to feed, water and house entire animals just to harvest their muscles. It’s hard to know whether this benefit will pan out in reality, since the technology is still under development. Only a few studies have tried to estimate the environmental impact of cell-based meat, and all have made huge assumptions about what future technologies will look like. One thing seems clear, however. Cell-based meat relies heavily on electricity for tasks like heating or cooling culture tanks and pumping cells from place to place. If that electricity comes from renewables, the overall carbon footprint of cell-based meat will be much less than if it comes from fossil fuels, says Swartz. Assuming a relatively green electric grid, though, one careful study of cell-based meat’s potential, by the Dutch consulting company CE Delft, suggests that its environmental footprint is likely to be roughly the same as that of conventional pork or poultry — among the greener conventional meats, by most reckonings — and far less than that of beef. So far, however, companies and academic researchers have only taken baby steps toward cellular agriculture. If the industry is ever to grow big enough to change the face of global agriculture, it would need to overcome several major hurdles, says David Block, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Davis, who works on the technology behind cultured meat. Dutch researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions from various protein sources. As a best-case scenario, they assumed that by 2030 conventional protein products would be produced in a way that minimizes their greenhouse gas footprint: no forests cleared to grow animal feed, animals grazed outdoors when possible and only sustainable energy sources used on farms and in production. For cellular meat products, the main factor affecting greenhouse gas emissions is the source of the electricity used in production facilities: The standard footprint assumes the current mix of energy sources; the minimum footprint assumes that all energy comes from renewable sources. One of the biggest challenges, most experts agree, is finding an inexpensive way to supply the nutrients and growth factors the growing cells need. Existing culture media are far too costly and often depend on calves’ blood for molecules such as fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1, which are essential for cell growth and maintenance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertain environmental impact of cell-based meat compared to conventional meats. It highlights that while cell-based products could be more sustainable, they depend on the source of electricity used in production. Furthermore, studies suggest that the environmental footprint of cell-based meat could be similar to that of conventional poultry or pork, thus indicating that lab-grown meat is not necessarily the only sustainable option as conventional meats might also be produced sustainably.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores. Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of bibliographic references pertaining to ancient art, sculpture, and related studies, but does not address the claim about the existence or absence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.