Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: The attempt here made is to appeal to an interest of another kind, by exhibiting blindness as it really is. (ixl) 9 On the subject see the recent study by Mariaconcetta Costantini, Sensation and Professionalism in t (. . . ) 21Together with a remarkably “professional” use of the existing information for his fictional project9—4. André Gide’s Pastorale (1919) 24Dickens’s Christmas story was translated into French by Amédée Pichot as du foyer, and included in his de Noël in 1847. To this reception story we also owe the second life of The Cricket, which inhabits the plot of André Gide’s Pastorale (1919). In this story, with full reference to and to Dickens, a blind orphan girl is adopted by a pastor, moved by Christian charity. We read in his journal the recollection of the day he took home a poor blind orphan, Gertrude. The landscape—the Jura region, in Switzerland—is all shrouded in deep snow, often in darkness: objective correlative to the condition of the girl, walled up (“emmurée”) in her blindness, apparently idiot, inarticulate but for a few grunts. Feeling she was entrusted to his religious care, he took her home—despite the fact that his wife was not happy with the charitable mission. Amélie correctly perceives to which extent the pastor is falling desperately in love with Gertrude. Mistaking his love for a moral duty, he is quite self-deceived. Again we have a story in which physical blindness is paired, as in Dickens, by an equal amount of moral blindness. 11 « Au reste, cette méthode, ajouta-t-il après me l’avoir minutieusement exposée, n’a rien de bien so (. . . ) 25One day a friend of the pastor, Dr Martin, tells him about the case of (sic) and Dr Howe’s method to educate the girl and wake her up into communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' ability to see in darkness. Instead, it discusses a narrative involving blindness and moral blindness in a literary context without mentioning owls or their vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: To identify factors associated with long-term weight-loss success, a post hoc analysis of the Study showed that losing more than 5% of body weight during the first year of the intervention, achieved either by an intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin, was an independent predictor of long-term weight loss success and diabetes risk after 15 years of follow-up [37]. These findings reinforce the continued effort to identify molecular, environmental and social characteristics underlying the variable response to diabetes prevention interventions. Evidence of precision nutrition studies in diabetes Gene × diet interaction studies in diabetes The foundation for a new era of precision nutrition has been set by recent technological advances in omics and wearable monitoring that enable deep molecular and physiological profiling. Previous studies have yielded convincing examples of how environmental pressures have enriched the human genome with specific variants that could affect an individual’s response to therapeutic interventions [38]. One such study, among people of Mexican or descent, identified a common risk haplotype in the SLC16A11 locus associated with ∼20% increased risk of type 2 diabetes [39]. Carriers of the risk haplotype have low plasma levels of monocarboxylate transporter 11 (the protein encoded by SLC16A11) in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and, under energy overload, there is a metabolic shift towards triacylglycerol accumulation [40]. While population-wide dietary advice to avoid energy-dense foods is beneficial in reducing the risk of obesity and diabetes, limiting energy intake could be particularly valuable among carriers of this risk haplotype. Beyond specific genetic variants, a critical question is whether polygenic scores, which provide a quantitative measure of genetic risk to a disease, could be relevant to precision nutrition. In a prospective study including male health professionals, the association between a polygenic score for type 2 diabetes and the risk of the disease was amplified by a western dietary pattern [41]. However, no evidence of significant interactions was detected between genetic risk and the Mediterranean diet on the development of diabetes in the InterAct study [42]. Null findings were also reported in an individual-participant-data meta-analysis to investigate interactions between genetic risk and diet fat quality [43], and in a UK Biobank study showing that diet was associated with incident diabetes within and across genetic risk groups [44]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing precision nutrition and how genetic predispositions can be integrated into dietary advice. It mentions that 'evidence of precision nutrition studies in diabetes' and how specific genetic variants can affect ‘an individual’s response to therapeutic interventions.' This aligns with the aim of personalized nutrition to tailor dietary advice based on such genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: They are acutely toxic to pests and more lethal in low dose compared to the banned organochlorines. The current global consumption of pesticides is at 2 million tons per year; of these, 25% (500,000 tons) is consumed in developing countries and 4% (80,000 tons) of global consumption is from Africa [31]. 19. What is the problem of Africa with use of pesticides? A survey report named Pesticides and Poverty [28] showed a number of problems noted in Africa; these include weak government organs for pesticide control systems, in particular, planning imports (imports may be in excess of requirements, so there is lack of efficiency). There are also weaknesses in supply and distribution (farmers accessed late and sometimes not according to needs). There is poor control (illegal entry of 2% pesticides, loop holes for misuse) and poor disposal plans of the remains. There is illegal trading (unwanted pesticides including WHO class I and unknown ingredients). There are problems by users. These include not only improper practices (no personal protective equipment, contaminated water sources during pesticide applications) but also improper storage and disposal (throwing and burying containers in fields). In addition, users have low knowledge (on safe use and the associated health risks, also users cannot diagnose the plant disease and prescribe accurately), skills, and capacity. Some pesticide users have never attended formal education in school, these are the majority of that improperly use, store and dispose the pesticides. 20. Human exposure to pesticides in AfricaCommon human exposure is through spraying (including mixing and loading), weeding, pruning, harvesting, etc. , but also drift near the areas of pesticide applications, indoor spaying of mosquitoes, cockroaches, flies, ants, etc. Direct contact with contaminated materials (at farm/home) and ingestion (poor hygiene) are common exposure pathways. 21. What has been done with the problems? African countries are taking some steps to address the described problems, these steps include the following: African member states have ratified the UN pesticide conventions and protocols as described by Sani (AU-IAPSC). member states at the moment have Report & Action Plans. At the moment, there are subregional regulatory bodies in Africa, these include: Inter-Committee, the Committee on Harmonization, and another one for the west African member states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various negative impacts associated with pesticide use in Africa, including toxicity to pests, improper use and disposal practices, and human exposure risks. These points illustrate that pesticides, including organic ones, have significant environmental and health implications, indicating that they do not have zero impact on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 11 After Bridgman’s case, Dickens’s Grillon du foyer is evoked and given to the pastor: a striking story because of the load of pathos created by the art of Dickens. The Cricket, and Bertha’s deception, are mentioned by Gide as an explicit reference to physical blindness, and with implicit irony aimed at the pastor’s self-deception. Gide inserts the Dickensian plot in his story to emphasize the behaviour of the pastor. Not only does he deceive Gertrude, with frequent quotes from the Bible about Christian love, he is also visibly blind to his own love for her. Puis il me parla d’un conte de Dickens, qu’il croit avoir été directement inspiré par l’exemple de et qu’il promit de m’envoyer aussitôt. Et quatre jours après je reçus en effet du Foyer, que je lus avec un vif plaisir. C’est l’histoire un peu longue, mais pathétique par instants, d’une jeune aveugle que son père, pauvre fabricant de jouets, entretient dans l’illusion du confort, de la richesse et du bonheur mensonge que l’art de Dickens s’évertue à faire passer pour pieux, mais dont, Dieu merci je n’aurai pas à user avec Gertrude. (38) 26In Gide’s story an emotional inscape is also built up because of blindness; and with the help of music, as the pastor takes Gertrude to Neuchâtel to listen to Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony. Gradually, thanks to Dr Howe’s method, Gertrude blooms into curiosity, knowledge, beauty. She learns to play the organ in the small chapel, and the pastor spies on her and his son Jacques side by side: their hands touch and Jacques kisses her hand. Thus unconfessed love and jealousy coexist, but unheeded as far as unseen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes from a Dickensian story involving blindness and emotional dynamics, which do not address the capabilities of owls or any potential magical abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: While these studies are preliminary and lack independent replication, the discovery of gut microbiota profiles modulating the effect of dietary and lifestyle exposures, and their incorporation into risk scores, could help advance precision nutrition in diabetes. Integrated omics and diet studies in diabetes Beyond single omics approaches, clinical studies collecting personal, dense and dynamic data are inspiring new venues for complex disease prevention and treatment through better understanding of inter-individual variability. showed large inter-individual variability in glycaemic responses to exact same meals and demonstrated the accuracy of a machine learning algorithm to predict postprandial glycaemic response to real-life meals [6]. The algorithm, which was validated in an independent cohort of 100 participants, predicted individual postprandial glycaemic responses better than models based on other approaches such as carbohydrate counting or glycaemic index scores. In a follow-up double-blinded randomised crossover trial of 26 individuals, algorithm-informed dietary advice resulted in improved glycaemic variables after 1 week [6]. The recent study showed similar wide variation in postprandial responses to identical foods and demonstrated that people who display poor metabolic responses to a given food are likely to respond poorly to other similar foods [10]. Meal composition and genetic factors were the main predictors of postprandial glycaemic responses, while serum lipid and glycaemic markers explained the larger variation in postprandial lipid responses. These studies highlight the potential of precision nutrition to reduce the unfavourable impact of postprandial glycaemic responses on health outcomes. A framework for the eventual implementation of precision nutrition in diabetesMajor scientific guidelines already emphasise flexible and culturally adapted healthy dietary patterns for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes [14,15,16,17] but there are likely to be additional benefits of a precision nutrition approach based on differences in genetics, gut microbiome composition and other clinical, social and environmental factors. A recent clinical trial including adults with impaired fasting glucose randomised to either a personalised diet based on predicted glucose responses or a Mediterranean diet for 6 months, and an additional 6 month follow-up, showed that the personalised diet was superior to the Mediterranean diet in terms of HbA1c reduction and daily time spent with glucose levels >7. 8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of precision nutrition, which tailors dietary advice to individual characteristics, including genetic factors. It mentions the importance of understanding inter-individual variability in glycaemic responses and highlights how personalized diets, informed by genetic and microbiome data, have shown superior results compared to standard diets. This directly aligns with the idea that personalized nutrition is about customizing dietary advice based on genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Among the activities that have been done by these member states at different levels include establishing harmonized pesticide registration, procedures, and evaluation criteria. 22. Pros and cons of pesticide use in Africa22. 1 Pros of pesticide usePesticides are important for economic development, food security (enough food, to avoid hunger), food production (able to conduct agricultural activities for food availability without pest disturbance), food safety (preventing biological harm to consumers), food quality (nutrients, appearance, texture, flavor, chemical, physical, microbial properties, etc. ), vector disease control, improving human and animal health, decreasing morbidities and mortalities, insect nuisance control, and increased life quality. All these lead to peace. Not only have controlled vector-related diseases (acute and chronic) including malaria morbidity and mortality been significantly reduced but also threat of elephantiasis and bilharziasis has gone down among many pest and vector-borne/related diseases. The same controlled picture is observed in animal health and zoonotic diseases. 22. 2 Cons of pesticide usePesticides contaminate water, air, and soil, leading to damage of ecosystems (some organisms and habitats are destroyed and no longer exist in their natural habitat). Thus, pesticides diminish biodiversity (some biological species become extinct) and affect natural biological equilibrium. In affected systems of living organisms, some biological species are forced to live in new environment; thus, they adapt and may become pests. Some pests prevail in excess or less where not expected. Other problems due to pesticides include pesticide resistance and costs to controlling resistance. Human and animal exposure to pesticides end into health problems and also it is reported that efficacy of the vaccine is reduced due to exposure to pesticides. Pesticides are threats to human health by directly causing diseases. Diseases due to pesticides can be divided into two kinds of manifestations: acute and chronic poisoning. In acute poisoning (high dose), the body reacts to present with diarrhea, vomiting, coughing, difficult breathing, skin irritation, rashes, fasciculation, headache, dizziness, etc. When humans are exposed to low dose, chronic symptoms manifest including slow onset of symptoms. Pesticides are neurotoxicants, so they affect the central nervous system and manifest through loss of memory, orientation to time and space, etc. , and on the peripheral nervous system, numbness of feet and hands manifest among other symptoms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the various negative environmental impacts of pesticides, including contamination of water, air, and soil, damage to ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. It notes that pesticides can lead to the extinction of some biological species, affect natural biological equilibrium, and potentially cause health problems for humans and animals. This evidence directly contradicts the assertion that organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: confesses his love for Gertrude to his father, the old man’s jealousy finds subtle ways of discouraging the idyll and sending the son away from home. 27In March, the pastor takes Gertrude for a walk, and as an answer to her question about the beauty of landscape, he quotes Matthew 6. 28, “Consider the lilies in the field,” and describes a glowing landscape, to which the blind girl adds: “not even Solomon in all his splendour” (Matt. 6. 29)—wondering, through the verbal filter of the Bible, at a beauty which is part of an allegory, constructed within an immaterial space endowed with all the teleological splendours of religion. Gertrude fancies a landscape which only exists in the pages of the Gospel, with white lilies and silver streams, a promised land. But after the surgery Gertrude regains her sight and sees that she has been painfully deceived. Her new awareness brings her to suicide. 5. Visible blindness: the cinema 28In his study about Dickens and the dream of cinema, Smith argues that Dickens was “manipulating the faintly negative aspects of the [magic lantern] device as a shadowy reflection of reality, by associating it with insobriety, deception, the fanciful play of the imagination at dusk” (108). The reference applies to the dark aspects described in and to the deceptions staged by The Cricket: the cinema appropriates such potential with its techniques and spreads into mass-visual culture the creative freedom and strong spectacular appeal offered by Dickens’s dramatic plots. 12 Vescovi argues that the relationship between the Italian movie La stazione and “The Signalman” can (. . . ) 29Griffith directs on the Hearth in 1909. Again, the story spawns a 1914 film directed by Marston and a 1923 silent, directed by Johnston. After a (Sverchock na Pechi, 1915), in Grillon du foyer is directed in 1922 by Manoussi (Glavin 2003 208). Sergei Eisensteins’s famous comment (qtd. in Glancy xvi), that the art of Dickens and Griffith exploits the close-up technique as an expressive means of indicating the character’s subjectivity, suggests that close-ups work most effectively in a context characterized by blindness and deception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes of perception, blindness, and visual deception in literature and cinema, without any mention of owls or their abilities to see in the dark.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: These findings imply that diet advice focused on favourable postprandial glycaemic responses is effective in improving glycaemic control in prediabetes. A framework for the eventual implementation of precision nutrition in diabetes should be grounded on the set of physiological processes that contribute to the development of the disease (Fig. 2). The rationale for this approach is based on McCarthy’s ‘Palette’ model of type 2 diabetes, in which the aetiological processes that contribute to diabetes risk are the same across individuals (base colours) but different individuals have different components of each process (mixture and saturation of hues) that results in a heterogeneous disease risk, presentation and progression [50]. These physiological processes and components are highly influenced by environmental, social and clinical factors such as ageing or body-weight gain. Thus, genetic information for physiological processes underlying diabetes risk needs to be combined with orthogonal axes of molecular, environmental and social data collected over time. In combining this information, it is important to preserve complexity by tracking each process involved separately and to consider gradation of risk rather than collapsing rich quantitative information into rigid clinical categories [51]. This approach is consistent with the observed large inter-individual variable response to healthful dietary interventions, in which most people benefit from the healthy diet irrespective of underlying susceptibility to disease, but refinement is necessary among those who might benefit less. For example, the Program showed that a lifestyle intervention is effective in all study subgroups but that its effect is significantly attenuated among individuals with impaired fasting glucose [32]. Similarly, a post hoc analysis of the (Action for Health in Diabetes) study showed that individuals with a diabetes phenotype characterised by poor glucose control are less likely to benefit from a lifestyle intervention in terms of body-weight loss and cardiovascular protection [52], implying that targeted advice based on underlying alterations could optimise the health-enhancing effects of diet. Fig. 2A framework for the eventual implementation of precision nutrition in diabetes. Precision nutrition in diabetes should be grounded on the set of physiological processes that contribute to the development of the disease. This concept is illustrated using a model of three hypothetical diabetes components (shown in purple, yellow and grey, with different tones and shades to denote different mechanisms affecting each process) present many years before the development of the disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of precision nutrition, which emphasizes tailoring dietary advice based on individual physiological processes and genetic predispositions. It references the need to combine genetic information with environmental, social, and clinical factors, thus supporting the idea that personalized nutrition seeks to address variability in dietary responses among individuals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Pesticides also have effects on reproductive system because they are endocrine disruptors (they affect reproduction, e. g. , lead to abortions, etc. ). On immune system, they disturb body function, so resistance to infections is reduced. Cancers, for example, lymphomas, sarcoma, etc. , are also reported to occur more in populations exposed to pesticides (cause effect not established). In addition, more than 40% of the health care professionals interviewed could not recognize pesticide poisoning cases; this reflects that the recognition for chronic manifestation of low-dose occupational exposure to pesticides may be worse [14]. Contamination of water threatens aquatic organisms, frogs, and fish, leading to extinction of aquatic biodiversity. Contamination of soil may lead to extinction of fertilizing organisms, whereas air pollution leads to population decline of pollinators (honey bees). The persistent organic pollutants are transported far away from the area of application and they end up in biomagnification that threatens human health. In addition, environmental contamination causes lack of safe water supply for human consumption, which threatens human health. Contaminated water and grass lead to wildlife poisoning and extinction of wildlife including birds, leading to loss of small mammals, bird species, and insects. Pesticides are expensive. Since pesticide use is a solution for temporary protection, it forces frequent use that in turn increases risk of exposures. As a result, pesticide resistance occurs. Pest resistance is a big challenge. When the pests do not die following pesticide application, the users increase the dose. At the same time, the natural enemies for pests are killed by pesticides during applications, leading to pest resurgence. Pests come back stronger than before because there is no natural enemy. To control pest resurgence, the users increase quantity and frequency for spraying. As a result, secondary pest outbreak occurs, in which, normal species become pests because natural enemy is destroyed. This kind of new pest is sprayed like target pest. 23. Conclusions and recommendationsHuman struggle for survival has led to increased use of pesticides. Loopholes in controlling use and disposal of pesticides have threatened the human and environment health over decades. As a result, morbidities and mortalities and other negative consequences to untargeted biological organisms need serious considerations and adequate actions. Recommendations may not be limited to adjustment of the laws and regulations to be in harmony with international conventions and standards but also strengthening implementation and enforcement of the existing rules and regulations, registration and quality controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various negative impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health. It cites effects on reproductive and immune systems, contamination of water and soil leading to extinction of aquatic biodiversity, and the killing of natural pest enemies, which all illustrate that pesticides, whether organic or not, have significant harmful consequences. This undermines the assertion that organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: The spectator, even more than the reader, is placed at an angle of vision which excludes most of the surrounding space, from where he could survey, and take part in, the dramatic irony of the story. This is indeed a landscape made of fears, fancies and opinions. There is a mystery inherent in these transitions from blindness into sight, heightened by montage (Bordwell), whose dramatic quality and irony would not be lost on Charlie Chaplin. The movie (1931) places the famous comic marionette—the Tramp— in the urban jungle of the city, side by side with a blind girl, a timid flower seller, who is deceived into believing he is a millionaire. 12 Chaplin recalls in his autobiography: In the Keystone days the tramp had been freer and less confined to plot. […] The solution came when I thought of the tramp as a sort of Pierrot. With this conception, I was freer to express and embellish the comedy with touches of sentiment. But logically it was difficult to get a beautiful girl interested in a tramp. This has always been a problem in my films. […] The girl in is blind. In this relationship he is romantic and wonderful to her until her sight is restored. (224) 30Here we find again the Dickensian theme of a blind girl deceived by those who can see, rather than by her sight impairment. (1931)(jpeg, 21k) Image in the public domain 13 Adapted to the screen by Jean Aurenche. The film score was by Georges Auric. At the 1946 (. . . ) 31When the blind girl retrieves her eyesight she has to come to terms with the tramp, with his poverty and his generosity. A few scenes reveal that the final recognition, impossible in visual terms, is achieved owing to the sheer touch of a hand, and the memory of the first touch. Pathos melts into comedy and the happy ending. Another movie based on Gide’s novella is Pastorale—a 1946 French film drama directed by and starring Michèle Morgan and Pierre Blanchar. 13 This is the last—not least—example in a long lineage of young female protagonists, whose blindness, narrated as a vivid landscape of emotions, paves the way for the strong visual potential Dickens had already detected, both during his visit to the States and with his treatment of the theme in on the Heart. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls' vision abilities. It discusses filmmaking techniques, character dynamics, and narrative themes without mentioning owls, darkness, or any magical abilities associated with eyesight.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Deep phenotypic, environmental and social data collected at different time points would be fed into a predictive algorithm to identify nutrients, foods and diets with optimal, neutral or detrimental profiles (denoted as green, yellow and red). For example, purple individuals would benefit the most from peppers, while people whose diabetes risk is driven by grey would benefit from lettuce. With the proposed framework, precision nutrition advice needs to be readjusted with data collected at different time points through the life course. Further, rapid changes in body weight or physical activity levels are likely to modify food responses, reinforcing the notion of dynamic nutritional advice. This figure is available as part of a downloadable slidesetFull size imageThe dynamic and adaptable nature of human metabolism implies that the set of physiological processes underlying disease risk would have different impacts along the life course [53]. A recent study suggests that changes in components of body composition at different stages of the life course are a source of metabolic variability associated with diabetes risk [54]. Consequently, the order in which pathophysiological stages appear may not be the same for everyone [55], highlighting the need of multi-dimensional, high-resolution and time-series data to characterise metabolic status and inform targeted dietary advice. In general, early beta cell failure is characterised by a reduction in the first phase of glucose-stimulated insulin release, leading to hyperinsulinaemia and diabetes. While dietary advice should be targeted at preserving beta cell function among people whose diabetes risk is mainly driven through alterations in insulin synthesis and secretion, for someone with established beta cell insufficiency weight loss could be more relevant to delay progression to diabetes. There is consistent evidence showing that glucose variability and postprandial glycaemic peaks induce glucotoxicity effects and consequent beta cell dysfunction [56]. Therefore, dietary advice to avoid foods or meals that produce large glycaemic fluctuations could be particularly beneficial in individuals with early beta cell failure. Previous studies have shown that weight loss increases beta cell function because of an increase in both beta cell glucose sensitivity and whole-body insulin sensitivity [57]. Short-term weight loss can be achieved through different healthful diets, as significant weight loss is often observed when people are randomised to a range of different diets [23]. To maintain weight lost, a personalised approach to mitigate physiological adaptations related to increased appetite would be necessary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how predictive algorithms utilize various data, including genetic predispositions, to provide tailored nutritional advice. It mentions the need for personalized dietary recommendations that evolve over time and are based on individual metabolic status, which aligns with the concept of personalizing nutrition according to genetic and health data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Having infrastructure for handling sewage systems and proper disposal systems for pesticides and other chemicals and development of alternative for sustainable food production is important. Education and training on safe pesticide use, storage, disposition of pesticides and training in schools on environmental, occupational and dietary-related non-communicable diseases are necessary. 1. Lunde TM, Lindtjorn B. Cattle and climate in Africa. How climate variability has influenced national cattle holdings from 1961-2008. PeerJ. 2013;1:e552. Biber-. Future risks of pest species under changing climatic conditions. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e01532373. [Accessed: November 2, 2018]4. Jarman WM, Ballschmiter K. From coal to DDT. The history of the development of the pesticide DDT from synthetic dyes till silent spring. Endeavour. 2012;36(4):131-1425. Pretty J, Bharucha ZP. Integrated pest management for sustainable intensification of agriculture in Asia and Africa. Insects. 2015;6(1):152-1826. . A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife. International. 2015;22(1):103-1187. . Vectorborne diseases in West Africa: Geographic distribution and geospatial characteristics. Transactions of the of and Hygiene. 2013;107(5):273-2848. . Climate change and vector-borne diseases: A regional analysis. Bulletin of the Organization. 2000;78(9):1136-11479. Major vectors and vector-borne diseases in small ruminants in Ethiopia: A systematic review. Acta Tropica. 2017;170:95-10410. [Accessed: November 2, 2018]11. . Toxicity and carcinogenicity of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Toxicological Research. 2016;32(1):21-3312. Williams CM. Third-generation pesticides. Scientific American. 1967;217(1):13-1713. . Third generation pesticides: The potential for the development of resistance by insects. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1974;22(3):356-36014. Mbakaya CF, Ohayo- The status of pesticide usage in East Africa. of Health Sciences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of proper handling and disposal of pesticides to mitigate environmental impacts. It discusses the need for education and training regarding safe pesticide use, indicating that pesticides (including organic ones) can have environmental consequences that necessitate careful management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: As it happens, we can remark and agree with Glavin that Dickens’s books came first, of course, but that these movies now shape Dickens’s fiction by generating “whatever possibilities remain for reading the fiction” (5–6). Haut de page Bibliographie Bordwell, David. of Eisenstein. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. Chaplin, Charles. My Autobiography. New York: Simon, 1964. Print. Collins, Wilkie. Finch. 1872. Ed. Catherine Peters. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. Costantini, Mariaconcetta. Sensation and Professionalism in the Victorian Novel. Bern: Lang, 2015. Print. Crary, Jonathan. Techniques of the Observer. and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1993. Print. Dickens, Charles. for General Circulation. 1842. Ed. John S. Whitley and Arnold Goldman. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. Print. ---. Bleak House. 1853. Ed. Nicola Bradbury. London: Penguin, 1995. Print. ---. Christmas Books. Ed. Ruth Glancy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. Print. ---. on the Hearth. 1845. London: Bradbury, 1846. Print. ---. of Charles Dickens. 1844–1846. Ed. Kathleen Tillotson. Vol. 4. Oxford: OUP, 1977. Print. Flint, Kate. and the Visual Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print. Forster, John. of Charles Dickens. 1872–1874. Ed. J. W. H. T. Ley. London: Palmer, 1928. Print. Gide, André. pastorale. 1919. Paris: Gallimard, 1972. Print. Gillooly, Eileen and eds. Contemporary Dickens. Columbus: UP, 2008. Print. Gitter, Elisabeth. Guest: the Original Deaf-Blind Girl. New York: Farrar, 2001. Print. Glancy, Ruth. “Introduction. ” Christmas Books. Dickens. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. Print. Glavin, John, ed. Dickens on Screen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls and their vision capabilities. It primarily discusses literary works and authors, particularly focusing on Charles Dickens and does not mention owls or any claims about their senses, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Physiological adaptations underlying increased energy intake are heterogeneous and may change over time [58], implying that frequent assessment of fluctuations in psychological, social or molecular factors is necessary to capture this dynamic adaptation and offer targeted dietary advice. There is early evidence that reducing blood glucose dips is associated with lower energy intake [59], suggesting that the promotion of nutrients, foods and meals that mitigate glycaemic dips, rather than glycaemic peaks, could be relevant for counterbalancing increased energy intake and achieving long-term body weight maintenance. Practical considerations and challenges for implementing precision nutrition in diabetesThere are important considerations when redefining dietary advice for diabetes prevention and management based on precision nutrition (see text box). First, precision nutrition is not a competitor but an addition to what we know about healthy eating for the prevention and management of diabetes. In the same way that promotion of physical activity and weight loss do not replace the need to adhere to a healthy diet, precision nutrition advice would not exclude the parallel goal of healthy dietary patterns nor replace other evidence-based strategies for decreasing the risk of diabetes, such as novel weight-loss or glucose-lowering medications. However, the shift in emphasis to prioritise precision nutrition is important to reflect the dynamic and divergent nature of responses to dietary interventions. Second, precise tools are needed for the eventual implementation of precision nutrition. The use of objective biomarkers of diet is necessary to mitigate random and systematic error from self-reported dietary assessment methods [60]. Further, scientific scrutiny should precede the introduction of emerging tools, such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, for precision nutrition. A recent domiciled-feeding study including 16 healthy adults connected to two CGM devices showed that foods categorised as favourable by one device were not always considered favourable by the other device [61]. While these results call into question the use of CGM devices for precision nutrition applications, a post hoc study within the cohort, including 34 individuals connected to two CGM devices, provided evidence that most of the glycaemic rankings were concordant between devices [62]. Discordant rankings were mainly observed for foods or meals with lower carbohydrate content. Technological advances to improve interstitial glucose-sensing accuracy are needed, especially during the postprandial state in which rapid changes in glucose, blood flood rate or temperature could impact measurement precision. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for targeted dietary advice based on individual physiological adaptations and the necessity of frequent assessment of various factors for effective personalized nutrition. It emphasizes that precision nutrition focuses on tailoring dietary recommendations, which aligns with the notion of personalizing nutrition based on individual differences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: 1994;1(1):37-4115. Webb JL Jr. The first large-scale use of synthetic insecticide for malaria control in tropical Africa: Lessons from Liberia, 1945-1962. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 2011;66(3):347-37616. Snyder JC. Typhus fever in the second world war. California Medicine. 1947;66(1):3-1017. Bishopp FC. Insect problems in world war II with special 7818. . DDT, epigenetic harm, and transgenerational environmental justice. Environmental Health. 2014;13:6219. . The changing limits and incidence of malaria in Africa: 1939-2009. Advances in Parasitology. 2012;78:169-26220. Müller Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human breast milk and associated health risks to nursing infants in Northern Tanzania. Environmental Research. 2017;154:425-43421. . Simultaneous presence of DDT and pyrethroid residues in human breast milk from a malaria endemic area in South Africa. Environmental Pollution. 2006;144(3):902-91722. . Accumulation of persistent organochlorine contaminants in milk and serum of farmers from Ghana. Environmental Research. 2008;106(1):17-2623. The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen, fertility, and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Environmental Research. 2004;96(1):1-824. . Genotoxicity of the organochlorine pesticides 1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in cultured human lymphocytes. Chemosphere. 2008;71(7):1335-133925. . Effects of DDT on paracetamol half-life in highly exposed mothers in Zimbabwe. Toxicology Letters. 2002;134(1-3):147-15326. . The occurrence and environmental effect of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soils. International. 2012;19(2):325-33427. [Accessed: November 2, 2018]28. Agenda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to the negative effects of pesticides, including DDT, which suggests that pesticides do have environmental impacts contrary to the claim. For instance, it discusses 'long-term effects of DDT exposure' and 'the occurrence and environmental effect of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soils,' indicating that synthetic pesticides can have significant consequences on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Shakespeare, William. The Sonnets. 1609. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Print. Smith, Grahame. Dickens and the Dream of Cinema. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2003. Print. Stoddard Holmes, Martha. Fictions of Affliction: in Victorian Culture. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2004. Print. Vescovi, Alessandro. “Dickens’s ‘The Signalman’ and Rubini’s ‘La stazione. ” Dickens on Screen. Ed. John Glavin. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 53–60. Print. Haut de page Notes 1 Paterson, “’Looking on Darkness, Which the See’: Blindness, Empathy, and Feeling Seeing. ” Mosaic. A to the of Literature 46. 3 (Sept 2013): 159-77. This issue of Mosaic is entirely devoted to the theme of blindness, and other 108. Man’s Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. New York: Routledge, 1983, examined the arena of criticism: one may infer that the double-blind peer review draws its authority from such text. 2 This 1918. Lenin attended one performance, but walked out (xv). 9 On the subject see the recent study by Mariaconcetta Costantini, Sensation and Professionalism in the Victorian Novel. Bern: Lang, 2015. 10 Oscar is treated for epilepsy with nitrate of silver which disfigures him by making his skin permanently black. But blind Lucilla feels “a delicious tingle” (147) when he touches her. After the operation, Nugent although winningly handsome does not produce the same effect. 11 « Au reste, cette méthode, ajouta-t-il après me l’avoir minutieusement exposée, n’a rien de bien sorcier. Je ne l’invente point et d’autres l’ont appliquée déjà. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls' ability to see in complete darkness. It presents citations of various literary works and discussions but does not provide any information about owls or their visual capabilities. Therefore, it neither supports nor contradicts the claim, making it a pass.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: In addition, there is a need to develop new technologies that go beyond changes in blood glucose levels and monitor other components that change in response to diet. Third, clinical trials specifically designed to capture the nuances of dynamic nutritional responses are needed for the eventual implementation of precision nutrition. Most precision nutrition evidence comes from post hoc analysis of clinical trials and observational studies, and independent replication in new intervention studies is usually missing. Due to their short follow-up periods, these studies do not adequately capture the dynamic complexity of dietary and behavioural modification. It is unlikely that our increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes will translate into precision nutrition unless clinical trials overcome three main aspects: (1) the implementation of repeated-crossover clinical studies to investigate an individual’s response to diet at different cycles [63]; (2) the specification of a clear and precise outcome definition that goes beyond rigid disease categories [64]; and (3) the development of reproducible algorithms and statistical methods that could help solve challenges related to complex datasets [64]. Fourth, a key consideration for precision nutrition in diabetes is whether deep phenotyping is better than a simple clinical determination of insulin resistance/secretion. Recent studies have provided evidence that deep ‘omics’ profiling could detect subtle changes in health markers at the earliest possible time point [65, 66], allowing anticipatory prevention strategies targeted towards disrupted processes. The identification of actionable biomarkers of early alterations in insulin homeostasis is an unmet need in diabetes given that clinical tests such as the OGTT cannot describe the nuances of glycaemic and insulin fluctuations [67]. While the costs of deep phenotyping are greater than those of routine clinical testing, diabetes is now a national priority and the most expensive chronic illness in the USA. Cost–effect studies have consistently shown that investing in diabetes prevention is cost-effective [68], implying that the costs of acquiring deep phenotype data would be amortised by enhanced prevention. However, no comprehensive attempts have been made to rigorously evaluate the cost-effectiveness of precision nutrition in diabetes. Fifth, equitable access to effective precision nutrition advice should be ensured [69]. Among the nearly half-billion people with diabetes globally, three out of every four people live in low- and middle-income countries, and the prevalence of the disease in high-income countries tends to be higher among ethnic minorities or people living in areas with higher deprivation [70]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of precision nutrition, which is closely related to tailoring dietary advice according to individual responses to diet. It emphasizes the need for clinical trials to capture the unique nutritional responses of individuals, hinting at the importance of personal genetic and phenotypic factors in shaping effective dietary guidelines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect farming can produce protein-rich food with a smaller carbon footprint than beef. [SEP] Text: In the Southeast US (SE US), the cow-calf phase is typically based on warm-season perennial C4 grasses along the States, including species such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers. ]. Factors that contribute to greater emissions from the cow-calf phase include maintaining the cow for the entire year and the calf until weaning date. In addition, these systems are typically extensive, and forage is often the only source of feed available. Forage-based diets produce a greater proportion of total volatile fatty acids as acetate, generating more hydrogen[6]. Therefore, it is expected that forage-based systems used in the cow-calf phase will generate more methane per unit of carcass weight (CW) than feedlot systems with high-grain diets. Rotz et al. estimated that the cow-calf phase is responsible for almost 70% of the GHG emissions in US beef systems[7]. It is important to note, however, the role of grassland systems in capturing GHG and storing organic carbon (C) in soil organic matter (SOM). Saggar et al. and Raposo et al. demonstrated that intensive grasslands can also be a significant sink for CH4[8,9]. In a broad assessment of Canadian beef farms, Alemu et al. concluded that the emission intensity averaged 23. 9 kg CO2eq kg-1 live weight[10]. Rotz et al. investigated potential regional differences in the US beef systems[7]. footprint tended to increase from west to east because of greater use of inputs in the east, such as nitrogen (N) fertilizer and lime, related to greater production potential arising from greater rainfall. Soil type was also an important factor affecting the C footprint. Soils with greater clay content have a greater capacity to store soil organic carbon (SOC). Rotz et al. indicated that beef producers might be able to reduce the C footprint of their systems by improving some management aspects, but other factors such as rainfall and soil type are out of their control[7]. This review will address the C footprint of beef cattle systems in the SE US, focusing on C stocks and flows in these systems and practices to reduce GHG emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with traditional beef farming. It emphasizes that the cow-calf phase contributes significantly to GHG emissions, indicating that beef production has a larger carbon footprint compared to alternative protein sources like insect farming. For instance, it states that the cow-calf phase is responsible for almost 70% of the GHG emissions in US beef systems, which suggests a higher environmental impact than what insect farming could offer.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Ne t’en souviens-tu pas Du temps que nous faisions ensemble notre philosophie, nos professeurs, à propos de Condillac et de sa statue animée, nous entretenaient déjà d’un cas analogue à celui-ci… À moins, fit-il en se reprenant, que je n’aie lu cela plus tard, dans une revue de psychologie… N’importe cela m’a frappé et je me souviens même du nom de cette pauvre enfant, encore plus déshéritée que Gertrude, car elle était aveugle et sourde-muette, qu’un docteur de je ne sais plus quel comté d’Angleterre recueillit, vers le milieu du siècle dernier. Elle avait nom Laura Bridgeman. Ce docteur avait tenu journal, comme tu devrais faire, des progrès de l’enfant, ou du moins, pour commencer, de ses efforts à lui pour l’instruire. Durant des jours et des semaines, il s’obstina à lui faire toucher et palper alternativement deux petits objets, une épingle, puis une plume, puis toucher sur une feuille imprimée à l’usage des aveugles le relief des deux mots anglais : pin et pen. Et durant des semaines, il n’obtint aucun résultat. Le corps semblait inhabité. Pourtant il ne perdait pas confiance. Je me faisais l’effet de quelqu’un, racontait-il, qui, penché sur la margelle d’un puits profond et noir, agiterait désespérément une corde dans l’espoir qu’enfin une main la saisisse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls’ abilities to see in darkness or any magical attributes. Instead, it discusses a historical case related to a blind and deaf child, which is unrelated to owl vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: There is a need to embrace diversity in the design, implementation and clinical validation of studies to reduce diabetes disparities and bias towards underrepresented minorities. Further, addressing upstream social determinants of health, particularly those related to the food environment, is critical for helping people sustain targeted dietary advice [71]. Our food system is overflowing with energy-dense and highly palatable foods that are almost perfectly designed to maximise food reward properties and promote overconsumption. Policies that affect food pricing, sales and advertising have been successful in reducing consumption of unhealthy foods [72, 73], implying that the success of precision nutrition will be parallel to the implementation of strategies that modify the structural and environmental context in which eating behaviours occur. Finally, important questions about the efficacy, sustainability and delivery of precision nutrition need to be answered before translating precision-based strategies into clinical practice or guidelines. Long-term clinical trials specifically designed to assess head-to-head comparisons between precision nutrition interventions and population-wide approaches are needed. One of the main reasons for low compliance with dietary recommendations is the physiological adaptations targeted at increasing energy intake. The development and validation of clinical algorithms that could predict and mitigate processes underlying increased appetite or food reward is needed. Another important question is how precision nutrition recommendations would be delivered. Right now, the gold standard for delivering dietary advice is to follow a standardised programme consisting of group counselling combined with individualised advice. Using advanced methods of communication and education through personal websites or medical portals, precision nutrition aims to engage individuals in their own care by incorporating real-time collection of data and providing real-time feedback to reinforce positive behaviours. In a new era of remote clinical testing and citizen science, in which various commercial companies are offering precision nutrition advice based on clinical, lifestyle, genetic and gut microbiome variation, it is important to address the current challenges by establishing a solid evidence base, protocols and guidelines that could benefit individuals and populations. ConclusionEarly evidence stresses the potential of precision nutrition in diabetes. This approach would address the inter-individual response observed in diet and weight-loss interventions, target main pathophysiological processes underlying the continuum of glycaemic alterations, and reap the benefits of population-based dietary advice for the prevention of diabetes and related complications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing precision nutrition, which involves tailoring dietary advice based on individual differences, including genetic and lifestyle factors. The mention of using advanced methods and technology to engage individuals in their care implies a focus on personalization, consistent with the idea of adapting dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. The text also highlights the importance of creating clinical algorithms that reflect these individual variations, supporting the notion of personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect farming can produce protein-rich food with a smaller carbon footprint than beef. [SEP] Text: [35]; (9)Jayanegara et al. [36]; *Biological nitrogen fixation. ? Methane emissions from livestock are considered to be major contributors to overall GHG emissions, affecting the sustainability of the beef industry. Measurements of methane emission in cow-calf systems under grazing conditions are very limited in the SE US, and on many occasions, estimates are based on modeling[10]. Rotz et al. indicated that the C footprint in SE US beef systems is 28. 9 kg CO2eq kg-1 CW, which is greater than the average US beef system (21. 3 kg CO2eq kg-1 CW)[7]. Predominance of cow-calf systems and greater use of fertilizer inputs are key components that increase the C footprint of SE US beef systems[37]. The cow-calf phase is by far the most important in terms of the amounts of GHG released to the atmosphere[7]. Producing locally could reduce the C footprint of beef systems. In the SE US, that would mean that systems would have not only to stay in the cow-calf phase, but also have backgrounding and finishing animals to process locally. On the basis of several assumptions, we estimated the necessary C sequestration per ha to finish one beef steer. If we use a mean of 28. 9 kg CO2eq kg-1 CW, as suggested by Rotz et al. , for SE US conditions, assuming one cow-calf pair per ha for the initial 240 days (birth to weaning)[7], and an additional 0. 5 ha to background the steer from d 240 to d 706[38], 1. 5 ha would be needed for the cow-calf and backgrounding/finishing phases. Adding 20% more land for heifer development to replace culled cows, the system would need 1. 8 ha to produce a steer (cow-calf and backgrounding/finishing phases). Assuming a steer weight of 570 kg (1256 lb) at slaughtering (706 days of age) and a CW of 302 kg (666 lb; 53% dressing percentage[39], we calculate that the emissions would be 8728 kg CO2eq per steer (28. 9 kg CO2eq kg-1 CW × 337 kg). Considering 1. 8 ha used to produce the steer (and develop replacement heifers), we calculate that approx. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed measurements of the carbon footprint of beef production, indicating that beef systems have significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Specifically, it states that the carbon footprint of beef systems can be as high as 28.9 kg CO2eq per kg of carcass weight (CW), emphasizing the substantial GHG contributions from cow-calf systems. This suggests that insect farming, which is implied to have a smaller carbon footprint, would be a more sustainable alternative to beef production, directly countering the claim that insect farming can be compared to beef without regard to their respective environmental impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Car il ne douta pas un instant que quelqu’un ne fût là, au fond du gouffre, et que cette corde à la fin ne soit saisie. Et un jour, enfin, il vit cet impassible visage de Laura s’éclairer d’une sorte de sourire; je crois bien qu’à ce moment des larmes de reconnaissance et d’amour jaillirent de ses yeux et qu’il tomba à genoux pour remercier le Seigneur. Laura venait tout à coup de comprendre ce que le docteur voulait d’elle sauvée À partir de ce jour elle fit attention ses progrès furent rapides elle s’instruisit bientôt elle-même, et par la suite devint directrice d’un institut d’aveugles … » (34–36). 12 Vescovi argues that the relationship between the Italian movie La stazione and “The Signalman” can be paralleled “to that between Chaplin’s and Dickens’s Christmas story ‘on the Hearth’” (Glavin 54). 13 Adapted to the screen by Jean Aurenche. The film score was by Georges Auric. At the 1946 Festival, the movie won the (equivalent of the Palme d’Or) and the award was for Michèle Morgan. Haut de page Table des illustrations Bridgman (1829–1889) Crédits Image in (public domain) URL Fichier image/jpeg, 20k Dickens, on the Hearth Crédits London: Bradbury, 1846. 54 URL Fichier image/jpeg, 24k Leech, “Caleb at Work” Légende on the Hearth 1846. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls seeing in darkness; it discusses a different narrative involving characters and situations unrelated to owls or their vision capabilities. The content focuses on an emotional scene and does not mention any aspect of owls or their abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Shifting from population-based ‘one size fits all’ dietary advice to targeted recommendations would recognise individual-level factors as predominant drivers of the effect of food intake on disease risk while considering the importance of social and environmental pressures on shaping how people interact with and respond to foods. Precision nutrition is still in its infancy and only time and much more research will tell if the initial prospects can be realised, and whether precision nutrition could be implemented as a frontline intervention for the prevention and management of diabetes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the shift from 'one size fits all' dietary advice to 'targeted recommendations,' which acknowledges individual-level factors and the potential for personalized nutrition. It implies that tailoring dietary advice is critical in understanding individual responses to food, thus aligning with the essence of personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect farming can produce protein-rich food with a smaller carbon footprint than beef. [SEP] Text: 2552 kg CO2eq ha-1 yr-1(8728 kg/1. 8 ha/1. 9 years) would need to be offset, which corresponds to 0. 70 ha-1 yr-1. This annual C sequestration rate is high, and it would be difficult to offset if using only low-input grass pastures. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that each cow’s emissions, according to the time spent in the herd, must be considered, and will increase the requirements to offset the GHG emissions of the system. However, integrating climate-smart practices, changing the land use, or even preserving natural ecosystems with high C sequestration potential [Table 2], could increase the average C sequestration of the farm and help to offset the GHG emissions from the beef cattle. In addition, Beauchemin et al. highlight that several management strategies, including dietary modifications and improved animal husbandry, can decrease emissions associated with beef production[40]. cattle systems in the SE US are characterized by several different land cover management scenarios. Improved practices in these different management systems could be used as alternatives to reduce GHG emissions. Cattle and timber, for example, are two of the most common farm diversification practices we find in the SE US, and a number of farms explore both commodities. In addition to silvopastoral systems, it is common to find areas of timber plantation adjacent to pasture land within the same farm. In terms of preservation of natural ecosystems, it is common in Florida to use natural rangelands and to preserve wetlands. These are natural ecosystems that can help to offset the C footprint of the overall farm. Regarding grazing systems, different practices of grazing management are applied daily in most of the beef farms in the SE US, because the predominant system is pasture-based cow-calf operations. First and foremost is the adjustment of stocking rate to the herbage mass, which is also considered the main grazing management strategy. As another important management practice, stockpiled limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir. ) Stapf & C. E. Hubb] has been widely used in South Florida. Rotational stocking is less common, but this has recently been done in some beef farms. In addition, it is typical to overseed grass-legume mixtures on perennial pastures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with beef production, highlighting the need for offsetting CO2 emissions from cattle farming. It suggests that practices such as dietary modifications and improved animal husbandry may help reduce emissions from beef systems, indicating that conventional beef production is not necessarily less impactful on the climate than insect farming might be.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 61 URL Fichier image/jpeg, 28k édits Image in (public domain) URL Fichier image/jpeg, 32k Lights (1931) Crédits Image in the public domain URL Fichier image/jpeg, 21k Haut de page Pour citer cet 13. 2 | 2016, mis en ligne le 15 juin 2016, consulté le 06 octobre 2024. URL : DOI : de page à degli Studi di Milanofrancesca. orestano@unimi. itteaches at Università degli Studi di Milano. She works in the areas of landscape aesthetics (the picturesque, from the eighteenth century to the present), garden history, Victorian and Dickens studies, art criticism, modernity and Virginia Woolf, children’s literature from the eighteenth century to the present. Her recent research encompasses responses to the Italian Renaissance, chemistry and Victorian taste, Woolf and the art of cooking, the child reader. She is guest editor of the 2014 issue of on “History and Children’s Literature,” and since 2007 editor of the website de page Droits d’auteur Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire. Haut de page Sommaire - Document précédent Auteurs Mots-clés Présentation Présentation éditoriale de la revue e-Rea Comité de rédaction Organigramme e-Rea Comité de lecture Consignes aux rédacteurs invités et rédactrices invitées Consignes aux auteurs Numéros en texte intégral 202421. 2 202320. 2 | 21. 1 202219. 2 | 20. 1 202118. 2 | 19. 1 202017. 2 | 18. 1 201916. 2 | 17. 1 201815. 2 | 16. 1 201714. 2 | 15. 1 201613. 2 | 14. 1 201512. 2 | 13. 1 201411. 2 | 12. 1 201310. 2 | 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information related to owls or their vision capabilities. Instead, it contains a mixture of image credits, academic credentials, and publication details, which do not address the idea of owls having magical abilities to see in darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu of Nutrition and Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Edited by A. P. Simopoulos; A. P. for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1159/isbn. 978-3-8055-9428-8 Status: Available ISBN electronic: 978-3-8055-9428-8 ISBN print: 978-3-8055-9427-1 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and date: 2010 Awareness of the influence of our genetic variation to dietary response (nutrigenetics) and how nutrients may affect gene expression (nutrigenomics) is prompting a revolution in the field of nutrition. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationships among nutritional molecules, genetic variants and the biological system. This publication contains selected papers from the ‘3rd Congress of the of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics’ held in Bethesda, Md. , in October 2009. The contributions address frontiers in nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics as well as non-coding RNAs and posttranslational gene regulations in various diseases and conditions. In addition to scientific studies, the challenges and opportunities facing governments, academia and the industry are included. Everyone interested in the future of personalized medicine and nutrition or agriculture, as well as researchers in academia, government and industry will find this publication of the utmost interest for their work. ‹ › 10. 1159/000314508 Published: 2010 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and Tools Split-2010. "Nutrigenetics: A Tool to to the Obese", Personalized Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Dietary Guidelines, A. P. Simopoulos, J. A. citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search 2010License DisclaimerThis 4. 0 (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of genetic variation on dietary responses within the field of nutrigenetics. It mentions how this area is prompting a revolution in nutrition, which aligns with the essence of personalized nutrition that seeks to tailor dietary advice based on individual genetic predispositions. Additionally, it highlights that nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics provide approaches to understand the relationships between nutritional molecules and genetic variants, further underscoring the tailoring aspect of dietary advice.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect farming can produce protein-rich food with a smaller carbon footprint than beef. [SEP] Text: Subtropical and tropical grasses are well adapted to the soil and weather conditions in the Southern US, and cow-calf operations rely heavily on these grasses. Several studies report that the integration of legumes in beef-forage systems increases forage production and animal weight gain, reduces the use of fertilizers and irrigation, and increases nutrient cycling[61-63]. The development of forage production systems that have less reliance on N fertilizer is an important step towards reducing C footprints and increasing economic sustainability. Furthermore, forage legumes could potentially benefit soil health by increasing the presence of certain microorganisms that enhance nutrient cycling, maintaining N that is readily available for plant uptake. Although legumes can emit N2O indirectly by microbial decomposition of plant material or by return of rich N excreta from grazing animals, these emissions are expected to be less than emissions from the N fertilizers, either because of the production energy costs of fertilizers or greater synchronism with plant demand, reducing the mineral N content available in the soil[64,65]. In addition, management practices to disperse excreta over the pasture can be useful to decrease the excess of mineral N applied in the same spot to reduce the N2O emissions by this pathway. The adoption of cover crops is another management practice that is increasing in popularity because of the documented benefits to the system. Some of these benefits include pest control, increasing in residue persistence, N fixation, compaction reduction, nutrient scavenging, increased forage quality, attraction of beneficial insects, and weed and erosion control[66]. The selection of a plant or mixture of plants for a cover crop should meet the producer’s objectives while being easy to establish, having an early growth rate, optimal rooting depth, high biomass yield, pest resistance, ease of termination, and accessible cost. Considering all this, the contribution of cover crops to decreased net GHG emissions in beef-forage systems stems from their ability to increase SOC while decreasing fossil fuel fertilizer use. Another strategy that plays a significant role in the reduction of GHG emissions from soils is the reduction of tillage practices in an effort to reduce SOC oxidation and release to the atmosphere as CO2. Tillage increases production costs, affects yield, increases soil compaction and erosion, and affects water quality via increased runoff and leaching. According to the USDA, tillage has been reduced since 2012 and the use of non-tillage methods has increased over the years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental benefits and management practices involved in beef-forage systems, such as the integration of legumes, cover crops, and reduced tillage, which can potentially lower the carbon footprint of beef production. This information implies that beef farming can also attain sustainability through improved practices, potentially disputing the assertion that insect farming is more sustainable than beef.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Sign in 10. 1145/3173574. 3173777acmconferences10. 1145/3173574. 3173777Published: 21 April 2018 52citation984DownloadsMetricsTotal 2017. Embracing Errors: Context of Blind Individuals' Acceptance of Errors. of the 2017 CHI Conference on in (CHI '17). ACM, 41584169. Digital Library2016. to People: A Approach. /on Interaction (HRI '16). 3--10. Digital Library2012. Input finger detection for nonvisual touch screen text entry in Perkinput. of 2012 (GI '12). Processing Society, 121--129. Digital Library2016. Laboratory? : Prostheses as a Tool for Experimenting with Identity and Normalcy. of the 2016 CHI Conference on in (CHI '16). ACM, 1745--1756. Digital Library2010. VizWiz: nearly real-time answers to visual questions. of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '10). ACM, 333--342. Digital Library1995. Applying activity theory to video analysis: how to make sense of video data in human-computer interaction. A. Nardi (Ed. ). Context and consciousness. of 147--174. Digital Library2010. No-look notes: accessible eyes-free multi-touch text entry. 26. Library2015. to Social Microvolunteering. of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on in (CHI '15). ACM, 1055--1064. Digital Library2015. Collaborative Accessibility: Co-Home Spaces. of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on in (CHI '15), 2373--2382. Digital Library2015. Work of Accessibility: Accessibility in Mixed-Ability Workplaces. of the 17th on Computers & Accessibility ('15), 163--171. Digital Library2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, no. 2 (2006): 77--101. 2013. Supporting blind navigation using depth sensing and sonification. of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication (UbiComp '13 Adjunct). ACM, 255--258. Digital Library2014. the 'EyeCane': a for Blind Individuals. In M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls and their supposed magical abilities to see in complete darkness. It consists primarily of publication references and descriptions unrelated to owls, vision, or magical capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product 4. 0. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder in which excessive body fat deposition arises when energy intake is higher than energy expenditure [1]. The growing prevalence of obesity around the world is mainly attributed to changes in lifestyle (e. g. increased consumption of high energy-yielding foods enriched with carbohydrates and fats, or reduced physical activity) that may impact genetic susceptibility [2]. More than 1 billion people are currently overweight or obese [3]. This health burden is worsened because an excess in body adipose tissue is associated with clinical complications such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipemia, impaired immune competence, hormonal disturbances, some types of cancer and higher mortality rates [4]. Many theories have been proposed to explain the origin of this epidemic, such as the thrifty gene or genetically based hypotheses, the fetal programming hypothesis, the environmental (unbalanced diets and sedentary lifestyles) hypothesis, the ethnic shift hypothesis or the assortative mating hypothesis, all of which underline the complex theory that suggests that there is not a single cause of obesity but it is a consequence of an interaction between genetic and lifestyle influences [5]. The mutual interactions between the genetic profile and the environment undoubtedly complicate the understanding of the specific roles of genes and external influences in obesity [6]. Current obesity treatments are based on [7]: dietary strategies to reduce energy intake or manipulate macronutrient distribution;exercise programs to increase physical activity;behavioral or psychological approaches;pharmacological prescriptions to increase thermogenesis or reduce appetite or food utilization;surgical procedures to control nutrient absorption. In this context, identification of additional candidate genes may allow for the provision of more individualized recommendations (dietary advice, physical activity and/or drug therapy) to prevent excessive weight gain and achieve effective weight loss and successful long-term maintenance of weight reduction on the basis of an identified genetic predisposition [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that 'identification of additional candidate genes may allow for the provision of more individualized recommendations (dietary advice...) to prevent excessive weight gain.' This suggests that personalized nutrition can be based on an individual's genetic predispositions, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect farming can produce protein-rich food with a smaller carbon footprint than beef. [SEP] Text: Moreover, controlling N release can increase N use efficiency in forage plants, thus increasing forage biomass for an extended period; however, this response may vary according to the source[70]. Grass-fed beef production systems usually have greater C footprints compared with feedlots, and one of the major factors affecting this output is the extended time required for cattle to reach finished body weight[71,72]. utilization by forage plants by slowly providing this nutrient will improve the system efficiency[70], decrease the number of days to slaughter, and consequently decrease the C footprint. Grazing managementFrom grazing lands to meat packing, beef production systems in the Southern US are striving to meet global demands without compromising environmental quality or local profitability. Both producers and consumers are concerned about the environmental sustainability of production systems, and for this reason, GHG mitigation strategies are quite relevant in grazing systems. Grazing management practices should be implemented to utilize the benefit of forages. Key factors such as leaf area before and after grazing and periods of rest may guarantee forage and livestock production. Proper management of rotational systems improves plant health, soil health, water infiltration, and forage production. Other benefits of proper grazing management include reduced runoff and soil erosion, and reduced production costs resulting from less use of fuel, machinery, fertilizer, and pesticides. Torres et al. simulated GHG emissions for a typical cow-calf farm in the SE US with 100 ha of cropland, a beef herd of 50 cows, and a forested area, where calculated emissions ranged from 348. 8 t CO2eq yr-1 to 765. 6 t CO2eq yr-1 for the different farm enterprise combinations and production practices[43]. The authors estimated that the forest area required to neutralize these emissions ranged from 19 to 40 ha, corresponding to 13%-27% of the area dedicated to cropland and pasture. This exercise provided a great example of how integration of forestry and cattle with proper grazing management can contribute to decreased GHG emissions (CO2eq) in the system. The standard practice of finishing beef production in the US since the 1950s has been grain-feeding, which is supported by the increased rate of gain, improved feed efficiency, decreased land required per kg of CW and favorable carcass characteristics such as tenderness, juiciness, and marbling[39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that grass-fed beef production systems generally have greater carbon footprints compared to feedlots due to the extended time cattle require to reach maturity. It mentions estimates of GHG emissions from cow-calf farms and emphasizes the need for grazing management to decrease carbon emissions, therefore suggesting that beef production inherently has a larger carbon footprint than alternative protein sources such as insect farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Auvray and C. Duriez (eds. ), Haptics: Neuroscience, Devices, Modeling, and Applications. in 96--103. Crossref2011. The SmartPrototype for Blind Users. of Technology and its Applications 5(5), 351--361. Crowdsourcing subjective fashion advice using VizWiz: challenges and opportunities. of the 14th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('12). ACM, 135--142. Digital Library2016. Facts about Vision Loss. of. Last retrieved 7th December 2016 from Detecting and reading text in natural scenes. on 2004. CVPR 2004. vol. 2. Digital Library2007. Color targets: Fiducials to help visually impaired people find their way by camera phone. on Image and 2007, no. 1 (2007), 10. 1155/2007/96357Digital Library1978. to Sociological Methods, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2016. Let's Get Lost:. of the 2016 on in (CHI EA '16). ACM, 2034--2040. Digital Library2011. An integrated system for blind day-today life autonomy. proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('11). ACM, 225--226. Digital Library2008. Supporting orientation for blind people using museum guides. In CHI '08 on in (CHI EA '08). ACM, 3417--3422. Digital Library2002. Producing sense with nonsense syllables. of Turn and Sequence, Oxford (CUP), (2002), 56--80. 2008. From tapping to touching: Making touch screens accessible to blind users. 15(4), 48--50. Digital Library2017. Facade: Auto-generating to Appliances. of the 2017 CHI Conference on in (CHI '17). ACM, 5826--5838. Digital Library2012. CrossingGuard: exploring information content in navigation aids for visually impaired pedestrians. of the on in (CHI '12). ACM, 405--414. Digital Library2010. V-braille: haptic braille perception using a touch-screen and vibration on mobile phones. of the 12th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('10). ACM, 295--296. Digital Library2011. Supporting blind photography. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls' vision or their supposed magical abilities. Instead, it contains various references to studies and conferences that pertain to technology and applications for visually impaired users, which are irrelevant to the assertion about owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the interactions between the most relevant gene polymorphisms affecting the amount and composition of weight loss as well as the changes in obesity-associated risk factors depending on the characteristics of the nutritional strategy (energy deficit and dietary macronutrient distribution) are under investigation [8]. In the future, the advances in molecular and genetic biotechnology will pave the way to combine research for new candidate genes, the identification of novel polymorphisms and the profiling of gene expression patterns putatively involved in gene-nutrient interactions concerning weight homeostasis [9]. Indeed, linkage studies, candidate gene association investigations and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will contribute to substantial advances in nutrigenetic-based personalized therapies, which will also benefit from advances in phenotype measurements including photonic scanners, air displacement pletismography, CT and MRI, US and validated dietary intake measurements [5]. Also, scientific progress on omics technologies will extend beyond common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and screen the role of copy number variation, siRNA and miRNA involvement, as well as epigenetic changes affecting DNA methylation, chromatin folding, covalent histone modifications and polycombs affecting gene-environment interactions and obesity [10]. Evidencing Gene-on Gene-environment interactions can be assessed through cross-sectional and retrospective case-control designs when information on dietary patterns and lifestyles as well as on genotyping is available [11]. These research approaches have been successfully focused on candidate genes related to appetite control (e. g. LEP, MC4R, FTO), energy and lipid utilization (e. g. 5), adipocyte metabolism and signaling [e. g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), interleukin-6 (IL6)], where the outcome variables were obesity risk, BMI, body composition or appetite/satiety measurements (table 1). Food/The assessment of several polymorphisms in candidate obesity genes and their interactions with the dietary intake of n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a subsample of the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort revealed an increased obesity risk for variants of the leptin gene, which encodes a protein participating in food intake regulation and body weight homeostasis [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the interactions between genetic polymorphisms and nutrition are under investigation, linking genetic factors to dietary strategies and weight loss outcomes. It mentions research in nutrigenetic-based therapies which aim to address individual dietary needs based on genetic makeup, thus supporting the claim that personalized nutrition tailors dietary advice according to genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect farming can produce protein-rich food with a smaller carbon footprint than beef. [SEP] Text: However, with increased consumer concerns about the environment, human health, and animal welfare, the practice of grass-fed beef is experiencing a greater demand. Fresh grass-fed beef sales in the US have grown from $17 million in 2012 to $272 million in 2016[73]. It is becoming very important to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) on a regional level to evaluate the profitability and environmental effect of grazing systems, particularly for grass-fed beef. The LCA analysis should include animal performance, herd management practices, transportation, feed inputs, and machinery usage. The advantage of having a wide range of forages with different morphophysiological characteristics and adapted to different management conditions in the southern states brings the opportunity to produce grass-fed beef with a high potential for productivity, profitability, and sustainability outcomes[74]. Finally, the potential of advancements in plant breeding to reduce GHG emissions from beef-forage systems should not be overlooked. For example, the development of new cultivars that have less reliance on N fertilizer could make a great contribution in terms of the overall C footprint of the system. For example, Santos et al. evaluated the potential biological N fixation of six cultivars of bahiagrass under no N fertilization, and root-rhizome responses were detected[62]. This could lead to future cultivar selections based on N fixation capacity, and potentially increase N fixation in species not typically associated with such feature. changes and feed additivesRuminant livestock production is among the main contributors to GHG emissions in the form of CH4 (i. e. , enteric CH4) and N2O, either from enteric fermentation, manure management, or feed production[17]. Beef cattle production in the SE US is generally characterized as cow-calf production, where 60% of operations are cow-calf only and 23% function as both cow-calf and stocker operations[75,76]. Pastures comprise the main feed source for livestock operations in the region, where warm-season grasses tend to be the backbone of most operations, and some cool-season forages are incorporated into the production systems to alleviate herbage shortages. Enteric CH4 production is driven by dry matter (DM) intake and forage nutritive value -there is a direct relationship between the feedstuff and microbial capacity to undergo methanogenesis in the rumen[76]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the increasing demand for grass-fed beef due to consumer concerns for the environment, health, and animal welfare. It highlights that beef production, particularly grass-fed, can have sustainability outcomes and notes the environmental impacts of beef cattle production, including greenhouse gas emissions, which are significant contributors to climate change. While the claim suggests insect farming is a better alternative, the text focuses on the positive aspects of beef production and mentions life cycle assessments, suggesting there are complexities that may favor traditional beef in specific contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('11). ACM, 203--210. Digital Library1979. Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative science quarterly 24, no. 4 (1979), 602--611. 2009. Freedom to roam: a study of mobile device adoption and accessibility for people with visual and motor disabilities. of the 11th international conference on Computers and accessibility (Assets '09). ACM, 115--122. Digital Library2010. From ShopTalk to ShopMobile: vision-based barcode scanning with mobile phones for independent blind grocery shopping. of the 2010 Society of Conference (RESNA 2010), vol. 703, 5. 2008. A camera phone based currency reader for the visually impaired. of the 10th international conference on Computers and accessibility (Assets '08). ACM, 305--306. Digital Library2005. Studying actions in context: a qualitative shadowing method for organizational research. Qualitative research 5(4), 455--473. 2013. VBGhost: a braille-based educational smartphone game for children. of the 15th on Computers and Accessibility ('13). ACM, 2006. Video recording as the reflexive preservation and configuration of phenomenal features for analysis. In Knoblauch, H. , Raab, J. , Soeffner, H. -G. , Schnettler, B. (eds. ). Video Analysis. Bern: Lang, 51--68. 493698. pdf2006. Triangulation and integration: processes, claims and implications. Qualitative research 6, no. 1 (2006), 45--59. 2005. On becoming disabled and articulating alternatives: The multiple modes of ordering disability and their interferences. 19, no. 6 (2005), 667--700. Crossref2011. Blind people and mobile touch-based text-entry: acknowledging the need for different flavors. proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('11). ACM, 179--186. Digital Library1990. The individual and social models of disability. In joint workshop of The living options Group and the of the of Physicians, vol. 23. 2004. Triangulation in social research: qualitative and quantitative methods can really be mixed. Developments in sociology 20 (2004), 103--118. 2002. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about owls and their ability to see in darkness. Instead, it contains references to various research articles and topics related to disability and accessibility, which do not connect to the claim regarding owls' magical abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Also, the highly polymorphic melanocortin receptor 4 gene (MC4R), which is involved in appetite control at the central nervous system level, may show an interaction with dietary intake in obese subjects since carriers of the 103I allele had significantly higher daily energy and carbohydrate intakes than did non-carriers [13]. Another gene that has been found to be related to appetite in children and that may show a diet × gene interaction is the fat mass and obesity associated locus (FTO), since the rs 9939609 AT polymorphism may stimulate energy and fat intake [14]. Selected observational studies concerning gene × nutritional intake interactions on obesity/adiposity markers Table 1. Selected observational studies concerning gene × nutritional intake interactions on obesity/adiposity markers View largemass and obesity associated geneIL6interleukin-6 receptorMC4Rmelanocortin receptorMUFAmonounsaturated fatty acidPPARperoxisome proliferator-activated receptorP/S ratioratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acidsPUFApolyunsatu-rated fatty acidWCwaist circumferenceEnergy and The gene encoding for the adrenergic receptor 2 protein (ADBR2), which is involved in lipolysis and other metabolic functions, has been found to participate in a gene-environment interaction since women carrying the Gln variant had 2. 56 times greater risk of obesity with a high carbohydrate intake (>45% energy). Similarly, a higher carbohydrate/fat ratio (>1. 77) was significantly associated with being obese as affected by the Glu allele [15]. Moreover, a high energy intake interacted with the Trp64Arg polymorphism of ADBR3, another gene participating in lipid utilization which led to a significant increase in the risk of obesity of Japanese men [16]. Interestingly, the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) -1131T>C SNP, which is involved in triglyceride metabolism, appears to modulate the effect of fat intake on BMI and obesity risk in both men and women [17]. On the other hand, the -5 and -55 genetic variants of the uncoupling protein UCP3 gene, which participates in thermogenesis, showed no modulation of body composition induced by the energy intake [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various genes, such as the melanocortin receptor 4 gene (MC4R) and the fat mass and obesity associated locus (FTO), that interact with dietary intake. It provides examples of how genetic predispositions can influence dietary behavior, specifically in relation to appetite control and energy intake. This living evidence aligns with the concept of personalized nutrition, which seeks to tailor dietary advice based on such genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect farming can produce protein-rich food with a smaller carbon footprint than beef. [SEP] Text: Feeding strategies can reduce the overall C footprint by reducing enteric CH4 emissions. Improvements in forage nutritive value are among the most important factors for reducing enteric CH4 emissions per unit of feed intake and animal product[17]. Comparing enteric CH4 emissions between warm-season (C4) and cool-season (C3) grasses, Archimède et al. reported that cattle consuming warm-season grasses produce 17% more CH4 per unit of intake, compared with cattle consuming cool-season grasses[77]. Florida, Garcia[78] reported a 58% decrease in CH4 emissions intensity [e. g. , g of CH4 per unit of average daily gain (ADG)] for steers grazing cool-season forages (during the cool-season period), compared with that for the same steers grazing warm-season grass pastures (during the warm season period). On average, steers emitted 96 and 116 g CH4 d-1 when grazing cool-season or warm-season grasses, respectively. The chemical components in the structural carbohydrates, mainly lignin content, in cool-season vs. warm-season grasses are a main driver for the differences in enteric CH4 emissions[77]. Supplementation strategies to meet the nutritional demands of beef cattle are an option to mitigate CH4 emission intensities (kg CH4 kg-1 CW) and improve animal performance[79]. These strategies may not be specifically implemented for altering enteric CH4 emissions; however, emission intensities can be indirectly affected through increases in animal performance[80]. Stackhouse et al. demonstrated that increased animal performance using growth-promoting technologies is a cost-effective way to mitigate the C footprint of beef production, decreasing it by approximately 2. 2 kg CO2eq kg-1 CW[81]. Grazing beef cattle are most commonly supplemented in the forms of energy and protein supplementation, which are critical, especially when poor-quality forages are used[80]. Energy supplements typically utilized in the SE US include corn grain, molasses, cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, or oilseeds. Similarly, protein supplements commonly utilized in SE US beef cattle operations may include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, as well as other non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources, including urea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various strategies to reduce the carbon footprint of beef through improvements in cattle feeding and forage selection. It elaborates on how certain grasses affect methane emissions from cattle, emphasizing the ongoing challenges and solutions related to the carbon footprint of beef production rather than supporting the idea that insect farming is a more sustainable alternative.