Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In the first set of experiments, we assessed the effects of the antibiotic doxycycline (an inhibitor of the small mitochondrial ribosome), previously demonstrated to extend the worm lifespan by phenocopying an mrps-5 knockdown [29]. Here, we tested two concentrations: 13 μM (6 μg/ml) and 130 μM (60 μg/ml). Our survival curve data shows that treating young C. elegans adults with doxycycline at 13 μM and at 130 μM significantly increased their life span by 72. 8% and 63. 64%, respectively, as compared to the vehicle-alone controls (median lifespans: control = 11 days vs. treated with doxycycline 13 μM = 19 days or with 130 μM = 18 days) (Figure 1A, 1B). In addition, using the blue autofluorescence imaging (DAPI filter set) to evaluate the accumulation of the aging pigment lipofuscin in the worm, our results show that a 13 days treatment with doxycycline induced a dose-dependent decrease in C. elegans lipofuscin content of approximately by 50% in the worms treated with doxycycline 13 μM and by 90% in the worms treated with doxycycline 130 μM (1). A further assessment of aging in C. elegans involved the evaluation of its pharyngeal muscle contraction. In this matter, treating young C. elegans adults with doxycycline for 14 days enhanced the worm’s rhythmic and sustained movement of the pharynx, suggestive of a longevity-inducing effect (1A–1C). Figure 1. Doxycycline extends lifespan of C. elegans. (A) Survival curves of worms treated with different concentrations of doxycycline: control (FUdR alone) (blue), 13 μM doxycycline (red) and 130 μM doxycycline (green). Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), ****p < 0. 0001 (control vs. 13 μM), ***p < 0. 001 (control vs. 130 μM). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were carried out in triplicate, with 15 worms for each replicate. Effect of azithromycin on C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses specific experiments demonstrating that while doxycycline can significantly extend the lifespan of C. elegans, it does not imply that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, the results show an increase in lifespan by approximately 72.8% and 63.64% with specific concentrations of doxycycline, indicating that while there are effects on lifespan, it does not support the idea of indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Однако оно не должно накладывать непреодолимых запретов на когнитивную рефлексию. Подготовленный должным образом исследователь не просто имеет право, а обязан высказываться о волнующих его проблемах, опираясь как на доказанные факты, так и на свои логические построения. Классическая, вошедшая в учебники картина освоения растениями суши (аналитический обзор см. в [3]) выглядит следующим образом. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the evolution of flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the necessity for researchers to express their thoughts and a general depiction of plant colonization on land, but it lacks any specific relevance to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: About 52 % of the forests and woodlands in the country are within protected areas, and the remaining percentage is on village or general (de facto open access) lands (Zahabu et al. 2007; Mbwambo et al. 2012). Tanzania is one of a number of countries currently experiencing a high rate of deforestation and is planning to implement a REDD+ policy. It has been estimated that the country lost an average of 403,000 ha (about 1. 02 %) of its forests and woodlands per year during the period 1990–2000 (FAO 2010). During the same period, the percentage loss was higher for miombo woodlands (13 %) compared to the coastal forest mosaic (7 %), mangrove forest (2 %), and forests of the Mountains (EAM) (1 %) (Burgess et al. 2010). Between 2000 and 2010, the annual forest loss increased to 1. 1 % (FAO 2010). Agricultural expansion has been identified as one of the main drivers of deforestation in Tanzania (Makundi and Okiting’ati 1995; Angelsen et al. 1999; Burgess et al. 2002; Luoga et al. 2005; Kissinger et al. 2012). In addition, particularly the miombo woodlands have been subject to extensive extraction of wood for charcoal making (Monela et al. 1993; Luoga et al. 2005; Nduwamungu et al. 2008). It has been suggested that REDD+ monetary incentives may help to reduce the problem of deforestation and degradation in the Tanzania (Zahabu et al. 2007). 3 Materials and methods3. 1 Study sitesOur socioeconomic survey was conducted in seven villages within Morogoro Region: Kunke, Maseyu, Mlimbilo, Ng’ungulu, Nyandira, Tchenzema, and Vinile (Fig. 1). The first three aforementioned villages are located at an average altitude of 400 m a. s. l. , hereafter referred to as the lowland zone. The remaining four villages are located between 1,000 m a. s. l. and 2,668 m a. s. l. , hereafter referred to as the highland zone. The two agro-ecological zones comprise two distinct vegetation types: miombo woodlands in the lowland zone and montane forest in the highland zone. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the high rates of deforestation in Tanzania and its drivers, such as agricultural expansion and charcoal production. This indicates that there are fewer trees available to absorb CO2, thus contributing to climate change. The mention of REDD+ policies implies an awareness of the need to address deforestation's impact on CO2 absorption, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: elegans aging In the next set of experiments, we extended our analysis to include another well-known antibiotic, namely azithromycin, an inhibitor of the large mitochondrial ribosome. Our survival curve results demonstrated that treating C. elegans with two different concentrations of azithromycin (25 μM and 50 μM) significantly increased their life span by 50% and 17%, respectively, as compared to the vehicle-alone-treated controls (median lifespans: control = 12 days vs. treated with azithromycin 25 μM = 18 days or with 50 μM = 14 days, Figure 2A, 2B). Qualitative assessment of lipofuscin showed that azithromycin slightly reduced lipofuscin accumulation at the dose of 25 μM and more markedly at the dose of 50 μM, compared to controls: approximately by 10% in the worms treated with azithromycin 25 μM and by 60% in the worms treated with azithromycin 50 μM (2). Figure 2. Azithromycin extends lifespan. (A) Survival curves at different concentrations of azithromycin: untreated control (FUdR-only) (blue), 25 μM (red) and 50 μM (green) AZI. Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), **p < 0. 01 (control vs. 25 μM; control vs. 50 μM). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were carried out in triplicate, with 15 worms for each replicate. Effect of diphenyleneiodonium on C. elegans aging With the aim of inhibiting mitochondrial functionality using a different target, we next tested the possible effects of the well-known NADPH oxidases (NOX) enzymatic inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) [31], on C. elegans life span. NADPH oxidases are responsible for the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide [32], known effectors of aging. In this matter, several evidences have demonstrated that controlling the activity of NADPH oxidases in cellular homeostasis is fundamental for a healthy aging [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from experiments that while certain methods (like azithromycin and diphenyleneiodonium) can increase lifespan in C. elegans, they do not indicate that aging can be fully reversed or that lifespan can be extended indefinitely. It cites specific improvements in lifespan with azithromycin treatment but does not support the notion of indefinite lifespan extension or complete reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В течение первых периодов палеозоя – в кембрии, ордовике и значительной части силура – растения произрастали в водной среде, преимущественно в морях, и были представлены несколькими отделами водорослей, точный таксономический состав которых сейчас установить сложно, поскольку пигменты, положенные в основу систематики современных водорослей, в ископаемом состоянии обычно не сохраняются. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the presence of plants in aquatic environments during early Paleozoic periods, without addressing flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: The climate in the area is tropical, with an average annual rainfall in the range of 1,000–2,000 mm. The rainy season lasts from November to May. The mean annual temperature varies from 15 °C to 21 °C (Kapilima 1994). The surrounding farmlands extend up to the border of Reserve (UNR), at about 2,000 m a. s. l. , but rarely extend into the reserve (Frontier-Tanzania 2005). The inhabitants in areas to the UNR practice intensive small-scale farming of both subsistence crops [maize and pulses such as beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L. ), and peas (Pisum sativum L. )] and cash crops [vegetables such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ), potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. )], and rely mainly on family members for labor. The UNR is part of the EAM, a chain of mountains stretching from the in southern Kenya through eastern Tanzania to the of south-central Tanzania. The nature reserve covers an area of approximately 24 km2 and is surrounded by 57 densely populated villages (FBD 2009). It consists of sub-montane forests (below 1,500 m a. s. l. ), montane forests (1,600–2,400 m a. s. l), and upper montane forests (above 2,400 m a. s. l), and receives the highest rainfall (up to 4,000 mm year−1) in Tanzania (Lovett and Pócs 1993). Rivers originating in the reserve are the main supply of water to the local communities, as well as to Morogoro town and Dar es Salaam (Lundgren 1978). The UNR is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (Poynton et al. 2007). It also plays an important role as a carbon reservoir, currently storing about 10. 3 million tons of carbon (FBD 2010). The reserve, which is managed by the central government, has been protected since the 1910s; in 1950, it was gazetted, and since then the cutting of trees has been officially prohibited. However, illegal harvesting of wood from the UNR has continued. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the UNR plays an important role as a carbon reservoir, currently storing about 10.3 million tons of carbon. This indicates that the trees in the reserve are vital for absorbing CO2, which supports the argument that deforestation, by removing trees, reduces the capacity to absorb CO2, thus contributing to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Based on our previous validation experiments of DPI as a potent mitochondrial inhibitor in breast cancer cells [31], we chose to evaluate herein two DPI concentrations, 5 nM and 20 nM. Interestingly, a significant increase in the median lifespan was observed in the treated worms as compared to the vehicle controls (median lifespans: control = 14 days vs. treated with DPI 5 nM = 18 days or with 20 nM = 16 days) (Figure 3A, 3B). Next, we acquired images with the DAPI filter to evaluate the lipofuscin content. We observed only a slight reduction of lipofuscin of approximatively 10% in the 20 nM treated worms compared to controls (3). Figure 3. DPI extends lifespan of C. elegans. (A) Survival curves at different concentrations of DPI: untreated control (FUdR alone) (blue), 5 nM (red) and 20 nM (green). Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), **p < 0. 01 (control vs. 5 nM; control vs. 20 nM). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were carried out in triplicate with 15 worms for each replicate. Combination therapy and its effect on C. elegans aging We have recently shown that combinations of low concentrations of doxycycline and azithromycin together with vitamin C effectively target and inhibit the propagation of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) which were: 1 μM doxycycline, 1 μM azithromycin and 250 μM vitamin C [34]. Here, we aimed to assess if the same combination was effective against aging in C. elegans, by prolonging its lifespan. We utilized the above agents at concentrations reported to efficiently inhibit MCF7 ER(+) breast cancer cells propagation (by >90%) [34]. Worms were divided into four groups: 1) control worms; 2) worms treated with the combination of 1 μM doxycycline and 1 μM azithromycin; 3) worms treated with 250 μM vitamin C alone; and 4) worms treated with the triple combination of 1 μM doxycycline, 1 μM azithromycin and 250 μM vitamin C (Figure 4A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific experimental results regarding lifespan extension in C. elegans when treated with certain compounds. While the experiments demonstrate an increase in median lifespan (control = 14 days vs. treated with DPI 5 nM = 18 days), it indicates that the methods employed do not completely reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, rather producing limited lifespan enhancements under specific conditions. This supports the idea that biohacking can influence aging, but does not endorse the notion of indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: С высокой степенью вероятности можно предположить, что в число отделов раннепалеозойских водорослей входили зелёные водоросли (отдел Chlorophyta, включая известь выделяющие формы, сходные с Tubiphites Maslov), бурые водоросли (отдел Phaeophyta), красные водоросли (отдел Rhodophyta). Доказано существование в девонском периоде харовых водорослей (отдел Charophyta). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the classification of early Paleozoic algae and mentions various types without relating to flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Moreover, between 1955 and 2000, 25 % of the forest was lost, mainly due to agricultural expansion (Burgess et al. 2002). To mitigate the impact, the government allowed households in the surrounding villages to collect firewood, fruits, herbs, and other non-wood forest products for their own consumption, two times per week (FBD 2009). Reserve comprises four separate forest reserves, and FR. Our study was conducted in Mgeta Division, which covers the southwestern side of the Uluguru Mountains, within FR. 3. 2 DataThe data were collected over the course of 5 months, between September 2011 and January 2012, from communities located in the seven study villages. A total of 112 households were randomly selected from the four villages in (Ng’ungulu, Nyandira, Tchenzema, and Vinile), 65 from the two villages in (Kunke and Mlimbilo), and 54 from the village of Maseyu in Gwata Ward. Basic demographic information, as well as information relating to costs and revenues associated with crop production and forestry, local prices of all inputs and outputs, as well as labor costs, was obtained using structured questionnaires. Further information was collected through focus group discussions to triangulate and verify the information obtained from households as well as to obtain qualitative information. In addition, we visited local market places to gather information on prices of inputs and outputs. Moreover, secondary sources were used to obtain data on the carbon storage potential of different types of vegetation and land uses. 3. 2. 1 Estimating REDD+ payments to offset OCsThe OC of forest protection can be defined as the forgone net benefits from the best alternative land uses (Bond et al. 2009; Olsen and Bishop 2009; Angelsen et al. 2012) and are payments required to compensate forest owners or users for their forgone benefits (Angelsen 2008). REDD+ payments to offset OCs can be estimated as the net present value (NPV) of the next best use of forestland divided by the associated reduction in carbon stock (Wertz-Kanounnikoff 2008). OC estimates will depend on the rules that apply to forest use after the REDD+ contract has been signed. For simplicity, we assumed that deforestation should stop immediately, while wood harvesting could continue in a sustainable way. Here we defined sustainable harvest as the mean annual increment (MAI) of the forest or woodland under consideration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the loss of forest cover (specifically noting that '25 % of the forest was lost') which is a direct impact of deforestation. This loss detrimentally affects carbon storage and contributes to climate change because fewer trees are available to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Additionally, the detailed data on forest protection and REDD+ payments further emphasizes the relationship between deforestation, forest management, and carbon stocks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Results show that a significant survival (27% lifespan increase) was only observed in the group of worms treated with the combination of antibiotics (doxycycline and azithromycin), group 2, compared to controls (median lifespans: group 1 = 11 days; group 2 = 14 days, group 3 = 11 days and group 4 = 7 days) (Figure 4B). Figure 4. A double combination, of doxycycline plus azithromycin, extends life span of C. elegans. (A) Survival curve at different concentrations of antibiotics: untreated control (FUdR-only) (blue), Azi plus Doxy (1 μM each) (red), vitamin C alone (250 μM) (green) and triple combination (Azi plus Doxy plus vitamin C) (purple). Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), **p < 0. 01 (control vs. Doxy plus Azi). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were performed in triplicate, with 15 worms for each replicate. In addition, the body movement and pharyngeal pumping of worms in the 4 groups was recorded after 14 days of treatment. Our data show that worms treated with vitamin C alone exhibited reduced velocity of body movement and pharyngeal pumping as compared to all other treatment groups and to vehicle controls. Importantly, worms treated with the double and triple combinations demonstrated a relatively high pharyngeal pumping rate (2A–2D). Following a 19 days treatment with vitamin C alone, worms appeared similar to control worms or dead (3A, 3B). Conversely, worms treated for 19 days with the double combination of doxycycline plus azithromycin were capable of maintaining body movement and a slight pharyngeal contraction (3C, 3D). However, worms subjected to a 19 days treatment with the triple combination of doxycycline, azithromycin and vitamin C presented some body movement, but no signs of pharyngeal pump contractions. Furthermore, we visualized at different time points the fluorescent lipofuscin content in the various treatment groups defined above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting experimental evidence that demonstrates limited lifespan increase in worms treated with a combination of antibiotics, which only shows a 27% lifespan increase compared to controls. This implies that while biohacking methods may influence lifespan, they do not fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В позднем силуре фиксируется появление настоящих высших растений, имевших явные признаки адаптации к существованию в условиях суши: плотные покровные кутикулы, многочисленные споры с плотной, устойчивой к внешним воздействиям оболочкой, заключённые в терминальный или, реже, латеральный спорангий, проводящие элементы, состоящие из трахеид с лестничными и кольцевыми утолщениями стенок. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the appearance of higher plants during the late Silurian and their adaptations to land conditions, which is somewhat related but does not directly support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Based on the information gathered from the growers, we anticipate that the prices of the crops will increase in the near future and may thus increase the profitability of cultivating these crops, which would imply that the potential change in the prices of some crops should be taken into account when designing a REDD+ policy. Our results suggest that implementing a REDD+ policy may be feasible in the highland agro-ecological zone, where considerable emission reduction could be achieved for a payment of less than the current carbon price (USD 5 tCO2 −1) in the European market (McGrath 2013). Regarding the miombo woodlands, we found that it would be comparatively cheaper to protect the denser miombo woodlands in the forest reserves than the more degraded miombo woodlands on public land. However, the implementation of the REDD+ policy in the lowland zone would generally require higher compensation payments. Further, the analysis was based on assumed carbon payments at stump, which means that the actual carbon payment might be higher than our estimates. Moreover, incorporating implementation costs which according to Fisher et al. (2011) are estimated to be USD 6. 50 CO2 −1 on average would further increase the cost of the policy measure. Our results suggest that implementing the REDD+ scheme may be feasible if the biomass (carbon) density in the studied vegetation is high. However, the relatively dense miombo woodlands and intact montane forest are currently protected as forest reserves, and the present REDD+ schemes do not distinguish official protection status of areas. Nevertheless, implementing REDD+ in the existing protected forests could be an effective and a feasible measure to cut CO2 emissions, mainly for three reasons. First, deforestation and degradation is significant in protected areas. For example, between 1975 and 2000, 3. 4 % of forest and 28. 3 % of miombo woodland were lost from the EAM (Green et al. 2013). Currently, respectively 74 % and 32 % of the remaining forest and woodland in the EAM are within protected areas (Green et al. 2013). Coastal forests in protected areas have been declining too, at a rate of 0. 2 % per year since the 1990s (Godoy et al. 2011). Similarly, miombo woodland in the KFR has declined by 6 % between 1964 and 1996 (Luoga et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant loss of forest and miombo woodland, specifically noting that 'deforestation and degradation is significant in protected areas' and providing statistics on deforestation rates. This implies that as areas of forest are lost, fewer trees are available to absorb CO2, thus contributing to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our data show a progressive increase in lipofuscin content in the vehicle-treated group (control) and in worms treated with vitamin C at day 8 (4A) and day 13 (4B) post-treatment of approximately 18% for both, whereas lipofuscin did not accumulate in worms treated with the double or triple combination of the above agents, showing an accumulation percentage reduced by approximately 40% (day 8) and 30% (day 13) compared to the untreated ones (4A, 4B). Evaluating ATP levels in C. elegans To characterize the mechanism by which mitochondrial inhibitors extend lifespan, we measured the levels of ATP content upon treating worms with the various combinations of antibiotics and vitamin C. To this aim, we modified the protocol of the CellTiter-Glo assay generally used as ATP-based cell viability assay, as schematized in Figure 5A (see Materials and Methods for detailed description). The CellTiter-Glo assay is based on the quantification of ATP content, reflecting metabolically active cells. Intriguingly, the double combination (doxycycline plus azithromycin), as well as the triple combination (doxycycline plus azithromycin plus vitamin C) were significantly effective in decreasing the ATP levels by 50%, as compared to controls. Conversely, vitamin C alone, which is a known pro-oxidant, caused a significant increase in the production of ATP of more than 2. 5 fold (Figure 5B). Figure 5. The double combination, doxycycline plus azithromycin, and a triple combination, doxycycline plus azithromycin plus vitamin C, were effective in decreasing the ATP levels in C. elegans. (A) Schematic representation of the protocol for CellTiter-Glo luminescent assay performed in experiments using the double and triple combination. (B) Measurement of ATP levels. The final concentrations of the compounds used in this experiment were 1 μM for doxycycline and azithromycin, and 250 μM for vitamin C. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM; Statistical analysis was performed using one-sample t-test. *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01. Experiments were repeated 4 times, using 5 worms for each condition. goal of delaying or halting aging has been strong desire of humans for many centuries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific experimental results regarding the effects of certain treatments on ATP levels in C. elegans. It suggests that while there are methods that can influence aging processes (such as the combinations of antibiotics and vitamin C), the results indicate that these methods do not 'fully reverse aging' nor do they suggest that lifespan can be extended 'indefinitely.' Instead, it shows varying effects on biological markers related to aging, thus challenging the absoluteness of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Из позднесилурийских высших наземных растений следует назвать куксонию (Cooksonia Lang), похожую на неё ярравию (et Lang), но не с грибовидными, а с эллиптически вытянутыми и лопастными спорангиями, и барагванатию (et Lang), внешне сходную с плауновидными и обладавшую многочисленными длинными филлоидами – микрофиллами1 [4, 5]. В раннем девоне растительный мир был настолько богат, что анализу его разнообразия можно посвятить большую монографию. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about the characteristics of early land plants and their diversity during the late Silurian and early Devonian periods. However, it does not address the impact of flowering plants or their evolution on terrestrial ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective and widely used. [SEP] Text: The three systems we consider in our analysis are a standalone gas combustion turbine; a coupled system of wind and natural gas; and a coupled system of wind, solar photovoltaic and natural gas. In the latter two scenarios, the gas turbine is utilized for providing fill-in power as described in Section 1. The cost and emissions implications are compared on a per-unit-energy basis, so we do not need to specify an explicit size for the system (although our capital cost figures in Section 2. 4 implicitly assume utility-scale installations). Given the capital and operating costs of the gas and wind turbines, and the high capacity factor of the modeled wind installation in Weatherford, the LCOE for the coupled wind/gas system is lower than for the gas system alone ($86. 59/MWh for the coupled system versus $95. 60/MWh for the natural gas turbine alone). The LCOE of the coupled system is naturally sensitive to fluctuations in the fuel price for the gas turbine and the availability of the wind turbine; if the price of natural gas were to drop below $6/mmBTU then the gas turbine alone would be more economical. Because of the high capital costs of solar photovoltaic, and the low capacity factor, we find that coupling photovoltaics with the wind/gas system increases the LCOE to $223. 24/MWh. Defining the integration cost for solar photovoltaics as the increase in (levelized) energy costs for each fiveminute interval for the wind/solar/gas system versus the wind/gas system, we see that average integration costs for including photovoltaics in a portfolio of wind and fossil energy vary seasonally and range from between $57/MWh to nearly $120/MWh (Figure 5). Moreover, the emissions of NOx following the integration of photovoltaics into the wind/gas system increase for the scenario that we simulated, although CO2 emissions from the coupled system decline. Figure 6(a) shows that integrating wind and solar with the natural gas turbine reduces CO2 emissions by 500 to 1000 tonnes per month, assuming a system with 10 MW of renewables and 10 MW of natural gas turbine capacity. The incremental avoided emissions from coupling photovoltaics with the wind/gas system are relatively small, at 25 tonnes per month. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that the combined use of wind and solar power systems with natural gas can lead to a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) compared to traditional natural gas systems alone. Specifically, it states that the LCOE for the coupled wind/gas system is lower than that of the gas system alone, indicating a trend toward cost-effectiveness in renewable energy integration. Additionally, the text discusses the emissions implications, suggesting that integrating these renewable sources also contributes positively in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Scientists have long been investigating many aspects of aging and are pursuing a diligent search for anti-aging therapies. Aging is a risk factor of many diseases, ranging from heart disease and diabetes to dementia and cancers [35]. Indeed, targeting aging aims not only at increasing life expectancy but also at enhancing healthspan, the heathy years of life. Enhancing homeostasis-related physiological processes should reverse aging and its associated biological mechanisms. In this regard, many natural or synthetic molecules have been evaluated for their potential anti-aging effects and have shown various levels of efficiency [36]. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of different compounds on the lifespan of C. elegans worms. Given the crucial role of the mitochondria in cellular processes and the fact that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cell senescence and aging [37, 38], we chose to investigate whether compounds that inhibit mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production, effect lifespan and healthspan using the C. elegans model. We demonstrated that the antibiotic doxycycline, which is an inhibitor of the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome, increases the worm lifespan. This is in line with evidence published previously, which showed that doxycycline treatment induces a dose-dependent increase in mean lifespan [29]. Consistently, we have confirmed the ability of doxycycline at 6 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml to extend the lifespan as compared to control worms, but we have not observed significant differences between the two doses tested as seen by Houtkooper et al. [29]. This discrepancy could be due to procedural variabilities between different laboratories, such as small temperature fluctuations in incubators, and differences in food composition [39]. It is worth noting here that the lowest concentration of doxycycline used in this set of experiments, 6 μg/ml (13 μM), is within the range of the maximum plasma levels of doxycycline achievable in patients following the administration of a normal daily dose of 200-mg, corresponding to 3–5 μg/ml [40]. Importantly, our results also demonstrated that doxycycline induced a dose dependent decrease in the accumulation of the aging-pigment lipofuscin, together with a more pronounced pharyngeal contraction activity, indicating that this mitochondria-targeted drug promotes a more vital and healthier state in C. elegans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while scientists are exploring anti-aging therapies and have observed some compounds, such as doxycycline, can extend the lifespan of C. elegans, it does not support the notion that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. It states that the studies are ongoing and illustrate varying levels of effectiveness, indicating that definitive results or guarantees regarding reversing aging completely are not established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Подробное рассмотрение девонских растений выходит далеко за рамки настоящей статьи. Следует отметить, что в раннедевонских наземных экосистемах присутствовали хитридии, паразитировавшие на хламидоспорах, встречались гифальные филаменты и спорокарпии грибов-деструкторов как в осадочном матриксе, так и внутри тканей наземных растений, таких как Asterohylon mackiei Kidston et Lang, Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii Kidston et Lang, Aglaophyton major (Kidston et Lang) Edwards, Nothia aphylla Lyon, Horneophyton lignieri (Kidston et Lang) Barghoorn et Darrah [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses Devonian plants and associated organism interactions, providing no information that supports or rebuts the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Most single-use plastics take hundreds to thousands of years to degrade in the environment. [SEP] Text: Disposal environments range from exposure in soil, landfill, and compost in which thermal oxidation may occur and land cover and agricultural use in which photooxidation may also occur. 1. 2 In this guide, established ASTM International standards are used in three tiers for accelerating and measuring the loss in properties and molecular weight by both thermal and photooxidation processes and other abiotic processes (Tier 1), measuring biodegradation (Tier 2), and assessing ecological impact of the products from these processes (Tier 3). 1. 3 1 conditions selected for thermal oxidation and photooxidation accelerate the degradation likely to occur in a chosen application and disposal environment. The conditions should include a range of humidity or water concentrations based on the application and disposal environment in mind. The measured rate of degradation at typical oxidation temperatures is required to compare and rank the polymers being evaluated in that chosen application to reach a molecular weight that constitutes a demonstrable biodegradable residue (using ASTM International biometer tests for CO2 evolution appropriate to the chosen environment). By way of example, accelerated oxidation data must be obtained at temperatures and humidity ranges typical in that chosen application and disposal environment, for example, in soil (20 to 30°C), landfill (20 to 35°C), and composting facilities (30 to 65°C). For applications in soils, local temperatures and humidity ranges must be considered as they vary widely with geography. At least one temperature must be reasonably close to the end use or disposal temperature, but under no circumstances should this be more than 20°C away from the removed that temperature. It must also be established that the polymer does not undergo a phase change, such as glass transition temperature (Tg) within the temperature range of testing. 1. 4 The residues resulting from the oxidations are then exposed to appropriate disposal or use environments in standard biometric test methods to measure the rate and degree of biodegradation (Tier 2). 1. 5 The data generated under Tier 1 evaluation and the determined time for the biodegradation in the chosen environment (Tier 2) allow ranking relative to other polymers evaluated under similar environmental conditions with this guide. The degree and time for biodegradation should be consistent with ASTM International methods, and any residues from the intermediate oxidation stage and from biodegradation must be shown to be environmentally benign and not persistent (Tier 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the processes and standards for measuring the loss in properties and molecular weight of polymers through thermal and photooxidation but does not directly address the time frame for degradation of single-use plastics. Therefore, it does not corroborate nor contrast the claim about the degradation time of single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our results are concomitant with other mitochondrial-mediated healthy span-inducing effects. Indeed, our group has previously demonstrated that doxycycline blocks 3D mammosphere formation of various malignant cell lines, with an IC-50 between 2-to-10 μM [41, 42]. Furthermore, doxycycline was shown to reduce markers of CSCs in samples of breast cancer tumors [43]. Taken together, these data highly suggest the efficiency of doxycycline in increasing life span and enhancing health quality. Another antibiotic, azithromycin that targets the mitochondrial ribosome machinery and inhibits mitochondrial translation as an “off-target”, is evaluated herein as to its lifespan-mediating actions. Azithromycin is an FDA-approved antibiotic belonging to the class of erythromycins [41]. We tested azithromycin at two concentrations on worms, 25 μM and 50 μM that translated in clinical practice as 18. 72 μg/ml and 37. 44 μg/ml, respectively (higher than the achievable concentration in patient’s serum upon oral azithromycin 500 mg: 0. 39 μg/ml [44]). Azithromycin, especially at the lower concentration used, was capable of significantly extending the worms lifespan. Our data on both antibiotics are consistent with previously reported data by our group, demonstrating their capacity to interfere with the mitochondrial biogenesis in CSCs of various origin [41]. Indeed, Azithromycin was also shown by our group to selectively eliminate senescent cells, thus functioning as a clinically approved drug, with senolytic properties [45]. Next, we wanted to study the inhibition of the mitochondrial oxidative process using DPI, a compound that potently abrogates the flavin-containing (FMN and FAD-dependent) subunits of and II of the respiratory chain. We have previously demonstrated that DPI blocks the propagation of breast CSCs, while inhibiting their oxidative mitochondrial metabolism () and decreasing mitochondrial driven ATP production by >90% [31]. More recent studies revealed an anti-tumoral effect of DPI inducing senescence or apoptosis of colorectal and breast cancer cells depending on their p53 expression [46]. As to C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research on specific antibiotics like doxycycline and azithromycin, which indicate their potential to extend lifespan in certain contexts, particularly in experimental models. However, it does not support the notion that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, as it focuses on specific medical treatments rather than holistic biohacking strategies, and emphasizes limitations related to experimental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Раннедевонские грибы из нижнего девона Райни (Шотландия) отнесены к родам ex Kidston et Lang [6], et al. [7], et al. [8]. Часть девонских сапротрофных грибов ещё ждёт описания и распределения по крупным таксономическим единицам. Такое разнообразие редуцентов-сапротрофов в раннем девоне указывает на вполне развитый растительный покров, существовавший на низменных участках суши, хотя, если исходить из данных геологической летописи, крупных растений ещё не было. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unable to confirm or deny the claim regarding flowering plants, as it primarily discusses early Devonian fungi and the state of the plant cover during that time. It mentions the existence of a developed plant cover but does not specify whether flowering plants were involved or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Strong passwords should include a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters to prevent brute-force attacks. [SEP] Text: (5) PTK=PRF512(()) The PTK is divided into five parts as shown in Table 1. Table 1: PTK key decomposition. PTK 16 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes -tx MIC-rx DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-1 At this point, the client sends the second handshake message, composed of its SNonce and an Code (MIC). As the customer already has the PTK, in addition to sending the SNonce, it protects it with an MIC. The MIC is calculated from the SNonce and the Key (KCK). WPA and WPA2 use different hash functions for this step, as can be seen in Formulas (6) and (7), respectively. (6) =HMAC(5SHA) (7) WPA2MIC=HMAC(1) Thus, when the access point receives SNonce and MIC, it can also calculate the PTK (until now it lacked SNonce) and with SNonce and PTK, it can validate the MIC (that is, calculate it and compare if it is the same as the one it has received). If the MIC validation is positive, the access point confirms that it and the client are using the same PTK, which was the initial target. At this point in the handshake, the person intercepting the messages has enough information to make an attempt to decipher the password. Messages 3 and 4 of the process are not relevant to the purpose of this 28. 70%), and wpa-sec (31. 93%). According to Bonneau (2012): Most studies have deciphered 20–50% of dictionary-size passwords in the 220−230 word range. All studies show decreasing yields for larger dictionaries. There is little data on the efficiency of small dictionaries, as most studies use the largest dictionary they can process. Previous works on analyzing password patterns Bonneau (2012) investigated how people form passwords by looking at many publicly available password sets, such as RockYou and CSDN. They defined a variety of password properties, including all digits, non-ascii characters, and the usage of neighboring keys. The 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-2 These times correspond to what are called brute-force attacks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses technical aspects of password key management and the efficiency of attacks against passwords but does not explicitly recommend any password composition guidelines. The mention of brute-force attacks is relevant to the context of password security, but the text does not corroborate or contradict the specific claim about the composition of strong passwords.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our results demonstrated that the combination of antibiotics at low concentrations, was also capable of significantly extending the median lifespan of C. elegans, and maintaining their pharyngeal muscle activity as compared to controls. In addition, such combination treatment downregulated the aging process, as shown by the reduced level of lipofuscin accumulation in treated worms and reduced mitochondrial function assessed by a decreased ATP consumption. These data are coherent with our previous report of the mitochondrial dysfunction effect of the DOXY-AZI combination, whereby treating breast CSCs with the combination abrogated their mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reduced their ATP levels [34]. Interestingly, adding vitamin C to the antibiotic combination conserved its anti-aging effect (maintained pharyngeal activity and decreased lipofuscin content), but it reversed the lifespan-extending effects of the antibiotic combination (DOXY-AZI). We have previously evaluated the effects of this antibiotic + combination on CSCs and shown that it inhibited the propagation of breast CSCs by more than 90%, abrogated their mitochondrial activity and reduced their ATP levels. Vitamin C, the known pro-oxidant and free radicals producer, while inducing mitochondrial biogenesis in cells, will expose mitochondria to the inhibitory action of the mitochondrial-targeting antibiotics, doxycycline and azithromycin, rendering the effect of a combination treatment with the three agents more efficient in abrogating the stemness and propagation of cancer cells. Thus, data from our present study showing that a triple combination treatment (DOXY-AZI-Vit. C) while still exhibiting some anti-aging effect, could not really extend life span of C. elegans, suggest that does not add to the beneficial effect of the double combination DOXY-AZI, at least in the extension of lifespan. In summary, we have identified some mitochondrial inhibitors for the extension of lifespan in the animal model of C. elegans. This supports the theory that mitochondria are heavily involved in the aging process, although this remains a highly debated topic. Intriguingly, the compounds used in this study are for the most part repurposed agents for which preclinical and clinical studies have already been performed to establish their low toxicity. Materials and (Diphenyleneiodonium chloride) and L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that, although some treatments involving antibiotics have demonstrated an ability to extend lifespan in C. elegans, it explicitly states that the combination treatment could not really extend the lifespan beyond the effects of the antibiotic combination alone. This suggests that biohacking methods, as implied in the claim, do not fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, which is further supported by the observation that while some anti-aging effects were noted, the treatments did not provide the claimed indefinite extension of lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Суммируя всё сказанное выше, можно кратко резюмировать следующие положения общепринятых представлений о колонизации суши растениями:кембрий, ордовик и ранний силур – растения произрастают в морской среде;поздний силур – растения переходят на сушу, скорее всего, в литоральной зоне;ранний девон – растения формируют первые наземные растительные сообщества. Против этих представлений возражал С. В. Мейен [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the general understanding of plant colonization on land throughout different geological periods, mentioning the transition of plants from marine environments to land. However, it does not specifically address flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Strong passwords should include a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters to prevent brute-force attacks. [SEP] Text: Time consumed Decrypted Hk_hlm_founds 38,647,798 91 min 3 CrackStation 63,941,069 151 min 0 Top306M ProbableWordlists 306,429,377 724 min 4 HashesOrg 446,426,204 1,055 min 0 Andronicus 626,198,124 1,500 min 0 Breachcompilation 1,012,024,699 2,395 min 0 Rocktastic 1,133,849,621 2,681 min 0 Weakpass_2_wifi 2,347,498,477 5,551 min 5 Weakpass_2 2,649,982,129 6,266 min 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-5 In Fig. 2, the length of the collections is represented in logarithmic scale against the success rate of each one. The three collections with the best results were RockYou, 8-digit mask, and weakpass_2_wifi. It is necessary to use the natural logarithm given the large variation in length between collections, since there are four orders of magnitude from the smallest to the largest. Figure 2: Relationship between the length of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-2 The final number of decoded passwords amounted to 44, a 33. 08% success rate, which corresponded with other empirical evidence already mentioned. Perhaps the most worrying fact is that, following this strategy, in less than two days of computing, 22. 13% of passwords had already been recovered, which was approximately two thirds of the total that would eventually be cracked. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, passwords of 10 characters or less were dominant in length and in type, numerical, and alphabetical passwords. This data is not strange, since the higher the length or complexity of the passwords, the more difficult it is to crack them. Figure 3: Relationship between the size of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-3 Figure 4: Length distribution of decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of password complexity. It mentions that longer and more complex passwords are more difficult to crack, which supports the idea that strong passwords—those including letters, numbers, and special characters—are effective against brute-force attacks. The data also indicates that passwords of 10 characters or less were dominant, suggesting that higher complexity (greater length and variety) contributes to better security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: Oxygen measured in vivo of treated (red) and control (black) mice (n = 9–10 per treatment) did not differ (p>0. 05 linear mixed effects model likelihood tests). Data are shown as means ± SD. Antibiotic treatment began after Day 0 measurement; red bars indicate treatment duration. Figure 4 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Gut community is resilient to antibiotic disturbance. (A–B) Compositional dynamics of most abundant clusters during and after treatment for control (A) and treated (B) mice (n = 9–10 per treatment). Three groups (Typical, Staph/Strep, Enterobacteriaceae) differed significantly between groups (p<0. 05, linear mixed effects model likelihood tests) during treatment and two (Enterobacteriaceae, Akkermansia) during recovery. (C) Redox potential measured in freshly voided feces of singly housed mice during the recovery period (n = 5 per treatment) was lower than treated mice initially (p<0. 05, Bonferroni-corrected Mann-tests). (D) Repeated measures correlation was significant (p=0. 02) between change in Enterobacteriaceae abundance and change in redox potential during the first three days of post-antibiotic recovery (n = 64). (E) Days until there is no significant difference (p>0. 05 Bonferroni-corrected U test) between groups of control and treated animals for redox and Enterobacteriaceae abundance, under either singly- housed or co-housed settings. Red bars indicate treatment duration (A–B). Red arrows indicate the last antibiotic dose; day six measurements are more than 24 hr after the last dose (C). Data are shown as means ± SD. Post-hoc test results for individual time points (* indicates p<0. 05 Bonferroni-corrected Mann-test) are included for visualization purposes. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Antibiotic driven community composition changes. NMDS of community dynamics during and after antibiotic treatment (filled red circles are treated mice during treatment; empty red circles are treated mice during recovery; black circles are controls). Treatment had a significant effect on composition (p<0. 05, ). Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Overall antibiotic effects on beta-diversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data regarding the effects of antibiotic treatment on mouse gut microbiota, without mentioning biohackers or genetic modification using CRISPR kits. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Согласно его гипотезе, высшие растения были сформированы в наземных условиях во внутренних областях континентов и лишь затем переселились ближе к побережью и в литоральную зону: «Почему бы не предположить, что заселение суши водорослями произошло в досилурийские времена, а преобразование водорослей в высшие растения происходило целиком в наземных условиях? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the hypothesis regarding the formation of higher plants in terrestrial conditions but does not evaluate the impact of flowering plants on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: AbstractTwo-factor authentication provides a significant improvement over the security of traditional password-based authentication by requiring users to provide an additional authentication factor, e. g. , a code generated by a security token. In this decade, single password authentication (SPA) schemes are introduced to overcome the challenges of traditional password authentication, which is vulnerable to the offline dictionary, phishing, honeypot, and man-in-the-middle attacks. Unlike classical password-based authentication systems, in SPA schemes the user is required to remember only a single password (and a username) for all her accounts, while the password is protected against the aforementioned attacks in a provably secure manner. In this paper, for the first time, we implement the state-of-the-art mobile-based SPA system of Acar et al. (2013) as a prototype and assess its usability in a lab environment where we compare it against two-factor authentication (where, in both cases, in addition to the password, the user needs access to her mobile device). Our study shows that mobile-based SPA is as easy as, but less intimidating and more secure than two-factor authentication, making it a better alternative for online banking type deployments. Based on our study, we conclude with deployment recommendations and further usability study suggestions. D. İşler—Work done at Koç University. You have full access to this open access 1. We implement a unique and state-of-the-art mobile device based single password authentication system (mobile SPA method of [4], see also 2. We conduct a comparative usability study of this mobile-based SPA solution for the first timeFootnote 1 in the literature against its commonly-employed counterpart authentication system: two-factor authentication. 3. We provide our findings based on both quantitative and qualitative data. We discuss the advantages that the mobile-based SPA system provides relative to an existing commonly-employed 2FA solution. While we did not observe any disadvantages, we include important recommendations for possible deployment of a mobile SPA system in practice. Scope of the Work: SPA systems could be mobile-based and/or cloud-based depending on the employed storage provider(s). Their security guarantees were already analyzed in their respective papers. In our study, we focus on various usability aspects and the perceived security of a mobile-based SPA system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that two-factor authentication (2FA) improves the security of traditional password-based systems by requiring users to provide an additional authentication factor, thus supporting the argument that 2FA adds an extra layer of verification beyond just using a password.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: Particularly in the setting of in vivo studies such as a BMT experiment: the authors were able to transplant ~30 000 double positive cells modifying 2 genes simultaneously with a double pos. rate of 10. 2. % (di genic approach). If the triple or quadruple positive rate drops to 1%, this would mean to transplant 3 000 cells for a BMT, which seems very low. Please comment on this. Reviewer #2: This is a nicely designed and executed study using tools to introduce reporter genes in human CD34+ HSPCs allowing sorting and/or tracking of cells with inactivation of specific genes. The authors present an elegant approach that would be useful to model disease relevant inactivating mutations in human HSPCs, and potentially also point mutations (the authors discuss how this might be possible by modifying the tools they present but do not actually show data on these strategies). The data are of high quality, well presented and clearly described. A minor criticism is that the results are presented in a repetitive and a bit monotonous style, but nevertheless clear and with enough detail for others to reproduce. 1) Figure 2E shows low engraftment (in the 0. 1-1% range) of the edited cells compared to mock, indicating a potential engraftment impairment (although the mouse numbers are low). Can the authors comment on this? 2) Related to my comment above, the authors could discuss a bit more the potential limitations of their approach. For example, an important point to discuss is the time it would take from the beginning of culture to cell sorting and how this might impact HSPC function. 3) Trypan blue and Annexin staining (Figure 1—figure supplement 3 and Figure 3—figure supplement 3) may not be adequate ways to assess toxicity, as dead cells may be continuously removed from the cultures and not detected with these methods. I think that cell counts depicting the expansion of the edited cells vs. mock or unmodified would be more convincing way to evaluate toxicity of the method. 4) Figure 1—figure supplement 1B: the number of untargeted IL2RG alleles without indels is much higher than that of untargeted alleles of CCR5 or other genes. Is this due to lower gRNA activity (reflected by overall lower targeting efficiency in the IL2RG locus? ) Can the authors comment on this? Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, Bak et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss biohackers or the use of homemade CRISPR kits. Instead, the text focuses on a study related to in vivo experiments involving gene modification in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and the effectiveness of specific techniques used in that context. Thus, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim about biohackers and their practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: На какой-то стадии этого процесса водоросли обрели способность обтягивать свои споры прочными, химически устойчивыми оболочками. Это событие мы и отмечаем в геологической летописи, когда оболочки спор появляются в силурийских породах. К концу силура уже развились несомненные высшие растения и некоторые из них отправились жить в воду, причём совершенно необязательно "обратно" в воду» [2, с. 23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the evolution of algae and the development of spore coverings, which is not directly related to the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: Additionally, our analysis ends up with some suggestions that can be applied to all SPA systems in general (e. g. , password reset in SPA system, see Sect. 4. 1). Our study is conducted at a laboratory environment using fake websites because Acar et. al [4] method requires changes at the server-side, which makes it impossible to conduct the study on real online banking sites (see Sect. 3 for the details of our methodology and a discussion of the limitations). This study is the first study comparatively analyzing a unique state-of-the-art mobile-based SPA solution (namely the Acar et al. [4] work) against a commonly-employed 2FA solution. Both constructions that we analyzed are similar in the sense that the users experiences are alike (e. g. , a token generation via the mobile device in addition to the user’s password). 2 Related WorkWe explain studies exploring usability of various authentication systems. Authentication: In these schemes, the username and the output of a deterministic function (e. g. , hash) of the password is stored at the server. For authentication, the user types her username and password, and the server compares this information against its database. The user has to remember the corresponding password for each server registered with. This approach is vulnerable to offline dictionary attacks and the effect of these attacks increases dramatically if the user uses the same password for multiple servers, which is common in practice [16]. SPA systems, on the other hand, ensure security even under server database compromise. [37] discussed the traditional password authentication usability. [37] provided a quantitative point of reference for the difficulty of remembering random passwords, which is necessary to employ traditional solutions securely. Two-(2FA): These schemes generally employ any combination of two of what you know (e. g. , password), what you have (e. g. , token), who you are (e. g. , biometric), and who you know (see [12, 34]). 2FA aims to strengthen the security of traditional password authentication by deploying a secondary authentication token (e. g. , SMS sent to mobile device). To pass the authentication, the user needs to provide a valid password and token. Despite the widespread use in banking, these systems still suffer from users’ negative influence such as reusing the same password. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it explicitly explains that two-factor authentication (2FA) aims to strengthen the security of traditional password authentication by deploying a secondary authentication token, thus providing an extra layer of security beyond just a password. It mentions that the user must provide both a valid password and a token for successful authentication, directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: describes a method to perform multiplex homology-directed genome editing of human HSPCs. Using Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex and rAAV as a donor for the homology-directed repair template, they remarkably achieve up to four (potentially more) HDR genome editing events, with little if any modification to a published protocol. Some weaknesses include lack of rigorous assessment of potential negative effects of multiplexed editing on HSPCs function and the genetic consequences. The work also lacks evidence that the functional consequences of multiplex genome editing can be read out even with the potential negative effects the editing protocol may have. Overall, this work could potentially be a highly valuable technique for the hematology field upon clarifying these issues. 1) The chimerism achieved after transplantation of dual-edited cells are substantially lower than mock edited cells with no indication as to whether the cells had multi-lineage reconstitution, raising a concern that the multiplexed editing impaired the function of HSPCs. At least the contribution of dual-edited cells to each hematopoietic lineage should be shown. A concern is that this method uses rAAV6 at a high MOI (50,000-100,000 per gene. With tetra-editing, cells are exposed to 200,000 units of AAV). Is this high level of AAV exposure impairing the reconstitution potential of HSPCs (inflammation response or immune reaction? )? Do cells electroporated with Cas9-sgbut not exposed to AAV reconstitute better? 2) The authors should analyze the off-target mutagenesis events. There seems to be a substantial fraction of cells that undergo random integration of rAAV6 reporter, perhaps due to the high MOI of rAAV6 used. For example, Figure 1A shows that 7-8% of cells become reporterlow, some of which are maintained for long term (Figure 1B) indicating that the template DNA integrated into the HSPC genome. I agree that sorting reporterhigh cells will enrich for cells with HDR editing, but for a technology driven study it will be important to elucidate the nature of these reporterlow cells. This will be particularly important for some cell like T-cells (Figure 1G) that somehow have lower expression of the reporter genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a research method involving genome editing that has identified significant concerns about the effectiveness and safety of multiplex editing protocols. It highlights that while a technique was developed, there are notable weaknesses, including a 'lack of rigorous assessment' of potential negative effects on the function of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Additionally, it mentions that the outcomes of the editing may impair HSPC function, which suggests that the successes claimed in biohacking may not be as widespread or effective as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В увлажнённых субстратах могли присутствовать бактерии, одноклеточные водоросли и низшие грибы, на поверхности субстратов – лишайники. В современных пустынных экосистемах биомасса водорослей в бессточных плайевых котловинах достигает 500–600 кг на 1 га [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the presence of various microorganisms and lichens in wet substrates and biomass of algae in desert ecosystems without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: [14] conducted a comparative study of the usability of two-factor authentication technologies, where they found that 2FA is perceived as usable, regardless of motivation or use. [17] showed that 2FA provides more security but lower level of usability. [33] proposed a 2FA solution, where they found their system is reliable and usable. [27] analyzed different communication channels in 2FA (e. g. , QR code, bluetooth). They concluded that their full bandwidth WiFi to WiFi system provides the highest security and usability when a browser extension and radio interface exist. [21] proposed a different 2FA called Sound-Proof to reduce the communication between the user and device. It authenticates the user based on proximity to a mobile device. Their user study concluded that their new system was more usable than the application. Another 2FA is the FIDO Alliance and the protocol proposed by them Universal 2nd Factor protocol (U2F) [30]. The U2F is currently implemented by security keys (a piece of hardware authenticating the user after pressing a button on the key [23]). [26] conducted a user study on a U2F security key called YubiKey comparing it with 2FA for non-experts. They discovered that the setup phase is unusable and suggested an improvement on the design. Authentication (SPA): SPA systems (first shown by [4] (with their patent application dating 2010 [7]), [8, 20, 28], and [18]) ensure provable security even when the user re-uses the same password on multiple sites. SPA methods achieve this by introducing an additional party to store a secret (e. g. , mobile device). Similar to 2FA, the attacker also needs to guess the user’s password, and additionally access the secret storage device (essentially the mobile device of the user). But, differently from 2FA, in SPA systems, when any one of the parties (i. e. , storage provider and login server) is compromised, the user’s single password is still kept secure from attackers. Compared to 2FA, SPA solutions provide provable security against all the aforementioned attacks. [28] is a mobile-phone-based SPA solution that uses cryptographic tools to ensure password security against the aforementioned attacks, whose usability was analyzed in the same paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that two-factor authentication (2FA) provides more security. It discusses that 2FA requires an additional verification method beyond a password, which is essential to the claim made. Moreover, it highlights the usability aspect as secondary to its primary function, which is to enhance security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: Third, the authors should discuss how their method can be applied to biologic studies and what are the novel strengths and limitations to their approach. Reviewer #1: […] The paper does push the envelope further by showing additional technical improvements, which are substantive, above and beyond other reports. However, little biological insight is provided and it would be helpful to show novel biology to make this report of wide interest to the field. Nonetheless, as a Tools and Resources submission, this condition is relaxed a bit as long as the technique provides a rigorous proof of principle. We thank the reviewer for the supportive words. In the revised manuscript, we now provide an example of how the enrichment technology may be used. We now show that knockout of the cohesin complex member STAG2 significantly decreases erythroid colony formation in human CD34+ HSPCs (new Figure 1D). Since the sgRNA used to manipulate STAG2 has moderate efficiency (compared to other genes presented in our manuscript), the magnitude of the observed erythroid differentiation deficit in knockout cells could only be observed because our presented methodology allowed for the purification of modified cells. This further emphasizes the potential of our presented technology. Knockdown strategies using “INDEL-based”Cas9 approaches without the ability to purify modified cells would most likely miss such an important phenotype. 1) Analysis of clones derived from single cell methylcellulose assays harboring monoallelic integration showed gene specific differences in the modification of non-integrated alleles. What do the authors think was the cause of these gene specific differences? And how could these be influenced? We believe that the differences observed in the modification of the non-integrated allele in clones with mono-allelic integration could be due to differences in the accessibility of the chromatin, which was recently examined in Chen et al. , Nature Comm. 2017, Apr 7;8:14958. This could influence the efficiencies of the individual sgRNAs and dynamics of INDELs vs. HR. 2) For the biallelic targeted integration in HPSCs, why was the rate of double positivity different in cells that have received RNP+AAV targeting e. g. Runx1 (14%) vs. CCR5 (1. 2%)? Is this due to a lower transduction efficiency for the CCR5? Or other mechanisms interfering with HR? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding biohackers, the use of homemade CRISPR kits, or the success rates of genetic modifications by individuals outside of regulated environments. Instead, the text focuses on technical aspects and analysis of CRISPR methodologies within a scientific review context. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Думается, что первые примитивные наземные растительные сообщества, состоящие из бактерий, одноклеточных и нитчатых водорослей, а также грибов и лишайников, появились на Земле довольно рано. Безусловно, сообщества наземных и литоральных бактерий и водорослей уже существовали в позднем протерозое. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the early primitive terrestrial plant communities consisting of bacteria, unicellular and filamentous algae, fungi, and lichens. However, it does not address flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: It is efficient, relatively simple to use, and provides better security capabilities compared to password managers, such as security in the case of mobile device compromise. Similarly, Acar et al. [4] mobile-based SPA solution is also secure in such a case, but has a different design goal: ensures that the password is input to the client computer and not the mobile device, whereas Acar et al. intentionally use the mobile device for inputting the password, rather than the computer (considering a potentially malware-infected public terminal scenario). Since the usability of is already examined in [28], we studied the Acar et al. [4] mobile-based SPA solution in this paper, which does not require client-side browser extension installation that requires (useful for public terminal scenarios). We compare it against 2FA commonly used for online banking because both approaches employ a random one-use challenge via the mobile device, in addition to the password. [19] proposes an SPA framework and suggests various secure SPA systems based on different cryptographic building blocks. It would be useful to study if a low entropy password can be replaced with other authentication mechanisms such as biometrics. We leave such an analysis as future work. 3 MethodologyOur tests were conducted in the Koç University’s Media and Lab, and the methodology was reviewed and approved by the university ethics committee (IRB). Written consent of the participants were taken, and the questionnaire data was kept anonymous. We took precautions according to the [1] and local data protection laws [2, 3] to protect personally-identifiable information of the participants. We did not collect such information unnecessarily, and used the names only for the consent forms. We gifted each participant with a mug with the logo of our research group on it. Each participant was allocated a 30-min time slot. Demographics: Before conducting the study, participants were first asked to complete an online demographics and technical background questionnaire, whose data is kept anonymous, where they were given a general idea about single password authentication. In addition to sex, age interval, and education level, the users were also asked about their experience with mobile and online banking, password managers, and whether or not they have prior knowledge of password security (see Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by comparing two-factor authentication (2FA) with single password authentication (SPA) systems. It indicates that both approaches involve a secondary use of a mobile device to enhance security beyond just a password. Specifically, it states that 2FA is commonly used for online banking and employs a random one-use challenge via the mobile device along with the password, thereby affirming the claim about 2FA adding an extra layer of security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: In collaborative work published with the Cleary lab, for example, leukemias developed after transplantation into NSG mice with very low genome editing frequencies (perhaps as low as 0. 1%) (Buechele et al. , Blood 2015). In those studies, only a single editing event was created (but in a powerful oncogene (MLL)), and the current approach allows the generation of multiple editing events in genes that might have weaker transformative effects than the MLL-AF9 fusion. Reviewer #2: […] The data are of high quality, well presented and clearly described. A minor criticism is that the results are presented in a repetitive and a bit monotonous style, but nevertheless clear and with enough detail for others to reproduce. We appreciate the reviewer’s high praise of our study, as we also believe that it will advance the field for modeling hematological malignancies. We are sorry that we have erred on being monotonous in our presentation, but we felt it was more appropriate to attempt to give a balanced view rather than to overstate our data. In fact, we are tremendously excited about the data and both of our labs have fully embraced the discoveries and approach for studies of leukemogenesis and for developing novel cell based therapeutics. 1) Figure 2E shows low engraftment (in the 0. 1-1% range) of the edited cells compared to mock, indicating a potential engraftment impairment (although the mouse numbers are low). Can the authors comment on this? We have previously described that HSCs are more refractory to HR compared to short-lived hematopoietic progenitors (Dever and Bak et al. , Nature 2016). Therefore, higher numbers of modified cells must be transplanted to achieve engraftment frequencies similar to that of unmodified cells. Since we are targeting multiple genes rather than just one, it is not surprising that within a population of cells purified based on HR-mediated marker expression the number of true HSCs is relatively low and that long-term engraftment consequently will be low. To show that higher engraftment is possible by using more cells, we have now updated the transplantation results with data from a new experiment transplanting higher cell numbers (new Figure 3F-G and Figure 3—figure supplement 3). For one mouse transplanted with enriched di-genically targeted cells we observed 19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the low genome editing frequencies observed in studies, specifically mentioning that only a single editing event was created with very low frequencies (as low as 0.1%). This suggests that successful modifications in a majority of cases are unlikely, which directly challenges the notion that biohackers can consistently and successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Возможно, в таксономическом составе этих сообществ в литоральной зоне присутствовали представители вендотенид, обладавших плотными покровами и трилетными спорами2 с прочной оболочкой [10]. Когда же в этих изначальных наземных сообществах появились первые высшие наземные растения? Сейчас имеется всё больше оснований считать, что это произошло не в силуре, а, по меньшей мере, в середине ордовика. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the presence of certain taxonomical groups in the littoral zone and the timing of the appearance of higher terrestrial plants, without directly addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: Using mobile-based SPA, the participants did not have problems with the password, but they had issues with the smart codes. On the other hand, using 2FA, the users did not have problems with the authentication codes, but they had issues remembering the password. We deduce that simpler smart codes should be employed in such systems, as they may make things as bad as remembering passwords. 4. 1 Further DiscussionThe participants mentioned valuable statements and discussed their habits while creating, securing, and recalling the passwords. [16, 32, 35] observe how users manage, create, and secure their passwords and points out some challenges users face such as password creation (with the intent of reuse) and recall in traditional password authentication schemes. We observed how an SPA method overcomes some of the challenges users face. and Recall: \(88\%\) of the study participants (22 out of 25) were aware of password security. \(85\%\) of the comments (17 out of 20 participants who commented) stated that the participant always struggled while coming up with a password satisfying the requirements (e. g. , at least one lowercase and one uppercase letter, a number, and a special character). The participants usually came up with a password after a number of trials. Once they created it, remembering the password was another struggle they bear. Thus, they created their own way to recall the passwords. More than \(50\%\) of comments (10 out of 20) noted that the participants wrote down their passwords to remember. One of the users commented that he stored password reminders (as hints helping him to recall the passwords) in a file, while he emphasized that anyone who obtained the file could not learn the passwords. When we questioned why he needed this storage, he responded that it is hard for him to remember the password for some sites he rarely used and he came up with this solution. However, even this solution did not stop him from re-using the same password for multiple sites. Password Reset: While there is a functionality to reset a password in traditional approaches, a participant found it cumbersome, since the password reset procedure requires steps such as logging in to a backup e-mail, which requires remembering another password, or memorizing and entering all necessary information (such as security questions) to reset. Another participant shared his experience when he lost the paper where he noted a password for a site and wanted to reset the password. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the challenges users face with traditional password authentication and highlighting the effectiveness of two-factor authentication (2FA) in alleviating some of those issues. It discusses how users did not have problems with the authentication codes used in 2FA, indicating a successful implementation of an additional verification step beyond simply a password.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: 3) There is little effort to demonstrate the precision of the HDR events other than the "in-out PCR", which only tells that the reporter was integrated into the correct loci but does not tell whether the HDR was precise, or whether off-target cutting occurred, or whether translocation occurred at a level that impedes the usefulness of this protocol. The first point is important given that the authors envision their method could be used for targeted SNP knock-in. Off-targeting editing due to the use of multiple sgRNA is cautioned in the discussion but no data provided to assess whether this is a significant concern or not. The authors should perform sequencing analyses to provide quantitative assessment of precise vs. imprecise HDR editing at the targeted loci, and the extent to which off-target editing/translocation occurs. We appreciate the reviewer’s concerns. We and others have previously confirmed that the majority of HR events are perfect/seamless (for example Sather et al. , STM, 2015; Dever & Bak et al. , Nature, 2016; Bak and Porteus, Cell Reports, 2017). We believe that a full off-target integration analysis is beyond the scope of this study, but as suggested by the reviewer, we have now included data quantifying translocations when targeting two genes simultaneously in HSPCs (new Figure 3E). As expected we do observe translocations, although at low frequencies (around 0. 3%) for a monocentric translocation, which has been reported to be the most frequent translocation type. 4) understand that this is a method paper describing a toolbox to edit the genomes of HSPCs in a multiplexed manner, it is difficult to fully appreciate the potential of this method without a real example of how this could be used. In another word, there is no proof that it is possible to assess the functional consequences of multiplex editing other than analyzing the expression of reporter genes. Any of the concerns raised above (1-3) can impede the potential of multiplex HSPC editing. Can the authors provide evidence that multiplex editing can be used to examine the combinatorial effects of gene editing? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concerns and limitations related to the precision of gene editing methods using CRISPR. It highlights the need for thorough assessments of off-target effects and the potential imprecision of HDR events, suggesting that there are significant challenges and uncertainties in the editing process that could prevent successful modifications. The mention of difficulties in demonstrating the functional consequences of multiplex editing and the caution around off-target effects implies that not all attempts at genetic modification are successful, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Одна из работ, посвящённая описанию предположительно высшего растения ордовикского возраста Boiophyton pragense Obrhel, была опубликована И. Обргелом [11]. Внешне бойофитон действительно очень схож с травянистыми плауновидными с мелкими игловидными микрофиллами. Однако позднее был выражен определённый скепсис в отношении правильности отнесения бойофитона к растениям. Согласно альтернативной точке зрения, бойофитон и сходные с ним остатки принадлежали дендроидным граптолитам [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the classification and characteristics of a specific ancient plant, Boiophyton pragense, and does not address the broader impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 6 No. 3, July 2015 Attacks and (). DOI: 10. 4236/jis. 2015. 63021 9,434 Downloads 13,362 Views 212. doi: 10. 4236/jis. 2015. 63021. 1. phishing is an emerging threat in today’s connected world. In a mobile phishing attack, an attacker usually sends an SMS message containing links to phishing web pages or applications which, if visited, ask for credential information [1]. Attacks can also be initiated via email messages loaded in the browser of mobile devices. A report finds that the number of mobile phishing attacks has been increasing over the last few years for various mobile device platforms [2]. For example, the number of unique phishing attempts blocked by Phone 8 devices doubled from February to June 2013, and the volume of phishing attempts and online phishing websites doubled in the first half of 2013. Compared with traditional desktop software users, mobile application users are more vulnerable to phishing attacks (at least three times [3] ). Experts agree on some of the common, well-known reasons for this vulnerability: 1) Within a small devise, it is rather difficult for a user to check whether a page is legitimate, as is confirming the actual pointed hyperlinks, as URLs are not often displayed within mobile browsers. 2) Mobile users are less aware of security options to stop or prevent phishing attacks. 3) Most legitimate mobile applications require users to enter their credentials with very simple user interfaces, making the job of an attacker rather easy to come up with fake apps or plain websites mimicking legitimate user interfaces. 4) Surveys find that 40% of mobile application users enter passwords into their phones at least once. The information provided by victims is harvested by attackers within the first 60 minutes. A phishing campaign typically takes at least one hour to be identified by IT security administrators before it can take down the phishing site (this is described as the “golden hour”) [4]. Phishing attacks target commonly popular financial organizations. A survey found that 71% of phishing attacks were related to spoofed financial organizations, compared with 67% in 2012. Phishing attacks on organizations in the sector accounted for 22% of phishing attacks in 2013 [5]. The scope of phishing attacks is vast, and the consequences can be severe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing phishing as an emerging threat that involves attackers impersonating legitimate entities, such as financial organizations, to steal sensitive information. Specifically, it details how mobile phishing attacks occur via SMS messages that lead to phishing web pages designed to harvest credentials. Additionally, it highlights statistical data on the increasing frequency of phishing attacks, particularly those targeting financial organizations, thus supporting the notion that phishing is a prevalent form of cybercrime.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -don't need a brain to sleep. Just ask jellyfish& don't need a brain to sleep. Just ask jellyfish Study reveals that sleep may have deep evolutionary roots 21 Sep 2017ByShare:FacebookShare on think of sleep as restoring our brains: a time to process memories, cleanse our cells of toxins, and prepare for a new day. But even animals that lack brains need to snooze. Biologists have discovered that, like people, jellyfish hit the hay and have the same trouble we do waking up. Because these creatures are very low on the animal family tree, the work suggests that the ability to sleep evolved quite early. "Sleep was likely present in the very first animals on this planet," says David Raizen, a neuroscientist and sleep expert at the University of Pennsylvania who was not involved with the work. "The results of this study challenge certain commonly held beliefs," adds William Joiner, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego, who was also not involved with the work. "For example, that sleep requires a centralized nervous system and related neural circuits across evolution. " Evidence from one recent study even suggests that skeletal muscles may be involved—at least in mice. One of the biggest challenges of studying sleep is defining what "sleep" means. "Half the people say everything sleeps, and half say only humans and mammals sleep," says study author Paul Sternberg, a biologist at the of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena. He and others argue that that fish, flies, and even worms nod off regularly. Humans and other animals rest for many reasons, they point out, but sleep differs from simply taking a breather in key ways. For one, when we slumber, we are unresponsive to gentle nudging or soft sounds. "You have to poke an animal harder to get it to respond when it's asleep than when it's awake," Joiner explains. But sleepers wake up immediately if they fall out of bed or hear a loud enough bang. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolutionary significance of sleep across a variety of organisms, including jellyfish, which suggests that sleep is fundamental for many forms of life. It emphasizes that sleep may have deep evolutionary roots and challenges the idea that sleep can be entirely eliminated, as it is a critical biological process for many animals regardless of their nervous system complexity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Помимо бойофитона, И. Обргел описал ещё одно предполагаемое высшее растение из среднеордовикских отложений Чехии, которое было им отнесено к новым виду и роду Krejciella putzkeri Obrhel [13]. Крейчиелла была отнесена к плауновидным со знаком вопроса. Принадлежность этих остатков к граптолитам заведомо исключена. Внешне Krejciella putzkeri в самом деле проявляет сходство с декортицированным (лишённым кортекса, то есть коры) побегом плауновидного. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific ancient plant, Krejciella putzkeri, and its classification, without making any reference to flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems. It does not address or relate to the claim about flowering plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, there is limited knowledge among users on how to avoid phishing attacks. Symantec’s shows that 44% of adults are unaware that security solutions exist for mobile devices. This clearly shows not only the lack of awareness, but also the danger posed by mobile application phishing attacks [5]. A phishing (or fraudulent) mobile application potentially can grab victim’s account information and data stored on mobile devices [6]. Recently, Google pulled 50 applications from its app store in response to concerns that they may be malicious. All the apps were uploaded by the same developer and claimed to offer access to bank accounts from a wide variety of institutions such as J. P. and ING Group. As Google’s relies on its community to flag fraudulent applications, the likelihood of being vulnerable to mobile phishing attacks via fraudulent Android application is more likely than in Apple applications [6]. Given that it is important to be aware of various avenues of mobile phishing attacks and mitigation approaches for Android applications. In this paper, we describe various types of mobile phishing attacks. We also discuss some mitigation approaches and best practices to avoid phishing attacks and future research directions. The work is intended to bring more awareness among mobile application users. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses various techniques for phishing attacks. 3, some mitigation approaches are discussed. Finally, Section 4 draws the conclusions and discusses future work. 2. 2. 1. of URdevices and smart phones mostly have a small screen. Those small screens make it harder to see the full URLs when users click to the links. Also, the companies keep their mobile web sites simple to be able to use the small screen more efficiently. Moreover, some of them cannot even put their own logo due to limited screen size. Therefore, many users are not aware when they are not at official web sites while browsing on the Internet. When a fake site URL and a legitimate site URL are compared, the differences in URL can be hidden due to small size of the screen and URL bar. Figure 1 shows a sample of fake PayPal page (left1) and its URL address compared to the legitimate one (right2) [7]. While legitimate address has secure protocol, HTTPS, the fake site does not. In addition, the fake page has some additional text which may not be visible at all to users at some browsers. Besides the URL address, the fake-site does not display the original PayPal logo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of phishing attacks, particularly mobile application phishing attacks, and the dangers associated with them. It highlights the lack of user awareness regarding security solutions and the ease with which attackers can impersonate legitimate entities through fraudulent mobile applications. Furthermore, it discusses various techniques for phishing attacks and the risks posed by small screens making it difficult for users to discern between legitimate and fake websites, which aligns with the claim regarding phishing being a common form of cybercrime.