Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Average values were found by weighting nests (for estimates of r and FIS) or populations (for estimates of FST) equally. Standard errors were obtained by jackknifing over nests (r and FIS) or populations (FST). Parametric t-tests were used to test whether estimates of r and F showed significant deviations from zero. The effective queen number (ne) was calculated using equations 1 and 5 in Pedersen and Boomsma (1999a). This represents the average number of equally fertile queens per colony that would lead to the estimated relatedness among nestmate workers (cf. Ross, 1993). ResultsThe two populations of M. sulcinodis on Læsø (Læsø1 and Læsø2) consisted of 143 and 44 nests, respectively (Figure 1). Within each of the patches M. sulcinodis was very abundant and hardly any other ant nests were found, whereas other ant species were common at the edges and outside the M. sulcinodis nest-aggregations (Figure 1). The nest density in the larger Læsø1 population was lower than in the Læsø2 population (0. 064 vs 0. 098 nests/m2 of inhabited area) which is reflected in a significantly longer distance between nearest neighbour nests (distance ± SD = 2. 1 ± 1. 7 vs 1. 6 ± 1. 8 m; Mann-Whitney U-test; P = 0. 027). Both microsatellite loci were highly variable with 11 alleles detected at Myrt2 and 21 alleles found at Myrt4 across the two populations (Figure 2). Average expected heterozygosities were 0. 64 and 0. 85 for Myrt2 and Myrt4, respectively, and 0. 70, 0. 79 and 0. 75 on average for Læsø1, Læsø2 and Samsø, respectively. Estimates of relatedness among nestmate workers were low (r < 0. 06) but significantly positive for both Læsø populations (Figure 3) with an estimate of r = 0. 051 ± 0. 016 (P = 0. 002) for the total sample. The positive nestmate relatedness is further confirmed by the highly significant genotypic differentiation of nests (FSTAT, exact tests; P < 0. 0001 for both populations). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the capability of ants to form supercolonies or any related conflict. Instead, it presents findings related to population estimates, genetic diversity, and nestmate relatedness among specific ant populations without discussing the concept of supercolonies or their potential for conflict.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: IntroductionMany people are interested in increasing mental energy, which has been conceptualized as enhancing self-motivation, optimizing cognitive performance, and combating daily feelings of fatigue (O’Connor 2006). One proven short-term strategy toward these ends is the consumption of tea, coffee, cola, and energy drinks, all of which contain caffeine. Psychostimulant effects of caffeine occur because caffeine crosses the blood-brain barrier, antagonizes adenosine receptors, and increases the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in brain circuits involved in cognition, mood, and motivation (Fredholm 2012). Concerns have been raised about the potential disadvantages of too much caffeine consumption, and common side effects of large doses of caffeine among susceptible individuals include anxiety, cardiac symptoms, and insomnia (Gonzalez de Mejia and Ramirez-Mares 2014). Increased attention is being paid to understanding the potential psychological benefits of ingesting ingredients other than caffeine, either alone or in combination with smaller amounts of caffeine that are typically consumed. A small body of research has investigated the psychological consequences of products made from plants that are rich in polyphenols. Polyphenols are naturally occurring chemicals in tea, coffee, chocolate, wine, vegetables, and fruits that can have acute positive effects on cognitive performance, mood, and motivation (Lamport et al. 2012). Most investigations into the mental effects of polyphenols have examined the acute effects of cocoa consumption (Field et al. 2011; Pase et al. 2013; Scholey et al. 2010). The per capita consumption of apples is higher than cocoa or other fruits that have been studied. Apples are a major source of dietary polyphenols, yet the psychological consequences of acute apple, or apple juice, consumption have been studied infrequently. Though inadequately understood, it appears biologically plausible that bioactive constituents from apple juice could act on the brain and cause psychological and behavioral effects. Several polyphenols are detectable in the blood after human consumption of apple juice including caffeic acid, phloretin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and quercetin (Kahle et al. 2011). In rodents, caffeic acid phenethyl esters can enhance cerebral blood flow and bind to central nervous system benzodiazepine receptors (Khan et al. 2007; Marder et al. 1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how caffeine, found in coffee, tea, and energy drinks, can enhance cognitive performance and combat fatigue. It explains that caffeine crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases neurotransmitter release in brain circuits related to cognition, mood, and motivation, which supports the idea that caffeine can improve focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Jason, W. S. Y. , Cherrington, T. , and Danquah, M. K. (2010b). “Exploring alkaline pretreatment of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production,” Appl. Energy. 88, 3464-3467. Harun, R. , Singh, M. , Forde Gareth, M. , and Danquah Michael, K. (2010c). “Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to produce a variety of consumer products,” Renew. Sust. Ener. Rev. 14, 1037-1047. Herrero, M. , Ibanez, E. , Senorans, J. , and Cifuentes, A. (2004). “Pressurized liquid extracts from Spirulina platensis microalga: Determination of their antioxidant activity and preliminary analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography,” Journal of 1047, 195-203. Hon-Nami, K. (2006). “A unique feature of hydrogen recovery in endogenous starch to alcohol fermentation of the marine microalga, Chlamydomonas perigranulata,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 131, 808-828. Horn, S. J. , Aasen, I. M. , and Ostgaard, K. (2000). “Ethanol production from seaweed extract,” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 249-254. Huang, G. , Chen, F. , Wei, D. , Zhang, X. , and Chen, G. (2010). “Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology,” Appl. Energy, 87, 38-46. IEA Report. (1994). “Carbon dioxide utilization: evaluation of specific biological processes which have the capability of directly utilizing high concentrations of carbon dioxide as found in the flue gas streams from power generation plant,” of Japan Publishers. Janaun, J. , and Ellis, N. (2010). “Perspectives on biodiesel as a sustainable fuel,” Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 1312-1320. Jayappriyan, K. R. , Rajkumar, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to various studies and research articles that examine the production of biofuels from algae and related processes. While it does not directly state the impact on water resources or ecosystems, the mere exploration of biofuel production from microalgae implies a reliance on aquatic systems and resources, suggesting potential interactions with these ecosystems. Thus, the text contrasts with the claim by providing material that hints at ecosystem involvement and potential impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: None of the Læsø populations showed any detectable inbreeding (Figure 3; common FIS = 0. 037 ± 0. 024; P > 0. 16) or a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the population level (P > 0. 10 for both populations). A comparison of these results with estimates of relatedness and inbreeding for Samsø showed that the present markers essentially produce the same results for all three populations. Furthermore, estimates based on microsatellites are equivalent to previous estimates based on allozyme loci (Figure 3), the only difference being larger SEs because of lower sample size for the microsatellite analysis of the Samsø population. Figure 2Allele frequencies at the microsatellite loci Myrt2 and Myrt4 (Evans, 1993) in workers of the three Myrmica sulcinodis populations studied: Læsø1 (nnests = 14, nalleles-Myrt2 = 249, nalleles-Myrt4 = 230), Læsø2 (nnests = 17, nalleles-Myrt2 = 310, nalleles-Myrt4 = 315), and Samsø (nnests = 23, nalleles-Myrt2 = 86, nalleles-Myrt4 = 65). Full size imageFigure 3Estimates of worker-worker relatedness (r) and inbreeding (FIS) for Myrmica sulcinodis in the three populations. Values are means for nestmate workers ± SE estimated by jackknifing over nests. Asterisks in the figure indicate significant deviation from zero (P < 0. 05). Samsø* are previous estimates based on allozyme loci from Pedersen and Boomsma (1999a). Full size imageThe low estimates of worker relatedness result in a high effective queen number per colony, being 16 on average for the Læsø populations under the assumption of random mating and unrelated, single mated and equally reproducing queens. This estimate increases to ne = 19 when nestmate queens are assumed to be equally related as nestmate workers, which is common in polygynous ant societies (Crozier and Pamilo, 1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic relatedness and inbreeding within certain populations of the Myrmica sulcinodis ant species but does not address the claim about all ants forming supercolonies without conflict. As it provides no relevant information on the claim, the text is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: In chicks, phloretin acutely inhibits memory for an unpleasant taste by blocking glucose transport (Gibbs et al. 2008). In humans, consumption of an extract containing primarily epigallocatechin gallate resulted in short-term increased electroencephalographic activity and increased ratings of calmness (Scholey et al. 2012). In humans, apple consumption may have effects similar to those of tea or cocoa which increase brain blood flow, perhaps by activating the nitric oxide system, and can enhance mood and aspects of cognitive performance (Fisher et al. 2006; Wightman et al. 2012). One study of middle-aged Australian adults reported that, even though nitric oxide was augmented, there were no acute effects on mood or cognitive performance of consuming 120 g of raw or cooked homogenized apple skin and flesh compared to a control consisting of apple flesh alone (which contained low amounts of polyphenols) (Bondonno et al. 2014). The polyphenolic content of apple varieties from different countries varies widely (Alonso-Salces et al. 2004; Marks et al. 2007), and the bioavailability of polyphenols or their effects on cognitive performance may be moderated by age (Chen and Blumberg 2008). Epicatechin-rich apple extract (Evesse) increases brachial artery blood flow in hypertensive adults (Saarenhovi et al. 2017). Currently unknown is whether this epicatechin-rich apple extract consumption has synergistic effects when combined with caffeine, such that greater psychological benefits could be obtained from drinks containing low doses of caffeine (e. g. , < 20 mg) through the addition of apple extract. The potential synergistic effects are predicated on caffeine working via adenosine receptor antagonism and apple extract causing psychological effects via one of the non-adenosine mechanisms suggested above. Thus, the primary purpose of the research summarized here was to test the short-term psychological effects of consuming 10 oz of apple extract (containing 275 mg of polyphenols) combined with varying amounts of caffeine. Acute cognitive, mood, and motivation benefits of caffeine are often realized after consuming caffeine doses from 37. 5 to 450 mg; however, one study showed beneficial effects with only 12. 5 mg caffeine (Smit and Rogers 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of caffeine on cognitive performance and psychological benefits. Specifically, it states that ‘acute cognitive, mood, and motivation benefits of caffeine are often realized after consuming caffeine doses from 37. 5 to 450 mg,’ which supports the idea that caffeine can enhance focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Maiti, P. , and Brahmbhatt, H. (2012). “Kappaphycus alvarezii as a source of bioethanol,” Bioresour. Technol. 103, 180-185. Khan, S. A. , Rashmi. , Hussain M. Z. , Prasad, S. , and Banerje, U. C. (2009). “Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India,” Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 13, 2361-2372. Kraan, S. (2010). “Mass cultivation of carbohydrate rich macroalgae, a possible solution for sustainable biofuel production,” Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. (DOI: 10. 1007/s11027-010-9275-5). Kraan, S. , Verges Tramullas, A. , and Guiry, M. D. (2000). “The edible brown seaweed Alaria esculenta (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): Hybridisation, growth and genetic comparisons of six Irish populations,” J. Appl. Phycol. 12, 577-583. Lahaye, M. , and Ray, B. (1996). “Cell wall polysaccharides from the marine green alga Ulva rigida (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)-NMR analysis of ulvan oligosaccharides,” Carbohydr. Res. 283, 161-173. Lee, Y. K. (1997). “Commercial production of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific rim,” J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 403-411. Li, P. , Miao, X. , Li, R. , and Zhong, J. (2011). “In situ biodiesel production from fast-growing and high oil content Chlorella pyrenoidosa in rice straw hydrolysate,” J. Biomed. Biotechnol. (DOI: 10. 1155/2011/ 141207). Li, Y. , Horsman, M. , Wu, N. , Lan, C. Q. , and Dubois-Calero, N. (2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to studies concerning biofuel production from algae, which implies that there may be implications for ecosystems and water resources. Although no explicit evidence is cited in the provided text, the studies referenced suggest a level of examination regarding the ecological impact of algae cultivation, thus indicating that the claim that algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems is likely contradicted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The sex ratio of Læsø1 was very close to a previous sex-ratio estimate for the Samsø population (M/F = 107/1; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998), and also the distribution of males across nests was remarkably similar for the two populations (Figure 5). Sampling of Læsø2 was too late in the season to find sexuals. Figure 5Distribution of males found in nests of the Læsø1 population (closed bars; n = 87) and the Samsø population (open bars; n = 107). The two distributions are not significantly different (Mann-Whitney U-test; P = 0. 18). Full size imageDiscussionSimilar low-relatedness supercoloniesBoth populations of M. sulcinodis on Læsø have essentially the same kin structure as the previously studied population on Samsø. Nest densities were high in all cases, saturating the occupied habitat and effectively excluding all other ant species (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a). This is remarkable, because the sizes of the populations were very different. The two Læsø populations differed by a factor three in both area covered and nest number, but both were still small compared to the Samsø population, which covered an area of 15 ha and comprised about 11 000 nests (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), ie, about two orders of magnitude more than the Læsø populations. The nest density is the same at both islands, being 0. 070 nests/m2 as a weighted mean for the Læsø populations and 0. 073 on Samsø. However, the patch structure of the habitat on Samsø results in a more clumped distribution of nests with only 0. 35 ± 0. 20 m as the mean (± SD) distance between nearest neighbour nests within patches (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b). This illustrates that the Samsø population is very patchy and completely saturated, because virtually every suitable patch is occupied by densely clustered nests of M. sulcinodis. This was not the case at Læsø, where empty nest sites still seemed to be available and where the present nests were relatively discrete. The important conclusions of these across-island comparisons are that (1) M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the kin structure and nest distributions of different ant populations, specifically M. sulcinodis on the islands of Læsø and Samsø, without addressing supercolonies or the presence of conflict among ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that in comparison to a colored and flavored placebo beverage without apple extract or caffeine, cognitive performance, mood, and motivation would improve after consuming apple extract containing added caffeine in low doses of 10 and 20 mg and the extent of the psychological improvements was expected to be greater for apple extract drinks containing larger doses of added caffeine (37. 5 and 75 mg). Materials and MethodsStudy DesignA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over experiment was conducted. Participants completed a series of six test sessions and consumed one of six test beverages during each session. Test beverages were manufactured in 3 batches to minimize storage-related reductions in polyphenolic content (PepsiCo, Valhalla, NY), poured into 10-oz plastic bottles, labelled with a three-digit code number, and shipped to Athens, GA, where they were refrigerated at ~ 3 °C until consumed. The apple extract was a natural extract derived from Evesse apples supplied by Coressence, Ltd. and sold by Danisco as Evesse™EPC. A detailed description of the extraction method and characterization of the nutrient composition has been published (Saarenhovi et al. 2017). All beverages were consumed within 9 weeks of being manufactured and contained water, sucrose, citric acid, flavoring, colors (caramel and grape blue), sodium hexametophophate, potassium benzoate, calcium disodium EDTA, sucralose, potassium citrate, and acesulfame potassium. The placebo, labelled test beverage 1, contained no caffeine or apple extract. The positive control, test beverage 2, contained 75 mg of caffeine and no apple extract. Each of the other beverages contained apple extract standardized to contain 275 mg total polyphenols (~ 90% total polyphenols as catechin equivalents) and varying amounts of caffeine: test beverage 3 (75 mg), test beverage 4 (37. 5 mg), test beverage 5 (20 mg), and test beverage 6 (10 mg). Other comparisons of potential interest, such as apple extract alone, were not included to minimize dropout likely to result from the additional test sessions and avoid adding further to the substantial subject burden. ParticipantsThe study was approved by the for human research participants. Participants were recruited via emails to campus listservs and by flyers placed on bulletin boards across the University campus. Participants were compensated up to a total of $180. 00 for participation in the study ($30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experiment where cognitive performance was assessed after consuming beverages that included varying doses of caffeine. The study's design, which includes comparing cognitive performance and mood improvements with a caffeine-containing beverage against a placebo, directly supports the idea that caffeine, as a nootropic supplement, is expected to improve focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Biofuels from microalgae,” Biotechnol. prog. 24, 815-820. Lincoln, E. P. , and Hill, D. T. (1980). “An integrated microalgae system,” In: Algae Biomass, G. Shelef and C. J. Soeder (eds. ), Elsevier/243. Luning, K. , and Pang, S. J. (2003). “Mass cultivation of seaweeds: Current aspects and approaches,” J. Appl. Phycol. 15, 115-119. Luo, L. , Voet, E. V. D. , and Huppes, G. (2009). “An energy analysis of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock corn stover,” Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 13(8), 2003-2011. Luque-Garcia, J. L. , and Castro, M. D. (2003). “Ultrasound: A powerful tool for leaching,” TrAC-Trends in 22, 41-47. Maceiras, R. , Rodriguez, M. , Cancela, A. , Urrejola, S. , and Sanchez, A. (2011). Macroalgae: Raw material for biodiesel production,” Appl. Ener. 88, 3318-3323. Macias-Sanchez, M. D. , Mantell, C. , Rodriguez, M. , La Ossa, E. , Lubian, L. M. , and Montero, O. (2005). “Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll a from Nannochloropsis gaditana,” J. 66, 245-251. Mata, T. M. , Martins, A. A. , and Caetano, N. S. (2010). “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review,” Renew. Sust. En. Rev. 14(1), 217-232. McHugh, D. J. (2003). “A guide to the seaweed industry,” 441, 105. and Gonzalez, M. J. I. (1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references and citations related to algae and biofuel production, indicating there are several studies and analyses being conducted on the impacts of algae biofuel, including potential effects on water resources and ecosystems. This implies that there is ongoing research and consideration of these ecological impacts, which contrasts with the claim that algae biofuel production has no impact on these factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Number of workers per colony with activated ovaries. Minimum and maximum (horizontal lines), first and third quartiles (rectangle), and the median (dot) are shown. The total number of colonies and the number of colonies with at least one worker with activated ovaries in each group is given in parentheses. P-values are from two-sample permutation tests (*p < 0. 01; **p < 0. 0001; n. s. nonsignificant). After Bonferroni's correction, p-values of < 0. 01 are significant at the 0. 05 level. 1a. T. nylanderi workers in colonies with a T. nylanderi queen (NN, control), T. crassispinus queen (CN), T. unifasciatus queen (UN), T. recedens queen (RN) and in colonies without a queen (ØN). 1b. T. crassispinus workers in colonies with a T. crassispinus queen (CC, control), T. nylanderi queen (NC), T. unifasciatus queen (UC), T. recedens queen (RC) and in colonies without a queen (ØC). 1c. T. unifasciatus workers in colonies with a T. unifasciatus queen (UU, control), T. nylanderi queen (NU), T. crassispinus queen (CU), T. recedens queen (RU) and in colonies without a queen (ØU). 1d. T. recedens workers in colonies with a T. recedens queen (RR, control), T. nylanderi queen (NR), T. crassispinus queen (CR), T. unifasciatus queen (UR) and in colonies without a queen (ØR). Full size imageIn all queenless colonies, the ovaries of several workers were activated (Figure 1a-d). This indicates that workers are capable of activating their ovaries within six weeks after removal of the queen. Fertile workers were also found in some of the mixed-species colonies, such as RC (Figure 1b), CU (Figure 1c), NR and CR (Figure 1d; for colony abbreviation see Table 1). Table 1 Mixed-species colony set ups composed of four different Temnothorax species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the reproductive capabilities of various ant species in queenless colonies, without mentioning communication methods. It provides data on worker ovaries and colony setups rather than any form of communication, let alone telepathy or pheromones.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg caffeine condition (CAF) for the total number of attempted serial 3 and serial 7 subtractions (ηp2 =. 122, p =. 003 and ηp2 =. 171, p <. 001, respectively). Post hoc tests showed that serial 3 and 7 total number of subtractions attempted was increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF for the accuracy of both serial 3 and serial 7 subtractions (ηp2 =. 102, p =. 005; ηp2 =. 146, p <. 001, respectively). Post hoc tests showed that serial 3 and 7 accuracy was increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. The positive control beverage also significantly increased self-reported motivation to perform the cognitive tasks (ηp2 =. 121, p =. 004) at both post-beverage time points. 75 mg CAF + There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF + apple extract for the total number of serial 7 subtractions attempted (ηp2 =. 083, p <. 001). Post hoc tests showed that the number attempted increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. The number attempted was increased compared to baseline by a mean (± SD) of 4. 1 (± 4. 5) and 5. 4 (± 4. 3) at the first and second post-beverage time points, respectively. 37. 5 mg CAF + x Time interactions for 37. 5 mg CAF + apple extract effects on cognition were all statistically insignificant but several were in the expected direction, including an increased total number of attempted serial 3 subtractions (p =. 01), an increased total number of correct serial 7 subtractions (p =. 049), and faster reaction time during correct RVIP responses (p =. 031). The beverage also tended to increase self-reported motivation to perform the cognitive tasks (p =. 01) but the effect was statistically insignificant. 10 mg CAF + x Time interactions for 10 mg CAF + apple extract effects on cognition were all statistically insignificant but one was in the expected direction—the increased total number of attempted serial 7 subtractions (p =. 027). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting statistical evidence of improved cognitive performance, specifically indicating that 75 mg of caffeine significantly increased the total number of attempted serial subtractions and accuracy on cognitive tasks compared to baseline. This supports the idea that caffeine, a nootropic supplement, enhances focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Downstream processing of algal polyunsaturated fatty acids,” Biotechnol. Adv. 3, 517-580. Meinita, M. and Hong Y. K. (2011). “Bioethanol production from the acid hydrolysate of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (cottonii),” J. Appl. Phycol. (DOI 10. 1007/s10811-011-9705-0). Melis, A. , Zhang, L. P. , Forestier, M. , Ghirardi, M. L. , and Seibert, M. (2000). “Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evo-lution in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,” Plant. Physiol. 122, 127-136. Mody, K. H. , Ghosh, P. K, Sana, B. , Gopalasamy, G. , Shukla, A. D, Eswaran, K. ,. , and Jha, B. (2009). “A process for integrated production of ethanol and seaweed sap from Kappaphycus alvarezii,” No. 1839/ DEL/ 2009 dated 07/09/09; WO 2011/027360A1 dated 10. 03. 11. Molina Grima, E. , Belarbi, E. H. , Acien Fernandez, F. G. , Robles Medina, A. , and Chisti, Y. (2003). “Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics,” Biotechnol. Adv. 20, 491-515. Morand, P. , Carpentier, B. , Charlier, R. H. , Maze, J. , Orlandini, M. , Plunkett, B. A. , and de Waart, J. (1991). “Bioconversion of seaweeds,” In: in Europe, Uses and Potential, Guiry, M. D. , and Blunden, G. (eds. ), Wiley, Chichester, 432. Moser Bryan, R. (2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing references to various studies discussing biofuel production from algae and its associated processes. While it does not directly state impacts on water resources or ecosystems, the implication of downstream processing and biomass recovery indicates that these processes may indeed affect water resources and ecosystems, contradicting the claim that algae biofuel production has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For multivariate analyses, the number of variables was reduced by principle component analysis (PCA). The factor scores obtained by PCA were used in a subsequent discriminant analyses (DA) to determine whether groups could be distinguished on the basis of their cuticular profiles. Wilks' λ significance and the percentage of correct assignments were used to evaluate the validity of the discriminant function. We used Mann-Whitney U-tests to compare percentages of single compounds between groups and adjusted p-values for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni's method. PCA and DA analyses were performed using Statistica 6. 0. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020248. 57. full_text. 311. 10. 1086/415930. 187. 404. 10. 1007/s00040-009-0037-x. 725. 10. 1038/304724a0. 189. 10. 1007/s002650050608. 86. 10. 1007/s00265-004-0892-4. 1779. 10. 1242/jeb. 015008. 530. 52. 136. 3800. 10. 1098/rspb. 2010. 0984. 238. 592. 10. 1007/BF00296638. 794. 10. 1006/anbe. 1993. 1092. 236. 10. 1086/284846. 167. 10. 1086/425223. 1047. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2004. 00751. x. 1091. 52. 10. 1016/j. tree. 2007. 09. 013. 179. 10. 1086/508619. 10. 1038/444050a. 26. 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2008. 09. 006. 286. 10. 1007/s00040-004-0738-0. 10. 1111/j. 1095-8312. 2006. 00618. x. 2950. 10. 1073/pnas. 0308447101. 593. 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2004. 04. 005. 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0004718. 1110. 10. 1093/beheco/arp103. 1425. 10. 1016/j. anbehav. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed explanation of the statistical analyses performed in a study without addressing how ants communicate, nor does it provide any evidence supporting or contradicting the idea of communication through telepathy versus pheromones.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: Mood OutcomesDescriptive statistics for the mood outcomes are provided in Table 2. Statistically significant results for the mood outcomes are summarized below, and outcomes not mentioned below were not statistically significant. Table 2 Mean (± SD) scores for mood and motivation across beverage conditions and time, and interaction significanceFull size table (75 mg CAF) Similar to the effects on cognitive performance, the positive control had the largest and most widespread effects on mood of all the evaluated beverages. The largest effects were found in alertness measured using a single item visual analog scale (VAS) included within the CDB. There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF (ηp2 =. 235, p <. 001) and post hoc tests showed alertness was increased compared to baseline at the first and second post-beverage time points. Alertness increased by 24. 2 (± 20. 7) and 18. 21 (± 20. 68) raw score units at post-beverage time points 1 and 2, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant Group x Time interaction for the positive control beverage for alertness measured using the single item Bond-Lader (ηp2 =. 174, p <. 001). Post hoc tests found that Bond-Lader alertness was increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points, with increases of 17. 6 (± 17. 2) and 13. 1 (± 17. 3) raw score units at post-beverage time 1 and time 2, respectively. There was also a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF for feelings of mental fatigue measured using a single item VAS (ηp2 =. 131, p =. 002). Post hoc tests showed that mental fatigue was decreased at both the first and second post-beverage time points, with mental fatigue decreasing by 17. 1 (± 21. 7) and 12. 4 (± 22. 2) raw score units, respectively. x Time interactions for 75 mg CAF were found for feelings of mental fatigue (ηp2 =. 135, p =. 002) measured using 3-item fatigue sub-scale of Mental and (EFS-State scale). Post hoc tests showed that mental fatigue was decreased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that 75 mg of caffeine (CAF) is associated with increased alertness compared to baseline measures. It mentions significant findings such as 'alertness increased by 24.2 (± 20.7) and 18.21 (± 20.68) raw score units at post-beverage time points 1 and 2, respectively,' which supports the idea that caffeine can indeed enhance focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Biodiesel production, properties and feedstocks,” Cellular and Developmental Biology- Plant 45, 229-266. Mullins, J. (2009). “Invention: Biofuel from the oceans,” (http//:www. newscientist. com). Mussgnug, J. H. , Klassen, V. , Schluter, A. , and Kruse, O. (2010). “Microalgae as substrates for fermentative biogas production in a combined biorefinery concept,” J. Biotechnol. 150, 51-56. Mutanda, T. , Ramesh, D. , Karthikeyan, S. , Kumari, S. , Anandraj, A. , and Bux, F. (2011). “Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production,” Bioresour. Technol. 102, 50-57. and Dalai, A. K. (2010). “Production of ﬁrst and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review,” Renewable and Reviews 14, 578-597. and Department of Energy. (2007). “Breaking the chemical and engineering barriers to lignocellulosic biofuels: Next generation hydrocarbon biorefineries”. ( Notoya, M. (2010). “Production of biofuel by macroalgae with preservation of marine resources and environment,” Seaweeds and their Role in in and Astrobiology, Israel et al. (eds. ), Springer Science+B. V. 15, 217-228 (DOI 10. 1007/978-90- 481-8569-6-13). Orpez, R. , Martinez, M. E. , Hodaifa, G. , El Yousfi, F. , Jbari, N. , and Sanchez, S. (2009). “Growth of the microalga Botryococcus braunii in secondarily treated sewage,” Desalination. 246, 625-630. and Kim, S. H. (2011). “Feasibility of biohydrogen production from Gelidium amansii,” Int. J. 36, 13997-14003. Patil, V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to multiple studies concerning biofuel production from algae and discusses the implications of using algae as a feedstock. Specifically, it mentions various research works that explore the cultivation of microalgae in different environmental settings, which implies potential interactions with water resources and ecosystems. Therefore, the text contrasts the claim by indicating that algae biofuel production may indeed affect water and ecological systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: rae. ru Scientific journal of 2073-4972 ИФ РИНЦ = 0,301 Toggle navigation О журнале Search Заказ журнала Правила Personal portfolio Home№ 3 in 2024 Information about 2024. – № 3 – P. 4-10 Publication date 25. 06. 2024 Section no name UDK 579. 6 DOI 10. 17513/ejnh. 34386 Pages 4–10 18. 3 ± 0. 577 mm. The results of B3 identification by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene revealed that this strain is Bacillus velezensis. It was determined at 7 pH environment, and addition of a nitrogen source of casein for the highest protease enzyme activity. bacillus velezensishalotoleranceseafood processingactivityenzyme protease Seafood processing is one of the critical industries that brings a lot of foreign currency to our country. According to statistics in 2021, Vietnam currently has 815 industrial-scale seafood processing establishments eligible for export and over 3,200 small-scale processing facilities for domestic processing and consumption in operation, with a total processing capacity of up to 6 million tons of raw materials/year, creating over 2. 1 million tons of products/year. However, along with the achievements, the seafood processing industry also causes many environmental problems because of its nature and waste composition. In particular, wastewater from seafood processing is highly salinized, containing organic matter, solid waste, and grease [1]. On the other hand, due to the lack of fresh water, many processing plants near the sea use seawater to wash the machinery system, further increasing the salinity of wastewater. Treating salty wastewater by biological methods is not easy; the COD removal efficiency could be higher due to the side effects of salt on the microflora. In salty or highly salty wastewater environments, microorganisms lose their activity because of plasmolysis, making traditional wastewater treatment biotechnologies ineffective [2]. However, this is a very environmentally friendly solution for worldwide water pollution problems. Therefore, isolating microbial strains in salt-contaminated wastewater, which can remove organic matter and nutrients in salt-contaminated organic sewage, is a right and promising direction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses seafood processing and environmental issues related to wastewater treatment. It does not mention ants or bioluminescence at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: The positive control beverage also significantly decreased feelings of physical fatigue (ηp2 =. 150, p =. 001) measured using the EFS-State measures. Post hoc tests showed that physical fatigue was decreased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. 75 mg CAF + There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF+ apple extract for decreased feelings of physical fatigue (ηp2 =. 125, p =. 003) measured using the EFS-State scales. Increased feelings of energy feelings of physical energy were in the expected direction but smaller in magnitude (p =. 016). Post hoc tests showed that feelings of physical fatigue were lower at both post-beverage time points compared to baseline. Decreases in mental fatigue measured with single item VAS were not significant (p =. 031). 37. 5 mg CAF + There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 37. 5 mg CAF + apple extract for alertness measured using both the single item VAS (ηp2 =. 136, p =. 001) and the Bond-Lader mood scale (ηp2 =. 123, p =. 004). Post hoc tests showed that alertness was increased at both post-beverage time points for both measures. Single item VAS alertness increased 15. 2 (± 20. 4) and 14. 0 (±19. 1) raw score units at time points 1 and 2, respectively. Bond-Lader alertness increased 12. 8 (± 18. 4) and 13. 3 (± 17. 2) raw score unites at time points 1 and 2, respectively. There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 37. 5 mg CAF + apple extract for mental fatigue measured with the single item VAS (ηp2 =. 108, p =. 004) and the EFS-State scale (ηp2 =. 111, p =. 005). Post hoc tests showed that mental fatigue was decreased at both post-beverage time points when measured using both scales. None of the significant Group x Time interactions for the cognition, mood, or motivation variables became statistically insignificant when typical caffeine consumption was added to the model as a covariate, supporting that the results were not explained by self-reported typical caffeine consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting results that indicate caffeine (CAF) significantly increases alertness, as shown by the significant Group x Time interactions for both measures used (single item VAS and Bond-Lader mood scale). The reported increases in alertness (15.2 and 14.0 raw score units at two time points) support the idea that caffeine, a nootropic supplement, can improve focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Tran, K. Q. , and Giselrod, H. R. (2008). “Towards sustainable production of biofuels from microalgae,” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9, 1188-1195. Peteiro, C. , and Freire, O. (2009). “Effect of outplanting time on commercial cultivation of kelp Laminaria saccharina at the southern limit in the Atlantic coast, N. W. Spain Chinese,” J. Oceanology and Limnology 27(1), 54-60. Phang, S. M. (1987). “Agro-industrial wastewater reclamation in peninsular Malaysia,” Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 28, 77-94. Pittman, J. K. , Dean, A. P. , and Osundeko, O. (2011). “The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using wastewater resources,” Bioresour. Technol. 102 (1), 17-25. Popoola, T. O. S. , and Yangomodou, O. D. (2006). “Extraction, properties and utilization potentials of cassava seed oil,” Biotechnology 5, 38-41. Prince, R. C. , and Kheshgi, H. S. (2005). “The photobiological production of hydrogen: Potential efficiency and effectiveness as a renewable fuel,” in Microbiol. 31, 19-31. Radulovich, R. (2008). “Let’s use seaweed as fuel,” (http//:www. cosmosmagazine. com). Rahman, A. , Ellis, J. T. , and Miller, C. D. (2012). “Bioremediation of domestic wastewater and production of bioproducts from microalgae using waste stabilization ponds,” J. Bioremed. Biodeg. 3, 113. (DOI:10. 4172/2155-6199. 1000e113). . , Curvers, A. P. W. M. , Kamermans, P. , and Brandenburg, W. , and Zeeman, G. (2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and potentials concerning the impact of algae biofuel production particularly in relation to resource utilization and ecosystems. For instance, the mention of wastewater resources in 'The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using wastewater resources' suggests an interaction with water resources, implying that algae biofuel production does have implications for these systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this research is carried out to initially select native strains of bacteria with good halotolerance, producing highly active extracellular enzymes. The goal is to create biological products for wastewater treatment of marine and aquatic products. Materials and methods of research The strains of halotolerant bacteria were isolated from wastewater samples of – Seafish Corp, which is located at 19. Methods for isolation and preliminary identification of Bacillus bacteria Put 10 ml of aquatic wastewater in a triangle jar, add 90 mL of physiological saline (NaCl 9‰), and heat in a thermostatic tank at 80◦C for 10 minutes. Then, dilute the sample at 10-1 to 10-6 concentrations. Aspirate 100 μL of sample in small diluted concentrations onto a jelly disc containing LB medium and incubated at 30ºC. After two days, when colonies appear, colonies are selected that are loose and differ in color, shape, and size [3]. bacteria are preliminarily identified by physiological and biochemical characteristics of Bacillus bacteria according to Claus & Berkeley 1872 with biochemical tests such as Oxidase, Catalase, (VP), the ability to use Citrate, the ability to break down Gelatin, the ability to use glucose sugars, sucrose, growth characteristics at 5ºC, 42ºC, and concentration of 10% NaCl. Methods for determining the halotolerance of isolated Bacillus strains The growth of bacterial strains was observed while changing the salinity level of the screening isolation medium under the following conditions: The liquid LB medium was designed with salt concentrations of NaCl: 1; 2; 4; 6; 8%, followed by 5% bacterial proliferation. Shaking culture at 150rpm, 37°C, pH 7 measured OD600nM to determine bacterial density after 18 hours [4]. Methods for determining the extracellular protease enzyme generation of Bacillus strains The ability of bacterial strains to produce proteases was determined by perforation. The proteolytic ability of bacteria is evaluated by its ability to create a resolution ring on the medium, calculated by the formula: D – d Where: D is resolution ring diameter, d is jelly hole diameter Methods for determining the protease activity of selected strains of protease activity of the bacterial strain was determined by the Sigma method with casein substrates [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for isolating and identifying bacteria, specifically Bacillus strains, focusing on their halotolerance and protease production, which has no connection to the bioluminescence of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: DiscussionThe results of the current study demonstrate that acute consumption of a beverage containing 75 mg of caffeine plus apple extract can improve the speed of information processing, specifically serial seven subtraction information, while 37. 5 mg of caffeine plus apple extract improved feelings of alertness and mental fatigue. We hypothesized that in comparison to a colored and flavored placebo beverage without apple extract or caffeine, cognitive performance, mood, and motivation would improve after consuming apple extract containing added caffeine in low doses of 10 and 20 mg. This hypothesis was not confirmed because the beverages with either 10 or 20 mg of caffeine had no influence on cognitive performance. It has been shown previously that 2. 5 mg of caffeine delivered in berry extract resulted in worse cognitive performance, while 5 mg of caffeine in fruit extract resulted in mixed effects on cognitive performance (Haskell et al. 2008). The null cognitive findings for 10 mg caffeine failed to support positive findings presented in abstract form previously and found that 10 mg of caffeine delivered in a fruit extract improved cognitive performance at 1, 3, 6, and 9 h post ingestion. Another study examining a low amount of caffeine, 12. 5 mg delivered via capsule form, found improvements in simple reaction time at 77–97 min post dose in both high and low consumers of caffeine, while improvements in RVIP were found in high consumers of caffeine only (Smit and Rogers 2000). The present sample included two individuals who reported high daily caffeine consumption of 689 and 741 mg per day. In short, it appears that the cognitive and motivation effects of lower amounts of caffeine combined with an apple extract drink are small and variable within the present paradigm which involved relatively long and boring testing sessions. Anecdotally, several participants confirmed the general difficulty of the testing session by indicating immediately after the final testing session they were pleased to not have to endure any additional testing sessions. As expected, a drink without apple extract and containing 75 mg of caffeine (the positive control) was effective at improving cognitive performance in various domains including total number of serial 3 and serial 7 subtractions attempted at post-beverage times 1 and 2, and the number of serial 3 and serial 7 correct responses at both post-beverage times. A comprehensive review by Einother et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effects of caffeine on cognitive performance, specifically noting that 'acute consumption of a beverage containing 75 mg of caffeine plus apple extract can improve the speed of information processing' and that higher amounts of caffeine show improvements in cognitive tasks. This supports the notion that caffeine, as a nootropic supplement, can indeed enhance focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Bio-offshore, Scale cultivation of seaweeds in combination with offshore wind farms in the North Sea,” ECN-C–05-008 ECN project number 8. 20300,137 pp. Renewable fuels association. 2010. (http//:www. ethanolrfa. org). Rodolfi, L. , Zittelli, G. C. , Bassi, N. , Padovani, G. , Biondi, N. , and Bonini, G. (2008). “Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low cost photobioreactor,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102(1), 100-112. Ross, A. , Jones, J. M. , Kubacki, M. L. , and Bridgeman, T. G. (2008). “Classification of macroalgae as fuel and its thermochemical behavior,” Bioresour. Technol. 99, 6494-6504. Rupprecht, J. , Hankamer, B. , Mussgnug, J. H. , Ananyev, G. , Dismukes, G. C. , and Kruse, O. (2006). “Perspectives and advances of biological H2 production in microorganisms,” Applied Microbiol. and Biotechnol. 72, 442-449. Savage, N. (2011). “Algae: The scum solution,” Nature 474 (7352), S15-S16. Sawayama, S. , Inoue, S. , Dote, Y. , and Yokoyama, S. Y. (1995). “CO2fixation and oil production through microalga,” Energy Convers. Manage. 36, 729-731. Schenk, P. M. , Thomas-Hall, S. R. , Stephens, E. ,. , Kruse, O. , and Hankamer, B. (2008). “Second generation biofuels: High-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production,” Bioener. Res. 1, 20-43. Seambiotic company Ltd. , 2009. (http//:www. seambiotic. com). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and projects related to algae biofuel production. While it does not directly address the environmental impacts, the references to cultivation methods and classification imply that the cultivation of algae does involve ecological considerations. Thus, the production of algae biofuel likely has implications for water resources and ecosystems, opposing the claim that there is no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: Identification of Bacillus bacteria by PCR technique and 16S rRNA gene sequencing The DNA of Bacillus bacteria was extracted using a 3% CTAB. The DNA extraction product was then amplified by PCR reaction with the generalized primer pair 27F/1492R with the following nucleotide sequences: 27F:5’ 3’ and 1492R: 5’ 3’ targeting the 16SrRNA gene fragment. The steps in the PCR reaction are as follows: Step 1: 94°C for 5 minutes; Step 2: 94°C for 1 minute; Step 3: 55°C for 1 minute; Step 4: 72°C for 2 minutes; Step 5: Repeat step 2 for another 34 cycles; Step 6: 72°C for 7 minutes and step 7: 4°C for an indefinite time. The composition of a PCR reaction with a total volume of 25 μL is as follows: 12. 5 μ0. 5 μL downstream primer (10 μM), 0. 5 μL reverse primer (10 μM), 10. 5 μL of DNA-free water and 1 μL of pure DNA. PCR products are sent for sequencing at Fist base company (Malaysia). The sequencing results were compared and traced on the Bank at the website ( to determine the species levels of the two strains of bacteria surveyed. Method for investigates several factors affecting the protease generation capacity of selected Bacillus strains The culture of selected Bacillus bacteria in medium (LB) has a breeding rate of 5%, pH = 7, temperature 37°C, and a shaking rate of 200 rpm. Investigate several factors affecting protease generation, including: - Initial pH: The environmental pH survey is 5; 5. 5; 6; 6. 5; 7; 7. 5; 8 - Nitrogen sources: environments with added nitrogen sources (KNO3, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, casein, Tryptone) replace 0. 5% high yeast in LB medium. Data processing methods The data was processed for descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel. Data processed using the method has a difference of P<0. 05 and a reliability of 95%. Results of the research and discussions Isolation of bacterial strains from seafood processing factory wastewater From three wastewater samples, the seafood processing plant was isolated from the LB medium, and four strains of bacteria were obtained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the identification and analysis of Bacillus bacteria through PCR techniques, and does not mention ants or bioluminescence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: (Einother and Giesbrecht 2013) examining the effects of caffeine on attention tasks found that RVIP accuracy was generally improved with doses of caffeine ranging from 50 to 150 mg, while higher doses, 150–450 mg, were associated with faster RVIP response times. The current RVIP accuracy findings were in the direction consistent with the prior research but not strong enough to be statistically significant after correcting for multiple statistical tests (p =. 026 did not reach the p ≤. 005 threshold). A dose-dependent effect on cognition was rejected for most variables and supported for one. No significant effects were found for the apple extract beverage containing 37. 5 mg of caffeine while the apple extract beverage containing 75 mg caffeine did show a significant effect for the number of serial 7 subtractions attempted. This outcome was not due to greater motivation in the higher caffeine condition. Thus, the greater number of serial 7 subtractions is likely due to an increase in information processing speed. Nevertheless, the apple extract beverage containing 37. 5 mg of caffeine had a greater number of small magnitude statistically insignificant changes that, if they were liberally interpreted, may provide general support of a small degree of enhanced cognitive performance. At best there appears to be subtle effects on cognition of the apple extract beverage containing 37. 5 mg of caffeine. This could be because the caffeine and apple polyphenols have interactive effects on brain circuits that underlie several processes involved in cognitive performance, including the perceived motivation to perform the cognitive work. Due to caffeine’s inhibitory effects on adenosine A2a receptors which are located in widespread brain areas, caffeine ingestion increases the release of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, while simultaneously decreasing cerebral blood flow (Kennedy and Wightman 2011). Polyphenol supplementation, though less well understood, can increase cerebral blood flow through nitric oxide augmentation (Wightman et al. 2014). Currently, there appears to be only one study available that examined the effects of apples alone on cognitive outcomes (Bondonno et al. 2014). Bondonno et al. (Bondonno et al. 2014) used apples containing 364 mg of polyphenols (quercetin glycosides and (−)-epicatechin) compared to a control with a low concentration of apple polyphenols. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of caffeine on attention tasks, indicating that doses of caffeine ranging from 50 to 150 mg generally improved RVIP accuracy and led to faster response times. It also mentions that caffeine ingestion increases the release of neurotransmitters that are linked to cognitive performance. This reinforces the assertion that caffeine can enhance focus and alertness through its effects on cognitive processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: SeaWeb aquaculture news. (2008). “Mussels and kelps help salmon farmers reduce pollution,” (http//:www. unbsj. ca/sase/biology/chopinlab). and You, H. C. (2010). “Red algae and their use in paper making,” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 2549-2553. Sheehan, J. , Dunabay, T. , Benemann, J. , and Roessler, P. (1998). “A look back at the US Department of species program: Biodiesel from algae,” Energy Lab, 326. Shelef, G. , Azov, Y. , Moraine, R. , and Oron, G. (1980). “Algal reclamation as an integral part of wastewater treatment and reclamation system,” In: Algae Biomass, G. Shelef, and C. J. Soeder (eds. ), Elsevier/163-190. Shi, X. , and Shin, H. S. (2011). “Direct fermentation of Laminaria japonica for biohydrogen production by anaerobic mixed cultures,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 36, 5857-5864. Sialve, B. , Bernet, N. , and Bernard, O. (2009). “Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable,” Biotechnol. Adv. 27, 409-416. Sims, R. E. H. , Mabee, W. , Saddler, J. N. , and Taylor, M. (2010). “An overview of second generation biofuel technologies,” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 1570-1580. Soeder, C. J. (1980). “Massive cultivation of microalgae: results and prospects,” Hydrobiologia. 72, 197-209. Spolaore, P. , Joannis-Cassan, C. , Duran, E. , and Isambert, A. (2006). “Commercial applications of microalgae,” J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101, 87-96. Subhadra, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the role of algae in various environmental applications, such as 'algal reclamation as an integral part of wastewater treatment and reclamation system', which implies that algae production could influence water resources and ecosystems. This suggests that the production of algae biofuels does have an impact on water resources and environmental systems, directly opposing the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: The strains were purified on the LB medium, and then colony morphology, cell size morphology, and biochemical physiological properties were tested. After comparing Bergey’s (1872) bacterial classification key [6], four preliminary strains were preliminarily concluded to belong to the Bacillus genus and were denoted from B1 to B4 (Table 1, Figure 1). Halotolerance of bacterial isolates Figure 2 shows the different adaptations of four strains of Bacillus spp. (B1, B2, B3, B4) with salinities ranging from 1% to 8%. In environments containing 1% and 2% NaCl, all four strains of Bacillus spp. grow very well. This may be because the salinity of seafood processing plant wastewater is within 3%, so it is easy to understand that strains can adapt to the salinity of 2%. However, bacterial strains grow weaker in environments with higher salt concentrations of 6%. At 8% salt concentration, only three strains, B1, B2, and B3, can live, but their growth rate is significantly reduced. This result is also consistent with the study of Anh et al. 2020, which investigated the halotolerance of bacterial strains from aquatic wastewater. Table 1 Characteristics of bacterial strains isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater Norms B1 B2 B3 B4 Colony morphology Milky white, dry, adheres on agar White, serrated margin Milky white, rough, dry, rounded, wrinkled dry surface Milky white, with knobs in the middle, spreading edging size (μm) 0,9-1,0 x 2. 7-3. 1 0,3-0,8 x 1. 3-2. 6 0,2-0,5 x 1. 2-1. 9 0,7-1,1 x 1. 9-3. 1 Gram stain + + + + Spore location middle middle middle eccentric Oxidase + + + + Catalasa + + + + Idol - - - - VP + + + + Movable + + + + + + + + Mannitol + + + + Note: (+) positive; (-) negative Fig. 1. Colony morphology and cells of bacterial strains isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater The author found that 45 strains grew well in environments containing 1% NaCl. Of these, only 33 strains could grow in higher environments with 3% NaCl after 24 hours of culture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants and bioluminescence. It discusses the growth and characteristics of different strains of Bacillus bacteria in relation to salt tolerance, without mentioning ants or bioluminescent organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: For example, a recent investigation involving only male participants found the consumption of a high dose of cocoa (1052 mg total polyphenols), compared to a low dose (143 mg), improved cognitive performance when cognitive demand was high (Gratton et al. 2020). In conclusion, the current study is the first to examine the combined effects of varying amounts of caffeine and apple polyphenols on cognition and mood. The present study shows that moderate doses of caffeine combined with apple extract are effective at improving cognitive outcomes, especially serial seven subtraction, and mood responses to the tasks, including alertness and mental and physical fatigue. Very low doses of caffeine (10 to 20 mg) combined with apple extract are not consistently associated with improvements in cognitive, motivation, or mood outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that moderate doses of caffeine combined with apple extract are effective at improving cognitive outcomes, including alertness and mood responses. This supports the assertion that caffeine, as a nootropic supplement, can enhance focus and alertness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , and Edwards, M. (2010). “An integrated renewable energy park approach for algal biofuel production in United States,” (DOI:10. 1016/j. enpol. 2010. 04. 036). Tanticharoen, M. , Bhumiratana, S. , Jeyashoke, N. , Bunnag, B. , Reungjitchawaly, M. , Chithumaub, P. , Wantawin, C. , and Lerttriluck, S. (1990). “Cultivation of Spirulina using tapioca starch wastewater,” on Management and Utilization of Agricultural and Industrial Wastes, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Thomas, F. R. (2006). “Algae for liquid fuel production Center,” Retrieved on 2006-12-18,” 59, 1-2. Tredici, M. R. (2010). “Photobiology of microalgae mass cultures: Understanding the tools for the next green revolution,” Biofuels 1, 143-162. Trono Jr, G. C. , and Ganzon-Fortes, E. (1988). Philippine Seaweeds, Inc. , The Philippines. Uchida, M. , and Murata, M. (2004). “Isolation of a lactic acid bacterium and yeast consortium from a fermented material of Ulva spp. (Chlorophyta),” J. Appl. Microbiol. 97, 1297-1310. Ueda, R. , Hirayama, S. , Sugata, K. , and Nakayama, H. (1996). “Process for the production of ethanol from microalgae,” US patent 5578, 472. Ugwu, C. U. , Aoyagi, H. , and Uchiyama, H. (2008). “Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae,” Bioresour. Technol. 99, 4021-4028. Venkataraman, L. V. , Nigam, B. P. , and Ramanathan, P. K. (1980). “Rural oriented freshwater cultivation and production of algae in India,” In: Algae Biomass, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and approaches regarding algal biofuel production, but does not provide direct evidence that algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. Instead, it incorporates multiple research efforts that could implicitly suggest different ecological implications or interactions, such as the use of wastewater for algae cultivation and the associated resource management, which may influence local water systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: At higher salt concentrations, their growth rate decreases, and after 45 hours, only 14 strains and 12 strains can live in environments with salinities of 5% and 7%, respectively. High salinity directly impacts the transfer of ions into and out of the cell membrane, affecting the osmotic pressure of the membrane. Only three strains, 1B1, 2A2, and 3A5, survive at 7% salinity but have the lowest maturity [7]. The high halotolerance of 04 strains of Bacillus spp. may be related to the low intracellular salt concentrations of these strains, and they maintain an osmotic balance between their cytoplasm and the external environment by accumulating high concentrations of various osmotic solutes. Fig. 2. The growth of B1, B2,B3, B4 on mediums with different concentrations of NaCl salts In addition, halophilic bacteria such as Halomonas and Halobacterium synthesize ectoine and L-glutamate to survive salinity-stressed conditions. Some halophilic bacteria include Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Zymomonas use polyol compounds such as sorbitol, arabitol, glycerol, and mannitol for osmotic adaptation under salt deficiency conditions. In 2020, Guizhong Zhou, also suppose permeability through the relative membrane of the strain Bacillus cereus remains stable under conditions of high salt stress condition due to glycine and proline play essential roles in maintaining cellular permeability. This strain’s protein and soluble sugar content was increased at higher salt concentrations [3]. Determination of protease pathogenesis of selected bacterial strains The results of the study showed that all four strains of isolated Bacillus spp. can all produce extracellular proteases expressed in casein hydrolyzed ring diameters (1%) on agar dishes. In particular, strain B3 has the highest protease enzyme capacity, with a resolution ring diameter of 18. 3 ± 0. 577 mm, while the lowest is strain B1, with only 13. 3 ± 1. 155 mm (Table 2). This result is also similar to et al. (2019) research [8]. According to the author, strains B6, B8, B9, and B14 give the highest protease enzyme generation with a resolution ring diameter of 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants and bioluminescence; instead, it focuses on the growth rates of bacterial strains under various salt concentrations and their adaptations to osmotic stress. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Abstract:Fatty acids are directly involved in the structure of most lipids, including those in the nervous system, providing their chemical and biological characteristics. Besides saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, two families of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the omega-6 fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LA), and the omega-3 fatty acids, such as alpha linolenic acid (ALA), are most important. LA and ALA are essential nutrients, as the human body cannot synthesize them or convert one to the other. They were formerly called vitamin F, before their chemical structures were determined. The term “omega-3 fatty acids” is plural as there are four main ones that have increasing numbers of double bonds and carbon atoms. ALA (18:3 ω3) is the precursor of stearidonic acid (18:4 ω3, SA), which gives rise to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω3). The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the brain is extremely high, indicating that these fats are involved in brain physic chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and function; and, consequently, in brain development, in some neuropsychiatric diseases and in the cognitive decline of aging. This review examines all three aspectsSome studies on perinatal cerebral development have focused on ALA, whereas others have examined long-chain derivatives, DHA and, to a lesser extent EPA. A third group of studies has examined the influence of ALA and DHA, sometimes with the omega-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (ARA). The studies on ALA provided the first demonstration of the effect of a dietary component on the structure and function of the brain that involved several scientific disciplines. These included cultures of dissociated brain cells; analyses of the fatty acids and lipids and cell types in the brain; regions and classes of phospholipids; physicochemical studies on brain membrane fluidity; biochemical and enzymological studies on enzymes such as ATPase; physiological studies on dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission; toxicology of heavy metals and trans fatty acids; studies on vision, hearing, and taste; electrophysiological studies (ERG and EEG); and cognitive and behavioral studies, memory and habituation being specifically affected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how omega-3 fatty acids, particularly ALA, DHA, and EPA, are essential for brain structure and function. It highlights the involvement of omega-3 fatty acids in brain development, neuropsychiatric diseases, and cognitive decline associated with aging, thus supporting the assertion that these fatty acids are important for brain health and cognitive function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Shelef and C. J. Soeder (eds. ), Elsevier/81-96. Vonshak, A. (1990). “Recent advances in microalgal biotechnology,” Biotechnol. Adv. 8, 709-727. Wecker, M. S. A. , Meuser, J. E. , Posewitz, M. C. , and Ghirardi, M. L. (2011). “Design of a new biosensor for algal H2 production based on the H2– sensing system of Rhodobacter capsulatus,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 36, 11229-11237. Wi, S. G, Kim, H. J, Mahadevan, S. A, Yang, D. , and Bae, H. (2009). “The potential value of the seaweed Ceylon moss (Gelidium amansii) as an alternative bioenergy resource,” Bioresour. Technol. 100, 6658-6660. Wijffels, R. (2009). ”Microalgae for production of bulk chemicals and biofuels,” The 3rd Congress of Tsukuba 3. Williams, P. J. L. B. , and Laurens, L. M. L. (2010). “Microalgae as biodiesel & biomass feedstocks: review & analysis of the biochemistry, energetics & economics,” Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 554-590. Xiong, W. , Li, X. , Xiang, J. , and Wu, Q. (2008). “High-density fermentation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor for microbiodiesel production”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 78, 29-36. Xu, H. , Miao, X. , and Wu, Q. (2006). “High quality biodiesel production from a microalga Chlorella protothecoides by heterotrophic growth in fermenters,” J. Biotechnol. 126, 499-507. Yacoby, I. , Pochekailov, S. , Topotrik, H. , Ghirardi, M. L. , King, P. W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing several studies focused on microalgal biotechnology, suggesting that the research implies specific uses and advancements in algae biofuel production that could indeed influence resource management, including water resources. While the text does not explicitly state negative impacts, the presence of multiple scholarly references indicates that the ecological implications of algae biofuel production could be a topic of concern, which counters the claim that it has 'no impact' on ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: 33, respectively, 18,33, 16. 67, and 18. 67 mm. Table 2 Protease activity of 4 isolated strains of Bacillus spp. ring diameter (mm) B1 12. 7 ±1,000c B2 16,3 ± 0,577ab B3 18,3 ± 0,577a B4 13,3 ± 1,155c Note: Different letters on the same column indicating a difference have a statistical significance level of the sample mean with p < 0. 05. Our results are 4 mm lower than those of G. Pant et al. (2015) [9]. subtilis strain in G. Pant’s study once recorded a protein hydrolysate ring diameter of 22 mm. N. and Antonius S. [10] conducted proteolytic ring measurements in Bacillus sp. isolated strains in soil, strain conclusions have had a giant hydrolysis ring of 15 mm. B3 strain identification results Since the B3 strain has a 99. 05% homologous 16S rRNA gene region sequence with Bacillus velezensis YA215, it can be concluded that the bacterial strain isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater is a Bacillus velezensis species (Figure 3). Fig. 3. B3 bacterial homologous sequence search results Fig. 4. Effect of pH concentration on strain’s ability to produce protease enzymes of Bacillus velezensis B3 Identify some factors affecting the protease activity of Bacillus velezensis B3 strains Effect of pH concentration on protease generation capacity of Bacillus velezensis B3 strain The result showed that the Bacillus velezensis B3 strain can grow and develop in both acidic and basic environments. Protease activity varies with the pH values surveyed. When the pH of the medium increases from 5 to 6. 5, the protease activity tends to increase gradually, with relative activity increasing by 206. 27 U/mL to 241. 25 U/mL. The highest activity achieved at pH 7 was 264. 39 U/mL (Figure 4). Protease enzyme activity decreases significantly at pH ranges higher than the optimum pH. The activity is only 190. 69 U/mL at pH 8. This result is similar to the survey of Thi et al. 2012, all ten strains of Bacillus give the best enzyme activity at pH 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants and bioluminescence. It primarily discusses protease activity in Bacillus velezensis strains, along with the effects of pH on enzyme activity, without any mention of ants or bioluminescence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: The accumulation of considerable experimental evidence led to the inclusion of ALA in baby formulas. This decision has been confirmed by many studies on newborns. The nature of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (particularly the omega-3 fatty acids) in baby formulas for both full term and premature infants influences the infant's visual, neurological, cerebral, and intellectual capacities. Enrichment with long-chain fatty acids such as DHA (and EPA) is based on the fact that human milk contains them, unlike animal milks, that the brain is extremely rich in these fatty acids, and there is little desaturase activity (which, together with elongases, transforms ALA to DHA). Clinical studies on EPA and DHA, both found in fish oils, preceded or paralleled those on animals, in contrast to the work on ALA. Despite a lack of exhaustive experiments, DHA and EPA were added to baby formulas, which may well have a limited or even negative effect because of competition with omega-6 fatty acids. Formula supplemented with DHA and ARA has a positive effect on membranes, including nerve membranes, on physiological, electrophysiological, and sensory parameters, particularly vision and, most recently, on hearing. However, there is still debate about their influence on motor function, neurological capacity, behavior, and cognition. In fact, both DHA and ALA are essential fatty acids because of the low desaturase activities in the brain and liver. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids from oily fish in the human diet (the efficiency of fish oil in capsule has not yet been clearly demonstrated) may help prevent some psychiatric disorders, mainly depression and dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease. The direct role of omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disease) and schizophrenia has not yet been clearly established, although suspected in some aspects of these diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids may also be involved in dyslexia and autism, but there is evidence that they appear to help prevent stress. Finally, their influence on mood and libido is a matter for discussion pending experimental proof in animals and humans. A lack of dietary omega-3 fatty acid can prevent the renewal of membranes, and thus accelerate cerebral aging, but the roles of the vascular system (where the omega-3 fatty acids are active) and the cerebral parenchyma itself have not yet been clearly resolved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA found in fish oils, play a role in influencing the brain's neurological, cerebral, and intellectual capacities. It specifically mentions that dietary omega-3 fatty acids may help prevent some psychiatric disorders, including depression and dementia, and that a lack of omega-3 can adversely affect brain health due to accelerated cerebral aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: These robots can help reduce plastic pollution that harms marine life. [SEP] Text: 3 a possible intergovernmental panel on marine plastic litter and microplastics, several implications follow from the previous considerations. First of all, establishing an intergovernmental panel requires a decision by an appropriate body to launch negotiations, and possibly also the establishment of an intergovernmental negotiating committee. In case of marine litter and microplastics, a resolution by UNEA, a UNGA resolution or another intergovernmental organization might launch the negotiations. Second, one of the general advantages of an intergovernmental panel turns out to be an even greater advantage in the context of marine litter and microplastics. Its operation does not depend on the adoption of a global agreement. And so far, there is no global agreement on marine litter and microplastics or plastic pollution more generally. While there are growing indications that states are willing to start negotiating such an agreement, they have not yet done so. Once they do, it might however still take several years to its adoption. In this context, an intergovernmental panel on marine litter and microplastics could strengthen the global science and knowledge base on this issue before states adopt such a global agreement or before they start negotiating it. It could then even facilitate and bolster the negotiations of the agreement because its outputs might highlight the necessity to act more decisively at global level. Third, an intergovernmental panel on marine plastic litter and microplastics requires decisions on its interlinkages with other international environmental institutions that are likely to use its outputs in their policy- and decision-making. If and once states adopt a new global agreement on plastic pollution, this would be the obvious and primary choice for such interlinkages. If there is no or not yet a global agreement on plastic pollution, UNEA, the Organisation, the FAO, the IMO, the CBD, the BRS conventions, and/or the RSP are conceivable choices. In general, these decisions could take into account the need for a life cycle approach to marine litter and microplastics that looms so large in current scientific and political discussions. This means that they could aim at interlinkages with those international institutions that are relevant for policymaking in one or several stages in the life cycle of plastics and that address in their work one or several dimensions of the problem of marine plastic pollution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about robots helping to reduce plastic pollution. Instead, it focuses on the establishment of an intergovernmental panel to address marine litter and microplastics, discussing the implications and processes involved. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: The most potent protease activity at this value is M5 (0. 87 U/mL), and the weakest is M1 strain (0. 68 U/mL) [11]. Prihanto et al. also consistent with above results, the Bacillis subtisllis UBT7 strain gives peak activity at pH 7. 0 [12]. Meanwhile, Bacillus subtilis Bs04 strains have the highest enzyme activity recorded at pH 7. 5 at 0. 434 U/mL–proteases from B. flexus strains and Bacillus sp. -RS7 also exhibits the most vigorous activity at pH 8 and 50°C. Protease yields vary considerably with pH, which may be due to other components of the environment and their combined influence on the metabolism of bacterial species [13]. Effect of nitrogen source on the extracellular protease production capacity of B. velezensis B3 In the investigated nitrogen sources, organic nitrogen sources were better than inorganic sources at stimulating protease generation by B. velezensis B3 strains. Casein caused the highest increase in protease activity (437. 1 U/mL), higher than the control sample of 181. 09 U/ml (Figure 5). Fig. 5. Effect of the addition of nitrogen sources on protease activity in Bacillus velezensis B3 strain culture Many researchers have reported that organic nitrogen sources are better suited to Bacillus spp. for protease enzyme growth and production than inorganic sources. It has been reported that peptone, casein, skim milk, yeast extract facilitate maximum protease production by Bacillus spp [14]. In study of et al. , the presence of galactose and peptone in the medium enhanced enzyme production by 0. 5% when compared with other carbon and nitrogen sources [9]. to LB medium to replace 0. 5% yeast extract also contributed to an increase in protease activity (392. 4 U/mL). However, the protease activity was not higher than that of the casein ( 437. 1 U/mL) supplement formulation but still higher than that of the control sample, 136. 39 U/mL. The salts KNO3, NH4Cl, and NH4NO3 did not show the ability to increase protease activity, which reduced protease activity; the content was 40. 94 U/mL, 120. 72 U/mL, and 169. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants producing light through bioluminescence because it discusses the protease activity and enzyme production related to Bacillus species, with no mention of ants or bioluminescence. Therefore, it has no connection to the claim and does not provide evidence for or against it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: The insufficient dietary supply of omega-3 fatty acids (mainly ALA) in today's occidental diet (and in a number of diets throughout the world) raises the problem of how to correct dietary habits so that the consumer selects foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids; mainly rapeseed (canola) and walnut oils, oily fish, and certain eggs. Alpha tocopherol protects the omega-3 fatty acids in the nervous system membranes and not other components of vitamin E. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Impacts of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, for Neuronal Health, on and Functions 1999. The effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid compared with docosahexaenoic acid on brain, retina, liver, and heart in the guinea pig. Lipids 34: 475–482. PubMed CAS 202. PubMed CAS 3154. PubMed CAS 1996. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 31: S157–S161. PubMed CAS 188. PubMed CAS 194. PubMed CAS 1994. Effects of diet on the lipid and fatty acid status of full-term infants at 4 months. J Nutr 13: 658–664. PubMed CAS 1997. Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: A follow up study. Child 76: 421–424. PubMed CAS 261. PubMed 2002. A decrease in cell size accompanies a loss of docosahexaenoate in the rat hippocampus. 5: 103–113. PubMed CAS 2003. Effect of a diet-induced n−3 PUFA depletion on cholinergic parameters in the rat hippocampus. J 44: 1545–1551. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), in the diet for maintaining neuronal health and implies a relationship between dietary omega-3 intake and brain function. It highlights dietary sources of omega-3s such as oily fish and suggests a nutritional gap in current dietary habits, indicating the relevance of omega-3 fatty acids in supporting cognitive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020. (accessed 01-07-2019). 10. 21105/joss. 00978 10. 1080/10705511. 2014. 955104 10. 1080/10705511. 2014. 915181 10. 1073/pnas. 1314705111 8424. (of Sciences) There is a rising concern regarding the accumulation of floating plastic debris in the open ocean. However, the magnitude and the fate of this pollution are still open questions. Using data from the Malaspina 2010 circumnavigation, regional surveys, and previously published reports, we show a worldwide distribution of plastic on the surface of the open ocean, mostly accumulating in the convergence zones of each of the five subtropical gyres with comparable d. However, the global load of plastic on the open ocean surface was estd. to be on the order of tens of thousands of tons, far less than expected. Our observations of the size distribution of floating plastic debris point at important size-selective sinks removing millimeter-sized fragments of floating plastic on a large scale. This sink may involve a combination of fast nano-fragmentation of the microplastic into p10. 1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006 10. 1029/2012GL051116 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0111913 6203. (of Science) Plastic pollution is ubiquitous throughout the marine environment, yet ests. of the global abundance and wt. of floating plastics have lacked data, particularly from the and remote regions. Here we report an est. of the total no. of plastic p5. 25 trillion p4. 75 mm and meso- and macroplastic >4. 75 mm, a tremendous loss of microplastics is obsd. from the sea surface compared to expected rates of fragmentation, suggesting there are mechanisms at play that remove <4. 75 mm plastic p10. 5194/bg-12-1249-2015 10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2010. 07. 020 2007. P0. 05 g. Material densities ranged from 0. 808 to 1. 24 g ml-1, with about half between 0. 97 and 1. 04 g ml-1, a range not typically found in virgin plastics. Elemental anal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that, despite rising concerns about plastic pollution, the amount of plastic in the ocean is found to be less than expected, and it also indicates that there are significant mechanisms removing smaller plastic pieces from the surface. This implies that simply using cleanup robots may not address the underlying complexities and challenges of ocean plastic pollution adequately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Modelling minds: can computers mimic human intelligence? Published: November 9, 2023 The human brain is often referred to as the most complex device known in the Universe. It gives rise to the amazing abilities of the human mind, including our capacity for intelligence. For many years, psychologists and neuroscientists have sought to uncover how the mind functions, while computer scientists have attempted to reproduce human-like capabilities in machines. Collaborations between these disciplines have resulted in computational models that are helping scientists to uncover the secrets of the mind and impart this intelligence to computers. Talk like a computational cognitive neuroscientist Cognition — the mental process of acquiring, evaluating and/or using knowledge Cognitive task — an activity that involves processing and/or recalling information Computational model — the expression of a set of mathematical functions or algorithms in the form of a computer program designed to emulate a natural process, such as cognition Intelligence — the ability to acquire and flexibly apply knowledge and skills to solve new problems Language processing — the ability to formulate and understand language Mind — the expression of cognition implemented by a physical system, such as the brain Neuron — a nerve cell that transmits messages to and from other neurons and other cells in the body and brain Neuroscience — the study of the nervous system, including the brain Stimulus — any input that can be processed to generate an internal or external response by the nervous system Synapse — the part of a neuron that communicates its signals to other neurons Are computers smarter than you? Or are you smarter than computers? Well, it depends on how you define what it means to be ‘smart’. In recent years, we have developed computers that greatly exceed our own abilities in many tasks. For example, computers can perform thousands of calculations per second, meaning they can solve some mathematical problems far more quickly and accurately than humans. And computers have beaten human world champions at games of chess and go. But does this mean they are smarter than us? While computers can outperform humans in many domains, including arithmetic, object recognition and some aspects of language processing, no machine yet exists that can match human performance in all these domains. We are still unique in our ability to use our intelligence to adapt to a remarkably wide range of tasks. What is human intelligence? As humans, we have the unique ability to make connections between things we have previously learnt and use those to solve challenges in new situations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the complexities of human intelligence and how computers replicate certain cognitive tasks. It does not address the claim regarding birds' ability to mimic human speech, making it irrelevant to that specific assertion.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: PubMed CAS 2003. Maternal diet with diverse omega-6/omega-3 ratio affects the brain docosahexaenoic acid content of growing chickens. 84: 45–52. PubMed CAS 1994. Effects of dietary fats on nucleoside triphosphatase activity and nuclear membrane fatty acid composition of rats during development. Metab 38: 132–140. PubMed CAS 1992. Conservation of docosahexaenoic acid in the retina. 318: 285–294. PubMed CAS 2002. Turnover of synaptic membranes: Age-related changes and modulation by dietary restriction. J 70: 290–297. PubMed CAS 2003. Turnover of myelin lipids in aging brain. 28: 5–13. PubMed CAS 2001. Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years. Child 85: 183–188. PubMed CAS 2003. Supplementation with a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) improves the outcome of schizophrenia. 62: 195–204. PubMed 2001. Significantly reduced docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes from schizophrenic patients compared with a carefully matched control group. 49: 510–522. PubMed CAS 2003. Visual, cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: A follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 112: e177–e183. PubMed 2000. Alpha linolenic acid in cholesterol esters: A marker of alphalinolenic acid intake in newborns. 54: 840–843. PubMed CAS 2003. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and cognitive function at 7 y of age. 57: 89–95. PubMed CAS 2005. Correlates of regular fish consumption in French elderly community dwellers: Data from the Three-City study. 59: 817–825. PubMed CAS 2002. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: Cohort study. BMJ 325: 932–933. PubMed 1994. The effect of dietary lipid changes on the fatty acid composition and function of liver, heart and brain mitochondria in the rat at different ages. Nutr 71: 193–202. PubMed CAS 1990. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and brain health. For instance, it mentions studies on the effects of dietary fats on cognitive development and the role of omega-3 fatty acids in supplementation for conditions related to cognitive function, such as schizophrenia. Additionally, references to cognitive function assessments in children fed diets rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids suggest that omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for brain health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: 2 Microplastics in drinking-water; Organization: Geneva, 2019. License: CC-BY-NC-SA 3. 0 IGO. There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3Law, K. L. Plastics in the Marine Environment. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2017, 9, 205– 209, DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409 3Plastics in the review of marine science (2017), 9 (), 205-229 ISSN:. Plastics contamination in the marine environment was first reported nearly 50 years ago, less than two decades after the rise of commercial plastics production, when less than 50 million metric tons were produced per year. In 2014, global plastics production surpassed 300 million metric tons per year. Plastic debris has been detected worldwide in all major marine habitats, in sizes from microns to meters. In response, concerns about risks to marine wildlife upon exposure to the varied forms of plastic debris have increased, stimulating new research into the extent and consequences of plastics contamination in the marine environment. Here, I present a framework to evaluate the current understanding of the sources, distribution, fate, and impacts of marine plastics. Despite remaining knowledge gaps in mass budgeting and challenges in investigating ecological impacts, the increasing evidence of the ubiquity of plastics contamination in the marine environment, the continued rapid growth in plastics production, and the evidence-albeit limited-of demonstrated impacts to marine wildlife support immediate implementation of source-reducing measures to decrease the potential risks of plastics in the marine ecosystem. >> More from SciFinder ® D. ; Walker, T. R. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 118 (1–2), 17– 26, DOI: 10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2017. 02. 048 4International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A reviewXanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. Bulletin (2017), 118 (1-2), 17-26CODEN: ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd. ) Marine plastic pollution has been a growing concern for decades. Single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads) are a significant source of this pollution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the continuous and increasing issue of marine plastic pollution. It notes that plastics contamination has been a significant concern for nearly 50 years, with global plastic production surpassing 300 million metric tons per year as of 2014. The discussion surrounding the ecological impacts and the need for immediate source-reduction measures suggests that even with intervention, completely eliminating ocean plastic pollution in the declared timeframe is highly unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: For example, your language processing abilities mean that if you hear an unfamiliar word, you can often infer its meaning from the context of the conversation, or know to look it up in a dictionary. While many animals display specialised forms of intelligence, humans are flexible and creative when dealing with unfamiliar circumstances as our brains have the capacity for adaptive learning. Your brain is also incredibly efficient, running on only about 20 Watts of power to control your whole body and mind – similar to a standard lightbulb! Understanding how the human brain functions so efficiently and flexibly remains one of the greatest mysteries of science. Psychologists, neuroscientists and computer scientists hope to uncover this mystery with the help of computational models. What are computational models? A mathematical expression, or function, transforms an input to an output. For example, the function +10 transforms the inputs [1, 2, 90] to the outputs [11, 12, 100], by adding 10 to each input. An algorithm links multiple functions together in a rule-based sequence. For example, the algorithm +10, ×2 is a different algorithm than ×2, +10 (because 1 + 10 = 11, 11 × 2 = 22; while 1 × 2 = 2, 2 + 10 = 12). A variable is an element of a function that can be assigned different parametric values. For example, if the function is +b, then the variable can be set to b = 1 (the parametric value is 1, transforming [1, 2, 90] to [2, 3, 91]) or b = 314 (the parametric value is 314, transforming [1, 2, 90] to [315, 316, 404]). Computational models are built from mathematical functions linked together into algorithms with specific parametric variables. A model can then be used to explore how the assignment of different inputs to its variables affect its behaviour. This is helpful, as models can quickly become too complex to solve mathematically; in this case, a computer program can be run to see how the model behaves with different inputs. How do scientists use computational models? Scientists aim to create computational models that reproduce the patterns of behaviour exhibited by what is being modelled, such as human performance in a task. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the human ability to process language and the use of computational models in understanding behavior, but does not mention birds or their ability to mimic human speech. Therefore, there is no connection between the content of the text and the claim about bird species.