Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 9; p < 0. 0001). Fig. 4Nestedness structure of bee community in the three classes of urbanization. Maximally packed matrix is presented on the left, violin plots on the right show single ranks (points), mean rank (horizontal line), and of the mean (white belt) for each city area separatelyFull size image DiscussionOur study showed that the pooled γ-diversity of wild bees was substantially larger in the rural landscape than in cities, while nestedness analysis suggests that local urban bee communities constitute, to some extent, subsets of bee communities found in suburban and rural areas. Our results therefore seem to question numerous studies concluding that from the bees’ perspective urban greenery can be an alternative to natural areas outside the city (Baldock et al. 2015; Kaluza et al. 2016; Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2018). Below we discuss the possible mechanisms driving the patterns that were observed and their consequences. The bee community recorded in our study was relatively rich in species. There were 176 bee species, i. e. 37% of all bee species found in Poland (Banaszak 2000), and more than 55% of the bee species known in the Wielkopolska-region (Banaszak 2010). This number is only slightly smaller than the richness of bee fauna in other habitats. For example, the entire Polish part of the Białowieża supports 182 species (Banaszak 2009), whereas 244 species were found in the xerothermic swards in the lower Vistula valley (Banaszak et al. 2006). Furthermore, 34 species were represented by only one individual, i. e. singletons (Colwell and Coddington 1994), indicating that there are still undiscovered species in the urban-rural community (see also the dashed curves in Fig. 3). Singletons amounted to 19% of the total number of species collected, which is similar to the findings of other studies on bee communities (Fortel et al. 2014 with 20% of singletons Rollin et al. 2015 with 22% of singletons). It indicates that the sampling intensity in our study enabled the collection of a representative proportion of the bee community in the area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from a study which suggests that urban bee communities are largely subsets of those found in rural areas. The findings indicate that the pooled γ-diversity of wild bees is significantly greater in rural landscapes than in urban areas, questioning the idea that urban greenery can effectively substitute for natural areas. This implies that urban farms may have negative impacts on local ecosystems, particularly on bee diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The timecourse of the effect within the dorsal ACC is shown in Figure 3, as a representative illustration of this pattern. In this and the other regions, the effects of condition did not interact with conflict, but instead were present as an additive increase in activation. In only one region, the right dopaminergic (DA) midbrain, was there evidence of a condition*conflict interaction (at trend-level, p =. 057). However, this interaction was due to increased activity in both the high and low conflict trials of the Emotion condition (i. e. , with a reduced conflict-related increase), compared to the Neutral condition. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Timecourses illustrating High > and Emotion > Neutral effects. Representative regions demonstrating both a high > low conflict and Emotion > Neutral pattern (due to a condition*time interaction), but no conflict* condition interaction: (A) dorsal ACC; (B) left amygdala. Emotion and trial-type effects under high conflict. Because the ANOVA described above showed Emotion effects that did not interact with conflict, we conducted a follow-up ANOVA to address two additional questions: 1) Was the Emotion-related increase in activation present even when only considering high-conflict trials (i. e. , AY and BX)? 2) Were there any differential effects of Emotion related to the type of conflict experienced, i. e. , cue-based (AY trials) versus probe-based (BX trials)? To address these questions, the second ANOVA included only the high-conflict trial types (AY, BX) and excluded the low-conflict trials (AX,BY), to examine potential effects of condition (Emotion, Neutral) and high-conflict trial-type (AY,BX) as primary factors of interest (additional factors again included timepoint, and target expression). The primary pattern observed in the first ANOVA, a condition × time interaction, was replicated in the second ANOVA. Eight regions showed this effect, denoted in Table 1; again, these included dorsal ACC, right dorsolateral PFC, and bilateral PFC regions. Importantly, the same Emotion > Neutral pattern was observed in these regions, confirming that high emotion-conflict trials increased activation of the cognitive control system relative to non-emotion conflict conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the understanding of behaviors solely through neural circuitry. Instead, it focuses on the effects of conflict and emotion on brain activity in specific regions like the dorsal ACC and amygdala, without discussing broader behavioral implications or alternative explanations outside of neural mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Telehealth can be synchronous care, asynchronous care, and remote monitoring [3]. Synchronous care entails a direct conversation between the patient and health care provider using telecommunication technology to complete a health care appointment. Asynchronous telehealth involves patient-provider interactions via email, text messaging, or patient portals, where medical questions, photographs, test results, reminders, and medical history are exchanged [3]. Remote monitoring can include receiving frequent vital signs and photographs from patients for detection and intervention [4]. The use of telehealth services has limitations. Previous studies indicated that technological issues [5], incomplete appointments [5], the lack of in-person and personable interaction [5-7], linguistic barriers to access [6], and lower compassion in care [5] were areas of concern in the use of telehealth services. To improve these downfalls in telehealth care, understanding satisfaction with pediatric telehealth services compared with pediatric nontelehealth services provides insight into health care enhancements. The literature surrounding the use of telehealth services during the COVID-19 crisis is growing, but to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review assessed satisfaction with pediatric care comparing separate groups of participants, where at least one group received telehealth services and another group received nontelehealth services during the time frame of the pandemic. In one published scoping review focusing on both adult and pediatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic, satisfaction was mentioned briefly, stating that there was insufficient information on that topic and proposed researching satisfaction in the future [7]. In a systematic literature review of pediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine interventions resulted in slightly better or comparable satisfaction with care and health outcomes compared with control groups in all 10 included studies [8]. ObjectiveOur study sought to investigate satisfaction with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with nontelehealth use among caregivers and pediatric patients. Our systematic literature review included only studies that compared satisfaction in separate groups of participants (ie, caregivers and pediatric patients), where at least one group participated in telehealth services and 1 group received nontelehealth services. Because of stay-at-home orders, studies with comparison groups for nontelehealth services that took place either before or during the pandemic were eligible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning findings from a systematic literature review that shows telemedicine interventions resulted in slightly better or comparable satisfaction with care compared to control groups. Additionally, the text highlights the importance of investigating satisfaction with telehealth services, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating that there is academic interest and relevance surrounding patient satisfaction in this context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The average species diversity (α-diversity) and the average number of specimens per sample (local abundance) were found to be similar in the three classes of urbanization. Diversified urban areas provide bees with nesting places and also a great diversity of forage plants (Hennig and Ghazoul 2012). Urban vegetation consists of plant species introduced by humans, plants entering cities spontaneously, and remnant vegetation (Sudnik-Wójcikowska 1987). Some authors also claim that the negative effects of urban pressure influence bees less than other insects (Deguines et al. 2012; Baldock et al. 2015). That is why urban bee communities may be locally comparable to bee communities in rural areas (Baldock et al. 2015; Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2018). The rarefaction analysis, however, partly contradicted the results recorded on the local scale. The highest dissimilarity in the species composition among the samples (β-diversity) and the highest cumulative number of species (γ-diversity) were observed in the rural area, while the lowest was in the urban area. Furthermore, the bee community was nested and urban samples had a higher rank, thus suggesting that the urban bee community is a subset of the suburban and rural bee community. Even though α-diversity may be high in urban sites, habitat changes due to human activity may, in fact, decrease the total diversity within the pool of sites through homogenization of the bee fauna across the urban landscape. Taxonomic homogenization - an increase in the similarity between communities - is caused by a successful invasion of the “winner” and a loss of the “loser” species (McKinney and Lockwood 1999). Reduced species turnover and homogenization of the bee fauna across the landscape may be associated with habitat disturbance (Quintero et al. 2010). Urban landscapes are designed mainly to meet the needs of city dwellers, who want attractive, aesthetic green areas for rest and recreation. Some practices related to the shaping and maintenance of green areas in cities (e. g. frequent mowing, cutting down trees, replacing plants with conifers) may negatively affect pollinating insects (Hülsmann et al. 2015; Lerman et al. 2018) and cause environmental filtering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various negative impacts urban environments have on local bee communities and biodiversity. It highlights that even though α-diversity may appear high in urban sites, human activities lead to habitat changes that can decrease total biodiversity through homogenization of bee fauna. The text specifically states that practices related to urban landscaping, such as frequent mowing and replacing plants, may negatively affect pollinating insects, indicating a detrimental effect on the local ecosystem.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: As such, the current results support the general notion that participants utilize the same types of proactive control strategies even when experiencing high demands for such control as a result of emotional conflict. The emotional AX-CPT paradigm presented in the present study, and the use of emotional facial expressions as a response modality more generally, have the potential to provide a more naturalistic technique from which to probe emotional conflict, relative to the previous laboratory paradigms that have been used. Facial expressions have direct, automatic associations with different emotional experiences [59]; thus, they potentially provide a performance measure that is a more sensitive index of both trial-by-trial fluctuations and individual differences in emotional processing. In the present study we were not able to obtain behavioural performance measures due to technical difficulties, but future studies capitalizing on this technique should explore this possibility (e. g. , via simultaneous EMG and fMRI recordings). Additionally, using facial expressions as responses permits elicitation of conflict via S-R interference, which is a robust form of interference that has nevertheless been understudied (relative to S-S interference) in the domain of emotion. The utilization of facial expressions as a response modality provides a potential means to probe emotional conflict via S-R interference in other paradigms as well, such as the Stroop adaptations utilized by Egner and colleagues [16], [22]. For example, in Stroop conditions that require participants to make facial expressions to semantically associated words (e. g. , “smile”, “frown”) while ignoring irrelevant but superimposed affectively-valenced pictures, it would be possible to manipulate congruency in an analogous manner to that examined here. One of the advantages of developing adaptations of the Stroop and related paradigms (e. g. , Flankers, Simon) that include facial expressions as a response modality is that it would permit exploration of experimental manipulations not easily implemented in the AX-CPT. In particular, conflict-related shifts in control state (e. g. , conflict adaptation or resolution effects) have been profitably examined through manipulation and examination of trial-by-trial sequential effects [60], changes in relative trial frequencies [61], and other similar effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the methodologies and potential applications of emotional conflict measurement in psychological studies, specifically through the use of facial expressions and response modalities. It discusses the emotional AX-CPT paradigm but does not address whether all behaviors can solely be understood through neural circuitry. Hence, it does not support or refute the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: An example of a study that was excluded was that from Zambia, in which 1 group of adolescents answered questions about experiences and perceptions related to telephone visits without comparing the results with a group of adolescents having nontelehealth visits [28]. Of the 187 7. 4%) assessed satisfaction with health care among pediatric patients and their caregivers participating in telehealth services compared with those participating in nontelehealth services. Among the 14 studies [14-27], 13 (93%) assessed satisfaction among caregivers by asking them about the health care of their children [14-26] and 1 (7%) [27] assessed satisfaction by asking caregivers and adolescents (ie, patients) about their satisfaction separately. Furthermore, 1 study compared video, in-person, and hybrid visits [14], and 1 study compared telephone visits with in-person visits [25]. Another study compared video, telephone, and in-person visits [24]. All others compared video and in-person visits. Table 1 provides the location, number of participants, number of visits, mean and median age of participants or other information provided on age, and the pediatric health condition within each study. Table 2 includes information on the telehealth and comparison group definitions, assessment of satisfaction, and findings for telehealth and nontelehealth groups. Figure 1. Identification of studies through the systematic review process. Table 1. Location, number, age, and condition among participants in the 14 included studies. StudyCountryNumber of participants or number of visitsMean or median age of participants or other information provided on agePediatric health conditionCaregivers or patients: caregivers completed survey items on behalf of children or adolescents; results for caregivers and patients were presented together without presenting separate results for patientsCorona et al [14], 2021United StatesTotal: 95 patients Video visit patients: 46 In-person visit patients: 49 Video visits patient mean age: 28. 17 months In-person visits patient mean age: 27. 96 months Autism spectrum disorderHoi et al [15], 2022United StatesTotal: 21,592 visits Telemedicine visits: 2051 In-person visits: 19,541 Telemedicine visits patient mean age: 7. 2 years In-person visits patient mean age: 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that satisfaction with telehealth services was assessed among pediatric patients and their caregivers. It notes that out of the studies included, 13 assessed caregiver satisfaction, indicating that many patients, through their caregivers, discussed their experiences with telehealth. The mention of separate satisfaction assessments for caregivers and adolescents, as well as comparisons among different visit types (video, telephone, in-person), suggests a comprehensive approach to evaluating satisfaction levels, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Bee species requiring more natural habitats may avoid entering the urbanised landscape, while widespread, broadly tolerant species can spread and become dominant. The species composition recorded in the urban area constituted a subset of the assemblages recorded in suburban and rural areas. Nestedness has been observed across many taxa and it is an important measurement with conservation implications, reflecting a non-random process of species loss (Slipinski et al. 2012; Sengupta et al. 2014). This result also emphasizes the biological importance of suburban areas with a lower management regime and a bigger percentage of green space cover in determining the diversity of species present in urban areas. Suburban areas may be more favorable than urban landscapes for many bee species (Winfree et al. 2007; Fetridge et al. 2008). Despite the fact that rural areas seem to be better for bees, our results also indicate that an urban area can provide a suitable habitat for bee conservation, because it can harbour not only common but also rare species, and at the local level, bee communities can be even richer in species than communities found in more natural landscapes. Furthermore, some species were only found in the urban area, although further sampling could possibly change this pattern. Therefore, we suggest that bee-friendly management of urban greenery is worth considering as a pollinator conservation strategy. Leaving part of lawns unmown or promoting flowers used by bees might be appropriate courses of action (Hülsmann et al. 2015; Wastian et al. 2016). ConclusionsThe results based on α-diversity vs. β- and γ-diversity may lead to substantially different or even contradictory conclusions. Although urban habitats can locally host bee communities which are relatively rich in species, the species turnover between the sites within the urban area is reduced. Thus, the pooled number of city-dwelling bees is reduced, but it can only be detected when local patterns are upscaled to β- and γ-diversity. This is an important conclusion, which stresses that the full spectrum of biodiversity levels needs to be screened in order to identify the real biological consequences of urbanisation on bee communities. Local biodiversity indices may not be sufficient for reliable evaluation of biodiversity patterns across environmental gradients and only through an analysis of diversity across different spatial scales can reliable management recommendations be produced. Moreover, the nested structure of the bee community indicates that the species found in city centre can usually be found in suburban and rural areas as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative impacts of urban habitats on bee species and biodiversity. It indicates that while urban areas can host some bee species, they are generally a subset of those found in suburban and rural areas, signifying a loss in species diversity. Furthermore, the suggestion that 'the species composition recorded in the urban area constituted a subset of the assemblages recorded in suburban and rural areas' implies that urbanization can lead to reduced species turnover and a decrease in overall biodiversity, thereby refuting the claim that urban farms have no negative impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Cole MW, (2007) The cognitive control network: Integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. Neuroimage 37: 343–360. View 8. (2005) N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Mapp 25: 46–59. View 9. (2003) Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. 3: 255–274. View 10. (2004) Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Sci 8: 539–546. View 11. 3rd, (2004) Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303: 1023–1026. View 12. Carter CS, van (2007) Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: an update of theory and data. 7: 367–379. View 13. (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280: 747–749. View 14. (2010) Using the Stroop task to study emotion regulation. In: editors. in Society, Mind, and Brain. Oxford: Press. 113. 15. (2006) Interference produced by emotional conflict associated with anterior cingulate activation. 6: 152–156. View 16. (2008) Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters. 18: 1475–1484. View 17. (2008) Supporting the Control of Affective and Cognitive Conflicts. J Cogn Neurosci. View 18. (2008) Controlling emotional expression: behavioral and neural correlates of nonimitative emotional responses. 18: 104–113. View 19. Mathews A, Mac(1985) Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Ther 23: 563–569. View 20. (2006) Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments. Emotion 6: 62–72. View 21. (2004) A rational look at the emotional stroop phenomenon: a generic slowdown, not a stroop effect. J Gen 133: 323–338. View 22. (2006) Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron 51: 871–882. View 23. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text summarizes various studies related to cognitive control and emotional conflict but does not directly address or support the claim that all behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. Instead, it lists references without providing a specific stance regarding the relationship between behavior and neural circuitry.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: 6 Ambulatory surgeryMarques et al [22], 2020United StatesTotal: 9392 visits Telemedicine visits: 2960 In-person visits: 6362 Not stated Ambulatory careMcCoy et al [23], 2022United StatesTotal: 172 patients Telemedicine visit patients: 59 In-person visit patients: 113 Telemedicine visits patient mean age: 4. 99 In-person visits patient mean age: 6. 15 OtolaryngologyMustafa et al [24], 2021United StatesTotal: 401 patients Video visit patients: 98 In-person visit patients: 303 Video visits patient mean age: 29 (range 11-52. 5) years In-person visits patient mean age: 20 (range 6-52. 5) years Allergy or immunologyRagamin et al, 2021 [25]The NetherlandsTotal: 144 patients Patient median age: 6 years Atopic dermatitisSummers et al [26], 2022United StatesTotal: 817 patients Video visit patients: 674 In-person visit patients: 143 Not stated OphthalmologySatisfaction assessed separately for adolescents and caregivers: adolescents answered at least some satisfaction surveys items separately; results were presented separately for adolescents and caregiversTroncone et al [27], 2022ItalyTotal: 610 patients Video visit patients: 305 In-person visit patients: 305 Video visit caregivers: 305 In-person visit caregivers: 305 Video visits patient mean age: 12. 17 years In-person visits patient mean age: 12. 12 years Type 1 diabetesTable 2. Telehealth approach, assessment of satisfaction, and findings among the 14 included studies. StudyTelehealth approach and comparison groupsSatisfaction data collection tool examplesFindingsCaregivers or patients: caregivers completed survey items on behalf of children or adolescents; results for caregivers and patients were presented together without presenting separate results for patients. Corona et al [14], 2021Video sessions between March 2020 and August 2020 compared with in-person visits between July 2019 and March 2020A 14-item closed-ended survey developed by the authors, including items, such as “I would recommend these services to other families,” “My child’s behavior and skills improved during this service,” and “I am pleased with the outcome of services for me and my child. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing satisfaction assessment mechanisms among various studies regarding telehealth consultations. For example, it mentions surveys that included questions asking if families would recommend these services and if they were pleased with the outcomes, indicating underlying satisfaction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: This clearly shows that in the long run, rural areas are of key significance for bee conservation. It would be hard to protect the regional bee species pool by focusing solely on urbanised areas that host partly homogenized communites. Therefore, efforts should be concentrated outside urbanised landscapes, in more natural habitats. Subsidies promoting extensive agricultural management and bee-oriented agri-environment schemes are possible options. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of rural areas for bee conservation and suggests that urbanized landscapes, which may host homogenized communities, are less effective for preserving bee species. It implies that urban farms might overlook the ecological needs and conservation efforts that are better suited for more natural habitats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: Search loading subjects. . . Ebook: Methods for in Infrastructures loading. . . for Peace and - D: Information and Published 2024 Daponte, Maciej Klósak, 978-1-64368-525-0 (print) | 978-1-64368-526-7 (online) infrastructures are fundamental to the working of societies and economies. They play a crucial role in supply, with 90% of commercial trade exchanges carried out worldwide handled by the maritime industry, in the functioning of the economy, the maintenance of mobility and the deployment of renewable energies. For the past decade, the attention of developed democratic nations has been focused on the protection of vital terrestrial objects, but less attention has been paid to critical maritime infrastructures and the need to increase their resilience. This book, Methods for in Infrastructures, presents 23 papers delivered at the (ATC) hosted in hybrid format from 15-20 January 2024 in Agadir, Morocco. The aim of the ATC was to cover the problem of monitoring critical maritime infrastructure in an interdisciplinary manner, and it was attended by researchers and students, security officers, stakeholders, and experts in tackling terrorism or other violent threats. The ATC was divided into 4 blocks: general aspects of strengthening the resilience of maritime critical infrastructure; unmanned systems (USs) and sensor network technology; monitoring, data analysis and structural modeling; and cybersecurity and protection of IT maritime infrastructures. There was also one practical session. The book covers many ways in which unmanned systems, sensor networks and other digital technologies can be used to monitor threats to maritime critical infrastructure, and will be of interest to all those working in the field. ↓ more↑ less $171. 00 €155. 00 £139. 00Add PDF to cart Order hardcopy Contents «‹12›» Pages i - xii This book, Methods for in Infrastructures, presents 23 papers delivered at the (ATC) hosted in Agadir, Morocco, and held in hybrid format from 15–20 January 2024. The workshop was attended by 23 speakers (21 in person), and 41 attendees all of them present. proved to be a wonderful experience for many who attended it. There were speakers and attendees from 12 countries, all seeking modern technologies to enable innovative methods for maritime monitoring and the strengthening of resilience in maritime critical infrastructures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding modern encryption methods or their importance for online security. Instead, it discusses maritime critical infrastructure and the technologies used for monitoring threats in that context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: ” 89% of caregivers participating in telehealth service strongly agreed that they were pleased with the outcome of the visit compared with 87% of caregivers participating in in-person visits.  Hoi et al [15], 2022Telemedicine visits consisting of 352 new patient video visits, 1548 return video visits, 109 phone visits, 41 nonportal video visits for caregiver without portal access, and 1 patient education video visit compared with in-person visits consisting of new patient visits, return visits, preoperative visits, and postoperative visits between April 1, 2020, and April 30, 2021Surveys with closed-ended and open-ended items.  Surveys asked respondents to express a positive or negative sentiment with the visit as well as to provide narrative comments on the experience with the visit.  96% of caregivers or patients reported positive experiences with the in-person visit compared with 100% with the telemedicine visit.  An example of a positive comment regarding the in-person visit was, “All of my concerns about my son’s health have been listened to. ” An example of a positive comment regarding the in-person visit was, “The video visit saved us a 10-h drive. ” Holzman et al [16], 2021Video visits between April 2020 till 2020 compared with in-person visits between January 2019 and March 2020Survey with a close-ended question on satisfaction: “using a number from 1 to 10, where 1 is the worst provider possible and 10 is the best provider possible, what number would you use to rate this provider? ” 92% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits reported high satisfaction with the provider compared with 87% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (odds ratio 1. 7, 95% CI 0. 53-5. 7).  Johnson et al [17], 2020Video visits compared with in-person visits between April 2020 and May 2020Survey with a closed-ended question on satisfaction: “using a number from 1 to 10, where 1 is the worst provider possible and 10 is the best provider possible, what number would you use to rate this provider? ” 97. 9% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits reported high satisfaction with the provider compared with 83. 9% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (P=. 07). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting multiple statistics indicating high satisfaction rates among caregivers and patients with telehealth consultations. It states that '92% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits reported high satisfaction with the provider' and '97.9% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits reported high satisfaction with the provider,' both of which support the notion that many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: IntroductionEcosystem services are benefits that humans receive from ecosystems. People living in urban areas depend on ecosystem services both within their boundaries and from surrounding areas. Locally generated services have substantial impacts on human health and quality of life, and planning is essential for their preservation and restoration (Boland and Hunhammar 1999; Woodruff and BenDor 2016; Cortinovis and Davide 2018). Ecosystem services have been categorized in a variety of ways (Daily 1997; Organization 2005; Gomez-Baggethun et al. 2013; Elmqivst et al. 2015), but most organizational systems focus on four main groupings: provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural. Each of these types of ecosystem services are impacted by human activities and thinking about different categories of services can provide a cognitive framework for understanding and exploring what may be missing or degraded within an urban area. Urban ecosystems tend to be highly modified by humans, with consequent reductions in many of the services provided to humans (Douglas and James 2015). Biodiversity and ecosystem complexity are especially altered, with many urban ecosystems left vulnerable to perturbations (both natural and anthropogenic) and potentially less resilient in the face of changes (Organization 2005; Ahem 2011; McPhearson et al. 2015). Human interventions in the form of land-use planning, management, conservation and restoration are often needed to improve lost or degraded ecosystem services and counteract ecosystem disservices (Shackleton et al. 2016; Larson et al. 2019). Ecosystem disservices encompass the negative impacts of natural systems and processes on human well-being, and are a currently debated topic in environmental literature (see Blanco et al. 2019). In urban areas, services and disservices that directly impact human health and well-being are particularly important. For example, as land-use change and global climate change continue to advance, urban ecosystem services are needed to mitigate the effects of warming through green infrastructure in the form of green roofs, street trees, and parks (Bowler et al. 2010; Li et al. 2017). Additionally, these green areas provide air purification, noise reduction and contribute to a sense of place (Nowak et al. 2006; Peters et al. 2010; Dzhambov and Donka 2015). To many humans, these ecosystem services are invisible and undervalued, and are only noted in their absence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that urban ecosystems are highly modified by humans, leading to reductions in ecosystem services and increased vulnerability to perturbations. It mentions that human activities can lead to both ecosystem services and disservices, which indicates that urban farms, while potentially beneficial, can also have negative impacts, particularly related to biodiversity and overall ecosystem health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: The ATC focused on an interdisciplinary approach to monitoring and protecting critical maritime infrastructures and increasing their resilience. Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has brought new risks, with both physical and cyber-attacks, often combined as a hybrid threat. The sabotage of the gas pipeline, together with other recent incidents, has made it clear that the resilience of critical infrastructure is under threat. Whether the target be pipelines, transport routes or undersea cables, a disruption in one country can have a cascading effect, with ramifications for other countries. Action is urgently needed to increase the capacity of NATO Countries to protect themselves against attacks on critical infrastructure, both in the EU and its direct neighborhood. are closely interconnected and interdependent, which, although it makes them stronger and more efficient, also renders them more vulnerable in the event of an incident. have a particular role to play with respect to infrastructures that cross borders or provide cross-border services, thus impacting the interests of several. The importance of the subsea data cables that transport most of our data and are critical for global communication and the digital economy is an example of these cross-border services, and should be highlighted. Clear identification of such infrastructure and the entities operating them, together with a collective commitment to protect them, is in the interest of all NATO Countries. Legal frameworks, such as Document 52022DC0551 -Proposal for a on a coordinated approach by the Union to strengthen the resilience of critical infrastructure, COM/2022/551 final, for the protection of critical infrastructure elements have gradually been developed in European Countries, but are still missing in other, mainly non-EU, countries. For the past decade, the attention of the developed democratic nations has been focused on the protection of vital objects, with science and research gradually focusing more attention on security and critical infrastructure protection. Less attention has been paid to critical maritime infrastructures and the need to increase their resilience. Maritime infrastructures are ‘critical’ because they are fundamental to the working of societies and economies. They play a crucial role in supply, in the functioning of the economy, the maintenance of mobility and the deployment of renewable energies. They are so deeply inscribed that most of the time they are invisible and are designed to function without raising any attention. Since they exist in the background, receiving little scrutiny, they are also particularly vulnerable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the importance of protecting critical infrastructure due to increasing risks from physical and cyber-attacks, but it does not explicitly address modern encryption methods or their role in online security. As a result, the text is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text:  Katz et al [18], 2021Video visits compared with in-person visits between March 10 and June 29, 2020Survey with closed-ended questions on satisfaction, such as “Provider explained problem or condition” and “Provider made efforts to include us in decisions” In 91. 25% of telemedicine visits, caregivers indicated the provider provided a very good explanation of the problem or condition compared with 84. 57% of in-person visits. This difference was not statistically significant. The mean visit satisfaction scores were 92. 25% for in-person visits and 95. 37 for telemedicine visits.  Kennelly et al [19], 2021Telemedicine visits for caregivers between June 2020 till July 2021 compared with in-person visits for caregivers/patients between June 2019 and May 2020survey consisting of 21 items; 7 items not relating to telemedicine were excluded.  A closed-ended item on overall assessment of care included likelihood of your recommending our practice to others.  87. 25% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits were likely to recommend practice to others compared with 85. 76% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (P<. 99).  Love et al [20], 2022In-person visits compared with video visits between May 2020 and June 2020Oral telephone survey with questions 2 weeks after the visit on reasons for preferring the type of visit. The specific questions asked were not included. It appeared from the descriptions that the questions were closed ended.  Among those in the telemedicine group, the reasons for preferring the visit were time savings associated with less driving and reduced cost.  Among those in the in-person group, the reasons for favoring the visit were having a preferred physician and wanting a physical examination.  Mahmoud et al [21], 2022Video visits between April 2020 till May 2020 compared with in-person visit between January 2020 and February 2020Patient experience assessment survey with closed-ended items, such as “overall the service was excellent and it met my expectations. ” Caregivers were asked for the reasons, if any, why they were dissatisfied with the visit experience.  92% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits were satisfied with the visit compared with 63% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (P=. 04). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence that a significant percentage of caregivers and patients express high satisfaction with telemedicine visits. Specifically, it states that '92% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits were satisfied with the visit' compared to '63% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits', demonstrating that satisfaction is notably higher in telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Including urban ecosystem services in college classes should be prioritized to better educate students about their potential future contributions to the greening of urban areas. To illustrate ecosystem services to students and involve them in the planning process, we have designed activities to help students actively explore their own roles in the urban environment, and to “see” the invisible services that surround them. To increase students’ awareness of ecosystem services, particularly in a built environment they are familiar with, this activity asks them to examine a space on their campus and develop plans to redesign it to increase ecosystem services and decrease ecosystem disservices. Students identify missing or degraded services and then propose changes to enhance services. They then write proposals, exchange ideas, and re-reflect on their proposals. These written assignments and reflections highlight the importance of the invisible ecosystem services and reinforce the importance of viewing urban areas through an ecosystem lens. The activity helps students recognize relationships between human well-being and urban environments, and specifically illustrates the concept of feedback relationships in which humans affect the environment through design and the environment that in return affects human well-being. The activity also asks them to reflect on the importance of involving community partners in the design and upkeep of urban green spaces (Rademacher et al. 2019). Learning outcomesAfter completing this activity, students should be able to: Describe ecosystem services and disservices, and explain their importance to humans Identify both global and local threats to ecosystem services, particularly in urban settings Discuss how humans modify and impact ecosystem services in urban areas and how planning can minimize or eliminate negative human impacts and disservices, and enhance beneficial impacts Identify present and absent ecosystem services in a local urban landscape and suggest strategies and actions to manage, restore, or enhance targeted ecosystem services Course context Originally designed for an course for 10-16 students, with a mix of sophomore undergraduate to graduate students from a variety of majors (course described in Hane and Korfmacher 2020) Activity requires a minimum of 50 minutes in one class setting, or longer split over two class periods (depending on location of targeted area), with the written assignment done afterwards as homework. Optional additional drafts and/or group work may also be done over subsequent weeks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative impacts of human activities on ecosystem services in urban areas. It emphasizes the importance of educating students about ecosystem services and how human modifications can affect these services, stating that the activity 'discuss[es] how humans modify and impact ecosystem services in urban areas and how planning can minimize or eliminate negative human impacts and disservices.' This indicates that urban farms could, in fact, contribute to such negative impacts, which directly challenges the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: It is worth noting that the maritime industry accounts for 90% of commercial trade exchanges carried out worldwide, whereby the supply chains of the main production sectors are heavily dependent on it. This maritime sector, as a vital part of the global economy, must therefore be protected from threats and cyber attacks. A single incident could lead to a major environmental or economic disaster, possibly even one capable of causing loss of life. The maritime sector is now in the process of adapting to the new technological environment demanded by information technologies and is integrating operational technology with the aim of optimizing management processes. In 2017, the shipping company faced an attack of the Petya virus, which temporarily limited its commercial and logistical operations, damaging not only the company’s reservation system and slowing container tracking, but also causing congestion in 76 ports operated by its subsidiary, APM Terminals, around the world. There are more than 50,000 merchant ships operating internationally transporting all types of cargo. These ships must berth in critical infrastructures such as ports, platforms, refineries, pipelines, power stations, etc. in order to carry out their usual operations. Due to the exceptional growth of container shipping, ports have become one of the most important links in the logistics chain in recent years. the possible illicit activities of cybercrime or cyber terrorism in these CIs can affect the economic and institutional activities of the countries involved, and are always the cause of losses to multiple economic actors, due to the collapse of processes and services. The in-service monitoring of ports may involve several aspects, depending on the type of port and the target of the monitoring. The specification for in-service monitoring is because in many cases, monitoring during construction is aimed at optimizing the design/construction process. The construction of large ports usually takes several years to complete and may involve settlement of the seabed, erosion by waves and streams, tilting of caissons etc. It requires a large number of topographic and bathymetric surveys. In-service monitoring on the other hand can be aimed at: (i) improving knowledge of the site or monitoring the effects of the structure on the environment; (ii) validating design hypotheses or applicable standards; and (iii) serving as a basis for maintenance operations. The design of such a monitoring system should be addressed at acquiring information able to characterize the state of the entire structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address encryption methods or online security directly. Instead, it focuses on the maritime industry, its dependence on technology, and the impact of cyber attacks, mentioning a specific incident involving the Petya virus. While cyber security is an essential aspect of protecting online systems, the text does not explicitly support or contradict the claim about modern encryption methods being critical for online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: In another study, the 2 groups (telehealth and in-person) were similar in terms of sex but not in terms of residence (66. 4% of participants in the remote care group were rural residents compared with 47. 7% of participants in the in-person group) [21]. In a study with propensity score matching to separate patients seen in the past into 2 groups, the telehealth and in-person groups were similar in terms of age, language, and type of visit but not in terms of sex [16]. (ie, Satisfaction) Reliability and ValiditySome authors have used reliable and valid surveys (Multimedia 4. The reasons for decreased scores included limited description of the participants and settings, differences in sociodemographic characteristics between participants in the comparison groups, the lack of valid and reliable measures of satisfaction, and not using the same questions for participants in the telehealth and nontelehealth groups. on Behalf of Children and AdolescentsIn 13 studies focusing on caregiver satisfaction [14-26], caregivers completed the survey items (Table 2). The results for caregivers and patients were presented together without presenting separate results based on the patient perspective in the 13 studies. Examples of close-ended survey items to assess satisfaction were as follows: “My child’s behavior and skills improved during this service” [14], “I am pleased with the outcome of services for me and my child” [14], “Overall the service was excellent and it met my expectations” [21], and “How would you rate your child’s ability to communicate with the physician? ” [23]. Of the 13 studies, 4 involved the use of open-ended items in addition to close-ended items to assess satisfaction in surveys [15,21,24,25]. Examples of open-ended questions as part of the surveys (not interviews) were as follows: “Provide narrative comments on your experience with the visit” [15], “What were the reasons you were dissatisfied with the visit experience? ” [21], and “What is the most important reason you would prefer an in-person/telehealth encounter? ” [24,25]. In 8 of the 13 studies on caregivers, participants in telehealth services were more satisfied with care compared with participants in nontelehealth services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that in 8 of the 13 studies on caregivers, participants in telehealth services were more satisfied with care compared with participants in nontelehealth services. This indicates a trend of high satisfaction with telehealth consultations among patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Requires no student background knowledge Adaptable to classes of any size Could be used in introductory courses in: Environmental Science/Studies, Ecology, Sustainability Studies, or preparation and materialsThe instructor pre-identifies an area of the local campus or nearby urban area that is underused, poorly designed, or neglected to target for re-design. If visiting the area is desirable within the same class period as the introductory lecture, the area should be nearby. Alternatively, the instructor could have the visit occur in a separate class meeting. The instructor could take photos of the site to include in the presentation, but this is not essential. The area does not need to be a specific size, but rather should be a place in need of improvement for both use by humans and restoration of ecosystem services. For example, we have identified a neglected quadrangle between two buildings that has poor drainage, plantings of non-native species, poor aesthetics, and a steep slope on one side with offices on the others. Most students do not even know the area exists. To carry out this activity, the instructor will need to provide a 20 to 30 minute overview on ecosystem services, to (A) describe what they are and why they are important, (B) describe the threats and challenges to ecosystem services, particularly in urban environments, and (C) lead a discussion of what types of services might be present, degraded, or absent from the campus or surrounding urban environment. This overview could be done in a classroom space or on-site when the class visits the space to be redesigned. Good resources for information about humans and urban ecosystem services include: the ecosystem services 1. If desired, additional concepts could be added, including asking the students to reflect on opportunities for community engagement. The written instructions provide a record for students to refer back to, and includes explanations of what the assignment is about and what they should turn in and when. An example of a student response is included in the Supplementary Materials. Box 1: Example of assignment text that is specific to our campus: In an effort to become more sustainable and incorporate more ecological functions and services, of Technology has been converting areas on campus that have plantings of invasive or non-native species and turning them into “green” spaces. Examples include some of the rain garden features by the library bus circle, the community garden plot, and the S-Lot wetlands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for improvements to areas with non-native species and poor ecosystem services, indicating that urban environments may already suffer from negative impacts. It explicitly mentions ‘threats and challenges to ecosystem services, particularly in urban environments,’ suggesting that urban settings, including those with farms, can have detrimental effects on local ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: A common aspect is the monitoring of environmental conditions (wind, waves, streams, dynamics of nearby coastlines) and the evolution of the seabed close to the breakwater foundations, because this may disclose a tendency to erosion, soil liquefaction or soil failures which might cause the collapse of the breakwater. It should be noted that the presence of a breakwater always alters the equilibrium of a coastal area. In both cases, a clear understanding of the potential failure mechanisms is crucial in designing a monitoring program. Resilience is the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. Office for Reduction. Many disciplines have devised their own definitions of resilience. These differ in their focus and associated objectives, which may be of a technological, economic, environmental, or even social nature. In technology-related fields, resilience is often seen as the ability of technology systems to continue to operate, even in the event of the failure of specific subsystems due to internal or external disturbances. Typical solutions include system layouts with redundant components, and the provision of backup functionalities which ultimately ensure that a nominal resistance is achieved or increased when faced with internal or external disruptions. In sociotechnical systems, the emphasis is instead on hazard management, damage limitation and the recovery of functionality and performance. Due to its critical nature, the resilience of maritime infrastructures cannot be considered separately from the related safety and security aspects. Nominal resistance is a design criterion, and determines the need for proactive and reactive safety and security measures in technological and socio-technical disciplines, with the aim of ultimately achieving the desired operational performance under current conditions. Nonetheless, resilience is an ongoing challenge that needs to be managed operationally throughout a maritime infrastructure’s entire lifecycle. This requires agile safety and security management that is integrated into the technological and sociotechnical aspects of the maritime infrastructure. Therefore, when we speak about critical maritime infrastructure protection, we are considering it in the context of the entire spectrum of possible threats, which are classified into three main types: (i) natural events; (ii) technical/technological failure/human error/accident; and (iii) intentional acts such as terrorism, crime, or war. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about modern encryption methods and online security. Instead, it discusses environmental monitoring, resilience in maritime infrastructures, and safety measures, without any mention of encryption or online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Patients and CaregiversOverall, both pediatric patients and caregivers participating in telehealth appointments in separate surveys noted higher satisfaction when talking to their provider than patients and caregivers having in-person visits, although these findings were not statistically significant [27]. Specifically, among adolescents, the mean satisfaction score was 28. 92 for video consultations and 27. 82 for the in-person visits showing slightly higher satisfaction with the video visit, which was not statistically significant (P=. 096) [27]. In the same study, there were no statistically significant differences in responses to items as part of the caregiver satisfaction survey. For example, 83% of caregivers participating in video visits answered no to “I would like to see improvement in the comfort and support the provider gave to the child” compared with 81% of caregivers participating in in-person visits (P=. 597) [27]. DiscussionPrincipal FindingsThe 14 included studies focused on satisfaction among caregivers and patients in a variety of pediatric care needs and specialties, including allergy and immunology, developmental and behavioral health conditions, concussion, type 1 diabetes, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, urology, gastroenterology, primary care, and ambulatory care. This literature review focused only on studies in which there was at least 1 comparison group of participants (ie, pediatric patients and caregivers) for telehealth and 1 comparison group of participants for nontelehealth services. Although the literature search resulted in 187 studies focusing on satisfaction with pediatric telehealth in general, only 14 studies included a comparison group for nontelehealth services. A reason for the limited number of 5. 53 compared with 5. 37 for the in-person visit among adolescents [33]. One finding in this review was the concern for the lack of physical examination of patients during telehealth visits. In 1 study included in this review, 48% of caregivers having remote visits noted that the lack of physical examination was the greatest limitation of telehealth services [20]. Therefore, the ability to undergo physical examination is vital to the participants. Home-monitoring equipment may supplement remote appointments and prevent misdiagnoses [34]. To make monitoring equipment available and equitable, health care entities may offer these devices as loans for patients to use during remote appointments through mail-in programs, thus reducing disparities in telehealth use among patients. Another key finding was the concern that telehealth appointments were less personalized compared with in-person appointments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that pediatric patients and caregivers reported higher satisfaction with telehealth appointments compared to in-person visits. Specifically, it mentions that patients scored an average of 28.92 for video consultations versus 27.82 for in-person visits, suggesting a trend of greater satisfaction with telehealth, despite the findings not being statistically significant. This supports the claim that many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Your task is to redesign a largely unused courtyard between (Bldg 10) and (“Link Building”) that we visited in class. Its main purpose now is to serve as the parade grounds for ROTC ceremonies (and they may not want to give this area up without a fight). You have approximately 1,100 m 2 to work with. Dr. Korfmacher’s office looks out on this courtyard, but he is not your only “client”. Right now, there’s English ivy, brick, turf/lawn, a “rose garden”, and a few trees/shrubs planted in the area. It is mostly flat, but there is a significant slope along the western edge that contributes runoff to the poorly drained parade ground. Feel free to revisit the area if you want to get a better sense of what’s currently there. What would you do with this area? Describe your plan in detail (drawings/maps/photos are welcomed and encouraged). In an accompanying essay (2 pages), describe (1) how your ideas contribute to campus sustainability, focusing on the ecosystem services they provide or restore; and 2) how your ideas will be used by and benefit people in the larger community. Learning activitiesAfter the introduction (20-30 minutes), the instructor and students visit the space that will be redesigned. Alternatively, the presentation may be given while on site to reduce travel time and to incorporate examples from the specific environment. The instructor should allow the students to explore the space making general observations and taking notes (5-10 min), then should lead a discussion about how it is currently used and its ecological characteristics. Key questions might include: 1) Who uses this space and how and when is it used? 2) What ecosystem services and disservices exist here? What is missing or degraded? 3) What are the plants, soil, water and built features in this area, and are they desirable in terms of aesthetics, services and sustainability? If time allows, the instructor may also want to prompt students to think about who is in charge of planning and maintaining these areas and how proposals are processed on their campus. Involving key campus planners as part of this exercise adds complexity, but a real world element as well, as successful urban green space planning includes community involvement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the existence of both 'ecosystem services and disservices' in urban spaces, suggesting that urban farms can have negative impacts. Key questions posed in the discussion include what disservices exist and what is degraded, which indicates awareness of potential ecological problems caused by urban farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: If the CI elements (physical and IT) are to be protected, the essential task is prevention, i. e. , discovering and predicting the threats. The aim of the ATC was to cover the problem in an interdisciplinary manner, with the innovative approach of using advanced methods for monitoring and protection. Morocco was selected for the location of the workshop as a with a pressing need for knowledge of possible threats and an awareness of security developments such as those concerning early warnings with a view to preventing crises. Morocco has an extensive coastline which includes two different maritime ecosystems, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline of Morocco has the potential to be an essential tool for enhancing social and economic stability. Poverty and malnutrition could be eradicated if a sufficient food supply were available from fish, so it is vital that overexploitation and pollution be discouraged, as these may lead to disaster. Furthermore, income-generating activities such as tourism should be encouraged by developing clean marine biodiversity. For these results to be achieved, the use of modern technologies enabling innovative methods of maritime monitoring and increasing the resilience of maritime critical infrastructures is fundamental for the development of Morocco. . Those attending the ATC were researchers and students specializing in the security of infrastructures (security studies, infrastructural engineering, electrical engineering, etc. ), security officers dealing with the security challenges of critical infrastructure, stake holders, and experts in terrorism or other violent threats. They were looking for specialized knowledge from experts who deal with problems related to CI protection. There were two most significant benefits for attendees: ∙ acquaintance with and knowledge of the development of modern technologies which, when applied to technical protection systems, can provide safety and security for critical infrastructure concentrated on civil engineering objects. ∙ shared knowledge and ideas for future scientific and technical activities in the field of research and development of the protection of critical infrastructure using elevated monitoring systems and high-performance structural materials. The first part of the ATC was dedicated to the analysis of the various threats to maritime critical infrastructure and to legal aspects, mainly in the context of a Moroccan point of view. The approach of NATO Countries was presented to disseminate this to participating. The second part focused on new methodologies such as (USs) and sensor networks, which may help to recognize various threats (terrorism-explosion, crime-cyber-attacks, natural events – flooding etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the importance of modern encryption methods for online security. Instead, it discusses the protection of critical infrastructure in Morocco, including an interdisciplinary workshop that focuses on monitoring and threats rather than specifically addressing encryption or its role in online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Satisfaction with pediatric telehealth services in studies with comparison groups for non-telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review of the literature. Inplasy protocol 202290067. of Review and Meta-analysis Protocols. 2022 Sep 15. URL: [accessed 2023-03-03] -S Group. -S: an extension to the statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. J Assoc 2021 Apr 01;109(2):174-200 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]-. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004 Jun 19;328(7454):1490 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Adelaide, Australia: Institute; 2020. Utilization of telemedicine to support caregivers of young children with ASD and their part C service providers: a comparison of intervention outcomes across three models of service delivery. J 2021 Sep 15;13(1):38 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]-. A longitudinal comparison of telemedicine versus in-person otolaryngology clinic efficiency and patient satisfaction during COVID-19. (forthcoming) 2021 Dec 03:34894211055349. [CrossRef] [Medline]Holzman SA, Davis-. Telemedicine and patient satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case-control study of outpatient pediatric urology patients. J Care (forthcoming) 2021 Dec 06:13674935211058272. [CrossRef] [Medline]. The rapid increase in telemedicine visits during COVID-19. J 2020 Aug 04;7(2):72-79 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Patient and provider perspectives on pediatric telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021 Dec 28;2(1):293-297 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Patient satisfaction in neurodevelopmental pediatrics: in-person vs telemedicine. J 2022 Mar;37(3):181-185. [CrossRef] [Medline]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to multiple studies indicating the effectiveness and patient satisfaction associated with pediatric telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, it mentions a longitudinal comparison of telemedicine and patient satisfaction, reinforcing the claim that many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The revisions often are more appreciative of the diversity, complexity, and connectedness of various ecosystem services (and disservices) because students see and incorporate each other’s work and link initiatives to try and maximize (and justify) the number of services provided (see Supplement 1 – Student project example). Benefits of this assignment to student understanding have appeared in later work in our course. Having critically thought about and researched how to enhance a specific local area, our students have engaged in more enriched discussions about ecosystem services represented in an area when we go on field trips or examine case studies. This assignment in particular has directly enhanced subsequent written assignments. For example, the final project of the course (Storymaps focusing on specific aspects of urban ecology) integrates multiple environmental, social and cultural components in the examination of a sustainability issue (see Hane and Korfmacher 2020 for details). Students draw from their redesign project to envision how issues might involve solutions that address multiple ecosystem services while also appreciating the specific needs of local communities. Overall, we have found that this activity helps students “see” ecosystem services within the urban environment, and gives them practical ideas about the process by which those services might be enhanced through human interventions. They also benefit from exposure to alternative viewpoints, and finding ways to integrate those multiple ideas into a shared vision. Rather than being a theoretical or abstract idea, ecosystem services thus takes on a personal meaning when students experience the green space themselves, and have a role in improving the environment they live in. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of ecosystem services, which indicates that urban farms can indeed have varied impacts, both positive and negative, on local ecosystems. It emphasizes that students learn to appreciate 'alternative viewpoints' and engage in discussions about the 'specific needs of local communities,' implying that urban interventions like farms may need careful consideration of their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: ), and on the modeling of behavior of critical infrastructure elements under such threats, with the aim of designing adequate means of protection from the new intentional actions, not only by USs. USs have been growing rapidly in popularity in recent years. Tactical USs are now used extensively by the military and various security services, while professional USs are becoming increasingly common in a variety of civilian fields. This expansion in the use of USs is due to advances in technology, as well as to their versatility, and to the reduction in size, risk, and cost that remotely operated systems offer because there is no pilot or operator on board. USs include ground control stations (GCS), data communication links, and a range of unmanned aerial (UAV), ground (UGV) and underwater (UUV) vehicles. USs are being used more and more in mainstream applications as the technology matures, leading to more ways of refining how platforms are deployed and integrated into teams of workers. Performance in autonomy comes mainly from the massive use of advanced IT technology as the core of the USs. Unfortunately, an obvious drawback is that wireless USs are heavily exposed to risks related to the IT subsystems. The data is so valuable, in fact, that the companies deploying USs aren’t the only ones interested in getting their hands on it, with some people even willing to steal it. Operators should consider the security of data collected via USs as a critical part of their risk management program. Questions of cybersecurity in the domain of USs has become more important, as has the potential for the misuse of small USs for criminal and other malicious purposes. These are growing developments that need to be addressed in education and training, so that qualified personnel are able to engage these challenges. USs can also be used for the forecasting and prevention of natural catastrophes through the frequent and punctual monitoring of the maritime territory, for the monitoring of existing critical infrastructure elements, and for discovering the defects of elements and preventing against failure. The ATC paid particular attention to maritime unmanned systems. These are becoming more popular for improving safety and efficiency while reducing operational costs. The use of USs is a game changer in maritime technology. They can deliver benefits across a broad range of missions, such as the detection and clearing of mines, the monitoring and protection of undersea lines of communication and underwater cables, maritime situational awareness, and the finding and tracking of submarines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses unmanned systems (USs) and their applications, the risks associated with IT subsystems, and the importance of cybersecurity in handling data from these systems. However, it does not mention modern encryption methods or their role in online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Patient satisfaction and perceived quality of care with telemedicine in a pediatric gastroenterology clinic. 2022 Apr 12;14(2):181-189 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Telemedicine (virtual clinic) effectively delivers the required healthcare service for pediatric ambulatory surgical patients during the current era of COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed descriptive study. J 2022 Apr;57(4):630-636 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Marques S, Cruz JA, da de Patient and family experience with telemedicine and in-person pediatric and obstetric ambulatory encounters throughout 2020, during the COVID-19 epidemic: the distance effect. 2022 May 16;22(1):659 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Pediatric otolaryngology telemedicine amid a pandemic - and beyond. 2022 Feb;153:111014 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Patient satisfaction with in-person, video, and telephone allergy/immunology evaluations during the COVID-19 pandemic. J 2021 May;9(5):1858-1863 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Ragamin A, de Care for children with atopic dermatitis in the Netherlands during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from the first wave and implications for the future. J Dermatol 2021 Dec;48(12):1863-1870 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Pediatric ophthalmology provider and staff attitudes and patient satisfaction in telehealth implementation during COVID-19. E Health 2022 May;28(5):675-681. [CrossRef] [Medline] Doctor-patient relationship in synchronous/real-time video-consultations and in-person visits: an investigation of the perceptions of young people with type 1 diabetes and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2022 Oct;29(5):638-647 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Munthali- Experiences and perceptions of telephone-delivery of the common elements treatment approach for mental health needs among young people in Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and experiences regarding telemedicine, indicating positive patient satisfaction in different healthcare scenarios during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the effectiveness of telemedicine in delivering quality care, which aligns with the notion that many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In fact, 89% of farms in the US are classed as small farms. These small-scale farms are vitally important, particularly for local communities. Small farms can support local businesses, create jobs for local people and bolster the local economy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, global food supply chains collapsed, and many local farms stepped up to provide their local communities with food. Small farms are also much kinder to their local environments; biodiversity is much higher around them than around large, industrial-scale farms. Unfortunately, running a small-scale farm is not easy. Smaller farms tend to have smaller financial margins, so one bad harvest, a sudden change in market conditions, or an extreme weather event can be disastrous. As the effects of the climate crisis start to kick in, farms of all sizes are struggling to adapt to changes in weather patterns and soil conditions. With less access to technology and fertiliser, small farms are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Managing a successful small-scale farm is demanding work, even at the best of times. It is particularly difficult for those farmers who are socially disadvantaged or who lack access to resources. Unfortunately, farmers from minority backgrounds may receive less support from government services and programmes, and they may find it harder to acquire the resources needed to manage a successful farm. E’licia Chaverest is the assistant director of the Alabama A&(SFRC). She, along with others at the SFRC, is dedicated to helping limited resource, socially disadvantaged farmers in Alabama to manage profitable and resilient farms that benefit their local communities. How does the SFRC help? “The SFRC is actively involved in developing policies and programmes that aim to assist socially disadvantaged, limited resource minority farmers,” says E’licia. For example, E’licia has served on the New and as part of a programme offered by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Her colleague,. Chembezi, inspired E’licia to apply for the position. He also recently held lengthy terms on the on Minority Farmers, another important USDA programme. The SFRC will always have a seat at the table when policies and programmes are being developed. “We are here to be a voice for the voiceless,” says E’licia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the financial challenges and vulnerabilities faced by small-scale farms, particularly in the context of climate change. It emphasizes that while small farms may support local ecosystems better than industrial farms, they also struggle with significant risks that could negatively affect their operations and, consequently, their environmental impact. This implies that despite their potential benefits, small farms can have adverse effects on local ecosystems due to these vulnerabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: They will also reduce the costs and increase the safety of such operations. Unmanned systems can help to overcome the constraints faced by traditional, crew-dependent maritime platforms, such as ships or submarines, in terms of the areas they can cover, direct and indirect costs, and personnel. Mine-clearing operations, for example, pose risks to the health and safety of crew members; autonomous systems can take over this task while crew members supervise the operation from a safe distance. Working alongside traditional naval assets, USs can also improve situational awareness, which is critical in ensuring free access to the seas. One part of the ATC was dedicated to data analysis and modeling. The application of computer modeling software for forecasting dangerous natural hazards, and the mapping of the current state of risk factors in particular, as well as the process of defect detection through the data fusion of processed images and vibration measurements. Automation in defect image acquisition by USs, embedding sensor systems to revalorize and transform elements and structures into self-diagnostic elements, and data-driven automatic alert procedures in monitored maritime structures were also covered. The ATC also provided essential information to allow the detection of risks, with a significant portion dedicated to the possibilities for the analysis, elaboration, and modeling of threats to critical infrastructure. The ATC was divided into 4 blocks. Block 1: General aspects of strengthening the resilience of maritime critical infrastructure 1. 1 Protection and resilience of maritime critical infrastructures in Morocco 1. 2 Protection and resilience of maritime critical infrastructure in NATO Countries. Block 2: and sensor network technology for monitoring threats to maritime critical infrastructures. 2. 1 for maritime exploration 2. 2 Sensor network and technologies for monitoring critical infrastructures. Block 3: Monitoring, data analysis and structural modeling 3. 1 Monitoring and forecasting of natural catastrophes 3. 2 Modeling and data analyses. Block 4: Cybersecurity and protection of IT maritime infrastructures, plus one practical section: Practical training activities. The practical section was held after the theoretical interdisciplinary presentation, during which participants were able to acquire practical skills related to the presented areas, such as using maritime drones for building and critical infrastructure inspection, 3D mapping in the laboratory, use of environmental monitoring systems, and building information modeling and the finite element modeling of critical infrastructure elements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various aspects of maritime operations and technologies, focusing on the use of unmanned systems, data analysis, and cybersecurity related to maritime infrastructures. However, it does not address modern encryption methods or their role in online security, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Health 2022 Oct 13;10:906509 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]-Stevens M. Satisfaction with the use of telehealth during COVID-19: an integrative review. Adv 2020 Nov;2:100008 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Addressing pediatric mental health using telehealth during coronavirus disease-2019 and beyond: a narrative review. 2021 Sep;21(7):1108-1117 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Scoping review of telehealth for musculoskeletal disorders: applications for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Ther 2021 Sep;44(7):558-565 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. How satisfied are patients and surgeons with telemedicine in orthopaedic care during the COVID-19 pandemic? A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021 Jan 01;479(1):47-56 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] In-person versus telehealth for concussion clinical care in adolescents: a pilot study of therapeutic alliance and patient satisfaction. J Rehabil 2022 Jul;37(4):213-219. [CrossRef] [Medline] Rapid implementation of telehealth services in a pediatric pulmonary clinic during COVID-19. Pediatrics 2021 Jul;148(1):e2020030494. [CrossRef] [Medline]-Ruwisch J. Telehealth use in pediatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study on the perspectives of caregivers. Children (Basel) 2023 Feb 06;10(2):311 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. "I'm not feeling like I'm part of the conversation" patients' perspectives on communicating in clinical video telehealth visits. J Med 2020 Jun;35(6):1751-1758 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Connected care pilot program. Commission. 2020 Jul 10. URL: https://www. fcc. gov/wireline-competition/telecommunications-access-policy-division/connected-care-pilot-program [accessed 2022-02-20] ález L, Ramos PA, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it references multiple studies that imply high satisfaction with telehealth services, such as the systematic review and meta-analysis which evaluated patient satisfaction in orthopaedic care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the mention of integrative reviews and qualitative studies about telehealth usage during COVID-19 suggests a focus on understanding patient experiences and satisfaction levels, thereby corroborating the assertion that many patients find telehealth consultations satisfactory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: of Agricultural, Life and Natural Sciences, Alabama A&of research: Research project: Supporting limited resource, socially disadvantaged farmers in Alabama to manage successful and resilient farms Funders: US Department of Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), and Education (SARE), USDA Office of Partnerships and Public Engagement-2501 work is supported by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), under award numbers USDA-2020-70020-32265, USDA-BFRP Federal award 2021- 49500-35644, USDA-RMA 15570, and University of Arkansas-Center 14869. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Alabama A&or the University of Arkansas-Center. About small farms outreach Small farms outreach focuses on finding new and innovative ways to support small, local, family-run farms. This can include developing new sustainable practices, designing and delivering training programmes or creating spaces for small farmers to share information and collaborate with each other. Small farms have an important role to play in local communities. They strengthen the local economy, provide jobs to local people, and can even help to support local wildlife. Small farms can help local people feel connected the land around them. For communities with small farms, it can be easier to see the direct link between how we treat nature and how nature treats us in return. Local farmers can act as role models to young people in a community. They give back to the community by volunteering, donating food and employing local people. They can also help to educate young people about their relationship with nature and influence the next generation of young farmers. Local farmers can teach children how to grow their own fruit and veg and show them that almost all the food that they eat comes from the natural world. What does the future of small farms outreach look like? “In the near future,” says E’licia, “we will need environmental scientists to find ways to combat climate change with less resources and more sustainable techniques. ” The effects of climate change are already disrupting farming practices all over the world. Droughts, flooding, extreme temperatures and soil erosion are just some of the things that will make life difficult for small farmers. One of the most pressing issues currently facing socially disadvantaged farmers is a lack of access to legal advice and support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various challenges faced by small farms due to climate change, such as 'droughts, flooding, extreme temperatures and soil erosion.' These environmental stressors may suggest that urban farms can have negative impacts on local ecosystems, particularly if they are not managed sustainably or if they contribute to broader ecological issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: The event offered attendees the opportunity to consider many profound ways in which unmanned systems and sensor network technology can be used for monitoring threats to maritime critical infrastructures. A technical visit to the of (ISPM) and to Sina 2 of the for contributed to the impact of this ATC on speakers and attendees, as well as on the wider scientific community of participants in the follow-on activities, such as joint research projects, innovative courses, and the design, development and testing of new maritime applications. It is worth mentioning the presentation from Setelgroup, an Italian company located in Rome, of their innovative suitable for the monitoring of maritime critical infrastructures in an amphibious environment. The practical lesson, Marine drones for environmental protection, held by as part of the onsite practical training activities proved to be a great success. The central part of the lesson concerned a description of the identification, classification, and recovery system of floating marine waste with an autonomous catamaran, with an explanation of the main phases of the process. During the experimental lesson, it was possible for trainees to attend the operational phases of planning and execution of seabed monitoring with ROVs. Finally, the presentations of two Ukranian researchers, from the attracted great attention. Sitak spoke on Role in Ukraine’s Economy: Challenges and and During the Full-in February 2022. Shyriaieva dealt with Rebuilding Ukraine’s Economy: Infrastructure for Resilience and Growth. During the a Certificate of Attendance was offered to all participants. ATC website: ↓ more↑ less and Perspective of Sea/Protection and Resilience in 1 - 19 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240016 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Assessment to of Maritime Infrastructure: ļavins, 20 - 42 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240017 2050. This transition involves significant decarbonization efforts, particularly in ports which are key hubs for international trade and transportation. The incorporation of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology helps evaluate GHG emissions across the full lifecycle of fuels (“Well-to-Wake”), guiding sustainable fuel use and infrastructure development, while building maritime infrastructure resilience involves integrating risk assessment of threats from natural disasters, cyber-attacks, terrorism, and other disruptions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about modern encryption methods. Instead, it discusses various applications of unmanned systems and sensor networks for monitoring maritime critical infrastructures, with no mention of encryption, online security, or related topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Telemedicine, drug-resistant epilepsy, and ketogenic dietary therapies: a patient survey of a pediatric remote-care program during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020 Nov;112:107493 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]çalves. Telemedicine of patients with cystic fibrosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr 2022 May 06;40:e2021118 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Schlichting T, Martins da de Telehealth program for infants at risk of cerebral palsy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pre-post feasibility experimental study. 2022;42(5):490-509. [CrossRef] [Medline] Transitioning ABA services from in clinic to telehealth: case study of an Indian organization's response to COVID-19 lockdown. Pract 2021 Aug 11;14(4):893-912 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Gulati S, Sengar A. Experience with telemedicine in paediatric nephrology during the COVID pandemic. 2021 Aug;36(8):2499-2500 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Role of telemedicine in follow-up care of children with respiratory illnesses at a tertiary care hospital - an ambispective observational study. Pediatr 2021 Oct;88(10):974-978 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Feasibility and effectiveness of teleconsultation in children with epilepsy amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in a resource-limited country. Seizure 2020 Oct;81:29-35 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Caring for a child with type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 lockdown in a developing country: challenges and parents' perspectives on the use of telemedicine. 2020 Oct;168:108393 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Patient satisfaction with use of telemedicine in university clinic of psychiatry: Skopje, during COVID-19 pandemic. E Health 2021 Apr;27(4):464-467. [CrossRef] [Medline]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and experiences related to telemedicine and telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic, including one that explicitly mentions 'Patient satisfaction with use of telemedicine in university clinic of psychiatry.' This suggests that patients have expressed satisfaction with telehealth consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farming can replace all traditional agriculture methods. [SEP] Text: KeywordsCommunity gardensUrban farmsCity policyUrban agriculture support systemsPublic goodCommunity developmentEconomic development “Community gardens are the highest and best use of land in the city,” says (2016) director of NeighborSpace, Chicago’s community land trust for community gardens. In the logic of real estate economics and urban redevelopment, he is wrong. But for cities that prioritize other values and impacts, there may be no higher and better use. Arguably no other urban land use enables people of all ages and backgrounds to reap such a broad range of social, health, educational, and other benefits (Draper and Freedman 2010; Lovell 2010). For these reasons and others, some cities treat agriculture as a public good, permanent public space accessible to all. Yet many municipalities in the United States, and some urban agriculture support organizations, value farming and community gardening more for their contributions to redevelopment, with narrower, shorter-term aims. Many cities are reluctant to grant long-term land tenure, viewing agriculture as an interim use waiting for “higher and better” land uses that generate tax revenue, jobs, and private investment. Some cities organize their agricultural sectors centrally around access to vacant land, pitting growers against developers. Some cities prioritize economic and redevelopment outcomes from farms and gardens, including enterprise growth, land reclamation and property value increases (Vitiello and Wolf-Powers 2014). Most big U. S. cities encourage a mix of community gardens and farms, valuing urban agriculture’s various demonstrated and potential impacts, sometimes in tension with one another. Parks, health or other agencies enacting social and environmental policy commonly treat urban agriculture as a public good, prioritizing non-market benefits. Economic development and redevelopment agencies more often view it as an interim use and enterprise development opportunity. Planning departments vary in embracing these different visions and values (Hodgson et al. 2011; Vitiello and Wolf-Powers 2014). Urban agriculture support systems in U. S. cities likewise differ substantially. Some cities’ urban agriculture support functions are based more in the public sector, others more in the nonprofit sector. Cities’ core institutions supporting community gardens and farms vary in their missions, scope of work, and the durability and funding streams of municipal and nonprofit programs (Lawson 2005; Lawson and McNally 1999; Vitiello and Nairn 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the complexities and limitations surrounding urban agriculture. It highlights that while urban farming has benefits, cities often view it as an interim use rather than a complete replacement for traditional agriculture. The reference to municipalities valuing farming for its contributions to redevelopment indicates that urban farming is not prioritized as a comprehensive solution to replace traditional methods. Furthermore, it notes that many cities see agricultural land use as temporary and are more focused on economic development rather than permanent agricultural solutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: Integration of the two approaches (LCA and Risk assessment) has the potential for building maritime infrastructure resilience and at the same time finding optimal strategies for meeting the sustainability goals. This paper reviews the current state of maritime sector towards meeting Deal targets and analysis exiting research on building resilience of maritime infrastructure. Finally, based on existing findings in literature, the paper suggests integrating risk assessment within LCA, moving towards a probabilistic LCAs in maritime sector. ↓ more↑ less $35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart in as 43 - 63 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240018 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart –. . 64 - 80 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240019 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart A Survey on for 81 - 93 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240020 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Systems for 94 - 110 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240021 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: A Review and into the World of 111 - 141 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240022 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Related to the UAV Methods for X-Y-Z Coordinates in 142 - 152 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240023 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Seas of Change: Innovation with Digital Twins, the Metaverse, and 153 - 176 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240024 4. 0 to Industry 5. 0, emphasizing autonomous and sustainable operations. It advocates for wider adoption and further research to harness these technologies for a more efficient and resilient maritime future. ↓ more↑ less $35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart 177 - 192 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240025 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart AI-HPC Solution for Optimization for 193 - 221 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240026 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses maritime infrastructure resilience and sustainability goals without mentioning encryption or online security topics.