Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Calibration of choice model parameters in a transport scenario with heterogeneous traffic conditions and income dependency. 12(7):441-450. 2018. Multi-agent urban transport simulations using OD matrices from mobile phone data. Science 130:803-809 Cervellera C, Macció D, Rebora F. 2021. Deep learning and low-discrepancy sampling for surrogate modelling with an application to urban traffic simulation. In: 2021 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), Shenzhen, China. 1-8. 2023. Research on cooperative control of traffic signals based on deep reinforcement learning. In: 2023 IEEE 12th data driven control and learning systems conference (DDCLS), Xiangtan, China. 1608-1612. 2021. Deep learning based velocity prediction with consideration of road structure. In: 5th CAA international conference on vehicular control and intelligence (CVCI), Tianjin, China. 1-5. 2023. Valhalla. (accessed 1 April 2024) data. 2019. Spatiotemporal multi-graph convolution network for ride-hailing demand forecasting. In: Proceedings of the thirty-third AAAI conference on artificial intelligence and thirty-first innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference and ninth AAAI symposium on educational advances in artificial intelligence (AAAI’19/IAAI’19/EAAI’19). AAAI Press. 3656-3663. 2019. Realistic transport simulation with open data. In: Proceedings—2019 IEEE international conference on big data, big data 2019. Haydari A, Yılmaz Y. 2022. Deep reinforcement learning for intelligent transportation systems: a survey. IEEE Transactions on Systems 23(1):11-32 -Y, Kwon J. 2015. Scalable extraction of timeline information from road traffic data using MapReduce. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on data science and advanced analytics (DSAA), Paris, France. 1-8. 2022. Missing data analysis in traffic monitoring system using LSTM. In: 2022 international conference on computational modelling, simulation and optimization (), Pathum Thani, Thailand. 7-11. 2020. Airport network traffic prediction in 5G scenarios: a deep learning approach. In: 2020 IEEE international symposium on broadband multimedia systems and broadcasting (BMSB), Paris, France. Piscataway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel, as it discusses various topics related to transport simulation, machine learning, and data analysis without mentioning birds or the concept of time travel. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Thus, positive (negative) residuals mean a particular saccade was faster (slower) than predicted by the main sequence, and makes response vigour independent of any changes to saccade amplitude also caused by our manipulations or by group differences between PD patients and HC. We did this regression for each participant and session separately, but across conditions. A three-way repeated-measures ANOVA tested whether dopamine differentially affected contingent and guaranteed motivation – manifest by a three-way (contingency*motivation*drug) interaction. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Saccade task design and example eye-tracking traces. (a) Trial design: participants fixated on the centre, heard a cue for the condition (Performance/Random/10 p/0 p), waited a delay (1400/1500/1600 ms) and then looked towards to the circle that lit up, and were given 10 p or 0 p reward depending on the condition, along with feedback on their response time (fast/slow). (b) To measure contingent motivation, we compared ‘Performance’ trials, where participants had to be faster than their median RT to win reward (thus giving 50% trials rewarded on average), with ‘Random’ trials where a random 50% of trials were rewarded. To measure motivation by expected reward we compared ‘10 p’ trials where rewards were guaranteed, with ‘0 p’ trials where no-reward was guaranteed. (c) Example eye-position traces for one participant and condition (different colours are different trials). (d) Example mean velocity and acceleration profiles for all PD ON in the 10 p condition. (e) Example of the main sequence and velocity residuals – the points show a subset of individual trials illustrating the ‘main sequence’ relationship where larger saccades have greater velocity, shown by the regression line. The distance from each point to its line is the velocity residual, which we take as out main measure of response vigour. (f) Peak velocity of individual saccades increases with the amplitude of movement – the ‘main sequence’; example showing the 10 p condition, for and HC. Saccadic vigour, our measure of interest, was indexed by the residuals after regressing out amplitude from peak velocity, for each participant. Table 1 Participant demographics for PD patients and (HC) included in the analysis. Standard deviations are given in parentheses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. It discusses a study involving responses to rewards during a task, mentioning saccades, motivation conditions, and statistical analyses but fails to explicitly state the role of dopamine in these processes. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Correction 1 Dec 2016: (2016) Correction: Decision-Making: Modelling the Influence of on the Dynamics of Vaccination Coverage. 11(12): e0167842. View correction studies predict that it is not possible to eradicate a disease under voluntary vaccination because of the emergence of non-vaccinating “free-riders” when vaccination coverage increases. A central tenet of this approach is that human behaviour follows an economic model of rational choice. Yet, empirical studies reveal that vaccination decisions do not necessarily maximize individual self-interest. Here we investigate the dynamics of vaccination coverage using an approach that dispenses with payoff maximization and assumes that risk perception results from the interaction between epidemiology and cognitive biases. consider a behaviour-incidence model in which individuals perceive actual epidemiological risks as a function of their opinion of vaccination. As a result of confirmation bias, sceptical individuals (negative opinion) overestimate infection cost while pro-vaccines individuals (positive opinion) overestimate vaccination cost. We considered a feedback between individuals and their environment as individuals could change their opinion, and thus the way they perceive risks, as a function of both the epidemiology and the most common opinion in the population. all parameter values investigated, the infection is never eradicated under voluntary vaccination. For moderately contagious diseases, oscillations in vaccination coverage emerge because individuals process epidemiological information differently depending on their opinion. Conformism does not generate oscillations but slows down the cultural response to epidemiological change. to eradicate vaccine preventable disease emerges from the model because of cognitive biases that maintain heterogeneity in how people perceive risks. Thus, assumptions of economic rationality and payoff maximization are not mandatory for predicting commonly observed dynamics of vaccination coverage. This model shows that alternative notions of rationality, such as that of ecological rationality whereby individuals use simple cognitive heuristics, offer promising new avenues for modelling vaccination behaviour. Citation: (2015) Decision-Making: Modelling the Influence of on the Dynamics of Vaccination Coverage. 10(11): e0142990. Chris T. Bauch, University of : June 16, 2015; Accepted: October 29, 2015; Published: November 23, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Voinson et al. This is an open access 0. 26 [-0. 12; 0. 45]), (ii) the susceptibility to illness (5 studies, r = 0. 24 [0. 15; 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how cognitive biases affect vaccination decisions. It discusses how individuals exhibit confirmation bias, where skeptics of vaccination overestimate the costs of infection, and pro-vaccine individuals overestimate the costs of vaccination. This indicates that cognitive biases can distort risk perception and decision-making processes, thus supporting the claim that cognitive biases significantly influence decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: They studied the relationship between predator and prey; analyzed the barn owl’s pellets; learned about how far the owls usually travel; discovered the connections between nesting success (how many chicks fledged per year) and the size of the rodent population in the fields; and more. These studies greatly deepened the knowledge about barn owls and improved the way they were studied. The researchers learned that a pair of barn owls and their chicks feed on 2,000–6,000 rodents per year (Figure 2). They concluded that barn owls are a good substitute for toxic pesticides, and their use also saves farmers money. In 2008, the initiative was declared a national project, and nesting boxes were installed in agricultural areas all over the country. From 730 nesting boxes in 2008, we reached over 5,000 boxes in 2020. Data on each box and the history of nesting successes were tracked using computer software, and we also helped farmers learn about the project by holding seminars and meetings, publishing summary booklets, and placing online cameras in the nesting boxes. Figure 2 - A barn owl brings a vole to her chicks in a nesting box. The box was created from an ammunition box donated by the military industry. In 1983, 14 nesting boxes were placed in Eliyahu in Israel; today there are over 5,000 nesting boxes throughout the country (photo credit: Amir Ezer). From a Regional to an What started out as a local achievement has become a success story on a regional and international scale. From studies conducted with GPS transmitters, it is clear that barn owls know no borders; their flight paths cross from Israel to Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, and back. In the last two decades, we have joined forces with our Palestinian and Jordanian neighbors, and the barn owl project functions even in days of political conflict (Figure 3). In 2010, a world renown expert from Lausanne University, Switzerland, Prof. joined the project [4]. Figure 3 - A Jordanian farmer and an Israeli farmer have been collaborating in a regional barn owl project since 2002. The flags along the top of the photo represent the countries currently participating in the project: and Morocco (photo credit: Hagai Aharon). In 2015, the project was expanded to include Cyprus, Greece, in 2021 Morocco joined, —even the Emirates are planning to join soon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about barn owls and their ecological role without mentioning any magical abilities. It discusses studies on their hunting and nesting behaviors, the impact of rodent populations, and their collaboration across regions, suggesting that their survival and effectiveness as predators are based on natural adaptations rather than magical abilities. This provides a scientific view of barn owls, which contradicts the notion of 'magical abilities' enabling them to see in complete darkness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: MeasureEffectF (1, 200)pηp2ResidualsMotivation9. 7704*. 0020. 0466Contingency0. 0194. 8895. 0001Drug0. 0004. 9850. 0000Motivation * Contingency0. 0051. 9429. 0000Motivation * Drug0. 2626. 6089. 0013Contingency * Drug11. 1072**. 0010. 0526Contingency * Motivation * Drug9. 5190**. 0023. 0454AmplitudeMotivation3. 5577. 0607. 0175Contingency1. 2284. 2690. 0061Drug0. 0000. 9984. 0000Motivation * Contingency0. 5545. 4573. 0028Motivation * Drug0. 2278. 6337. 0011Contingency * Drug1. 7763. 1841. 0088Contingency * Motivation * Drug0. 0287. 8655. 0001Saccadic RTMotivation3. 4333. 0654. 0169Contingency4. 2922*. 0396. 0210Drug0. 3560. 5514. 0018Motivation * Contingency0. 3663. 5457. 0018Motivation * Drug0. 0694. 7925. 0003Contingency * Drug0. 6246. 4303. 0031Contingency * Motivation * Drug0. 0185. 8920. 0001Endpoint VariabilityMotivation2. 6780. 1033. 0132Contingency3. 6181. 0586. 0178Drug1. 0095. 3162. 0050Motivation * Contingency3. 9524*. 0482. 0194Motivation * Drug1. 2787. 2595. 0064Contingency * Drug1. 3819. 2412. 0069Contingency * Motivation * Drug0. 1626. 6872. 0008VelocityMotivation6. 5921*. 0110. 0319Contingency0. 3831. 5366. 0019Drug1. 8937. 1703. 0094Motivation * Contingency0. 1179. 7316. 0006Motivation * Drug0. 0563. 8126. 0003Contingency * Drug0. 5462. 4608. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and appears to contain statistical data and results without any clear reference to dopamine or its role in reward processing and motivation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 36]) and to a lesser extent, (iii) the severity of the disease (31 studies, r = 0. 16 [-0. 18; 0. 39]) (meta-analysis [12]). In classic behavioural epidemiology, risk perception relates to the prevalence of infected individuals at a given time, either in the general population (non-structured population and homogeneously mixed population) or in a social network [13,14]. This underlying game theory framework considers that individuals make decisions based on an objective evaluation of the epidemiology, computing statistics using a large data size (but see [15–17]). However, this assumption is problematic for at least two reasons. First, human cognition has been demonstrated to be inefficient at dealing with uncertainty and computing probability [10]; rather, individuals may use empirical knowledge based on a small number of cases. Second, risk assessment is likely to be partly independent from infection [1] as it is shaped by a number of psychological and social factors that may lead to an under- or an over-estimation of epidemiological risks, including media coverage [18], salient previous experience [11], belief about contagion [19], family and peers [11,20] and trust in providers, medical professionals and the state [7,21]. To evaluate temporal and spatial variation in vaccine uptake, one must thus refine assumptions of rationality to consider, not only change in epidemiology, but also how the evolved cognition responds to features of the social and epidemiological environments. An alternative to current modelling of vaccination decision-making may come from the consideration of evolutionary-ecological models, focusing on the concept of ecological rationality [9,22]. In this framework, cognitive dispositions are evolved, i. e. decision rules have been selected for, but the resulting behaviour may or may not be adaptive, i. e. maximizing current individual survival and reproductive success. It follows that to understand the processes underlying vaccination decision-making, one focuses on the environment and the cognitive mechanisms underlying decisions rather than health outcomes of decisions. Proponents of ecological rationality argue that humans have evolved heuristics, i. e. simple cognitive rules processing a few pieces of information available from the environment [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how human cognition is inefficient at dealing with uncertainty and probability, indicating that decision-making may be influenced by various psychological and social factors. It suggests that individuals may rely on heuristics and empirical knowledge rather than objective evaluations, which supports the idea that cognitive biases can significantly affect decision-making processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: In Cyprus, the hunting of wild animals and migratory birds is very common, as is the use of pesticides; and even in Greece the situation is far from ideal. Hopefully, the barn owl project will raise awareness and help to protect birds—and the rest of the environment—in these regions [5]. Atlas for In 2020, we started using an innovative and ground-breaking system called Atlas to monitor birds' movement. The system was developed in Israel in a collaboration between researchers from University (Prof. Sivan Toledo) and the in Jerusalem (Prof. Ran Nathan). is being used to follow movement by Dr. and his PhD student Shlomo Cain. Atlas is a system of antennas that enables the tracking of a wide variety of individual animals (weighing more than 10 grams) in real time. A reading of a tracked animal’s position is obtained every 4–8 s. Atlas can operate for up to 2 years, depending on the size of the battery, and the transmitter is significantly cheaper than alternatives like GPS. system currently contains 19 base stations, covering a total of ~300 km2 in Beit She’an and Harod Valley. Each of 136 barn owls were fitted with a small ring attached to one of its legs and a transmitter attached to its back. The details transmitted by Atlas enable accurate tracking of barn owl movement and behavior in the field, and all the data are recorded. These accurate measurements help researchers to locate and characterize rodent-infested fields before the rodents do large-scale damage, which will strengthen the cooperation between participating countries and support the training of farmers in the region in carrying out similar activities in their territories. Glossary Pesticides: ↑ Chemical agent to poison and kill pests in agriculture. Secondary Poisoning: ↑ Predators accumulating poison in their body by consuming poisoned prey, so the poisoning effect grows and harms predators as well. Raptors: ↑ Predatory birds, catch prey with their strong feet with sharp talons. Barn Owl: ↑ Nocturnal raptor of the owl family that preys on rodents. These owls have excellent vision and hearing and sharp talons, all of which make them great hunters. Control: ↑ Using living creatures to control populations of pests such as rodents and insects; may help decrease the use of harmful chemical pesticides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the capabilities of barn owls with factual information rather than attributing their abilities to 'magical' traits. It states that barn owls have 'excellent vision and hearing' which implies a natural scientific basis for their hunting skills in low-light conditions, opposing the idea that such abilities are magical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Autocorrelation of eye position over time within saccades provides an indicator of corrective motor signals during movements: noise accumulates during movements, so that variability early in a movement causes endpoint error. This is manifest in autocorrelation, where across trials the eye position at early time-points predicts late time-points. Negative feedback signals correct movement errors during the saccade, and manifest as reductions in this autocorrelation (Codol et al. , 2020; Manohar et al. , 2019). This feedback, provided by corrective motor signals, can be increased by incentives (Codol et al. , 2019; Manohar et al. , 2019). In the current study, guaranteed rewards led to greater autocorrelation early in the saccades for PD OFF than ON (Figure 4e & g). This coincides with the greater acceleration PD OFF patients had at the beginning of saccades to guaranteed rewards (Figure 3d), as faster movements have greater motor noise (Harris and Wolpert, 1998; Harris and Wolpert, 2006). Notably, this reward-related autocorrelation did not persist until the end of the saccade, suggesting that negative feedback corrected it. However, as we did not find decreased autocorrelation around the end of the saccades, this represents only indirect evidence of negative feedback. Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Motivational effects on eye-position autocorrelation within saccades. Each image shows the effect of reward on mean correlation coefficient between the eye-position at one (interpolated) time-point within a saccade with all other time-points in that same saccade. As noise accumulates during the movements, the correlations increase over the time-points, while reductions in correlation can suggest negative feedback during movements. The top row shows the effect of contingent rewards (Performance – Random) on the (Fisher transformed) autocorrelation coefficients, and the bottom row shows the effect of guaranteed rewards (10 p – 0 p). Green areas mean that motivation increased correlation, while purple areas reflect a decrease, and clusters significantly different from zero are outlined in black (cluster permutation testing, p<0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the autocorrelation of eye position during saccades and how this relates to corrective motor signals, noise accumulation, and feedback mechanisms. While it mentions incentives and rewards, it does not directly address the role of dopamine in reward processing or motivation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: For the purpose of this paper, which aims to investigate the role of cognitive biases for predicting commonly observed dynamics of vaccination coverage such as the failure to reach herd immunity and oscillations between high and low levels of coverage, we focus on those heuristics or cognitive shortcuts that are likely to allow for heterogeneity and change in opinion about vaccination. In modelling how individuals interpret epidemiological information, we first decided to consider “confirmation bias”, i. e. the propensity to look for evidence supporting pre-existing beliefs while considering disconfirmatory evidence with great scrutiny [23,24]. Confirmation bias has been observed in the context of pertussis vaccination for children: when presented with the same risk-benefit information about vaccination, non-vaccinators became less committed with vaccination, while vaccinators became more committed [25]. The second heuristic we considered is “imitate the majority” or conformism, as the role of peer influence has repeatedly been invoked for understanding vaccination behaviour [7,26,27]. In this paper, we consider a behaviour-incidence model in which opinion formation mediates a feedback between vaccination behaviour and the disease. As compared to previous behaviour-incidence models, our approach does not make use of game theory analysis (see also [28,29]). We first consider that disease incidence and vaccination coverage determine how many people suffer from negative effects, an information that represents epidemiological costs. We then assume that an individual interprets those costs as a function of their opinion of vaccination. Specifically, a sceptical individual will be more likely to overestimate a vaccination cost while a pro-vaccine advocate will more likely to overestimate the cost of infection. It follows that given the same epidemiological information, individuals will vaccinate at different rates depending on their a priori opinion. Finally, we consider that individuals respond to their environment over time as they can change their opinion as a function of both epidemiological costs and the most common opinion in the population (conformism). The model assumes that the population mixes homogenously so that anyone can infect any other individual in the population and the information on epidemiological costs is globally available to everyone through the media. The goal of this study is to investigate how the interaction between human cognition and both the epidemiological and social environments shape the dynamics of vaccination coverage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cognitive shortcuts, specifically confirmation bias and conformism, affect individuals' decisions regarding vaccination. It illustrates that confirmation bias leads individuals to favor information that supports their existing beliefs about vaccination, which directly impacts their decision-making process. Additionally, it highlights the influence of peer pressure or majority sentiment on vaccination behavior, reinforcing the idea that cognitive biases play a significant role in decision-making.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: it cannot fail; it ever speaks')Worship ("There is no worship now—the idol stands")of Lifeof the ("There is a winter in the godless heart")'s and the at ('I saw the city, 'twas not built by hands')The CrossNature ('Nature would speak through her first master man')and meat and drinkForgive me my trespassesin HeartThe ComplaintWhither shall I go from thy Spiritshall be LastThe LaborerThy Brother's of are passed away('They love me not, who at my table eat')The CityThe RoseFaith ('There is no faith; the mountain stands within')The JewSpring ('The stem that long has borne the wintry blast')and The EndNature ('The bubbling brook doth leap when I come by')! The Sign('I too will wait with thee returning spring')('Father! help them who walk in their own light')notice other days were pages givenThe CrocusThe PlantI am the WayThe kingdom of within you('There is no sound but thou dost hear my voice')The PreacherCome unto meFlee to the mountainsBlessed are they that mournFaith ('Hast thou but faith thou shalt the mountain bid')Redeeming the TimeTis FinishedEffortTo the pure all things are pureThe TaskSpring ('I have not lived the flesh has hedged me in')('The plant it springs it rears its drooping head')('Come thou and labor with me I will give')('The words I give thee they are not thine own')Joy ('The joy Thou giv'st no man can take away')HopeReliefJoy ('Thou hast a moon for every cloudy night')('I come the rushing wind that shook the place')of is every one who is born of the spiritThe SeedI am the Light of the the Bread of shall all the tribes of the earth mournRepent for the kingdom of Heaven is at handthe you is born a SaviourThe RedeemedHallowed be they NameTo him who overcomethof the Templeof as the World giveth('Open our eyes that we the world may see')Thy Father's HouseJacob's Wellof ('The voice that speaks when thou art in thy tomb')and ('Why are thou not awake my son? ')('not visit me? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about owls' abilities in darkness and magical qualities. It consists of various disjointed phrases, poetic lines, and references to themes of faith and nature without any mention of owls or their vision capabilities. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: All participants gave written informed consent, and ethical approval was granted by the (18/SC/0448). a detailed protocol The task was run in Matlab (www. mathworks. com, version 7) using the Psychophysics toolbox (Kleiner et al. , 2007), on a Windows XP computer with a CRT monitor (1024 × 768 pixels, 40 × 30 cm, 100 Hz refresh rate) at 70 cm viewing distance. Eye movements and pupil size were recorded with Eyelink1000 at 1000 Hz. On each trial of the task a fixation dot (0. 3° radius) was presented at the centre of the screen, with two empty circles (1. 1° radius) shown 9. 3° to the left and right of the fixation dot. After 500 ms of fixation, a cue was given by a voice over the speaker, indicating the type of trial the participant was in: ‘Performance’ indicated that fast response times would win 10 p, while slow response times would win 0 p ‘Random’ indicated a 50% probability of 10 p or 0 p, regardless of response time ‘Ten pence’ indicated a guaranteed 10 p, regardless of response time ‘Zero pence’ indicated guaranteed 0 p, regardless of response time A delay of 1400, 1500 or 1600 ms was given (with equal probability), after which one of the two circles turned white (50% probability of left or right) and participants had to saccade to this circle to complete the trial and receive the outcome. Participants could only affect the outcome in the Performance condition (by moving faster); all others were independent of their speed. In the Performance condition, rewards were based upon response time (i. e. total time between the target appearing and gaze arriving at the target), which is only minimally influenced by saccade velocity. Participants were rewarded when response time was quicker than their recent median response time for the last 20 Performance trials, which thus yielded a 50% reward rate overall. condition acts as a control to these trials, with a random 50% of trials rewarded, and thus equal expected value but with no performance-contingency. Rewards in the guaranteed conditions also had zero contingency on performance, but yielded different expected rewards (10 p vs 0 p), thus comparing them indexes the pure effect of expecting reward. When rewards are contingent, people get feedback about how they performed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. Instead, it describes a task and experimental setup involving participants, response times, and rewards without mentioning dopamine or its importance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Then, given the same epidemiological information on costs, individuals with different opinions vaccinate at different rates. We considered that pro-vaccines individuals give more weight to the role of infection cost in their decision process, while sceptics give more weight to the vaccination cost (due to confirmation bias). Thus, while pro-vaccines individuals always take up vaccines more quickly than sceptics, the difference between them in how rapidly they take up vaccination is considered to be the highest for levels of vaccination coverage that are either low (high infection cost) or high (high vaccination cost). Finally, individuals can change their opinion as a function of both the epidemiology and the most common opinion in the population. The full model The structure (Fig 1). We considered the case of a single contagious disease, which does not increase the death rate, but which causes negative side effects for infected individuals. Our goal here is not to study a disease in particular but to provide general insights with regard to the effect of opinion on the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage. We used a compartmental epidemiological model with births and deaths [30] in which the population is divided into 4 compartments: the number of susceptible (S), the number of infected (I), the number of immune through vaccination (Rv) and the number of immune through natural immunization (Rg). A susceptible individual becomes infected at the rate β (the transmission rate) and vaccinates (transits from compartment S to Rv) at the rate θ. Individuals give births to susceptible individuals at the rate b and each individual can die at the rate d = b, so that the population remains of constant size. Then, for each compartment, the population is divided into 2 subgroups, with individuals having either a positive opinion of vaccination (pro-vaccines individuals, subscript p) or a negative opinion (sceptical individuals, subscript n). The formation of the opinion and the decision to vaccinate are two separated processes that both depend on the environment. Individuals can change their opinion during their lifetime, and given their opinion at a given time, they decide to get vaccinated or not. At any given time, the total recalled number of individuals having suffered negative side effects from becoming infected or vaccinated constitute a globally available information, which will be used to calculate the epidemiological costs CI and CV. The parameters (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, influence the decision-making processes of individuals regarding vaccination. It specifically states that pro-vaccines individuals give more weight to the role of infection cost, whereas skeptics focus on vaccination costs. This demonstrates how differing cognitive biases affect the choices made by individuals based on their opinions about vaccination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: How past climate clues can help predict the future We all know the climate is changing but predicting what this means for weather systems is no easy matter. Liu and Otto-Bliesner are using state-of-the-art computer models to delve into our planet’s past, to see how insights into previous climatic changes can help inform our future – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity and uncertainty involved in predicting future changes, whether relating to climate or cultural trends. It states, 'it is not easy to say what will happen next' and underscores the need to test models against past records to ensure accuracy, indicating that predictions are not made with certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: This was done for each participant’s separate session. This approach has been used before, by us and others (Blundell et al. , 2018; Manohar et al. , 2017; Muhammed et al. , 2020; Muhammed et al. , 2016; et al. , 1990), and it is similar to simply including amplitude as a covariate when analysing raw peak velocity, but it does not reduce the degrees of freedom and yields simpler to interpret results. Moreover since motivation increases amplitude (Manohar et al. , 2019), including amplitude as a covariate would mean that amplitude would compete with motivation to explain variance in velocity, potentially resulting in overestimation of motivation effects. Our findings did not qualitatively change when we used the covariate approach instead. We also measured amplitude, saccadic reaction time (RT), and endpoint variability of these saccades. Saccadic RT is the time between the target onset and the start of the saccade. To analyse velocity and acceleration traces, and autocorrelation and covariance of the eye movements we linearly interpolated 50 points along each saccade to move them into the same units. Instantaneous velocity was smoothed across three time-points, while acceleration was smoothed across 5. We also calculated velocity and acceleration traces on the raw (non-interpolated) traces and then interpolated them afterwards, which gave very similar results. Pupil dilatation was measured in arbitrary units (a. u. ) relative to the baseline pupil size at the cue onset. Blinks under 500 ms were linearly interpolated, steps in pupil size above 2. 5 a. u. /ms were removed, and data were averaged in 20 ms bins for plotting. We used rmanova from the matlib toolbox ( Manohar, 2020) to perform analyses – this uses fitglme to perform the repeated-measures test and anova to perform hypothesis tests on the GLME. We used three-way repeated-measures ANOVA to compare effects of motivation, contingency and dopaminergic medication in PD patients, and followed this up with two-way ANOVA when a three-way interaction was found. These analyses were also performed using a full linear mixed effects model including each trial, which produced qualitatively identical results. To compare each PD condition against HC we used mixed ANOVA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experimental methods and analyses related to saccadic movements and pupil dilation but does not make any explicit references to dopamine's role in reward processing or motivation. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: While individuals have access to the same epidemiological information CI and CV, the perception of those costs and the subsequent vaccination behaviour is modified by an individual opinion because of a confirmation bias. Confirmation bias is introduced with μ, the weight given to the cost of infection and μ′, the weight given to the cost of vaccination. During the vaccination decision-making process, individuals with a positive opinion of vaccines give more weight to the infection cost () while individuals with a negative opinion give more weight to the vaccination cost (). The rate of opinion change: A pro-vaccine individual will become a sceptic at the rate Ω and a sceptic will become a pro-vaccine individual at the rate Ω′. ωp→n and ωn→p indicate the maximum rates at which an individual changes opinion; Υp→n and Υn→p indicate resistance to opinion change, which is a function of the costs of infection and vaccination (CI and CV); cp and cn indicate the conformity functions, which are non linear frequency-dependent functions, as modelled by [32]. F and Ng indicate the number of pro-vaccines and sceptical individuals in the entire population denoted N; D is the conformity coefficient. The more common is a given opinion, the more often it is adopted. The parameter time unit: It is calibrated in relation to the birth and death rates. We generally set the birth and death rates at the value 1 which, in the case of human populations, could correspond to a time unit of the order of a year or ten years. The dynamic. The dynamic of the system can be described by the following set of ordinary differential equations: Nested models The full model described above combines five elements: (1) the characterization of individuals by their epidemiological status (SIR model); (2) the characterization of individuals by their opinion; (3) a globally available information on the infection and vaccination costs; (4) the interpretation of epidemiological costs as a function of opinion through confirmation bias and (5) the transmission of opinion through conformism. To evaluate the significance of each element in shaping the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage, we broke down the full model into several nested models differing by 1 element at a time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how confirmation bias modifies individuals' perceptions during the vaccination decision-making process. It illustrates that individuals with differing opinions on vaccines assign varying weights to the costs associated with infection and vaccination due to their biases. This indicates that cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, indeed play a significant role in influencing decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu. CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the limitations of models and predictions based on paleodata. Although the text discusses sophisticated models that can simulate past climate conditions, it questions the certainty of predictions by stating that models must be calibrated with existing data to ensure accurate predictions. This suggests that predictions are not made with absolute certainty, thereby opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Permaculture promotes sustainable land use and agriculture. [SEP] Text: | Peer-for for Urban Studies, University of Agriculture and for Urban Studies, University of Agriculture and for Urban Studies, University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, in of Research (, Issue 1) Received: 6 March 2019 Accepted: 16 April 2019 Published: 15 May 2019 Views: Downloads: 39. 3% are actually practicing some forms of urban agriculture. It was found out that the current urban development plan for Thika and the have not handled matters of urban agriculture, there have not been change of users to agriculture (2016-2017), land subdivision continue to eat into into former agricultural parcels, there was no data on sustainable urban agriculture land use practices within Ngoingwa, prohibits residents from utilizing their water mains for agricultural purposes as well as the county/neighbourhood regulations and policies that prohibit urban agriculture. The study recommends that an integrated land use framework that involves building designs, appropriate building materials, exploration of vertical and rooftop farms, revision of existing plans to include urban agriculture and hiring of extension officers to guide farmers on urban agriculture. Published in of Research (, Issue 1) DOI 10. 11648/j. ijsdr. 20190501. 14 Page(s) 24-29 This is an 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2019. Published by 206. [2] Altieri, M. A. , Companioni, N. , Cañizares, K. , Murphy, C. , Rosset, P. , Bourque, M. , & Nicholls, C. I. (1999). The greening of the “barrios”: Urban agriculture for food security in Cuba. Agriculture and Human Values, 16 (2), 131-140. [3] Bereson, M. L. , Levine, D. N. , & Szabat, K. (2013). Estimation and Determination for Finite Populations. Statistics: Global Edition. London. UK. [4] Eriksen, N. H. , & Danso, G. (2011). ‘Agronomic considerations for urban agriculture in southern cities’. of Agricultural Sustainability. [Online] [5] Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address permaculture or its relationship to sustainable land use and agriculture. Instead, it discusses urban agriculture, regulatory issues, and recommendations for integrating urban agriculture into planning. Thus, it does not provide relevant information about permaculture specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: When the reproductive rate of the disease is large (R0 >4), the negative opinion of vaccination disappears and vaccination coverage, while reaching high levels, does not reach herd immunity. This is because the infection spreads too quickly. More generally, four dynamics can be observed and a1 to a3 represent their limits which can be moved depending of the values of δv considered. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Confirmation bias, conformism and the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage. The emergence of oscillations (o) is depicted as a function of an infection’s reproductive rate (R0) and the rate of negative side effects from vaccination (δv). The emergence of oscillations is contingent on the inclusion of confirmation bias but not conformism and is observed for intermediate values of R0. Three models are considered: Model 3 (without either confirmation bias or conformism); Model 4 (including confirmation bias) and Model 5 (including both confirmation bias and conformism). If no oscillations emerge, three dynamics can be noted for the distribution of opinions of vaccination: (i) coexistence of 2 opinions with a greater number of individuals with a positive opinion (+), (ii) coexistence of 2 opinions with a greater number of individuals with a negative opinion (-), (iii) all individuals have a positive opinion (*). The models are analysed for 2 different generation times (birth (b) = death (d) = 1 and 0. 5) and for different values of the rate of negative side effects from infection (δI). 1 million iterations were run with a time step of 0. 0001 which correspond to 100 unit of time. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Conformism and oscillations in vaccination coverage. The evolution of the number of infected (thin line) and (thick line) vaccinated individuals is depicted. Conformism (illustrated by Model 5) increases the amplitude of oscillations and slows down the rate at which alternative opinions of vaccination alternate. The situation is indicated for infections that are moderately infectious (with a reproductive ratio (R0) varying from 3 to 5) and with the rate of negative side effects from the vaccination (δV) varying from 0. 5 to 2. What is the role of R0 for the dynamics of vaccination coverage? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by addressing the role of confirmation bias in shaping opinions about vaccination. It states that 'the emergence of oscillations is contingent on the inclusion of confirmation bias,' indicating that cognitive biases such as confirmation bias can significantly influence public decision-making and perceptions of vaccination, especially under varying conditions of disease infectiousness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two. The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the uncertainty in predicting the future due to rapid climate change and the necessity of grounding predictions in historical data. Statements such as, 'it is not easy to say what will happen next' and 'to predict the future, we need to know the past' indicate that predictions require careful analysis of past events, which undermines the idea that anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Permaculture promotes sustainable land use and agriculture. [SEP] Text: It was found out that the current urban development plan for Thika and the have not handled matters of urban agriculture, there have not been change of users to agriculture (2016-2017), land subdivision continue to eat into into former agricultural parcels, there was no data on sustainable urban agriculture land use practices within Ngoingwa, prohibits residents from utilizing their water mains for agricultural purposes as well as the county/neighbourhood regulations and policies that prohibit urban agriculture. The study recommends that an integrated land use framework that involves building designs, appropriate building materials, exploration of vertical and rooftop farms, revision of existing plans to include urban agriculture and hiring of extension officers to guide farmers on urban agriculture. VL - 5 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to focus on urban development issues in Thika and mentions a lack of sustainable agricultural practices, prohibitions against urban agriculture, and recommendations for integrating urban agriculture into land use plans. However, it does not provide any direct support or evidence regarding permaculture specifically promoting sustainable land use and agriculture. Instead, it highlights challenges and barriers to urban agriculture, making it irrelevant to the claim about permaculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Various dynamics are observed depending on the reproductive rate of the infection because the value of R0 influences the distribution of opinions in the population. For infections that spread very quickly in the population (R0 >> 1), only “pro-vaccines” individuals persist. For intermediate values of R0, a stable coexistence of “sceptics” and “pro-vaccine” individuals is observed with three possible cases: (1) at equilibrium, a negative opinion of vaccination is more frequent; (2) at equilibrium, a positive opinion of vaccination is more frequent; (3) which opinion is the most frequent oscillates over time (Fig 2). Oscillations are only observed when the cost of vaccination (CV) is high enough, i. e. when a sufficient number of individuals are vaccinated and suffer from side effects. The influence of other parameters on the emergence of oscillations is depicted Fig 3. The emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage The role of cognition (confirmation bias and conformism). We compared nested models to disentangle the role of confirmation bias and conformism on the distribution of opinions towards vaccination and subsequently, the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage. We found that oscillations can only emerge when both negative and positive opinions of vaccination coexist in the population and when a confirmation bias is included (Models 4 & 5, see also S1 Fig for various values of μp, μn and μp/μn). To confirm the significance of confirmation bias, we reran the full model while excluding confirmation bias (μp = μn): oscillations do not appear (S2 Fig). Then we found that conformism does not affect the emergence of oscillations in the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage (Fig 3). Rather, oscillations become less frequent and more ample because conformism increases the time necessary for the least frequent opinion to invade the population (Fig 4). To confirm that conformism does not produce oscillations, we compared the results obtained for the full model with and without biased social transmission (D = 0. 7 and D = 0, respectively): when confirmation bias is considered oscillations do appear in both situations (S2 Fig). The role of epidemiology (vaccination and infection costs). Once opinion heterogeneity and confirmation bias are considered, the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage depends on the ratio between the costs of vaccination and infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of cognitive biases, specifically confirmation bias, in influencing the distribution of opinions towards vaccination. It states that oscillations in vaccination coverage emerged only when confirmation bias was included in the analysis. This suggests that cognitive biases play a significant role in how decisions regarding vaccination are made, thereby supporting the claim that cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: What if we understood the genetic causes of cancer? Cancer is a disease caused by mutations in the genes within our cells. Prior, at the University of Liverpool in the UK, is trying to find out why some gene mutations are more likely to contribute to cancer than others. This knowledge could lead to the development of new treatments for this widespread and deadly disease – a branch of medicine relating to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer – able to cause cancer DNA – the molecule that stores the genetic information in our cells – a group of genes involved in controlling cell growth and reproduction. The main members of the Ras gene family are and NRAS. Many human cancers, such as colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancers, are driven by mutations in Ras genes – a gene editing technique used to introduce mutations into – the study of the structure, function and interactions of proteins produced by genes of a particular cell, tissue or organism – the study of an organism’s genes (the genome), including interactions of genes with each other and Around 1,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK every day. This equates to around one person every two minutes. Of these 1,000, around 450 will die from their cancer but the number of deaths from the disease has decreased dramatically over the past 50 years. This is partly due to changes in behaviour. For example, smoking is the largest cause of cancer in the UK, but with fewer people smoking, fewer people are dying from cancer. However, advances in diagnosing and treating cancer have also made a huge difference to the chances of survival. is a professor of molecular oncology and Head of the at the University of Liverpool. He has spent the past 25 years researching the causes of cancer and how this knowledge might be used to find new methods for treatment. His current research focuses on why a certain type of gene, called Ras, seems to contribute to a large percentage of cancer cases, and how defects in this gene could be corrected in order to slow or reverse the onset of disease. ? The DNA stored within cells carries the instructions for them to function, grow and reproduce. Cells reproduce by dividing into two new (daughter) cells. During division, the cell copies its DNA and passes it on to the daughter cells. “DNA is constantly being damaged by stresses that cells experience,” explains Ian. This damage causes mistakes to be made when the DNA is copied, creating mutations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of cancer research, highlighting that understanding genetic causes alone is insufficient for comprehensively understanding diseases like cancer. It emphasizes the role of environmental factors, such as behavior and lifestyle (e.g., smoking), in influencing cancer outcomes, suggesting a multifaceted approach is necessary rather than relying solely on genetic studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: AbstractSystem (DSS) is an interactive software-based tool that has been realized in the framework of the project “Development and application of mitigation and adaptation strategies for counteracting the global Islands phenomenon (UHI)” implemented through CE programme 2007–2013 co-financed by the ERDF. DSS is a simplified database management tool that allow the use of the project deliverables uploaded on the web sites with a user-friendly approach. Users can access to the needed project’s output through knowledge’s needs oriented pathway. You have full access to this open access 6. 1. The main activity of the WP6 was the UHIs simulation of future alternative scenarios related to the development of the urban areas chosen for the eight pilot actions. In addition, WP6 was intended to define and realize a set of support actions for fostering the implementation of urban & spatial planning strategies in each involved region. In particular, it was foreseen a progressive integration of mitigation and adaptation strategies in current urban planning tools. Furthermore, DSS is designed to address policies in actions of mitigation and adaptation in the framework of the Island phenomenon. 2 Development of the UHI Project’s DSSDuring the project implementation the partners agreed to choose the hypothesis described below:A simplified database management tool that allow the use of the project deliverables uploaded on the web sites with a user-friendly approach. In this case users can access to the needed project’s output through knowledge’s needs oriented pathway. To manage the urban development it is compulsory to manage a multitude of purposes and address many different goals, often conflicting, to satisfy the needs of different stakeholders. This poses considerable challenges to policy makers and urban planner. The need for enhanced urban plan decision support systems is evident in the same complexity of the UHI phenomenon. In the following paragraphs is described the operation of the DSS chosen within the project on UHI. 3 UHI’s System3. 1 is composed by a structure of html, javascript and php files that allows, via communication with a database, the end users to remotely access the project deliverables produced by UHI partners. In fact, considering the type of files and its structure, the software is a website, that can be installed and run on any platform that provides services http and MySQL. The logical structure of the files is likely (Fig. 5. 1):Fig. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses a software tool (DSS) developed for urban planning related to urban heat islands (UHIs). It describes the implementation and functionality of the tool without addressing the potential relationship between UHIs and climate change effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: For instance, in the case of an infection with a low epidemic potential (R0 is low) and few individuals infected, both the infection cost and the vaccination cost are low because only a few individuals suffer negative side effects. Consequently, vaccination coverage remains low and stable over time. For infections with a high reproductive rate (R0 is high), the infection invades the population more rapidly than vaccination behaviour. Thus, the cost of infection is always higher than the cost of vaccination. Similarly, when the cost of vaccination is low, oscillations do not emerge because the cost of vaccination is always lower than that of infection. DiscussionDespite evidence that vaccines are safe, vaccine scares are repeatedly observed in various populations and cause the resurgence of diseases otherwise near eradication (e. g. measles). A key factor in driving vaccination decisions is how epidemiological parameters, in particular the costs associated with infection and vaccination, are perceived. Although perception may be based on epidemiological information, the success of anti-vaccination movements also suggests that individuals vary in the way they interpret scientific evidence. People differ in their opinion of vaccination because of their past experience with immunization, their trust in the state or in the medical profession, the opinion of their parents or the most common opinion in their cultural environment, irrespective of a cost-benefit analysis based on the epidemiology [34]. In this paper, we deviate from previous theoretical studies positing that individuals are economic agents maximizing their health [4,5,35–39] to consider that individuals make decisions as result of cognitive biases. Specifically, we developed a behaviour-incidence model in which individuals can be pro-vaccines or sceptical, their opinion influencing how the costs of infection and vaccination are perceived. Overall, the model predicts the commonly observed dynamics of vaccination coverage, i. e. the failure to reach herd immunity as well as oscillations in vaccination coverage (periods of increase in vaccination coverage followed by disease outbreaks). The results have implications for considering how the interaction between human cognition and the epidemiology may lead to difficulties in reaching and/or maintaining population level immunity. The emergence of oscillations D’Onofrio et al. [40] showed that assuming a memory of the information related to the costs of infection and vaccination can generate oscillations in a SIR model without cognitive bias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how decisions regarding vaccination are influenced by cognitive biases, as indicated by the statement that 'individuals make decisions as result of cognitive biases.' It also highlights the variability in individuals’ perceptions based on personal experiences and societal influences, suggesting that these cognitive factors affect how the costs of infection and vaccination are interpreted and subsequently influence vaccination behaviors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: For example, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that attach themselves to DNA, causing a mutation in the DNA when it is copied. Usually, these mutations are corrected by the cell’s repair mechanisms, but sometimes errors slip through. Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Download the 10. 33424/197 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zeiss laser microdissection microscope used by Ian and his team for their research. Ian (top right) poses with his team. Ian grows cancer cells in dishes for his experiments. of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here! of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the role of genetic mutations in cancer development, particularly focusing on Ras genes and their mutations' effects on cell behavior and cancer research. However, it does not address cultural practices at all, highlighting that understanding cancer involves complex biological processes and research methods rather than cultural analysis. This implies that understanding phenomena like cancer cannot be fully encompassed by genetic studies alone, thus contrasting with the claim that cultural practices can be understood entirely through genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 1logical structure of the filesFull size image From the home page (index. html) you can access to: the logical framework of the project, which is a presentation of the UHI project; with a specific links to the official website of the project the System, which allows, through a logical structure, obtaining a specific report based on the user’s requests;; the Consultation Tool, which is a grid with specific questions about the results of the project deliverables produced by the partners; this tool is useful for users who know in advance what kind of information they are looking for. The two php files (query. php and print. php) shall only be used to query the database that stores the data that is composing the report: in this case, query. php is part of the communication AJAX of the page consultation. html (through script. js); while print. php dynamically creates a page report based on the choices you make, whether they come from the DSS or from the Consultation Tool. The database named db_dss_uhi is composed of five separate tables: intervention_type: stores data regarding the various types of intervention carried out in the pilot actions; legislation: containing the legislative framework for each region involved in the project UHI *; pilot_actions: the table with a detailed description of all pilot projects related to UHI project *; skills: the list (provided by partners) of the experts who have contributed to the UHI project with a short description of them and their personal contacts; software: a list of tools used by partners with a short description; 3. 2 The InterfaceThis paragraph shows the real functioning of the DSS as was finally built with the help of the below pictures. The link of the DSS can be found on the homepage of the UHI website (Fig. 5. 2). Fig. 5. 2UHI project websiteFull size image By clicking on the link highlighted above, the first page of the DSS appears like this (Fig. 5. 3):Fig. 5. 3First page of the DSSFull size image As the user can immediately see, from this page you can enter other three links to three different tools: Logical framework (magnifying glass) Consultation tool (open book) System (right arrow) 3. 3 FrameworkClicking on the left icon below, the user can have an overview of the entire UHI project (Fig. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the relationship between urban heat islands (UHI) and the exacerbation of climate change effects. Instead, it details the organizational structure and tools related to an UHI project without making specific connections to climate change. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Comparing the behaviour of our model with or without cognitive bias we have shown that the confirmation bias is necessary for the emergence of oscillations in the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage, at least in the parameter range we explore. Our model and that of d’Onofrio et al. differ by several hypotheses, which could explain why the conditions necessary for the emergence of oscillations differ between the two models. D’onofrio et al. assumed that memory is fading following an exponential rate and that the infection rate is frequency dependent while we supposed a memory fading at a linear rate and a density dependent infection rate. In all cases, our model is the first to show that confirmation bias can strongly facilitate cyclical dynamics. The propensity to seek out information that confirms one’s pre-existing belief, and the possibility for individuals to change their opinion as a function of the number of vaccinated individuals (i. e. confirmation bias) can thus explain variation into vaccination coverage. When vaccination coverage increases, the cost of vaccination increases too as more individuals suffer vaccination side effects. It leads to a rise in the number of individuals who become sceptical about vaccines. Those “sceptics” are more likely to overestimate the cost of vaccination as compared to that of infection, and thus when most of the population is vaccinated; sceptics perceive the infection as harmless. Eventually, this phenomenon leads to a decrease in vaccination coverage and subsequently, to the resurgence of diseases. In turn, as the number of infected individuals increase, a “pro-vaccine” opinion spreads leading to an increase in vaccination coverage. Those results are not different from those obtained in other models where vaccine cost appears large in comparison to that of infection as the population approaches herd immunity [41]. However, in some previous theoretical studies, the cost of vaccination does not change as a function of the number of people vaccinated. Rather, the increase in vaccination cost is imposed using an exogenous description of the evolution of vaccine risk [41], the inclusion of a cyclical period to simulate a vaccine scare [27,39] or through a decrease in the accessibility of vaccines [37,42,43]. While previous studies showed that a vaccine scare could lead to a decrease in vaccination coverage, the present model explicitly articulates a mechanism creating a vaccine scare (i. e. when the cost of vaccination is perceived to be greater than that of the infection cost). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that cognitive biases, specifically confirmation bias, can significantly influence decision-making related to vaccination coverage. It illustrates how confirmation bias leads individuals to seek information that supports their pre-existing beliefs and directly affects their perceptions of vaccination versus infection risks, demonstrating the impact of cognitive biases on health-related decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: Another image of the University of Liverpool campus, showing a rich mixture of historic and modern architecture – a branch of medicine relating to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer – able to cause cancer DNA – the molecule that stores the genetic information in our cells – a group of genes involved in controlling cell growth and reproduction. The main members of the Ras gene family are and NRAS. Many human cancers, such as colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancers, are driven by mutations in Ras genes – a gene editing technique used to introduce mutations into – the study of the structure, function and interactions of proteins produced by genes of a particular cell, tissue or organism – the study of an organism’s genes (the genome), including interactions of genes with each other and Around 1,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK every day. This equates to around one person every two minutes. Of these 1,000, around 450 will die from their cancer but the number of deaths from the disease has decreased dramatically over the past 50 years. This is partly due to changes in behaviour. For example, smoking is the largest cause of cancer in the UK, but with fewer people smoking, fewer people are dying from cancer. However, advances in diagnosing and treating cancer have also made a huge difference to the chances of survival. is a professor of molecular oncology and Head of the at the University of Liverpool. He has spent the past 25 years researching the causes of cancer and how this knowledge might be used to find new methods for treatment. His current research focuses on why a certain type of gene, called Ras, seems to contribute to a large percentage of cancer cases, and how defects in this gene could be corrected in order to slow or reverse the onset of disease. ? The DNA stored within cells carries the instructions for them to function, grow and reproduce. Cells reproduce by dividing into two new (daughter) cells. During division, the cell copies its DNA and passes it on to the daughter cells. “DNA is constantly being damaged by stresses that cells experience,” explains Ian. This damage causes mistakes to be made when the DNA is copied, creating mutations. For example, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that attach themselves to DNA, causing a mutation in the DNA when it is copied. Usually, these mutations are corrected by the cell’s repair mechanisms, but sometimes errors slip through. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of genetic studies in understanding cancer, noting that while they identify genetic mutations linked to cancer, they also highlight the significant role of behavior, such as smoking, which influences cancer rates. This implies that cultural practices, particularly smoking habits, cannot be fully understood through genetic studies alone, as social behaviors and environmental factors also play crucial roles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 4). Fig. 5. 4Link to the project logical frameworkFull size image As shown in the picture below in this page the user can find: a brief description of the project; the partnership; the framework analysis; the establishment of a UHI monitoring network; mitigation and adaptation strategies; pilot and capitalization actions for limiting UHI’s effects (Fig. 5. 5). Fig. 5. 5Logical framework of the projectFull size image 3. 4 ToolThe interface of the consists of 7 menus, multiple choice or drop-down menu, in which user is asked to select some areas of interest (Fig. 5. 6). Fig. 5. 6Link to the consultation toolFull size image Climate long term perspective, where the user can see through a map the following data: change in annual mean temperature; heat wave frequency; changes in annual near-surface temperature. phenomenon, where the user can select a city name in the drop-down menu between the various European cities that have been studied during the project: Budapest; Modena; Warsaw; Padua; Stuttgart; Ljubljana; Wien; Prague. Spatial and urban planning, where the user can, through the menu, select the following items of the interested area: local rules and regulation; incentives, financing, regulatory action; E. U. rules and regulation. Mitigation strategies, where there is the possibility to choose the mitigation action you want to deepen and find out its benefits on UHI. This sub section is divided into three items: roofs; Green roofs Green facades; Facade surface and construction selection/retrofit; Geometry of Urban Canyon. pavements; Pervious pavements. Green areas Planting trees within the urban canyon; Park, green areas. Pilot areas, where the user can choose one of the eight pilot actions have been implemented that he wants to deepen: Padua/Venice –Italy; Modena/Bologna – Italy; Wien – Austria; Stuttgart – Germany; Warsaw – Poland; Prague – Czech Republic; Ljubljana – Slovenia; Budapest – Hungary. Skills, where the user can choose the skill which is interested in: Meteoclimatology; Biometeoclimatology; Urban planning; Health; Municipality; Innovation; Engineering; Building skill; Environment; Communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an interface and various actions related to urban heat island (UHI) monitoring and mitigation strategies without providing any insights on how urban heat islands relate to exacerbating climate change effects. It focuses on project frameworks, data selection, and mitigation approaches without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: The results reported here are contingent on the assumption that the vaccination decision-making process is sensitive to a confirmation bias. This cognitive phenomenon is only one among several, however, as other heuristics have been documented in previous research on vaccine acceptance [25,44], for instance omission bias (when people prefer act of omission over act of commission, even if the outcome of omission is worse) or ambiguity aversion (aversion of ambiguous outcomes). Further work explicitly comparing the significance of various cognitive biases may yield additional insight into the role of cognition in generating vaccine scares. Social learning and vaccinating decision-making A number of previous studies have investigated the role of social interactions in shaping the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage [13,17,27,29,35,45,46]. This is because vaccination coverage can be relatively stable in the absence of a vaccine scare and the feedback between the number of infected individuals and vaccination behaviour appears insufficient in accounting for the delay between reaching high vaccination coverage and the emergence of a scare. To account for the role of social interactions, behavioural epidemiology models usually consider that individuals imitate the most successful strategy among their neighbouring contacts [39,47] and such models are better than models considering a homogenous population for fitting data on vaccine scares [41]. The way social learning is modelled explicitly considers that individuals are rational agents maximizing their payoff. Individuals can be influenced by social interactions in different ways, however, and the role of social influence need not be connected to epidemiological risks [48]. For instance, it has been argued that mothers taking their children for vaccination has become part of their “habitus” (sensu Bourdieu, in [34]). Mothers elicit to vaccinate their children because “everyone else does” and ethnographic studies on the acceptance of vaccines in various populations revealed that peer opinion matters [34]. In the model developed here, individuals adopt the most common opinion in the population through the phenomenon of conformism. Conformism does not generate oscillations in vaccination coverage but increases the amount of time needed for a change in epidemiology to generate a cultural response. The role of conformism in increasing the time for cultural change has been observed in previous studies [39]. Limitations First, the model presented here assumes that both infection and health behaviour are transmitted within a homogeneously mixing population, and those are simplifying assumptions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias and omission bias, which influence the vaccination decision-making process. It highlights the role of cognitive phenomena in shaping individuals' decisions about vaccinations, reinforcing the notion that cognitive biases significantly impact decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Most drugs work by binding to a specific location within a protein molecule that controls the protein’s interactions with other molecules. When the drug binds to the protein, it blocks the active site and prevents the protein from carrying out its functions in the cell. Kinases are a type of enzyme that are involved in controlling major cancer-causing cell processes and many successful cancer drugs have been developed that bind to kinases. Ras genes are not kinases, however, and the drugs that have been used to target kinases will not affect Ras-controlled processes. Ian explains: “Most successful drugs have been designed to bind to a pocket in a protein (like a key in a lock). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing solely on the biological mechanisms of gene mutations and cancer, without addressing cultural practices. It explains how genetic studies, particularly related to Ras genes and their mutations, contribute to understanding cancer but does not imply that cultural practices can be fully explained or understood through these genetic studies. Thus, it suggests that there are limitations to understanding complex phenomena like cultural practices through genetics alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Simulation tools, where the user can, simulating the effect of a mitigation action in the urban area object of the pilot, choose the aspect that he is interested in deepening. Global scale Weather forecast; Climate of your region; Future climatic scenarios; Weather risks for your region due to climate change. Urban/district scale Urban micrometeorology; Influence of land use on urban climate; Effectcs of street characteristics (orientation, width, buildings height, etc. ) on urban climate; Effects of urban topography on climate; Influence of land use on urban climate; Influence of different kind of roofs on urban climate; Influence of different kind of pavements on urban climate; Human perception of climate; Knowing how land use influences the human state of wellness. of different kind of roof on building; Effects on micrometeorological variables due to different materials and properties of the building; Influence of good/bad adopted measures on human health/wellness at building scale. The following pictures show how are graphically displayed the contents above outlined (Figs. 5. 7, 5. 8 and 5. 9). Fig. 5. 7The first three menus of the consultation toolFull size image Fig. 5. 8The subsequent three menusFull size image Fig. 5. 9The simulation toolFull size image Once required the information requested by the user, the software searches in the documents produced in the WPs of the project the material/documentation or deliverable (re-organized in a logical framework); this content has been revised in order to obtain a final compact document with all the information selected. The results are finally displayed in html pages for instant opening for a quick reference, then the user can print it as a pdf. 3. 5 The DSS By clicking the icon in the middle of the screen, user is led within the DSS. By clicking on the different menu items the user can simulate the approach to his pilot study based on the data we gathered in our 8 pilot tests (Fig. 5. 10). Fig. 5. 10Link to the UHI’s DSSFull size image This section has 5 menus: Location: an interactive Map allows the user to select the region of interest, as shown the picture below (Fig. 5. 11)Fig. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about simulation tools and user interfaces for consulting urban climate information but does not directly address the claim about urban heat islands exacerbating climate change effects. Consequently, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: It shows that a decrease in vaccine uptake when a disease is near eradication may not only emerge because of individual free riding but because of cognitive biases that maintain heterogeneity in how people perceive risks. While this study presents limitations that need to be explored in future work, i. e. considering heterogeneity in contact patterns as well as additional cognitive biases, we show that alternative notions of rationality, in particular that of an ecological rationality whereby individuals use simple cognitive heuristics, offer interesting new avenues for modelling vaccination behaviour. Supporting InformationS1 Fig. The effect of confirmation bias on oscillations. The effect of confirmation bias (i. e. with μ the weight given to the cost of infection and μ′ the weight given to the cost of vaccination) on the dynamics of susceptible (solid grey line), infected (thin line) and vaccinated individuals (thick line) is depicted. The amplitude and the frequency of oscillations are modified when the difference between μ and μ′ is high. Indeed, the bigger the difference between μ and μ′, the more the amplitude of oscillations increases and the more the frequency decreases. The situation is indicated for infections that are moderately infectious, with 2 reproductive ratio R0, 3 and 6 and with a rate of negative side effects from the vaccination δV = 1. S2 Fig. The effect of conformism and confirmation bias on the appearance of oscillations. The effect of conformism biased (D = 0. 7) and unbiased (D = 0) is depicted with and without confirmation bias. The number of susceptible individuals is represented by the solid grey line, the infected individuals by the thin line and the number of vaccinated individuals by the thick line. Without confirmation bias (μ = μ′ = 1), oscillations do not appear for both types of conformism (biased and unbiased). When the confirmation bias is added, oscillations do appear with no significant differences between the biased and unbiased conformism. The situation is indicated with the reproductive ratio R0 = 3 and with a rate of negative side effects from the vaccination δV = 1. 1. . Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review. J R Soc Interface. 2010. 1256. pmid:20504800 View 2. Bauch C, D’Onofrio A, Manfredi P. Behavioral epidemiology of infectious diseases: an overview. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, affect individual perceptions of risk and influence decision-making in the context of vaccine uptake. It highlights that these biases can lead to variability in how risks are perceived, supporting the notion that cognitive biases significantly impact decision-making processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: To inhibit Ras, it needs to be prevented from interacting with partner proteins i. e. , a drug needs to bind to the surface of Ras in a specific location. Instead of trying to find a key for a well understood lock, chemists have had to try to create drugs that can selectively bind to the smooth surface of Ras – it’s a very tough challenge. ” Recently, drugs that target a mutation (known as G12C) in KRAS, which is commonly found in lung cancer, have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials. Although these drugs are showing signs of being successful, one of Ian’s concerns is that cancers will become resistant to these new drugs. His team is testing different KRAS G12C inhibitors in lung cancer cells and investigating the mechanisms of resistance associated with each drug. The researchers have discovered that cells treated with these new inhibitors become resistant to some existing cancer drugs, but they have also identified combinations of drugs that could slow the onset of resistance. ’? “Ras controls a network of cancer-relevant genes. Understanding how the network operates and responds to therapies is important for treating cancer,” says Ian. “I want to understand what makes KRAS so oncogenic and why different Ras mutants are not all equally bad. Improved understanding will help therapeutic decision making and hopefully lead to the development of better treatments. ” Part of Ian’s role has been to establish a new centre known as the Research Facilities, which houses a wide range of imaging facilities and proteomics and genomics labs. Solving major scientific questions is no longer a solo endeavour so having all these facilities in one place has made it much easier for researchers with a diverse range of expertise to collaborate. Through these collaborative efforts involving a range of new technologies, cancer diagnosis and treatment will go from strength to strength. of Molecular OncologyHead of the Research FacilitiesUniversity of : : genes’ link to cancer and how defects in this family of genes could be corrected to slow or reverse the onset of disease : Biotechnology and of Head of the University of : : genes’ link to cancer and how defects in this family of genes could be corrected to slow or reverse the onset of disease : Biotechnology and oncology is the study of cancer causes and treatments at the molecular scale. The aim is to identify the genes responsible for causing cancer and the mechanisms through which gene defects are translated into disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of cancer research and the role of genes, emphasizing that understanding cancer requires collaborative efforts and various scientific disciplines. It states, 'Solving major scientific questions is no longer a solo endeavour,' suggesting that genetic studies alone are insufficient to fully comprehend the intricacies of diseases like cancer.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 11Interactive mapFull size image Scale of intervention: the user can choose between two option, building or urban; Typology of intervention: the choice here is between: Menu item A) Existing structure; New construction. Menu item B) Facedes; Roofs; Surface lots; Urban structure; Urban green. Economic assessment: here the user can choose the action he would like to undertake between: Cool roofs; Green roofs Green facades; Facade surface and construction selection/retrofit; Geometry of Urban Canyon. Cool pavements; Pervious pavements. Planting trees within the urban canyon; Park, green areas. After entering a few data, the software proceeds a quick calculation of the action selected. Skills, where the user can choose the skill which is interested in: Meteoclimatology; Biometeoclimatology; Urban planning; Health; Municipality; Innovation; Engineering; Building skill; Environment; Communication; The selections made in the menus help to match with the material presented above, relating them in a logical way. This tool aims at presenting the same data of the but in a more organic way: a combination of a raw data and documents selected shape a report and finally a model. Indeed the choices are collected and reported in a final html page as a report. 4 DSS InputThe inputs of the DSS are all data stored in the database that contribute for processing the final information. In our case inputs are established based on the work developed in the previous Work Packages: WP3, WP4, and WP5. From the above-cited WPs here follows a synthesis of the most important aspects necessary to set up the DSS. 4. 1 WP3WP3 was divided in 2 main actions: Action 3. 1 was basically a review action in which one has collected different studies about the Island phenomenon. Action 3. 1 was split in sub-actions. This analysis focused on anthropogenic causes that generate the UHI phenomenon and the survey techniques used to study it. The analysis take into account both (1) technical-scientific issues and (2) urban planning and land use regulation. 1. Technical-scientific issues 1. a. reviewing knowledge (causes and related factors: anthropogenic causes that generate UHI phenomenon i. e. peculiar urban and building characteristics, particular industrial activities, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about urban heat islands (UHI) exacerbating climate change effects. Instead, it discusses a decision support system (DSS) related to UHI, focusing on data collection and analysis techniques, and mentions actions to understand the UHI phenomenon. While it points to the existence of UHI and its anthropogenic causes, it does not provide information that supports or contradicts the claim about its impact on climate change.