Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella [version 5; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer,. . . Continue reading authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer, confirm that the published 10. 5256/f1000research. 158147. r219341) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. . . . Continue reading 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. 3. Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the isolation, characterization, and screening of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii without mentioning locusts or their control. The focus is on Galleria mellonella, which is not relevant to the claim about locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: By integrating genetic diversity, phenotyping, and genotyping, and focusing on multiple stress resistances, we can enhance the resilience of crops to climate change and safeguard global food systems. Continued research, investment, and policy support are vital to achieving these goals and securing the future of agriculture in an era of climate uncertainty. 2. breeding methods, including selective breeding and hybridization, have long been used to develop crops with desirable traits. These methods rely on the natural genetic variation within crop species and have been successful in improving yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. However, they are time-consuming and limited by the available genetic diversity [12]. 3. Molecular breeding techniques, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS), have revolutionized crop improvement by allowing precise selection of traits at the DNA level. MAS uses genetic markers linked to desirable traits to accelerate the breeding process, while GS employs genome-wide markers to predict the performance of breeding lines [13]. These approaches enhance the efficiency and accuracy of developing climate-resilient crops. 4. advancements in gene editing technologies, particularlyCas9, have opened new possibilities for crop improvement. /Cas9 enables precise modifications of specific genes, allowing researchers to enhance stress tolerance traits directly [14]. This technology has been used to develop crops with improved drought, heat, and flood tolerance by targeting genes involved in stress response pathways. 5. Integration of Phenotyping and phenotyping and genotyping approaches is crucial for understanding the genetic basis of stress tolerance and identifying key traits for breeding [15]. High-throughput phenotyping platforms, such as drones and remote sensing, provide detailed data on crop performance under stress conditions. Integrating this data with genomic information helps identify genetic markers associated with resilience traits, facilitating the development of climate-resilient varieties. 6. Role of Genetic diversity is a critical resource for breeding climate-resilient crops. Wild relatives of domesticated crops and landraces possess a wealth of genetic variation that can be harnessed to improve stress tolerance [16]. Efforts to conserve and utilize these genetic resources through pre-breeding and germplasm exchange programs are essential for broadening the genetic base of cultivated crops. 7. Breeding for the complex nature of climate change, crops must be resilient to multiple stressors simultaneously. Breeding strategies should focus on developing varieties that can withstand combinations of drought, heat, and flood conditions [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methods and advancements in crop breeding that enhance resilience to climate change and extreme weather. Specifically, it mentions 'advancements in gene editing technologies' that allow for 'enhanced stress tolerance traits' and details how 'breeding strategies should focus on developing varieties that can withstand combinations of drought, heat, and flood conditions.' This clearly supports the idea that crops are engineered to better tolerate extreme weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Mozambique’s Dam, with an installed capacity of 2075 MW, had similar political drivers to Kariba; it used cheap electricity to reinforce the political relationship between the Portuguese colonial power and South Africa. This relationship was even shorter-lived – Mozambique became independent in 1975, just as was completed and the reservoir began to fill. With the development in Zambia of the 900 and some smaller projects, there is now almost 5,000 MW of installed hydropower generation capacity in the basin with an average total energy production of around 30,000 GWh/year, of which 23,000 is “firm energy,” available at high reliability and very low cost, since most initial construction loans have long been repaid. This economic benefit of large water infrastructure is seldom accounted for although the resulting “path dependency” is often commented upon (Haasnoot et al. 2019). The total energy production could be doubled to around 60,000 GWh/year through the extension of existing facilities and the construction of new dams. This would meet most of the current electricity demand of the eight riparian states although optimal production will require hydrologically informed cooperation between operators. The resilience of new schemes to climate variability and change has come under particular scrutiny as international development finance institutions consider their financial viability. While individual projects have been assessed in some detail, it is important to understand how they would function in a future system, which includes irrigation and urban uses, under conditions of climate change. At present, evaporation from the Kariba and lakes is by far the largest “consumptive use” of Zambezi water, accounting for 85% of the 12. 5 km3 average “consumption”; all other uses (agriculture, urban, and industrial) account for just 1. 9 km3, just 2% of the available runoff. With the growth of population and economies, water consumption will reduce flows, impacting on hydropower production. A 2010 “Multi-Opportunity Analysis” (MSIOA) investigated the potential impacts of such new developments and the benefits for the riparian countries of coordinating their development plans, to reduce uncertainty about hydropower potential (2010). The study included an economic assessment tool and considered possible climate change impacts. Its main finding was that coordinating investments and infrastructure operation could significantly increase the economic benefits compared to stand-alone project development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of hydropower projects in adapting to climate change. It highlights the scrutiny of the resilience of new schemes to climate variability, indicating that while individual projects are assessed in detail, their effectiveness in a future system affected by climate change needs further consideration. This suggests that adaptation strategies alone may not be sufficient to fully counteract the impacts of climate change, providing a counter-argument to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria. It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days? If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15. The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed comments on an experimental setup for a study but does not directly address the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana as a fungal pathogen in controlling locust populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: This requires a holistic approach that integrates physiological, genetic, and molecular insights to understand the interactions between different stress responses. Several successful case studies demonstrate the potential of breeding climate-resilient crops. For example, drought-tolerant maize varieties developed through conventional and molecular breeding have been widely adopted in sub-Saharan Africa, significantly improving yields under water-limited conditions. Similarly, gene-edited rice varieties with enhanced flood tolerance have shown promise in Southeast Asia. To support the development and adoption of climate-resilient crops, coordinated efforts in research, policy, and extension services are necessary. Investment in advanced breeding technologies, capacity building for breeders, and creating enabling regulatory frameworks for gene-edited crops are essential steps [18]. Additionally, policies promoting the conservation of genetic diversity and the dissemination of resilient varieties to farmers will enhance agricultural sustainability in the face of climate change. 8. climate-resilient crops is imperative for ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability in the face of extreme weather conditions. Advances in breeding strategies, from traditional methods to cutting-edge gene editing technologies, provide promising solutions to this challenge. By integrating genetic diversity with modern phenotyping and genotyping techniques, and focusing on breeding for multiple stress resistances, we can significantly enhance the resilience of crops to climate change. These efforts will not only protect crop yields and quality but also contribute to the stability of global food systems, ensuring that agricultural productivity can meet the demands of a growing population despite the uncertainties posed by a changing climate. Continued research, investment, and supportive policies are essential to realize these goals and secure the future of agriculture. 1. Bailey-Serres, J. ,. , & Schroeder, J. I. (2019). Genetic strategies for improving crop yields. Nature, 575(7781), 109-118. 2. Tester, M. , & Langridge, P. (2010). Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world. Science, 327(5967), 818-822. 3. Godfray, H. . , Lawrence, D. , Muir, J. F. , … & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967), 812-818. 4. Varshney, R. K. , Shi, C. , Thudi, M. , Mariac, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of engineered crops that are tolerant of extreme weather conditions. It mentions drought-tolerant maize varieties developed through breeding techniques and gene-edited rice varieties with enhanced flood tolerance. These examples exemplify the broader development of climate-resilient crops that are specifically designed to withstand the stresses imposed by extreme weather, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Beyond the hydrological uncertainties, the political challenge is to achieve an equitable sharing of the costs and benefits. However, economic analysis is particularly challenging for investments such as water resource infrastructure which have a high initial cost but yield benefits over a very long period. The imputed value of long-term production depends heavily on assumptions about future prices as well as the “discount rate” applied in the analysis, and there is limited consensus about the appropriate approach, not least because the choice is usually determined by policy objectives (Fankhauser and Stern 2016) in which climate change adaptation strategies are not always adequately reflected. These issues were illustrated in the analysis of Batoka in the 2015 RDM study (Cervigni 2015). site is on the main stem of the Zambezi, downstream from and upstream from Kariba. It has limited storage and will depend on natural river flows which, although moderated somewhat in the extensive wetlands of the upper catchment, are very variable and subject to drought, making it particularly vulnerable to climate change (Harrison and Whittington 2002). In this context, the RDM study noted that: “In drier futures, smaller facilities yield higher net benefits, as less investment is underutilized during the dry periods. In wetter futures, larger facilities that can better take advantage of high flow periods yield higher net benefits. ” Batoka it found, “shows significant sensitivity to climate change with up to a 33 percent decrease or a 15 percent increase in average power production. ” (Cervigni 2015) Over 30 years, the difference between the worst- and best-case scenarios was estimated at around US$4 billion, in 2015 values, based on average energy prices in the Power Pool. But in a dry period, electricity prices would rise as all supplies would be reduced in a system that was dependent on hydropower. While in 2015 this effect was not yet evident because the region still had coal-fired alternatives, over the next five decades, coal-fired power will be constrained, and carbon taxes will increase its price, further supporting hydropower prices. Even without these considerations, Batoka showed that “economics of projects of this type could be highly sensitive to the price of power” (Cervigni et al. 2015). Once again, it was emphasized that a project that was financially sensitive to climate change impacts was not necessarily financially vulnerable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities and challenges associated with climate adaptation strategies. It mentions the economic analysis of water resource infrastructure that reflects a significant sensitivity to climate change, indicating that adaptation is not straightforward. Additionally, it references how climate change can significantly affect the outputs of the Batoka project, suggesting that adaptation alone—without consideration of economic and environmental variability—cannot fully counteract climate change effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella [version 5; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Beauveria bassiana as a fungal pathogen or its effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses grammatical issues in a manuscript, criteria for scientific standards, and the suitability of a study design without mentioning locusts, Beauveria bassiana, or its pathogenicity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: , Wallace, J. , Qi, P. , & Lu, F. (2017). Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments. Nature Biotechnology, 35(10), 969-976. 5. Gao, C. (2018). The future of technologies in agriculture. Biology, 19(5), 275-276. 6. Zsögön, A. , Čermák, T. ,. , & Peres, L. E. (2018). De novo domestication of wild tomato using genome editing. Nature Biotechnology, 36(12), 1211-1216. 7. Zhang, H. , Zhang, J. , Lang, Z. , Botella, J. R. , & Zhu, J. K. (2018). Genome editing—principles and applications for functional genomics research and crop improvement. in Plant Sciences, 37(3), 215-236. 8. Mwadzingeni, L. , Shimelis, H. , Dube, E. , Laing, M. D. , & Tsilo, T. J. (2016). Breeding wheat for drought tolerance: Progress and technologies. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(5), 935-943. 9. . , & Ismail, A. M. (2007). A marker-assisted backcross approach for developing submergence-tolerant rice cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 115(6), 767-776. 10. . , Jackson, S. A. , Leal-Bertioli, S. C. M. , Tester, M. , & Gao, C. (2019). Breeding crops to feed 10 billion. Nature Biotechnology, 37(7), 744-754. 11. Li, T. , Liu, B. , Spalding, M. H. , Weeks, D. P. , & Yang, B. (2012). High-efficiency TALEN-based gene editing produces disease-resistant rice. Nature Biotechnology, 30(5), 390-392. 12. Reynolds, M. P. , Langridge, P. , & Sawkins, M. (2010). Breeding for drought tolerance: Achievements and limitations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and advancements in agriculture, particularly focusing on traits that improve crop tolerance in challenging environments, such as drought and submergence. For instance, studies on pearl millet, wheat breeding for drought tolerance, and the development of submergence-tolerant rice cultivars exemplify that certain crops have indeed been engineered or bred for greater resilience to extreme weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: These economic studies are highly dependent on the discount rates chosen. The RDM study used a policy discount rate of 3% for assessing social policy objectives. But for Batoka, both the MSIOA and the RDM analyses used a “finance discount” rate of 10% (2010) to ensure adequate financial returns to repay loans. The danger is that using present-day markets to estimate long-run prices ignores the potential increase in the value of output as a result of climate change policies, devalues the long-term benefits of cooperation, and thus does not adequately reflect the policy goals of climate change mitigation. A final gap in these attempts to integrate policies for climate resilience more effectively fully into hydrological and economic analysis has been the failure to consider the “water use efficiency” of energy generation in the Zambezi Basin. Presently, over 10% of the Zambezi’s flow is lost to evaporation from the two large hydropower reservoirs. Full development of the basin will not require the significant expansion of storage to manage hydrological variability, and the proposed cascade of three dams in the lower Zambezi will benefit from the hydrological security provided by the Kariba and reservoirs upstream. While the MSIOA notes with concern that the output of those projects could vary between +9% and − 13% by 2100 (2010), it makes no allowance for value inherent in increasing “water use” efficiency by increasing the energy produced per unit of water. These analyses of the and the broader strategies to ensure optimum management of the Zambezi Basin’s waters show that the challenges of assessing the economic benefits and risks of large water investments are at least as complex as those of managing the hydrological uncertainties. Discussion: Principles to under UncertaintyThe cases presented illustrate the contexts within which major water resource investment decisions are taken and the limited contribution that can be made by emerging climate change science beyond the charting of the range of future uncertainty. Nevertheless, the focus on potential climate change impacts does provide useful guidance for the planners, developers, and operators of major water resource infrastructure working in “difficult hydrologies. ”PrinciplesFrom these cases, some general principles can be identified that could help water resource managers to develop coherent adaptive strategies for the projects or systems for which they are responsible and assist them in communicating their approaches to their wider communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities involved in water resource management in the context of climate change. It discusses the limitations of integrating climate adaptation policies with economic analyses and acknowledges that while adaptation strategies are vital, they may not fully account for the uncertainties and long-term impacts of climate change. For instance, it points out that 'the limited contribution that can be made by emerging climate change science' suggests that adaptation alone may not suffice to counteract all effects of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana as it does not discuss this fungal pathogen or its relationship to locust control. Instead, it contains unrelated details about experimental procedures and responses from researchers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: GMOs are universally accepted and supported worldwide. [SEP] Text: pects of religion (212) Religious institutions & organizations (205) Religious social & pastoral thought & activity (204) Religious & spiritual figures (1) Religious life & practice (3) Religious instruction (2) Spirituality & religious experience (2) Theology (2) Religion: general (141) History of religion (84) Philosophy of religion (49) Religious issues & debates (12) Religion & politics (6) Comparative religion (1) Interfaith relations (1) Judaism (16) Christianity (7) Christian Churches, denominations, groups (6) Roman Catholicism, Church (3) Protestantism & (2) (1) Ecumenism (1) Orthodox & Churches (1) Islam (7) Islam: branches & groups (1) Islamic groups: Sunni, Alsalaf (1) History & Archaeology (490) History (490) History: specific events & topics (292) Social & cultural history (257) Genocide & ethnic cleansing (17) (4) Invasion & occupation (9) War (6) Colonialism & imperialism (5) Industrialisation & industrial history (2) Maritime history (2) National liberation & independence, post-colonialism (2) Revolutions, uprisings, rebellions (1) European history (102) European history: medieval period, middle ages (17) European history: Reformation (6) European history: the Celts (1) European history: the Romans (1) History: theory & methods (78) Historical research: source documents (70) Historiography (4) Military history (54) Specific wars & campaigns (18) War (13) War (5) General & world history (10) History of the Americas (2) Ancient history (1) Archaeology (1) Archaeology by period region (1) Biography, Literature & Literary studies (305) Biography & non-fiction prose (196) Biography: general (167) Biography: historical, political & military (26) Autobiography: historical, political & military (1) Collected biographies (3) Biography: science, technology & medicine (2) Autobiography: general (1) Biography: literary (1) Biography: philosophy & social sciences (1) Biography: religious & spiritual (1) Diaries, letters & journals (147) Memoirs (4) Literary essays (1) Literature: history & criticism ( [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about GMOs as it discusses various aspects of religion, history, biography, and literature without any mention of GMOs or their acceptance. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In addition, some more operational priorities emerge that merit mention. UncertaintyPerhaps the most important principle to emerge from the cases is that uncertainty remains the dominant feature of potential climate change impact on water resource projects. This uncertainty must be recognized and reflected in analytical approaches, strategy development, and project design. Uncertainty does not mean that stochastic methods cannot be used to detect – and project – trends. For instance, where projections of precipitation are made using multiple GCMs and the range of future uncertainties can be constrained, stochastic methods are already usefully applied. More serious challenges arise where relevant variables are not well understood or constrained as is the case with modeling future rainfall-runoff in conditions where both land cover and precipitation intensities are both poorly understood. PrecautionaryThe precautionary principle is usually understood to constrain developments until their impacts are understood. In the climate change context, a precautionary approach will ensure that decisions are taken in time to address possible future contingencies. This is explicitly stated in Cape Town’s post-disaster water strategy which commits to make new investments which will not be used unless there is a dry period in which they are needed. This reflects the high costs imposed on the wider society by supply failure. Projects with lengthy implementation periods such as the IVRS augmentations should be implemented on a precautionary basis to avoid inefficient crisis responses that characterized many water sector investments. A precautionary approach would also introduce supply restrictions earlier rather than later although political resistance is always a factor in this – recent extreme power restrictions in Zimbabwe resulted, in part, from earlier decisions to continue generating at full capacity at Kariba, contrary to drought operating rules. Path DependenceA concern frequently raised about water resource developments of all kinds is that they commit their societies to particular development paths and close off other options. The difficulty with these discussions is that they frequently involve larger political issues about which there is little consensus. In large measure, Windhoek’s current challenges are the result of century-old colonial spatial planning decisions; the option of refocusing economic development in a more propitious location is an important alternative. Similarly, South Africa’s IVRS reflects the fact that the mining economy promoted extensive development in a location with limited water resources and that coastal areas would be easier to serve. Beira’s location, which also served colonial objectives, is very vulnerable to current climate, and vulnerabilities will be aggravated by climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainty and complexities involved in addressing climate change impacts on water resources. It highlights that adaptation strategies must account for unpredictability in climate impacts, and therefore, climate adaptation alone cannot effectively address the full scope of climate change challenges. The reference to the precautionary principle and the historical context of development decisions further emphasizes that merely adapting to climate change effects is insufficient without considering broader systemic issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 11 Sep 2024 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of comments are accepted and included in the new version of 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. 3. Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected. 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria. It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana as a fungal pathogen for locust control. Instead, it appears to be an administrative or review comment related to a scientific submission concerning various fungal isolates, without specifically mentioning the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana against locusts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: GMOs are universally accepted and supported worldwide. [SEP] Text: Nelson: Commission for the International Sea-and for the for the Law of the Sea: 31 I. Introduction 31 II. Membership and Participation 31 III. Structure 32 IV. of Work 32 1. of Resolution II 32 2. of Draft Agreements, Regulations and Rules of Procedures for the Authority 37 3. of the Interests of Developing Land-based (1) 38 4. (2) 38 5. of the (3) 39 6. (4) 39 V. Commission and the Convention on the Law of the Sea 40 VI. Conclusion 44 Cristian Maquieira: Statement on the Implementation of Resolution II of the on the Law of the Sea by the for the International Sea-45 Rüdiger Wolfrum: Decision-making in the Council: and Comparison 59 I. Introduction 59 II. Composition and Decision-making in the Council according to 1. Composition 61 2. 65 III. Assessment and Conclusion 70 1. Evaluation and Assessment 70 2. Suggestions 72 Discussion 75 Hjalmar Thiel: Resulting from Deep Sea- 87 I. Principle 87 II. Problem: 88 III. 88 1. Impacts 89 2. Impacts 90 a) Disturbance from 90 b) Disturbance from 91 3. 92 IV. 93 1. 93 2. 94 V. 95 VI. 95 Literature 96 Discussion 97 Barbara Kwiatkowska/Etty R. Agoes: Archipelagic Waters: of 107 I. Introduction 107 II. 108 1. of and 108 2. Concerning Non-Self-Territories 110 3. Non-Concerning Non-112 4. Conforming to the Rules on 113 5. Conforming to the Rules on but 119 6. to the Rules on anti 119 7. the Rules on but those on 120 8. of the Philippines 122 9. of Indonesia 130 III. Evaluation 137 1. Definition of and Construction of 137 2. of the Archipelagic State's Competence 138 3. Right of 139 4. Right of 140 5. of - of Controversy 146 Discussion 152 Günther Jaenicke: for Sea-Bed Activities: A 165 Discussion 174 Klaus Dicke: Deciding upon the Budget of the United Nations: A Comparison 189 I. Introduction 189 II. "Budget" 192 1. Objective-of-192 2. 195 III. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is unrelated to the claim regarding GMOs. It lacks any mention or discussion of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and instead contains headings and topics related to international law and sea conventions. Therefore, it does not provide any information to corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: But these are not issues on which water managers can determine policy. At best, they can ensure that the concerns and constraints are well understood and thus influence wider development policy debates. FlexibilityIn response to uncertainty about future trends, it is helpful if strategies to meet future needs are sufficiently flexible to accommodate different futures. This principle has already been explicitly adopted in a number of the case study projects: has identified a range of options that could rapidly be implemented in the event of a “step change” in climate; the ENCW scheme serving Windhoek can be implemented in a sequence of steps. Similarly, each step in the past and future development of South Africa’s IVRS involved a choice from a set of different options. System-and ProblemshedsThe importance of conceptualizing and operating linked infrastructure as a system rather than as individual units brings many benefits. The values of these benefits are explicitly determined in the but are also evident in the IVRS, Windhoek, and, at a nascent stage, Mombasa and Cape Town’s new strategy. LinkagesThe linkage of different sources and demand centers provides a variety of resilience benefits that can greatly assist adaptation to changing climate conditions. A benefit that could be achieved by operating Zambezi hydropower as a coordinated system is that extreme events are often not correlated. While in the south and Kariba were running dry, which draws more resources from the north had to open its flood gates to manage inflows. South Africa’s IVRS has already demonstrated that multiple sources provide greater assured yields than the sum of their “stand-alone” yields and Windhoek’s situation is similar. Proposals for Kenya’s to form part of an integrated bulk system would replicate this approach. DiversificationDiversification of sources provides further important resilience benefits and should be a guiding principle for climate change adaptation. Windhoek’s surface water/groundwater mix has enabled it to withstand repeated drought crises. Cape Town’s recent experience highlighted the risk of relying solely on surface water supplies, which although linked all derived their inflow from a single small catchment area. Alternative sources had not been developed because, individually, their unit costs were higher, but this calculation omitted consideration of the value of additional reliability that could be gained from diversification. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that apparently diversified sources are not correlated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of diversification and adaptation strategies, suggesting that climate adaptation alone is insufficient. It highlights the importance of flexible strategies to cope with uncertainties and stresses that reliance on a single source for water supply can lead to vulnerability, as illustrated by Cape Town's experience. It suggests that a combination of sources and linked infrastructure is essential for resilience in the face of climate change, thereby indicating that adaptation must be part of a broader strategy, rather than a standalone solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15. The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1. The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding Beauveria bassiana's effectiveness as a fungal pathogen for controlling locust populations. Instead, it focuses on the methodological aspects and suggestions for improving a scientific paper. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Sensors in Autonomous Vehicles: of Math and 61201 Email: rayalaguerrero18@augustana. edu Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1115/1. 4052991 Published Online: December 27, 2021 1003. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJ. Auton. Veh. Sys. Research and technology in autonomous vehicles is beginning to become well recognized among computer scientists and engineers. Autonomous vehicles contain a combination of global positioning system (GPS), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), cameras, radio detection and ranging (RADAR), and ultrasonic sensors (which are hardly ever included). These autonomous vehicles use no less than two sensing modalities and usually have three or more. The goal of this research is to determine which sensor to use depending on the functionality of the autonomous vehicle and analyze the similarities and differences of sensor configurations (which may come from different industries too). This study summarizes sensors in four industries: personal vehicles, public transportation, smart farming, and logistics. In addition, the paper includes advantages and disadvantages of how each sensor configuration are helpful by taking into consideration the activity that has to be achieved in the autonomous vehicle. A table of results is incorporated to organize most of the sensors’ availability in the market and their advantages and disadvantages. After comparing each sensor configuration, recommendations are going to be proposed for different scenarios in which some types of sensors will be more useful than others. Issue Section: Keywords: autonomous vehicles, sensors, camera, ultrasonic sensors, artificial intelligence, inputs/outputs, vehicle autonomy Topics: Autonomous vehicles, Sensors, Vehicles 1 vehicles are getting noticed in the technology industry. More companies are designing self-driven cars and/or other vehicles/products to facilitate certain tasks for humans or even replace interaction with such activity. These vehicles are being used for personal use, transportation, automation processes, and production in the farming industry. Technology companies are engaged in automated vehicles projects and work with specific types of sensors, which compose the model of these vehicles to interact with the environment and make the automation process possible. Each one of the technology companies strives to achieve the desired outcome for designing an autonomous vehicle, with a selection of what types of sensors and systems are needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the various sensors used in autonomous vehicles, such as GPS, LIDAR, cameras, RADAR, and ultrasonic sensors. It mentions that these vehicles utilize a combination of these sensors and highlights that technology companies are engaged in designing self-driven vehicles that automate tasks, thereby supporting the notion that autonomous vehicles navigate without human input through the use of AI and sensors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Thus, while reuse is a useful option, it depends on the availability of wastewater which, in crisis situations, may be constrained. YieldIt is widely recognized that storage is an integral element of any substantial water resource system, crucial to ensure adequate flows in dry seasons. However, it is often considered solely as part of river management infrastructure. and the IVRS use strategic storage fed slowly by wet season surpluses from external sources to build a reserve that can be drawn down to provide a guaranteed supply during dry periods. This contributes significantly to their reliance against drought and other climate impacts at lower cost than would be required for the development of a new source. and ReliabilityOne of the features of both water and power projects in Southern and is how little recognition is given to the financial and economic benefits of reliability and resilience of supply. This was forcefully illustrated by the economic losses suffered by due to 3 years of water restrictions. But the economies of countries dependent on Zambezi hydropower have also been significantly constrained by the power cuts and rationing, and Windhoek’s economic activity has been curtailed by water shortages. There is a need for more nuanced analysis of the funding of schemes that enhance resilience and reliability of supply since these values are often not included in user charges and benefit a wider public than the direct users. Operational PrioritiesWill be CriticalGiven the intensification of hydrological analysis and decision-making, water management institutions will have to ensure that they have the capabilities to respond to the emerging challenges. This will require appropriate structures as well as the development and retention of the specialist skills, often in collaboration with specialized institutions of higher education. Is RequiredIn all the water supply cases, current investment has been insufficient to achieve resilience to current climate variability. While this is often viewed as a problem that can be resolved by establishing effective markets for water (and also to power), the benefits of assured supplies spill far beyond the direct users to the wider society although they may only be fully realized in the longer term. This means that the full value of the water project outputs cannot be captured by prices alone and different financial arrangements are required that reflect the long-run economic benefits of secure supplies. Where water projects, notably hydropower, directly mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, this should be reflected in financial terms. Current “green finance” proposals will only be of assistance if loan conditions address these structural constraints. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that current investments are insufficient to achieve resilience to climate variability, suggesting that adaptation measures alone are inadequate. It highlights the need for a broader analysis of funding resilience and reliability since the economic benefits are not fully captured by direct user charges. This implies that without additional measures and investments, climate adaptation alone cannot fully counteract the effects of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Guder is located at a latitude and longitude of 8o58′N and 374o6E, respectively, with an altitude of 2,101 m a. s. l. , whereas Koka is found at 8o25′ N latitude, 39o02′ E longitude, and an altitude of 1,605 m a. s. l. The minimum and maximum temperatures ranged from 12. 14 to 27. 39°C, respectively (Etefa and Dibaba, 2011). Sampling of rhizosphere soil from tomato plantsRhizosphere soil was collected from tomato farmlands by uprooting vegetative-stage tomato plants. During the collection, the upper layer of soil was removed. A total of 40 rhizosphere soil samples were taken from two locations. Five samples were taken from each spot and mixed in a plastic bag before being taken to the bio-control laboratory of the for the isolation of B. bassiana and M. robertsii. Finally, one kilogram (kg) of the soil sample was used for the isolation by removing unnecessary parts from the soil (Sevim et al. , 2010). Isolation of B. bassiana and M. robertsii from Rhizosphere soil samplesFrom 40 soil samples, B. bassiana and M. robertsii were isolated by using the Galleria baiting method as follows (Zimmermann, 1986; Belay et al. , 2017). One kilogram of soil sample was moistened by sterilized water and added to a 1. 5 kg screw-capped glass jar. A total of 10 wax moth larvae were separately introduced into jars filled with soil samples and incubated at 26°C for 10 consecutive days under dark conditions. Larval deaths were inspected and recorded every three days. The moisture of the soil was maintained by moistening it with sterile water daily. The cadavers were taken off the soil and surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes, followed by 70% ethanol for 10 seconds, and rinsed three times with sterile water. Surface-disinfected larval cadavers were placed on sterile plastic plates with slightly wetted filter paper and incubated at room temperature up to the sporulation of outgrown mycelia. The sporulation of B. bassiana and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the geographical details and the methodology for isolating Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii from rhizosphere soil samples. It does not provide any information about the effectiveness of B. bassiana as a control agent for locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Although there are numerous levels of automation ranging from one to four, examples include simple driving assistance to keep the vehicle in the lane or autopilot in other cars similar to the recently popular Tesla company. Several types of automatic technology are being used in various technologies, which need some assistance from software to increase productivity. Some companies are constantly innovating to create better autonomous vehicles that could be at some point fully automatic without any aid from a driver. In order to obtain the desired results, autonomous devices and vehicles need to contain specific systems and sensors that will adapt to the requirements of that specific industry. In this paper, we will review and compare the different sensors used in this type of technology and assign each one of them to specific companies that use such devices in their autonomous projects. We will create a report to easily visualize patterns of which types of sensors are used in unique settings, focusing on reasons why these types of sensors are better for that particular job. In addition, if the devices present some limitations, there will be a study explaining the disadvantages that could be assigned to it. We are going to focus on five categories where sensors can be used in automated vehicles, which include Types of Sensors, Levels of Autonomy, Personal Vehicles, Public Transportation, and Smart Farming. We will talk about personal vehicles, which is a very attractive area for companies to develop their projects. Innovation is constantly taking place in this area to provide a fully autonomous vehicle in the near future. Public transportation is also experimenting with a significant impact with autonomous technology, and it is important to analyze how companies are trying to adapt the systems to this area. Then, we will review the farming industry, where many farming vehicles and devices are now using automation to boost production and minimize human interaction. Then, we will focus on the medical field analyzing how ambulances are implementing these devices. And finally, we will study unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs ) which are used for flight and navigation purposes. 2 As artificial intelligence started becoming more present in the industry, developers, and researchers started thinking about automation for vehicles. In order to build such projects, there was an extensive process of research for sensors and which types perform better in different situations. Sensors are in charge of most of the processes for automation in a vehicle, and in order to successfully perform, there must be a link, or what researchers call a fusion, between the different sensors to create a fully automated automobile. 2. 1 for Safety Basis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the role of sensors and automation in vehicles. It emphasizes that 'sensors are in charge of most of the processes for automation in a vehicle' and highlights the need for 'a fusion between the different sensors to create a fully automated automobile.' This directly supports the claim that autonomous vehicles utilize sensors and AI to operate independently from human drivers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Communication to ConsensusWater resource development occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the public domain and is thus subject to public scrutiny and political decision. One of the challenges faced by sector managers is that they address complex issues about which public perceptions may differ widely. Water management institutions need to develop and sustain communication with their stakeholder communities to ensure their support for demand-side interventions as well as for investments on the supply side. Information for “Dynamic Stationarity”The dynamic nature of hydrological systems under climate change means that analysis will no longer rely on standard sets of reference data from a fixed time period. The values of many hydrological variables will be changing in unpredictable ways that will require hydrological data to be updated on a regular basis. This will require an intensification of data collection and management. As one group of commentators remarked, “in a nonstationary world, continuity of observations is critical” (Milly et al. 2008). ConclusionsThe principles that emerged from this review support the initial hypothesis that adaptation to climate change in the water and hydropower sector will best be achieved by following strategies that address current climate variability. All of the principles enunciated are equally appropriate to current climate variability or climate change. The proviso introduced by including climate change is that such interventions should recognize that uncertainties under future climate change are likely to be greater than at present. This reinforces the need for options that allow greater flexibility of approach, but it also highlights the need for a precautionary approach that will see interventions made earlier rather than later, as found to its cost. The idea that interventions should be made sooner rather than later will often meet opposition because it will be seen to reinforce current development trajectories and path dependence. The reason that alternative trajectories are not followed is usually that they are constrained by politics and economics. Even if the intent is to allow economic and social disruption to drive new trajectories, creating water and power crises is unlikely to create the conditions for change. Given the challenges posed by climate change, deliberate disruption of societies and economies is a high risk strategy with little certainty about the likely outcomes. One consistent finding is that the challenges of planning, implementing, and operating large water resource schemes under difficult hydrologies will become more complex as climate change impacts intensify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while adaptation to climate change is crucial, it cannot fully counteract its effects. It stresses the complexity of water resource management under climate change and states that 'The dynamic nature of hydrological systems under climate change means that analysis will no longer rely on standard sets of reference data.' Moreover, the text emphasizes that uncertainties under future climate change are likely to be greater and that interventions need to be made earlier rather than later, indicating that adaptation must be coupled with other strategies to address the intensifying impacts of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii over the dead cadavers was examined, and the spores were harvested by a sterilized inoculating wire loop, transferred onto Agar (SDA) Microxpress® media, and incubated at 27±1°C for 14–21 days. Isolates were purified by subculturing on newly prepared SDA media, and pure cultures were preserved with glycerol and maintained on agar at -19°C for further work. Morphological identification and characterization of isolatesFungal isolates were morphologically identified and characterized using the identification key of Humber (Humber, 1997), depending on fungal structures acquired from pure culture (Gürlek et al. , 2018). In addition to the new isolates, three B. bassiana (APPRC-44-44BC-1, and APPRC-27) and one M. robertsii (S-26) isolates were also characterized from the as standard checks for the comparison of isolates. Consequently, the morphologies of B. bassiana and M. robertsii were characterized by the culturing of pure cultures on the SDA media, and inspection was done for 14–21 days. Both macroscopic and microscopic characterization of isolates was conducted by observation of morphological features of isolates. Macroscopic features such as mycelial color, colony reverse, colony shape and color, colony elevation, and surface texture were observed. Microscopic characterization of isolates was also done under an Olympus SC50 (CX33RTFS2, Olympus Corporation) microscope with ×40 magnification (Barra et al. , 2013) by measuring conidial length and diameter, hyphal growth, and conidiogenous cells using the slide culture technique. Slide culture preparationThe technique was conducted by autoclaving a 9-cm-diameter Petri dish with filter paper and a bent glass rod. A 15 g-1 of water agar was cut by a 1 cm × 1 cm block with a sterilized scalpel blade and put on a glass slide. Fungal spores were inoculated on the four sides of the agar blocks by a sterile inoculating needle, and coverslips were placed on the block. Moistened filter paper with 2 ml of sterile water was placed over plates, sealed with parafilm, and incubated at 27±1°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana's effectiveness at controlling locust populations. It primarily discusses the methodology for isolating and characterizing fungal isolates, including B. bassiana, but does not mention its pathogenic effects on locusts or any evidence of its control efficacy. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The first condition for autonomous car build-out is to guarantee the safety of passengers, pedestrians, and the environment itself. There are several studies on sensor performance involving safety protocols, which involve object detection, weather condition scenarios, lane support systems, and assistance systems that provide safety to the driver. The different types of sensors used include and Ranging (RADAR), and Ranging (LIDAR), ultrasonic sensors, System (GPS), cameras, and vehicle communication. The results of such research summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the equivalent sensors and systems to conclude that an optimal self-driven vehicle must fusion those sensors [1]. The approach proposed focuses on the overall performance of these sensors and presents their advantages and disadvantages. It emphasizes comparison between different types of sensors and narrows the overall category of autonomous vehicles to subcategories or industries that operate this technology. This entails areas such as personal and public transportation and farming. Some of these industries recently developed their technologies, which will reform the study, as it was already considered outdated. 2. 2 Sensor Technology. Moreover, there is extensive research about how the different types of sensors work and how they are used together in order to make autonomous vehicles perform. However, it is necessary to combine the data of multiple sensors because there are no sensors capable of doing all the work on their own. Some of them specialize in providing visual information and others providing measures of distance between the vehicle and a pedestrian. Studies were done providing information about the called fusion of data provided by the numerous sensors and trying to optimize the system for autonomous vehicles [2]. Nevertheless, the different technologies used by specific companies are not provided. This survey will analyze the different projects available, sort the types of sensors used, and then compare which scenarios these sensors best perform in. With this, there is an organization about patterns or purposes regarding sensors and how they are used depending on the circumstances. 2. 3 Based on Weather Conditions. Safety is one of the most important features in autonomous vehicles because human interaction with the vehicle is not present. The technology manipulated needs to adapt to any situation in order to guarantee the safety of a driver, pedestrian or the environment to avoid any kind of mishap. Studies have been done about problems that the sensors encounter when dealing with difficult weather conditions such as severe rain, snowstorms, and fog [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the various sensors such as RADAR, LIDAR, ultrasonic sensors, GPS, and cameras that are used in autonomous vehicles to detect objects and navigate. It emphasizes that these sensors work in conjunction to gather information that allows the vehicle to perform navigation tasks without human input. Additionally, it discusses the necessity for data fusion from multiple sensors, supporting the claim that AI and sensor technologies drive autonomous vehicles’ ability to operate independently.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: While traditional hydrological tools can continue to be used, “dynamic stationarity” will require more intensive data collection, more frequent reviews and runs of models, and greater effort to communicate the findings and their implications to the wider community whose consent, trust, and support will be required for decisions. In most countries, this will require more capable organizations, better funded, staffed, and equipped than at present. In all of this, the primary constraint to adapting to the impacts of climate change by building more resilient and less vulnerable systems will continue to be financial. A particular challenge for the water sector’s practitioners will thus be to persuade their communities that additional support for planning and managing their countries’ water will insure them against the larger costs of water and power supply failures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that climate adaptation efforts face significant challenges, particularly financial constraints. It emphasizes that merely adapting is insufficient; there is a need for comprehensive support, capable organizations, and enhanced communication to effectively manage the impacts of climate change, suggesting that adaptation alone cannot fully address the complexities of climate effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Agar blocks were discarded after incubation for 72 hours, and the slides were moistened with a drop of 97% ethanol and enabled to heat fix by passing on an alcohol lump. A drop of lactophenol blue was used to stain the slide with a coverslip, which was later sealed with nail polish. The slide was placed under a SC50 microscope with ×40 magnification for the observation and characterization of conidiophore structure (Rosana et al. , 2014). Finally, the slides were permanently preserved for further characterization. The characterization and measurement of spore features such as conidial length and diameter were also done using the Sc 50 microscope (magnification, ×40). Spore germination test for the viability of fungal isolatesThe spore germination test was verified by the conidial germination test technique according to standard procedures (Goettel and Inglis, 1997). Fungal spores were harvested from a 21-day-old culture by scraping with a sterilized spatula. Harvested spores were added to 10 ml of sterile water with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) as a surfactant in a falcon tube and vortexing. Fungal spores were adjusted to 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 by using a Neubauer hemocytometer (USA) under a SC50 microscope. In total, 100-μl of suspended spores was spread over fresh Agar (PDA) (Himedia®), and two sterilized glass slides were placed on the media and incubated at 28°C for 18 hours. After 18 hours, germination of the spores was halted by dispensing with 70% ethanol. Both germinated and non-germinated cells were counted by using a Neubauer hemocytometer under a SC50 microscope (magnification, ×40). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in CRD with 15 treatments and three replications. A germ tube with more than half the diameter of the spore was considered germinated, and vice versa for non-germinated. Isolates with more than 95% germination were selected against G. melonella to test their virulence. The percentage of spore germination was calculated according to the method developed by Vega et al. (2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed account of experimental methods for studying fungal spores, including spore germination tests, but does not mention Beauveria bassiana, locust populations, or any related context that connects to the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: However, it is likely for sensors to experience difficulties dealing with environmental factors, and it is important to identify all the possible threats that could interfere with the execution of these devices to gather the required data. Still, there is not an in-depth comparison between the features previously mentioned, sensors limitations, and differentiation among the technologies developed by the most advanced technology companies. It will be beneficial to have a strict comparison of what types of sensors are being used in each scenario and label them down into categories to accentuate not only the limitations of those but also the advantages and the reason of their usage for that particular case setting. 3 Study 3. 1 Types of Sensors. For autonomous vehicles being able to function properly, they need some sensors that are grouped into three main categories: and cameras. It is important to explain how these sensors work and why developers are using them to perform these difficult tasks. In addition, GPS/GNSS technology is used as a position sensor that is relevant for these types of vehicles. Other relevant sensors such as inertial measurement units (IMU’s) and odometry sensors are going to be reviewed RADAR: and Ranging (RADAR) sensors send radio waves to gather the distance and speed of objects related to the vehicle. They are used for obstacle detection in autonomous vehicles, and their main function is to detect the objects in the environment and around the car. They are designed to identify any type of vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, and trucks. These sensors provide an environmental perception that it is useful by getting data about the surroundings and then providing it to the driver and other internal systems of the vehicle. The data collected help to provide parking assistance, blindspot detection, and rear collision warnings. RADAR sensors have the advantage of being efficient even with fog, rain, or snow, which is solving the limitation of other visual sensors. As mentioned in Ref. [4], RADAR sensors are getting cheaper and it is easier to implement those in common cars. However, there are not enough if we are trying to develop a high-end fully autonomous car. LIDAR: and Ranging (LIDAR) sensors are very similar to RADAR sensors, but use lasers to map the environment rather than radio waves. According to the study in Ref. [5], LIDAR sensors can detect objects 200–300 m away and emit short pulses to measure more than a million points per second. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the various types of sensors used in autonomous vehicles, such as RADAR and LIDAR, and explaining their roles in environmental perception and obstacle detection. It emphasizes the importance of these sensors in facilitating navigation without human input, as well as the technological advancements being made in the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: It is recognized that the (UN) and other climate specialists have taken the lead role in determining how GHGs cause global temperature to increase, and how quickly emissions must be reduced to limit that increase to the goals of the PA. Technically, this thermodynamic process is referred to as the “anthropogenic” heating of our planet. The UN coordinates the efforts of nearly 200 Countries to make their own Contributions (NDCs) towards the overall reduction amount required to meet their goals. The latest detailed planning information is documented in the Tracker (CAT) Report (2) that summarizes the results from the November 2021 Conference of Parties (COP26) held in Glasgow, Scotland. Additional information is available in the recent on (IPCC) (AR) No. 6 (1). This 1. 5-degree C temperature rise goal set by the PA-2015 is still realistically achievable. This assumes that the NDCs submitted by most Countries to the UN Conference of Parties (COP26 in 2021) remain partially in effect. In fact, significant reductions in the pledged amounts made by individual Nations would be allowed according to this new analysis. This occurs because the targeted 0. 4 deg. C temperature rise goal, above 1. 1 deg. C. in 2020 (+/-0. 1 C) can be met with a CO2 reduction rate of 0. 6 Gigatonne (Gt) per year (from 40Gt in 2020) to the year 2066, where a 12. 4 Gt net-zero value will exist for emissions. That shows a need for a 70% reduction. Note one Gt is a billion metric tonnes and a metric tonne is 1,000 kilograms or 2,200 pounds. For clarification, net zero is the point in time where the CO2 emissions will be reduced to the same level as the carbon sinks (the sinks are the amount of CO2 absorptions made by the earth at that time). The amount of those carbon sinks each year is a function of the individual CO2 emissions made over the last 100 years. Table 1 in the shows the emission values used from years 1900 to 2020. , while Table 2 in the main text shows the simplified method for calculating carbon sink values by year. Be made aware that CO2 emissions are gradually dissipated down to 40% of their initial amount. Temperature rise is halted at the net-zero point because there is no further increase in atmospheric concentrations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the necessity of achieving net-zero emissions to halt temperature rise. It illustrates that reaching a temperature stabilization goal involves significant reductions in emissions and long-term commitments rather than immediate effects from reforestation. The mention of net-zero being achieved only through a detailed process demonstrates that reforestation alone is insufficient for immediate reversal of global temperature increases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Percent spore germination=number of spores germinatedTotal spore counted×100Radial growth rateConidia of 14-day-old cultures were harvested from plates and spread on a 90 mm Petri dish containing fresh SDA and PDA media separately. Isolates were incubated for three days at 27±1°C, and the 5 mm diameter of three-day-old cultures mycelium was taken by using a cork borer and placed in the center of a 90 mm petri dish containing SDA and PDA media individually. Cultures were incubated at 27±1°C (Membang et al. , 2021). The experiment was conducted in CRD with 11 treatments and replicated three times. Data on radial growth were recorded in mm/day from the 4th to the 15th days and calculated by:RG/day=Colony diameter at the end of incubation period−Fungal disc diameterTotal incubation daysWhere, RG/day is radial growth per day. Estimation of conidial yieldSpore production was estimated as follows (Schemmer et al. , 2016). A 21-day-old culture of 10 mm-diameter circular agar was cut with a cork borer, and the disc was added to 10 ml of sterile 0. 001% Tween 80 solution. The solution was well vortexed to evenly mix, and the conidial concentration was counted by using a Neubauer hemocytometer. The conidial yield was expressed in terms of conidial ml-1. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in CRD with eight treatments and three replications. Conidial suspension preparationConidia were obtained from pure cultures grown on SDA, which was incubated for 14 days at 27±1°C under dark conditions. Conidia were harvested by disposable cell scrapers and added into test tubes containing Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v). Suspensions were vortexed well for 2 minutes and adjusted to 1 × 108 conidia ml-1 using a Neubauer hemocytometer (Gurulingappa et al. , 2010). Rearing of Galleria melonellaGalleria mellonella larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were reared at the in the biocontrol room following the methods described by Meyling (2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana as a fungal pathogen for locust control. Instead, it details experimental methods concerning the culture and growth of fungi without addressing their effectiveness against locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The advantage of LIDAR sensors compared to RADAR sensors is that they allow to create three-dimensional (3D) maps of the environment to visualize the objects around the environment. They assist to cover a 360-deg view and are used to complement RADAR sensors and give more sophisticated tools and data with 3D mapping. For autonomous vehicles, it is crucial to have a clear sight of what is happening around the vehicle and make it capable of “seeing. ” In fact, years ago, it was an expensive technology, but nowadays the costs are getting lower for being used in the vehicle mass market. Cameras: Thus, autonomous vehicles need to have some visual data and information in order to respond to events such as reading the traffic lights and interpreting their colors to stop or move. Usually, autonomous vehicles are designed with cameras in different angles to give a 360-deg view around the vehicle. These cameras can easily recognize cars and pedestrians. However, cameras have many downsides because the data they receive from outside depends on a clear sight to get the appropriate visual information. Bad weather conditions could affect the view of these cameras, where rain, fog, and snow could be potential threats. Cameras depend on illumination, and darkness can affect performance which could lead to an accident if a pedestrian or a car are not identified. Some researchers have proposed solutions to improve visibility in these devices and minimize side effects that could be affecting safety [6]. Ultrasonic Sensors: Lastly, ultrasonic sensors are becoming more popular in the autonomous driving community as a cheap alternative to LIDAR sensors to incorporate obstacle detection systems and algorithms inside a self-driven vehicle. These sensors send ultrasonic impulses that are then reflected by the obstacle, and the signal is processed by the internal system of the vehicle to show the data of the obstacle perform accordingly. They are categorized in the type of range that could reach 5. 5 m, but are designed for specific tasks that involve obstacle detection and assistance in a short range such as implementing a parking assistance system and detecting objects near the car. There are some other limitations concerning the short field of view and the difficulty for the sensor to detect objects going at a fast speed. Additionally, they are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacks leaving the sensor physically unable to function and creating false positives, which could lead to a potential incident without the user supervision [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of various sensors, such as LIDAR, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors, in autonomous vehicles. It highlights the importance of these sensors in creating a 360-degree view of the environment and interpreting visual data essential for navigation, which enables vehicles to respond to their surroundings without human intervention. The mention of technological advancements and the decreasing costs of these sensors further supports the claim that they are being integrated into autonomous vehicles to facilitate navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: 6 GtCO2. These reference pathways start at 40 Gt in 2020 and end when they reach a carbon neutral condition (called net-zero) with the Earth’s carbon sinks absorbing the same amount as new CO2 emissions made at that year. That has been calculated to occur in years 2094, 2076 and 2066 at CO2 emission levels of 10. 4 Gt, 12. 0 Gt and 12. 4 Gt, respectively. Thereafter, smaller annual reduction amounts are still needed because the sink amounts will continue to fall-off slowly. It is hopeful that carbon capture technology can then be utilized to fill the difference. Those three pathways and there corresponding sink amounts were plotted on Figure 1 to be discussed next. The first step was to compute the values of what the CO2 sinks would be for each year of the proposed pathways. Then those sink values are subtracted from the yearly emissions to yield the net increase in CO2 concentrations out to the year where the net increase will be zero for each pathway. It is those accumulated CO2 concentrations that are used by the Union (AGU) (3) equations to calculate the radiative forcing (in Watts per square meter) that will exist at that time. In addition, the accumulated concentrations of both CH4 and NO2 are used to separately compute their forcing. The sum of the three forcings is then used to determine the temperature rise using a predetermined Sensitivity (ECS) factor. Recall that the amount of heat that can be radiated to deep space is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature. Hence, it takes only a small change in temperature to radiate a very large amount of heat. In addition, thankfully, about 90% of the GHG heat generated gets absorbed by the ocean waters so that acts as a major buffer to limit the global temperature increase that we experience. What’s new to the analysis performed is the application of recent calculations of the amount of CO2 that is absorbed from the atmosphere each year based upon CO2 emissions made over the prior 100 years (4). Also new is a set of equations in Table 3 that better estimate the in Watts/sq-meter for each of the three GHGs of CO2, CH4 and N2O that are converted to temperature increases using the new ECS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of carbon emissions and temperature rise. It explains that reaching carbon neutral conditions involves a time frame and accumulation of CO2 concentrations, indicating that immediate reversal of temperature increase is not feasible. The detailed analysis of CO2 absorption and its delayed benefits suggests that reforestation alone cannot instantaneously counteract global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Adult moths were kept in 500-ml flasks containing folded tissue paper to fasten their mating and egg-laying capacities. To hatch second-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper, transferred to plastic containers filled with 80 g honey, 50 g wheat bran, and 180 g glycerol, and incubated at 20°C for four weeks in the dark. Virulence test of isolates using G. mellonellaThe potential virulence of fungal isolates was tested using 2nd instar G. mellonella larvae by the galleria dipping method. Spores collected from 14–21 days of old culture by sterilized spatula scraping were adjusted to 1 × 108 spores’ ml-1 and 10 ml were prepared from the suspension of sterilized water with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) in a sterilized falcon tube and vortexing well. A total of 10 second instars of G. mellonella larvae were dipped into spore suspensions for 15 sec. Treated larvae with fungal isolates were incubated at 26°C for 10 days under dark conditions. Cadavers were collected every day 3 days post inoculated, disinfected on their surfaces, transferred into sterilized plastic plates lined with moistened filter paper, and incubated in a dark place. Dead larvae were daily inspected and moistened with sterilized water to promote the outgrowth of mycelial on the cadavers. A control was treated with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) and incubated under the same conditions (Ayele et al. , 2020). Isolates with greater than 90% mortality of larvae were selected, considered to be virulent isolates, and preserved for further work. Data analysisGermination test, radial growth, conidial yield and size, and virulence test of isolates data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test with a statistical difference of P<0. 05. System (SAS) (RRID:SCR_008567) software 9. 4 version was used for data analysis. Means were separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) at P<0. 05. ResultsMorphological identification and characterization of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolatesThis study revealed that three B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention locust populations or Beauveria bassiana's effectiveness in controlling them. Instead, it discusses methodologies for testing the virulence of fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella larvae, with no direct relation to locusts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: (GPS/GNSS): System (GPS), it is frequently used by autonomous vehicles to help them with navigation and give them positioning data. These systems use data that are received from several GPS satellites. With the current navigation technology, vehicles are incorporating these systems to create routes, analyze traffic, and possess information about the position of the vehicle in real time. This is then connected with the three major sensors for autonomous vehicles in order to create an innovative navigation experience without human interaction [8]. GPS connects with the (GNSS) which is giving more data to the vehicle that guarantees the actual position. This technology is mostly used for ground vehicles that are constantly on the road surrounded by other cars and pedestrians. IMU Sensors: IMU is a specific type of sensor that is used to measure angular rates, force, and sometimes magnetic fields. This sensor is used most of the time as a backup sensor that needs to function properly in case of any accident or error that can cause the other sensors to stop working. It also plays an important role in sensor fusion because it is related on the other sensors to provide data about acceleration, this is crucial to protect the drive at all times and the vehicle to be designed to respond to any kind of harmful situation that could put the driver’s life in danger. Odometry Sensors: Odometry sensors use the data from motion sensors to monitor the change of position over time. This particular sensor is linked with position sensors but focuses on the change of position. It is commonly used in robotics to estimate the position change from the starting point to the endpoint. However, it is now incorporated in many autonomous vehicles to keep track of the position of the vehicle from a specific location. 3. 2 Levels of Autonomy. In order to identify a vehicle as autonomous, the Society of created five different levels to classify any intended autonomous vehicle or device based on the different technologies and differentiate minor automation such as parking assistance from more major autonomous features like driving capability without human interaction. It is important for the purpose of this research to mention and understand the different levels of automation to properly categorize the different technologies that are going to be analyzed extensively. It is easy to identify two different main categories containing the five different levels: regarding support for the driver and automated driving features. From level 0 to level 2, the driver is involved during all types of support systems and needs to be aware of everything at all times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the role of sensors, such as GPS, IMU, and odometry sensors, in facilitating navigation for autonomous vehicles. It explains how these systems work together to provide real-time positioning data and help create routes without human interaction, which directly aligns with the claim that autonomous vehicles navigate without human input.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: 6 parts-per-million (ppm) in going out to the 0. 4 GtCO2 per year reduction limit for the year 2094. Those concentrations for years 2066, 2076 and 2094 for the calculation of their radiative forcing starting from the 2020 increased amount of 132 ppm above the 1880 level of 280 ppm. Table 6 shows the values of atmospheric concentrations for CH4 and N2O (ref4) to be used for their separate calculations of radiative forcing to be added to those for CO2 (also shown). Table 7 presents a summary of the total forcings for the three pathways and the associated temperature-rise estimates as a function of the climate-sensitivity factor assumed and the endpoint CH4 concentration amount as footnoted. While one can compute the climate sensitivity seen between 1880 and 2020, one cannot assume the volcanic action will continue. There were many unpredictable negative natural forcing events that occurred that could change the eventual future outcome. The uncertain final CH4 concentration was also used as a parameter to assess its impact on temperature rise. Figure 2 is a graphic comparison of the temperature rise profile for 0. 6 GtCO2/year of emissions versus the natural logarithm of the actual CO2 emissions. Their close correspondence is as expected There is concern that widespread future CO2 emissions reductions may not occur until the year 2030, so it would be educational to know how this would impact the present temperature estimates. In all cases, there would be about a ten-year delay in reaching net-zero, and the temperature increase would be approximately 0. 16 deg. for a CO2 concentration increase of 200 GtCO2 during the 2020-2030 decade. As one can see, such an unfortunate delay in making CO2 reductions would be significant but not catastrophic. G. ConclusionsIt has been demonstrated that the proper application of a new algorithm for determination of yearly carbon sink values has led to a lower atmospheric concentration of CO2 than UN reports would indicate for the same amount of emissions. In addition, the use of the more refined equations for calculating radiative forcing based upon the GHG concentrations has shown the Watts/sq-meter values to be less than those used by the UN. Consequently, the resultant temperature rise values are appreciably lower. This enables an extension of the time frame over which reductions can be made and the reductions required can be less per year (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors affecting atmospheric CO2 and temperature rise, emphasizing that despite reductions in emissions or changes in carbon sink values, there are delays in realizing temperature benefits. The statement 'there would be about a ten-year delay in reaching net-zero' indicates that immediate reversal of temperature rise through actions like reforestation is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana and seven M. robertsii isolates were identified from rhizosphere soil samples of tomato plants. B. bassiana isolates showed white colony color, wide round to round colony shape, smooth powdery to smooth cottony surface texture, and raised colony elevation, as indicated in Table 1. Table 1. Macroscopic features of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Isolate nameIsolate codeSourceLocationHost plantColony ColorColony shapeSurface textureColony elevationfrontbackB. bassianaRST-8Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishwide roundsmooth powderraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-27soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedB. bassianaK-91Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishroundsmooth, cottonyraisedB. bassianaK-5Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishroundsmooth, cottonyraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-44collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-44BC-1soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedM. robertsiiRST-11Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthickflatM. robertsiiRST-12Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownmedium roundthickflatM. robertsiiS-26soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownlight greenbrownroundthin, cottonyflatM. robertsiiK-61Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthin, adpressedflatM. robertsiiK-63Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthin, adpressedflatM. robertsiiK-101Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownmedium roundthick, cottonyslightly raisedM. robertsiiK-7Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownroundthin, adpressedslightly raisedM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes the macroscopic features of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates from soil samples, without providing any evidence or information regarding their effectiveness in controlling locust populations.