Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were performed using RAxML-NG v0. 6. 0 [80], using the appropriate model of nucleotide substitution for each gene partition (12S: GTR+I+G; 16S: TVM+G; COIII: TPM3uf+I+G; 18S: TIM2+I+G; 28S: GTR+I+G) in the combined alignment. was used to assess clade support allowing bootstrapping to halt automatically (-autoMRE). All analyses were run with gaps treated as missing data. Morphology and cnidae analysis of the anemone host Ostiactis pearseae Specimens were examined whole and dissected. Histological sections 5–10 μm thick were made from different body regions of two specimens using standard paraffin techniques and stained with stain [81]. The distribution and size ranges of cnidae in the tissues were analyzed from six specimens using light DIC microscopy (× 1000 magnification, oil immersion). Twenty non-fired capsules of each cnida type (when possible) were photographed and measured at random. Cnidae size distribution offers information on the variability in capsule size for each type of nematocyst. We follow a nematocyst terminology that combines the classification of [82], modified by [83], thus differentiating “basitrichs” from “b-mastigophores” with that of [84, 85] which captures the underlying variation seen in “rhabdoids” (see [74] for more details). We include photographs of each type of nematocyst for reliable comparison across terminologies and taxa (see [86]). Higher-level classification for Actiniaria follows [16]. Hybridization chain reaction-fluorescent in situ hybridizationSpecimens for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy were initially preserved in 4% sucrose-buffered paraformaldehyde (PFA) and kept at 4 °C for 24–48 h. These PFA-preserved specimens were then rinsed with 2× PBS, transferred to 70% ethanol, and stored at − 20 °C. Tissues were dissected and embedded in Steedman’s wax (1 part cetyl alcohol: 9 parts polyethylene glycol (400) distearate, mixed at 60 °C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. Instead, it focuses on methodological details related to the examination of cnidae in anemone specimens, providing no information about ecosystems or chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: and BlumerArkes & Blumer, 1985), the status quo bias (Reference KnetschKnetsch, 1989; Reference SchweitzerSchweitzer, 1994), and the endowment effect (e. g. Reference Kahneman, Knetsch and ThalerKahneman, Knetsch & Thaler, 1990; Dijk and Van Knippenberg& Van Knippenberg, 1998). Although the existence of loss aversion is well-accepted, there is still work to be done developing better accounts of its causes, boundaries and consequences. For example, researchers generally assume that potential gains need to be approximately twice as large to offset the potential losses (and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1991). They introduced a loss aversion coefficient—the ratio G/L (Gains/Losses) that makes an even chance to gain G or lose L just acceptable (and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1991, page 1053). They observed a gain/loss ratio of 2 (2/1) in their experiments, showing that gains on average need to be twice as large as the losses to make an even chance to gain G or lose L acceptable. In the current paper, however, we will argue and show that this loss aversion ratio is not constant, but in fact influenced by how it is measured. We show that the ratio is approximately 2 when people focus on gains compared to a loss, but that the ratio increases when people focus on losses compared to a gain. We thus show that the measurement of loss aversion itself can induce a focus on either losses or gains, and that this measurement-induced focus influences the strength of loss aversion. 1. 1 Explaining and measuring loss aversion Loss aversion has been linked to the negativity bias (see for overviews e. g. and RoyzmanRozin & Royzman, 2001; Reference Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer and VohsBaumeister, Bratlavsky, Finkenauer, & Vohs, 2001). This link first of all shows that the overweighing of the negative is not restricted to the domain of decision-making. In more general terms, the negativity bias describes that people pay more attention to negative information than to positive information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of loss aversion in detail, explaining that potential gains need to be approximately twice as large to offset potential losses, which reinforces the idea that individuals prefer avoiding losses over gaining equivalent amounts. Furthermore, it highlights how the measurement of loss aversion can influence its perceived strength, aligning with the claim's assertion regarding loss aversion's fundamental principle.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: It is essential to mention that the species Rhaebo ecuadorensis was not found in the NCBI database due to a labeling error. This was evidenced when the alignment of our sequence with the database was performed, obtaining 99. 9% pairwise identity with R. glaberrimus, a species from which R. ecuadorensis was separated (Mueses-Cisneros, Cisneros-Heredia & Mcdiarmid, 2012; Pramuk, 2006). It demonstrates that not all genetic information in the NCBI is correctly curated (Pentinsaari et al. , 2020). For this reason, curating sequences that enter our databases allows us to resolve these discordances. To perform successful amphibian eDNA biomonitoring in high-biodiversity areas and to recover the true taxonomic composition of environmental samples, it is crucial to have a curated, high-quality reference database (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Pawlowski et al. , 2021; Weigand et al. , 2019). Several scientific reports detail the unfavorable effect on analyses when a database has curation errors, leading to omissions in identifications and generating the discard of sequences that would be considered false positives (Bohmann et al. , 2014; Taberlet et al. , 2018; Schenekar et al. , 2020). Our database was designed for amphibian detection, and 96. 3% of the sequences belong to amphibians. For TRMB, this work provides reference sequences for 20 amphibian species, including A. aff. insperatus and C. resplendens, documented for the first time for this area. As mentioned by Angulo et al. (2006), new contributions in terms of species distribution are relevant, especially in unexplored areas, because complete biodiversity inventories help to inform and develop conservation strategies. eDNA vs. VES The simultaneous application of eDNA-based and traditional methods in areas with high biodiversity has been analyzed (Sasso et al. , 2017; Bálint et al. , 2018; Herder et al. , 2014) and recommended (Keck et al. , 2022) in several studies, as these two approaches are compatible when assessing the diversity of organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that the simultaneous application of eDNA-based methods and traditional methods (like visual encounter surveys) is recommended and analyzed in multiple studies. This indicates that both methods are recognized as compatible and necessary, thus opposing the idea that eDNA technology will completely replace traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: An ethanol to wax gradient of 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1, and 100% wax, was used to embed the samples (1 h each treatment at 37 °C). Embedded samples were sectioned at ~ 3-μm thickness using a Leica RM2125 microtome and placed on slides. The protocol and all solutions used for HCR-FISH were as specified by Molecular Technologies, Inc. , and closely followed [87]. Sections were dewaxed in three 100% ethanol rinses, allowed to dry, and equilibrated in hybridization buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× sodium chloride, sodium citrate (SSC = 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate), 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin, 1× Denhardt’s solution, 10% dextran sulfate), for 20 min at 37 °C. Excess buffer was removed and sections were hybridized overnight in a humidification chamber at 37 °C in hybridization buffer, to which was added a final concentration of 5 nM of an unlabeled DNA probe, designed to be an exact match to the Ostiactis pearseae SUP05 16S rRNA phylotype (Anem-SUP05, 5′--3′), based on the probe, “BangT-642,” specific for the thiotrophic SUP05 symbiont in Bathymodiolus mussels [88]. A general bacterial probe set (Eub338-I-III) was also used as a positive control. These probes contained a specific sequence initiator tag (termed B1 and B3) that triggered the oligomerization of pairs of fluorescently labeled DNA hairpins (i. e. , the amplification step; [87]). The B1 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of the Anem-SUP05 probe. The B3 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of each of three Eub338 probes I-III and to the Anem-SUP05 probe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems. It describes a protocol for hybridization and the use of DNA probes for a specific microbial analysis, which does not provide any information related to chemosynthesis or ecosystems in hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: For the current purposes, it is also interesting to see that the research on the negativity bias shows that it is possible to redirect a person’s attention from negative information to positive information (and ClarkBeck & Clark, 1997; Reference ComptonCompton, 2000; Reference DerryberryDerryberry, 1993; and ReedDerryberry & Reed, 2002; Reference Teasdale, Segal and WilliamsTeasdale, Segal & Williams, 1995; Reference Toates, Archer and BirkeToates, 1983). Moreover, Reference SchoemakerSchoemaker (1982) noted quite early that people’s choices are sensitive to how the problem or decision is presented. Translated to the domain of loss aversion, these insights indicate that the magnitude of loss aversion may depend on whether people are focused on the negative or the positive. In the current 48. 16. In the fill-in-the-gain format first condition, participants had to indicate how large the gain should be to balance a given loss of €20. 16. After having filled out the first gamble, the reported numbers were used as input for the second gamble. Footnote 1 We also measured the amount of time participants needed to make a decision concerning the amount of money they filled out in the gambles under the two formats. Although we realize that we should be careful not to overinterpret data on response times, we reasoned that the assumed attention to negative over positive information might manifest itself in longer response times in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the-gain format (Reference Fazio, Hendrick and ClarkFazio, 1990). 2. 1 Method 2. 1. 1 Design and were 41 participants, and 7 of them were excluded from the analyses because their data differed more than three standard deviations from the average on the main dependent variables (gain/loss ratio and/or the time they needed to make a decision). The 34 remaining participants were 19 women and 15 men, and their mean age was 20. 6 years. Participants individually filled out a short questionnaire on the computer. The design was a 2 (format: fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) by 2 (order: loss format first vs. gain format first) design, with format as within-participants factor and order as between-participants factor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of negative versus positive framing on decision-making, which relates directly to loss aversion. It notes that the magnitude of loss aversion may depend on whether individuals focus on negative or positive outcomes, supporting the idea that people prefer to avoid losses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Additionally, using multiple techniques during the biomonitoring of organisms can result in more complete and detailed information compared to monitoring by a single method, as each approach has its characteristics and an established methodology for species detection (Lopes et al. , 2017; Angulo et al. , 2006; Herder et al. , 2014). In the biomonitoring of amphibians in TRMB, we used eDNA and VES. Combining these two techniques recorded 33 species, 53% of the species previously documented in our study area. eDNA detected 28 species (DP = 42%), while VES recorded 20 species (DP = 17%). These results show that using eDNA can detect more amphibian species compared to VES, in concordance with the meta-analysis performed by Fediajevaite et al. (2021), who compared 49 studies of both techniques. Although the eDNA-based monitoring technique can detect more taxa than VES, some species can be recorded by both approaches; this will depend on their abundance and distribution in aquatic environments (Herder et al. , 2014; Keck et al. , 2022; Polanco Fernández et al. , 2021). We have detected 15 amphibian species using the combination of both techniques in agreement with the species observed in the buffer zone of the (Coloma & Tapia, 2015). Similarly, these species have been frequently associated with natural lentic water bodies (Ron, Merino & Ortiz, 2019; Lacoursière-Roussel et al. , 2016), where a higher DNA concentration and abundance of anurans would be expected (Baetens, 2019; Petitot et al. , 2014). On the other hand, several studies mention the presence of a fraction of species that can only be detected by eDNA-based techniques or traditional methods (Lopes et al. , 2017; Fediajevaite et al. , 2021). In our case, five species were recorded only by VES, including A. andreae, A. aff. insperatus and P. variabilis, which were detected in previous field sampling in the TRMB (Ordóñez, Valle & Veintimilla, 2011; Coloma & Tapia, 2015). As Ron, Merino & Ortiz (2019) mentioned, these species are terrestrial and diurnal and are usually observed perching in leaf litter or under fallen trees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while eDNA technology can detect more species than some traditional methods, it is noted that 'several studies mention the presence of a fraction of species that can only be detected by eDNA-based techniques or traditional methods.' This suggests that eDNA will not fully replace traditional monitoring methods, as there are species that can only be identified through those traditional approaches.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: In this case, tag B1 was paired with Alexa647-labeled hairpins, and tag B3 was paired with Alexa488-labeled hairpins. Excess probe was removed by sequentially washing the slides for 15 min at 37 °C in probe wash buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× SSC, 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin) to which 5× SSCT (750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate, 0. 1% Tween 20, pH 7) had been added to final concentrations (vol/vol) of 25%, 50%, and then 75%. This wash sequence was followed by two 15-min washes in 100% 5× SSCT at 37 °C. Before amplification, 6 pmol of each hairpin, per reaction, was “snap-cooled” by heating to 95 °C for 90 s, followed by 25 °C for 30 min, in a thermocycler in separate PCR tubes. During this time, sections were equilibrated with amplification buffer (Molecular Technologies; 5× SSC, 0. 1% Tween 20, 10% dextran sulfate) at room temperature for 30 min. For amplification, each “snap-cooled” hairpin in a pair was added to 100 μl amplification buffer (for a final hairpin concentration of 60 nM for each amplifier hairpin), and then sections were incubated overnight (~ 18 h) at room temperature on a rocking platform protected from light. To remove unbound hairpin sequences, sections were washed twice in 5× SSCT for 15 min at room temperature, followed by two 30-min washes in 5× SSCT. Sections were rinsed with distilled water and counterstained with 4′6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 5 mg/mL) for 1 min, rinsed again, and mounted in Citifluor. Tissues were examined by epifluorescence microscopy using either a Nikon E80i epifluorescence microscope with a Nikon DS-Qi1Mc high-sensitivity monochrome digital camera or a microscope with an ANDOR-icamera. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a procedural method for handling hairpin probes in a laboratory setting, with no mention of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, ecosystems, or chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Participants engaged in a filler task that was unrelated to the experiment between filling out the first and the second coin-toss gamble. 2. 1. 2 Procedure and dependent variables In the loss format first condition, participants were first presented with a coin-toss gamble in which they read: “If heads turns up, you gain € 48. 16, and if tails turns up you lose €. . . . . . . . . . (Lt1). ” They were asked to fill in the amount L that made the even chance to gain 48. 16 euros (G) or lose the amount L just acceptable—the amount L needed to balance the gain. Subsequently, they were presented with the second gamble that had a fill-in-the-gain format. We programmed the computer in such a way that the given loss always was the loss they filled out in the first gamble (Lt1). We calculated the individual G/L ratios in both formats. The G/L ratio was 48. 16/Lt1 in the fill-in-the-loss format, the G/L ratio was Gt2/Lt1 in the fill-in-the-gain format. In the gain format first condition, participants first had to fill in G; the amount of money that they would gain. They read: “If heads turns up, you lose € 20. 16, and if tails turns up you win €. . . . . . . . . . ” After they filled out the amount G, they were presented with the second gamble that had the fill-in-the-loss format. We programmed the computer in such a way that the given gain always was the gain they filled out in the first gamble (Gt1). The G/L ratio was Gt1/20. 16 in the fill-in-the-gain format, the G/L ratio was Gt1/Lt2 in the fill-in-the-loss format. Please note that any ratio above 1 means that the gains needs to be larger than the losses to balance the gamble, which is regarded as a sign of loss aversion. Besides the gain-loss ratios, we also measured response times—the time (in seconds) participants needed to fill in the gambles. 2. 2 Results 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a procedure that investigates loss aversion through the explanation of gambles featuring gains and losses. It notes that a G/L ratio above 1 indicates that the gains need to be larger than the losses to balance the gamble, which directly supports the notion of loss aversion, reinforcing the idea that individuals prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Identifying false positives during the taxonomic assignment is essential to avoid generating biased data that cannot be corroborated in future studies. These errors can be distinguished if a taxonomically curated reference database is available, with species whose biogeographic distributions are appropriate and correspond to the region or area of study. Benefits and limitations of eDNA-based and VES techniques eDNA-based monitoring is a promising and highly efficient technique for biodiversity monitoring, especially in areas where access is complex, and species richness is high, which would require a significant VES sampling effort. Also, direct contact with the organism of interest is not required since environmental samples (water) are used as a source of information. Other advantages of this technique are that it is non-invasive, can be applied in hard-to-reach areas, and reduces monitoring time. However, as the technique is based on DNA barcode sequences, we have limitations in estimating the abundance of organisms, as well as other aspects of their biology (e. g. , age, sex), so it is crucial to complement monitoring with scientific collections from VES (Bálint et al. , 2017; Ruppert, Kline & Rahman, 2019). Taxonomic assignment of MOTUs is limited to a local reference database and relies indirectly on information generated by traditional methods (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Bruce et al. , 2021). As reported in this study, it is necessary to compare all MOTUs to identify them, and biogeographic and ecological information on the detected species is required to discriminate species outside our area of interest, i. e. , to determine false positives (Bohmann et al. , 2014; Taberlet et al. , 2018; Shogren et al. , 2017). This is demonstrated by identifying mountain frogs that live from 1,500 m. a. s. l. in sites with altitudes below 600 m. a. s. l. To overcome this limitation in eDNA, several studies propose as an alternative the use of a taxonomy-free approach, which employs a molecular index calculated directly from eDNA data without any reference (Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil et al. , 2017; Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of eDNA technology and emphasizing the need to complement it with traditional methods. It states that 'as the technique is based on DNA barcode sequences, we have limitations in estimating the abundance of organisms, as well as other aspects of their biology,' indicating that eDNA alone cannot fully replace traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Transmission electron microscopySpecimens for TEM and semi-thin sectioning were fixed in PFA and preserved in 50% EtOH. Before embedding, specimens were rehydrated, post-fixed with 1% OsO4, and subsequently dehydrated again in an ascending acetone series and embedded in Araldite. One-micrometer semi-thin sections were sectioned using a “Jumbo” diamond knife on a S ultramicrotome and stained with toluidine blue (1% toluidine,1% sodium-tetraborate, and 20% saccharose). Coverslips were mounted with Araldite and sections were imaged with an Olympus microscope (BX-51) equipped with the dot. slide system (2. 2 Olympus, Hamburg). Silver interference-colored sections (70–75 nm) were prepared using a “45°” diamond knife. The sections were placed on Formvar-covered, single-slot copper grids and stained with 2% uranyl acetate and lead citrate in an automated TEM stainer (QG-3100, Boeckeler Instruments). Ultra-thin sections were examined using a Zeiss EM10 transmission electron microscope with digital imaging plates (). Availability of data and materials Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and are available via the (accession numbers MW148236-MW148238, MW158740, MW165066, MW172213-MW172214, and MW172220-MW172221). Alignments for the anemone 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and COIII for both Ostiactis pearseae and Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’, used to generate Fig. 3, are also available on the listed below. Animal images and specimens were vouchered for long-term archiving into the Collection at of Oceanography (sioapps. ucsd. edu/collections/bi/). The raw Illumina 16S rRNA barcode sequences and metadata collected in this study are available from the (BioProject # PRJNA671766). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on technical methodologies for specimen preparation and sequencing, which are unrelated to the concept of chemosynthesis and ecological systems at hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: 1 G/L ratios The G/L ratios were analyzed by a repeated-measures ANOVA with format (fill-in-the-loss format vs. fill-in-the-gain format) as within-subjects factor and order (loss format first vs. gain format first) as between-subjects factor. There was a main effect of format, F(1,32) = 4. 28, p <. 05, η2 =. 12, showing that the G/L ratios were higher in the fill-in-the-loss format (M = 3. 15, SD = 2. 99, Med = 2. 00) than in the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 2. 17, SD = 1. 27, Med = 1. 98). This main effect shows that participants needed more gains relative to a loss and showed more loss aversion when they were focused on the loss side of the gamble than when they were focused on the gain side of the gamble. The main effect of order was not significant, F(1,32) =. 21, ns, and the interaction of Format x Order was not significant either, F(1,32) =. 84, ns, showing that G/L ratios were not influenced by the order in which participants filled out the loss and the gain format. Footnote 2 2. 2. 2 Response time The time needed to fill in the fill-in-the-loss format and the fill-in-the-gain format was analyzed by a repeated-measures ANOVA with the format as within-subjects factor, and order (loss format first versus gain format first) as between-subjects factor. There was a main effect of format, F(1,32) = 6. 44, p <. 02, η2 =. 17, qualified by an interaction of Format × Order, F(1,32) = 16. 86, p <. 001, η2 =. 35. Participants needed more time to fill in the fill-in-the-loss format (M = 24. 68, SD = 15. 84) than the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 18. 59, SD = 10. 64). In other words, participants needed more time when they were focused on the loss side of the gamble rather than on the gain side of the gamble. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing empirical evidence that participants preferred the fill-in-the-loss format over the fill-in-the-gain format, which indicates they required more gains relative to a loss. This is further supported by the statement that participants showed more loss aversion when focused on the loss side of the gamble compared to the gain side. The findings align with the definition of loss aversion as a tendency to prefer avoiding losses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: This approach could improve taxonomic resolution, which is problematic in the current study, given that not all sequences aligned with a percentage of identity >97%. Replicating environmental conditions in vitro is a real challenge for eDNA-based techniques. Field conditions differ significantly from the laboratory because eDNA is exposed to biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, flow variation, and more (Valentini et al. , 2016; Herder et al. , 2014). On the other hand, the standardization of field and laboratory eDNA protocols is essential for the reliable interpretation of results (Roh et al. , 2006; Harper et al. , 2019). Similarly, using positive and negative controls is essential for controlled experimentation. A positive control is a sample or reagent used to test for possible PCR inhibition or for DNA degradation during the handlings. In contrast, a negative control is a sample using the same experimental conditions except for the treatment (Barata, Griffiths & Ridout, 2017; Takahashi et al. , 2020) and aims to document the absence of contamination. These protocols follow strict sterilization standards, decreasing contamination risks (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Herder et al. , 2014). eDNA-based monitoring is an ecological diagnostic method that has revolutionized diversity monitoring in different ecosystems (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Harper et al. , 2019; Keck et al. , 2022; Ruppert, Kline & Rahman, 2019). Several scientific publications have documented its development and compatibility with other methods, such as VES. They have also demonstrated their sensitivity and efficiency in detecting multiple species in different environments worldwide (Valentini et al. , 2016; Bálint et al. , 2018; Zaiko et al. , 2018). Generating a plan for constantly monitoring amphibians and other groups of interest in the TRMB using VES and eDNA will be fundamental to completing the inventory of the fauna inhabiting this area. This would facilitate the description of new species presumed to be present in unexplored areas of this basin. A complete inventory would provide a clear picture of the population dynamics of endangered species, invasive species, and species with antimicrobial peptides of biomedical interest (Willette et al. , 2021; Ficetola et al. , 2010). In short, eDNA and VES combined can generate essential information for developing short- and long-term conservation strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of eDNA technology, such as the need for standardization of protocols and the difficulties of replicating field conditions. It highlights that while eDNA can enhance biodiversity monitoring, it does not suggest that it will completely replace traditional methods like camera traps or field surveys. Instead, the text indicates that combining eDNA with other techniques (like VES) is essential for effective monitoring and conservation strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The processed sequence data, as well as representative sequences, are available on the ( Change history18 June 2021A Correction to this paper has been published: Two intracellular and cell type-specific bacterial symbionts in the placozoan Trichoplax H2. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(9):1465–74. Daly M, Chaudhuri A, Gusmão L, Rodríguez E. Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Evol. 2008;48(1):292–301. CAS 80. CAS PubMed 1. 71. 92. PubMed 19. 34. -Quiroz E, Nieves-Cardoso C, del Rio M. Detection of active hydrothermal vent fields in the and on the Alarcón Rise using AUV multibeam and CTD data. 2015; Abstract OS23C-2027 presented at the AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA. . Hydrothermal vent fields discovered in the southern Gulf of California clarify role of habitat in augmenting regional diversity. Soc B. 2017;284(1859):20170817. . Discovery of hydrothermal vent fields on Alarcón Rise and in Basin, Gulf of California. Geosyst. 2018;19(12):4788–819. 7. CAS PubMed 27. PubMed Pub4698. 6998. PubMed Pub263. Gusmão LC, Rodríguez E, Daly M. Description of Calliactis tigris sp. nov. : reconciling taxonomy and phylogeny in hermit-crab symbiotic anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Hormathiidae). Evol. 2019;19(4):567–83. 7. 7. CAS PubMed 1991. 37. CAS PubMed 46. 56. CAS 90. 8. . Spanning the depths or depth-restricted: three new species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) and a new record for the hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus thermophilus at methane seeps along the margin. I: Papers. 2020;164:103322. 70. CAS PubMed 82. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. Instead, it appears to be a collection of references and citations related to various research topics, notably lacking any discussion of chemosynthesis or the unique ecosystems at hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: This effect of format was more pronounced when participants had the fill-in-the-loss format first, F(1,15) = 15. 14, p <. 001, than when participants had the fill-in-the-gain format first, F(1,17) = 1. 96, ns (Table 1). This effect shows that people who focused on the loss side in the first gamble and focused on the gain side in the second gamble showed a larger time difference between the two gambles than people who focused on the gain side first and on the loss side in the second gamble. Table 1: Response times in seconds for coin-toss gambles 1 and 2 in Study 1 (N = 34). Participants filled out one coin-toss gamble with a fill-in-the-loss format and one coin-toss gamble with a fill-in-the-gain format. The order in which participants filled out each format was varied. 2. 3 found higher G/L ratios in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the-gain format. Moreover, Study 1 showed that this difference in G/L ratios was not contingent on the specific order of the formats. The results of the response times also support our Format Hypothesis, in which we argued that participants fill in gambles with a fill-in-the-gain format more quickly and heuristically than gambles with a fill-in-the-loss format, in which they may want to think longer about the potential negative consequences. A post-hoc explanation for the interaction effect for the response times might be that it results from a combination of the main effect of format—participants fill in the fill-in-the-gain format quicker than a fill-in-the-loss format—and a learning effect—participants are more familiar with the task the second time, and can therefore fill in the second gamble faster than the first. In the case of the fill-in-the-loss format first condition, the format and learning effect work both in the same direction—the second gamble has a fill-in-the-gain format—resulting in very quick response times for the second gamble. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the results of an experiment that highlights the effects of focusing on loss and gain formats in gambling scenarios. It explains that participants who engaged with the fill-in-the-loss format were more deliberative and slower, indicating a greater emotional or cognitive weight associated with potential losses as compared to gains. This aligns with the concept of loss aversion, which posits that people tend to prioritize avoiding losses over acquiring comparable gains.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: study demonstrates that the eDNA-method had a greater capacity to detect amphibians in Amazonian aquatic environments than VES. However, it highlights the complementary information of traditional methods to complete a database and corroborate the results. Sixty-two species have previously been recorded in the TRMB, of which 33 were detected using eDNA and VES in this study. This represents a small fraction of the species presumed to inhabit this region, as there are several unexplored areas where the batrachofauna diversity is unknown. Developing a monitoring program using two or more techniques is necessary to generate a complete picture of amphibian diversity in the TRMB. Also, to increase the detection rate of amphibians, using various types of environmental samples could expand the range of detection of terrestrial species or inhabitants of specific micro-ecosystems (e. g. , bromeliads, tree holes, leaf litter, etc. ). A traditional monitoring approach (VES) has been used for decades and has generated valuable information on biodiversity in some ecosystems, but specific taxonomic knowledge is needed, and sampling is invasive, complex, and time-consuming. eDNA-based techniques, when combined with VES, can generate robust and verifiable records that contribute to the development of conservation strategies in biodiversity hotspots. Supplementary Material. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15455/supp-1 The authors would especially like to thank all the people who participated in the fieldwork: María José Sánchez, Alex Arias, Álvaro Pérez, ánez, Viviana Cabrera, Miguel Gómez, Carlos Carrasco, Samanta Oña; in the laboratory processes: Mónica Sánchez; in the bioinformatics analysis: Alex Sánchez, and the map design:. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 7638. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The data is available at figshare: Quilumbaquin, Walter (2022): eDNA and VES Supplemental Material. figshare. Collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by indicating that while eDNA methods show a greater capacity to detect species, traditional monitoring methods are still necessary for a complete understanding of biodiversity. It emphasizes the value of using multiple techniques in a monitoring program, stating that traditional methods provide complementary information needed to corroborate results and generate a comprehensive picture of biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic characterization of endosymbionts in three hydrothermal vent mussels: influence on host distributions. Prog Ser. 2000;208:147–55. 85. CAS 63. 8. 90. 6003. 76. 37. CAS PubMed 90. 44. 40. 6. 75. CAS PubMed 24. CAS 405. 82. 9. 5. CAS PubMed 1001. PubMed 331. . MC-ICP-MS measurement of δ34S and∆ 33S in small amounts of dissolved sulfate. Chem Geo. 2013;345:50–61. CAS 2. CAS 41. CAS PubMed 61. CAS 93. CAS 42. CAS 208. 8. 13. PubMed Pub11. Microbiol. 2004;70(2):845–9. 5. CAS PubMed 713. PubMed Pub11. CAS PubMed 8562. 65. -. Distribution and dietary regulation of an associated facultative Rhizobiales-related bacterium in the omnivorous giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. Naturwissenschaften. 2014;101(5):397–406. CAS PubMed 1988. . Deep-water Actiniaria from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Invert Zool. 2007;4(1):83–102. 1234. 36. 22. CAS PubMed 53. CAS 94. CAS PubMed 84. CAS 47. 80. 6. CAS PubMed 704. 772. 8. . RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(21):4453–5. 1997. 1934. 62. 317. 58. 500. . Next-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction: higher gain, lower cost, greater durability. ACS Nano. 2014;8(5):4284–94. 700. 1. Reference taxa included in this study, with voucher location and GenBank accession numbers. Taxa are organized alphabetically within their family; new sequences indicated in bold. Additional file 2: Table S2. 16S rRNA amplicon results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems. Instead, it lists various studies and articles related to different aspects of biology and ecology, including microbial characterization and phylogenetic analysis, but lacks specific context or evidence about hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their reliance on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: We told them that we were doing an experiment in which one of them would actually receive the 50 euro to use it in a coin-toss gamble. All students received a sheet of paper with the instructions of the coin-toss gamble. They read that the experimenter would flip a coin, and that there was a 50% chance of winning and 50% chance of losing. We then randomly picked the name of one student—from a bag containing identical sheets of paper with each student’s name on a separate sheet—but did not reveal who it was yet. Participants then filled out what amount they were willing to lose—in the fill-in-the-loss format—or what amount they needed to win—in the fill-in-the-gain format—to engage in the gamble. The experimenter then collected all the sheets of paper with the gain/loss ratios, and revealed the name of the participant whose coin-toss gamble would be carried out. This participant was called in front of the classroom and was given the 50 euro note. The experimenter read aloud the amounts of money to be won or lost if heads or tails would turn up. In addition, to check whether the participant understood the odds, the experimenter wrote the odds on the whiteboard. Then the experimenter flipped a coin, and the chosen participant either received or paid money, depending on the coin-toss and the amounts that were filled in on the sheet of paper. Finally, all participants received 1 euro for their participation, and were thanked and debriefed. Footnote 3 Participants took part in either the fill-in-the-loss condition, or the fill-in-the-gain condition. We recorded the amounts participants filled in before engaging in the coin-toss gambles. In the fill-in-the-loss condition, participants were told that they would engage in a coin-toss gamble in which the potential gains were 50 euros, and that they had to decide how much they would be willing to risk losing. In the fill-in-the-loss condition, they read “If heads turns up, you gain 50 euro, and if tails turns up you lose €. . . . . . . . . . ” They were asked to fill in the amount L that made the even chance to gain 50 euro (G) or lose the amount L just acceptable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experimental setup in which participants must decide how much they are willing to risk losing in a coin-toss gamble. It mentions that in the 'fill-in-the-loss condition,' participants had to assess what they would accept to lose against the backdrop of a potential gain of 50 euros, illustrating the concept of loss aversion where individuals are inclined to prefer avoiding losses over gaining an equivalent amount. This aligns with the claim regarding the tendency to prioritize loss avoidance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: A new species of hyla from Amazonian ecuador. Copeia 1972(2):265. 2017. Fish community assessment with eDNA metabarcoding: effects of sampling design and bioinformatic filtering. of Fisheries and 74(9):1362-1374. 2021. Meta-analysis shows that environmental DNA outperforms traditional surveys, but warrants better reporting standards. Ecology and Evolution 11(9):4803-4815 ère J, Taberlet P, Pompanon F. 2010. An in silico approach for the evaluation of DNA barcodes. BMC Genomics 11(1):434. 2019. Environmental DNA and metabarcoding for the study of amphibians and reptiles: species distribution, the microbiome, and much more. Amphibia-Reptilia 40(2):129-148 Fiske I, Chandler R. 2011. unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. Journal of 43(10):1-23. 2016. A framework for estimating the sensitivity of eDNA surveys. Resources 16(3):641-654 de Napo. 2015. Plan de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial provincial de napo. Tena. -Reinoso D, Funk WC. 2006. Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics. of the 147(4):489-513 Gwak H-J, Rho M. 2020. Data-driven modeling for species-level taxonomic assignment from 16S rRNA: application to human microbiomes. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:403 úrria C, Garcés-. 2019. Prospects and challenges of environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring in freshwater ponds. Hydrobiologia 826(1):25-41 Hassall C. 2014. The ecology and biodiversity of urban ponds. 1(2):187-206. 2014. Environmental DNA—a review of the possible applications for the detection of (invasive) species. Report 2013-104. The Netherlands:. . 2001. Medición y monitoreo de la diversidad biológica: métodos estandarizados para anfibios. Argentina: Editorial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while environmental DNA (eDNA) has shown advantages over traditional surveys, it also points out the need for better reporting standards. This suggests that eDNA may not be ready to fully replace traditional methods yet, as there are still challenges to address in its implementation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inHerky-of Earth’s Dented, erratic, and wandering, our field is constantly changing its mind. by 21 December 20203 November 2021 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) NASA; JohanSwanepoel/Depositphotos. com to the Herky-of Earth’s Habitability and the Evolution of ’s Ever-Do Uranus’s Subsurface Oceans? for Rates in Most people don’t know that Earth’s magnetic field has a weak spot the size of the continental hovering over and the southern Atlantic Ocean. We’re safe from any effects on the ground, but our satellites aren’t so lucky: When they zip through this magnetic anomaly, they are bombarded with radiation more intense than anywhere else in orbit. There is reason to believe that this dent in the magnetic field, called the Anomaly, is only getting bigger. This anomaly is far from the only unusual feature of Earth’s magnetic field. Hundreds of times in Earth’s history, our magnetic field has reversed, switching north and south in a planetary flip-flop. Earth’s magnetic keeps drifting too, stumbling around the Arctic in a chaotic dance. And scientists have detected pulses of Earth’s magnetic field—called geomagnetic jerks—that can undermine our navigation systems. Yet forecasting these changes remains a challenge. “Just like weather forecasts, you can’t predict the evolution of the core beyond a few decades,” said Julien Aubert, a researcher at the of Earth Physics. The magnetic field’s strength, measured in nanoteslas, drops precipitously at the Anomaly. Credit: ESA But scientists want to know how Earth’s magnetic field will change further into the future than that. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses various features of the Earth's magnetic field, including anomalies and historical changes, without mentioning sea turtles or their behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: In the fill-in-the-gain condition, participants were told that they would engage in a coin-toss gamble in which the potential losses were 50 euro, and that they had to decide how much they needed to win in order to engage in the coin-toss gamble. Participants in the fill-in-the-gain condition read: “If heads turns up, you lose 50 euro, and if tails turns up you gain €. . . . . . . . . . ” They were asked to fill in the amount G that made the even chance to lose 50 euro (L) or gain the amount G just acceptable. We also recorded gender and age. 3. 2 participants in the fill-in-the-loss condition indicated that they were willing to lose maximally 10 eurocents, which would result in a gain/loss ratio of 5000. These two participants were excluded from the analyses. The gain/loss ratios were analyzed by ANOVA with format (fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) as between-subjects factor. There was a main effect of format, F(1,22) = 22. 23, p <. 001, η2 =. 50. As in Study 1, participants in the fill-in-the-loss format had higher gain-loss ratios (M = 29. 44, SD = 20. 02, Med = 29. 17) than participants in the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 2. 13, SD = 1. 48, Med = 1. 80). Footnote 4 This result means that people who focused on the loss side of the gamble were more loss averse and needed larger gains to balance a loss than people who were focused on the gain side of the gamble. 3. 2. 1 real coin-toss gambles of Study 2 show a similar effect as the anticipated coin-toss gambles. As in the anticipated coin-tosses, there seems to be a large difference between a fill-in-the-gain format and a fill-in-the-loss format. Gain-loss ratios are much higher when people fill in the loss side of the ratio, rather than the gain side of the ratio—indicating that they are more loss averse when they fill in the loss side than when they fill in the gain side of the coin-toss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that people demonstrate loss aversion, as shown in the study where participants needed larger gains to balance a loss than those focused on the gains. The mention that individuals focused on the loss side of a gamble were 'more loss averse' supports the interpretation of loss aversion as described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe use of camera traps for wildlife monitoring has been practiced since the early twentieth century (Chapman 1927), but in recent years, they are becoming one of the mainstream tools used in conservation biology, ranging from the most basic level aimed at assessing species presence at a site (Kays et al. 2011; Zaccaroni et al. 2020), abundance estimation (Franchini et al. 2022; Oberosler et al. 2022), and population dynamics studies (Karanth 1995, 2006; Romani et al. 2018; Anile et al. 2020; Augugliaro et al. 2019, 2020) up to the assessment of activity patterns (Andreoni et al. 2020; Anile et al. 2020) and temporal overlap of different species (Mori et al. 2021). This explosion in camera trap use is reflected by the increased number of published papers in recent years. For instance, from 1991 to 2004, the number of publications per year using camera traps was below 50, but starting from 2005 up to 2014, the number of publications per year consistently increased to ~ 200 publications/year (Rovero and Zimmerman 2016). Camera traps are concealable devices, ranging in size from a shoe-box to a GPS car navigation unit (or even smaller), generally used to capture images or videos of wild species in the field over periods varying from days to weeks (Kays et al. 2011; Butler and Meek 2013). Generally programmed to operate 24 h a day, and record thousands of images in a short period of time, camera traps have become attractive non-invasive monitoring tools for researchers as they offer the opportunity to capture new forms of data that may be difficult or impractical to collect (Kays and Slauson 2008; Kays et al. 2011; Butler and Meek 2013). Often disguised by a camouflage cover, they are set individually or in groups in several habitat types. Cameras are mostly fixed to trees (or rocks) pointing to an animal path or track, in positions that depend on the study design and the target species (Butler and Meek 2013; Harmsen et al. 2017). Moreover, because the equipment does not typically require the target animal to step on or rub against the device, cameras are also minimally intrusive, especially if used without a visible flash (Kays and Slauson 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the extensive current use and established benefits of camera traps in wildlife monitoring. It highlights their effectiveness for various monitoring tasks in conservation biology, such as species presence assessment, abundance estimation, and capturing data that might be impractical to obtain otherwise. This suggests that camera traps are still highly relevant tools for wildlife monitoring and indicates that eDNA technology may not soon replace these traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Without a magnetic field, satellites could be lost, and tools that rely on careful magnetic models for navigation could go askew. The answers can’t come soon enough. The magnetic field protects Earth’s atmosphere from harmful radiation emitted from the Sun. Scientists are learning that the Sun is capable of emission events—solar flares—even more destructive than we ever thought possible, and understanding our magnetic field strength and variation is vital for knowing how at risk we could be from the next big solar storm. puppeteer that drives the magnetic field is Earth’s core, the superheated heart of our planet, which burns as hot as the surface of the Sun. In the core, molten metals are constantly in motion as hot buoyant plumes of lighter material rise outward. At the very center lies a small hardened inner core that has been growing as Earth cools. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe it. This planetary anatomy sets the stage for an active magnetic field. The core’s constant need to cool itself, and thus convect, drives our planet’s electric generator. The generator produces a self-sustaining magnetic field through a process called the geodynamo. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe the theory when one of its founders, Walter M. Elsasser, proposed it to him. The geodynamo works because the natural convection of the liquid core pushes metals through a weak existing magnetic field, exciting an electric current. Because of the relationship between electricity and magnetism, the current produces a second magnetic field, and the process repeats. This process has been self-sustaining for most of Earth’s history. Although the core sits thousands of kilometers beneath our feet, the magnetic field it produces stretches far into space, surrounding the planet like armor. But our planet’s armor isn’t perfect, and the results can be heartbreaking. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now A Chink in Earth’s jerks travel along Earth’s magnetic field lines, shown here inside the core. Credit:CNRS On an early spring day in 2016, teams of engineers in Japan watched as their prized satellite spun out of control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field. Instead, it focuses on the Earth’s magnetic field's role in protecting the atmosphere and explains the geodynamo process that creates the magnetic field. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: The results of the real coin-toss gambles corroborate the findings of the anticipated coin-toss gambles, validating the effects of Study 1. 4 Study 3 Study 1 and 2 showed that loss aversion—as measured by the G/L ratio in an anticipated and a real coin-toss paradigm—is predictably influenced by the format that is used to measure loss aversion. The differences between the fill-in-the-loss format and the fill-in-the-gain format support the idea of a measurement-induced focus on gains or losses. Moreover, consistent with our idea that people may elaborate more when they consider losses—we observed that people took more time to fill in the gamble when they filled in the loss side of the gamble. 3 we considered an alternative way to test our reasoning about why a fill-in-the-loss format increases loss aversion compared to a fill-in-the-gain format. If people are more preoccupied with losses, this preoccupation would also imply that they may be more affected by the size of the stakes when they consider losses than when they consider gains. For this purpose we turned to recent research that employed the coin-toss paradigm to show that the gain-loss ratio can be moderated by the size of the stake. and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007) recently showed that the amount of money that was at stake in a coin-toss gamble moderated loss aversion. Their results showed increasing G/L ratios for increasing stakes in the gambles; for stakes of 1 euro, the G/L ratio was approximately 1, but for 50 euros the G/L ratio was approximately 2. In other words, Harinck et al. showed that loss aversion is stronger for high stakes than for low stakes. and MersmannHarinck et al (2007) explained the increasing loss aversion for larger amounts of money on the basis of two considerations: (1) in general, people are more motivated to discount losses than to discount gains, but (2) discounting losses is more difficult for high outcomes than for low outcomes. We expect that loss aversion, as measured by the G/L ratio, will be more strongly influenced by the amount of money at stake under the fill-in-the-loss format than under the fill-in-the-gain format (Format x Amount Hypothesis). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of loss aversion in depth. It explains that loss aversion is influenced by factors like the format used to measure it and the amount of money at stake. Specifically, it states that 'people are more motivated to discount losses than to discount gains,' which aligns directly with the claim about the tendency to prefer avoiding losses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: , public presentation, meeting with managers, information panels) likely is of remarkable importance to prevent potential legal concerns. Several respondents stated that cameras were not placed with the aim to detect human presence as a part of a specific scientific purpose, and most of them declared that illegal activities and/or pictures that may violate privacy issues (people having sex, urinating, etc. ) were collected during the monitoring period. Despite some respondents declaring that violations were reported to local authorities and several reporting that images of people were directly deleted, in most cases, pictures were conserved for internal processing or because of their scientific values. A small portion also affirmed that images were conserved to plan effective anti-poaching strategies, hence highlighting the importance that human pictures may have to counteract illegal practices. Due to relatively low prices and user-friendly applications, camera traps are increasingly used for wildlife monitoring and conservation. Indeed, camera-trapping represents a useful method to facilitate both touristic flows (Miller et al. 2017) and human activities detection (Hossain et al. 2016), as cameras are used to monitor the distribution and abundance of wild species even in remote areas (Pettorelli et al. 2010). The increased concern in nature-based recreation and tourism (Balmford et al. 2009), and the increase in nature-related tourism itself, highlight the urgency of improving our understanding about how humans use the natural landscape, especially when designing management policies in natural areas. In this regard, collecting simultaneous data of humans and wild species is of vital importance to explore these interactions and to improve wildlife conservation efforts, especially in protected areas (Miller et al. 2017). Since trails are used both by humans and/or wild species to move around the territory (Miller et al. 2017), taking pictures of humans is relatively easy and unavoidable (even when a given experimental design and modelling may exclude the presence or activity of humans). Thereby, to avoid potential legal problems, our suggestion is to report the presence of cameras in the area and to take some precautions to avoid the risk of theft or vandalism. Among the most common solutions involve the use of security cases, cable locks, camouflaging, or cameras with black infrared flash (Glover-Kapfer et al. 2019). Furthermore, even engaging local people within monitoring activities (Glover-Kapfer et al. 2019; Sharma et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the continued relevance and utility of traditional wildlife monitoring methods, particularly camera traps. It highlights that camera traps are increasingly used for their effectiveness in monitoring wildlife and facilitating conservation efforts, suggesting that traditional methods still play a crucial role and are not being replaced by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: The teams behind Hitomi, a satellite launched just 5 weeks earlier, had hoped the spacecraft would observe black holes, galaxy clusters, and other high-energy features. The satellite even had a prized X-ray calorimeter, a triumph of 3 decades of engineering. But a cascade of events that began with encountering the Anomaly seemed to spell doom for Hitomi. Passing through the anomaly, the onboard system that controlled the satellite’s orientation glitched while it was pivoting to observe a new star cluster. The maneuver kicked off a series of software errors that left Hitomi spinning madly. Before long, the satellite broke into 11 pieces. “It’s a scientific tragedy,” Richard Mushotzky, an astronomer at the University of Maryland in College Park, told Nature at the time. Other spacecraft have fallen prey to the Anomaly. The magnetic field intensity at the altitude of many satellites is half as strong in the anomaly compared with elsewhere, and the weak field does not repel radiation as effectively. The inner radiation belt, a doughnut-shaped disk of radiation around Earth that traps high-energy p1902. Dozens of jerks have happened since. The last jerk was in 2016, when it jostled the field and dramatically shifted the drift. The event was rather inconvenient because scientists had just issued a 5- year model of Earth’s magnetic field called the Model (WMM). The WMM team had to update the model ahead of schedule to avoid unacceptable navigational errors. Although the origin of jerks is a subject of active research, a recent study in by Aubert and at the of Denmark suggests that jerks may originate from the push and pull of forces in Earth’s interior (bit. ly/jerks-research). When a hot plume shoots up through the outer core, the delicate balance between planetary, rotational, and electromagnetic forces careens out of whack. The off-balance forces send a shudder along magnetic field lines in the form of waves. The next jerk may already be under way. A recent analysis by Huang and Duan predicted that the next event would occur in 2020 or 2021. If that’s the case, scientists may need to update magnetic maps on which industry and government activities rely. Companies drilling for oil and gas, for example, use fine-tuned magnetic models to dig boreholes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the malfunctioning of the Hitomi satellite and the effects of Earth's magnetic field on satellites rather than addressing how sea turtles might use the magnetic field for navigation. There are no mentions or connections made to the navigation of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: In line with the earlier work by and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007), our reasoning is that the fill-in-the-loss paradigm—more than the fill-in-the gain paradigm—induces a focus on losses as it requires people to consider multiple negative outcomes (do I want to lose $70? $60? $50 or less? ). People want to discount those potential losses, and will be better at discounting small amounts of money rather than large amounts of money. As a result, they will need relatively more potential gains to balance a potential loss when stakes increase. Thus, increasing the stakes in the fill-in-the-loss format will result in increasing gain-loss ratios. On the other hand, the fill-in-the-gain paradigm—more than the fill-in-the-loss paradigm—induces a focus on gains as it requires people to consider multiple positive outcomes (do I want to gain $50 $60? $70? or more? ). People are happy to accept several potential gains and will think about it less than when considering several potential losses (see Study 1). As a result, they may make quicker and more heuristic decisions when considering potential gains, and therefore we expect them to be less sensitive to the amounts at stake than when considering potential losses. 4. 1 Method 4. 1. 1 Design and participants The experiment had a 2 (Amount of money: 10 cent vs. 50 euros) by 2 (Format: fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) by 2 (Order: 10 cent first, vs. 50 euros first) within-participants design with the amounts of money as within-participant factor and focus and order as between-subjects factors. Fifty-six students (25 males, 31 females) from participated; their mean age was 23. 3 years. Participants received a small gift (candy bar) for participation. 4. 1. 2 Procedure and dependent variables Participants were randomly assigned to the fill-in-the-loss format of the coin-toss paradigm or to the fill-in-the-gain format. They participated in two (anticipated) gambles in which a coin would be tossed; in one coin toss a small amount of money was at stake—10 cents—and in the other coin toss a large amount of money was at stake—50 euros. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the fill-in-the-loss paradigm emphasizes people's focus on potential losses, thereby supporting the idea of loss aversion. It illustrates this by explaining that individuals are more sensitive to losses in scenarios where they are asked to consider multiple negative outcomes rather than positive ones, reflecting the preference for avoiding losses versus acquiring gains.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: 2020) may provide a considerable contribution as a consequence of increased vigilance performed by locals, and it would it would produce several benefits in terms of both quantity and quality of data collected because of increasing workforce. However, in cases in which engaging local communities is poorly effective, fear-based methods (e. g. , cameras with a warning sign reporting that they can be tracked) might be considered (Glover-Kapfer et al. 2019). To sum up, our findings revealed that several points highlighted in the code of conducts proposed by Sharma et al. (2020) have been violated, as several respondents stated that they were unaware about the legislation concerning privacy violation within the study area in which they actually work and/or have worked in the past, and no permissions along with no communication about the presence of camera traps within the area were requested/done. The respect for individual privacy has been met as few respondents declared that trail cameras were set up with the purpose to detect human presence and, most of them, stated that pictures that may violate privacy issues (i. e. , people having sex, urinating, etc. ) were deleted, stored for internal processing, and/or delivered to local authorities. Furthermore, those pictures showing people engaged in illegal activities were delivered to local authorities thus fulfilling the need to respect the individual privacy and, at the same time, reporting illegal acts. As stated above, when individuals are detected engaged in nefarious activities such as poaching, theft, vandalism, or illegal waste dumping, there may be serious concerns and further complications regarding the pursuance of legal actions when an individual is identified by these images without consent (Butler and Meek 2013). Nevertheless, it is important to consider that privacy is an important right, but not an absolute one. In fact, if researchers refuse to report data on illegal actions they may be considered as abettor to a crime. Therefore, if a serious crime is committed and recorded through cameras, it would be responsibility of researchers to report such illegal actions through sharing sensitive data only with appropriate authorities (Sharma et al. 2020). Management implicationsCamera traps are surveillance technologies widely used for conservation purposes. Nevertheless, strong attention needs to be dedicated to the potential negative and legal consequences. Surely, camera-trapping represents a valuable and effective method providing technical advantages to conservationists and researchers who need data about species presence and distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing use and importance of camera traps in wildlife monitoring. It highlights that camera traps are effective tools for conservationists and researchers, providing technical advantages in species presence and distribution data. This suggests that traditional methods like camera traps will continue to play a significant role, contrary to the claim that eDNA technology will replace all traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: But not all jerks cause directional changes, so time will tell what the outcome will be. Jerks may illuminate the core’s thermal properties, a hotly debated topic that affects our ideas about everything from the age of the core to the onset of plate tectonics. It’s too soon to know whether a jerk is happening right now, however. Finlay, part of a group that publishes magnetic field models every 6 months, said it’s impossible to identify geomagnetic jerks until well after they’ve happened because researchers must look at the data over time. It would take about 2 years to know for sure, Finlay said. Regardless of whether the next event is upon us, geomagnetic jerks are one part of seeing the “elephant” of Earth’s magnetic field. Jerks may illuminate the core’s thermal properties, a hotly debated topic that affects our ideas about everything from the age of the core to the onset of plate tectonics. Solving the mystery of the jerk’s origin will remove a “stumbling block” of future magnetic field predictions, said Aubert, something we’ll sorely need to better understand our planet’s protective armor. does not mince words when it comes to apocalyptic scenarios and our magnetic field. An artist’s rendering shows a solar flare leaving the Sun and hurtling toward Earth. Credit: NASA In one grim scenario, a catastrophically massive solar flare envelops Earth and knocks out the ozone layer, exposing us to damaging ultraviolet radiation known to cause cancer. In the 6–12 months it would take to rebuild our ozone layer, we’d live like “nocturnal animals,” Airapetian said. “You’d have to go underground and go out during the nighttime,” said Airapetian, a NASA scientist at the Flight Center. “That’s the Hollywood-type scenario. ” Tales of our field catastrophically failing are part of the lore of working on Earth’s magnetic field. People always want to know, “When is the really, really bad stuff happening? ” said Aubert. Although the prevailing science suggests that these doomsday scenarios are possible, they are highly unlikely. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles using the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation. Instead, it discusses geomagnetic jerks and their implications for understanding Earth's magnetic field, along with potential scenarios involving solar flares and ozone layer impact. There is no mention of sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: The formats were presented as in Study 1 and 2. We presented the two amounts of money in ascending order for half of the participants and descending order for the other half of the participants. 4. 2 Results 4. 2. 1 G/L ratio The G/L ratios were analyzed with a repeated-measures ANOVA with the amounts of money (€ 0. 10 vs. € 50. 00) as within-subjects factor and order (ascending vs. descending) and format (fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) as between-subjects factors. The results showed a main effect of amount of money, F(1,52) = 11. 65, p <. 001, η2 =. 18 and interaction of Amount x Format, F(1, 52) = 4. 36, p <. 05, η2 =. 08, but no main effect of format, F(1,52) =. 27, ns (see Figure 1). The main effect of order and the interactions including order were not significant, all Fs < 1, showing that the gain-loss ratios were not affected by filling in a small gamble or large gamble first. Footnote 5 Figure 1: G/L ratios as a function of the amount of money and format in Study 3. The main effect of amount showed that the G/L ratio was smaller for 10 cents (M = 1. 36, SD = 1. 02, Med = 1. 00) than for 50 euros (M = 2. 67, SD = 2. 77, Med = 1. 67), the interaction showed that this effect was more pronounced in the fill-in-the-loss format, t(27) = -3. 53, p <. 001, than in the fill-in-the-gain format, t(27) = -1. 14, ns. Thus, when people are focused on the loss side of the gamble, they are more sensitive to the amount of money that is at stake, and their loss aversion increases with larger amount of money at stake. On the other hand, when people are focused on the gain side of the gamble, their loss aversion is less sensitive to the amount of money that is at stake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that people demonstrate greater sensitivity to the loss side of gambles compared to the gain side. It notes that 'when people are focused on the loss side of the gamble, they are more sensitive to the amount of money that is at stake' and that 'their loss aversion increases with larger amounts of money at stake.' This supports the definition of loss aversion as a tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: With the principle of distance measure by parallax, we can calculate the distance of any object in a 3D image. Camera traps are expensive & sturdy. They need to withstand weather and animals bumping into them. So, instead of modifying camera traps, we plan to develop "3D glasses" for them in the form of stereoscopic lenses. Smartphone clip-on lenses are more expensive, and do not fit camera traps. So we will create ones that do and cost much less for cash-strapped scientists. No need to buy new cameras! What are the goals of the project? The main research question is if images from camera traps with 3D glasses are enough to get the spatial data needed to estimate wildlife populations. We'll test this with camera traps of different models/brands, wearing our 3D glasses to capture images in the field. The plan is to set up "scenes", initially with fixed objects at known distances from the camera traps. The raw data will be the 3D photos of these objects, which can be processed with OpenCV to calculate their distances. By comparing these estimates with the real distances we already know, we will know how accurately our 3D glasses can obtain useful spatial data. Once that's done, we'll also publish a data workflow that processes the 3D images into spatial data to feed into existing models to estimate wildlife populations. wait. . . The funding will support Pen's time to test a data workflow that takes the raw 3D images and computes spatial data about the animals within them. The budget will also be used to purchase off-the-shelf camera traps of different makes and brands to test the 3D glasses with. Pen knows sellers who provide a discount, allowing us to buy at least 5-6 of them. Jeremy and Joshua will advise on hardware design and provide additional academic rigour to this work. Endorsed by3D and distance estimation really is the “holy grail” of camera trapping, and a profoundly important frontier in terrestrial mammal monitoring. The potential to use existing technology to provide a low-cost solution to this problem is exciting and could revolutionise monitoring of everything from endangered species to economic pests. An international team connecting academia and industry is absolutely the way to solve this issue! (CEG), Durham UniversityProject TimelineWe plan to begin this work by the end of 2023, but it's a conservative estimate and we could begin earlier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the development of new technology for traditional camera traps, specifically '3D glasses' designed to enhance the capabilities of existing camera traps. It emphasizes the importance and potential of this new method, stating that it could revolutionize monitoring, which implies that traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps, will continue to play a significant role, rather than being replaced by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2018. The first revision was submitted on July 30th, 2018 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on September 13th, 2018 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2018. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Sep 24, 2018 · for making the additional amendments. # PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Jennifer Vonk, a PeerJ covering this Section # 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Sep 13, 2018 Version 0. 2 · Aug 30, 2018 · There are a few minor suggestions that need to be addressed. · Aug 18, 2018 Basic reporting The authors have sufficiently addressed my earlier questions and concerns. Two final remarks: If possible, increase the image quality of Figure 2B. The file version I see is quite pixelated and there are grayed areas. A file quality more similar to the complex burrow in the supplemental file would be preferred. In the raw data, the C. talarum data has some 'long tunnel method' values that include commas. Please check if these are typos. Also, the 'long tunnel method' for Fukomys has less significant figures than the rest. Could this also be a data entry/Excel issue? Experimental design No comment. Validity of the findings No comment. Cite this review as (2018) #1 of "Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Aug 23, 2018 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments The revised version of the manuscript is significantly improved. I have only few comments: 1. Lines 54 – 56: “Especially light propagation is highly limited in subterranean burrow systems, so that vision is of little use for subterranean rodents here (Kott et al. , 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It discusses unrelated topics such as the use of the Earth’s magnetic field by subterranean mammals and mentions various editorial processes without addressing anything about sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: These findings are in support of the Format x Amount Hypothesis; people’s G/L ratios seem to be more sensitive to variations in the amount of money that is at stake when the gambles are presented in a fill-in-the-loss format than when they are presented in a fill-in-the-gain format. Moreover, we replicated the effect of and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007), who showed that participants had G/L ratios lower than 1 when small amounts of money were at stake in coin-toss gambles. and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007) used only the fill-in-the-loss format. In the current study, the G/L ratio of 10 cents in the fill-in-the-loss format (M =. 86, SD =. 36, Med = 1. 00) was lower than 1, t(27) = -2. 01, p =. 054. The G/L ratio of 10 cents in the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 1. 86, SD = 1. 21, Med = 2) was higher than 1, t(27) = 3. 72, p <. 01. This result means that participants showed reversed loss aversion when they were focused on the loss side of gambles in which they could gain 10 cents. It seems that in such small gambles a small loss is balanced by an even smaller gain. 4. 3 Study 3, we again showed that the strength of loss aversion increased when the larger amounts of money were at stake, but only when participants had to fill in the loss side of the gamble and not when they filled in the gain side of the gamble. These findings are in support of the Format × Amount Hypothesis. The results of Study 3 also showed that the order in which the amounts of money are presented—increasing or decreasing—does not affect our main finding. These results replicate and qualify the prior findings of reversed loss aversion by and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007). The current results show that reversed loss aversion was found when people had to consider the loss side of a coin-toss gamble, but not when they had to consider the gain side of a coin-toss gamble. 5 General discussion Loss aversion plays a key role in decision making. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing loss aversion in the context of decision-making. It highlights that participants showed reversed loss aversion when focused on losses in certain gambles, indicating that loss aversion is indeed influential in decision-making scenarios. The phrase 'Loss aversion plays a key role in decision making' directly supports the claim that people tend to prefer avoiding losses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA tests can reveal not only species but also their population size and health status instantly. [SEP] Text: 200332:636-42 10. . et al. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Med. 1998339:1194-1200 11. Cabrera C, Helgesson Ö, Wedel H. et al. and Mortality in Swedish Women: for and Cancer. Epidemiology. 20015:532-6 12. Helgesson Ö, Cabrera C, Lapidus L. et al. Self-reported stress levels predict subsequent breast cancer in a cohort of Swedish women. Cancer Prev. 200312:377-81 13. . et al. Obesity may increase the incidence of asthma in women but not in men: Longitudinal observations from the Surveys. Epidemiol. 2002155:191-7 14. Beny EL, Amini Y. Self-and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-Studies. J Behav. 199738:21-37 15. . et al. Lung function and mortality in the United States: data from the first Survey follow- up study. Thorax. 200358:388-93 16. . et al. Gender difference in smoking effects on lung function and risk of hospitalization for COPD: results from a Danish longitudinal population study. J. 199710:822-7 17. . Gender difference in smoking effects on adult pulmonary function. J. 19947:477-83 18. . et al. Smoking, changes in smoking habits, and rate of decline in FEV1: new insight into gender differences. J. 19947:1056-61 19. . Increased susceptibility to lung dysfunction in female smokers. Respir Dis. 1991143:1224-30 20. . Vital capacity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease: Study. J. 1983105:311-5 Author contact Correspondence to: Jörgen Thorn, M. D. Department ofat Göteborg University, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Telephone +46 31 773 6828, Fax +46 31 778 1704, E-mail: jorgen. thorngu. se Received 2006-9-4 Accepted 2006-10-31 Published 2006-11-3Citation styles. , Björkelund, C. , Bengtsson, C. , Guo, X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a collection of references and citations related to various studies, none of which discuss eDNA testing, species identification, or population health status. Therefore, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevance to the claim about eDNA tests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: ” It would be more pertinent co cite Kott et al. 2014 (Journal of Zoology 294:68–76) in this context. Also exchange “here” by “there” in this sentence. 2. Lines 196 –197: “Furthermore, we did not find statistical sex-dependent differences in mean orientation for any of the solitary species. ” Add statistics or explicit statement – statistics not shown. 3. Lines 197 – 199: “The ‘polygon method’ revealed that the alignment of the burrow systems of the Talas tuco-tuco deviated significantly from random orientation. A similar strong tendency was observable for the silvery mole-rat’s systems. ” Refer to the Figure 1 here. 4. Lines 268 – 270: “However, the preferred mean axial directions of the burrow systems at the three localities did not differ statistically for both methods (Watson-Williams F-test applied), wherefore we pooled these data here (Figure 1). ” I do recommend leaving out this argument. Because orientation was random at two out of three localities, mean directions of the burrow systems simply cannot differ statistically. 5. Lines 292–293: “…. representing a highly interesting research question of heuristic potential. ” Leave out “of heuristic potential”. 6. I did not go through the 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jul 30, 2018 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · May 17, 2018 · As can be seen from the reviews, both reviewers are of the view that the manuscript needs to be substantially revised in order to be ready for publication. Much of the work needed is related to the rationale, justification fro design choices, and the conclusions that can be drawn from the data - both are satisfied that the experiment itself was adequately designed and conducted. · Apr 20, 2018 Basic reporting This manuscript contains concise, straightforward results and a new analysis method that is a marked improvement from its predecessor. By reworking how the background and technical challenges are presented, these contents will be much more accessible to a broader scientific audience. 1) The authors do a good job in the introduction arguing for why circular statistics is a better choice than prior statistical approaches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses the need for revisions in a manuscript and provides comments on statistical methods and study design, which do not relate to sea turtles or their navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Although loss aversion is a robust phenomenon with profound effects on the decisions we make, the strength of loss aversion can be moderated by contextual features (e. g. the amount of money that is at stake in the decision (and MersmannHarinck et al. 2007), or the individual intentions of decision makers (and KahnemanNovemsky & Kahneman, 2005). These moderating factors show that context matters when it comes to loss aversion, we now revealed another moderator—the effect of the measurement format, which focuses people’s attention to losses or gains. In three studies, we used coin-toss gambles, in which there are equal chances (50/50) to gain or lose money, to assess gain/loss ratios as a measure of loss aversion. We varied the extent to which participants had to consider potential losses or potential gains in the gambles by varying the measurement format. In the fill-in the-loss format, the potential gains in the gamble were given and people had to fill in the loss side of the coin-toss gamble. In the fill-in-the-gain format, the potential losses in the gamble were given and people had to fill in the gain side of the gamble. Our studies consistently showed, using within- and between-subject designs and anticipated and real coin-toss gambles, that loss aversion in symmetrical gambles was larger when people filled in the fill-in-the-loss format compared to the fill-in-the-gain format—supporting the Format Hypothesis. The results of the response times in Study 1 also support our Format Hypothesis; participants fill in gambles with a fill-in-the-gain format more quickly than gambles with a fill-in-the-loss format. This finding fits with the idea that people decide more heuristically when they think about potential gains, rather than potential losses. Hypothesis holds for anticipated gambles with anticipated outcomes and for real gambles, as shown in Study 2. We investigated whether our coin-toss gamble would yield different results with anticipated outcomes—as in Study 1 and 3—or with real outcomes—as in Study 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of loss aversion, including how it is impacted by contextual factors and how individuals are affected by the measurement formats in gain/loss scenarios. It provides empirical evidence that loss aversion is a robust phenomenon, emphasizing that people show a stronger preference for avoiding losses when the potential losses are highlighted, thus confirming the claim that loss aversion leads people to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA tests can reveal not only species but also their population size and health status instantly. [SEP] Text: Lokshin and Akhtar of Cross-Protection of Commercial IBV Vaccines against of Virus in and Khan Provisional PDF 31 Jul, 2023 for Aflatoxin B1 in and and of Quail’s Meat and Eggs: and -Sensing and its Role in Regulation of Enzymes in and Dahri Provisional PDF 29 Jul, 2023 of Yak in Extreme High- Provisional PDF Advancement of KIF20B in the Process of Invasion and Metastasis of Induced by EMT Through Gli1 Provisional PDF Length-of Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck, 1819) from the. S. and Sahil Provisional PDF Protease and from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 2 Exhibit Bio-incognita R. Umamaheswari, P. Prabu, M. S. Rao, B. M. Kavya and G. N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses a series of unrelated topics and does not mention eDNA tests, species identification, population size, or health status. Therefore, there is no corroboration or contrast to be made.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: They should also provide rationale for their decision to develop a new method for analysis, since it is a major contribution of this work. The ‘long tunnel method’ has an advantage when analyzing circular burrow systems (and conversely the ‘polygon method’ struggles with this), and I think this should be introduced earlier in the manuscript. This will provide the readers with expectations that are satisfied when interpreting the directional orientation plots. 2) The introduction discusses positive magnetoreception findings from laboratory experiments with species that, at first glance (see point #5), are not sampled in the manuscript. Providing some phylogenetic context either in the text or in a figure would greatly benefit a reader that is not a Rodentia expert in understanding why these referenced findings may be applicable to the sampled species. 3) Both points (1) and (2) can be addressed in figure form by providing a phylogenetic tree annotated with species/genus names average circularity scores and then representative burrow system images from a more linear species and more circular species (like in the current Figure 2). 4) What is the rationale behind which species were chosen for analysis? If it is simply availability of data, that is fine, but then I would like some more context regarding this sampled set. Do they represent unrelated taxa? Are their burrow systems representative of the range of fossorial rodents? (size, circularity, etc. ) 5) Please clarify which specie(s) is used in the Eloff and early Burda experiments. In the referenced review Begall et al. 2014, an early Burda paper (Burda 1987) is cited with the following comment: “…Ansell’s mole rats (Fukomys anselli, in earlier papers denoted as Cryptomus hottentotus). ” This comment is not repeated in this manuscript, such that the referenced paper by Burda appears to be studying species that is not sampled in the paper. However, this review suggests that there HAS been a history of magnetoreception laboratory experiments with F. anselli, which is sampled in the paper. If so, please explicitly state this, as it would strengthen the rationale for sampling Fukomys immensely. Also, the cited 1987. If this is indeed the same referenced 2. There are some small markings and annotations on the burrows in Figure 2A and Figure S1A-B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses methodological considerations and critiques of a manuscript related to species analysis and magnetoreception experiments in rodents. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: We found a similar effect of format—larger G/L ratios in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the-gain format—in a coin-toss gamble in which participants actually could win or lose 50 euros. The G/L ratio of a coin-toss gamble with a fill-in-the-gain format was close to 2, which was found in Study 1 and 3 as well, and this G/L ratio is in line with prior research by Kahneman and Tversky (and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1991, 1992). The G/L ratio in the fill-in-the-loss format in the real gambles was higher than 2, replicating the main effect of format in anticipated gambles of Study 1 and 3. If anything, the effects in the fill-in-the-loss format seem stronger in the real coin-toss gambles compared to the anticipated coin-toss gambles, and the studies using anticipated gambles may thus be a conservative test of the effects under investigation. Hypothesis was further supported in Study 3, by showing that participants were more influenced by the amount of money that was at stake in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the gain format. These results are also in line with earlier work by and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007). They showed increasing gain-loss ratios in coin-toss gambles when larger amounts of money were at stake. Study 3 replicates their findings for the fill-in-the-loss format, but shows that gain-loss ratios remain stable when a fill-in-the-gain format is used. 5. 1 Theoretical implications The current studies add to our knowledge of the causes, boundaries and consequences of loss aversion. First, we showed that in a seemingly symmetrical situation—in which people fill in the gain or the loss side of a 50/50 bet—their loss aversion is stronger when they needed to fill in the loss side compared to the gain side. Earlier research by and KahnemanTversky and Kahneman (1992) showed that people generally prefer a gain/loss ratio of approximately 2 to 2. 5. In this earlier work (and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1992, p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing loss aversion and providing empirical evidence that shows participants exhibit stronger loss aversion when they are filling in the loss side compared to the gain side of a gamble. Specifically, the findings indicate that 'their loss aversion is stronger when they needed to fill in the loss side compared to the gain side,' which directly supports the definition of loss aversion as a preference for avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains.