Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing a variety of ethnobotanical studies and methods that include a broader scope of inquiry beyond just the plants used by indigenous tribes. For example, it mentions topics such as applied ethnobotany, conservation, and the healing potential of medicinal plants within different cultural contexts, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses more than just indigenous plant use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Without speaking much of deducing that solution, here is the final solution of the differential heat equation at the Dirichlet boundary conditions T ( 1 F o ) = T 1 = const for X > 273. 16 K и T 2 = 273. 16 K at τ = 0 [52] [53] : T ( X F o ) = T 1 + 2 [ T ( X 0 ) − T 1 ] ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) δ n X exp [ − ( δ n ) 2 F o ] (22) where F o = λ ⋅ τ c ′ p R 2 is Fourier’s number; Λ 1 = ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) X is the lambda function; X = r R is the dimensionless radial coordinate of a random point of the sphere; r is the radial coordinate a random point of the sphere, m; R is the inherent size of the sphere body, m; τ is the time, s; c ′ p = ρ ⋅ c p is the specific volumetric isobaric heat capacity of the lower mantle ores, which is distributed over both the upper mantle and the Earh’s crust contingently, J・(m3・K)−1; ρ is the average density of the ores of the lower mantle, the upper mantle and the Earth’s crust, 4500 kg/m3; cp is the specific mass isobaric heat capacity, 1260 J・(kg・K)−1 [54] T 1 is the temperature of the inner side (surface) when X = 0. 54 and τ = 0 equals 283. 2 K; δ n = n π at n = 1 2 ⋯ ∞ is nth root of the characteristic equation sin ( δ n ) = 0 for the Dirichlet boundary conditions; λ is the thermal conductivity coefficient, it is 2. 5 W/(m∙K) for the lower mantle [54] Substituting the above numbers into the Equation (22), here is the solution for the temperature, which is demonstrated in Figure 4 and Table 4. As seen from Figure 4. Graph of the temperature of the surface warming by the earth’s thermoelectric currents inner core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It discusses the solution to a differential heat equation and various thermal properties of the Earth's interior, with no mention of sea turtles or magnetic navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: Therefore, evidence is needed to support the identification and development of effective and commercially viable approaches to mitigate odontocete depredation and bycatch rates in pelagic longline fisheries. Understanding the depredation strategies of odontocetes that are susceptible to fisheries bycatch can contribute to mitigating this human-wildlife conflict. Knowledge of species-specific odontocete depredation rates might contribute to the development of promising, new mitigation methods, such as geospatial, depth and temporal separation of predictable catch rate hotspots of species with both low commercial value and high odontocete depredation rates and hotspots of catch rates of principal market species, and passive acoustic decoys, deterrents and echolocation disruptors. This study analyzed observer data from the Hawaii tuna longline fishery to estimate teleost and elasmobranch species-specific mean posterior marine mammal depredation rates using a Bayesian binomial likelihood estimator with a Bayes-Laplace prior, expanding upon previous assessments [44, 45]. The study also assessed the correlation between species-specific depredation rates and length. Study findings provide evidence to support the innovation of effective and commercially viable methods to reduce the risk of odontocete depredation and bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries. 2. MethodsData on species-specific catch, presence/absence of marine mammal depredation and length were obtained from the U. S. government observer program database for the Hawaii pelagic longline fishery. Observer data fields and data collection protocols are defined in NMFS [46]. The study period was from 15 August 2003, the date when observers began to record damage to the catch, through 26 August 2023, the most recent available record. The study sample included 179,853,812 hooks deployed in 73,217 sets within 5,445 trips by 194 vessels. Records were included in the study sample to estimate species-specific odontocete depredation rates for fish species, both teleosts and elasmobranchs, that were identified to the species level, and had >100 capture records where the observer determined whether the catch had been depredated by a marine mammal, Thus, the study sample excludes catch records where either the observer was unable to determine whether there was damage to the catch or observed damage but could not determine the source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for effective methods to mitigate bycatch rates in pelagic longline fisheries, which directly aligns with the purpose of bycatch reduction devices. It highlights the study's focus on 'innovative and commercially viable methods to reduce the risk of odontocete depredation and bycatch,' reinforcing the idea that such devices are paramount in minimizing unintended captures of marine species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Etnobotánica medicinal y biocidas para malaria en la región Ucayali. Folia amazónica. 2002;13(1‒2):87‒108. Pabon A, Ramirez O, Ríos A, et al. Antiplasmodial and of Extracts as Reported by People of the (in Colombia). Planta Med. 2016;82(8):717‒722. Alkaloid diversity in eleven species of Ormosia and in Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Brittonia. 1994;46(4):355‒371. Sagen AL. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Clathrotropis glaucophylla (Fabaceae), an ingredient of Yanomamï curare, emphasizing on quinolizidine alkaloids. ürich, Switzerland; 2002. E. Etnobotánica de las comunidades indígenas Waunana, Chocó (Colombia). Cespedesia. 1980;9(33):115‒302. Glenboski LL. Ethnobotany of the Tukuna Indians. Amazonas, Colombia; 1975. . The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. ís (Francia); 1990;12:236‒237. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):184‒197. García Barriga H. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Bogotá DC: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia. 1974;3:443‒459. Gupta MPB. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá DC, Colombia: Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYTED) y Universidad de Panamá. 2008. Pérez-Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. á, Colombia; 1996. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a wide variety of ethnobotanical studies that explore the medicinal properties and uses of plants beyond just those used by indigenous tribes. It references research on plants used in various treatments for diseases, such as malaria and leishmaniasis, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses a broader scope than merely indigenous plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Table 4. Calculation of bottom surface heat temperature by Earth’s thermoelectrical currents. the latter, the temperature graph goes asymptote at τ = 20 s and varies within (283. 125 ¸ 283. 175) K or (9. 966 ¸ 10. 015)˚C, that confirms the pervious calculation enough. Besides, Figure 4 also shows that it takes heat only 20 s. to move from the border “core-lower mantle” to the bottom surface. Note, that the performed calculations are simplified and preliminary for now, because the taken model does not take into consideration other values of the thermal conductivity coefficients of the transitive zone C shells, the lower mantle B and the Earth’s crust A. That is why accurate calculations for the spherically heterogeneous heat-exchange model of Earth can differ from the obtained results noticeably because the thermocurrens under different continents are heterogeneous. 7. Features of the Behavior of Earth’s Associated to the Core’s The calculated magnitude of the magnetic induction В T T l o w can be real only if the used physical parameters and constants strictly meet the requirements of the physical law within which one or the other phenomenon can be correctly described, emergence and development of the Earth’s magnetic field in particular. The calculations analysis shows that the main element of their conformity is geothermoelectrical field ЕТ with its small intensity according to (3). At the same time, the known scientific conception of a planet’s metal core allowed to use the averaged temperature coefficient β, which is 0. 0001 V/K for pure metals. The magnitude of the latter affects all the following parameters: ЕТ, j, Ilow, which form the magnetic induction of the Earth’s field В T T l o w. That is why all the deliberate deviations from this value makes the В T T l o w magnitude get too low or extremely high. Hence, the taken magnitude β which is close to 0. 0001 V/K indicates high probability of our planet’s core being metal. Besides, the planet’s inner core electroconductivity σ affects the В T T l o w magnitude, but in a less degree. Thus, for instance, σ, which was taken by selecting, is equal to 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation. It discusses calculations related to the Earth's thermoelectrical currents and magnetic induction, but does not mention sea turtles or their navigational methods using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. It primarily discusses various studies on the neural mechanisms of memory and olfactory learning in Drosophila. As such, it does not provide relevant information to corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Estudio Etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Indígena Miraña, Amazonas-Colombia. Bogotá DC: Fund, Bogota, Colombia; 1988. p. 386. Milliken W. Traditional anti-malarial medicine in Roraima, Brazil. Economic Botany. 1997;51(3):212‒237. êa do Abordagem etnobotânica acerca do uso de plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta farmacêutica bonaerense. 2002;21(3):205‒211. Ta’ta’, Huayani: Perception of leishmaniasis and evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita in Peru. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):149‒158. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K. A. P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayapi Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1228‒1239. Rodrigues E. Plants and animals utilized as medicines in the Jaú (JNP), Brazilian Amazon. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):378‒391. Sanz-Biset J, Cañigueral S. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):271‒288. . Contribución al conocimiento de la Anaueria sp. Añuje moena; nuevo registro en la Amazonía peruana. Folia Amazonica. 1990;2:1‒16. Tene V, Malagón O, Finzi PV, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(1):63‒81. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple ethnobotanical studies that investigate various medicinal plants used not only by indigenous tribes but also indicating a broader scope of research beyond exclusive focus on indigenous practices. For example, it cites studies involving communities such as the Miraña and the Wayapi Indians, suggesting that ethnobotany encompasses a wider range of ecological and cultural interrelations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 0 × 105 S/m and meets the calculated magnitude of the geomagnetic field on the planet’s equator, which is 3. 64 × 10−5 T. But if one takes the electroconductivity of about 1. 0 million cm/m, the magnetic field on the equator will be 6. 98 × 10−5 T, which is much higher than the real magnitude of В0. Therefore, the present range of the planet’s core electroconductivity 0. 1 ÷ 1. 0 million S/m can be constricted to some extent. Besides, the considered model allows to explain the tilt of the magnet axis toward the Earth’s one by the Coriolis forces affecting the electron currents. The preliminary calculation shows that the Coriolis forces can displace the normal from the axis of rotation to the electron circular path plane by about 100 - 110 to the West, which corresponds the modern magnetic axis of Earth. It is important to notice, that the suggested model allows to explain the causes of smallness or absence of magnetic fields of the other planets more correctly. In particular, any cooled planet with a cold metal core can have only a relict magnetic field. 8. 3. 52 × 109 А, see Table 2) because there are electrons in the core with sum mass of 5. 1 × 1019 kg. The latter’s moving cause appearance of the primary toroidal magnetic field, which is spherically asymmetric because of the thermo e. m. f. and the Earth’s inertial forces. The secondary poloidal field is self-generated through the central channel in the toroidal field and is dipole with two oppositely directed magnetic poles. Thermoelectrical currents energy, as the calculations show, is enough not only for generating the Earth’s main dipole magnetic field on its early formation phase, but for maintaining it at the modern level of (3 - 5) × 10−5 T for a long time. Thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s geomagnetic field is a brand new one and it is close enough to the real thermoelectrical processes of Earth. The latter are universal from the physical point of view and proceed inside our planet according to the known physical laws, which do not need any theoretical limitations or additions for the model to function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address sea turtles or their navigation methods. Instead, it discusses the Earth's magnetic field's properties, its generation, and the thermoelectrical model of the geomagnetic field. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles' navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: rubella, yet we see that retention of variation is specifically elevated at immunity loci. 4) Though we identified tsSNPs throughout the genome, those tsSNPs found in our candidate regions were much more likely to be retained after population splits regardless of allele frequency. 5) In the much more diverged and much less diverse selfing lineage, C. orientalis, we observe the same pattern at many of the same loci. Though this is not direct evidence for balancing selection in C. rubella specifically, it is strong evidence that these loci are the targets of stable, long-term balancing selection in a selfing lineage. It is possible that, despite having been stable over millions of years of evolution previously, balancing selection ended within the last ~150,000 years in C. rubella specifically. We think that the more plausible explanation of the observed patterns is that variation is retained by ongoing selection in all three lineages. In response to this concern we sought to strengthen our argument with two additional analyses. First, we examined whether elevated founder diversity might impact the likelihood of observing the pattern of Fst we used to identify outliers. We approximated the effect of balancing selection in C. grandiflora alone by including only simulations that showed the highest level of diversity C. grandiflora, and then explored whether our outlier C. rubella Fst values were more likely to occur. Even under this scenario of highfounder diversity, the observed values remain extremely unlikely. Second, we examined whether allele frequencies are correlated between C. grandiflora and C. rubella and between subpopulations of C. rubella for tsSNPs inside and outside of balanced regions. We find that although all these SNPs segregate in all of the populations assayed, SNPs within balanced regions are show a substantial increase in AFS correlation. It will also be important for the authors to more clearly explain whether they believe that the high variability is driven by introgression (adaptive or not), ongoing balancing selection (and of what kind…) or both. We have added to discussion to make our thinking more clear on these issues. We do not think that adaptive introgression and maintenance by balancing selection are mutually exclusive hypotheses, as the later is not dependent on the source of an allele. In the case of a young species like C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of selection in retaining genetic variation within populations. It specifically mentions that 'variation is retained by ongoing selection in all three lineages,' which aligns with the idea that natural selection influences which traits are passed on. Furthermore, the mention of balancing selection suggests a form of natural selection that maintains genetic diversity, supporting the concept of differential survival as a driving force in evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Sanz-Biset J, Campos-de-la-Cruz J, Epiquién-Rivera MA, et al. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):333‒362. The rainbow hurts my skin: medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):175‒192. de Albuquerque UP, Muniz de Medeiros P, de Almeida AL, et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):325‒354. Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 1999;13(2):142‒146. de las Heras B, Slowing K, Benedí J, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(2):161‒166. Evaluation of traditional antimalarial remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1):45‒54. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(1):91‒98. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):917‒921. Antimalarials from nature. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2009;17(9):3229‒3256. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;178:188‒198. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(3):351‒360. The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(1):71‒79. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting research on medicinal plants that are not solely limited to indigenous tribes but also includes studies on various plants used in traditional medicine across different regions. For example, the mention of medicinal plants from the Chazuta valley and the studies conducted on the caatinga vegetation in Brazil indicate a broader scope of ethnobotany that encompasses plants used in various cultural contexts, not just those of indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the first time the considered EMF model in comparison with the magnetohydrodynamo model can give physically and logically reasonable answers to the questions related to the behavior of a geomagnetic field in space and time. In particular, this model lets us explain the cause of the magnetic fields inversion, forecasts the magnitude of the residual (mantle) magnetic field during the polarity reversal and cyclic change of warming and cooling periods, it also clarifies the magnitude of the Earth’s core electroconductivity and structure, allows to use a new and physically justified mechanism for calculating electrical and, indirectly, lithological characteristics of the Solar system planets. The latter, i. e. inversion problem solving, is likely if the magnetic fields of those planets are measures beforehand by spacecraft. For the first time the temperature which the bottom surfaces of the continents and oceans bottom warm up to in case when the core’s thermocurrents move to the lower mantle was calculated using the thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field. Nevertheless, noe the considered thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field is on its first stage, so this is a protomodel. It is based on the description of a homogeneous structure of a magnetic field, which should be the reason for developing a real heterogeneous model, using differential equations. to Abramovich S. А. for checking mathematical calculations and Proskurnina T. V. for efforts to translate the manuscript to English. The manuscript “Thermoelectric currents of earth’s core generate the earth’s magnetic field” was not published in any magazine and it is not being edited in any editorial office. An 2001. DOI:10. 1088/1755-1315/44/2/022001 I made the manuscript on my own in the University, where I am working. Here is no competing finantial or any other interests of any organization as I did not get any subsidies, grants or ordinary shares. I, A. N. Dmitriev, am the only author of the manuscript and there is no legal claim to me from anyone. The manuscript author, A. N. Dmitriev. Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best service for you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding sea turtles or their navigation. Instead, it discusses an electromagnetic field model and the Earth's magnetic field in a general scientific context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtle navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on March 10th, 2016 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on March 14th, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 3 (accepted) Marion Röder · Mar 15, 2016 · to a very good manuscript. 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 14, 2016 Version 0. 2 Marion Röder · Mar 13, 2016 · Both reviewers agree that the manuscript was significantly improved. There are remaining minor concerns about typos in the manuscript. Please, review your manuscript carefully for typing errors, before it can finally be accepted. Reviewer 1 · Mar 11, 2016 Basic reporting Very good. The initial version was good and this version is even better. Experimental design Good. I can see the argument for changing the statistical analyses and think that the authors did a good job on those reanalyses. Validity of the findings The results seem to be carefully interpreted. Additional comments The manuscript could use one more reading for typos, for example: line 234: length, not lenght line 578: This points that. . . " A word seems to be missing line: 705: predator, add s Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Mar 10, 2016 Basic reporting Experimental design Validity of the findings Additional comments The manuscript is greatly improved. In my opinion this 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 10, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) Marion Röder · Jan 22, 2016 · Both reviewers agree that the study is valuable and performed well. Both have some minor comments regarding mainly formal things, which should be easy to comply. Please, also take in consideration the attached annotated manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by reiterating the principle that 'natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium,' which connects to the broader concept of natural selection affecting various traits as part of evolutionary processes, including differential survival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Calderon LdA, Silva-Jardim I, Zuliani JP, et al. Amazonian biodiversity: a view of drug development for leishmaniasis and malaria. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1011‒1023. Evaluation of the anti-plasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia. Planta Med. 1999;65(5):413‒416. Garavito G, Rincón J, Arteaga L, et al. Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(3):460‒462. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):390‒402. de In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):165‒170. Tabuti JR. Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):33‒42. . Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the District of Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):367‒376. . Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):289‒302. Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2‒3):179‒185. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):183‒190. Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):437‒438. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):295‒298. . Screening of the Flora of for Bioactives. IJPPR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ethnobotany encompasses a broader range of plants beyond those used exclusively by indigenous tribes, as it discusses various studies about the anti-plasmodial activities of plants used in traditional medicine across multiple countries, including Colombia, Uganda, Ghana, and Nigeria. This suggests that ethnobotany is relevant to a wider context of herbal remedies beyond just indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals) Providing 24-hour high-quality service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift peer-review system Efficient typesetting and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited 308. Elsevier Pub. Co. [2] Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. , Pinton, J. F. and Ricard, Y. (2004) Study of in Magnetohydrodynamics. Physics of Fluids, 16, 2529-2547. [3] Giesecke, A. , et al. (2010) in Non-Uniform Domains. Geophysical & Dynamics, 104, 505-529. [4] Gailitis, A. , Lielausis, O. , Platacis, E. , Gerbeth, G. and Stefani, F. (2003) Dynamo Experiment. Surveys in Geophysics, 24, 247-267. [5] Verhille, G. , Plihon, N. , Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. and Pinton, J. F. (2010) Experiments. Reviews, 152, 543-564. [6] Sokolov, D. D. , Stepanov, R. A. and Frik, P. G. (2014) Dynamo: Models to Laboratory Experiment. Success of Physical Science, 184, 313-335. [7] Dolginov, A. Z. (1987) Origins of of Earth and Celestial Bodies. Success of Physical Science, 152, 231-262. [8] Zeldovich, J. B. and Ruzmaikin, A. A. (1987) as a Source of Planetary, Solar and Galactic Magnetism. Success of Physical Science, 152, 263-284. [9] Arseniev, S. A. (2015) of Field of Earth and Planets. of Humanitarian and Natural Science, 4, 313-321. [10] Elsasser, W. M. (1939) On the Origin of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Physical Review, 55, 489-498. [11] Vestine, E. H. (1954) The Earth’s Core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it lists various journals, articles, and studies related to magnetohydrodynamics and geophysical dynamics without any reference to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In addition to this reviewer 2 has suggestions about alternative or additional forms of statistical analysis. I let it for the decision of the authors if they want to pick up these suggestions. If they do not want to change their analysis, please give some comments about this decision. Download annotated manuscript Reviewer 1 · Jan 16, 2016 Basic reporting This is an excellent study. The questions are clear and the analyses are appropriate. and Figures need some clarifications to help readers. Table 1: add sample sizes Table 2: In the table caption, identify T as the test statistical and expand the acronym AIC and and briefly explain how it is used here. Most readers will know, but everything in a table should be briefly identified in table captions. Figure 2: Briefly explain in the table caption the meaning of infestation intensity so that readers can understand the scale on the Y-axis without going back to the Methods. Figures 3 and 4: Give correlation values and p-values on the figures so that readers can assess the lines that are shown Figure 4: Indicate whether the error bars are standard errors, confidence limits, or something else. The manuscript should be proof-read for a few remaining typographical errors (e. g. , unknow rather than unknown in one place; a missing "to" on line 289). I do not know if "All appropriate raw data have been made available. . . " Experimental design The methods are clearly described and the statistical analyses are appropriate. There are multiple ways of analyzing results such as these, but the authors have taken a reasonable approach. Validity of the findings The results are convincing and suggest strong, geographically variable, and potentially reciprocal, selection on these interacting species. This study appears to have been carefully done, carefully interpreted, and not over-interpreted. The conclusions do not go beyond the results. This is a very good paper, requiring considerable field and laboratory work. It is among the few studies have have assessed selection differentials among potentially coevolving species in many populations. The results suggest ongoing selection on the species and potentially ongoing reciprocal selection in some localities. Additional comments This is a nicely designed and analyzed study, suggesting the potential of a geographic mosaic of coevolution between these species. Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium (v0. 1)". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the study's results that suggest strong, geographically variable, and potentially reciprocal selection on interacting species. It emphasizes that there is ongoing selection on the species, highlighting the impact of natural selection in the evolution of these species. The mention of assessing selection differentials indicates a focus on how differential survival plays a role in evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 1993;31(4):255‒258. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2‒3):193‒200. Oga S, Sertié JA, Brasile AC, et al. Antiinflammatory effect of crude extract from Guarea guidonia. Planta Med. 1981;42(3):310‒312. . Analysis of the from Leaves of Specimens of Guarea guidonia (L. ) Sleumer (Meliaceae). Journal of Research. 2005;17(3):271‒273. . Terpenoids from Guarea guidonia. Phytochemistry. 2002;60(4):333‒338. . 16,17-Seco- and 2,3:16,17-di-Seco-pregnanes from Guarea guidonia. J Soc. 2008;19(6):1073‒1077. LC-ESI-MS determination of quassinoids isobrucein B and neosergeolide in Picrolemma sprucei stem infusions. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1065‒1070. de Andrade- In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants. Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102(3):359‒365. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104(1):48‒56. Struwe L, Albert VA. A monograph of Neotropical potalia aublet (Gentianaceae: Potalieae). Systematic botany. 2004;29(3):670‒701. Duke J, R Vasquez. Dictionary. FL: 1994. Roumy V, Garcia-Pizango G, Gutierrez-Choquevilca AL, et al. Amazonian plants from Peru used by Quechua and Mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):482‒489. Gentry AH. Bignoniaceae, in Flora de Colombia, IdC Naturales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that ethnobotany studies a wide range of plants, including those used by various cultures beyond indigenous tribes, as evidenced by references to medicinal plants used by Quechua and Mestizo people. This implies that ethnobotany encompasses a broader scope than just indigenous practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Transactions—Union, 35, 63-72. [12] Runcorn, S. K. (1954) The Earth’s Core. Transactions—Union, 35, 49-63. [13] Dmitriev, A. N. (1980) About a of Existence of of Conductors. Exploratory Geophysics, 88, 125-129. [14] Dmitriev, A. N. (2007) Geological and for Research of Objects—Oil and 226 Tyumen: TGU. [15] Dmitriev, A. N. (2016) A on the Nature of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 44, 2001. [16] Zharkov, V. N. (1983) of the Earth and 416 M. Nauka. [17] Magnitsky, A. (2006) and Physics of the Earth 389 M. Nauka. [18] Kuznetsov, V. (2011) Physics of Earth 842 Novosibirsk. [19] Uffen, R. J. (1952) A Method of Estimating the Gradient in the Earth’s Mantle. Transactions—Union, 33, 893-896. [20] Tozer, D. C. (1959) Properties of the Earth’s Interior. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 3, 414-436. [21] Anzellini, S. , Dewaele, A. , Mezouar, M. , Loubeyre, P. and Morard, G. (2013) Melting of Iron at Earth’s on Fast X-Ray Diffraction. Science, 340, 464-466. [22] Kuznetsov, V. (2008) Introduction to the Hot Earth’s Physics 366 IKIR. [23] Kalashnikov, S. G. (1977) Electricity 592 M. Nauka. [24] Saveliev, I. (1970) Course. Vol. II 336 M. Nauka. [25] Martinson, L. K. and Smirnov, E. (2004) Quantum Physics. 496 M. MGTU im. N. E. Baumana. [26] Pavlov, P. V. and Chochlov, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various geological and physical studies related to the Earth and its properties but does not provide any information related to how sea turtles navigate or their use of the Earth’s magnetic field. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: PeerJ · Jan 21, 2016 Basic reporting Experimental design This is a great dataset with a correct “experimental” design. With those data it is possible to study how T. soror affects defensive alkaloids in seeds and leaves of the plants and whether these selective pressures affect the geographic variation on plant traits –such as the variation on levels of defensive compounds. However the current treatment of data is not completely satisfactory. Important but easy-to-fix changes in the analytical approach should we made in order to make this research correct. The general approach is great but there are some mistakes regarding the types of model used, or even the response variable in the latest two models (which are the more important in this ms). Note that I took the opportunity to analyze the data myself (from the dataset in the submission) and actually found that the effect of natural selection drives among populations variation on the concentration of alkaloids, thus the main message in the manuscript is not going to change once it is properly analyzed. I think that the phenotypic trait which should be studied in the latest two models is the content on defensive compounds. It should be analyzed how quantity of atropine and scopolamine in seeds and leaves (or altogether) affect the number of seeds surviving from predation. It would be also possible to make combinations of these four traits (for example, total alkaloids in seeds or in leafs, or total atropine or scopolamine in plants). The first step (which in my opinion is optional) could be to analyze how number of seeds saved from predation depends on the population, the number of fruits per plant, the atropine in seeds, atropine in leafs, scopolamine in leafs, scopolamine in seeds (correlations between phenotypic traits should be taken into controlling for colinearity issues). In this model interaction between population and each of the phenotypic traits should be included. This would shed some light in the issue of whether defensive compounds affect the reproductive output of plants (after predation, i. e. the number of seeds saved from predation) and whether that relationship is constant or varies among populations. Second step would be what you already have correctly performed. You properly run phenotypic selection analyses at the level of population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the effect of natural selection drives variation among populations in the concentration of alkaloids, which supports the idea that natural selection plays a critical role in evolution through differential survival. Specifically, it highlights how defensive compounds in plants may affect their survival from predation, directly aligning with the concept of natural selection influencing evolutionary outcomes based on survival advantages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: Do fungi exposed to toxic waste produce novel antimicrobial agents? HonourBacked by. and 38 other backers-úñez-. and Eric D. : 10. 18258/4625$6,024Raised of $6,000 Goal100%Funded on 5/12/15Successfully Funded$6,024pledged100%fundedFundedon 5/12/15? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(58)Discussion (47)ProjectWe've discovered a few new mushrooms thriving in this harsh environment of land-disposed sewage sludge in Snoqualmie, Washington. We're testing these mushrooms for new antimicrobial properties. Microbes that survive exposure to toxic sewage sludge engage adaptive mechanisms that transform toxins into secondary metabolites. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? In a previous experiment, we identified several fungi that thrive when exposed to toxic sewage sludge. We achieved in vitro culture of one species (Mycena cinerella) under controlled conditions ( We are using this fungus as a model system to investigate antibiosis, the antagonistic interaction between two or more microbes that generally engages a chemical mechanism of action for competitive advantage. Harsh environments are investigated as potential sources of new pharmaceuticals, including new antibiotics. The antibiotic cephalosporin was first identified in a culture of the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium that was isolated from a sewer in Sardinia, Italy, in 1948 ( is the significance of this project? We are experiencing a decline in the discovery and development of new safe and effective antibiotics that represent new classes of drugs to defeat antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is spreading among pathogens, while new antibiotics entering the market continue to decline. A critical result is that both hospital-acquired and community-associated infections now affect more than 2 million patients annually in the US alone, and are responsible for more than 100,000 deaths. There is a clear and urgent need for the discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents from novel unexplored sources that are effective against antibiotic-resistant infectious agents. Our observations suggest that fungi exposed to toxic waste may represent a novel source of new antimicrobial agents. What are the goals of the project? We have identified four fungi that thrive in toxic sewage sludge. The first fungus will be evaluated for its ability to transform sewage sludge toxins into novel compounds that enable the fungus to compete in a harsh environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that certain fungi can thrive and may produce novel antimicrobial agents in harsh environments, particularly toxic waste. It suggests that instead of all fungi being harmful, some can engage in beneficial interactions, such as producing compounds that could combat antibiotic resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: F. (2000) Physics of Solid Bodies. Textbook 494 M. Vysshaya shkola. [27] Tyushev, A. N. (2011) Physics Lections: Part 5. 167 Novosibirsk, SGGA. [28] Pasynkov, V. V. and Sorokin, V. S. (2001) Materials of Electronic Technics. Series: Textbooks for Universities 368 Lan. [29] Lifshits, I. M. , Azbel, M. Y. and Kaganov, M. I. (1971) of Metals 416 M. Nauka. [30] Matveev, A. N. (1983) Electricity and Magnetism. 464 M. Vysshaya Shkola. [31] Juravlev, V. A. (2002) of Lections 240 M. Institute. [32] Plotkin, V. V. , Dyadkov, P. G. and Ovchinnikov, S. G. (2014) Identification of of in Lower Mantle: Inversion of Geomagnetic Data. Geology and Geophysics, 55, 1436-1445. [33] and Sokolova, E. U. (2008) Practical Physics: Quantum Physics. Physics of Elements 210 M. VVIA im. Prof. N. E. Jukovskogo. [34] Loper, D. E. (1984) Structure of the Core and Lower Mantle. Advances in Geophysics, 26, 1-34. [35] Hoffman, D. L. and Simmons, A. (2008) Earth 404 BookSurge Publishing. [36] Hansen, J. , Sato, M. , Russell, G. and Kharecha, P. (2013) Climate Sensitivity, Dioxide. [37] Kotlyakov, V. M. (2012) Causes and Results of Changes. Solar and Earth’s Physics, 21, 110-114. [38] Zachos, J. , Pagani, M. , Sloan, L. , Thomas, E. and Billups, K. (2001) Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292, 686- 693. [39] Yanovsky, B. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It mostly lists various publications and authors without discussing the topic of navigation by sea turtles or the use of the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: By regressing each phenotypic trait (for example atropine in seeds) on the plant relative fitness (number of seed saved from predation relative to the average of the population) selective differentials are assessed (S). Also you understood, and I agree, that the important question in here is not the significance of those selective differentials within populations. The relevant question here is addressed on the next step –which is studying how the selective pressures explain variation on phenotypic traits among populations. On the third step selective pressures should be covariates explaining phenotypic traits at the population level (one model for each trait as response variable, one for average population atropine in seeds, another for average population scopolamine in seeds etc. ). This is where you performed an important conceptual mistake by running the models for the response variable “infestation” instead of the selected phenotypic traits which would be “alkaloids”. I agree with you with the importance of adding environmental covariates to control for other sources of variation in these models. If selective differentials are found to be significant in explaining the among population variation on defensive traits (and my analyses using your dataset shows they are indeed), then it would be actually possible to state that “natural selection by T. soror drives, at least in part, the variation on defensive compounds across D. stramonium populations”. Some minor considerations (Please also see notes on attached pdf) • Please use GLM instead of LMM because your response variables are not normal. It is better to analyze actual distribution of variables by means of Models which allow fitting response variables to different error distributions and link functions depending on the nature of the response variables. • Please send table 1 to supplementary materials. • Analyses in figure 3 should be done at the plant level including populations as random factor (not using population averages) and only necessary for the sound seeds, the rest (in my opinion) is redundant. You are trying to show that infestation changes fitness. If you use sound seeds as response, and infestation levels as predictors, at the same time population as random factor that would be a better approach. If you add the interaction of population with infestation level, and it proves significant, that would show how selective pressures by weevils on defenses vary among population. Another possibility is to escape this step altogether and show the analyses done only from the calculations of selection coefficients on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how selective differentials are assessed based on phenotypic traits and plant relative fitness. It highlights that significant selective differentials can explain variation in defensive traits among populations, indicating that natural selection is involved in the evolutionary processes of these species. The statement that 'natural selection by T. soror drives, at least in part, the variation on defensive compounds across D. stramonium populations' directly supports the idea that natural selection influences evolutionary outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: The fungus will be cultured in fractions of sewage sludge extracts and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria that represent substantial threats to patients in clinical care and in the community. Fungal culture fractions that demonstrate antibiotic activity against the pathogens will be subjected to further separation and analytical chemistry to identify and characterize the active chemicals. The fractionation, culture and antibiotic activity methods used are standard laboratory methods for detecting antimicrobial activity. wait. . . The identification of antimicrobial agents by various conventional and technology-driven methods requires access to laboratory operations that specialize in fungal culture and extractive chemistry. We have engaged a local contract research laboratory ( that is expert in fungal culture and chemical fractionation work. Also, the contract laboratory will provide basic sewage sludge fractionation capabilities, plus initial evaluation of antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. Support for the definitive analytical chemistry methods for full characterization of any fractions or compounds identified as having antimicrobial activity will be budgeted in subsequent stages of the project. Endorsed byI’m glad to financially support the novel approach being proposed to detoxify sewage. Aside from the benefits of treating the millions of tons of toxic sewage being disposed in our forests and farms, this approach could lead to discovering of new antibiotic products to treat resistant infections. It’s great to see these kinds of projects both visible and available for community support. Ken MyerI am very excited to endorse this project. It is a fascinatingly worthwhile research endeavor. It not only provides the much-needed fundamental insights into the compelling biochemistry that permits these organisms to thrive in such acutely toxic environments, but also holds the promise of identifying novel sludge-induced metabolites possessing potent antimicrobial properties that can be parlayed into efficacious therapies for treating antibiotic resistant infections. The project epitomizes the power of imaginative science to provide for humanity both fundamental knowledge and profoundly applied benefit. A win-win situation! of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UniversityAnyone who plans to be alive in the next 30 or so years should strongly consider supporting Richard's efforts to develop novel antimicrobials. I am a PhD scientist actively involved in the field, and although I don't work with Richard, I applaud his efforts and am happy to have the opportunity to support his work financially. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research into the antimicrobial properties of fungi, suggesting that some fungi can produce beneficial compounds that have potential therapeutic use against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The statement about identifying 'novel sludge-induced metabolites possessing potent antimicrobial properties' indicates that not all fungi are harmful, and some may offer significant health benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: (1978) Terrestrial Magnetism. Parts 1, 2. 591 L. GITTL. [40] Kolesnikov, L. V. and Yudin, A. L. (2003) Materials Science. Part 2. for Laboratory Practice. 82 Kemerovo. [41] Boriev, I. A. (2012) of Impulse’s Electrons in Substance under Effect of Electricity and Time of Free Path. News of Science Academy, Engineering, 3, 105-112. [42] Monin, A. S. (1977) History of Earth 228 L. Science. [43] and David, J. (2004) CO2 as a of Phanerozoic Climate. GSA Today, 14, 4-10. [44] Serebrennikov, V. B. (2008) Temperature and in Anthropogen and Its Consequences. Peter’s Academy News. 9. [45] Korzun, V. A. (2009) Global Warming—Reality or Politicized Mith? (Perspectives of Development a “Green Economics” in Russia) 191 M. . [46] Petrovich, A. (2011) Canon of Ice Age. of 132 St. Petersburg. Nestor-Istoriya. [47] Prigogine, I. and Nicolis, G. (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems: Structures to Order through Fluctuations, J. Wiley& Sons, New York. [48] Butler, S. L. , Peltier, W. R. and Costin, S. O. (2005) of the Earth’s Thermal History: Effects of Inner-. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 152, 22-42. [49] Korotkih, A. G. and Shamanin, I. (2007) Hydrodynamics and Basics in Nuclear Reactors. Textbook 117 University. [50] Micheev, M. A. and Micheeva, I. M. (1977) Basics of Heat Exchange. 2nd Edition, stereotipe 344 M. Energiya. [51] Isachenko, V. P. , Osipova, V. A. and Sukomel, A. S. (1981) 416 M. Energoizdat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It contains a list of various academic references and citations without any information concerning sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: • In the dataset and in the manuscript it is not clear when showing results on alkaloids if results are on alkaloids of seeds or leaves or a combination of both. In the next version of the paper this information should be clarified. Validity of the findings No comments Additional comments The manuscript “Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium to its specialized seed predator” constitutes a very interesting piece of information. The study of effects of natural selection on geographic variation of plant traits is not commonly addressed. This is a very meritorious approach which is very scarce in literature. The research aimed to find out if seed predation by T. soror on Datura stramonium caused selective pressures and if this natural selection drives differences in plant resistance among populations. It was already known that atropine in this species is a defensive compound to leaf herbivory but it was not known whether this defensive compound was also related to predation upon seeds. Besides this interesting approach I find another major strength on this manuscript. I commend the authors on the nice dataset they have collected. Ecological studies comprising a large number of populations across broad geographical scales are uncommon –despite many evolutionary questions in ecology should be addressed from this perspective. This study comprises 31 populations of D. stramonium across central Mexico in which between 21 and 30 individuals per population have been studied, although actually between 7 and 10 plants per populations were used in the main analyses. The level of infestation by T. soror and the levels of defensive alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine) both in leaves and seeds for 7-10 plants per population (278 plants) have been measured. Additionally, some environmental covariates at the level of populations (mean annual temperature and precipitation) have been collected –which is a very good idea so that some environmental variation can be controlled in analyses showing how T. soror affects defensive compounds in D. stramonium. Download annotated manuscript Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Jan 7, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study focused on natural selection and its effects on plant traits, specifically involving the survival of Datura stramonium against its seed predator, T. soror. The study explores selective pressures caused by seed predation, indicating that natural selection drives differences in plant resistance among populations, which aligns with the claim about the role of natural selection in the evolution of species through differential survival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: Nick ConleyMeet the and Fertilizer, Quincy, WA and of the 's Doctoral research at the University of California, Riverside, CA, explored sexual reproduction in the fungal plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica to discover biological controls for fungal diseases of agricultural crops. He was research microbiologist investigating extremophile microbes in Antarctica as part of US Program forJPL. He was Consultant to US Department of Energy as environmental monitor for energy development on Tribal lands in the Western US. He managed a national program of pediatric cancer clinical trials research at the University of Southern California, Cancer Center. He is a developer of novel antimicrobial agents for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. He is dedicated to the prevention of chronic diseases by identifying environmental contaminants and pollutants that incite disease, notably in sewage sludge disposed in forests and on agricultural lands. He is currently investigating the risk and threat posed by sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants disposed in forests and on farm lands that produce human food and food animal feed crops, and that adversely impact human and environmental health. The goal is to achieve abolition of land-disposed sewage sludge. Many forests and farms where toxic wastes are disposed are behind locked gates, so Richard gains access by mountain bike and hiking; research is not always done in the lab. Richard HonourThe Researcher’s doctoral research explored mechanisms of sexual reproduction in the Oomycetous plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. The objective was to discover biological controls for this and other Oomycetous plant pathogens and diseases, rather than increasing the use of chemical agents. Note: Oomycetes, or water molds, are more closely related to algae and green plants than to fungi. He was Microbiologist and in Antarctica for the US Program, as sponsored by NASA/JPL and the Foundation. He was consultant to the US Department of Energy as field environmental monitor for energy exploration projects on Tribal lands in the Western US. For ten years he was of a national program of pediatric cancer clinical trials research at the University of Southern California, Center. His specialty is the discovery and development of novel antimicrobial agents from sewage sludge and other harsh and toxic environments for use in the treatment of infections incited by antibiotic-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research into fungal pathogens and the development of biological controls for fungal diseases, rather than indicating that fungi are universally harmful. The mention of exploring sexual reproduction in the fungal plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica to discover biological controls implies a potential for beneficial uses of some fungi, contradicting the idea that all fungi are harmful.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: [52] Buchmirov, V. V. , Rakutina, D. V. and Solnyshkova, J. S. (2013) Conductivity. for 36 Ivanovo. [53] Lykov, A. (1967) Theory of Thermal Conductivity. 599 M. Vysshaya shkola. [54] Stepanov, A. A. and Starchenko, S. (2005) in Mantle. “Researched in Russia”, 8, 1760-1770. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research works in thermal conductivity and does not mention sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sign in through your institution Filter EvolutionThis issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term Advance 10. 1111/evo. 12353 Published: 01 May 2014 10. 1111/evo. 12353 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term selection operates on a sequence of events, from mating to offspring production. Which stages in this sequence undergo stronger selection, especially the relative importance of pre- versus postcopulatory processes, are intensely debated issues. Unequal siring success among mates of polyandrous females is classically taken as evidence for a large contribution of postcopulatory processes to the variance in male reproductive success (var(RSm)). However, paternity skews also depend on the timing and number of copulations, a source of variation that should be considered precopulatory rather than postcopulatory. We develop a method for decomposing var(RSm) accounting for copulatory activity and apply it to experimental mating groups of the snail Physa acuta. In our experiment, 40% of var(RSm) emerges at the precopulatory stage, only half of which depends on variation in mating success (number of partners). Ignoring copulation characteristics can therefore lead to severe underestimation of precopulatory sexual selection. Moreover, although only 36% of var(RSm) arises at the postcopulatory stage, this is when sexual selection on body weight mostly occurs. Finally, trade-offs were detected between different components of precopulatory success, whereas pre- and postcopulatory success appear independent. Our study opens the way to a detailed quantitative understanding of sexual selection in polyandrous species. Bateman gradients, hermaphrodite, phenotypic trade-offs, Physa acuta, sperm precedence, variance decompositionThe theory of sexual selection aims at understanding how individuals improve their fitness through reproduction (Darwin 1871; Andersson 1994; Arnqvist and Rowe 2005; Pannell and Korbecka 2010). Sexual selection is usually defined as selection arising from differences in mating success (MS) among individuals (Arnold 1994; Arnold and Duvall 1994). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the processes of sexual selection and reproductive success, which are fundamental aspects of natural selection. It mentions that selection operates through a series of events related to mating and offspring production, aligning with the core principle of natural selection—where differential survival and reproduction lead to evolutionary changes over time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: He is dedicated to the prevention of chronic diseases by evaluating toxic chemicals in land-disposed sewage sludge in forests and on agricultural and rangelands, thereby eliminating land disposal and human exposure. Many forests and farms where toxic wastes are disposed are behind locked gates, so Richard gains access by mountain bike - research is not always done in the lab. Lab Notes58 Postedto Deadly ChemicalsDecember 2, 201524164101October 26, 20151182Maybe I’m A DeerOctober 12, 201501123Additional InformationA mysterious micro-fungus emerging directly from a lump of forest-disposed sewage sludge, where nearly all other microbes perish. An example of the micro-fungus (3 X 9 mm), now separated from sewage sludge, about to open its mushroom cap. A cluster of the small mushroom, identified as Mycena cinerella, thriving on the sewage sludge-covered forest floor several months following land-disposal of toxic sludge. A cluster of M. cinerella thriving on the sewage sludge-covered forest floor seven months after land-disposal of toxic sludge. M. cinerella growing and fruiting on forest floor debris, saturated in sewage sludge. M. cinerella adjacent to forest-disposed sewage sludge, with few other microbes in sight. Very few other Basidiomycetes are able to survive and thrive in the sludge-strewn forest environment. Very few other Basidiomycetes are able to survive and thrive in the sludge-strewn forest environment. M. cinerella in an adjacent forest-disposed sewage sludge site, with few other microbes to be seen. M. cinerella in an adjacent forest-disposed sewage sludge site, with few other microbes to be seen. First solid agar medium culture of M. cinerella. First liquid medium culture of M. cinerella. A typical forest disposal site for sewage sludge, now perhaps to be exploited as a novel harsh environment resource for the discovery, invention and ultimate pharmaceutical development of new antibiotics. A typical forest disposal site for sewage sludge, now perhaps to be exploited as a novel harsh environment resource for the discovery, invention and ultimate pharmaceutical development of new antibiotics. Project Backers48Backers100%Funded$6,024Total Donations$104. 56Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing an example of a beneficial fungus, Mycena cinerella, which thrives in an environment contaminated with sewage sludge. The description suggests that this micro-fungus can survive where other microbes cannot, indicating that not all fungi are harmful, and some may play a role in pharmaceutical development, which directly opposes the notion that all fungi produce toxic compounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4187714/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 12You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstract(Juglandaceae) is a genus of significant ecological and economic importance, prevalent in the tropics and subtropics of East Asia. Although previous efforts based on multiple molecular markers providing profound insights into species delimitation and phylogeography of Engelhardia, the maternal genome evolution and phylogeny of Engelhardia in Juglandaceae still need to be comprehensively evaluated. In this study, we sequenced plastomes from 14 samples of 8 Engelhardia species and the outgroup Rhoiptelea chiliantha, and incorporated published data from 36 Juglandaceae and 6 outgroup species to test phylogenetic resolution. Moreover, comparative analyses of the plastomes were conducted to investigate the plastomes evolution of Engelhardia and the whole Juglandaceae family. 13 Engelhardia plastomes were highly similar in genome size, gene content, and order. They exhibited a typical quadripartite structure, with lengths from 161,069 bp to 162,336 bp. Three mutation hotspot regions (TrnK-rps16, ndhF-rpl32, and ycf1) could be used as effective molecular markers for further phylogenetic analyses and species identification. Insertion and deletion (InDels) may be an important driving factor for the evolution of plastomes in Juglandoideae and Engelhardioideae. A total of 10 codons were identified as the optimal codons in Juglandaceae. The mutation pressure mostly contributed to shaping codon usage. Seventy-eight protein-coding genes in Juglandaceae experienced relaxed purifying selection, only rpl22 and psaI genes showed positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1). Phylogenetic results fully supported Engelhardia as a monophyletic group including two sects and the division of Juglandaceae into three subfamilies. originated in the and diversified in the Late Eocene, and Juglandaceae originated in the and differentiated in Middle Cretaceous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the phylogenetic analysis of the Juglandaceae family and the evolution of plastomes within the Engelhardia genus. There is no discussion about artifacts or insights into past cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: We considered that the variance in ɛp* is approximately the sum of the true variance in relative paternity shares plus the sire variance in relative juvenile survival (up to the time of sampling). Assuming additive genetic effects, this sire variance is at best equal to half of the variance in survival among full-sib families (i. e. , clutches sired by a single father). We therefore computed the latter and compared it to the variance in ɛp* to get an idea of the maximum fraction of our postcopulatory component that is due to sire effects on juvenile survival. 480 possible copulations (as copulation is unilateral in P. acuta, there are two possibilities for each of the 240 possible pairs of individuals), 255 were actually observed, 119 of which were observed repeatedly (combinations that were repeated two, three, and four times were observed in 98, 15, and six cases, respectively). Offspring from 104 broods survived to genotyping age (8529 juveniles of 10,070 eggs), and 120 adults and 2188 juveniles were genotyped. Four snails copulated as females with two partners but laid no eggs, and six individuals never copulated as females and laid no eggs either. No selfing was detected. None of the 24 broods with a single behavioral father (i. e. , an individual that has been seen inseminating the focal) had more than a single genetic father, indicating that we probably detected all copulations. The remaining 86 individuals copulated as females with at least two male partners and laid eggs that produced 5854 surviving juveniles. Multiple paternity was actually detected in 67. 4% of these broods (58 of 86), with up to three fathers per brood. were characterized by their duration, male experience, sperm age, and male rank. Only rank turned out to significantly influence siring success (Table 1). The first copulation yielded the strongest fitness benefit to males, each subsequent copulation yielding on average 1. 42 times less siring success than the previous one (Fig. 2). Adding the contribution of subsequent copulations (after the first one) increased the predicted number of sired offspring by only a small amount, meaning that subsequent copulations contribute relatively little to siring success (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing aspects of juvenile survival and its influence on relative paternity shares. It indicates that the sire variance is significant in determining chances of survival among offspring, which directly relates to the mechanics of natural selection. By presenting evidence that survival rates are influenced by factors such as rank and copulation success, the text aligns with the concept of differential survival, a fundamental factor in natural selection.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can only grow in damp and dark environments and cannot survive in dry areas. [SEP] Text: defined better his thought saying: “Proponents of contraction want to create integrated, self-sufficient and materially responsible societies in both the North and the South. It might be more accurate and less alarming if we replaced the word degrowth with ‘nongrowth’. We could then start talking about ‘a-growthism’, as in ‘a-theism’. After all, rejecting the current economic orthodoxy means abandoning a faith system, a religion. To achieve this, we need doggedly and rigorously to deconstruct the matter of development. The term ‘development’ has been redefined and qualified so much that it has become meaningless” (Latouche, 2004). In addition, he strongly criticized the “no-global movement” because members are well aware about harms related to economic growth but they are fighting in order to enable developing countries to benefit from it. 3. Sustainable development is a mainstream of environmentalism that, like the de-growth theory, highlights the necessity to stem environmental exploitation and the necessity to improve efficiency of the industrial system in order to limit waste of important natural resources. Nevertheless, this mainstream is not trying to limit economic growth, because the key word in this case is “efficiency”. De-growth theory describes Capitalism as an enemy, to the opposite, roots of are inside Capitalism. Joseph Schumpeter, an economist and political scientist, was one of the progenitors of the 20th century Capitalism. He developed a theory very focused on efficiency: according to Schumpeter, Capitalism is able to ensure, automatically, the predominance of effective enterprises at the expense of inadequate enterprises. He defined this theory “Creative Destruction” writing that is “the essential fact about capitalism. It is what capitalism consists in and what every capitalist concern has got to live in” (Schumpeter, 1976). This theory has become an important part of the theoretical structure of Sustainable Development. In a world where natural resources are every day more limited, efficiency is very related to the capacity of improve the productivity while using less resources. This is an important point because it turns upside down the line of reasoning of Degrowth theory: enterprises have to become more efficient in order not only to survive but also to increase profits. In terms of productivity, it would mean increasing the markup per single resource utilized: that is not only economy but also philosophy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about fungi because it discusses topics related to economic theories, sustainable development, and critiques of capitalism, without mentioning fungi, their growth conditions, or environments. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports, contrasts, or elaborates on the claim regarding the growth of fungi.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: The phylogeny and divergence times didn’t support rapid radiation occurred in the evolution history of Engelhardia. study fully supported the taxonomic treatment of at the section for Engelhardia species and three subfamilies for Juglandaceae and confirmed the power of phylogenetic resolution using plastome sequences. Moreover, our results also laid the foundation for further studying the course, tempo and mode of plastome evolution of Engelhardia and the whole Juglandaceae family. EngelhardiaplastomesPhylogenetic relationshipsInsertion and deletionCodon usage patternFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9IntroductionThe walnut family (Juglandaceae) containing ca. 60 extant species belonging to ca. 10 genera, a woody family in the order Fagales, is mainly distributed in subtropical to tropical forests [1] [2] [3]. Members of this family play an important role in local forest ecosystems, and some of them are important nut, timber, and medicinal trees. According to APG IV (2016), Juglandaceae is grouped into three subfamilies: Rhoipteleoideae, Engelhardioideae, and Juglandoideae [4]. Among the three subfamilies of Juglandaceae, species of the Juglandoideae subfamily were very common in temperate deciduous forests in the Northern Hemisphere, while species of the Engelhardioideae subfamily and the Rhoipteleoideae subfamily were mainly distributed in subtropical and tropical forests [2]. In the Engelhardioideae subfamily, species of Engelhardia Lesch. ex Blume widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Asia [5], which were widely used in wood and tea [6]. There are about 9 Engelhardia species in China, mainly occuring in the southwest, south to southeast [7]. species are deciduous or semi-evergreen trees or evergreen tree, often with even-pinnate compound leaves, monoecious or dioecious, fruit nut-like, when the fruit is ripe, the bracts grow, membranous, and connate with the fruit to form a nutlet with 3-lobed wings [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about how artifacts can provide insights into past cultures. Instead, it focuses on the phylogeny, divergence, and species classification within the Juglandaceae family, discussing evolutionary history, ecological roles, and species distribution. There are no mentions or connections to artifacts or insights pertaining to cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Early copulations yielded more paternities than late ones and the second, third, and fourth copulations made by a male-acting individual on a single female contributed weakly to siring success (Fig. 2). This strongly suggests that selection in P. acuta favors individuals that are efficient at finding (and copulating with) potential female mates before competitors. Longer copulations did not result in more efficient fertilization of female-acting partners, suggesting that they were not associated with the injection of more sperm or accessory substances, as found in other species (Koene and Schulenburg 2005; Eberhard 2009). That male experience had no effect suggests that male-acting individuals were not sperm limited. In addition, at the time scale of our experiment (a few days), sperm fertilization success was not affected by its residence time in female reproductive tracts, which is not surprising given the ability of most freshwater snails (including P. acuta) to store sperm for several weeks (Jarne et al. 2010). First-male sperm precedence is not uncommon, especially in snails (e. g. , Rogers and Chase 2002; Evanno et al. 2005; Harano et al. 2008), although many animal species tend to show last-male precedence, including some insects (e. g. , Pischedda and Rice 2012) and hermaphroditic invertebrates (e. g. , Angeloni et al. 2003; Pongratz and Michiels 2003). However, in the majority of studies investigating the distribution of paternity shares in mating groups, the quantitative estimates of siring success are likely biased (Schärer 2009), because they usually erase substantial variation in the copulatory sequence, either by inferring copulations from genetic data rather than from behavioral observations (e. g. , Pongratz and Michiels 2003; Pischedda and Rice 2012), or by using sequential designs preventing competition for access to mates (e. g. , Rogers and Chase 2002; Evanno et al. 2005; Harano et al. 2008). A central aspect of our work is the decomposition of variance in fitness into several components, an approach first proposed by Arnold and Wade (1984a,b) and already used in previous studies (Collet et al. 2012; Pischedda and Rice 2012). Our method differs from Arnold and Wade's in two important ways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how selection in the species P. acuta favors individuals that are efficient at finding and copulating with potential female mates before competitors. This illustrates a specific instance of natural selection influencing reproductive success, contributing to differential survival and reproduction, which is central to the process of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mushrooms are the only type of fungi studied by mycologists. [SEP] Text: Mushrooms and Fungi and Compounds with Antidiabetic Activity: A Review Issue 5, 2024, 10. 1615/IntJMedMushrooms. 2024052864 Submitted: Feb 15 2024 Accepted: Feb 15 2024 Published online: Feb 16 2024 Get access Maura Téllez-Téllez Laboratory of of Morelos State, Morelos, Mexico Díaz-Godínez Gerardo (Corresponding author gerardo. diaz@uatx. mx) for Biological Sciences, of have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases. Mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been consumed in the form of extracts and/or biomass of the mycelium or fruiting body. The beneficial health effects of mushrooms are due to their content of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, ergosterol, lectins, etc. ). On the other hand, diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that affects the population worldwide, characterized by hyperglycemia that involves a defective metabolism of insulin, a hormone secreted by β cells and that mainly stimulates glucose absorption by the cells. However, it also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; poor control of this disease leads to serious damage to eyesight, kidneys, bones, heart, skin, blood vessels, nerves, etc. It has been reported that the consumption of some mushrooms helps control and treat diabetes, since among other actions, they promote the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, help reduce blood glucose and have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which improves glucose uptake by cells, which are effects that prescription medications have for patients with diabetes. In that sense, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the abilities of some mushrooms to be used in the control and/or treatment of diabetes. : Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, diabetes mellitus, mycopharmaceuticals, medicinal mushrooms and fungi 9291. Organization. Diabetes (cited 2023 Sept 21). Available from: Organization. Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine [cited 2023 Sept 21]. Available from: Hobbs C. Medicinal mushroom: An exploration of tradition, healing and culture. Summertown, TN: Botanica Press; 2002. Wasser SP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not only mushrooms but also other types of fungi are relevant in the context of medicinal studies. It mentions various Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, which are groups of fungi that include both mushrooms and other types of fungi, suggesting a broader field of study that includes various fungi beyond just mushrooms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: In previous studies on the species delimitation of Engelhardia [7] [9] and the phylogeography of two trees species (i. e. , E. roxburghiana and E. fenzelii) [10], combined plastid regions (psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF, rps16, trnS-trnG, and rpl32-trnL), one nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), and Microsatellite (nSSR) data were used. Yet to date, except in individual cases [3] [11] [12], comparative analyses of multiple Engelhardia plastome are still lacking. Plastomes, as critical organelles, play a pivotal role in plant cells, underscored by their widespread application in evolutionary and phylogenetic studies [13, 14]. Their importance is attributed to maternal uniparental inheritance and a highly conserved structure, making them valuable in dissecting plant evolutionary histories and relationships across a wide array of studies [15, 16]. Plastome is usually a closed circular tetrad structure composed of DNA double-stranded molecules, including a large single copy region (LSC), a small single copy region (SSC) and a pair of inverted repeat region (IRa/IRb) [17]. Early phylogenetic analyses used partial plastomes DNA sequences. However these fragments did not have enough information to distinguish closely related plant species, while whole plastid genomes can provide in-depth information to improve our understanding of species evolution [18]. The complete plastomes had made great progress in elucidating the relationship in monocot [19], and also explained the relationship between several major lineages of angiosperms [20]. Meanwhile, plant plastome gene and genome evolving during the process of speciation can help us understand how species adapts to diverse ecological habitats [14]. In the study of phylogeny and evolution of species, fossils play a crucial role in determining the time of species differentiation [21]. For example, the well preserved fossils were helpful to provide insights into the life cycle of early land plants [22], and the usage of fossil correction and molecular clock methods can well support the pre-Cretaceous origin of angiosperms [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not relevant to the claim because it discusses phylogenetic studies and the roles of plastomes and fossils in understanding species evolution, rather than addressing how artifacts provide insights into daily lives of past cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sign in through your institution Filter EvolutionThis issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term Advance 10. 1111/evo. 12994 Published: 01 September 2016 10. 1111/evo. 12994 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves between populations adapting to contrasting environments. A key prediction of this process is that the fitness of hybrids between divergent populations should be reduced in each parental environment as a function of the proportion of local genes they carry, a process resulting in ecologically dependent reproductive isolation (RI). To test this prediction, we use reciprocal transplant experiments between adjacent populations of an Australian wildflower, Senecio lautus, at two locations to distinguish between ecologically dependent and intrinsic genetic reproductive barriers. These barriers can be distinguished by observing the relative fitness of reciprocal backcross hybrids, as they differ in the contribution of genes from either parent while controlling for any intrinsic fitness effects of hybridization. We show ecologically dependent fitness effects in establishment and survival of backcrosses in one transplant experiment, and growth performance in the second transplant experiment. These results suggest natural selection can create strong reproductive barriers that maintain differentiation between populations with the potential to interbreed, and implies a significant role for ecology in the evolutionary divergence of S. lautus. Ecological speciation, MCMCglmm, postzygotic isolation, reciprocal transplant, SenecioSpeciation is the process whereby populations become reproductively isolated from one another (Coyne and Orr 2004). Understanding the drivers of this process requires examination of the factors that prevent gene exchange between populations and their relative contributions to reproductive isolation (Sobel et al. 2010). Barriers to gene flow fall into two main categories: those that prevent mating between populations and therefore prevent the formation of hybrids (prezygotic), and those that prevent hybrids from mating if they are produced (postzygotic). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how natural selection can create reproductive barriers, which maintain differentiation between populations. It indicates that these barriers are related to the fitness and survival of hybrids in different environments, thereby providing a clear example of how differential survival influences evolutionary processes. The findings from the reciprocal transplant experiments illustrate that ecological factors, driven by natural selection, play a significant role in the evolutionary divergence of populations, reinforcing the idea that natural selection is a key driver of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mushrooms are the only type of fungi studied by mycologists. [SEP] Text: Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Biotechnol. 2002;60:258-74. Worthington J, Rashid S. The therapeutic potential of mushroom extracts. In: Natural products as future medicinal agents. Philadelphia: Publishing; 2009. p. 49-72. . Ethnomycological study in the Kilum-Ijim mountain forest, Northwest Region, Cameroon. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:25. Smith JE, Sulivan R. approach to medicinal mushrooms. Technol. 2004;4:145-55. . Effect of medicinal mushrooms on blood cells under conditions of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2017;8:187-201. . S. Antidiabetic activity of Taxus cuspidata polysaccharides in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biol Macromol. 2012;50:720-4. . Protective effect of selenium-polysaccharides from the mycelia of Coprinus comatus on alloxan-induced oxidative stress in mice. Food Chem. 2009;117:42-7. . Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia. J Lipid Res. 2014;56:47-66. . Antidiabetic effect of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Macromol. 2016;83:126-32. -Hwang L, Wang PS. Inhibitory mechanisms of Agaricus blazei Murrill on the growth of prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem. 2009;20:753-64. . Increased gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in KKAy diabetic mice but not in STZ diabetic mice. Clin Pract. 2005;69:113-9. . Medicinal mushrooms for glycemic control in diabetes mellitus: History, current status, future perspectives, and unsolved problems (review). Med Mushr. 2011;13:401-26. . Medicinal mushrooms in prevention and control of diabetes mellitus. Fungal Divers. 2012;56:1-29. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing various studies and results related to medicinal mushrooms, while also hinting at the broader research within the field of mycology that likely includes other types of fungi. The references to a variety of medicinal mushrooms and their effects suggest that mycologists study more than just mushrooms, but rather, a range of fungal species for their medicinal properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: Previous studies based on fossil evidence have greatly promoted our understanding of Juglandaceae as a whole [2, 24], but for subfamily Engelhardioideae, generally only showing the differentiation time of E. roxburghiana due to insufficient sampling. Therefore, the divergence times of the Engelhardioideae species remain unsolved. In this study, a total of 14 individuals from eight species of Engelhardia (E. anminiana, E. fenzlii, E. hainanensis, E. roxburghiana, E. serrata, E. spicata, E. spicata var. rigida, and E. villosa) and one outgroup species Rhoiptelea chiliantha were newly sequenced (Table 1), and 42 plastome sequences from 36 Juglandaceae species and 6 outgroup species were downloaded from GenBank. The whole plastomes were used to explore evolution and the deep phylogenetic relationship among the species of Engelhardia and (or) other genera, subfamilies, even the whole Juglandaceae family. Our specific goals were as follows: (1) to compare the plastomes and identify the variation in Engelhardia; (2) to identify genomic structural variation across Juglandaceae plastomes; (3) to deepen the understanding on the codon usage bias and gene evolution in Juglandaceae plastomes; (4) to infer and test the phylogenetic relationship and divergence time among the genera and subfamilies of Juglandaceae using plastome data. Table 1 Taxa, voucher and GenBank accession numbers of Engelhardia species and Rhoiptelea chiliantha sequenced in this study. Species DNA code Voucher no. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding artifacts and their insights into past cultures; instead, it focuses on genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of specific plant species within the Juglandaceae family. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: These barriers may be independent of the environment in which they are measured (intrinsic) and arise from the evolution of genetic incompatibilities between populations (Orr and Turelli 2001), or act only in the local habitats of the diverging populations (extrinsic) and result from adaptation via divergent natural selection arising from ecological differences between populations (Schluter 2001). While intrinsic genetic isolating barriers may evolve in both ecological and nonecological modes of speciation, the presence of extrinsic postzygotic isolation, especially where intrinsic barriers are low, provides strong support for ecological speciation (Hatfield and Schluter 1999; Seehausen et al. 2014). If extrinsic postzygotic isolation is present between diverging populations, it follows that intrinsic postzygotic barriers must be weak enough to produce viable hybrids in the laboratory, but ecological differences between populations create sufficient pressure on hybrids that they suffer fitness reductions under field conditions (Rundle and Whitlock 2001). This prediction arises because of two reasons: first, hybrid genotypes lack the adaptive phenotypes under selection in the habitat of each diverging population and therefore have reduced fitness relative to their parents (Nosil et al. 2005; Sobel et al. 2010); and second, reduction in hybrid fitness in parental but not in laboratory environments arises from adaptation to contrasting environments (Hatfield and Schluter 1999), and not from genetic-based incompatibilities that reduce fitness under stressful conditions (Rundle and Whitlock 2001; Coyne and Orr 2004). Not surprisingly, separating hybrid fitness reductions arising solely from ecologically based divergent natural selection from those resulting from the evolution of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities between taxa remains a challenging exercise (Rice and Hostert 1993; Dettman et al. 2007; Egan and Funk 2009; McBride and Singer 2010). Moreover, early generation hybrids often show patterns of heterosis that may obscure the fitness effects of ecologically based selection (Lowry et al. 2008; Baack et al. 2016), further complicating the contributions of extrinsic postzygotic isolation to speciation. In response to these difficulties, Rundle and Whitlock (2001) proposed an elegant approach to demonstrate the effects of ecological divergent natural selection on the evolution of reproductive isolation during speciation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ecological differences between diverging populations lead to divergent natural selection and subsequent speciation. It states that ecological speciation results from adaptation via divergent natural selection, which creates pressure on hybrid fitness due to reduced adaptability in different environments. This aligns with the claim that natural selection is a driving force in evolution, as it emphasizes how fitness, shaped by natural selection, affects the survival and reproductive isolation of species.