Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: But when he realizes that he is gay and has no one in whom he can confide, he considers ending his life. Trevor is a poignant and surprisingly funny portrait of a boy in crisis, but it’s about anyone who has ever felt as though they just can’t get it right, that they don’t fit in no matter how hard they try. It wasn’t that difficult to find the inspiration for Trevor. All of us have felt this way at one time or another, especially during our teenage years when we are just beginning to piece together a story of ourselves. Fortunately, my story was close to hand and my journals were stuffed with poems, rants, dreams, prayers, vows, ideas, and remembrances of what it meant to be 14, 15, 16. . . . The irony is that just as I was beginning to discover myself, I was becoming a stranger to the people I loved the most—my family. They couldn’t know me, not really, because if they knew who I was, they would most certainly reject me. I couldn’t live with that—not even as a possibility. And so I kept myself a secret from them, removed myself further and further from them, and began to explore life and love without them. I went on to perform Trevor on stage as part of my solo show, Word of Mouth and eventually the show found its way to the HBO in Aspen, and then to where, incredibly, I won the Award for best solo performance of that year. One night following a performance of Word of Mouth I met and they asked me to consider writing the screenplay for a short film based on the story of Trevor. This 18-minute film (produced by and directed and produced by Peggy Rajski) went on to win many awards, including an for Action Short. It was an exciting time as we watched our little film find an audience and spread the word that gay was okay—and at a time when LGBT issues were just beginning to find their way into the news. The times were changing, and Trevor was in some small way able to contribute to that change. In 1997 when we sold the film to HBO, we thought it might be a good idea to flash a telephone number at the end, just in case there happened to be a kid out there who could relate to the character of Trevor and needed someone to talk to. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses personal experiences and societal issues related to identity, particularly in the context of LGBTQ+ themes, and does not mention or relate to the concept of aliens living among us disguised as humans. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on carotenoid content of tomato. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for chlorophyll content. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeFresh weight of seedlings (root + shoot)The effect of inoculation with either ACC-deaminase and/or N-fixing activity containing rhizobacteria on the fresh weight of seedling is shown in Figure 11. Data showed that fresh weight of seedlings increased significantly (P < 0. 05) as a result of inoculation, and ranged from 2. 02- to 9. 07-fold. All rhizobacterial isolates caused significant (P < 0. 05) increase in the fresh weight of seedlings, and among isolates, the TAN1 was the most efficient isolate, and caused an increase of 9. 07-fold. The TAN2 was the second-best isolate, and caused an increase of 7. 43-fold. The next effective isolates were Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 that resulted in about 4. 65-, 3. 92-, 2. 80-, and 2. 02-fold increase, respectively. Figure 11. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on seedling fresh weight (root + shoot) of tomato. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeDry weight of seedling (roots + shoots)The inoculation with either ACC-deaminase and/or N-fixing activity containing rhizobacteria significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the dry weight of seedlings that ranged from 1. 93- to 8. 71-fold (Figure 12). Isolate TAN1 was the most effective that caused 8. 71-fold increase in dry weight of seedlings over uninoculated control. The next effective isolates were TAN2, Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 that resulted in 7. 14-, 4. 5-, 3. 78-, 2. 71-, and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the inoculation with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria significantly increases the fresh and dry weight of seedlings. It mentions specific increases in seedling weights due to the activity of these bacteria, implying their role in enhancing plant growth. The data indicates substantial growth enhancements (ranging from 2.02 to 9.07-fold for fresh weight and 1.93 to 8.71-fold for dry weight), thereby supporting the assertion that rhizobacteria positively influence plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic organisms are being designed to self-replicate infinitely without any environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The misfolded prion acts as a template, guiding the normal proteins to adopt the abnormal structure, exhibiting characteristics of life. This precisely supports the viewpoint of this paper that any self-replicating molecule, including misfolded prions, can serve as genetic material and ultimately become life. Additionally, I have included examples of prions in the revised version of my paper. Viral capsids are part of a virus and are composed of proteins encoded by viral genes. To my knowledge, I have not seen viral capsids self-replicate. If there were independent viral capsids that could self-replicate (no need for DNA or RNA), I would also define them as life. Thank you very much for your suggestion. I have added a clearer definition of life to my paper in the conclusion section and changed the title to " Life should be redefined: Any molecule with the ability to self-replicate should be considered life ". Additionally, it should be emphasized that self-replication should also include one molecule inducing another molecule to become itself (such as a misfolded prions induce prions). 3. I believe there may be a misunderstanding. According to England's theory, DNA or RNA molecules exist in a high-energy (low entropy, ordered and organized) state, which makes them ordered. The replication of DNA or RNA molecules progresses towards a lower energy state, ultimately leading to a low-energy (higher entropy, disordered and disorganized). This process is driven by the second law of thermodynamics, which governs the behavior of all matter in the universe, including life. However, an increase in entropy driven by the second law of thermodynamics does not necessarily indicate life; only molecules with active self-replication functions are considered life. The second law of thermodynamics drives all matter in the universe towards disorder and heat death. For example, if a drop of ink is added to a cup of water, the ink will eventually distribute evenly among the water molecules due to the second law of thermodynamics, which is unrelated to life, vice versa. I am very grateful for your suggestions on my paper. I have been contemplating new perspectives on life during this period, and I have added new paragraph accordingly. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2024 Noble D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of self-replication and life. It highlights that while self-replicating molecules, such as misfolded prions, can exhibit characteristics of life, there is a distinction made regarding the ability of viral capsids to self-replicate independently. The statement that self-replicating molecules should be defined as life indicates a broader definition than what the claim suggests, and the mention of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics questions the simplification of infinite self-replication without environmental considerations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: We wanted to let young people know that it was all right to reach out and ask for help. Someone would always be standing by to listen to their problems. But after doing some research, we found that there was no 24-hour crisis intervention and suicide prevention helpline for gay teens. And so we set about creating one. Three months later, Project was launched, and finally Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Trans-gender, and Questioning teens had someplace to turn. That first night, we received over 1500 calls, and we’ve been at it ever since. Every year, we receive approximately 30,000 calls from young people around the country. Of course, not every call requires a rescue, and not all of the young people identify as LGBT, but every call comes from someone who is struggling with issues of identity and is a person between the ages of 13 and 24 who is in need of someone who will listen. Thrown out of their homes, shunned by friends, often with no one to whom they can turn, these young people have found the help they need simply by calling 1-800-4-U-Trevor. These days, YA novels are full of lesbians and gays. Twenty-first century authors like David Levi-than, and Dole write eloquently and often about the lives of LGBT teens. We don’t have to travel to ancient Greece in order to find a reflection of our lives, because contemporary portraits closer to home abound. Perusing recent YA publishing lists of any major house, one might get the idea that it’s not such a bad time to be a teen who is LGBT identified. But amazingly, alarmingly, the statistics today remain no better than they were over 20 years ago when I first sat down to write Trevor. LGBT youth are still killing themselves, and statistics indicate that they are in fact four times more likely to attempt suicide than their heterosexual peers. Fortunately, a solution now exists, and Project is providing every young person with needed encouragement to fully live his or her own story. For over 14 years, Project has been there for youth, listening to their stories, encouraging them to be fully themselves and, most important, saving them from taking their lives. Recently, Dan Savage’s very successful campaign created a viral revolution and allowed adults to send out a message loud and clear to youth that life would indeed be better, if only they could hang on a bit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the creation of a crisis intervention helpline for LGBT youth and the challenges these individuals face, without any mention or implication of aliens living among us disguised as humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 92-fold increase in dry weight of seedlings, respectively, compared to uninoculated control. Figure 12. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on seedling dry weight (root + shoot) of tomato. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeMacronutrient contents in shootData showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or N-fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake, e. g. macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot (Figure 13). Among all the isolates, the maximum N (7. 7-fold), P (10. 5-fold), K (7. 8-fold), Ca (12. 7-fold), and Mg (12. 6-fold) contents in plant shoot were found in TAN1. The other isolates, namely, TAN2, Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (6. 3-, 5. 9-, 2. 5-, 4. 1-, and 1. 8-fold), P (7-, 2. 8-, 5. 3-, 4-, and 1. 5-fold), K (6. 4-, 4. 9-, 2-, 3. 6-, and 1. 5-fold), Ca (6. 2-, 7. 7-, 4. 7-, 2. 8-, and 1. 4-fold), and Mg (4. 6-, 6. 7-, 9. 2-, 2. 8-, and 1. 8-fold) in the plant shoot compared to control. Figure 13. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot of tomato. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that inoculation with rhizobacteria, specifically those with nitrogen-fixing activity, significantly increased various macronutrient contents in plant shoots, which is indicative of enhanced plant growth. It notes a '92-fold increase in dry weight of seedlings' and details how different rhizobacterial isolates led to substantial increases in nitrogen and other nutrients, confirming their role in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology has made it possible to fully regrow human limbs and organs on demand using stem cells and 3D printers. [SEP] Text: In the past decade, great deal of research has focused on developing various three dimensional (3D) organs, such as bone, skin, liver, kidney and ear, using such strategies in order to replace or regenerate damaged organs for the purpose of maintaining or restoring organs’ functions that may have been lost due to aging, accident or disease. The surface properties of a material or a device are key aspects in determining the success of the implant in biomedicine, as the majority of biological reactions in human body occur on surfaces or interfaces. Furthermore, it has been established in the literature that cell adhesion and proliferation are, to a great extent, influenced by the micro- and nano-surface characteristics of biomaterials and devices. In addition, it has been shown that the functions of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells in particular, could be regulated through physical interaction with specific nanotopographical cues. Therefore, guided stem cell proliferation, differentiation and function are of great importance in the regeneration of 3D tissues and organs using tissue engineering strategies. This review will provide an update on the impact of nanotopography on mesenchymal stem cells for the purpose of developing laboratory-based 3D organs and tissues, as well as the most recent research and case studies on this topic. Key Words: Nanotopography; Mesenchymal stem cells; Tissue engineering; Nanotechnology; Three dimensional organs/tissues; tip: Tissue engineering and nanotechnology are both exciting fields that have enormous potentials to revolutionise medicine as we know it today. Use of nanotechnology is an attractive and effective way to control and direct biological events at cellular levels. Nanoscale architecture plays a pivotal role directing cellular activities. Here, the use of nanotopography for the purpose of 3D organ/tissue regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells (i. e. , their proliferation, differentiation and function), is reviewed by investigating the most recent, innovative, and effective studies in this field. Citation:. Role of nanotopography in the development of tissue engineered 3D organs and tissues using mesenchymal stem cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current state of research on 3D organs and tissue engineering, but it does not indicate that human limbs and organs can be fully regrown on demand. Instead, it highlights the challenges and focuses on the development of 3D organs, such as 'bone, skin, liver, kidney and ear,' which might be used to replace or regenerate damaged organs rather than implying that complete human limb or organ regeneration is feasible. This suggests that while advancements exist, they do not meet the claim's assertion of 'fully regrow' capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: It also helped Project become the go-to organization for youth who were struggling with their sexuality and identity. As a result, our call volume has spiked. We’ve opened a third call center, which is located in Harvey Milk’s old camera shop in and is fittingly dedicated to his memory. We’ve also taken a much more active role in communicating to youth that we are there for them 24/7. In addition to the Lifeline, we’ve designed outreach and educational programs. We launched TrevorSpace last year, a secure online destination where youth can connect with one another, offer one another peer-topeer support, and share information; in less than a year, close to 20,000 members have registered and are using the service. Another feature we offer is young people can write in and ask questions that are not time sensitive, and our responses are then posted online. We have launched an online destination where teens can chat with a trained counselor and get some guidance before a crisis occurs, and we have also been instrumental in introducing anti-bullying legislation on the state and federal level. And finally, we have developed an in-school program where we train educators and students, meeting youth on their home turf and talking to them about the power of words and the value of listening. And yet despite all our online services, we remain first and foremost a Lifeline, offering voice-to-voice communication, saving lives and working to normalize help-seeking behavior. In a world that is becoming increasingly de-personalized because of digital media, we remain dedicated to providing every young person, regardless of his or her identity, the opportunity to be heard—and they needn’t wait until a crisis occurs to call on us. had understood at 14 that asking for help is an essential part of the human experience, I might have been able to get the help I needed sooner rather than later. Of course, there is still much to do for youth everywhere. The passing of the Act in State was a great win for youth who believe in the story of love; but the love of a teen in Texas is not yet equal to one living in or Washington D. C. And further afield, homosexuality is illegal in more than 30 African nations, and in some places is a crime punishable by death. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about aliens living among us disguised as humans. It discusses the services provided by a support organization for youth struggling with identity and sexuality, focusing on outreach, communication, and educational initiatives, with no mention of aliens or related topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeMacronutrient contents in rootResults showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or N-fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake, e. g. macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in root (Figure 14). The highest N (8. 9-), P (11. 4-), K (8. 8-) Ca (8. 2-), and Mg (9-fold) contents in the plant root were observed in treatments inoculated with TAN1. The other isolates, namely, TAN2, Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (7. 6-, 5. 4-, 2. 9-, 4. 1-, and 2-fold), P (8. 7-, 7. 3-, 2. 8-, 4. 6-, and 1. 7-fold), K (7-, 4. 9-, 2. 6-, 3. 2-, and 2-fold), Ca (4. 1-, 6. 3-, 3. 5-, 2. 1-, and 1. 4-fold), and Mg (3. 1-, 4. 6-, 6. 8-, 1. 9-, and 1. 5-fold) in the plant root compared to control. Figure 14. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in root of tomato. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeMicronutrient contents in shootData showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or N-fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake, e. g. micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) in shoot (Figure 15). Among all the isolates, the maximum Zn (6. 6-), Cu (9. 3-), Fe (7. 7-), and Mn (4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing empirical evidence that inoculation with rhizobacteria significantly increases the macronutrient content in plant roots. Specifically, it states that rhizobacteria containing nitrogen-fixing activity increased nitrogen (N) levels, which supports the idea that rhizobacteria can enhance plant growth through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology has made it possible to fully regrow human limbs and organs on demand using stem cells and 3D printers. [SEP] Text: 2015; 7(2): 266-280 URL: DOI: is becoming progressively evident that with an ever increasingly older population and high costs associated with meeting the healthcare demands[1] as well as the shortage of organs and effective therapeutic methods[2], the field of medicine has to move towards cutting edge, laboratory engineered techniques and devices if, we are to avoid a drastic world-wide healthcare collapse in the near future. To this end, the fields of nanotechnology, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering (TE) are expanding at a rapid pace. Recent regenerative medicine and TE strategies (using cells, scaffolds, medical devices and gene therapy) have led to fascinating progress of translation of basic research towards clinical applications[1,3]. In the past decade, great deal of research has focused on developing various three dimensional (3D) organs, such as bone[4], skin[5], liver[6], kidney[7], and ear[8], using such strategies in order to replace or regenerate damaged organs for the purpose of maintaining or restoring organs’ functions. Human organs are responsible for various important functions of the body including, but not limited to, digesting food, serving as a barrier against infections, recognising and coordinating the body’s response to its internal and external environmental changes, and providing oxygen (to be used for cellular respiration) as well as removing excess carbon dioxide. They are also responsible for maintaining homeostasis, transmission of information and generating force[3]. In cases when one or a few of the organs are severely damaged, to an extent that they are no longer capable of reconstructing or regenerating themselves, tissue engineering and nanotechnology based strategies, using previously established knowledge on cellular behaviour[9,10], could be employed to develop and construct tailored therapies, devices, or even whole organs. To this end, nanostructured, bio-inspired, or biological materials have attracted a great deal of attention as they poses unique chemical, mechanical and surface characteristics that could prove useful for organ or tissue TE. The surface properties of a material or a device are key aspects in determining the success of the implant in biomedicine, as the majority of biological reactions in human body occur on surfaces or interfaces[11]. Furthermore, it has been established in the literature that cell adhesion and proliferation are, to a great extent, influenced by the micro- and nano-surface characteristics of biomaterials and devices[12,13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the current state of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, which focuses on developing 3D organs and therapies to replace or regenerate damaged organs, but does not support the idea that human limbs and organs can be fully regrown on demand as suggested in the claim. It emphasizes that while progress has been made, the ultimate goal of fully regrowing organs is still under development and contingent upon various factors, such as the success of tissue engineering and nanotechnology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentScientific AmericanSign inDecember 1, 200714 min readAmong Us? In pursuit of evidence that life arose on Earth more than once, scientists are searching for microbes that are radically different from all known organismsDaviesThe origin of life is one of the great unsolved problems of science. Nobody knows how, where or when life originated. About all that is known for certain is that microbial life had established itself on Earth by about three and a half billion years ago. In the absence of hard evidence of what came before, there is plenty of scope for disagreement. Thirty years ago the prevailing view among biologists was that life resulted from a chemical fluke so improbable it would be unlikely to have happened twice in the observable universe. That conservative position was exemplified by Nobel Prize–winning French biologist Jacques Monod, who wrote in 1970: “Man at last knows that he is alone in the unfeeling immensity of the universe, out of which he emerged only by chance. ” In recent years, however, the mood has shifted dramatically. In 1995 renowned Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve called life “a cosmic imperative” and declared “it is almost bound to arise” on any Earth-like planet. De Duve’s statement reinforced the belief among astrobiologists that the universe is teeming with life. Dubbed biological determinism by of University, this theory is sometimes expressed by saying that “life is written into the laws of nature. ”How can scientists determine which view is correct? The most direct way is to seek evidence for life on another planet, such as Mars. If life originated from scratch on two planets in a single solar system, it would decisively confirm the hypothesis of biological determinism. Unfortunately, it may be a long time before missions to the are sophisticated enough to hunt for Martian life-forms and, if they indeed exist, to study such extraterrestrial biota in detail. On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this 2. 5 billion years ago). A more exciting but also more speculative possibility is that alternative life-forms have survived and are still present in the environment, constituting a kind of shadow biosphere, a term coined by ley of the University of Colorado at Boulder. At first this idea might seem preposterous; if alien organisms thrived right under our noses (or even in our noses), would not scientists have discovered them already? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the scientific exploration of the origins of life on Earth and the possibility of extraterrestrial life, but it does not provide any evidence or indication that aliens are living among us disguised as humans. Instead, it discusses theories about the emergence of life and the search for microbial life on other planets. The mention of a 'shadow biosphere' could suggest a different form of life existing alongside us, but it doesn't specifically support the claim of aliens disguised as humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 7-fold) contents in plant shoot were found in treatments inoculated with TAN1. The other isolates, namely, TAN2, Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the Zn (5. 8-, 4. 7-, 2. 8-, 3. 8-, and 2-fold), Cu (7. 6-, 5. 5-, 2. 9-, 4. 1-, and 1. 9-fold), Fe (4-, 5-, 6. 4-, 3. 1-, and 2. 2-fold), and Mn (3. 5-, 4-, 2. 9-, 2. 4-, and 1. 9-fold) contents in the plant shoot compared to control. Figure 15. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) in shoot of tomato. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeMicronutrient contents in rootData showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or N-fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake, e. g. micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) in root (Figure 16). Among all the rhizobacterial isolates, the maximum Zn (10. 2-), Cu (10. 3-), Fe (10. 7-), and Mn (5. 7-fold) contents in plant root were found in TAN1. The other isolates, namely, TAN2, Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the Zn (8. 7-, 6. 8-, 3. 6-, 5. 2-, and 2. 1-fold), Cu (7. 5-, 5. 7-, 2. 5-, 3. 9-, and 1. 5-fold), Fe (5. 2-, 6. 9-, 8. 6-, 3. 4-, and 1. 9-fold), and Mn (4-, 4. 8-, 3. 2-, 2. 8-, and 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it details the effects of rhizobacteria, including their impact on micronutrient contents, ionic uptake, and seedling fresh weight. It specifically indicates that inoculation with rhizobacteria with nitrogen-fixing activity significantly increased micronutrients like Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in plants, which supports the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through mechanisms including nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology has made it possible to fully regrow human limbs and organs on demand using stem cells and 3D printers. [SEP] Text: In addition, it has been shown that the stem cells’, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in particular, functions can be regulated through physical interaction with specific nanotopographical cues[3,14], further indicating the importance of surface characteristics at nanometre length scale. Therefore, guided stem cell proliferation, differentiation and function are of great importance in the regeneration of 3D organs and tissues using TE strategies. This review will provide an update on the impact of nanotopography on MSCs for the purpose of developing laboratory-based 3D organs, as well as the most recent research and case studies on this topic. 3most research and investigations focused on growing cells in a petri dish (2D). However, in nature cells use 3D template of extracellular matrix (ECM) to shape functional tissues[15]. Micro- and nano-scale chemical and physical cues from the ECM environment control and direct various key cell behaviours including their adhesion, proliferation, migration and differentiation[16-18]. Therefore, the construction of a synthetic system that mimics the natural ECM and its component has become a field of topical interest[19]. Recent investigations have shown rapid success in TE of sophisticated and complex nanoenvironments suitable for 3D growth of stem cells for the purpose of organ and tissue regeneration[19-22]. So far, various biofabrication techniques have been developed and employed to design an ideal 3D synthetic ECM-mimetic system that resembles the architecture and mechanical properties of the natural ECM[3]. Natural or synthetic polymers are used as scaffold materials and, depending on their nature, suitable biofabrication techniques are used to create a 3D environment with nanotopographical cues that can lead to controlled and directed growth and differentiation of stem cells toward a specific tissue or organ regeneration. Numerous studies have covered the currently available fabrication techniques for natural or synthetic polymers[15,23-27]. In general, the available fabrication techniques can be classified into different categories based on their energy source, i. e. , thermal, optical, physical, chemical or electrical (Table 1). It is beyond the scope of this paper to review the different available techniques in each of these categories, however, a review conducted by Kim et al[3] could be referred to for further and in detail information on this topic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current state of research in tissue engineering (TE) and the growing importance of nanotopography in stem cell behavior and organ regeneration. While it highlights advancements in creating 3D synthetic environments for stem cells, it does not indicate that synthetic biology has achieved the capability to fully regrow human limbs and organs on demand, which is a stronger assertion than what is mentioned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, researchers could vary parameters such as temperature and moisture in a laboratory experiment until all known forms of life are extinguished; if some biological activity persists, it could be a sign of shadow life at work. Scientists used this technique to discover the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, which can withstand gamma-ray doses that are 1,000 times as great as what would be lethal for humans. It turns out that D. radiodurans and all the other so-called radiophiles that researchers have identified are genetically linked to known life, so they are not candidate aliens, but that finding does not rule out the possibility of discovering alternative life-forms in this way. Investigators have already pinpointed a handful of ecosystems that appear to be almost completely isolated from the rest of the biosphere. Located far underground, these microbial communities are cut off from light, oxygen and the organic products of other organisms. They are sustained by the ability of some microbes to use carbon dioxide and hydrogen released by chemical reactions or radioactivity to metabolize, grow and replicate. Although all the organisms found to date in these ecosystems are closely related to surface-dwelling microbes, the biological exploration of Earth’s deep subsurface is still in its infancy, and many surprises may lie in store. Program has been sampling rocks from the seabed to a depth approaching one kilometer, in part to explore their microbial content. Boreholes on land have revealed signs of biological activity from even deeper locations. So far, however, the research community has not conducted a systematic, large-scale program to probe the deep subsurface of Earth’s crust for life. AliensOne might suppose it would be easier to find alternative life-forms if they were not isolated but integrated into the known biosphere existing all around us. But if shadow life is restricted to alien microbes that are intermingled with familiar kinds, the exotic creatures would be very hard to spot on casual inspection. Microbial morphology is limited—most microorganisms are just little spheres or rods. Aliens might stand out biochemically, though. One way to search for them is to make a guess as to what alternative chemistry might be involved and then look for its distinctive signature. A simple example involves chirality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about aliens living among us disguised as humans. Instead, it discusses scientific methods for discovering alternative life forms, particularly in isolated ecosystems on Earth. Although it considers the search for potential non-human life and mentions concepts like 'shadow life,' it does not support or refute the specific assertion that aliens are present among us in a disguised form.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 1) contents in the plant root compared to control. Figure 16. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) in root of tomato. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeGlutathione S-transferase activityThe inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or N-fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the GST activity (Figure 17). All rhizobacterial isolates showed increase in the GST activity. Nevertheless, among all rhizobacterial isolates, TAN1 was the most effective and showed highest increase in the GST activity, i. e. 11. 7-fold. The TAN2, Azotobacter, and TRN1 were the next best effective rhizobacterial isolates and caused an increase of 9-, 7. 1-, and 5. 3-fold in the GST activity, whereas, TACC1 and TACC2 showed minimum increase in the GST activity comparing with other rhizobacterial isolates, i. e. 3. 5- and 1. 9-fold. Figure 17. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on GST activity. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizePeroxidase activityData of plant enzymes activity showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or N-fixing activity significantly increased the POX activity (Figure 18). Comparing the efficacy of rhizobacterial isolates, the TAN1 was the best isolate and showed an increase of 8. 1-fold in the POX activity. The other rhizobacterial isolates, namely, TAN2 (6. 4-fold), Azotobacter (4. 7-fold), TRN1 (3. 6-fold), TACC1 (2. 8-fold), and TACC2 (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence of the effectiveness of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria in enhancing plant enzyme activities, indicating their role in improving plant health and growth. The mention of significant increases in GST and POX activities upon inoculation with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria suggests that these microorganisms contribute positively to plant growth, likely linked to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology has made it possible to fully regrow human limbs and organs on demand using stem cells and 3D printers. [SEP] Text: CartilageCartilage defects, caused by osteoarthritis, trauma or sport, are considered serious clinical problems. So far, TE of cartilage has proven to be much more difficult than many other organs or tissues, due to cartilage’s inherently poor regenerative ability[67]. Therefore, developing a functional TE system, capable of improving the regenerative ability of this tissue, would be of great interest. Most research on this field have been focused on using polymeric scaffolds with stem cells, in particular MSCs[8,67-69]. MSCs are considered the “gold standard” of stem cell source for cartilage TE as their differentiation to chondrocytes can be easily controlled and directed using various techniques, in particular nanotopography[8,55]. Previous studies have shown that a more rounded, spheroidal cell shape can enhance the rate of chondrogenesis, through increasing the expression of chondrocyte-related genes, markers, and proteins[70,71]. Based on this, Zhong et al[72] attempted to create a microenvironment suitable for MSCs fibrochondrogenesis using simultaneously integrated nanotopography and flow stimulus. They developed a biomimetic microfluidic device consisting of aligned nanofibers of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and micorchambers of different angles. The micorchambers were used to enable flow direction to create different angles with PLGA nanofibers. Their findings showed that the combination of fluid flow, nanotopography-induced cues, and the direction of flow in relation to the aligned nanofibers contributed towards the round shape morphology of MSCs, associated with fibrochondrogenesis during chondrogenic differentiation of these cells. Although, most studies have shown positive contributions of various nanotopographical cues on MSCs growth and differentiation, a few studies have concluded that certain types of nanotopography could have adverse effect on the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes for the purpose of repairing or regenerating cartilage. The study by Wu et al[55] is a good example on this statement as their findings revealed that MSCs experienced delayed chondrogenesis on samples with nano-grill topography. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges in tissue engineering (TE) of cartilage, which is specifically noted as being much more difficult than other organs or tissues due to its poor regenerative ability. While it mentions using stem cells for cartilage TE, it does not support the idea of fully regrowing human limbs or organs on demand and highlights the complexities involved in even achieving cartilage regeneration, thus rebutting the claim about synthetic biology's current capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: Large biological molecules possess a definite handedness: although the atoms in a molecule can be configured into two mirror-image orientations—left-handed or right-handed—molecules must possess compatible chirality to assemble into more complex structures. In known life-forms, the amino acids—the building blocks of proteins—are left-handed, whereas the sugars are right-handed and DNA is a right-handed double helix. The laws of chemistry, however, are blind to left and right, so if life started again from scratch, there would be a 50–50 chance that its building blocks would be molecules of the opposite handedness. Shadow life could in principle be biochemically almost identical to known life but made of mirror-image molecules. Such mirror life would not compete directly with known life, nor could the two forms swap genes, because the relevant molecules would not be interchangeable. Fortunately, researchers could identify mirror life using a very simple procedure. They could prepare a nutrient broth consisting entirely of the mirror images of the molecules usually included in a standard culture medium; a mirror organism might be able to consume the concoction with gusto, whereas a known life-form would find it unpalatable. of the recently performed a pilot experiment of this kind, putting a variety of newly discovered extremophiles into a mirror broth and then looking for biological activity. They found one microbe that grew in the broth, an organism dubbed Anaerovirgula multivorans that had been isolated from the sediments of an alkaline lake in California. Disappointingly, this organism did not turn out to be an example of mirror life; rather it was a bacterium with the surprising ability to chemically alter the amino acids and sugars of the wrong handedness so as to make them digestible. The study, however, looked at just a small fraction of the microbial realm. Another possibility is that shadow life might share the same general biochemistry with familiar life but employ a different suite of amino acids or nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA). All known organisms use the same set of nucleotides—designated A, C, G and T for their distinguishing bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine)—to store information and, with rare exceptions, the same 20 amino acids to construct proteins, the workhorses of cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed explanation of chirality in biological molecules and discusses the possibility of 'mirror life' which operates on a different molecular basis than known life. However, it does not address the existence of aliens living among humans or support the claim in any way; instead, it focuses on biochemical principles and research findings related to microbial activity. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 9-fold) also showed a significant increase in the POX activity compared to control. Figure 18. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on peroxidase activity. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeCatalase activityThe inoculation with either ACC-deaminase or N-fixing activity containing rhizobacteria significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the CAT activity that ranged from 2. 2 to 10. 5-fold (Figure 19). Isolate TAN1 was the most effective that caused 10. 5-fold increase in CAT activity over uninoculated control. The next effective isolates were TAN2, Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 that resulted in, 8. 3-, 6. 8-, 5. 4-, 3. 9-, and 2. 2-fold increase in CAT activity, respectively, compared to uninoculated control. Figure 19. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria on catalase activity. Different letters (a–g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. CK, control; AB, AzotobacterDisplay full sizeCharacteristics of isolatesSome pertinent characteristics of isolates used in the experiment are given in Table 2. It was observed from characterization of isolates that, among all isolates, TAN1 had maximum root colonization activity, i. e. 11. 7×107 and produced more auxin (30. 1 mg L−1) in the presence of L-TRP. Conversely, TACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity, i. e. 18. 58 μmol α-ketobutyrate g-biomass 1/2 h–1. DiscussionInoculation with rhizobacterial isolate containing ACC-deaminase and N-fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the root length as compared to uninoculated control. Comparing the effect of rhizobacterial isolates, the TAN1 showed maximum root length than other isolates and uninoculated control (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that inoculation with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria significantly improves plant growth, as indicated by increased root length and other activity parameters. The mention of enhanced root colonization activity and the significant increase in plant metrics suggests that these microorganisms positively contribute to plant growth, supporting the idea that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through mechanisms like fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology has made it possible to fully regrow human limbs and organs on demand using stem cells and 3D printers. [SEP] Text: In cases where the injuries are too severe for the natural repair process to take place, skin TE is considered. Skin, with a surface area of 1. 8 m2, is the largest organ in the body, which consists of two layers: the outer protective epidermis and inner corium or dermis. Currently the main obstacle in front of skin TE is in vitro culture time required to grow epithelial sheets large enough to be used for severe cases. This is particularly dangerous as the longer the wound takes to heal, the patient is at higher risks of acquiring infection[74]. Another issue is that epithelial cells are very sensitive and adhering them to the burned surfaces is very difficult[75]. Like in other diseases, stem cells can help improve the healing and regenerating process of skin. Previously, bone marrow-derived MSCs have been shown to differentiate into epithelial cells of skin[76], and promising results have been achieved in treating skin wounds, especially chronic ones[77,78]. Wounds treated using bone marrow-derived MSCs have shown accelerated wound closure with rapid re-epithelisation, cellularity and angiogenesis[79]. Incorporation of these cells into a suitable scaffold, which closely mimics the native micro- and nanotopographical characteristics of the ECM of the skin, may offer improved opportunity to repair or regenerate skin[80]. For this to happen, two events should take place; (1) MSCs should be directed to the sites of injury; and (2) they should differentiate into cells of skin lineage. This is achievable by designing scaffolds with specific nanotopographical features[81]. Based on the highly oriented nanogrooved structures of natural ECMs in human body, Kim et al[82] designed nanotopographically variable grooved matrices, using UV assisted capillary force lithography, with curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) polymer. The PUA nanogrooved matrices were then gelatine coated prior to cell culturing with hMSCs. In this study, the effect of nanotopographical density was investigated on hMSCs migration and proliferation for wound healing purposes. It was shown that hMSCs migrate into the target area (the wounded, cell free area) and that the hMSCs on nanogrooved matrices exhibited a significantly higher speed of cell migration than those on the flat controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges in tissue engineering (TE), specifically focusing on skin regeneration rather than the capability to fully regrow limbs and organs. It addresses the current obstacles such as the time needed for in vitro culture and the sensitivity of epithelial cells, suggesting that while stem cells can aid the healing process, fully regrowing complex human structures like limbs and organs is not currently achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: The genetic code is based on triplets of nucleotides, with different triplets spelling out the names of different amino acids. The sequence of triplets in a gene dictates the sequence of amino acids that must be strung together to build a particular protein. But chemists can synthesize many other amino acids that are not present in known organisms. meteorite, a cometary remnant that fell in Australia in 1969, contained many common amino acids but also some unusual ones, such as isovaline and pseudoleucine. (Scientists are not sure how the amino acids formed in the meteorite, but most researchers believe that the chemicals were not produced by biological activity. ) Some of these unfamiliar amino acids might make suitable building blocks for alternative forms of life. To hunt for such aliens, investigators would need to identify an amino acid that is not used by any known organisms nor generated as a by-product of an organism’s metabolism or decay, and to look for its presence in the environment, either among living microbes or in the organic detritus that might be generated by a shadow biosphere. To help focus the search, scientists can glean clues from the burgeoning field of synthetic, or artificial, life. Biochemists are currently attempting to engineer completely novel organisms by inserting additional amino acids into proteins. A pioneer of this research, of the Foundation for Evolution in Gainesville, Fla. , has pointed out that a class of molecules known as alpha-methyl amino acids look promising for artificial life because they can fold properly. These molecules, however, have not been found in any natural organism studied to date. As investigators identify new microbes, it would be a relatively simple matter to use standard tools for analyzing the composition of proteins, such as mass spectrometry, to learn which amino acids the organisms contain. Any glaring oddities in the inventory would signal that the microbe could be a candidate for shadow life. If such a strategy were successful, researchers would face the difficulty of determining whether they were dealing with a genuine alternative form of life descended from a separate origin or with merely a new domain of known life, such as archaea, which were not identified until the late 1970s. In other words, how can scientists be sure that what seems like a new tree of life is not in fact an undiscovered branch of the known tree that split away a very long time ago and has so far escaped our attention? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about aliens living among us disguised as humans. It discusses the genetic code, amino acids, potential synthetic life, and the search for alternative forms of life. There is no mention of aliens in human form or any evidence supporting such a claim, leading to a conclusion that the text does not relate to the assertion made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Ali et al. (Citation2011) found that inoculation of PGPR significantly increased the root and shoot length and dry biomass of wheat over uninoculated plants. Significant increases in growth and in yield of agronomically important crops in response to inoculation with PGPR have been found in an experiment at Recife, Brazil (Figueiredo et al. Citation2008). It was revealed that isolate having both N-fixing and ACC-deaminase activity (such as TAN1) showed more promising increase in root length, due to its maximum root colonization activity, and minimizing the endogenous levels of ethylene synthesis (Shaharoona et al. Citation2003). Data regarding root fresh and dry weight revealed that all rhizobacterial isolates had significant effect, and among isolates TAN1 showed significant (P < 0. 05) increase in root fresh and dry weight as compared to uninoculated control (Figures 2 and 3). Radhakrishnan et al. (Citation2014) investigated the plant growth promotion and stress mitigation effects of PGPR, i. e. RDA01, NICS01, and DFC01 on sesame plants. Authors observed significant increase in the shoot length, root length, and fresh and dry seedling weight. Fröhlich et al. (Citation2012) found that inoculation with PGPR, i. e. Pseudomonas sp. DSMZ 13134, significantly increased the shoot fresh and dry weight of barley. Results of shoot length showed that the most effective isolate was TAN1 that caused highest increase in shoot length over uninoculated control (Figure 4). Yet again, isolates that had both ACC-deaminase and N-fixing activities proved to be the best than isolates that had only one activity. Zhou et al. (Citation2014) found significant increase in the growth and development of five flower species, i. e. shoot and petals length, and concluded that certain PGPR have the ability to enhance the host plants’ growth. Radhakrishnan et al. (Citation2014) investigated the effect of PGPR on the shoot length of sesame plants and found significant increase in the shoot length of sesame seedlings over uninoculated control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing multiple instances of evidence showing that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) significantly enhance plant growth metrics such as root and shoot length and overall biomass. For example, it mentions that inoculation with PGPR was linked to significant increases in growth parameters of various crops, indicating that these beneficial bacteria contribute positively to plant growth. Furthermore, the text highlights the role of nitrogen-fixing activity and ACC-deaminase, especially pertaining to isolates like TAN1, which not only promote growth but also aid in efficient nitrogen fixation, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology has made it possible to fully regrow human limbs and organs on demand using stem cells and 3D printers. [SEP] Text: Repair of tissues by adult stem/progenitor cells (MSCs): controversies, myths, and changing paradigms. Mol Ther. 2009;17:939-946. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 27. 7] [Analysis (0)] 30. . Evolving paradigms for repair of tissues by adult stem/progenitor cells (MSCs). J Med. 2010;14:2190-2199. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 31. êgo ás H. Non-viral gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cells: methods, strategies and application in bone tissue engineering and regeneration. Ther. 2011;11:46-57. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 7. 8] [Analysis (0)] 32. . Mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue engineering strategies for repair of articular cartilage. Histol Histopathol. 2014;29:669-689. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 33. . Mesenchymal stem cells, cancer challenges and new directions. Cancer. 2014;50:1522-1530. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 4. 6] [Analysis (0)] 34. -Porad G. Adult mesenchymal stem cells: a pluripotent population with multiple applications. Ther. 2006;1:365-369. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 11. 5] [Analysis (0)] 35. Parekkadan B, Milwid JM. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics. Biomed Eng. 2010;12:87-117. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 40. 0] [Analysis (0)] 36. . Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine. Int. 2013;2013:496218. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 13. 0] [Analysis (0)] 37. . Mesenchymal stem cells in transplantation and tissue regeneration. Front Immunol. 2011;2:84. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. . Potential use of stem cells for kidney regeneration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it highlights various discussions and studies concerning the limitations and controversies surrounding the use of adult stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine, implying that while there is potential in stem cell applications, the full capability to regrow human limbs and organs on demand is not yet established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: In all likelihood, the earliest life-forms were radically different from those that followed. For example, the sophisticated triplet DNA code for specifying particular amino acids shows evidence of being optimized in its efficiency by evolutionary selection. This observation suggests the existence of a more rudimentary precursor, such as a doublet code employing only 10, rather than 20, amino acids. It is conceivable that some primitive organisms are still using the old precursor code today. Such microbes would not be truly alien but more like living fossils. Nevertheless, their discovery would still be of immense scientific interest. Another possible holdover from an earlier biological epoch would be microbes that use RNA in place of DNA. The chance of confusing a separate tree of life with an undiscovered branch of our own tree is diminished if one considers more radical alternatives to known biochemistry. Astrobiologists have speculated about forms of life in which some other solvent (such as ethane or methane) replaces water, although it is hard to identify environments on Earth that would support any of the suggested substances. (Ethane and methane are liquid only in very cold places such as the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. ) Another popular conjecture concerns the basic chemical elements that make up the vital parts of known organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Would life be possible if a different element were substituted for one of these five? Phosphorus is problematic for life in some ways. It is relatively rare and would not have existed in abundance in readily accessible, soluble form under the conditions that prevailed during the early history of Earth. Felisa Wolfe-Simon, formerly at University and now at Harvard University, has hypothesized that arsenic can successfully fill the role of phosphorus for living organisms and would have offered distinct chemical advantages in ancient environments. For example, in addition to doing all the things that phosphorus can do in the way of structural bonding and energy storage, arsenic could provide a source of energy to drive metabolism. (Arsenic is a poison for regular life precisely because it mimics phosphorus so well. Similarly, phosphorus would be poisonous to an arsenic-based organism. ) Could it be that arseno-life still lingers in phosphorus-poor and arsenic-rich pockets, such as ocean vents and hot springs? Another important variable is size. All known organisms manufacture proteins from amino acids using large molecular machines called ribosomes, which link the amino acids together. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the origins of life on Earth and the potential existence of alternative forms of life, like arseno-life, without mentioning anything about aliens or their existence among humans. The content focuses on biochemical processes and evolutionary theories rather than any direct evidence or implications concerning extraterrestrial beings living disguised on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Data of shoot fresh and dry weight of tomato seedling showed that the most effective isolate was TAN1 that caused highest increase in shoot fresh and dry weight over uninoculated control (Figures 5 and 6). The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates were in the order of TAN2 > Azotobacter > TRN1 > TACC1 > TACC2. This suggested that PGPR isolate that had both ACC-deaminase and N-fixing activities can perform much better than do isolates that had single ability. Shaharoona et al. (Citation2006) in a pot experiment revealed that inoculation with PGPR containing ACC-deaminase activity significantly increased the root and shoot growth and fresh and dry weights. It has been reported that certain microorganisms contain an enzyme ACC-deaminase that hydrolyzed the ACC into NH3 and α-ketobutyrate and reduced the inhibitory effects of ethylene and increased the root-shoot length and fresh and dry weights (Mayak et al. Citation2004). The results of number of leaves revealed that TAN1 and TAN2 showed significant positive effect, as compared to other rhizobacterial isolates and uninoculated control (Figure 7). The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates on the number of plant leaves was in the order of Azotobacter > TRN1 > TACC1 > TACC2. Secretion of plant growth-promoting substances by the bacteria could be responsible for the beneficial effects of PGPR on plant growth parameters, e. g. number of leaves, root, and shoot length and weight (Vafadar et al. Citation2014). The ACC-deaminase enriched rhizobacterial isolates (like TAN1) are capable of promoting the plant growth by increasing the root and shoot growth and number of leaves by lowering the endogenous ethylene production (Ali et al. Citation2011). In case of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents, data clearly revealed that among all the experimental isolates, again TAN1 showed significant (P < 0. 05) increase in chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents compared to other rhizobacterial isolates and uninoculated control (Figures 8–10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of rhizobacteria, particularly the isolate TAN1, on enhancing plant growth metrics such as shoot fresh and dry weight, root and shoot growth, and the number of leaves. It mentions that certain rhizobacterial isolates possess both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen-fixing activities, suggesting that these capabilities contribute to improved plant growth, which aligns with the claim regarding the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: These pioneering giants marveled at the ability of certain species to survive in seemingly harsh environments and, when necessary, mounted a vigorous defense when outside forces threatened their survival. This 3. Biodiversity, Biogeography, and Conservation of - Christopher W. Hoagstrom, Derek D. Houston, Norman Mercado-SilvaDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0003[area of endemism;fish lineages;desert region;biogeography;diversity;faunal filters]hosts 336 lineages of fishes restricted to the desert region. These desert endemics have diverse distributions from large river basins to small springs. A major biogeographic boundary divides the region into: 1) Basin-and 2) Southern Desert-Eastern Steppes. These subdivisions are themselves divisible into 13 and 17 areas of endemism, respectively, each with a unique assemblage of endemics. Eighty-two percent of endemics are restricted to single areas and no lineage occupies more than five. The few widespread lineages that occupy more than one area reflect instances of inter-area drainage connections, sometimes prehistoric. Estimates of diversification times indicate asynchronous evolution, with endemics arising at various times across the region over the last ~23 My. A conceptual model of faunal assembly is used to illustrate how areas of endemism, through faunal filtering, become centers of survival, with many also becoming centers of origin and centers of accumulation for desert-fish diversity. Collective conservation necessitates efforts to preserve and restore essential habitats in all areas of endemism. (pages 37 - 68)This 4. Living with Aliens: in the - Peter B. MoyleDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0004[alien fishes;native fishes;eradication and control;reconciliation ecology]Alien fishes and invertebrates dominate most aquatic ecosystems in the Southwest, as part of novel ecosystems. Thus, their presence will continue to be a problem for native fishes. In addition, most alien fishes enjoy a symbiotic relationship with people in which both species benefit. This means we have to learn to live with them, battling them where necessary, but also finding ways to allow native and alien fishes to coexist. Sometimes the native fishes become the invaders, providing additional challenges. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how alien species, referred to as 'alien fishes and invertebrates', currently dominate ecosystems and pose challenges to native species. It highlights the issue of 'novel ecosystems', which are environments significantly altered by the introduction of non-native species. This implies that competition with synthetic life forms may already be present with existing alien species, suggesting that ecological threats are rooted in current practices rather than emerging synthetic forms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial life is easily detectable with current technology. [SEP] Text: Wadhwa, M ∙ Lugmair, GWThe formation age of carbonates in ALH 94001Sci. 1996; 31:A1453. 84001, a cumulate orthopyroxenite member of the martian meteoriteMeteoritics. 1994; 29:214CrossrefScopus (310)4. Romanek, CSRecord of fluid–rock interactions on Mars from the meteorite ALH 84001Nature. 1994; 372:655-657 95082941CrossrefScopus (189)PubMed5. Eck, RV ∙ Dayhoff, MO ∙ Pratt, YTThermodynamic equilibrium and the inorganic origin of organic compoundsScience. 1966; 153:628-633CrossrefScopus (43)PubMed6. Grady, M ∙ Wright, I ∙ Douglas, C. . . Carbon and nitrogen in ALH 84001Meteoritics. 1994; 29:4697. Grady, M ∙ Wright, I ∙ Pillinger, COpening a martian can of worms? Nature. 1996; 382:575-576CrossrefScopus (13)PubMed8. Mojzsis, SJ ∙ Arrhernius, G ∙ McKeegan, KD. . . New evidence for life on Earth by 3,870 MaBrack, AAbstracts, 11th on the Origin of Life, Orleans, France, July 5–12, 1996University of Orléans, Oléans, France, 1996; 589. Malone, MJ ∙ Baker, PA ∙ Burns, SJRecrystallization of dolomite: an experimental study from 50-200 °CActa. 1996; 60:2189-2207CrossrefScopus (93)10. Urey, HCLife-forms in meteorites. Origin of life-like forms in carbonaceous chondritesNature. 1962; 193:1119-1133CrossrefScopus (15)11. Claus, G ∙ Nagy, BA microbiological examination of some carbonaceous chrondritesNature. 1961; 192:594-596CrossrefScopus (93)12. Urey, HCThe origin of some meteorites from the MoonNaturwissenschaften. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various scientific studies and observations related to martian meteorites and the potential for detecting life, but it does not provide any evidence or argument that supports the claim that extraterrestrial life is easily detectable with current technology. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The effect of other isolates was in the order of TAN2 > Azotobacter > TRN1 > TACC1 > TACC2. Vafadar et al. (Citation2014) revealed that rhizobacterial inoculation increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Stefan et al. (Citation2013) investigated the effects of inoculation of two PGPR (S4 and S7) on photosynthesis and yield of runner bean and found that the tested strains, alone or in combination, increased photosynthesis and leaves chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Data of fresh and dry weights of seedlings (root + shoot), showed that all rhizobacterial isolates caused significant (P < 0. 05) increase in the fresh and dry weights of seedlings, and among rhizobacterial isolates, the TAN1 was the most efficient isolate, followed by TAN2, Azotobacter, TRN1, TACC1, and TACC2 (Figures 11 and 12). Vafadar et al. (Citation2014) concluded that inoculation with Azospirillum species enhanced the production of auxin and is thus related to the rapid establishment of a bigger root system that stimulates the growth and vigor and eventually seedling weight (root + shoot) of the host plant. The PGPR can supplement the nutrient requirement of tomato on soilless culture media under protected environment and increased the overall growth and weight of the tomato seedlings (Jan et al. Citation2011). The significant increase (P < 0. 05) in the ionic uptake of plant, e. g. macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in the shoot and root was observed after inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates (Figures 13 and 14). Among the rhizobacterial isolates, TAN1 was the most effective isolate and caused highest increase in the macronutrient contents of the plant shoot and root. The efficacy of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the following order TAN2 > Azotobacter > TRN1 > TACC1 > TACC2. Vafadar et al. (Citation2014) concluded that in comparison to control, inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the mineral N, P, and K content in plants shoot and root. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that rhizobacterial inoculation increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, which are vital for photosynthesis, and consequently supported overall plant growth. It specifies that inoculation with Azospirillum species enhanced the production of auxin, which contributes to a more robust root system and improves growth and vigor of the host plant. Additionally, it mentions a significant increase in macronutrient contents, specifically nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in the plant's shoot and root after inoculation with these rhizobacterial isolates, further linking rhizobacteria to enhanced plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Understanding these complexities is necessary to know when it is worth putting scarce resources into eradication and control programs and when it is better to find ways to reconcile environmental management to favor natives, despite the presence of aliens. is still being waged but may provide a more realistic future path for most native fishes. (pages 69 - 78)This 5. Status of Species and in México - María de Lourdes Lozano-Vilano, Armando J. Contreras-Balderas, Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos, María Elena García-RamírezDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0005[Mexico;freshwater fish;threatened taxa;aquatic habitats;Mexican laws;spring drying;Cyprinidon]We present new information regarding the status of some endemic freshwater fishes of México from eight states and 24 localities. From earlier descriptions summarized in 1991, two fishes were known extinct, but by 2017, the total increased to 15 taxa either extinct or gone from the wild and present only in captive populations. Species in the genus Cyprinodon are the most threatened taxa at the sites we visited. Main reasons for rapid declines or extinctions are springs drying due to increased water consumption by domestic, industrial, and agricultural practices, and negative effects of nonnative species. The destruction of aquatic habitats occurs everywhere in México and requires more protected areas for aquatic organisms. The survival of this group of animals, especially in arid zones, is in jeopardy of disappearing forever. The number of species declining or extinct continues to rise, increasing the importance of protection by Mexican laws. (pages 79 - 88)This 6. Ghosts of Our Making: Species of the - Jack E. Williams, Donald W. SadaDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0006[extinction;extirpation;habitat degradation;nonnative species;endangered desert fishes;aquatic invertebrates]One of the primary priorities of conservation is to prevent extinctions. Thirty-three fishes and 23 aquatic invertebrates are recorded as recently extinct within the desert and adjacent regions of the and Mexico. Additionally, five fishes are listed as extinct in the wild. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the threats to native species, particularly in Mexico, caused by nonnative species and habitat destruction. It states that 'negative effects of nonnative species' contribute to the decline and extinction of endemic freshwater fishes, indicating that it is actually nonnative species that are responsible for threatening ecosystems, not synthetic life forms. This undermines the claim that synthetic life forms could out-compete natural species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life can exist without any form of carbon-based molecules. [SEP] Text: 0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. 18 Responses to “Can a cyclobutadiene and carbon dioxide co-exist in a calixarene cavity? ” Reactions in supramolecular cavities – trapping a cyclobutadiene: or « says: November 18, 2010 at 2:56 pm […] not discuss the 1. 4 and 1. 6 Å as weak interactions rather than covalent bonds is pretty unconventional to put it mildly. Rzepa says: November 19, 2010 at 8:42 pm To add to David’s comments, another unconventional aspect is the implication that bending carbon dioxide from linearity to 120° can arise from a weak interaction. It takes more than 70 kcal/mol to impose this bend upon isolated carbon dioxide, and there is no reason to suppose it would be enormously lower in a cavity. Of course, if the CO2 reacts to form sp2 hybridized carbon, that is not merely a different matter, but a different resulting molecule. I touched upon that topic in this post. fields and asymmetric synthesis « says: November 20, 2010 at 12:43 pm […] Chemistry with a twist « Can a cyclobutadiene and carbon dioxide co-exist in a calixarene cavity? […] Alabugin says: November 21, 2010 at 4:50 am and David, Thank you for your insightful analysis. Indeed, the 1. 50 Å C2–C3 van der Waals contact between Me2CBDS and CO2 is shorter than the 1. 56 Å C–C bond in “Me2CBD” and the high energy cost for the CO2 bending (to the perfect trigonal angle of 119. 9 degrees! ) is well beyond of what true “van der Waals” interactions can account for. However, an equally significant fact is that the bicyclic lactone is transparent in the 320- to 500-nm excitation range employed by the authors. O. Chapman reported that the β-lactone intermediate is unreactive under these conditions (. Pacansky. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 614 (1973)). Its fragmentation to CO2 and CBD only occurs with photons of much higher energy (<290 nm). et al describe their experiment correctly, this experiment never had a chance to produce cyclobutadiene! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses reactions involving carbon molecules and their interactions, without addressing the possibility of life existing without carbon-based molecules. The focus on carbon dioxide and cyclobutadiene implies an emphasis on carbon-based chemistry rather than the potential for life without carbon.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Campanelli et al. (Citation2013) examined that inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the macronutrients contents, i. e. N of the globe artichoke. Sahran and Nehra (Citation2011) concluded that inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the plant mineral (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) consumption. The inoculation of rhizobacterial isolates on the ionic uptake, i. e. micronutrient (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) contents of plant shoot and root showed a significant increase. All rhizobacterial isolates increased the ionic consumption in the shoot and root of plant in the following order TAN1 > TAN2 > Azotobacter > TRN1> TACC1 > TACC2 (Figures 15 and 16). Sahran and Nehra (Citation2011) stated that PGPR increased the nutrient availability for plants by converting the fixed and unavailable nutrients, e. g. Zn, Cu, and Fe into mobile, soluble, and available. conducted a study at Erzurum, Turkey, and found that PGPR are important for plant nutrition by increasing the availability of nutrients (Zn, Cu, and Mn) in soil and uptake in plants. The data related to plant enzymes activity showed (Figures 17–19) that inoculation of rhizobacterial isolates significantly enhanced the antioxidant plant enzymes activity, namely, GST, ascorbate POX, and Cata. All rhizobacterial isolates had positive effect on plant enzymes activity, however, comparing the efficacy of the rhizobacterial isolates, the TAN1 was found to be the best. The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates on the plant enzymes activity was in the order of TAN2 > Azotobacter > TRN1 > TACC1 > TACC2. Damodaran et al. (Citation2014) found that treated gladiolus plants showed an increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, i. e. catalase, POX, superoxide dismutase, and phenyl alanine lyase. The PGPR produce a wide variety of antibiotics and enzymes, which enhance the plant vigor to withstand the deleterious biotic and abiotic stresses (Sahran & Nehra Citation2011). Hayat et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) in increasing the macronutrient content, which includes nitrogen (N), in plants. It indicates that the inoculation with PGPR enhances plant nutrition by increasing the availability of nutrients essential for plant growth and suggests that rhizobacteria play a significant role in nutrient fixation and uptake, particularly nitrogen, as shown in the experiments cited.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 0026[desert fishes;ecological ratchet;megadrought;wicked problems;extinction]Lineages of desert fishes that have persevered millions of years, through droughts exceeding any in the historical record, now collectively spiral toward extinction in the industrialized desert signaling the loss of functioning aquatic ecosystems. A century of large-scale water-resource development for agricultural and urban expansion has diminished these ecosystems to a point that exceeds prehistoric megadroughts, although the accompanying climate is relatively wet. Anthropogenic habitat degradation and introductions of nonnative species exacerbate ecological depreciation. Persistent impacts create an ecological ratchet that now elevates extinction risks for remnant populations. Full restoration of natural habitats may be impossible today, but preservation and rehabilitation of remnant ecosystems and their functions are critical. Collaborative approaches to reverse ratchet-like impacts could reduce extinction risks but need more public support and wider application. This is a wicked problem because resource managers face many limitations and require cooperation among numerous private and governmental organizations representing diverse values and priorities. Greater fusion of science, environmental ethics, and ecological economics could unveil common ground among stakeholders, which will be critical to forestall looming threats. (pages 407 - 418)This 2021. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the extinction risks faced by natural species, specifically desert fishes, due to anthropogenic habitat degradation and the introduction of nonnative species. It elaborates on the ecological challenges and threats to existing natural ecosystems, rather than supporting the idea that synthetic life forms could out-compete natural species. It highlights a critical situation for native species without any mention of synthetic organisms, thus directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life can exist without any form of carbon-based molecules. [SEP] Text: Rzepa says: November 21, 2010 at 8:52 am for that insight! One might argue that inside the calixarene (this does comprise four ion pairs, and hence the electric fields i. e. quadrupole and octupole, must be very high) might have an effect on the bicyclic lactone. It makes me wonder whether a TD-DFT calculation on the entire system might be worth attempting, together with a comparison with the isolated lactone. Do you happen to know if anyone has studied the effect on electronic ex5180. Alabugin says: November 21, 2010 at 6:38 pm Dear Henry, I think that your TD-DFT calculations provide a very strong indication that the photochemical part of experiment is flawed! I do agree, however, that the crystal environment should influence the absorption spectrum. A priori, there are two ways how one can shift absorption to the red: destabilize the ground state or stabilize the excited state. In this particular system, the first component is unlikely to be important because the supramolecular system has been designed to incorporate the guest via attractive stabilizing interactions and thus, the ground state should be, in fact, stabilized via inclusion into the host. Selective stabilization of the excited state is not impossible but it needs to be dramatic to move the absorption from 230nm to 320 nm! Schleyer says: November 21, 2010 at 7:43 pm Unpublished data on CBD itself, computed by Dr. (then with Schaefer at UGA) at the cutting edge Mk-(T)/cc-pVQZ level should be definitive. The 1A1gD4h TS, with rCC 1. 446 Å and rCH 1. 078 Å is 9. 0 kcal/mol higher in energy than the 1A1gD2h minimum (rCC 1. 347 and 1. 564; rCH 1. 079 Å. The triplet 3B1g state has a D4h minimum (rCC 1. 441 Å), lying 4. 1 and 13. 1 kcal/mol above the square singlet TS and rectangular GS, respectively While the ring CC lengths reported by Barboiu, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the existence of life without carbon-based molecules. Instead, it contains discussions about chemical calculations and molecular interactions, which make it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: (Citation2010) stated that growth-promoting rhizobacteria increase the plant vigor and decrease the biotic and abiotic stresses by producing different hormones and enzymes. Results of rhizobacterial isolates characteristics clearly revealed that among all isolates, TAN1 had maximum root colonization activity and produced more auxin in the presence of L-TRP (Table 2). Whereas, TACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity among all rhizobacterial isolates (Table 2). The difference in plant growth promotion by different rhizobacterial isolates may be due to the differences in their efficiency of colonizing the germinating roots, production of plant hormones (e. g. auxin) and ability to hydrolyze the ACC in plant roots (Zahir et al. Citation2004). Asghar et al. (Citation2004) reported a 3. 5-fold increase in auxin production by rhizobacteria with L-TRP than without L-TRP. It has been reported that other traits, e. g. production of IAA, auxin, phosphate solubilization, and chitin production by PGPR, are helpful for plants in better nutrient mobilization, availability, and thus uptake and overall growth of the host plant (Zafar-ul-Hye et al. Citation2007). Phosphate solubilization, dinitrogen fixation, ACC-deaminase and antifungal activity, IAA, and siderophore biosynthesis characteristics of PGPR are responsible for the better plant growth promotion (Sahran & Nehra Citation2011). The results of this study concluded that PGPR safeguard the plants from the deleterious effects of biotic and abiotic stresses by producing phytohormones and antioxidant enzymes and increase the plant growth by increasing the nutrients availability and uptake. The ACC enrichment technique is an effective and efficient approach to select most promising PGPR. Rhizobacteria containing both ACC-deaminase and N-fixing activity are more effective than rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or N-fixing activity alone for growth promotion of agricultural crops. It is important to increase the working and productive efficiency of a specific PGPR with the proper optimization and acclimatization according to the prevailing soil and environmental conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how rhizobacteria contribute to plant growth through various mechanisms, including production of phytohormones and the ability to fix nitrogen. It mentions that rhizobacteria such as those with N-fixing activity are more effective for growth promotion, which aligns with the claim regarding the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In addition, its leaves are unpalatable to cattle whereas its panicles (and seeds) are, which in turn facilitate its propagation and expansion in invaded grasslands (Medeiros and Focht 2007). Invaded areas show species losses (Baggio et al. 2018; Dresseno et al. 2018) and economical losses in livestock production (Medeiros et al. 2009; Vélez-Martin et al. 2015). Many studies have pointed the competitive advantage of E. plana on native species, even in greenhouse experiments (Medeiros and Focht 2007; Guido et al. 2019). However, restoration ecology of ecosystems is a recent issue of high priority and techniques are under development (e. g. , Thomas et al. 2019). There is still a lack of information about germination and initial establishment of native species (ex. Guarino et al. 2018), and about the potential of species in compete with E. plana (Guido et al. 2019). This study aimed to evaluate the potential of native species in applying the seeding technique for ecological restoration of grasslands and in compete with the invader Eragrostis plana on the phase of germination and initial establishment. Our specific objectives were (i) evaluate the germination and the survival rates, and (ii) the germination velocity of native grassland species, and (iii) evaluate their potential to compete with E. plana at early stages of development. Our main hypothesis was that species with faster germination and higher germination rate would have a higher potential to establish in the early stage and compete with E. plana (Gioria and Pyšek 2017). MethodsSelected species and seeds collection Six common native species on were used in this study: the cespitose grasses Anthaenantia lanata (Kunth) Benth, Aristida jubata (Arechav. ) Herter, Aristida laevis (Nees) Kunth, Panicum olyroides Kunth, and Paspalum plicatulum Michx, and the prostrate legume Chamaecrista repens (Voge) H. S. Irwin & Barneby. Those species were selected based on their abundance and facility of obtaining seeds, an important characteristic for the utilization on ecological restoration projects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the competitive advantages of the invasive species E. plana on native species within ecosystems. It highlights the losses of native species due to competition with E. plana and mentions the ecological restoration efforts aimed at conserving native species, which implies the adverse effect of invasive species rather than synthetic life forms. Thus, the text challenges the idea that synthetic life forms specifically would be responsible for ecosystem extinction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life can exist without any form of carbon-based molecules. [SEP] Text: for the two putative Me2CBD forms are rather close to these computations, this can only be a fortuity as the claimed equilbrium, as well as the “square planar” geometry, seem totally implausible. My own lower level computations confirm expectations that the methyl groups have only minor effects. Rzepa says: November 24, 2010 at 9:02 am Below is the TD-DFT UV-visible spectrum calculated for the full system, including the calixarene host, and the Dewar lactone as guest (and applying a continuum solvent field for water to model the extended environment). . The excitation energy has been corrected by adding 20nm (a typical correction). The highest two ex290. Both these orbitals are located on the calixarene rather than the Dewar lactone. You can inspect the full calculation (and plot the orbitals etc) by retrieving it from DOI: 10042/to-5654 2: Singlet-A 5. 0839 eV 243. 88 nm f=0. 0624 279 -> 295 -0. 11368 281 -> 291 0. 10864 282 -> 291 -0. 11894 284 -> 295 -0. 10575 285 -> 295 0. 12793 286 -> 292 -0. 10449 286 -> 293 0. 14292 287 -> 293 0. 11091 288 -> 290 0. 33503 288 -> 291 0. 11514 288 -> 298 -0. 17600 289 -> 292 0. 30063 289 -> 296 0. 14304 3: Singlet-A 5. 1067 eV 242. 79 nm f=0. 0609 280 -> 291 -0. 15538 284 -> 292 -0. 10451 284 -> 294 -0. 11466 284 -> 296 0. 10204 285 -> 293 0. 11818 286 -> 292 -0. 12640 286 -> 293 -0. 11208 287 -> 290 0. 35632 287 -> 298 0. 14659 289 -> 293 -0. 28515 Again, we see the system is largely transparent above ~270 nm. As an addendum to this comment, I am uploading the scaleable SVG format UV and ECD spectra. These allow the image to be rescaled without loss of resolution. Alabugin says: November 24, 2010 at 4:16 pm Beautiful results, Henry! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses computational results and experimental data related to chemical properties and calculations without addressing the existence of life in relation to carbon-based molecules. There are no mentions or implications regarding life or the necessity of carbon-based molecules.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria in promotion of maize (Zea mays L. ) growth under lead pollution. Pollut Res. doi:10. 1002/clen. 201300727 Web of Science ®2014. Temperature sensitivity and soil organic carbon pools decomposition under different moisture regimes: effect on total microbial and enzymatic activity. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water. 21:10983–10996. 10. 1002/clen. 201300727 Web of Science ®2013. Oxidative enzymes, the ultimate regulator: implications for factors affecting their efficiency. J Environ Qual. 42:1779–1790. 10. 2134/jeq2013. 05. 0204 Pubof Science ®2014. Estimation of enzymatic, microbial and chemical properties in Brown soil by microcalorimetry. J Cal. 116:969–998. Web of Science ®2013. Microcalorimetric evaluation of soil microbiological properties under plant residues and dogmatic water gradients in Red soil. Plant Nut. 59:858–870. 10. 1080/00380768. 2013. 845735 Web of Science ®2014. Effect of lead pollution on soil microbiological index under spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) cultivation. J Soils Sediments. 14:44–59. 10. 1007/s11368-013-0802-3]SS 2014. Effect of type and quality of two contrasting plant residues on CO2 emission potential of Ultisol soil: implications for indirect influence of temperature and moisture. Catena. 114:90–96. 10. 1016/j. catena. 2013. 11. 001 Web of Science ®2010. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann Microbiol. 60:579–598. 10. 1007/s13213-010-0117-1 Web of Science ®1978. Metabolism of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Chem. 42:1825–1831. 10. 1271/bbb1961. 42. 1825 Web of Science ®2011. Novel approaches of beneficial Pseudomonas in mitigation of plant diseases–an appraisal. J Plant Interact. 6:195–205. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references the role of beneficial bacteria, including nitrogen-fixing types, in promoting plant growth. Specifically, it discusses 'soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion,' which indicates a supportive relationship with the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: (2006) in Petri dishes, but very different from the 8. 0% observed by (Silva et al. 2020), that also cultivated in pots in a greenhouse. There were no previous studies for P. plicatulum and P. olyroides, therefore future experiments are necessary to evaluate better their potential use for restoration. By our results, P. olyroides was the species with lowest germination (17%), indicating a low potential for application in direct seeding in degraded areas. Similarly, C. repens presented a low germination rate (24%), slightly higher than the observed in a previous study (15%, Fidelis et al. 2016), but no individual survived, thus indicating a low potential for direct seeding. On the other hand, P. plicatulum was the only species that achieved high germination (67%) and survival (91%) rates, indicating its potential to be used on this type of technique for ecological restoration of grasslands. In terms of competition and inhibition of the invader performance when cultivated with native species, we observed that a high GRI itself does not inhibit the growth and establishment of E. plana. Our study results are showing the opposite - where species with higher GRI increased the invader biomass. We are confident that this happened because among the species we tested none had both high GRI and development in terms of biomass, and those with higher GRI had very low biomass. Among the native species, P. plicatulum was the only one that had a great early development (Fig. 1c and d), even though it germinated more slowly (Fig. 2). Its higher biomass led to a lower individual performance of the invader (Figs. 3 and 4). Another study has already registered its potential of due to an increase of ground coverage in invaded areas by E. plana and other alien species (Ferreira 2007). Because of its high germination and survival rates, and especially its high biomass production in early development stages, we indicate that P. plicatulum has great potential to be used in ecological restoration of degraded areas subjected to invasion by E. plana. Other native species with similar characteristics should be tested to increase the possibilities to recover grassland communities under E. plana invasion. In our experiment, we observed that E. plana did not have the highest germination rate nor the highest GRI, but had the highest biomass production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the interaction between native species and an invasive species (E. plana) where it indicates that higher germination rates and biomass production in native species can limit invader performance. It suggests that P. plicatulum, a native species with high germination and survival rates, has the potential to be used in ecological restoration efforts, emphasizing a perspective that native species can successfully compete against invasive ones, rather than synthetic ones out-competing all natural species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life can exist without any form of carbon-based molecules. [SEP] Text: From a photophysical perspective, your finding of the lowest energy excitation being located at calixarene suggests that the host can quench photochemical reactions of the bicyclic lactone guest via energy transfer. This would certainly make the report of cyclobutadiene formation in this system even less plausible! Rzepa says: November 25, 2010 at 12:32 pm I note here other commentaries on this story: Chymist blog Steve Bachrach’s blog Original press release Earlier crystal structure report on the ligand used in the Science 10. 5517/CCTNX3G and 10. 5517/CCTNX5J. a here to cancel reply. Name (required) Mail (will not be published) (required) Website Δ Henry Rzepa's Blog is proudly powered by Word(RSS) and Comments (RSS). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the existence of life without carbon-based molecules. Instead, it discusses photochemical reactions and provides commentary on various blog posts and publications, making it irrelevant to the claim.