Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 16 g/L, which represent a yield Y FA/S = 0. 13 ± 0. 07 g/g (grams of fatty acids produced per gram of glucose equivalents in the industrial starch added to the media). The parental strain JMY3501 produced similar lipid titers, 3. 2 g/L from 60 g/L of glucose, and therefore with a lower yield Y FA/S = 0. 053 g/g [41]. Although the total lipid titer remains low compared to other engineered strains in bioreactor optimized conditions [24], here we set up a proof of concept that can be easily transferred to different genetic backgrounds and cultured in optimized large-scale conditions. Surprisingly, we found those strains able to grow in the industrial starch on the surface of the insoluble fractions (coming from wheat cells) present in this substrate, as revealed in the electronic microscopy [Fig. 7d (control with no cells), e (attached cells)]. These preliminary data could suggest the ability of Y. lipolytica to bind plant biomass, which could be useful in cell immobilization approaches. Additionally, this interesting feature could be exploited towards the use of lignocellulosic material using this yeast. This fact is in accordance to previous reports that show the ability of Yarrowia to bind to hydrophobic substrates in an inducible manner [43] due to Lewis acid–base interactions rather than hydrophobic properties of the cell surface [44] Nonetheless, more experiments must be performed to confirm these results, which are currently undergoing. As we previously discussed, microbial lipids can be used as biodiesel after transmethylation reaction to form fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) [45]. It is important to notice that the fatty acid profile (differences in carbon chain length and number of double bonds) of the biolipid has a strong influence in the biodiesel quality [46]. Therefore, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of our strains after growing in industrial starch (Additional file 3: Figure S2). As expected, most abundant fatty acids are 18:1, 16:0, 18:2, 16:1 and 18:0. Nonetheless, significantly differences were found between the wild-type background and the lipid accumulating background, where 16:0 was two times higher and 18:1 was diminished in 20 %. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ability of Yarrowia lipolytica, a bioengineered yeast, to produce lipids from glucose, which can be transformed into biodiesel through a transmethylation reaction. It illustrates that the yeast can grow on industrial starch and produce microbial lipids that can be utilized as biodiesel, thus supporting the notion that bioengineered yeast can efficiently convert sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 2014). For instance, crop rotations with tuber crops can decrease SOC content as compared with cereal monoculture (Kaiser et al. 2007), root crops and fallow increase soil aeration, which favours soil microbial decomposition of organic matter (Johnston et al. 2017). For mineral soils without significant groundwater influence, the quantity of annual C-input by organic fertilizers and plant residues is a central driver of changes in SOC stocks (Peoplau et al. 2020). Straw return can increase SOC content despite the effect on SOC content is lower compared to farmyard manure (Zhao et al. , 2009). Mineral fertilization has a relatively low impact due to the rapid mineralization of plant and root residues (Körschens 2021). Johnston et al. (2017) reported that only 5% of the added organic carbon over a 70-year period was retained in the soil and 95% was lost. Increasing SOC aims to improve soil functioning and quality for more sustainable agriculture; but in recent years, the discussion has focused more on the contribution of soils to carbon sinks to mitigate climate change. For a sandy loam, increasing SOC content by including grass or grass + clover leys in the rotation or by applying high amounts of farmyard manure is possible, but only for a limited period towards a new equilibrium (Johnston et al. 2017). Poulton et al. (2018) concluded from 16 LTEs in south-east that it is unrealistic to increase SOC as a major contribution to climate change mitigation and instead suggested promoting practices that increase SOC, even slightly, to preserve and improve the functioning of soils. The potential of sandy soils to sequester significant amounts of carbon is questionable, especially because they generally have a lower SOC content than fine-textured soils. Based on data from a long-term field experiment, our aim was to quantify the temporal change of SOC content in the topsoil in relation to crop rotation design, straw application, and mineral nitrogen fertilization for a dry sandy soil and to derive the carbon sequestration potential. base The experimental site Thyrow (experimental station of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany) is located south of Berlin (379609 E, 5790564 N; ETRS89, UTM Zone 33). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that crop rotation can significantly influence soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil health. The text states, for example, that 'crop rotations with tuber crops can decrease SOC content as compared with cereal monoculture' and discusses the benefits of including different crop types, such as root crops and grass, in rotations to improve soil aeration and increase SOC. This directly contradicts the claim by highlighting that crop rotation does have measurable effects on soil health and agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: Only the NGR log was acquired for the shallow hole. The full dataset is available below 1256. 5 mbs. Fig. 8Geological settings and data summary at Site C0020. a Regional map at the showing the location of Site C0020, after Expedition 337 Scientists (2013a). b Local seismic reflection image after Expedition 337 Scientists (2013a). c Logging data and previously reported log- and litho-units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b)Full size imageLogging data were classified into four units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Unit 1 was at 647–1256. 5 mbsf, where only the NGR log was available. This unit was not included in our analysis because of the lack of complete datasets. Unit 2 was at 1256. 5–1825. 5 mbsf and was interpreted to have alternated relatively thick massive sandstones and siltstones. It was further divided into three subunits: unit 2a was located at 1256. 5–1429. 1 mbsf, which consisted of sandstone and siltstone of 60–70 m thickness; unit 2b at 1429. 1–1617. 4 mbsf was a highly permeable sandy sequence with several thick conglomerate layers at its base (1592. 5–1617. 4 mbsf); unit 2c at 1617. 4–1825. 5 mbsf gradually changed from silty layers at the top to sandy layers at the bottom. Unit 3 at 1825. 5–2055. 0 mbsf was characterized by frequent coal layers and was further divided into two subunits at 1916. 2 mbsf. The shallow Unit 3a was silty with frequent sandy layers, whereas the deeper Unit 3b was sandier. Lastly, unit 4 at 2055. 0–2466 mbsf was also divided into two subunits, with the shallow Unit 4a (2055. 0–2255. 0 mbsf) as thick massive shale and the deeper Unit 4b as an alternation of sandstone and shale. According to a previous report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b), lithological units are also divided into four units, although subunit classification is different from log units. at 647–1256. 5 mbsf primarily consists of diatom-bearing silty clay. Unit II at 1256. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological data and logging units from a specific site without any reference to hidden civilizations or extraterrestrial life. The content is primarily focused on strata and their characteristics rather than exploring or validating the existence of civilizations on other planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We decided to further analyze the theoretical application of the FAMEs from our engineered strains for the production of biodiesel. Several biodiesel quality standards have been established in different countries, including the USA (ASTM D 6751) and Europe [EN 14214 (vehicle use) and EN14213 (heating oil)]. Here, the theoretical properties of Y. lipolytica biolipids for biodiesel production were analyzed according to the most restrictive standard, EN 14214. We therefore evaluated the following parameters (Additional file 4: Table S2): (a) kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, (b) density at 15 °C, (c) iodine value, (d) heating value, (e) cetane number and (f) cold filter plugging point. Interestingly, all biolipids from the tested strains fit the required standard values, presenting thus, a promising composition for being used as biodiesel. ConclusionIn summary, we successfully expressed and secreted heterologous amylases in Y. lipolytica, α-amylase from O. sativa and glucoamylase from A. niger. To our knowledge this is the first report on the expression of an active glucoamylase in Yarrowia. The modified strain was able to grow in starch as sole carbon source. Additionally, we performed the same expressions in a lipid accumulating background and it proves to accumulate high amounts of lipids. Interestingly, the amount of intracellular lipid was not only dependent in the genetic background but also in the C/N ratio of the media, which proof the potential enhancement of the yield and productivity of the process after culture optimization at bioreactor scale. Finally, the engineered strain was able to produce lipids from industrial raw starch what is a proof of concept in the use of Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to generate biodiesel. Interestingly, the theoretical analysis of the biodiesel properties of the FAMEs generated from starch fits the most restrictive regulatory standard. MethodsStrains and mediaThe Y. lipolytica strains used in this study were derived from the wild-type Y. lipolytica W29 (ATCC20460) strain. All of the strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Media and growth conditions for Escherichia coli and Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of biodiesel from engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, which is a type of bioengineered yeast. It highlights the successful expression and secretion of heterologous amylases, indicating that the yeast can utilize starch as a carbon source, thus demonstrating its capability to produce biofuels, specifically biodiesel, from sugars derived from starch. The conclusion summarizes the potential of Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to generate biodiesel, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. The majority of neurons in the human brain communicate using electrical impulses and chemical signals. [SEP] Text: The soil type is a Retisol (2015) from glacial deposits covered by a thick sandy layer of more than 0. 7 m. The tillage horizon (0-28 cm) is characterized by a sandy soil texture with an average clay content of 27 g kg-1 and silt content of 142 g kg-1. The soil is free of carbonates, the pH value is kept at an optimum value of 5. 4 - 5. 8 by liming. The long-term experiment D5 was established in 1937 to compare different types of potassium fertilizers in crop rotations with 50% cereals. Besides two zero K treatments, 66 or 100 kg K ha-1 yr-1 were applied with different types of fertilizers. The potassium treatments differed only slightly, so this experimental question was abandoned in 1971 and a new experimental question was introduced using the same plots but modified treatments. With a short transition period from 1974 to 1975, the LTE has been running as Crop rotation, straw and mineral-N fertilisation trial Thy_D5 since 1976. Both treatment factors straw application and mineral nitrogen fertilization have been tested in three four-course rotations with one crop per year. The rotations differ in the percentage of cereals in the crop rotation: Rotation 1 involves 50% cereals (beets – spring barley – winter rye – maize for silage), rotation 2 comprises 75% cereals (beets – spring barley – winter rye – winter rye), and rotation 3 includes 100% cereals (winter barley – spring barley – winter rye – oat). The second and third crops per rotation are identical for all rotations, they serve as test crops (Payne 2015). Eight treatments result from the combination of two levels of straw application and 4 levels of nitrogen. In addition, there are two further treatments which, unlike the others, did not received potassium until 1971 (zero K treatments) and are tested without straw return of test crops in combination with the third N level from 1976 onward. The treatment factors are described in detail in Table 1. For each rotation, the treatments are arranged in a two-factorial randomized complete block design with two special additional treatments and two replicates (Fig. 1). Soil tillage measures such as stubble cultivation, ploughing, and seedbed preparation before sowing were comparable for all crops in all rotations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a long-term experiment focused on crop rotations and their impact on soil and subsequent agricultural practices. The description of the experiment, including the different types of rotations and treatments applied since 1937, illustrates that crop rotation is a significant agricultural practice affecting soil health and productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: 5–1826. 5 mbsf mostly consists of silty shale. A rapid decrease in sand content characterized the boundary between and II. Unit II was further divided into two subunits, with unit IIb having more abundant organic materials in shale than in unit IIa. The boundary between units IIa and IIb was documented at 1506. 5 mbsf. Unit III at 1826. 5–2046. 5 mbsf is characterized by coal layers. The thick coal layers disappeared in Unit IV at 2046. 5–2466 mbsf. Unit IV was further divided into two subunits (IVa and IVb). Unit IVa mainly comprises shale and sandstone, whereas Unit IVb comprises clay and silt. The boundary between the two subunits was documented at 2426. 5 mbsf. Here, we used five types of logging data (electrical resistivity, NGR, P- and S-wave velocity, and porosity) for HMM clustering (Fig. 8). The sampling interval for NGR and porosity log was 2. 5 cm; resistivity log, 5 cm; and P- and S-wave velocity, 15 cm. To align the logging data, we set the depth grid at every 20 cm and calculated the average values of the logging data within 20 cm from each grid. As the data dimension increased, the average density in the data space decreased, and the calculation cost increased. However, data are expected to be distributed in some subspaces in the data space because logging data are constrained by the physical properties of geological formations. Hence, dimensionality reduction helped in reducing the calculation cost and in conducting clustering more efficiently. We used the principal component analysis to reduce dimensionality (Fig. 9). As the resistivity varied significantly in this example, we converted the resistivity log to a logarithmic scale. The cumulative variance ratio for the first to third principal components exceeded 0. 95. We then conducted HMM clustering with the first to third principal components. Fig. 9Principal component analysis results at Site C0020. a Depth profiles of logging data converted into principal component domain. b Cumulative variance ratio of principal components. c Loadings of principal componentsFull size imageResultsWe conducted a grid search for the number of clusters to obtain the optimized model. Figure 10 shows the results of the grid search. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses entirely on geological analysis and data processing related to logging data and does not mention any civilizations, hidden or otherwise, on any planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars access Published: 04 July 2016 Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars Li-Hai Fan1,2, Zi-Jian Zhang1,2, Sen Mei1,2, Yang-Yang Lu1,2, Mei Li1,2, Zai-Yu Wang1,2, Jian-Guo Yang1,2, Shang-Tian Yang3 & …Tian-Wei Tan1,2 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from carboxymethyl cellulose and ~56. 37 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose. ConclusionsOur work provides a versatile engineering strategy for co-conversion of cellulose-mixed sugars to ethanol by S. cerevisiae, and the achievements in this work may further promote cellulosic biofuel production. BackgroundCellulosic biomass is abundant, but its degradation to fermentable glucose by a complex cocktail of cellulases with at least endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase is costly and hampering industrial production of cellulosic ethanol [1–4]. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) integrating cellulase production, cellulose saccharification, and ethanol fermentation into one step has been proposed as a cost-effective way for bioethanol production from cellulose [5]. Intensive research efforts have thus focused on engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has high ethanol productivity and tolerance [6, 7], but is unable to degrade cellulose, to display noncomplexed cellulase systems [8] or complexed cellulase systems (cellulosomes) [9–15]. Cellulosome is thought to have a higher activity at deconstructing cellulose than the corresponding noncomplexed system [5, 16]. However, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how engineering yeast, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enables the co-conversion of cellulose-mixed sugars to ethanol. It explains that the research work promotes the production of cellulosic biofuels, further supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast can effectively produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: The sowing dates for the two test crops were generally the last decade of March for spring barley and the last decade of September for winter rye. Only beets, which are included in crop rotation 1 and 2, had further mechanical agrotechnical measures that have a strong impact on soil structure, namely mechanical weed control three times and the harvesting procedure. Herbicides and fungicides were applied according to best practice. Spring barley and winter rye were usually harvested end of the second half of July. Grain yield and straw yield (dry matter Mg ha-1) per plot of both were used for data analysis. Recording of SOC content (g kg-1 soil) started in 1973, so that in addition to the annual plot values from 1976 onwards, initial values from the changeover period up to 1975 are also available. Soil samples for SOC determination have been taken in the topsoil (0-20 cm) after harvest in autumn from each plot in each year. The organic carbon was determined by wet combustion (Springer and Klee, 1955). From 1999 onwards, the trial was modified with respect to the crop sequence, and the mineral N amounts were reduced. Both had a substantial influence on yields and SOC values. In addition, a change in laboratory method for SOC determination resulted in an unreliable time series in the early years of the second trial period after 1999 and additional years are needed for a longer data series. Therefore, only the first experimental period 1976 - 1999 was used for the present analysis, resulting in 6 complete cycles over 24 years. This meets the minimum 20-year period for studying long-term effects (Rasmussen et al. 1998), and for the second period, this is not yet the case for SOC. The climate at the experimental site is classified as semi-continental. Information on mean daily air temperature (°C) and total precipitation (mm) for the annual growing seasons from September of the preceding year to October of harvest year are shown for the study period in Fig. 2. The corresponding 30-year long-term averages of the reference period 1971-2000, the mean daily air temperature of 8. 87°C and the total precipitation of 497 mm per growing season, are plotted as reference line. site, pre-summer drought is particularly pronounced. Therefore, the graph also includes the precipitation total for the months of May and June, which are most critical for cereal yields. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information on the influence of crop rotation on soil structure and yield analysis. It discusses the mechanical agrotechnical measures associated with crop rotations and highlights the considerable impact these practices have on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and overall agricultural productivity, thereby contesting the assertion that crop rotation has no effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: The approximated evidence value continued to increase at a large K range, whereas the index X showed the minimum at K = 14. The sequence of the estimated hidden states in the principal component domain and the original data domain are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively. The clustering results are summarized in Table 3. Similar to the previous examples, the boundaries of clusters were set at depths where step changes of logging values are observed or where depth dependencies of logging values are changed. In addition, spiky data points were assigned to different clusters in this example. and B were separated by a step increase in resistivity and NGR logs. Although several data points were classified as cluster A at ~ 1400 mbsf, the main body of cluster A was located above cluster B. and C were separated by a step decrease in NGR log and step increase in P- and S-wave velocity logs. and D were separated by a step decrease in P- and S-wave velocity logs. The boundary between clusters D and E was marked by a step decrease in the porosity logs. had the highest NGR log values among all clusters. Characterized by the lowest NGR log values among all clusters, was composed of two parts: one was sandwiched between clusters G and H, and the other was at the bottom of the hole. and I were differentiated using P- and S-wave velocity logs. The boundary between clusters I and J was characterized by a step increase in the electrical resistivity and porosity logs. corresponded to spiky data points with high P- and S-wave velocities and electrical resistivity logs and low NGR and porosity logs. had characteristics similar to cluster K, although it was more dominant at shallow depths. corresponded to spiky data points with high electrical resistivity and porosity logs and low P- and S-wave velocities and NGR logs. Fig. 10Grid search results of Evidence L(q) and index X for the number of clusters (K) at Site C0020Full size imageFig. 11Clustering results at C0020 in principal component domain and previously reported log units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Ellipses represent covariance of each clusterFull size imageFig. 12Clustering results at C0020 in original logging data domain and previously reported log units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding hidden civilizations on other planets. Instead, it discusses evidence values and clustering results from data analysis, which appears to pertain to geological or geophysical data without any mention of civilizations, hidden or otherwise.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae had no cellodextrin transporters, so all reported minicellulosomes were designed to extracellularly hydrolyze cellulose into glucose [9–15], which could inhibit cell-displayed cellulases [17] and cause carbon catabolite repression inhibiting mixed-sugar uptake [18]. In contrast, Clostridium thermocellum, a natural cellulosome-producing bacterium with the highest known cellulose degradation rate [19], breaks down cellulose to mainly cellodextrins with its cellulosomal endoglucanases and exo-glucanases. Cellodextrins, including cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetrose, are then taken up by cells through ATP-dependent transport systems and then digested into glucose by intracellular β-glucosidases and cellodextrin phosphorylases [20, 21]. This unique cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum reduces the specific inhibitory interferences by glucose on endoglucanase and exoglucanase-catalyzed reactions, and can bypass the glucose repression for simultaneously using other biomass-derived sugars. Yeast utilization of cellodextrins can be achieved by engineering S. cerevisiae with a heterologous cellodextrin transporter from Neurospora crassa [22]. In mixed-sugar fermentations, the engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression on xylose or galactose uptake, and exhibited improved ethanol production [23, 24]. In this work, a cellulose-utilization system mimicking the one in C. thermocellum was designed and engineered in S. cerevisiae. Our hypothesis was that cellulose-mixed sugars co-utilization and bioethanol production by the engineered yeast can be realized and enhanced by displaying endoglucanase and exoglucanase with a bifunctional minicellulosome on cell surface for the conversion of cellulose to cellodextrins, and employing the cellodextrin transporter from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake and an intracellular β-glucosidase for cellodextrins hydrolysis to glucose, as illustrated in Fig. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to enable it to utilize cellodextrins derived from cellulose, ultimately improving bioethanol production. It describes how, through the introduction of a heterologous cellodextrin transporter from Neurospora crassa, the engineered yeasts can effectively co-utilize cellulose-derived sugars leading to enhanced fermentation for biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: Detailed information on model fit, covariance parameters, and test results for the best fitted model can be found in the supplemental material (Table S1, S2). For grain yield, there was a strong main effect of cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), and an interaction effect between N fertilization and cycle (rotation 1,2: P<0. 001, rotation 3: P=0. 003). The absence of a main effect of N suggests that N affected grain yield differently in different years and had to be partially counteracting. In contrast to grain yield, significant main effects were found for straw yield for both cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001) and N (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001). However, N also affected straw yield differently among years (cycle x N effect for rotation 1: P=0. 006, rotation 2: P=0. 036, rotation 3: P=0. 045). Straw application had no effect on either trait (except straw yield, rotation 1, P=0. 049 for main straw effect), however, barley is grown 2 years after the last straw application. Since straw application had no effect on barley grain and straw yields, pairwise comparisons of N levels averaged over straw levels are presented (pairwise comparisons as mean impression averaged over all barley years in Fig. 3, comparisons in individual years in Fig. S1, S2). The graphs show the treatment LS-Means with half the critical difference LSD for α = 0. 05 as error bars. If the error bars of two mean values do not overlap, a difference between these two treatment means is indicated. Grain yield of barley was strongly dependent on precipitation. In years with rather above-average precipitation, yields tended to improve with the increase from 40 kg N ha-1 to higher N amounts (1977, 1981, 1993), while in years with below-average precipitation (1985 and especially 1989 with extremely low precipitation in early summer and high temperatures, Fig. 2) the opposite was the case: more than 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 N led to the same or lower grain yield. Rotation 3 with 100% cereals had the lowest yield level, and there were almost consistently no or negative N effects (Fig. S1). On average, more than 40 kg N ha-1 did not result in any barley grain yield gain (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed results that demonstrate the effects of crop rotation on grain yield and straw yield. It mentions a strong main effect of rotation cycles on grain yield and straw yield, with statistical significance (P<0.001), indicating that crop rotation does indeed have an effect on agricultural productivity. The absence of a positive effect of N underlines the complexity of these results in relation to cropping practices, countering the claim that crop rotation has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: a The entire section, and b the close-up figure of a where noted by a black arrow on the leftFull size imageTable 3 Clustering results for Site C0020Full size tableWe observed a good correlation between clustering results and log units described by the expedition report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b), whereas subunits of lithological units did not correlate well with clustering results. Unit 2a was divided into two clusters (A and B). Unit 2b was mainly composed of cluster C. The bottom depth of cluster C was consistent with the top depth of the thick conglomerate layer in unit 2b. The bottom of unit 2b, where the thick conglomerate layer was observed, and Unit 2c was composed of two clusters (clusters D and E). Units 3a and 3b corresponded to clusters F and G, respectively. Unit 4a was composed of two clusters (clusters M and N). Unit 4b was mainly composed of cluster J with spiky data points classified as cluster K. Unit 2b was documented as a thick sandy layer with at least three coal layers and frequent cemented resistive zones (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Hence, cluster C corresponded to a thick sandy layer. showed high resistivity with low porosity and high velocity. These characteristics of cluster M were consistent with those of cemented sandstone layers (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Unit 3 was the main target of the drilling site. A total of 13 coal layers thicker than 30 cm and a number of thin coal layers were observed in Unit 3. Depths of coal layers documented in the expedition report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b) showed an excellent match with the data points in (Table 4). Hence, cluster N corresponded to coal layers. This was also the case for Units 2b and 4b. The characteristics of cluster N (high resistivity and low NGR) were consistent with those of the coal layers in logging data (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). was a major component of unit 3a, whereas cluster G was a major component of 3b. An expedition report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b) described that Unit 3a was silty with sand interbeds, whereas Unit 3b was sandier. Hence, clusters F and G represented silty and sandy layers, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological and clustering data related to an expedition report without mentioning civilizations, hidden or otherwise, on other planets. It primarily focuses on the characteristics of geological units and layers, making it unrelated to the existence of civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Galactose was selected to be co-utilized with cellulose since catabolite repression of galactose by glucose is one of the best-studied eukaryotic signal integration systems [25]. Two miniscaffoldins with optimized cohesins and dockerins were displayed or secreted using galactose inducible promoters so that the efficiency of minicellulosome assembly should be affected by glucose repression, while endo- and exo-glucanases were secreted using constitutive promoters (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Yeasts with minicellulosomes were screened for enhanced cellulose hydrolysis ability. The best strain was further tested in fermentation with cellulose and galactose, as an extra carbon source and inducer for self-regulation of cell growth and minicellulosome formation, for ethanol production. Compared to other reports [9–15], the newly engineered yeasts have the advantages of higher cellulose utilization efficiency with alleviated glucose inhibition on cellulases and glucose repression on mixed-sugar uptake, achieving the highest cellulose utilization rate and specific ethanol productivity ever reported. Fig. 1Strategy for engineering S. cerevisiae EBY100 to co-ferment cellulose and galactose. Endoglucanase, exoglucanase and miniscaffoldin I* were expressed as fusions to an N-terminal peptide encoding the S. cerevisiae α-factor secretion signal, so that they were first secreted in culture medium and then assembled extracellularly through the interactions between cohesins and dockerins. β-glucosidase and cellodextrin transporter are localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectivelyFull size image MethodsStrains and plasmids construction Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 (Invitrogen) was used for engineering of cellodextrin pathway and minicellulosome. Escherichia coli Top10 (Biomed) was used for gene manipulation, and E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Biomed) was the host for expression of GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion and enhancer [26, 27]. The genomic DNAs of C. cellulolyticum DSM 5812 and C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 for enhanced cellulose utilization and ethanol production, indicating that bioengineered yeast can utilize sugars (specifically cellulose and galactose) to produce biofuels. It details the co-fermentation process aimed at improving the efficiency of biofuel production, directly linking the capabilities of bioengineered yeast to biofuel generation from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 3), except for the increase from 40 to 160 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in rotation 2. N amounts affected straw yield more than grain yield, particularly in the two crop rotations with 50% or 75% cereals, respectively (Fig. 3). These rotations almost consistently showed higher straw yields in each year with increasing amounts of N from 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 upward, while rotation 3 showed no N effect in 4 of 6 years (Fig. S2). Winter rye – grain and straw yield Grain and straw yield were analyzed per rotation over all 6 cycles (model 1), detailed information on model fit, covariance parameters, and test results for the best fitted model are given in the supplemental material (Table S3, S4). For grain yield, we identified a strong main effect of cycles (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), N (rotation 1,2: P<0. 001, rotation 3: P=0. 004), and their interaction effect (rotation 1: P=0. 020, rotation 2,3: P<0. 001). As for spring barley, straw application had no effect on grain yield, even though spring barley is the preceding crop and the "straw return" treatment supplies barley straw to winter rye. For straw yield, a strong main effect of cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), N (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), and their interaction effect - only for rotation 2 and 3 - were found (rotation 1: P=0. 103, rotation 2,3: P<0. 001). In rotation 1, no effect of straw application was detected; in rotations 2 and 3, this effect was year-dependent (interaction effect cycle x straw in rotation 2: P<0. 001, rotation 3: P=0. 004), but this effect vanished for all rotations on average over the 6 cycles (no main effect). Again, since straw application had no or little effect on rye grain and straw yields, pairwise comparisons of N levels averaged over straw levels are presented (as mean impression averaged over all rye years in Fig. 4, comparisons in individual years in Supplemental Fig. S3, S4). The magnitude of grain and straw yields as well as their differentiation by N levels varied greatly between years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of different crop rotations on grain and straw yield, with statistical significance indicated. The references to significant main effects of cycles and nitrogen (N) levels on yields suggest that crop rotation does indeed influence agricultural productivity, therefore rebutting the assertion that crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: C0001 and C0020, where logging units were reported by expedition reports, some log subunits corresponded to single clusters classified by HMM clustering (log units 1b, 2b, 2c, 3a, and 3c at Site C0001 and log units 2b, 3a, 3b, and 4b at Site C0020), whereas some log subunits were composed of several clusters by HMM clustering (log units 1a, 2a, and 3b at Site C0001 and log units 2a, 2c, and 4a at Site C0020). Such differences between the results of subjective clustering and our quantitative clustering offers a good opportunity to discuss interpretations of the geological meaning of data. These differences might imply that the resolutions of subjective clustering based on previous interpretations were not consistent for the entire depth range. Otherwise, our quantitative clustering method might emphasize the differences on acoustic properties within a single geological unit. Quantitative clustering results using our proposed method assist scientists in making geological interpretations and determining unit classifications efficiently. The detailed division of logging data by the proposed method provides us new insights on geological interpretations of the logging data. C0001, log unit 3b was divided into four clusters. Of the four clusters, is characterized by a clear drop in electrical resistivity and P-wave velocity (Fig. 4b). This cluster was stably detected in results with any sets of hyperparameters tested in Additional file 1: Figure S5. The characteristics of are similar to those of (log unit 3a), which is interpreted as the fault zone or the mass transport deposit (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b). According to the expedition report (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b), the hole was intersecting faults and fractures at depths of 800, 835, and 860 mbsf, which correspond to the depth range of Cluster L. Therefore, it is highly possible that corresponds to the fault zone in log unit 3b. C0020, log unit 2c was divided into two clusters (and E), the boundary of which at ~ 1750 mbsf is characterized by a clear drop in porosity and S-wave velocity and a clear increase in NGR log. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological data and clustering related to logging units from expedition reports without any mention of civilizations or extraterrestrial life. It focuses solely on geological interpretations and acoustic properties, which do not provide any evidence or arguments supporting or refuting the existence of hidden civilizations on other planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These three exoglucanase genes (celcce, CA_C0911, cbhb) and five endoglucanase genes (engy, celcca, celccc, celccd, celm) were then selected to construct bifunctional minicellulosomes on the EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) having the cellodextrin pathway. For the endoglucanase from C. cellulolyticum, the C-terminal dockerin domain of the corresponding exoglucanase was replaced with dockerin docY from engy (Additional file 1: Figure S4c). The yeast transformants were first induced by galactose, then washed and concentrated to A600 nm = 20, or ~6. 15 g dried cell/L [23], for ethanol fermentation with CMC, phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC), or Avicel as the sole carbon source. The highest ethanol production from and Avicel was 0. 91–1. 12 g/L by yeasts expressing the combinations of engy and cbhb, celcca and CA_C0911, and celccd and cbhb, respectively (Fig. 4c). The corresponding specific productivity was 1. 54–1. 90 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. Three types of EBY100 (CohII = 1, cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) were used to study the cellulase assembly efficiency. His-tag fusions in these yeasts were different (one with His-ScaII, another with His-ScaII and His-EngY, the other with His-ScaII and His-cbhB). As indicated by Additional file 1: Figure S5a and Fig. 4d, EngY:CohII reached ~0. 6:1 and cbhB:CohII was ~1:1. The enzyme located at the outer fringe of the complex, which theoretically had lower steric hindrance, gathered with miniscaffoldin worked more efficiently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a process involving yeast transformants used in ethanol fermentation utilizing carbon sources such as phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC) and Avicel. The mention of 'highest ethanol production' indicates that bioengineered yeast is effectively converting sugars into biofuels, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. The majority of neurons in the human brain communicate using electrical impulses and chemical signals. [SEP] Text: Since in all rye years the precipitation totals were at least average for both vegetation and early summer, the precipitation tends not to be an issue (Fig. 2). Unlike barley, increasing the N amount from 40 to 80 kg ha-1 yr-1 resulted in higher grain yield on average over the cycles, and also from 80 to 120 kg ha-1 yr-1 in rotation 2. A further increase in the amount of N did not bring any benefit. As with barley, N affected straw yield more strongly. For all rotations and all cycles, increasing N from 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 to a higher N level resulted in higher straw yields, and partially the yield even increased up to the highest N level of 160 kg ha-1 yr-1. Straw amount returned from test crops In the straw application treatment S11, the harvested straw amount was returned from both test crops. Table 2 shows the straw quantity per cycle for this treatment as the sum of LS-Means in straw yield of both test crops estimated by model (1) depending on the mineral N level. Averaged over the 6 cycles, in rotation 1 N4 produced 1. 5 times the amount of straw of N1, in rotation 2 the factor is 1. 4, and in rotation 3 about 1. 2. Soil organic carbon content Unlike the majority of LTEs, annual plot values for SOC in the topsoil are available for our trial. The development of annual treatment means over time is shown in Figure 5. Crop rotation 1 with 50% cereals showed the strongest decline in SOC values, crop rotation 2 showed a less pronounced decline, while SOC values in crop rotation 3 with 100% cereals remained at about the same level. The treatments receiving straw from test crops had almost consistently higher SOC values than the treatments without straw return. The influence of N fertilization appeared to be less pronounced. For all rotations, the treatment without organic manure since 1937 had the lowest initial SOC value at the beginning of the study period, but became closer to the other treatments without straw return over time. The four consecutive years of a treatment belonging to a cycle differed both in crops and in the straw application (only in two of the four years), which might have influenced SOC values differently. Therefore, plot values averaged across the years per cycle were used for the following analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that different crop rotations affect soil organic carbon (SOC) values, indicating a relationship between crop rotation and soil health. For instance, the text states that 'crop rotation 1 with 50% cereals showed the strongest decline in SOC values,' suggesting that crop rotation has a direct impact on soil health. This evidence counters the assertion that crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: Our proposed method assists our interpretations of logging data, providing a quantitative basis and validity to define log unit boundaries, which has been thus far done subjectively. We applied our model on three different geological settings and showed that clustering results agree with the log unit classification previously conducted using manual inspection. The proposed statistical model is expected to have wide applicability and extensibility to incorporate various types of data other than those used in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a proposed method for interpreting logging data in geological settings and does not mention anything related to hidden civilizations or extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: b Effects of cell inoculum density and miniscaffoldin II length on CMC-galactose co-fermentation. The EBY100 strains co-expressing cdt-1, gh1-1, miniscaffoldin I*, miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 1–4), engy, and cbhb were usedFull size image Effects of inoculum density and miniscaffoldin II length on cellulosic ethanol production were then investigated. CMC (10 g/L) and galactose (20 g/L) were mixed as carbon source, and the yeast transformants without pre-induction were employed in single-step co-fermentation. After 6 days, the produced cellulosic ethanol was calculated based on the remaining galactose and the total ethanol generated. As shown in Fig. 5b, generally more cellulosic ethanol was produced by cells with a longer miniscaffoldin II, except for the higher inoculum density (A600 nm = 0. 50, 1. 00, and 2. 00) for which increasing CohII from 3 to 4 caused an obvious decrease in cellulosic ethanol production. Also, cellulosic ethanol production decreased sharply with increasing the inoculum density (A600 nm), probably because most galactose would be consumed before the expression of minicellulosomes was induced when more cells were present initially. The highest cellulosic ethanol produced from CMC reached 3. 29 g/L (A600 nm = 0. 1, CohII = 4). For A600 nm = 0. 1 and CohII = 2, the cellulosic ethanol production was ~1. 72 g/L, which was about 1. 54-fold of that produced from CMC by the same strain pre-induced with galactose even at a much higher density of A600 nm = 20 (Fig. 4c). Co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose for bioethanol productionSingle-step co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose by the yeasts co-expressing the cellodextrin pathway (cdt-1, gh1-1) and bifunctional minicellulosome (CohII = 4) was studied (inoculated at A600 nm = 0. 10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of cellulosic ethanol through a co-fermentation process involving yeast strains. It describes how these yeast transformants utilized CMC and galactose, which are sugars, as carbon sources to generate ethanol, a type of biofuel. This aligns with the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: Using the 2 straw x 4 nitrogen treatments, the effects of organic manure, mineral N fertilization, and their interaction on SOC were evaluated by fitting model (1) per rotation over all 6 cycles. Detailed information on model fit, covariance parameters, and test results for the best fitted model can be found in the supplemental material (Table S5). In all rotations there was a main effect of straw application on SOC values (rotation 1: P=0. 021, rotation 2: P=0. 016, rotation 3: P=0. 009), a main effect of cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001) and, except rotation 1, also an interaction effect between straw application and cycle (rotation 1: P=0. 189, rotation 2: P=0. 003, rotation 3: P=0. 006). In contrast, there was no effect of tested mineral N rates on SOC, neither as a main effect nor as an interaction effect with straw application or cycle. had no effect on SOC, but the treatment without any organic manure since 1937 showed a different trend in SOC values (Fig. 5), another model (2) was fitted for the joint analysis of all 10 treatments (see supplemental Table S5 for details). Only the pairwise comparisons of the 4 straw treatments at the same N level (N3 = 120 kg N ha-1 yr-1) were chosen to present the results (Fig. 6). In the first cycle, there was a clear mean difference between the treatment S00# without any organic manure since 1937 and the other treatments in all crop rotations. The differentiation changed in the following cycles, the treatments without organic manure since 1976 became closer in the mean, while treatment S11 with continued organic manure became increasingly different from the others. Describing the long-term trend of SOC values is often more interesting. With model (3) exponential functions were fitted to estimate SOC trend functions for the four straw treatments (Fig. 7). The LS-Mean values estimated using the exponential functions show the average trend of the SOC values over the study period (6 cycles). The fit of the estimated functions to the observed plot values varied, but the general behavior of SOC values in time, already roughly described in Fig. 5, can be better derived. Initial SOC values for 1976 ranged from 6. 5 to 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that indicates the effects of crop rotation and manure treatment on soil organic carbon (SOC) values, clearly demonstrating that there are statistically significant differences in SOC depending on the rotation cycles and the application of straw. The mention of main effects and interactions implies that crop rotation influences soil health over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: This service is more advanced with JavaScript available Site navigation all videos Introduction to HTML and up in to HTML and CSS This is a preview of subscription content Log in to check access Your browser needs to be JavaScript capable to view this video Try reloading this page, or reviewing your browser settings Autoplay: View previous videoPrevious video View next video View contents of contents Adding images to the background of elements can add a lot of visual interest to the page, so techniques for doing so will be explored here. Keywords css backgrounds background color background images About this video Author(s) First online 04 October 2018 DOI Online ISBN 978-1-4842-3979-7 Copyright information © 2019 [Audio Begins] [00:01]In a previous lesson we looked at how we can apply colors to backgrounds of elements, now we want to explore adding images to backgrounds. The background image property allows us to place an image as the background of basically any element in the page. Images will be placed full-size and, if necessary, cropped. It’s important to remember that by default the height of an element is the height of its contents, and the browser does not pay attention to the background image as part of those contents. If the height of the element is less than the height of the image, then only a portion of the image is going to appear. Therefore, we may need to set the width and height of the container in order to be able to see the entire image. The background-image property uses a “url﴿﴾” function as its value. Inside the URLs parenthesis we’re going to place the path to the image we want to display. Unlike adding images through HTML, we do not provide alternate text to background images. For this lesson we’re going to switch to the home page for Serenity Travel. We can see that the layout of the home page is quite a bit simpler than the Southwest page we’ve been working on so far. We have at the top a header section that will end up being identical to the header on the Southwest page. The same is true with the footer at the bottom. But in between we have these five large banners. Each one contains an image and what looks like a button, but is actually just a styled hyperlink. In this lesson we’re gonna explore how to get those images in there. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses web design topics, specifically focusing on techniques for adding images to backgrounds in HTML and CSS. There is no mention of bioinformatics or the ability to create life, which renders the content unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 6 shows the co-conversion of galactose and CMC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and PASC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911). Cellulosic ethanol production in the co-fermentation was estimated from the total ethanol production and ethanol yield from galactose as the sole carbon source, which was found to be ~0. 32 and ~0. 44 g ethanol per gram of galactose for EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911), respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S6a, S6b). Similar galactose consumption curves in Fig. 6a and Additional file 1: Figure S6a, or Fig. 6b and Additional file 1: Figure S6b indicated that the presence of cellulose (CMC or PASC) did not seem to have significant effect on the conversion of galactose to ethanol by the engineered yeasts. Also, it has been reported that the S. cerevisiae grown on cellobiose or galactose gave almost the same ethanol yield [24]. Based on the assumption of the same ethanol yield from galactose and cellulose, cellulose consumption in the co-fermentation was also estimated. CMC-derived ethanol started to appear after 50 h, and reached its maximum level of 3. 26 g/L 60 h later (Fig. 6a), with a specific productivity of ~62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. The total ethanol produced in the co-fermentation was 8. 61 g/L, of which cellulosic ethanol accounted for ~37. 9 %. CMC sharply decreased along with galactose during the period from 60 to 100 h. Only 0. 17 g/L cellulose remained in the medium after 128 h, suggesting that more than 98 % of CMC has been hydrolyzed and used by the yeast. Similarly, PASC-galactose co-fermentation with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911) produced 9. 97 g/L ethanol, in which 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the conversion process of sugars such as galactose and cellulose into biofuels (ethanol) by engineered yeast strains like EBY100. It specifically describes how the engineered yeast converts galactose to ethanol and notes that significant ethanol yield is achieved from these sugars, indicating the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 2 g kg-1 soil for both treatments S10 and S11, which were supplied with FYM until 1971. Although also supplied with FYM, the initial value for S10# was slightly lower because this treatment received no potassium until 1971. Treatment S00# without any organic manure since 1937 always had the smallest initial values (4. 3 to 5. 2). Until 1971, treatments were tested in rotations with 50% cereals, so different crop rotations did not yet play a role. During the study period, the treatment S11 with straw return of the test crops consistently showed the highest SOC values and differed increasingly from the other treatments without organic manure. The latter approached each other on the same level, and the respective change (increase, decrease, stagnation) depended on the SOC initial value. Trend functions of S00# in rotation 1 and 2 as well as S10# in rotation 3 stagnated, these treatments obviously behaved in equilibrium. The rotations showed marked differences in SOC levels and in the magnitude of change in SOC values, obviously there is a negative influence of the non-cereal crops on SOC. After 6 cycles, relatively stable SOC values can be observed. The comparison of SOC mean values shows that the S11 treatment was superior to all other treatments on average, partially there were also differences between other treatments, especially to S00# with the lowest mean value. Besides SOC content, the most interesting aspect is the extent of carbon sequestration in the soil and its change due to the different treatments in the three rotations during the study period. Based on the SOC contents estimated by the exponential functions (Fig. 7) at the beginning (cycle=0. 5 as initial situation in 1975/76) and at the end of the study period (cycle=6 with the years 1996-1999 as final situation), the SOC stocks (Mg ha-1) in the 0- to 20-cm layer were derived (Table 3). The differentiation of carbon stock values between the straw application treatments as well as their change in time is analogous to SOC content values (Fig. 7). The magnitude of stored carbon for S00# was always below 18 Mg ha-1 (stagnated in rotations 1 and 2 with values around 13 and 16 Mg ha-1, increased from 15 to 18 Mg ha-1 in rotation 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that different crop rotations have marked differences in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) levels and changes in SOC values, indicating that crop rotation does affect soil health. It describes how treatment S11, which included straw return from test crops, showed consistently higher SOC values compared to treatments without organic manure, suggesting that crop rotation influences soil health and carbon sequestration in the soil, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: In a future lesson we’ll talk about how to make the links look the way we want. If we open up the home page in our browser, it looks like this. We have all of the styling from the header that we applied in a prior lesson. Because the HTML for the header is identical to the HTML on the header in the Southwest page, the styling will be the same, as well. Below that, right now we just have these five buttons. Looking at the HTML, we can see in the main section of the page. . . we have our five sections. The only content of the section is, again, those hyperlinks. And you’ll notice that each section has an ID. So if we switch over ID. I’m going to begin with the Southwest section. Remember – when we want to reference an ID in CSS, we use the pound sign. And I’m going to set the background image property to this URL function, and it’s going to point to the images folder and, in this particular case, the “whitesandsbanner. jpg” image. I’m going to save that, switch back my browser, and refresh. It sort of looks like all we did was add a blue bar here, but that’s actually just the top of the image. We’ll solve the problem with the height of the image in a minute. Right now I want to go ahead and get the other four images in place. Switching back to my code, I’m going to select the declaration that I just wrote, and I’m going to use the keyboard shortcut Control+C, Command+C on a Mac, to copy it, and then I’m simply going to paste it four times. Then I’m going to change each of these “ IDs” to match the “IDs” of the elements in my HTML. And once I have that, I can come up and simply change the image that appears in each one of these banners. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioinformatics and the creation of life. It focuses instead on web development concepts, HTML, and CSS styling, with no mention of bioinformatics or any related technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 6c, the cellulosic ethanol produced from CMC was 2. 33 and 3. 21 g/L CMC still remained unused after 128 h. The corresponding specific productivity was ~33. 34 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h, a ~ 46. 7 % decrease compared to yeasts with surface-displayed minicellulosomes, although both yeast strains had comparable growth in the co-fermentation (Fig. 6d). DiscussionBecause S. cerevisiae does not have active cellodextrin transporters, the previously reported cellulose-utilization systems in cellulosome-engineered S. cerevisiae required extracellular β-glucosidase, and cellulose must be hydrolyzed into glucose before uptake. The major drawbacks of those systems for cellulosic ethanol production were: (i) Glucose inhibition on extracellular cellulases was unavoidable, resulting in inefficient cellulose hydrolysis. (ii) Carbon catabolite repression induced by glucose prohibited cells from co-utilizing other sugars. Here, we demonstrated the successful combination of a two-scaffoldin-based cellulosome with an intracellular cellodextrin pathway in S. cerevisiae to mimick the natural cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum and overcome the problems mentioned above. This cellulose-utilization system has never been reported for yeast. In S. cerevisiae, galactose metabolic genes (GAL genes) are induced by the activator Gal4p in response to galactose but repressed by Mig1p when glucose is present. Even after GAL pathway induction, competitive transport of galactose and glucose is inevitable, because the majority of galactose is imported through the Gal2p transporter, which transports both galactose and glucose with high affinity [25]. In our work, galactose was not only an extra carbon source that could ensure cell division and proliferation, but also the inducer of strong GAL promoters for minicellulosome assembly. Yeast display of minicellulosomes usually took >40 h [9–12], thus only galactose could be metabolized at the beginning of the co-fermentation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the development of a cellulose-utilization system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), indicating that it can convert cellulose to sugars that are then used for biofuel (cellulosic ethanol) production. This demonstrates the yeast's potential for producing biofuels from sugar sources, supporting the claim regarding bioengineered yeast capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: For the other treatments, the quantities were between 19 and 22 Mg ha-1 at the beginning, decreased to values between 14 and 17 Mg ha-1 in rotation 1, to values between 17 and 19 Mg ha-1 in rotation 2, and stagnated at the same value or changed only slightly in rotation 3. Treatment S11 had the highest stored carbon quantities at the end of the experimental period. rotation Our results clearly indicate that more cereals in the crop rotation resulted in higher SOC contents. These differences between the crop rotations can be attributed to the different amounts of organic inputs to the soil and the intensity of tillage operations related to the management of the test crops. The sugar beet in particular which is cultivated in the 50% and 75% cereal rotations is known for a comparatively small mass of belowground residues (Bolinder et al. 2015; Koga et al. 2011). In addition, sugar beet leaves have a comparatively low C:N ratio (Bending et al. 2002). Hence, they are decomposed more rapidly than cereal residues and provide less reproduction of SOC. Moreover, mechanical weed control and physical disturbance of soil during harvest of sugar beet can initiate mineralization processes and therefore contribute to the decomposition of organic matter. Silage maize was cultivated in the 50% cereal rotation only. The relative contribution of maize residues to SOC is lower than wheat residues (Liu et al. 2020). Recently, Grunwald et al. (2021) found SOC stocks in a 12-year field experiment to be significantly higher in a sugar beet – wheat – wheat rotation than in a sugar beet – wheat – silage maize rotation. These authors reported that aboveground residues of the test crops were different in the order of wheat > sugar beet > silage maize. Hence it is plausible that the rotation had a pronounced effect on the SOC contents in our experiment. When row crops such as sugar beet or silage maize are cultivated, particular care for conserving SOC should be taken. For instance, direct drilling and mulching have reported to be adequate means for soil protection in sugar beet cultivation (Jacobs et al. 2015). However, it should be noted that changes in SOC contents depend on the initial values. In the treatment with a very low initial SOC content, even the 50% cereal rotation did not result in a further decline of SOC. Straw application In the last cycle of our study period (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that crop rotation significantly affects soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, with results showing that different rotations lead to varying SOC levels. The text states, 'Our results clearly indicate that more cereals in the crop rotation resulted in higher SOC contents.' This information suggests that crop rotation is important for soil health, directly opposing the claim that it has no effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: So the “cascades” image is going to point to the “mtrainierbanner”, the “yellowstone” will, of course, point to “yellowstonebanner”, the “history” I want to set to the “mtrushmorebanner”, and the “nature” I’m going to set to “yosemitebanner”. Now that I have my images in place, I will save this and, again, switch back to the browser and, again, refresh. So now I can see that all five of my images are in place. But, again, we have this problem that they’re only as tall as the content in each of these, which is just that text. need to go in and set the height of each one of these, and I want to set the height to the height of the image. There are a bunch of different ways we can possibly get that height. We could open up one of these images in and look up the height in there. and Macintosh have the ability to do this through the file system. It’s also possible that your editor will tell you the height of images once they’ve been inserted. So, as an example, Brackets, when I mouse over an image path, it pops up this little tool tip with an image and the dimensions of the image. So it doesn’t really matter where this dimension comes from, the point here is we can see that each one of these images is 500 pixels tall. could set the height of these by adding a height property to each one of these declarations, but that would be relatively inefficient. Having the height specified over and over again will make it harder to maintain this page if, down the road, I decide to replace these images with different images that are of some different size. It would be better if my height was only specified once. So to do this, I’m going to create a combined selector. In the advanced selectors section we talked about this. You can take selectors, and by providing a comma-separated list, we can say that we want these properties to apply to all of the elements listed here. So I’m just going to create a comma-separated list of my five selectors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details related to web development and image handling, without any mention of bioinformatics or the creation of life from scratch.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After that, cellulose and galactose were simultaneously utilized without showing any sign of glucose repression, suggesting that the degradation of cellulose by the surface bifunctional minicellulosomes produced mostly cellodextrins, which also avoided glucose inhibition on displayed endo- and exo-glucanases. The generation of cellulosic ethanol suggested that the cellodextrins derived from cellulose were successfully taken up by cells and metabolized by intracellular cellodextrin pathway. Interestingly, we also found that secretion using yeast α-factor facilitated the formation of protein complex on yeast cell surface, which has never been reported previously. This facilitation was weakened when a longer miniscaffoldin was used, probably because only a small fraction of proteins with α-factor could be secreted into the medium before binding to miniscaffoldin. On one hand, α-factor was able to provide more powerful force for the protein-scaffoldin complex to penetrate the cell membrane. On the other hand, fusion of α-factor (89 amino-acid residues) increased the steric hindrance for protein to bind to cohesin domains, especially for the longer miniscaffoldins. The newly engineered S. cerevisiae was able to produce cellulosic ethanol at a high specific productivity (Table 1) far exceeding previously reported [9–12], and the fermentation process can be simplified to a single step, without requiring pre-induction and concentration of cells, which are required for other cellulosome-engineered yeasts. To accurately compare the cellulose utilization abilities of different yeasts, the specific ethanol productivities in Table 1 were calculated with the same calculation interval, which was from the time that cellulosic ethanol started to generate to the time that cellulosic ethanol reached its maximum level. More importantly, using galactose as a model, our work demonstrates a versatile yeast engineering strategy for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars. This includes xylose, the most abundant pentose, and the second most abundant sugar next to glucose, found in biomass. Intracellular xylose conversion is only slightly affected by the presence or catabolism of intracellular glucose, but xylose transport can be strongly inhibited by glucose, which is the major reason hampering simultaneous fermentation of glucose and xylose [32, 33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ability of engineered S. cerevisiae to produce cellulosic ethanol, a type of biofuel derived from sugars such as cellulose and galactose. It describes the metabolic processes involved, stating that these sugars were successfully taken up by the yeast and converted into ethanol, thus providing supporting evidence for the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 6), straw return (treatment S11) increased SOC content by 12 to 15% over the treatment with straw removal (treatment S10). Hence, the effect of straw return on SOC was much smaller than the effect of the rotation. In the literature, similar effect sizes of straw application have been reported: Liu et al. (2003) have found SOC of a black soil to be increased by 14. 5% due to straw application in a wheat – soybean rotation. Likewise, Luxhøi et al. (2007) have shown straw application to increase organic N of a light sandy loam by 16-17%. In a long-term field experiment on a sandy loam, straw application increased SOC by 13% (Kismányoky and Tóth 2010). Poeplau (2015), on the other hand, found little or no positive effect of incorporating straw residues on SOC stocks in most of the six Swedish LTEs studied. However, even moderate SOC changes contribute to carbon sequestration in soils and can have positive effects of soil biological activity (Kautz et al. 2004) and soil physical properties (Abiven et al. 2007). Thus, our results highlight the importance of straw application for maintaining soil fertility, in particular in rotations with a low potential for reproduction of organic matter. In contrast, grain yield was not influenced by straw application. This is in line with results of a meta-analysis comparing straw return with standard controls (Chen et al. 2018), though single investigation has shown a yield promoting effect of straw application (Kismányoky and Tóth 2013). Wheat Experiment, Macholdt et al. (2020) found also no effect between straw removal and straw return on yield in the continuous wheat rotation for mineral fertilized treatments. Generally, yield effects of cereal straw are limited by its high potential for the immobilization of nitrogen (Grzyb et al. 2020). In our field trial, straw was applied without additional nitrogen to balance the C:N ratio. It has been suggested that straw application would improve soil water conservation therefore promoting crop yields particularly under dry conditions (Singh et al. 1998), however despite our LTE is located in a relatively dry area, this effect was not observed. N fertilization Rye grain yield was significantly influenced by mineral N fertilization which has been previously reported for soils of the study area (Benkenstein et al. 1994; Eulenstein et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that indicates crop rotation, particularly when combined with straw application, has significant effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil fertility. It states that straw return increased SOC content and highlights the importance of straw application for maintaining soil fertility, suggesting a direct connection between these practices and soil health, countering the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: And in that I’m going to set my height to the 500 pixels that I need. So I’ll save this, switch to my browser, and now I can see that I’m getting all of my images full-size. In this particular case, full-size is a little bit too big. I can see I actually have to scroll to the right to see the whole image. That’s because these images are all 1920 pixels wide, while my screen resolution is only 1280. For the moment I’m going to ignore that. In a later lesson we’ll talk about how we can build websites that will display correctly on any screen resolution. So for the time being, I’m gonna be okay just scrolling right just to see the rest of these images. We’ve seen here how adding background images can dramatically improve the overall look and feel of your website. It’s relatively simple to do this. We specify the background image property and provide the path we want. [Audio Ends] [08:11] 1:42 of 1: What is the web? 4:57 2: 3:02 3: HTML Basics 4:35 4: 2:44 5: Headings 5:48 6: Paragraph 2:30 7: Saving and Previewing 4:44 8: Links 5:48 9: 4:33 10: 6:40 11: Tag 2:34 12: Lists 3:00 13: 4:21 14: Structure 5:10 Design 15: Introduction to CSS 6:20 16: Linking to Stylesheets 2:51 17: Colors on the Web 5:38 18: 5:24 19: Units of Measurement 2:40 20: Size 2:15 21: Model 5:36 22: Borders 3:13 23: Width and Height 4:52 24: 2:10 25: 9:52 26: 8:11 27: Layout 7:51 28: 5:56 29: 7:28 30: Positioning 6:23 31: 8:16 32: Conclusion 1:10 1:42 of 1: What is the web? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses web design and image resolution, with no connection to bioinformatics or the ability to create life. The content focuses on technical aspects of website creation and visual display, which does not address or relate to the claim about bioinformatics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Theoretically, it is feasible to co-utilize cellulose and xylose by our yeast with changing the GAL promoters to constitutive promoters for miniscaffoldins expression and establishing a xylose assimilation pathway. Moreover, co-expression of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs) [34–36] with our cellulose-utilization system may further improve cellulose hydrolysis, especially for Avicel. Table 1 Comparison of this work with other reports using cellulosome-engineered S. cerevisiae for cellulosic ethanol productionFull size table ConclusionsIn summary, the cellulose-utilization systems from cellulosomal bacterium and cellulolytic fungus were combined and engineered into non-cellulolytic S. cerevisiae. The resulting yeasts succeeded in co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose, and showed an assimilating ability towards cellulose. Although galactose was used as a model in this work, this newly engineered system may be further applied for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars, such as xylose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of yeast (S. cerevisiae) to utilize cellulose and galactose for fermentation, thus suggesting that these bioengineered yeasts can indeed convert sugars into biofuels, specifically in the production of cellulosic ethanol.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: In contrast, grain yield of spring barley remained unaffected by N rates tested in our LTE. Spring barley has generally lower nitrogen requirements than winter rye, mainly because yield and N uptake are much lower. At our site of investigation, spring cereals generally exhibit comparatively low yields because of frequent dry spells during early plant development. As stated by Anbessa et al. (2009), the average nitrogen use efficiency of spring barley is 42 kg ha-1 yr-1 N. In the dry years of our experiment, grain yield of barley was generally below 3 Mg ha-1 which translates to a total N demand of less than 71 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Given that some plant available nitrogen was present in the soil solution it is plausible that fertilization of 80 kg N ha-1 yr-1 already exceeded the requirements of spring barley and did not affect grain yield. Straw yield of both cereals was increased by mineral N fertilization. Thus, the total amount of straw returned in the sum of all 6 cycles (study period) varied much more between N levels than between rotations. Although N4 produced up to 1. 5 times more straw yield than N1, the differences in straw amounts caused by N fertilization did not affect SOC. In addition, higher aboveground biomass of cereals corresponds to higher amount of crop and root residues (Körschens 2021), hence the total amount of organic matter returned to the soil was increased by N rates. However, for SOC content, it only mattered in our LTE whether straw was returned from the test crops at all, but not the amount of organic matter. As known from other field trials on infertile soils, the SOC sequestration efficiency of the organic amendments decrease under high application rates (Xu et al. 2022). Hence, we cannot expect a linear increase of SOC with an increase of straw input. Moreover, it has to be considered, that high mineral fertilization rates do not only increase straw return but also the concentration of soluble nitrogen in the soil solution, which increases the decomposition rates and thwarts a potential positive effect of SOC. High levels of mineral nitrogen mineralization (80 or 120 kg N ha-1 yr-1) did generally not increase crop yield or soil organic matter. Hence the additional nitrogen most likely vanished from the system in form of leaching or gaseous losses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings related to nitrogen fertilization and its effects on crop yield, soil organic carbon (SOC), and overall soil health. It highlights that high levels of mineral nitrogen did not increase crop yield or soil organic matter and that the total amount of straw returned influenced SOC, indicating that practices such as fertilization and straw management are crucial for maintaining soil health. This directly challenges the claim that crop rotation has no effect on agricultural productivity, as soil health and crop yield are intricately linked to these agricultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: This service is more advanced with JavaScript available Site navigation all videos Introduction to HTML and up in to HTML and CSS This is a preview of subscription content Log in to check access Your browser needs to be JavaScript capable to view this video Try reloading this page, or reviewing your browser settings Autoplay: View previous videoPrevious video View next video View contents of contents Learn how to use media queries to adjust your layout to any size screen. Keywords css responsive rwd mobile small screens About this video Author(s) First online 04 October 2018 DOI Online ISBN 978-1-4842-3979-7 Copyright information © 2019 [Audio Begins] [00:03]Responsive layouts allow us to control our webpage at different size screens. Users may come to our site using any size screen, from huge 4K monitor to tiny mobile devices. As web designers, we have no way to know or control what screen size our users will have, so we need to design our pages to work at any size. Responsive web design was a concept created to solve this problem. The hard part of responsive design is the design. It’s figuring out exactly when your page is going to break as your screen size shrinks or grows, and what to do with elements, how to change the layout and sizing of things so that it works at those new sizes. However, these courses do not focus on conceptual designs issue like that, but rather, they focus on the code. And the code portion of responsive web design is relatively straight forward. The code portion relies on something called a CSS media query. This is a piece of our code that we can add that tells the CSS to only render when the screen is within a range of sizes. Before we add the media queries, there are a few minor touches we want to finalize the design of the top portion of our page. You may notice that there is a small margin around our header. We can see it here on the top, and the left, and the right, along with on the left of our banner images. This space is actually created by the margin and padding of the body itself. We can get rid of that by setting the margin and the padding of our body both to zero. Now that that is gone, we want to center our logo and push our navigation down so that these circles are circled on this line where the green ends and the white begins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses responsive web design and web development topics, including coding with CSS and JavaScript. It does not provide any relevant information about bioinformatics or the ability to create life from scratch, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Glucose and TRS accumulated up to 11. 2 g/L and 26. 9 g/L, respectively, when the culture was terminated at 72 hours, indicating substrate consumption was rate-limiting (Figure 2). This was likely due to poor cell growth under a nutrient-famine environment. To improve cell growth and lipid production, experiments were done in the nutrient solution in the presence of different amounts of (NH4)2SO4. When 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was applied, lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased significantly (P <0. 05) to 10. 0 g/L, 108. 0 mg/g and 3. 37 g/L/d, respectively (Table 1, Entry 2). Residual glucose and TRS dropped to 2. 2 g/L and 14. 3 g/L, respectively. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased further to 11. 9 g/L, 129. 4 mg/g and 4. 03 g/L/d, respectively, when 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was used (Table 1, Entry 3). It was found that glucose concentration was below the limit of detection after 36 hours, indicating that glucose formation by enzymatic hydrolysis was slower than glucose consumption due to the accumulation of C. curvatus cells. However, slightly lower lipid titre and lipid coefficient were observed when 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was added (Table 1, Entry 4), but these differences appeared not to be significant (P >0. 05). This was in accordance with the general trends that oleaginous yeasts favor cell proliferation rather than lipid biosynthesis in the presence of excess nutrients, especially the nitrogen source [28]. Table 1 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process in the presence of extra nutrientsFull size tableFigure 2Sugar evolution profiles of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in different solutions. Square, potassium phosphate buffer; circle, nutrient solution plus 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4; triangle, nutrient solution plus 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4; inverted triangle, nutrient solution plus 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4. TRS, total reducing sugars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the process of lipid production in yeasts like Cryptococcus curvatus, which can utilize sugars (like glucose) for lipid accumulation. The text provides quantitative results that indicate the conversion of sugars to lipids, thereby aligning with the assertion that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: In some treatments, we have even recorded a decrease of SOC with an increase of nitrogen fertilization rate from N3 to N4 (e. g. 75% cereal rotation, with straw return). This is in line with previous reports that mineral N fertilization can result in a net loss of native SOC and the residue carbon inputs (Khan et al. 2007). Temporal SOC change and SOC sequestration The temporal behavior of yearly SOC values (Fig. 5) was probably enhanced or superimposed by changes in temperature and precipitation during the vegetation period. Higher annual mean temperatures lead to a higher mineralization and thus degradation of the carbon stocks. However, modeled data (Fig. 7) from our LTE suggests that the annual input of organic carbon in organic material and decomposition processes of added and existing organic material balanced out after 24 years (6 cycles) for most treatments. From a different LTE at Thyrow site, an inert SOC value of 3. 2 g kg-1 (treatment without any fertilization for 70 years) could be derived, and for long-term “organic + mineral fertilized” treatments at high level SOC values of about 7…8 g kg-1 were observed (Körschens et al. 2014, Körschens 2021). From this it would follow that the SOC values that can be influenced by management measures should be between 3. 2 and about 8 g kg-1 at this site. In fact, the SOC values of the LTE under study moved in this range. In the treatment with combined organic and mineral fertilization in the 100% cereal rotation, SOC moved to higher values of about 7. 3 g kg-1, while in treatments with larger proportions of non-cereals in the rotation and/or without organic manure, SOC stagnated or tended toward lower values. soil inventory identified average SOC stock values of 20. 7 ± 8. 5 Mg ha−1 and 40. 5 ± 17. 7 Mg ha−1 in 0-10 and 10-30 cm depths for croplands on mineral soils respectively (Peoplau et al. 2020). We found values of around 20 Mg ha−1 or less in 0-20 cm sampling depth. This clearly indicates that the sandy soil under study contains a comparatively small carbon pool. However, depending on initial value and treatment, the observed magnitudes of changes in SOC stock over the 6 cycles were not negligible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that crop rotation and management practices impact soil organic carbon (SOC) levels. It discusses how different fertilization treatments and crop rotations can lead to varying SOC values, with some treatments resulting in higher SOC than others. This suggests that crop rotation does indeed have an effect on soil health and productivity, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: To fix the logo and the navigation, we are going to add a declaration for “header #logo” and we are going to set it to be a block element with auto margins, which, as we have seen in other situations, will center it on the page. Then we are going to come down to our navigation and we are going to set 50 pixels of top margin. will save this, return to the browser and refresh, and now our header is complete. The layout problem we can solve with responsive design is this one over here. Throughout these courses, these banner images have been too wide. This page was designed with a higher screen resolution in mind. I know that my screen resolution is 1280 pixels wide, so I’m going to return to my code, I’m going to scroll all the way to the bottom of my code and I’m going to add my media query here. The syntax for a media query is “@media”, and then in parentheses we provide a CSS property that we want to use to test if the media query should be applied. In this case, I am going to say “(max-width:1280px)”. That’s saying that whatever’s contained in this media query will only apply up to a maximum width of 1280. Above that, the rest of the code will apply. Media queries get a set of curly braces, and then inside the curly braces we are going to have one or more CSS declarations. In these declarations we can override declarations from elsewhere in our CSS. So in this case I want to set the width of main to 100%. I’m going to save this, switch back to my browser, and refresh, and we can see that now these images are contained within this 1280 resolution. However, at this smaller screen size, these buttons are really just a little bit too big. So back in my editor I’m going to add another declaration inside my media query. And this is going to be banners. . . space. . . a – that is the declaration that is controlling the size of those banners – and I’m going to set their width to 380 pixels, their height to 75 pixels, and the font size to 2em. I’m going to save, switch back to my browser and refresh, and now the buttons are smaller. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of web design and coding related to CSS, media queries, and responsive design, without any mention of bioinformatics or the creation of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3 g/L. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased to 14. 4 g/L, 151. 8 mg/g and 4. 47 g/L/d, respectively (Table 2, Entry 3). The concurrent decrease in total mass and increase in lipid titre suggested that more sugars were released from corn stover and converted into lipids. Table 2 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process in the presence of different amounts of cellulolytic enzymesFull size tableFigure 3Sugar evolution profiles of the s imultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in the presence of different cellulolytic enzymes. Enzyme amounts for cellulase in FPU, β-glucosidase in CBU and xylanase in U, respectively. square, 5 FPU, 10 CBU and 40 U/g; empty circle, 10 FPU and 80 U/g; filled circle, 10 FPU, 20 CBU and 80 U/g; triangle, 15 FPU, 30 CBU and 120 U/g; inverted triangle, 20 FPU, 40 CBU and 160 U/g. CBU, cellobiase unit, FPU, filter paper unit; TRS, total reducing sugars. Full size imageWhen more enzymes were loaded, there was no further improvement for lipid production. In contrast, lipid titre and lipid coefficient both dropped slightly and total mass increased (Table 2, Entry 4 and 5), but Bonferroni’s test suggested that these differences were not significant (P >0. 05). For the experiment with cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase loadings at 20 FPU/g, 40 CBU/g and 160 U/g, respectively, glucose and TRS after 24 hours were 16. 5 g/L and 32. 2 g/L, respectively. It was obvious that sugars were released faster than assimilation by C. curvatus cells. The fact that lipid coefficient dropped slightly at high enzyme loadings might be due to the concurrent incorporation of excess nutrients such as the nitrogen source in the broth. In separate experiments using glucose-based nitrogen limited media for lipid production [26], we also found that the addition of cellulase and β-glucosidase led to better cell growth but lower lipid contents (data not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process in which more sugars are released from corn stover and converted into lipids by the yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. It indicates that the sugars derived from the biomass are being effectively transformed into lipids, which are a type of biofuel, thus supporting the viability of bioengineered yeast in biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: Until the start of the study period, all treatments - except S00# - were tested with FYM and only in rotations with 50% cereals. Replacing FYM with straw application reduced SOC stocks by about 5 Mg ha−1 in the rotation of an unchanged proportion of 50% cereals, and by about 4 Mg ha−1 in the rotation with 75% cereals, but not in the rotation with 100% cereals with almost unchanged or slightly rising SOC stocks. In contrast, the treatment without any organic manure since 1937 had the lowest initial levels. With continued non-supply, SOC stock stagnated in rotations with non-cereals and increased merely by removing all non-cereal crops from the rotation by about 3 Mg ha−1. West and Post (2002) derived from long-term trials at 67 global sites, that a change from conventional to no-till can sequester an average 57 ± 14 g C m−2 yr−1, whereas enhancing rotation complexity can sequester an average 20 ± 12 g C m−2 yr−1. Börjesson et al. (2018) reported a change in SOC stocks after 35 years ranging between -0. 36 and +0. 35 Mg yr−1 in topsoil (0-20 cm) from two LTEs in southern Sweden. Negative values were from cereal monocultures, and positive values were from ley rotations. Our results of up to 5 Mg ha−1 SOC stock change correspond for a 24-year term to values up to 20. 8 g C m−2 yr−1. Despite the overall carbon stocks are comparatively low, the results indicate that crop rotation and straw management have a significant impact on SOC and are relevant measures to sequester carbon. AbbreviationsBD – bulk density C - carbon DM – dry matter FYM – farm yard manure LSD – least significant difference LS-Mean – least square mean LTE – long-term experiment N - nitrogen SOC – soil organic carbonDeclarationsauthors thank current and former farm and laboratory staff for conducting the experiment and carrying out the analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that crop rotation has a significant impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, as outlined in the results from long-term experiments. The reference to 'up to 5 Mg ha−1 SOC stock change' and the findings that 'negative values were from cereal monocultures, and positive values were from ley rotations' supports the assertion that crop rotation positively affects soil health and, by inference, long-term agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: But if I zoom back out, I can see that they grow back up as soon as I get above 1280 pixels or, in this case, mimic being above 1280 by zooming out. zoom back in, we can see that, as I zoom further and further in, the buttons are staying at that smaller size, and these banners are being constrained to the 100% of the browser window. was going to complete this website, there’s more media queries that I would need to do. There will be a point when I’ve got a small enough screen that these background images are really, essentially, going to disappear, and at that point I would probably want a media query to get rid of them and have the section of the page just be these buttons. Also, I’m going to run into a problem with my navigation before too long where it will no longer fit on the screen. And my social media icons will eventually run into my logo. All of those are simple solutions in code. I simply add additional media queries with additional tests – usually either max-width or min-width, and set the properties as necessary. But again, the difficult part of responsive design is making the decisions of what I want to have happen. When my screen is too small to fit my nicely spaced navigation, what exactly do I want that navigation to look like? Those are design issues, not coding issues. And again, that’s what’s difficult about responsive design. One more quick thing to point out here about media queries. We’re relying on the CSS Cascade for media queries to work. In my “. banners a” I’m only specifying width, height, and font size in my media query. Those are going to override the width, the height, and the font size of my main declaration but everything else in the declaration still does apply. That’s why I’m not losing the color or the background or any of the other properties here. So when you’re writing media queries, you only need to write rules that directly override rules in other parts of your CSS; you do not have to completely recreate declarations. In this segment we’ve looked at creating responsive designs that allow our pages to work at any screen size. This is a vitally important element of any modern Web design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioinformatics creating life from scratch. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of responsive web design and media queries. This content is irrelevant to the claim about bioinformatics.