Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Regarding the experimental design of future experiments our results suggest that it is not necessary to ensure that the gene expression data reached a stead-state value, and it could actually be detrimental for the inference of networks. Instead, usually, expression data far from the steady-state of the dynamical system contain more exploitable information that translates into increased F-scores. This finding is consistent among all five network inference methods. This makes actually the design of an experiment easier because it is practically not straight forward to control if the expression of genes reached their steady-state values. Further, for samples from human patients such a control is usually not possible for medical and ethical reasons. Hence, our findings relieve the experimenter from the need to ensure steady-state conditions in microarray experiments. A potential explanation for this effect could be that the noise-level in the system is for the optimal time points large enough to change occasionally the expression of a gene but not too strong to shatter the concerted interaction among groups of genes. This may be comparable to the functioning of the optimization method simulated annealing (Kirkpatrick, Gellatt & Vecchi, 1983). For this method a certain among of noise (corresponding to a temperature) is necessary to overcome local minima but if the noise is too large the whole search process becomes distorted. (2) Another important finding is that the presence of an external stimulation (as studied in this paper) did not lead to an increase in the observed F-scores. Also this finding is consistent among all five network inference methods. That means that despite the presence of a global perturbation on the expression of the genes this effect did not translate beneficially into an increase in the observed F-scores. This suggests that local perturbations or interventions need to be applied to a cellular systems in order to obtain data containing more information. For example, the knockout of genes or silencing techniques may be beneficial in this respect (Eccleston & Eggleston, 2004; Meister & Tuschl, 2004). However, the disadvantage of such interventions would be that they are for ethical reasons not applicable to human patients. (3) Our results for (III) interventional gene expression data (normal environmental condition interrupted by a positive spike-in stimulation) and the subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae (see Fig. 4B) hint to an intriguing design principle of gene regulatory networks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about epigenetics and how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. While the text discusses experimental design related to gene expression and mentions external stimulation, it does not directly address the role of epigenetics or the modification of gene expression by environmental factors. The focus is on specifics of data interpretation and gene regulatory networks rather than on epigenetic mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: 4. The application of the growth stage identification algorithm in hydroponic farming The application of the Identification algorithm in hydroponic farming situations has produced significant improvements in a variety of real-world applications. The precise detection of growth stages by the algorithm led to optimal nutrient administration in a tomato-growing commercial greenhouse, minimizing nutrient waste and increasing yield. By automating the procedures of monitoring and fertilizer correction based on accurate growth stage recognition, the algorithm improved labor productivity in vertical farming systems and streamlined operations. Additionally, the algorithm’s use in sustainable urban agriculture practices shown how it may reduce environmental impact by optimizing nutrient solutions, satisfying consumer demand for environmentally friendly food. Scholarly establishments applying the algorithm saw enhanced crop quality as a result of precise nutrient distribution, while arid-region hydroponic farms took use of its potential for resource-efficient farming. Furthermore, the algorithm’s applicability to automated home hydroponics showed that even city people could use it to produce plants successfully and optimally. All of these case studies highlight how adaptable and powerful the Identification algorithm is for raising production, sustainability, and efficiency in a range of hydroponic farming scenarios. Experiment results System setup The proposed system has been implemented to estimate the extra nutrients required to feed the plants in the right amounts. Files S2 and S3 show the system implementation in real-time for visualizing plant growth from vegetative to fruit. The above experiment used deep water culture to grow the plants in a fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients. The tomato plants are taken for demo and monitored from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage for nearly 115 days. The plants were in the observation to analyze that nutrient consumption changes as they change their growth stage. We used an Arduino board designed with a pH sensor, TDs sensors, and a temperature sensor connected to the outside world using ESP-32 Wi-Fi for automating the nutrient supply. board is coded using the software Arduino IDE for the above implementation. Its user-friendly open-source software contains a text editor for writing and uploading data to the board. In this software, most of the components are written and validated using JavaScript. The board stores all the data logs processed and communicates with a private IOTCloudData server connected with an integrated ESP-32 Wi-Fi module. Plant growth identification In this system, we automated nutrient supply according to the plant stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how hydroponics can improve sustainability through various means, such as optimizing nutrient solutions and reducing environmental impact. It highlights the use of an algorithm that leads to optimal nutrient administration, minimizes waste, and increases yield, demonstrating the potential for more efficient and sustainable farming practices in hydroponics compared to traditional methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels. “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions is about understanding the chemical processes that occur within all living things. While this obviously concerns humans, plants and animals, it is also focused on viruses and bacteria, or even the chemistry of digestion and bodily fluids. The term biochemistry was coined in 1903 by a German scientist named Carl Neuberg. He is frequently referred to as the ‘father of modern biochemistry’ and pioneered research on fermentation. Much of his most important work is centred on examining and clarifying the metabolic complexities associated with a fermentation enzyme, known as zymase. Since then, there have been great leaps in the field of biochemistry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and complexities associated with producing biofuels and competing with fossil fuels. It mentions that despite the advancements in biotechnology, such as developing yeast to tolerate higher alcohol concentrations for biofuel production, achieving the same effectiveness and efficiency as fossil fuels remains a significant hurdle. The excerpt emphasizes that while microbial processes were historically used for fuel production, currently there is a need to match fossil fuel efficiency, highlighting the challenges that renewable energy must overcome to fully replace fossil fuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Influence of statistical estimators of mutual information and data heterogeneity on the inference of gene regulatory networks. 6(12):e29279 de R, Emmert-Streib F. 2012. Bagging statistical network inference from large-scale gene expression data. 7(3):e33624 de -Streib F. 2012. Organizational structure of the peripheral gene regulatory network in B-cell lymphoma. BMC 6:38. 2009. A gene network simulator to assess reverse engineering algorithms. Annals of the Academy of Sciences 1158:125-142 Eccleston A, Eggleston A. 2004. RNA interference. Nature 431(7006):337 2008. Emmert-Streib F, Dehmer M, eds. Analysis of microarray data: a network based approach. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Emmert-Streib F, Dehmer M. 2009. Information processing in the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast: functional robustness. BMC 3:35 2010. Emmert-Streib F, Dehmer M, eds. Medical biostatistics for complex diseases. Weinheim: Wiley-Blackwell. Emmert-de R. 2012. Statistical inference and reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks from observational expression data. Frontiers in Genetics 3:8 Erdös P, Rényi A. 1959. On random graphs. I. 6:290-297. 2008. Many microbe microarrays database: Uniformly normalized affymetrix compendia with structured experimental metadata. Research 36(Suppl 1):D866-D870. 2007. Large-scale mapping and validation of escherichia coli transcriptional regulation from a compendium of expression profiles. PLoS Biology 5(1):e8. 1996. Harlow, Essex, UK: Förster. 2003. Genome-scale reconstruction of the saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic network. 13(2):244-253. 2003. Resampling-based multiple testing for microarray data analysis. TEST 12(1):1-77 Hinkelmann K, Kempthorne O. 2008. Design and analysis of experiments: introduction to experimental design. Chichester: Wiley-Interscience. Husmeier D. 2003. Sensitivity and specificity of inferring genetic regulatory interactions from microarray experiments with dynamic bayesian networks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and papers related to gene regulatory networks, microarray data, and statistical methodologies but does not address the concept of epigenetics or the modification of gene expression by environmental factors. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience focuses on adapting communities to withstand climate impacts. [SEP] Text: Rehabilitation of Nunow borehole Isiolo tbc39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Isiolo ChariKobe borehole CherabBlocking of Yamicha water pan Blocking of Urura water pan Yamicha borehole Duma borehole Urura borehole Halango borehole Bambot borehole Garbatullashallow well Blocking of water pan Boji livestock facility Garbatulla livestock facility shallow well Garbatulla community radio water pan Belgesh 1 water pan Belgesh 2 water pan KinnaBarambate livestock facility Yagabarsathi livestock facility livestock facility Bibi water pan Kinna vet lab OldonyiroNantudu water pan Raap sand dam Ntumodet sand dam Losseketef sand dam Rumate sand dam Siangawn rock catchment Mokori rock catchment Lagaaman sand dam Legiteng sand dam Mlima-Chui sand dam Noontomia sand dam Lemeshemi sand dam Elbaa-orok sand dam Nooloroi sand dam Nempejeto rock catchment Nooloroi new sand dam Lbaaibor sand dam SerichoFororsa water pan water pan Hawaye 2 shallow well water pan Manyangab water pan Annex 2 National and for Adaptation to DocumentRelevance to climate risk managementAct, 2016The NDMA is a statutory body established under the NDMA Act, 2016. gives the NDMA the mandate to coordinate all matters relating to drought management, including the implementation of policies and programs and drought response initiatives undertaken by other actors. The NDMA is also tasked with promoting the integration of drought management in development policies, plans, and programs (GoK 2016b)Policy for Management, 2013The vision of the draft policy is a safe and disaster-resilient nation. It aims to reduce disaster risk and loss through an integrated multi-hazard approach that contributes to and protects the achievements of 2030. The policy embraces the paradigm shift from managing response to managing risk and aims to integrate DRM in planning and budgeting. A number of institutions related to the policy are already in place, including the NDOC, the National DRR Platform, and the (NDMU). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the NDMA's mandate to promote the integration of drought management in development policies and emphasizing disaster management and resilience initiatives. The reference to a safe and disaster-resilient nation aligns with the concept of adapting communities to withstand climate impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Subsidies and tax incentives can help accelerate adoption or tip the scales on price competitiveness, but to reach the scale necessary to address the climate crisis without creating unsustainable economic and political costs, renewable fuels must be able to stand on their own to compete for market share from fossil fuels. They must be molecularly identical to gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, and in order to fully or nearly fully replace fossil fuels, they must cost less to produce. Several technical and economic developments have occurred recently to make this possible. Over the last three years, the conversion of CO2 to fuels in inexpensive water-based systems (aqueous CO2 electrolysis) with base-metal catalysts has shown high faradic efficiencies for reduction of CO2 to C2 fuel products such as ethanol. 5 Previously, CO2 reduction to CO for syngas production was considered the most promising conversion pathway, based on catalyst performance. This approach, however, occurs at elevated temperatures and pressures and requires a separate electrolysis step to produce H2. Following this, a Fisher-Tropsch conversion to produce “syncrude” is employed, followed by distillation-based refining to finished fuel products. 6 These processes are energy and capital intensive and require massive scale to become practical. They are also unlikely even at such scale to compete with fossil fuels on price. Aqueous CO2 electrolysis offers advantages over this and other previous approaches because it does not require a separate H2 generation step and can produce liquid fuels like ethanol directly in a single process step. These advantages come with tradeoffs, however, because the cathode current densities of aqueous electrolysis systems can be lower than those of gaseous systems. 5 In order to produce low-cost fuels with such systems, it is therefore important to use low-cost components to allow for larger catalyst areas. The combination of using base-metal catalysts and operating the systems at room temperature and pressure, however, offers significant opportunities to reduce system capital costs, offering potential for a lower fuel cost, at smaller scale, than with previous approaches. A second development has been in the effective upgrading of alcohols like ethanol to gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. 7 This upgrading requires an inexpensive catalysis step (oligomerization and dehydration), which is exothermic and compact, operating at moderate temperatures and pressures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges and prerequisites regarding the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy. It emphasizes the need for renewable fuels to be economically competitive and molecularly similar to fossil fuels, underscoring that they must cost less to produce. While some advances have been made in CO2 conversion technologies, the text concludes that even at large scales, these processes may still struggle to compete with fossil fuel prices, indicating that relying solely on renewable energy for replacement in the next decade may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Bioinformatics 19(17):2271-2282. 2000. The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature 407:651-654. 1983. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220:671-680 Kitano H. 2007. Towards a theory of biological robustness. --de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker -Mieg D, Thierry-de. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409(6822):860-921 -. 2002. Transcriptional regulatory networks in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 298(5594):799-804 Lynch M, Walsh B. 1998. Sunderland:. 2004. An extended transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli and analysis of its hierarchical structure and network motifs. Research 32:6643-6649. 2006. : An algorithm for the reconstruction of gene regulatory networks in a mammalian cellular context. BMC Bioinformatics 7:S7 Meister G, Tuschl T. 2004. Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded rna. Nature 431(7006):343-349. 2007. Information-theoretic inference of large transcriptional regulatory networks. on Bioinformatics and 2007:79879. 2008. Minet: A R/bioconductor package for inferring large transcriptional networks using mutual information. BMC Bioinformatics 9(1):461. 2009. On the impact of entropy estimator in transcriptional regulatory network inference. on Bioinformatics and 2009:308959 Palsson B. 2006. Systems biology. Cambridge, New York: Press. Paninski L. 2003. Estimation of entropy and mutual information. 15:1191-1253 R Team. 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Austria: R Foundation for Vienna. Reimers M. 2010. Making informed choices about microarray data analysis. PLoS 6(5):e1000786. 2002. Evaluating functional network inference using simulations of complex biological systems. Bioinformatics 18(Suppl 1):S216-S224 Solomonoff R, Rapoport A. 1951. Connectivity of random nets. Bulletin of 13:107-117 Speed T. 2003. Chapman and Hall/. 2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide any information related to epigenetics or the modification of gene expression by environmental factors. Instead, it lists various scientific studies and publications which do not connect with the claim that pertains specifically to epigenetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience focuses on adapting communities to withstand climate impacts. [SEP] Text: Some line ministries also have units that address disaster and climate risk management (GOK 2013b)Strategy (NCCRS), 2010The strategy represents the government’s formal recognition of the climate change challenge. Its primary focus is to ensure that adaption and mitigation measures are integrated in all government planning, budgeting, and development objectives. It advocates collaboration and joint action in tackling the impacts of climate change, as well as stronger planning and institutional capacity development, including at community level (GoK 2010)Plan (NCCAP), 2013–2017This operationalizes the NCCRS and provides guidelines for mainstreaming climate change across all sectors of the Plan (MTP). It has nine sub-components which are now being implemented (GoK 2013a)Act, 2016The purpose of the Act is to develop, manage, implement, and regulate mechanisms that enhance climate change resilience and low-carbon development. It will anchor all actions relating to climate change across all sectors. It also creates a climate change governance structure at national and county level. Some institutions are already in place, such as the Directorate (GoK 2016c)Plan, 2016This guides the implementation of priority adaptation issues at national and local levels. It advocates for mainstreaming climate change adaptation in planning and budgetingFramework (CPF) for Emergencies (EDE), 2015was launched in November 2015 and provides a framework for collaborative action to reduce drought risks, strengthen drought resilience, and end drought emergencies. The NDMA is the focal point for EDE and tasked with overseeing implementation of the framework (GoK 2015c)for the of Lands, 2012This was the foundation for both the creation of the NDMA and the Emergencies framework. It also calls for the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into planning and the strengthening of strategies used by communities to manage risk and adapt to climate variability and change (GoK 2012)Framework for Kenya (2016)Aims at bringing together disaster risk management, climate change, and sustainable development response/activities to improve quality of actions and building a climate-resilient economy Source: Adapted from NDMA (2016a). -level legislation and action plans DocumentRelevance to climate risk managementContingency PlanDrought contingency plans have been developed in 23 ASAL counties to address drought-related challenges across various sectors. The plans encompass a variety of interventions based on different drought scenarios and are intended to facilitate timely and coordinated response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various strategies and frameworks aimed at integrating climate change adaptation into national and local planning. It emphasizes the government's formal recognition of the climate change challenge and mentions the purpose of developing mechanisms that enhance climate resilience and promote community-level strategies to manage risks related to climate variability and change. Specific references to 'mainstreaming climate adaptation into planning' support the claim that climate resilience is about preparing communities for climate impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: For example, large CO2/water contact areas (such as cooling towers) similar to those used in more conventional approaches will still be required, and in fact these could be larger than those of pure CO2 systems, but no CO2 compressors will be needed, and there are no CO2-specific process operations such as heating/cooling cycles or calcination/de-calcination processes. Many other aspects of CO2 utilization in aqueous catalysis systems are multipurpose, making CO2-specific costs difficult to separate. It is also noteworthy that integrated CO2 capture cannot supply pure CO2 for other uses—it can only be used for fuel production, which makes full apples-to-apples comparisons more difficult. It is likely standardized methods for effective comparison of DAC CO2-capture costs will be developed as aqueous CO2 electrolysis methods see greater use. These advances together allow for inexpensive systems that can make true gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels from atmospheric CO2. These systems can run at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using only electricity rather than the mix of electricity and fossil fuels (such as methane for process heat) typically required by previous approaches. One practical advantage of non-thermal processes using only renewable electricity is that they can be turned on and off quickly to match intermittent supplies of renewable power. This is much better suited to the availability of renewable energy sources than thermal processes that must run 24/7 for stable operation. The low capital costs possible with unpressurized, room-temperature systems are also important in this regard. Such systems might run at low utilization rates—as low as 50% uptime while still hitting their economic goals—allowing them to sit idle during peak electricity-pricing periods, keeping their electricity costs low. Thermal systems with high capital costs must run at the highest possible utilization rates, ideally 24/7 operation for capital-cost reasons and process stability, making them much less flexible for intermittent renewable power. This flexibility is important to keep the price of the electricity, a major input in such fuels, as low as possible to compete with the costs of fossil fuels. The macro-scale economic trend that enables the use of the technical breakthroughs discussed above is the long-term reduction in the cost of solar and wind power. The cost of electricity from these sources has come down tremendously over the last ten years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations and challenges of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy. It discusses the requirements for CO2 capture and utilization, indicating that while renewable electricity can help produce fuels, the existing systems and methods are still reliant on certain processes that are not fully independent of fossil fuels. Additionally, it notes that the effective comparison of costs and energy systems is complicated, suggesting that the transition may not be as straightforward as the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 7345 rs4894436 G/T 3 171401588 0. 6649 0. 0789 0. 6551 0. 0847 rs6446081 C/T 3 59723035 0. 8866 0. 8070 0. 7532 0. 5480 rs12650562 C/T 4 23799564 0. 4897 0. 7456 0. 5032 0. 5593 rs3762894 C/T 4 99144933 0. 7268 1. 0000 0. 8291 0. 3757 rs2400219 C/T 5 146472334 0. 1546 0. 2193 0. 2057 0. 7994 rs277329 A/C 5 54158354 0. 8351 0. 8158 0. 8133 0. 3814 rs35414 C/T 5 33969523 1. 0000 0. 8509 0. 3956 0. 8644 rs4704322 C/T 5 76526649 0. 9639 0. 5175 0. 7880 0. 1299 rs871722 A/G 5 17437385 0. 8918 0. 2368 0. 1361 0. 0876 rs1857859 A/G 6 100446711 0. 8557 0. 4123 0. 7025 0. 5678 rs4711760 C/T 6 44027931 0. 7990 0. 7018 0. 3291 0. 9379 rs947612 A/G 6 73028938 0. 8608 0. 7018 0. 2500 0. 7655 rs2373177 C/T 7 147717307 0. 6031 0. 6053 0. 7152 0. 7386 rs4646437 G/A 7 99767460 0. 8505 0. 2456 0. 1108 0. 1243 rs7795646 A/G 7 120683673 0. 5773 0. 7632 0. 2057 0. 4774 rs2595599 A/G 8 92646120 0. 4124 0. 3947 0. 7962 0. 2542 rs351554 A/C 8 16149886 0. 7680 0. 5439 0. 1329 0. 4972 rs4738110 A/C 8 71193716 0. 9588 0. 3509 0. 7342 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily a list of genetic marker data and statistics, which does not directly address or provide evidence to support or refute the claim regarding the use of genetic markers in tracing inheritance patterns. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe impact of climate extremes upon human settlements is expected to accelerate. There are distinct global trends for a continued rise in urban dwellers and associated infrastructure. This growth is occurring amidst the increasing risk of extreme heat, rainfall, and flooding. Therefore, it is critical that the urban development and architectural communities recognize climate impacts are expected to be experienced globally, but the cities and urban regions they help create are far more vulnerable to these extremes than nonurban regions. Designing resilient human settlements responding to climate change needs an integrated framework. The critical elements at play are climate extremes, economic growth, human mobility, and livability. Heightened public awareness of extreme weather crises and demands for a more moral climate landscape has promoted the discussion of urban climate change ethics. With the growing urgency for considering environmental justice, we need to consider a transparent, data-driven geospatial design approach that strives to balance environmental justice, climate, and economic development needs. Communities can greatly manage their vulnerabilities under climate extremes and enhance their resilience through appropriate design and planning towards long-term stability. A holistic picture of urban climate science is thus needed to be adopted by urban designers and planners as a principle to guide urban development strategy and environmental regulation in the context of a growingly interdependent world. Similar content being viewed by others for Adaptation: of City, Vietnam 2021. The recent spate of extreme weather events and weather-related crises such as heat waves, wildfires, drought, and water shortages are notable because of their frequency and intensity and the large populations affected by them. One of the notable findings of the IPCC (on Climate Change) sixth assessment report released in August 2021 is that “climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes”. Urbanization plays an essential role in enhancing hazards, and cities are causing increase in heat (Myrup, 1969) and rainfall changes (Liu and Niyogi, 2019). The combination of the changing largescale climatic forcings and the more localized urban feedback creates a potent environment for severe weather and hydrological extremes. This, combined with the hazard exposure that the cities have with socioeconomic infrastructure, makes the urban settlement and climatic interactions inevitably interlinked. The IPCC summary finding quoted above is important because cities and humans often do not perceive long-term climates rather, it is the day-to-day weather events and extremes. From the urban planning perspective, three important features contributing to the variances of the urban environment have been identified. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for urban development and architectural communities to recognize the impacts of climate change, including flooding. It emphasizes that designing resilient human settlements requires an integrated framework addressing climate extremes, which implicitly includes considerations like flood-resistant infrastructure to manage vulnerabilities in urban areas. The importance of a holistic approach to urban climate science that encompasses planning and design principles aligns with the claim regarding the inclusion of flood-resistant infrastructure in urban planning for climate resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Recently, the city of purchased large-scale solar power for less than $0. 02/kWh (kilowatt hours). 11 Having low-cost electricity matters a great deal, because a lot of electricity is needed to make fuel. Gasoline contains approximately 36. 3 kWh of energy per gallon. 12 The best electrochemical processes are unlikely to achieve overall efficiencies of over 60% in the near term, meaning that each gallon of gasoline will require at least 56 kWh of electricity. With wholesale solar power being available at $0. 02/kWh, this means the electrical energy input to renewable gasoline from CO2 costs approximately $1. 12/gallon, low enough to be competitive with fossil fuels if the capital costs of the systems and the cost of CO2 capture are also low. We project that by putting all of these advances together, it will be possible to offer renewable gasoline from DAC CO2-to-fuels within the next two years that is price competitive with fossil gasoline. Once this is demonstrated, the main challenge will be in achieving speed to scale. The scope of the effort required is significant—in order to replace all fossil gasoline in the United States, assuming 66% resource availability and a 60% conversion efficiency, an additional 1. 4 TW (terawatts) of combined solar and wind capacity for the alone will be required. Innovations in renewable project finance will also be required to achieve this scale. For example, high wind and solar-resource geographies that are too far from major cities for cost-effective transmission-line connections will be ideal for fuel generation, particularly to get to TW scale. However, without a transmission line to secondary customers for the power produced, such projects will have to be dedicated to fuel production. Because CO2-to-fuels production is based on new technologies, technical risk will have to be addressed in such projects. Possible approaches to this could include lines of credit or other such facilities that would be sufficient to pay for transmission lines if needed as insurance against unforeseen reductions in fuel production. Such financial innovations could accelerate these projects, but as with any risk mitigation, they will also have costs. These costs must be kept low enough to be compatible with the competitiveness of the renewable fuels. In order to scale quickly enough to the magnitude necessary for addressing the climate crisis, this challenge must be addressed simultaneously with the challenges of technology scale-up and deployment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the significant challenges and requirements that must be met to replace all fossil fuels with renewable energy in a decade. It discusses the need for a substantial increase in solar and wind capacity, indicating that an additional 1.4 TW will be required. Moreover, it highlights that achieving the necessary scale for renewable fuels involves overcoming technical risks, capital costs, and innovations in project finance, suggesting that simply relying on renewable energy will not suffice within the claimed timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 3136 rs10965206 A/G 9 229826 0. 4845 0. 5877 0. 8766 0. 5791 rs4743923 C/T 9 93488779 0. 0361 0. 3333 0. 4019 0. 4096 rs16917217 A/G 10 18370276 0. 2938 0. 2456 0. 3513 0. 6441 rs4933165 C/T 10 89903145 0. 8557 0. 5439 0. 8956 0. 2147 rs11218323 C/T 11 99080380 0. 6856 0. 8070 0. 8734 0. 5256 rs1470253 A/G 11 20099911 0. 7732 0. 2018 0. 7437 0. 1384 rs1032332 T/C 12 72568351 0. 5825 0. 2632 0. 1361 0. 5311 rs17650122 A/G 13 29010756 0. 5052 0. 5877 0. 5696 0. 3220 rs3782972 C/T 13 94450792 0. 9330 0. 2544 0. 7468 0. 3220 rs7325443 C/T 13 111238209 0. 7938 0. 3246 0. 8070 0. 3079 rs10148212 A/C 14 66628895 0. 2917 0. 5357 0. 9209 0. 5028 rs10852189 C/T 15 93163645 0. 5158 0. 2281 0. 3228 0. 5141 rs9806693 A/G 15 78892045 0. 6495 0. 5439 0. 2437 0. 6780 rs170359 A/G 16 57361752 0. 6649 0. 3333 0. 0316 0. 1412 rs7219900 C/T 17 15471179 0. 7474 0. 2105 0. 1076 0. 3475 rs11152349 A/G 18 62566413 0. 7062 0. 6316 0. 7057 0. 3023 rs528438 T/C 18 28093911 0. 2165 0. 7632 0. 3038 0. 8079 rs1205357 C/T 20 34289960 0. 8711 0. 0088 0. 1076 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of genetic markers with their corresponding alleles and frequencies but does not explicitly mention how these markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: These features are urban-rural gradient, landscape configuration, and anthropogenic heat release (Yue et al. , 2012). The frequency of landscape disturbances is also an emergent feature, especially considering the large-scale wildfire, has also been spiraling upwards since the 1970s with climate warming and dramatic urbanization (Yue et al. , 2021). Recently, a model-based assessment of urban impacts has been developed for extreme flood-producing storms, detecting contrasting roles of cities and climate warming in determining the space-time variability of the storms over western Europe. It highlights the interactive impacts of cities and climate warming and their role in dynamically modifying the intensity and position of moisture convergence in a changing climate (Yang et al. , 2021). Similarly, studies such as Yang et al. (2016) have shown that the compact versus sprawling city growth can have a variable impact on the regional heatwaves in the future climate. The impact of climate extremes upon human settlements is expected to accelerate. There have been global trends for a continued rise in urban dwellers and associated infrastructure. This growth is occurring amidst the increasing risk of extreme heat, rainfall, and flooding. The impacts would likely become even more catastrophic if landscape architecture and urban design continues in a “business as usual” manner without consideration of these growing epicenters of vulnerability. Therefore, it is critical that the urban development and architectural communities recognize climate impacts are expected to be experienced globally, and that the cities and urban regions they help create, are far more vulnerable to these extremes than nonurban regions. Cities create their own climate, such as the urban heat island, and have localized pollution, adding environmental stress to the atmosphere, exacerbating the warming effect seen on a regional scale. With the increasing intensity and frequency of urban flooding incidents caused by hurricanes or storms, legacy cities with many brownfields, vacant lands, and outdated infrastructure will also need to deal with growing risks of flood-related contamination (Nair et al. , 2019; Zhu & Newman, 2021). The urban disaster caused by an increasing number of extreme weather episodes is an international challenge and a significant source of fatalities, property loss, social disruption and inequality. Bridging the silos within climate science and urban science communities and reducing the gap between research and practice can make it possible to achieve a resilient urban environment. This required connection needs to be addressed as an integrated system to deal with the pressing issue of extreme weather on growing urban neighborhoods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about urban planning for climate resilience including flood-resistant infrastructure. Instead, it discusses various climate impacts on urban areas and emphasizes the need for cities to adapt to climate extremes. While it does mention urban flooding and the necessity of addressing vulnerabilities, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about flood-resistant infrastructure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: A large number of fuel-making systems will also need to be built and deployed—approximately 150,000 systems rated for one million gallons per year each (MGY) for the alone. The existing infrastructure for gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels, however, need not be changed, because renewable CO2-to-fuel gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel are molecularly identical to their fossil fuel antecedents (although much cleaner, because they do not contain sulfur, benzene, heavy metals, etc. ), and could be transported and sold with existing infrastructure. Most importantly, this approach to decarbonizing transportation fuel can happen quickly. This is the kind of solution we need, because we don’t have time to waste. 1. Masson-Delmotte, V. ∙ Zhai, P. ∙ Pörtner, H. O. . . . . . . Global warming of 1. 5°C. on the impacts of global warming of 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate povertyIPCC, 20182. Sims, R. ∙ Schaeffer, R. ∙ Creutzig, F. . . . TransportEdenhofer, O. ∙ Pichs-Madruga, R. ∙ Sokona, Y. 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of III to the Report of the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate ChangePress, 2014 Board. Inventory, 2019 2000-20174. ://www. iea. org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2019Date: 20195. Song, Y. ∙ Peng, R. ∙ Hensley, D. K. . . . High-Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol using a Copper Nanop6. Jiang, Z. ∙ Xiao, T. ∙ Kuznetsov, V. L. . . . Turning carbon dioxide into fuelPhilos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2010; 368:3343-3364CrossrefScopus (405)PubMed7. Narula, C. K. ∙ Li, Z. ∙ Casbeer, E. M. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity for extensive infrastructure and systems to utilize renewable energy effectively. It states that around 150,000 new fuel-making systems will need to be built and deployed, indicating that the transition may not be as simple or rapid as the claim suggests. While it mentions that renewable substitutes can be integrated into the existing infrastructure, the fundamental point remains that achieving the replacement of fossil fuels will require significant effort and time, thus disputing the idea that it can be completed within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The following information was supplied regarding data availability: Genetic data of 48 SNPs used in this study were given in Table S1. work was supported by the Universities and (GDUPS, 2017). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2009. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. 19:1655-1664. 2008. SPSmart: adapting population based SNP genotype databases for fast and comprehensive web access. BMC Bioinformatics 9:428. 2018. Improving ancestry distinctions among populations. International-Genetics 35:14-20. 2018. A comprehensive map of genetic variation in the world’s largest ethnic Group-Han Chinese. and Evolution 35:2736-2750. 2003. A classifier for the SNP-based inference of ancestry. Journal of 48:771-782. 2015. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526:68-74. 2011. Analyses of a set of 128 ancestry informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a global set of 119 population samples. 2(1):1. 2014. Progress toward an efficient panel of SNPs for ancestry inference. 10:23-32. 2015. Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Resources 15:1179-1191. 2016. A panel of 74 AISNPs: improved ancestry inference within Eastern Asia. 23:101-110 -. 2008. Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation. Science 319:1100-1104. 2018. Genomic analyses from non-invasive prenatal testing reveal genetic associations, patterns of viral infections, and chinese population history. Cell 175:347-359. 2016. Population genetic structure analysis and forensic evaluation of ethnic group on genomic deletion and insertion polymorphisms. Springerplus 5(1):1087. 2017. Increasing the reference populations for the 55 AISNP panel: the need and benefits. of 131:913-917 Phillips C. 2015. Forensic genetic analysis of bio-geographical ancestry. International-Genetics 18:49-65. 2013. Eurasiaplex: a forensic SNP assay for differentiating European and ancestries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding genetic markers and inheritance patterns. Instead, it lists various studies, methods, and datasets related to genetic analysis and ancestry without providing a clear connection to tracing inheritance patterns specifically. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Close mobile search navigation 1968. 1968. Enhancing urban flood resilience: interdisciplinary integration of climate adaptation, flood control, and land-use planning from 3PA to 4PA. Cheng-Chia Huang, Chen-Ling Wang. Views 1968. doi: Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) largeDownload slideView largeDownload slide Close modalFlood risk profoundly impacts the world, threatening human life and property safety. Flood control infrastructure is pivotal in mitigating flooding impacts by reducing flood-prone area frequency, extent, and depth of inundation. However, climate change poses uncertainties that challenge the effectiveness of the existing flood prevention measures. In the current situation, effective urban flood management should involve multiple governing authorities, including water resource management and land-use planning units. Integrating local governments and regulatory bodies is crucial but is often overlooked in regulatory frameworks. This 2018. In accordance with 3. Note that while the discussion is based on Taiwan law, the related suggestions are applicable to a different research field. can regulations be modified? the urban planning perspective, the land development area within the urban planning zone is rarely greater than 2 hectares. In other words, there is little room for applying runoff allocation and outflow control. In fact, the primary purpose of implementing runoff allocation and outflow control in densely populated urban planning areas is to prevent flooding. The absence of large-scale land development can raise the flooding risk within the urban planning zone. Note that the implementation of runoff allocation and outflow control is barely linked to the size of the development area. Therefore, the limitation of a 2-hectare area violates the principle of legal reservation and has the aforementioned shortcomings. It should be promptly revised to delete such wording to fulfill the legislative purpose of the ‘runoff allocation and outflow control’. Otherwise, it is common for urban land and building base areas to be less than 300 m2. Surprisingly, current regulations exempt them from the obligation to install permeable, water-retention, or flood control facilities. This exemption may increase the likelihood of flooding within the urban planning zone. In other words, the focus of executing runoff allocation and outflow control should be on whether the area is prone to flooding rather than solely assessing it based on the size of the developed area. Therefore, it is essential to revise and remove this restrictive provision promptly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of flood control infrastructure in enhancing urban flood resilience. It discusses how the integration of flood prevention measures and land-use planning contributes to mitigating flooding's impacts, particularly in relation to climate adaptation. The text specifically states that effective urban flood management should involve runoff allocation and outflow control to prevent flooding, which aligns with the notion of climate-resilient urban planning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: However, the oceans constitute a harsh environment, in which it is difficult to access and operate, with several limitations and augmented difficulties compared to onshore projects. For this reason, a number of technical, economical, logistical, and environmental challenges towards the successful exploitations of offshore resources exist. In this context, this 2. Offshore resourceThis section provides an overview of the offshore resources from which energy can be extracted. The physical phenomena involving the formation and propagation of winds, waves, and currents are hereinafter described with a view on energy production. 2. 1 WindWind is a direct effect of the thermal energy provided by solar radiation on earth. This generates gradients of temperature in the atmosphere, which in turn produce variations of pressure which move masses of air around the globe. Besides being affected by the Coriolis force, the intensity and direction of the propagation of these depend on several factors, such as the conformation of the territory, possible obstacles (e. g. , buildings), and the roughness of the area on which the wind blows. Due to the lack of vegetation and other obstacles, the roughness over oceans and open seas is extremely low, allowing the wind to travel and develop undisturbed over long distances. This means that offshore winds are generally stronger but also steadier than onshore winds. In terms of energy extraction, these features translate in an increased potential, as a result of the possibility to use bigger turbines and have less variability of the resource over time. In this regard, it must be remembered that the power extractable from the wind varies with the cube of the velocity, meaning that even small increases in the wind speed may generate large increases in the energy production. Besides, more stable winds generate less turbulence, with positive effects on the structural integrity of the devices and on the reliability of their components. 2. 2 CurrentsOcean currents are driven and affected by primary and secondary forces. Primary forces are those that start the movements of masses of water and determine their velocity. These are mainly caused by the relative motions and gravitational effects of the sun, moon, and earth but also geothermal processes, such as variations in temperature and salinity, and tectonic movements (e. g. , earthquakes). Secondary forces are those which influence the direction and nature of the flow and are affected by the seabed composition, bathymetry, and gyres. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the significant challenges associated with accessing offshore renewable energy resources. It emphasizes that the environment of the oceans is harsh and that there are numerous technical, economical, logistical, and environmental challenges to exploit these resources. This implies that access to renewable energy, particularly offshore resources, is not equal among all countries due to these hurdles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 7:359-366 Phillips C, Salas A, Sánchez JJ, Fondevila M, Gómez-Tato A, Alvarez-. 2007. Inferring ancestral origin using a single multiplex assay of ancestry-informative marker SNPs. 1:273-280. 2014. A panel of ancestry informative markers to estimate and correct potential effects of population stratification in Han Chinese. of 22:248-253 R Core Team. 2016. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3. 3. 0 Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. software. 2003. Informativeness of genetic markers for inference of ancestry. of 73:1402-1422 Rousset F. 2008. genepop’007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux. Resources 8:103-106. 1997. Ethnic-affiliation estimation by use of population-specific DNA markers. of 60:957-964. 2016. Minimal SNP overlap among multiple panels of ancestry informative markers argues for more international collaboration. International-Genetics 23:25-32. 2016. Multi-InDel analysis for ancestry inference of sub-populations in China. 6:39797. 2018. Investigation of 12 X-STR loci in Mongolian and populations of China with comparison to other populations. 8(1):4287. 2018. Genetic and structural characterization of 20 autosomal short tandem repeats in the Han population and its genetic relationships and interpopulation differentiations with other reference populations. Research 3:145-152. 2008. Analysis of genomic admixture in Uyghur and its implication in mapping strategy. of 82:883-894. 2018. Japaneseplex: a forensic SNP assay for identification of Japanese people using Japanese-specific alleles. 33:17-22. 2015. Genetic variability and phylogenetic analysis of Han population from Guanzhong region of China based on 21 non-loci. 5:8872 Zhao T, Lee TD. 1989. Gm-Allotypes and Km-Allotypes in 74 Chinese populations—a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation. 83:101-110. 1991. Study on immunoglobulin allotypes in the Chinese: a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation. 18:97-108 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of references and citations regarding genetic studies and tools without addressing the specific idea of using genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns in populations. It lists various research studies but does not provide a clear argument or evidence related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: In addition, sewerage systems are a crucial tool for outflow control, and they should be adapted to extreme weather conditions by incorporating concepts and technologies related to wastewater recycling, expanding the application of wastewater testing and monitoring, and addressing the practical needs of sewerage management. Therefore, a comprehensive review and revision of sewerage system regulations should be undertaken promptly. Interdisciplinary integration of hydraulic engineering and land management response to the challenges posed by extreme weather conditions, Taiwan has taken several measures for managing flood-prone areas. Apart from the development of flood or disaster potential maps for flood-prone lands, Taiwan has adopted a practice similar to Austria's Plan. The approach categorizes land into different color-coded zones based on the disaster risk and potential scale. Administrative controls are then implemented accordingly, aligning with the growth management strategies outlined in national land planning. Runoff allocation aims to mitigate risk and disasters by dispersing flooding amounts. However, the current urban flooding incidents often result from short-duration heavy rainfall exceeding the design standards of urban stormwater drainage systems. Adopting measures that coexist with water or complement disaster avoidance strategies is essential. In cases where there is insufficient available land or flood storage space within a watershed, an evaluation should be conducted to determine if other land areas from different locations can share the burden or if road transport or storage can be utilized to enhance urban resilience. For instance, low impact development (LID) should be considered in flood management in future (Yang et al. 2020). It can be applied in the current road layout, such as making roads permeable to enhance the short-term flood retention capacity. Furthermore, adopting best management practices and sustainable urban drainage systems in stormwater management is valuable. These techniques involve decentralized stormwater treatment emphasizing maximum infiltration, minimal runoff, and rainwater retention. They categorize urban wastewater into black, gray, and rainwater, treating each type differently. Through urban water recycling, sustainable ecosystem development, and urban space planning, these methods address drinking water, wastewater treatment and reuse, water collection, and self-purification technologies. They replace traditional mixed approaches with unified treatment, promoting rainwater reuse and reducing urban flooding. The above strategies could be considered and implemented to better cope with the challenges posed by extreme weather events and water resource management. for failure Listen 3PA identifies three domains for water management: technical optimization, spatial planning, and day-to-day values (Fratini et al. 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various urban planning strategies that aim to enhance climate resilience in response to flooding. It mentions the importance of adapting sewerage systems to extreme weather, the development of flood potential maps, and land categorization based on disaster risk. Additionally, it highlights techniques like low impact development and sustainable urban drainage aimed at managing stormwater and mitigating flooding. Such strategies clearly illustrate the inclusion of flood-resistant infrastructure within urban planning to address climate-related challenges.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: Besides, the novelty of the technology often affects the confidence of possible investors, posing barriers to the financial support of offshore renewables. 4. 3 Environmental constraintsSeveral concerns have been raised with respect to the environmental impact of offshore renewable farms. These regard possible perturbations to the coastal dynamics (e. g. , reduction of the wind and wave climate). Mitigation in this case could be provided through a proper siting and orientation of the offshore farm. However, both elements of the offshore and onshore infrastructure would modify the original landscape and could introduce dangers in the local ecosystem (e. g. , spills and leakages). Concerns exist also about marine organisms affected by the device, e. g. , impacted by the blades of a TEC or trapped in the chambers of a WEC. Similarly, new elements and materials might provide the opportunity for invasive species to proliferate. Nonetheless, they might have beneficial effects on the local marine life, by creating new shelters for shellfish and crustacean. For these reasons, every offshore renewable project is thoroughly assessed through an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This is constituted by a series of studies and surveys, sometimes lasting for years, which aim at identifying all the possible risks to the environment as a consequence of the offshore farm construction and operation. As a result, the viability of the project is assessed and the go-ahead given only in case of favorable conditions. Besides, mitigation measures are proposed in order to minimize the impact of all the identified risks. Finally, life cycle analysis (LCA) studies are conducted in order to assess the environmental effects (including carbon emissions) related to all the stages of the project, from pre-development and consenting to final decommissioning. 4. 4 Social impactAnother source of concern when an offshore renewable project is being developed is the social perception and its possible related consequences. The coastal communities living nearby the selected location might be reluctant to the construction of the offshore farm. Visual impact, noise, and possible effects on the local ecosystem are among the main reasons for this reluctance. Besides, possible conflicts may arise from sharing the offshore location with existing activities in the same area. These regard competition with navigation (both commercial and touristic) and fishing activities. Also in this case, suitable agreements and mitigation measures must be identified beforehand through communication and engagement with local public bodies and communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various barriers to the development of offshore renewable energy, such as financial support constraints and social perceptions of local communities. It implies that not all countries or regions may have equal access to these resources due to environmental impact assessments, social acceptability, and other local factors that can hinder the deployment of renewable energy projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of Laura’s glassfrog Nymphargus laurae (Anura: Centrolenidae) with new data on its morphology, colouration, phylogenetic position and conservation in 10. 7717/peerj. 12644 Published 2021-12-23 Accepted 2021-11-26 Received 2021-10-15 Juan J. -Chalupas biological reserve, © 2021 Sánchez-Carvajal et al. is an open access 2021. Rediscovery of Laura’s glassfrog Nymphargus laurae (Anura: Centrolenidae) with new data on its morphology, colouration, phylogenetic position and conservation in Ecuador. PeerJ 9:e12644 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 932. 46 km2, extending between 560–4,432 m elevation and being home to a variety of ecosystems, from tropical evergreen forests to paramos (Van der Hoek et al. , 2018). It is part of an ecological corridor with two neighbouring protected areas: Reserve, to the north, and Park, to the south (Ramis, Álvarez-Solas & Peñuela, 2018; Van der Hoek et al. , 2018). Montane evergreen cloud forests in Colonso-Chalupas are characterised by a great variety of trees of the families. Those trees reach up to 15–25 m in height, showing gnarled trunks and branches, and dense and compact crowns covered by epiphytes, including orchids, bromeliads, aroids, and ferns (Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, 2012, 2013). This ecosystem is usually covered by mist, either constantly or during the early morning and late afternoon (Ramis, Álvarez-Solas & Peñuela, 2018). The average annual rainfall is 4,620 mm, and the average annual temperature is 28. 7 °C. The rainy season extends between March and July, with 448 mm of monthly average rainfall and 23. 5 °C of monthly average temperature. The dry season is between August and January, with 353 mm of average monthly precipitation and 23. 9 °C of average monthly temperature (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention genetic markers, inheritance patterns, or populations. Instead, it discusses the ecological and morphological characteristics of Laura’s glassfrog and its habitat, with no connection to genetic research.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: To specifically consider the topic of design for failure, the extension strategy, 3PA to 4PA, needs to be investigated. Figure 1 shows the critical concept of 4PA, which divides the flood scale into four phases. Note that the fourth phase, design for failure, is the core part and is described below. Figure 1View largeDownload slide4PA concept. Figure 1View largeDownload slide4PA concept. Close modal Technically speaking, flood resilience is changeable in different periods. For example, the runoff in the developing urban area should increase simultaneously; the extreme rainfall due to climate change raises the flood risk. Therefore, the existing flood prevention system needs to bear the extra risk of exceeding the flood amount, which is higher than the designed protection standard. Part of the responsibility for such risks belongs to the government, and the community residents also need to share the flood risk. Above all, the future flood scenario and the 3PA principle must be considered simultaneously to develop an appropriate approach, 4PA, to specifically define the responsibility attribution for the flood risk. Based on the aforementioned responsibility concepts, this research divides the locations of the issues identified in the previous paragraph into four points, (i)–(iv), as shown in Figure 1. Under point (i), the residents maintain daily action and rarely do preparation for flood disasters. It can be defined as a normal period. Point (ii) belongs to the designed responsibility zone, and the government must confirm whether the precipitation can be stored or released from the existing system. To solve the exceeding runoff due to urban development and heavy rainfall, several adaptation strategies must be formulated under point (iii) to enhance flood resilience. The mentioned strategies are discussed in Section 4. 2. When the existing and updated flood prevention system is challenged to protect against unexpected extreme rainfall, under point (iv), the concept of design for failure needs to be embedded, and the responsibility belongs to both the government and the residents. The evacuation procedure should be started to decrease the damage loss. Specifically, the responsibility of the government is to provide accurate and real-time flood information and evacuation measures. Citizens should then autonomously proceed with evacuation. During the design for failure phase, individuals may file for indemnification if they incur losses. In the other phases, they can file for damage compensation. I-D-D adaptation tool kit adaptation strategy must be integrated with hydraulic engineering and land management and then designed to comprehensively consider flood prevention measures in points (iii) and (iv). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the need for adaptation strategies to enhance flood resilience, which is a core element of urban planning for climate resilience. It mentions the concept of 'design for failure' and the need for the government and community to share responsibilities in flood risk management, indicating a holistic approach to incorporating flood-resistant infrastructure and strategies within urban development to address changing flood risks due to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: Vol. 3, Issue 4, 2022March 18, 2022 and Non-Impacts on Productivity Growth? 17 Asia-total factor productivity growthnon-renewable energy intensityrenewable energy intensitypanel 47 Q42 C33Copyright Logoccby-sa-4. 0 • Behera, J. , & Sahoo, D. (2022). and Non-Impacts on Productivity Growth? 17 Asia-Pacific Countries. 3(4). Save 2018. The results reveal that REI positively impacts TFP growth in the long run, while NREI harms TFP growth in the short run. However, the study finds NREI has an asymmetric impact on TFP growth. This study suggests intensifying renewable energy usage in the production process to achieve sustainable growth. I. factor productivity (TFP) growth has been considered the engine of economic growth (Afridi & Farooq, 2019). It is defined as the growth in output that is not accounted for by input. It can be measured through two approaches: a frontier approach and a non-frontier approach (Mahadevan, 2003). TFP growth is crucial for sustained output growth, since input-induced growth is subject to diminishing returns and is insufficient for producing more output in the long run. Solow’s (1956) growth model shows that the probable reason for cross-country differences in per capita income could be the difference in TFP growth. The Asia-Pacific countries, including and Singapore (considered advanced countries), have been experiencing low TFP growth over the past decades due to the global financial crisis of 2008 (Felix et al. , 2020). The TFP growth of Asia-Pacific countries was -1% in 2016, while it was 0. 5% in 2010 (Fund, 2017). These countries have growing energy demand, but lack productivity growth (BP of World Energy, 2021). Thus, it is essential to examine the dynamics between different types of energy consumption and TFP growth in the Asia-Pacific countries. After the Kyoto Protocol, many countries concentrated on increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy basket to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting disparities in renewable energy usage and productivity growth among Asia-Pacific countries. It mentions that these countries experience low total factor productivity (TFP) growth and growing energy demand, suggesting that access to renewable energy resources may not be equal across these nations, particularly in the context of their economic growth and energy consumption dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Nocturnal surveys for collection of amphibians and reptiles were conducted at the Colonso-Reserve from 19h00–02h00, at a stream nearby to Ikiam’s Scientific Station, on 17 October 2016 (0. 9348°S 77. 9270°W, 1,506 m) and at the Narpa stream, on 09 June 2018 (0. 9353°S 77. 9268°W, 1,440 m) (Fig. 1). of Ecuador provided full approval for this research (MAE-DNB-CM-2017-0062). Specimens are deposited in the herpetological collection of the de Biodiversidad (Quito, Ecuador). Figure 1: (A) Map of Ecuador showing the distribution ranges of Nymphargus laurae: type locality (red star) and new locality (specimens 15383-84; red dot), and phylogenetic sister species of N. laurae: N. siren (yellow dots) and N. humboldti (green dots). Interlined rectangle in A delimit the area shown in B. (B) Environmental risk surface (Ortega-Andrade et al. , 2021) and protected areas in the distribution range of N. laurae. Numbers correspond to the following protected areas: (1) Cayambe-Park, (2) Sumaco-Napo-Park, (3) Reserve, (4) Colonso-Reserve, (5) Park. Note high risk modelled for the type locality, which is excluded from the of of Ecuador. (C) Satellite image (2019, Google Earth) of the Napo valley, type locality near the town of Loreto (ca. 0. 666670°S, 77. 316700°W, ca. 500 m elevation), slopes of the Sumaco Volcano, on the Cordillera Oriental, eastern slopes of the Andes, Provincia de Orellana, República del Ecuador. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/fig-1 Morphological characteristics Terminology, characters and measurements follow formats and definitions described by Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid (2007), Watters et al. (2016) and Guayasamin et al. (2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the logistics of surveying amphibians and reptiles in Ecuador, including geographical data and research approval, without mentioning genetic markers or inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Figure 2 proposes an I-D-D adaptation tool kit, including inhibition, dispersion, and detention procedures to apply in 4PA, and the specific content is shown below. The inhibition could be considered as control of the flood volume from the upstream. Upstream management, water capacity conservation, and increased infiltration are feasible methods. Then, the dispersion strategy should be incorporated to further deal with the exceeded flood amount, and channel cut-off, diversion, and dredging are all effective methods. The final step is the detention method, including detention pond, on-site detention, and LID approaches. For example, reserving public facility land and providing incentives for transit-oriented development detention. These flood prevention strategies can be adapted and implemented in the future within the urban area, and the detailed measures and objectives will be determined by the relevant authorities. Figure 2View largeDownload slideI-D-D adaptation strategy. Figure 2View largeDownload slideI-D-D adaptation strategy. Close modal The conceptual development of the 4PA strategy, designed for failure, is illustrated in Figure 3. Under the 4PA framework, the process can be sequentially divided into four steps: scenario setting, execution of flood control strategies, updating of flood control strategies, and design for failure. Figure 3View largeDownload slideConceptual development flowchart of the 4PA. Figure 3View largeDownload slideConceptual development flowchart of the 4PA. Close modal The first step involves determining the design rainfall and the preservation area under this rainfall, which represents the region that hydraulic-related agencies need to safeguard through engineering measures. Step (ii) is to identify the excess rainfall and affordable areas that can be addressed through spatial planning, specifically by implementing measures like runoff dispersion to handle the water volume effectively. Step (iii) entails selecting an extreme rainfall event as a target scenario and exploring land-related strategies to enhance the area's resilience. This involves using non-engineering approaches such as land planning to reduce the risks in this region during extreme rainfall events. Step (iv) was rarely discussed before the climate change topic was raised because most people wish to live in a city that is not prone to flooding. When urban flooding occurs, water resources management is used to design more flood control infrastructures. However, new thinking is needed for urban flooding in the current situation with increasingly severe rainfall scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various flood prevention strategies that are essential in urban planning for climate resilience. It details methods to control flood volume, such as upstream management and detention methods like detention ponds, indicating a focus on designing infrastructure capable of handling excessive rainfall. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of spatial planning and land-related strategies to improve resilience against flooding, further supporting the idea that urban planning must incorporate flood-resistant elements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: In this context, many studies in energy economics have focused on investigating the linear and nonlinear impacts of renewable energy consumption (REC) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) on economic growth across different countries/regions and periods (Apergis & Payne, 2011; Iyke, 2015; Jafri et al. , 2021; Shastri et al. , 2020; Zafar et al. , 2019). However, the number of studies exploring the impact of disaggregated energy consumption on TFP growth is meager. For instance, Tugcu (2013) reported for the Turkish economy that REC positively impacted TFP growth, while nuclear and fossil fuel energy consumption negatively affected TFP growth. countries, Tugcu and Tiwari (2016) found bidirectional causality for NREC and TFP growth, but no noticeable causality between REC and TFP growth. In a study of 36 countries, Rath et al. (2019) documented that renewable energy enhanced TFP growth, whereas fossil fuel energy consumption reduced it. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, none of the previous studies on the nexus between disaggregated energy consumption and TFP growth have examined the asymmetric impacts of REC and NREC on TFP growth. Moreover, while previous studies used REC and NREC as key explanatory variables, we instead use renewable energy intensity (REI) and non-renewable energy intensity (NREI). The justification behind this approach is that, as the economy grows, energy usage must increase, but the issues are how intensely the economy uses energy and which sources are used with greater intensity. The objective of this study is to explore both the long- and short-run asymmetric impacts of REI and NREI on TFP growth in 17 Asia-Pacific countries[1] using a multivariate framework. In this study, we use the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model introduced by Shin et al. (2014). We also use foreign direct investment (FDI), trade openness (TO), and carbon emissions (CO2) as control variables (Isaksson, 2007; Kalaitzidakis et al. , 2007). This study finds that REI has a positive impact on TFP growth in the long run, whereas NREI has a negative effect on it in the short run. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that investigate the differential impacts of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption across different countries and regions. Specifically, it mentions that while some studies report positive impacts of renewable energy on growth, there is no indication that all countries have equal access to renewable energy. The varying results across countries suggest disparities in access and utilization.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Examined frogs were photographed in life, anaesthetised with lidocaine 2%; specimens and tissues were fixed in 96% ethanol and preserved separately in 75% ethanol. Sex and maturity were determined by directly examining gonads through dissections and noting secondary sexual characters (i. e. , vocal slits and nuptial pads). Colour patterns are based on photographs and annotations of living specimens taken in the field. Adjective “enamelled” is used to describe the shiny white colouration produced by the accumulation of iridophores (Lynch & Duellman, 1973; Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007). The following measurements were taken with a digital calliper (0. 02 mm accuracy, rounded to nearest 0. 1 mm) under a stereomicroscope: snout-vent length (SVL); head width (HW); head length (HL), snout length (SL); interorbital distance (IOD), horizontal eye diameter (ED), internarial distance (IND), eye-nostril distance (EN), horizontal tympanum diameter (TD); upper eyelid width (UEW), forearm length (FLL), hand length (HAL), finger IV disk width (Fin4DW), thigh length (THL), tibia length (TL), foot length (FL). Morphological data used for comparisons were obtained from direct examination of specimens deposited in the following collections: History Museum, Department of Zoology, London (BMNH); División de Herpetología, de Biodiversidad, Quito (); Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia, Bogotá (ICN); University of (KU); Museum of (MCZ); Museo de Zoología, Católica del Ecuador, Quito (QCAZ); of. C. (USNM); Museo de Zoología, Francisco de Quito, Quito (ZSFQ). DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses Genomic DNA was extracted from hepatic tissue preserved in 96% ethanol from specimen 15383, using the “Isolation of Genomic DNA” protocol, (Promega, 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes procedures for examining frogs, including morphological measurements and DNA extraction, without mentioning genetic markers or inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4387784/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractchange has devastating effects on human health as well as the functioning and effectiveness of health systems, because it acts as a multiplier of existing stressors, intensifying pressure and exposing vulnerabilities. In the Sub-region, Nigeria is projected to suffer from a variety of detrimental effects of climate change, leading to poor population health outcomes. Since 2007, climate change effects have led to over 800,000 deaths and affects the life expectancy of over 26 million people annually. Her health system is considered most vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to the accumulation of its vulnerability, leading to food insecurity, extreme weather and spread of diseases. Building climate resilience health system is key to combating the effects on health, hence the goal of this study. method design was qualitative using Interviews. Participants were purposively included through a criterion-based snowball sampling approach. They were recruited through referrals and search on “LinkedIn” based on predefined inclusion criteria. A total of eighteen participants were recruited: representing government, civil society organizations and academia. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and audio recorded using the Zoom online communication software. Data were analyzed deductively and inductively using software. adequate knowledge of the effects of climate change on health was noticeable such as heat wave, drought, flooding, irregular rainfall, climate-induced spread of diseases. However, there were: absence of consideration for climate risks and vulnerability in the health policies and plans; mitigation of climate change effects was not articulated in the health policies or programs; inadequate knowledge of and capacity to support climate resilience health system; climate-informed or resilient health policies and programs are not priority in view of other equally competing healthcare challenges. Other outcomes included insufficient funding, inadequate trained healthcare workers, overburdened healthcare system, knowledge gap between the scientific and policymaking communities. change is a multiplier of current health system stressors. Therefore, building climate resilient health system is as a firewall against those stressors long-term. A climate resilient health system is cost-effective, but the up-front investments need to be made now. -change is an existential threat to both the environment and human existence [1, 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the need for building climate-resilient health systems as a critical strategy to combat the effects of climate change on health. It states that 'building climate resilience health system is key to combating the effects on health' and recognizes climate change as a significant threat that intensifies existing vulnerabilities. This aligns with the notion that developing resilient systems can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-29T17:13:03. 185Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >Energy >and Dynamics of Fixed and Buy print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents page Contents Preface1 Introduction2 Environment3 4 for Turbines5 Linear Dynamics6 on Fixed Substructures7 Floating Substructures8 Marine Operations9 part 10. 1017/9781009341455. 002 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2024 1. 1 energy is an increasingly important source of renewable energy. Presently, most wind turbines are installed on land. However, lack of available land area as well as the need for good and stable wind conditions have stimulated the development of offshore wind turbines. Moving offshore has also allowed for a considerable increase in the size of wind turbines; presently, 10–15 MW turbines are the state of the art, while even larger turbines are under development. Moving offshore involves new challenges, both with respect to the design for the offshore environment as well as for the installation, operation and maintenance of the turbines. The first offshore wind farm, Vindeby, Denmark, was installed in 1991 in a water depth of approximately 4 m. The 11 turbines had a rated power of 0. 45 MW each. The technology used for the early offshore wind turbines was the same as for the land-based turbines, only that the tower was “elongated” to provide support for the structure through the water column. The early development of offshore wind turbines resembles that of the offshore oil and gas industry in the 1940s to 1960s. The technology used offshore was very similar to the technology used on land. To compensate for the “new” wet environment, the equipment was placed upon a simple platform, or substructure. In the beginning, the installations were made in water depth of less than 10 m. As the industry moved, step by step, into deeper waters and the size of the wind turbines increased, the same basic design was applied and the technology was extrapolated. However, a significant shift in technology has occurred through the introduction of floating platforms, which have required a rethinking of the complete design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the development and challenges of offshore wind turbines, indicating that moving wind turbines offshore comes with 'new challenges,' which implies that there are environmental considerations involved in their design, installation, and operation. This suggests that wind turbines do have some level of environmental impact, contrasting with the claim that they have no impact whatsoever.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Three mitochondrial gene fragments [12S ribosomal rRNA gene, 16S ribosomal rRNA gene, 1 (COI)], and one nuclear gene [Protein 1 gene (RAG1)] were amplified using the Reaction (Saiki et al. , 1988). Primers for 12S gene (12S H10-FWR 5′--3′/12S L4E-REV 5′--3′), 16S gene (16Sar-L-FWR 5′--3′/16Sbr-H-REV 5′--3′), COI (dgLCO-1490-FWR 5′--3′/dgHCO-2198-REV 5′--3′) and RAG1 (RAG1-R182 5′3′/RAG1-R270 5′3′), were used (Heinicke, Duellman & Hedges, 2007). Each PCR reaction was composed of a 25 μl reaction mix containing: 12. 5 μl GoMaster Mix, 4. 5 μl H20, 1 μl on 10 μM of Forward primer and 1 μl on 10 μM Reverse primer, and 5 μl of genomic DNA. We perform amplifications on an 9,700 thermal cycler. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes the methodology for amplifying mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments without addressing how these genetic markers can trace inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Seven out of ten countries at risk of climate-induced disaster globally such as extreme food insecurity, flash flood, drought, etc. are situated in the SSA [15]. In the Central Sahel, temperatures are rising 1. 5 times faster than the rest of the world and it is projected to increase by 35. 6 to 39. 7 degrees Fahrenheit (2°C — 4. 3°C) by 2080 [15]. Most parts of SSA depend on rainfed agricultural systems for their livelihood, which provides 96% of the crop, and is especially at risk of the effects of increasing temperatures and climate shocks [11]. The SSA is experiencing many negative effects from climate change, highly disproportionate to the historically minimal contribution the continent has made to it. Africa has only contributed 3%, while European and countries have contributed 62% to CO2 emissions historically [16]. The region is identified as the most vulnerable to climate change, because of its low adaptive capacity, in addition to the acute levels of poverty and the inadequate resources required to mitigate the effects of the changing climate [17, 18]. It is predicted to be the region with the most amount of vulnerability by 2100, where losses from agriculture is likely to range between 5% − 15% of its GDP and climate-induced poverty to affect more than 40% of the region’s population [19, 20]. Within the SSA context, Nigeria is projected to suffer from a variety of detrimental effects due to man-made climate change [14, 21]. Erratic temperature changes and precipitation causes droughts and desertification which directly results in increased food insecurity and loss of freshwater resources. In addition, extreme weather events have great potential of exacerbating health risks, for example, the 2022 flooding which was the most deadly and destructive in over a decade [22]. These extreme weather events are only predicted to increase in frequency directly affecting human health through diseases spread, increased mortality, heat stress and heat stroke as well as food insecurity through crop losses [11]. Hence, without investing substantially in adaptation and mitigation efforts, rising sea levels alone will result in flooding that will impact 548,300 people each year between 2070 and 2100 (WHO, 2015). Climate change factors have led to over 800,000 deaths since 2007 and affects life expectancy of over 26 million people per annum in Nigeria [21] (Pona et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the disproportionate vulnerability of regions like Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to climate change due to their low adaptive capacity and reliance on rainfed agricultural systems. It notes the significant negative effects of climate change, including increased food insecurity and health risks, thus emphasizing the necessity for adaptation and mitigation efforts which align with the idea of building resilient ecosystems to better manage and lessen these impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: As the size of individual wind turbines as well as wind farms increases, and as wind farms are located further from shore, in deeper waters and in harsher environments, new technologies are needed. Modification of land-based technology is not sufficient. To design and operate offshore wind turbines, a real multidisciplinary approach is needed. The disciplines comprise meteorology, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, structural dynamics, material technology, cybernetics, power electronics and several others related to environmental impact, logistics and economics. 1. 2 Content of the focus of the present book is on some key issues that make offshore wind turbines different from land-based wind turbines. Understanding the offshore environment – the wind and wave conditions – is key to understanding the dynamics of offshore wind turbines. Therefore, a description of the marine atmospheric boundary layer and classical wave theory is given in 2. Some basic wave statistics are also included in this 3. Classical approaches such as the Betz limit and the beam element momentum (BEM) method are described. Further, the dynamic response of the wind turbine, which becomes more important as the size of the turbine increases, is discussed. In addition, vortex methods are described in some detail, which may represent an intermediate and efficient step between the classical BEM and more complete RANSFootnote 1 or LESFootnote 2 methods for analyzing the aerodynamics of wind turbines. In 2009. A 2. 3 MW turbine was used on this test unit. In 2017, the first floating offshore wind farm was installed off the east coast of Scotland. The wind farm consists of five turbines, each of 6 MW. The support structure is of the Hywind brand. To provide a background for the dynamic analysis of wind turbines, 6. The focus is on slender vertical structures, but the principles behind the theory of computing wave loads on large-volume structures of general shape are also included. Further, some issues related to wave forces in steep waves are included. These issues are important to estimate extreme loads as well as fatigue effects due to waves. Wave loads and wave-induced dynamics of floating support structures are covered in 7. Here, some classical approaches based upon slender body assumptions and linear theory are outlined in detail. Such methods are computational-efficient and may thus be useful in, for example, optimization processes. To compute the rigid body dynamics of a floating body, the mass, damping and inertia matrices must be established. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities involved in designing and operating wind turbines, particularly offshore ones. It highlights that understanding the environmental factors—including meteorology, hydrodynamics, and wave dynamics—is essential, which implicates that wind turbines do have an environmental impact. The mention of dynamic responses and considerations regarding extreme loads underscores that turbines must account for their environmental context, thereby contradicting the assertion that they have no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The amplification program for 12S primers was set with an initial denaturation of 94 °C (5 min) followed by 38 cycles of 94 °C (30 s), 49 °C (30 s), 72 °C (1 min), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (7 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period; for 16S primers was set with an initial denaturation of 95 °C (5 min) followed by 30 cycles of 95 °C (30 s), 57 °C (30 s), 72 °C (45 s), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (5 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period; for COI primers was set with an initial denaturation of 95 °C (5 min) followed by 30 cycles of 95 °C (30 s), 48 °C (30 s), 72 °C (45 s), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (5 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period; and for RAG1 primers was set with an initial denaturation of 94 °C (5 min) followed by 38 cycles of 94 °C (30 s), 52 °C (30 s), 72 °C (1 min), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (7 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period. Amplified DNA products were visualised by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel and post-staining with Tris/Borate/EDTA buffer (TBE) under blue light. PCR-amplified products were purified using Illustra™ ExoProStar™ Enzymatic PCR and Sequencing Clean-Up Kit. Sequencing was performed in both DNA strain directions and undertaken by Macrogen, Seoul, ( Chromatographs resulting from sequencing were revised and edited using v. 2020. 0. 5 software (Kearse et al. , 2012). New sequences were deposited in GenBank with the following accession numbers: (12S: MZ820691; 16S: MZ831508; COI: MZ828399; RAG1: MZ835991). To infer the phylogenetic position of Nymphargus laurae, we included sequences for 119 species (Table S1) selected from Guayasamin et al. (2020), obtained from the database (for 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct support for or against the claim regarding genetic markers and inheritance patterns. Instead, it describes the technical details of PCR amplification and sequencing methods, as well as data depositions, which are unrelated to the concept of tracing inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In a cross-sectional study of six SSA countries, it was found that the Nigerian health system is especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to the accumulation of its vulnerability to food insecurity, frequent occurrence of extreme weather events and the following disease spread this causes [23]. All sampled countries were characterized by low-skilled personnel that are not equipped to respond to the impacts of climate change; inadequate climate conscious health program, and weak capacity to respond to climate change. More so, the health policy decision-making process was not evidence-based. Therefore, it is important to assess the extent that Nigerian systems are aware of the threats posed by climate change. Because even though climate change awareness (rhetoric) among Nigerians was observable, however, the explicit knowledge was limited [24]. I. e. , a lack of detailed understanding and education on the impacts of climate change. According to the 2021 WHO health and climate change global survey report, while Nigeria have established a national strategy in place to deal with health and climate change, she has not followed through on implementing them [25]. Similarly, while she has a health surveillance system in place to monitor various dimensions of impact of climate on healthcare, injury and mortality from extreme weather events are not reported [25]. Nigeria's health sector has fragmentation of staff, management and resources. Accountability measures are weak, and communities have little confidence in services, hence an urgent need to build and implement appropriate climate-friendly health policies or climate resilient health system [21, 26–28]. The ability of health systems to anticipate and cope with the effects of climate change is called climate resilience [29]. Becoming climate resilient means that a health system needs to reduce its vulnerabilities and build up its capacity to deal with incoming shocks and long-term stressors [30]. Building a climate resilient system is a multistage process with short and long-term goals. There are both strong economic and ethical reasons for building a climate resilient health system. It would minimize health costs in the long-term, while also maximizing health benefits [13]. Health systems are complex and consist of several parts which contribute to the overall level of resilience. Building resilience means risk reduction and mitigating potential impacts [31]. Understanding how resilient the Nigerian health system is and the potential barriers are essential first steps to addressing or building a mitigation strategy against impacts of climate change on health in the country. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of building resilience within health systems to effectively address and mitigate the impacts of climate change. It discusses the concept of climate resilience, defining it as the capacity of a health system to anticipate and cope with the effects of climate change. Additionally, it highlights that building resilience entails risk reduction and mitigating potential impacts, which aligns with the claim that resilient systems (ecosystems included) help in mitigating climate change effects.