Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, life-style related factors like smoking and heavy coffee consumption that were shown to be associated with increased Hcy concentration [21,22], are more prevalent among shift workers than among day workers [23], and may also contribute to increased Hcy concentration. Of note, decreasing levels of melatonin induced by pinealectomy in rats were reported to be associated with increased plasma concentrations of Hcy, while treatment with exogenous melatonin restored it to basal concentrations [24]. Thus, suppression of melatonin by bright light during night work may be also associated with increased Hcy concentration. In view of the fact that Hcy is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, more research is needed on the possible role of hyperhomocysteinemia as a cardiovascular risk factor in shift workers. results demonstrated a daily rhythm in plasma concentrations of Hcy with a nocturnal peak that was independent of sleep-wake cycle and food consumption. There were no comparable rhythms in the concentrations of methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine, nor in the concentrations of B12 and folic acid. Methionine loading at 9 AM and 9 PM produced a comparable time-dependent increase in Hcy concentrations with a tendency toward a higher increase in the evening during the first 2 hours after loading. In view of the possible involvement of Hcy in cardiovascular morbidity, and of the increased cardiovascular morbidity in shift wokers, these findings may have implications to shift workers health. List of abbreviations Hcy – homocysteine EEG – Electroencephalography EMG – electromyography EOG – electrooculography EDTA – ethylanediaminetetraacetic acid CV – coefficient of variation ANOVA – analysis of variance Competing interests None declared. Author's contribution PL and LL co-designed the study, supervised the data collection and data analysis and wrote the paper. 128. [PubMed] and Robinson, K (1996). Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis J Cardiol 27: 517–527, [PubMed] DOI: and Hennekens, CH (1992). A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in 268: 877–881, [PubMed] DOI: and Refsum, HM (1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of lifestyle factors related to shift work and how they might lead to increased levels of homocysteine (Hcy), which is identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. It links the suppression of melatonin due to bright light exposure at night (a disruption of normal circadian rhythms) to increased Hcy concentration, indicating a possible health issue arising from such disruption. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of daily rhythms in plasma Hcy concentrations and the implications for shift workers' health, reinforcing the assertion that circadian rhythm disruption can have adverse health consequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Consequently, well productivity remains another great technological challenge for the commercialization of EGS (Jelacic et al. 2008: 6). However, given the developments in power generation, such as the rapid rise in photovoltaics over the last two decades, which 20 years ago was surpassed by a factor of 100 by geothermal energy in terms of electricity production (Fridleifsson 2001: 308), it is important to consider further possible technical breakthroughs in other segments as well. Given the right circumstances, such as a stable policy framework, proper insurance schemes, sound research and development and demonstration (RD&D) policies as well as carbon pricing and the abandonment of supporting fossil fuels, the use of geothermal energy could scale up very rapidly (EGEC 2020: 15). The future of geothermal energy will strongly depend on the extent that geothermal power plant deployment can be accelerated. Other sources of renewable energy are developing rapidly, whereas geothermal power growth over the last 5 years has been limited to a mere 3. 65 GWe and only slightly offsets the linear growth trend observed since 2010 (Hutter 2020: 1). However, if the state of the art is about to reach a level at which commercial use of geothermal energy would be feasible at any given place, it is of interest to know in advance what the usage of these resources and the resulting effects could look like. Therefore, the focus of this study is not exclusively on natural systems, but also EGS. Economics and sustainable operation of geothermal resources are two topics that are usually considered as two separate issues in the literature. This research aims to establish a connection between the two fields via a hybrid techno-economic optimization model that treats extraction rates as endogenous, thus enabling the joint evaluation of geothermal resources in both monetary terms (economic viability, profit maximization) and with regard to optimal lifetime (sustainability of resource use). To set up the model, a comprehensive review of current literature in the field of sustainability and economics regarding geothermal power generation was carried out. On this basis, several cost functions were derived, which ultimately can all be displayed as a function of the extraction rate, which in return determines the expected reservoir lifetime. In addition to this, the model also includes geological properties that reflect the regeneration capacity of the reservoir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with the commercialization of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and the limitations in geothermal power growth. It states, 'well productivity remains another great technological challenge,' suggesting that there are significant hurdles in harnessing geothermal energy universally. Additionally, it notes the extensive requirements for proper infrastructure, such as a stable policy framework and sound research and development, indicating that geothermal energy cannot be harnessed from just any location with minimal infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: It is still unclear if these are late developmental processes occurring after hatching or early manifestations of metamorphosis. Besides the TH signaling pathway, other actors have been shown to be important in metamorphosis regulation. For example, studies have provided clear evidence that corticoids and TH are interacting together to regulate amphibian metamorphosis (Denver, 2009; Paul et al. , 2022; Sachs and Buchholz, 2019). But as far as we know, there is limited information available regarding the interaction between corticoids and TH during fish metamorphosis. Although a synergistic effect of cortisol and TH has been observed in flatfish metamorphosis (advancement of morphological changes), there has been insufficient investigation into the communication between corticoids and TH pathways during teleost metamorphosis (de Jesus et al. , 1991; de Jesus et al. , 1990). More research is needed, and the use of genomic analysis would be a good way to investigate which pathways are associated with early larval development and metamorphosis. The use of high-throughput sequencing techniques, such as transcriptomics, has made it possible to study gene expression in greater detail, especially when combined with a high-quality annotated genome, which has enabled the identification of genes that may be involved in the key biological changes that occur during metamorphosis. These techniques have provided valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive metamorphosis in teleost fishes (Mazurais, 2011). Most of the studies investigating the transcriptomic changes during marine fish larval development have been focused on commercial fish species used in aquaculture to: (i) gain insight into the key biological processes that occur, (ii) identify the genes involved in these processes, and (iii) find ways to improve rearing conditions to ensure high survival rates and harmonious development (Mazurais, 2011). However, these studies rarely mention metamorphosis to explain the onset of the various processes occurring during the transition between larval and juvenile stages. This is another reason why studying the molecular changes occurring during the larval development of the Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus is very relevant. In addition, as mentioned above, groupers display elongate appendages during early larval development that disappear over time, providing an interesting way to study the development of these enigmatic structures (Colin and Koenig, 1996; de Jesus et al. , 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses metamorphosis primarily in amphibians and fish, specifically focusing on TH signaling pathways and related molecular changes during development. However, it does not mention insects or provide information about their metamorphosis process, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Evidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? DownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareDebateEvidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? -UrgelAbstractExamples of circadian rhythms have been described in eukaryotic organisms and in photosynthetic bacteria, but direct proof of their existence in other prokaryotes is limited and has been largely ignored. The aim of this 10. 1186/1740-3391-8-8Submitted on Mar 10, 2010Accepted on Sep 16, 2010Published on Sep 16, 2010CC BY 4. 0 and physiological processes taking place with a periodicity of around 24 h have been described in many organisms [1]. Circadian cycles, synchronized and entrained by light and darkness cycles determine in mammals the periods of sleep and vigil, changes in body temperature or hormone production, among other functions. In plants, the release of hormones such as ethylene, certain developmental processes, or the release of seed and root exudates are subject to this periodicity [2]. The absence of circadian cycles is generally assumed for bacteria, except in the case of cyanobacteria, in which photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are either spatially segregated in heterocyst-forming bacteria, or temporally separated and controlled by circadian periodicity. Both processes would not be possible at the same time in a single cell, because oxygen released during photosynthesis inhibits nitrogenase activity. Circadian rhythms in photosynthetic bacteria are being thoroughly studied, and the molecular mechanisms that allow the functioning and maintenance of the circadian clock are fairly well understood [3]. The clock is composed of three proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which function as a central oscillator through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles. The system is synchronized via a signal input pathway in which sensory proteins are known to transmit light/darkness information to the clock, while a series of clock-controlled regulators transduce the temporal information to downstream processes. Expression of a significant number of genes appears to be modified in response to light/darkness cycles and circadian oscillations, indicating that this type of control is not limited to certain specific features of cyanobacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of circadian rhythms in regulating physiological processes in organisms. It notes that circadian cycles influence critical functions such as periods of sleep and vigil, body temperature changes, and hormone production in mammals, indicating that disruptions in these cycles could indeed lead to health issues. The text highlights that disturbances in circadian rhythms could affect gene expression in response to light/darkness cycles, further supporting the notion of health implications associated with these disruptions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: However, temperature is not necessarily linked to the heat transport mechanism, which is meant to play an important role in the context of sustainable operation. Convection-based reservoirs: Convection-based systems comprise the vast majority of operating geothermal power plants worldwide. Due to their presence and the many decades of operation they are also referred to as conventional or natural systems (Friedleifsson et al. 2008: 68; Williams 2010: 1). They are either controlled by an igneous activity in volcanic areas, faults in extensional terrains, or a combination of both, such as intrusive bodies at fault zones (Moeck 2014: 871). Due to strong heat anomalies and the convective setting, the natural energy flow to such a system can be very high (O'Sullivan et al. 2010: 314). We hereafter refer to the energy flow towards the system as recharge. Classically, convective geothermal reservoirs are of a hydrothermal nature, but also the recharge of unconventional EGS could be based on convection, as for example with favorable conditions like in the Graben, where hydraulic-convective heat and fluid re-supply from the far field can be effective due to large-scale permeable faults (Vidal and Genter 2018: 68). Conduction-based reservoirs: Geothermal systems in passive plate tectonic settings are usually conduction-based due to the absence of asthenospheric anomalies as well as faults in the crust. A distinction can be made between reservoirs in sedimentary rock and crystalline rock. The former includes hydrothermal systems, meaning deep aquifers that have been heated by a near normal heat flow (Moeck 2014: 874), while the latter is referred to as a petrothermal system, but more commonly known as HDR. The energy recharge of a conduction-based reservoir is quite limited compared to that in a convective setting. It is a relatively slow process where a time constant of the order of hundreds of years is needed to characterize the process, whereas time constants in the range of days or months are suitable to describe the process of convection (Stefansson 2000: 884–885). Sustainability and renewabilitySustainability is a very comprehensive topic. This work considers only the temporal component, as sustainability is first and foremost a question of the temporally resolved consumption of an existing resource in connection with its regeneration rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that geothermal energy systems are influenced by specific geological conditions, such as faults and heat transport mechanisms, which are not uniformly available at all locations. It provides details on convection-based and conduction-based geothermal systems, indicating that their operation relies heavily on the specific geological settings and infrastructure, thereby implying that minimal infrastructure at any location may not be viable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Our study will thus allow for a better understanding of the biological processes at play during the early larval development and metamorphosis, and to understand the carry-over effect in the context of aquaculture. Indeed, it is well known that rearing conditions may impact welfare and growth at later stages and understanding the molecular changes occurring during the development of this species might be useful to enhance survival rates (Dingeldein and White, 2016; Gagliano et al. , 2007; Ward and Slaney, 1988). Grouper (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae) are a group of fish of both economic and ecological importance. Inhabiting temperate and tropical waters of eastern and southern regions Indo-Pacific region, East Atlantic, Mediterranean regions, and the intertropical American zone, they comprise 165 species in 16 genera (Craig and Heemstra, 2011; Pierre et al. , 2008). Ecologically, groupers provide a wide variety of important functions as large top-level predators (Ribeiro et al. , 2021). However, due to their high economic value on the food market, more than 40 species are at risk of extinction (Luiz et al. , 2016; Sadovy de Mitcheson et al. , 2013). This has led to the widespread development of grouper aquaculture farms, which produced 155,000 tons per year according to the Food and of the in 2015, with 95% of global production occurring in Asia (FishStatJ, 2017; Rimmer and Glamuzina, 2019). Despite wide variations in growth rate, body size, and color, groupers share many biological traits and lifestyles, such as protogynous hermaphroditism, complex social structure (Heemstra, 1993), and a biphasic lifestyle. Like many marine fishes, groupers larvae hatched after 24–48 hr of embryonic development giving rise to a transparent elongated larvae surrounded by an embryonic fin fold. After a couple of days melanophores colonize the tail (after the anus) and the gut. Shortly after the elongated appendages composed of two pelvic spines and the second dorsal spines both displaying melanophores at their tips appear. The elongation of these spines occurs before notochord flexion and their regression is concomitant with the appearance of the adult-like body pattern (Kohno et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the larval development and metamorphosis of grouper fish, focusing on their biological processes and aquaculture implications. It does not address insects or their metamorphosis, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Similar results were obtained under light/darkness cycles of 12 h/12 h (not shown). Digital images of the plates were analyzed using the ImageJ free software (Rasband, W. S. , ImageJ, of After determining colony growth rate (between 34 and 37 μm/h), measurements of distances between rings were used to extrapolate the periodicity in which darker and lighter rings appeared. Successive rounds of one dark plus one light rings tend to synchronize into cycles of approximately 24 h (24. 1 ± 2. 5 h for Congo red plates and 24. 9 ± 1. 24 h for Coomassie plates; Figure 1). This periodicity was maintained for two days after the plates were removed from the alternating light/darkness conditions and then lost, although by that time agar plates were too dry to obtain sound information. Patches incubated in the dark generally showed an even appearance (Figure 1), although faint concentric patterns could be discerned in some experiments. However, when these appeared, they only approached 24 h cycles in the first two days of incubation. Afterwards, this circadian periodicity was lost, tending to irregular oscillations of the alternating colored rings. Patches under constant illumination never showed concentric growth patterns. Although the effect of temperature changes (± 1. 5°C) associated with illumination regimes cannot be fully ruled out, these results suggest that variations in colony surface characteristics may be synchronized by alternating light/darkness phases, and perhaps they could also be indicative of processes in non-photosynthetic bacteria being subjected to circadian regulation. Figure 1 Pseudomonas putida displays cyclic surface variations during growth. Plates contained LB medium (triptone 1%, yeast extract 0. 5%, NaCl 0. 5%, with 1% agar and supplied with 5 μm FeCl3) with Congo red (panels A-C) or Blue (panels D-F). Panels A, B, D, E correspond to patches grown under alternating light/darkness cycles (A and D, top view; B and E, bottom view; contrast has been enhanced for clarity). and F correspond to patches grown in constant darkness. The graphs show an extrapolation of the occurrence and duration of the differently colored rings in plates under cyclic light/darkness periods (top) or kept in the dark under the same conditions (bottom). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that variations in conditions such as alternating light/darkness affect periodicity in growth patterns, leading to irregular oscillations after the disruption of these cycles. It suggests that processes in bacteria may be influenced by circadian regulation and indicates that maintaining cyclic conditions is important for consistent growth patterns, supporting the idea that disruption can lead to negative effects, thus reinforcing the claim about health issues stemming from circadian rhythm disruptions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Neither social aspects nor environmental impacts such as seismicity, changes in the landscape or effects on organisms are considered. Geothermal energy is usually referred to as a renewable source of energy and is also considered as environmentally benign. Both attributes are indeed applicable, but within certain limits, which must be addressed in a fully objective manner. Rybach (2003: 464) points out that “[a]ny attempts at disguising or even concealing production decline or a possible impact on the environment could bring discredit upon an entire industry, spreading mistrust amongst the authorities as well as the general public. ” We therefore take an approach to clarify where the boundaries of sustainable operation lie and how economic optimization can create a trade-off versus sustainability of operation. When immersing in the subject, we have come across some inconsistencies and ambiguities which have been denounced by other authors in the field as well, e. g. , Hähnlein (2013), Stefansson (2000), Axelsson et al. (2010), Steingrimmson (2006) and Rybach and Mongillo (2006). In our opinion, this is mainly due to the fact that extraction patterns are not put in relation to the renewability of a reservoir, which in turn is largely determined by the reservoir type (either being convective or conductive). Further, the terms renewable and sustainable are often confused (Axelsson and Stefánsson 2003: 41). Based on the work of Stefansson (2000), which is generally supported by many other authors in this field, we want to contribute to a better understanding of these terminologies. In order for a geothermal resource to be sustainable it must be renewable. While the latter describes a property of the energy resource, the former describes how a resource is utilized. Imagine a developed reservoir. It is composed of three main variables: an initial stock of recoverable heat S, a natural energy recharge rate Re to this stock, and an extraction rate of energy E. True sustainability is achieved when the extraction is equal to or less than the natural inflow of energy (Barbier 2002: 37; Rybach 2003: 464–465), E ≤ Re, with the extraction rate E being subject to the operator's control. On the one hand, this entails that the operator determines whether or not a reservoir under production can be considered as sustainable while, on the other hand, this means that the level of extraction rate meeting the sustainability criterion depends on the natural recharge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the sustainability and renewability of geothermal energy are contingent upon specific geological conditions and proper operational practices. It argues that geothermal plants are not universally applicable to any location without consideration of factors such as reservoir type, natural recharge rate, and extraction rates. The discussion about the necessity of understanding the characteristics of a geothermal system contradicts the idea that geothermal plants can be established with minimal infrastructure in any location.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 1993; Powell and Tucker, 1992; Hussain and Higuchi, 1980; Sawada et al. , 1999; Kawabe and Kohno, 2009). Their regression as well as the development of the adult-like body pattern has been demonstrated to be under the control of TH in E. coioides suggesting that it corresponds to the TH-regulated metamorphosis (de Jesus et al. , 1998). In order to gain insight into the molecular pathways involved in grouper larval development, we assembled a chromosome-scale genome sequence of E. malabaricus and conducted a transcriptomic analysis of nine developmental stages ranging from freshly hatched larvae to roughly two-month-old juveniles. We investigated the expression patterns of genes involved in the TH pathway and four biological processes known to be regulated by TH in other teleost species during the metamorphosis step: ossification, pigmentation, visual perception, and metabolic transition. In addition, we used the TH pathway and downstream-regulated biological processes activation as indicators to look for the potential involvement of corticoids during larval development. We observed the activation of the TH pathway during the regression of fin spines, which in other grouper species coincides with the surge of TH and marks the beginning of metamorphosis. Interestingly, the activation of the TH pathway at this stage was associated with the activation of corticoid pathways as well as the four biological processes we investigated. Especially noteworthy is the observation of an early activation of the two regulatory pathways (TH and corticoids) occurring before the formation of the elongated fin spines during early larval development. Results and discussion Genome assembly, phasing, scaffolding, and annotation A total of 46 Gbp of PacBio HiFi reads (~43 X coverage, Table 1) were assembled into a fully haplotype phased genome of the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) with the primary phase consisting of 298 contigs across 1. 09 Gbp genome length, a contig N50 of 7. 4 Mbp, and a genome level BUSCO completeness of 93. 6% with 1. 3% duplication (Table 2). The raw assembly was further scaffolded by using HiC data, resulting in a 1. 03 Gbp assembly across 24 pseudo-chromosomes (Table 2). The scaffolded pseudo-chromosomes ranged from 22. 5 Mbp to 50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it focuses on the metabolic processes and genetic pathways involved in the development of grouper larvae and their metamorphosis related to thyroid hormone regulation. It does not provide evidence or examples specifically about insects, rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian rhythm and its role in malignancyDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewCircadian rhythm and its role in malignancyrhythms are daily oscillations of multiple biological processes directed by endogenous clocks. The circadian timing system comprises peripheral oscillators located in most tissues of the body and a central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Circadian genes and the proteins produced by these genes constitute the molecular components of the circadian oscillator which form positive/negative feedback loops and generate circadian rhythms. The circadian regulation extends beyond clock genes to involve various clock-controlled genes (CCGs) including various cell cycle genes. Aberrant expression of circadian clock genes could have important consequences on the transactivation of downstream targets that control the cell cycle and on the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis. This may lead to genomic instability and accelerated cellular proliferation potentially promoting carcinogenesis. Different lines of evidence in mice and humans suggest that cancer may be a circadian-related disorder. The genetic or functional disruption of the molecular circadian clock has been found in various cancers including breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate and hematological cancers. The acquisition of current data in circadian clock mechanism may help chronotherapy, which takes into consideration the biological time to improve treatments by devising new therapeutic approaches for treating circadian-related disorders, especially cancer. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-3Submitted on Jan 20, 2010Accepted on Mar 31, 2010Published on Mar 31, 20104. 0 humans, like other organisms, most physiological and behavioral functions are manifested rhythmically across days and nights. All healthy human beings exhibit the common attribute of sleeping at night and waking up in the morning automatically. When a human being encounters a new day, the body prepares itself for the new tasks ahead and boost heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. On the other hand, the same parameters decline at the end of the day. Such daily occurring rhythms with a period of about 24 hours are termed as circadian (from the Latin "circa diem" meaning "about a day") rhythms [1]. These rhythms are the outward manifestation of an internal timing system generated by a circadian clock that is synchronized by the day-night cycle [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how aberrant expression of circadian clock genes can have significant consequences, such as promoting genomic instability and accelerated cellular proliferation, which may lead to health issues like cancer. It highlights that various cancers have been associated with disruptions in the circadian rhythm, supporting the notion that such disruptions can indeed lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: This leads to the concept of renewability, describing the regeneration properties of the geothermal reservoir. Axelsson et al. (2010) state that geothermal resources are normally classified as renewable energy sources, which is consistent with the classification of international agencies (Stefansson 2000: 883), because they are maintained by a continuous energy current. However, they also point out that such a classification may be an oversimplification. In line with what we have established so far, they highlight that the stored energy is under certain circumstances renewed quite slowly, especially the part that is renewed by heat conduction, so that geothermal energy is not necessarily a renewable energy source on a human time scale. This again reflects that the degree of renewability determines whether a reservoir can be considered to be sustainable or not. After discussing what ‘true’ sustainable production means in terms of the extraction of geothermal resources, we will provide a definition of production in a sustainable manner adopted in the field, since for economic reasons, true sustainable operation is only possible in very few cases with a corresponding high energy recharge. Production in a sustainable manner has been described by means that “[…] the production system applied is able to sustain the production level over long times” (Rybach and Mongillo 2006: 1083). In Iceland, a reference period of 100 to 300 years has been proposed (Axelsson et al. 2005), while in production for a period longer than 100 years is considered as sustainable (Bromley et al. 2006). Hähnlein et al. (2013: 915) state that “[t]his technical interpretation of sustainability is oriented at the extractable energy of the natural system and is suitable especially for deep production systems” and seems more suitable for the purposes compared to an infinite operation time. However, how long the maximum lifetime of a geothermal reservoir can be extended without violating its economic viability depends largely on its size, whereas a predefined fixed value such as 100 years may be highly inappropriate. Time frames for geothermal power plants in economic analysis are generally in the order of only some 30 years. This is not only due to concessions granted by the mining authority, but also to factors such as the technical lifetime of plant components and the limitation of production to an economically relevant time frame. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexities and limitations related to geothermal energy production. It suggests that not all geothermal resources can be sustainably exploited or accessed from any location due to factors like the slow renewability of energy stored in geothermal reservoirs, the economic viability of long-term production, and the lifetime of geothermal power plants, which generally are considered only over some 30 years. Therefore, the assertion that geothermal plants can harness energy from any location with minimal infrastructure oversimplifies the challenges involved in sustainable energy production from geothermal sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 6 Mbp in size and contained 90. 5% of the contigs and 92. 8% of the contig length (Figure 1). The gene model annotation resulted in 26,140 protein-coding genes, with a BUSCO completeness of 95. 5% and a duplication level of 1. 3%. The final GC content was 41. 3% and the assembly contained 56. 4% repeat regions overall, which were mainly made up of DNA transposons (28. 9%), followed by LINEs (5. 3%), and LTR elements (2. 2%) (Table 3). The genome length, GC content, repeat content, number of gene models, and BUSCO values are similar to other published chromosome-level grouper genomes, for example Epinephelus lanceolatus (Zhou et al. , 2019), E. akaara (Ge et al. , 2019), and E. moara (Zhou et al. , 2021). Table 1 PacBio HiFi data generated for E. malabaricus genome assembly based on three SMRT cells. SMRT cell 1SMRT cell 2SMRT cell 3Total≥Q20 Reads322,103442,2051,373,6622,137,970≥Q20 Yield (bp)8,468,697,81011,690,872,68726,355,056,21046,514,626,707≥Q20 Read Length(mean, bp)26,29126,43719,185- Table 2 Statistics of the Epinephelus malabaricus chromosome-scale genome assembly, scaffolding and gene annotation. Contig assembly size1,092,599,927 bpNumber of contigs298Contig N507,396,124 bpLargest contig26,202,351 bpMean base-level coverage PacBio HiFi43 XContig length contained in scaffolds92. 8%Contigs contained in scaffolds90. 5%Scaffolded assembly size1,027,628,325 bpNumber of scaffolds24Scaffold N5043,313,630 bpLargest Scaffold50,623,973 bpSmallest Scaffold22,540,365 bpNon-ATGC characters36,700 bp (0. 003%)GC contents41. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding insects and metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses genomic data and statistics related to the assembly of a chromosome-scale genome, specifically referring to the genome of the Epinephelus malabaricus. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Circadian clocks The circadian timing system proficiently coordinates the physiology of living organisms to match environmental or imposed 24-hour cycles [3]. Circadian clocks are endogenous and self-sustained (meaning that rhythms can continue even in the absence of external cues) time-tracking systems that enable organisms to anticipate environmental changes, thereby adapting their behavior and physiology to the appropriate time of day [4]. This provides organisms with an anticipatory adaptive mechanism to the daily predictable changes in their environment such as light, temperature and social communication, and serves to synchronize multiple molecular, biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes. A wide range of biological processes are regulated by the circadian clock including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, energy metabolism, cell cycle and hormone secretion [5,6]. Central pacemaker or the master clock The mammalian clock system is hierarchical with a master clock that controls circadian rhythms and resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Damage to the SCN can render experimental animals arrhythmic and cause sleep disorders in patients. Moreover, intracerebral grafts of perinatal SCN can reinstate behavioural circadian rhythms of SCN-ablated rodents [7]. The SCN pacemaker consists of multiple, autonomous single cell circadian oscillators, which are synchronized to generate a coordinated rhythmic output in intact animals [8,9]. In mammals, the circadian photoreception pathways are distinct from those of visual perception [10 - 12]. Light is perceived by a subset of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, and the photic information is directly conveyed to the SCN clock through the retino-hypothalamic tract [13 - 15]. This photic entrainment corrects the phase of the SCN oscillator every day to ensure synchronization of circadian with geophysical time. The phase of SCN rhythms can be shifted by exposure of the animal to a new light/dark schedule or to short light pulses during the subjective night [16]. Entrainment of a biological clock is the process of determining both its period (which is 24 hours in most humans) and its phase. The latter refers to the offset of a circadian clock with respect to the standard 24-hour cycle. In general terms, the period of the clock is genetically determined, whereas its phase is heavily influenced by environmental zeitgebers (cues or stimuli) such as light. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the essential role of circadian clocks in regulating various physiological processes. It explains that damage to the central pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), can result in arrhythmic conditions and sleep disorders. This indicates that disruptions in circadian rhythms can directly lead to health issues, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: This means that in contrast to true sustainable operation, which requires E ≤ Re, this technical interpretation allows extraction rates E > Re, but in such a way that the production is feasible for very long periods of time. Axelsson et al. (2010: 3) paraphrase the extraction rate that meets this criterion as follows: “For each geothermal system, and for each mode of production, there exists a certain level of maximum energy production, E0, below which it will be possible to maintain constant energy production from the system for a very long time […]. If the production rate is greater than E0 it cannot be maintained for this length of time. Geothermal energy production below, or equal to E0, is termed sustainable production while production greater than E0 is termed excessive production. ” (see Fig. 1). Note that this definition neither considers further environmental issues nor economic aspects (i. e. , such a production level may not be feasible under certain circumstances) but applies to the extractable energy and depends on the nature of the system. Table 1 gives an overview of the deduced criteria of sustainable operation relevant to this work. Fig. 1(2006: 4)Schematic illustration of the difference between sustainable and excessive production. Full size imageTable 1 Level of sustainability in dependence of extraction/recharge ratioFull size tableEndogeneity of reservoir lifetimeFor most geothermal reservoirs an excessive production scheme is pursued (O'Sullivan et al. 2010: 314), as production rates in a (geophysically) sustainable manner are very limited and often found to be uneconomical (Rybach 2003: 465). The reasons for the economic incentives lie, among others, in the quick payback of investments, as well as the time preference with regard to future profits (Rybach and Mongillo 2006). For high extraction rates the energy yield will be high at the beginning (and with it the economic benefits), but the energy delivery will decrease over time, in a way which may cause the breakdown of a commercially viable operation. The drawbacks of an excessive production scheme that overexploits the resource beyond its regenerative capacity come in the form of a stronger production decline than otherwise and a shorter lifetime of the reserve (and thus plant), i. e. the part of the resource that can economically be extracted, and possibly resulting in a lower amount of electricity generated overall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that sustainable geothermal energy production is constrained by specific extraction rates (E0) and the environmental and economic viability of such production. It explains that excessive production rates lead to a shorter operational lifespan of geothermal plants due to overexploitation, implying that location and infrastructure play critical roles in sustainable energy production rather than supporting the idea that geothermal energy can be harnessed from any location with minimal infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 3%Genome: BUSCO completeness3,406 (93. 6%)Genome: Complete and single copy3,359 (92. 3%)Genome: Complete and duplicated47 (1. 3%)Genome: Fragmented48 (1. 3%)Genome: Missing186 (5. 1%)Number of protein-coding genes26,140Average gene length20,718 bpAverage CDS length1,750 bpAverage exons per gene11. 2Repeat contents (DFAM)56. 4 %Number of protein-coding genes26,140Gene annotation: BUSCO completeness3476 (95. 5%)Gene annotation: Complete and single copy3,429 (94. 2%)Gene annotation: Complete and duplicated47 (1. 3%)Gene annotation: Fragmented31 (0. 9%)Gene annotation: Missing133 (3. 6%) Table 3 Detailed repeat annotation results using the DFAM repeat database. length1,027,628,325 bpBases masked579,515,295 bp (56. 4 %)number of elementslength occupiedpercentage of sequenceRetroelements660,880123,046,85611. 97%SINEs:74,0497,798,0000. 76%Penelope25,4763,705,0710. 36%LINEs:422,59786,199,6688. 39%CRE/SLACS11000. 00%L2/CR1/Rex266,32053,565,1065. 21%R1/LOA/Jockey10,9182,170,6940. 21%R2/R4/NeSL11,2863,660,2040. 36%RTE/Bov-B47,45110,563,8881. 03%L1/CIN435,2508,411,0190. 82%LTR elements:164,23429,049,1882. 83%BEL/Pao10,1862,183,6970. 21%Ty1/Copia4,658823,2280. 08%Gypsy/DIRS176,31913,796,1051. 34%Retroviral32,3175,441,5300. 53%DNA transposons1,604,009296,558,27228. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genome statistics, gene annotation, and repeat annotation results rather than any information related to insects or metamorphosis. There is no mention of insect life cycles or metamorphosis processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Peripheral oscillators or the slave oscillators A major finding in the field of circadian rhythms in recent years is that the SCN is not the only circadian clock in the organism. Indeed, most tissues including extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs bear circadian oscillators [17]. Moreover, these extra-SCN oscillators can function independently from the SCN [18]. Peripheral mammalian cell types contain functional circadian oscillators, but these may not respond to light-dark cycles and can be entrained by non-photic stimuli [19,20]. These circadian oscillators are sensitive to a variety of chemical cues or to temperature cycles [21,22]. The SCN synchronizes peripheral clocks in organs such as liver, heart, and kidney via indirect and direct routes so that a coherent rhythm is orchestrated at the organismal level to ensure temporally coordinated physiology [23 - 25]. Indirect synchronization is achieved by controlling daily activity-rest cycles and, as a consequence, feeding time. Feeding (or starving) cycles are dominant zeitgebers for many, if not most, peripheral clocks. Food metabolites, such as glucose, and hormones related to feeding and starvation are probably the feeding-dependent entrainment cues. Activity cycles also influence body temperature rhythms, which in turn can participate in the phase entrainment of peripheral clocks. Direct entrainment may employ cyclically secreted hormones and perhaps neuronal signals conveyed to peripheral clocks via the peripheral nervous system. Body temperature rhythms, which are controlled in part by the SCN, may also contribute to the synchronization of peripheral clocks [26]. Molecular mechanism of the circadian clock The clock mechanism in the SCN and the peripheral oscillators is known to be similar at the molecular level [27]; however, the output pathways elicited can be different and more tissue specific. The molecular clockwork is composed of a network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops (Fig. 1) that drive rhythmic, ~24-hour expression patterns of core clock components [28]. Core clock components are genes whose protein products are necessary for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms within individual cells throughout the organism [29]. The core clock components include two gene families: Period and Cryptochrome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the function of circadian oscillators in the organism and how they are synchronized by the SCN. It discusses the role of peripheral clocks and how their disruption can affect physiological processes, suggesting that discrepancies in circadian rhythms—whether from light-dark cycles or feeding cycles—can lead to issues in temporal coordination within the body. The text indicates that proper functioning of these rhythms is essential for health and when disrupted, it could lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: For the economically optimal exploitation of a finite resource, usually the Hotelling rule (Hotelling 1931) is applied, which represents the trade-off between exploiting some reserve of interest for gaining revenues at current prices immediately and leaving it in the ground for later use when prices expectedly have increased due to the finiteness of the resource (so-called “scarcity rent”). For two reasons, however, Hotelling’s classical model is not directly applicable to geothermal energy: first, the product sold (in our analysis) is electricity, therefore competing with all other ways of generating electricity, some of which might be cheaper also in the long run (so-called “backstop technologies”). Secondly, the energy stored in the earth is also inexhaustible on a human timescale, and geothermal energy usage describes only a local degradation of heat, which can be extracted in less favorable locations as technology progresses and costs can be brought down further. rule states that the owner of a finite resource is only willing to sell that amount immediately if it does not allow to gain more profit if sold later, assuming an increase in price (due to the finiteness of the resource) in lockstep with the market interest rate. Reversing the basic logic behind the Hotelling model provides an economic explanation for non-sustainable production also of resources that are non-finite in principle, but at the same time exhaustible. Since the Hotelling model was designed for the optimal exploitation of finite resources, i. e. , such without recovery and regeneration properties, some modifications are required that are described in the following section. Model formulationThe aim of our research is to develop a comprehensive hybrid techno-economic optimization model for analyzing the optimal temporal exploitation of a specific geothermal reservoir. This allows us to demonstrate the violation of sustainable operation due to economic considerations and, by performing a sensitivity analysis, also to identify those parameters that have the greatest impact on profitability and sustainability. The model consists of three components: (1) a geological sub-model, describing the natural properties of the resource; (2) a technical sub-model, addressing the respective technical constraints that arise; and (3) an economic sub-model, reflecting the economically rational (profit-maximizing) behavior of a power plant operator (Fig. 2). The parameters considered are grouped into three categories—geophysical, technological and economic ones (see Table 2) and discussed in the following. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while geothermal energy can be utilized, it faces limitations related to its location and the technological constraints involved. It notes that geothermal energy extraction can only be done in certain locations and requires modifications due to economic considerations, suggesting that not all locations can harness geothermal energy efficiently without significant infrastructure and technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 86%hobo-Activator799,713138,795,60913. 51%Tc1-IS630-Pogo138,97524,805,2982. 41%PiggyBac22,6053,909,9120. 38%Tourist/Harbinger161,21638,134,3533. 71%Other (Mirage, P-element, Transib)52,80210,665,1831. 04%Rolling-circles101,57430,491,6122. 97%Unclassified:669,818111,877,70110. 89%Total interspersed repeats:531,482,82951. 72%Small RNA:26,4052,780,0640. 27%Satellites:11,5802,523,0820. 25%Simple repeats:277,90412,099,4471. 18%Low complexity:29,1101,563,8100. 15% Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Hi-C contact map after scaffolding. E. malabaricus genome contig contact matrix using Hi-C data. The color bar indicates contact density from dark red (high) to white (low). General transcriptomic results Transcriptomic analysis of E. malabaricus larval development was performed on grouper larvae raised in the Center. An average of 77. 1 M reads were obtained per sample (pooled or individual entire larvae), which after quality control and mapping resulted in an average of 65. 8 M uniquely mapped reads (85. 6%) per sample for differential gene analysis. Sampled larvae from one day to two months old were sorted according to their morphology allowing us to sequence nine developmental stages (D01, D03, D06, D10, D13, D18, D32, D60, Juvenile) (Table 2). Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on all genes allowed to distinguish between three distinct groups: early developmental phase (composed of D01), intermediate developmental phase (composed of D03, D06, D10, D13, and D18) and late developmental phase (composed of D32, D60, and Juvenile) (Figure 2A). Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Transcriptomic results of E. malabaricus larval development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the metamorphosis of insects. Instead, it provides information on transcriptomic analysis related to E. malabaricus larval development without any mention of insects or their metamorphic processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Considering that simple transcriptional feedback loops like those described above would normally lead to mRNA oscillations with a period much smaller than 24 hours, other mechanisms have been added onto this simple loop model to permit a slowing down and delay of its progression that create a coordinated molecular cycle approximating the 24 hours environmental period. These mechanisms act at different levels involving post-transcriptional processing of the mRNAs, translation, post-translational processing of the proteins and nuclear translocation [46 - 48]. Each of these can individually contribute to introduce the delay between the activation and repression of transcription that is required to keep the period at ~24 hours. The post-translational modifications regulating the circadian clock include acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. In terms of phosphorylation, Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) and Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1ε and CK1δ), 2 (CKII), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are critical factors that regulate the core circadian protein turnover. It has been shown that mutations in CK1ε and CK1δ result in altered kinase activities and cause shorter circadian periods in mammals [49]. BMAL1 and CRYs are reported to be the targets of CKIε [50]. 2 (CKII) is one of the more recent kinases identified as a clock component in N. crassa [51,52] and D. melanogaster. [53 - 55] but its role in regulation of mammalian clock has yet to be clarified. Changes in GSK3 activity have been reported to alter period length in mammalian cells [56]. The targets of GSK3 in mammals might be the PER proteins (PER phosphorylation by GSK3 might prevent nuclear entry of PER proteins), REV-ERBα [57] and/or CRY2 (for which phosphorylation might control CRY2 degradation at the end of night) [58]. Recently, the nutrient-responsive AMPK has been found to regulate circadian clock by phosphorylation and destabilization of the clock component CRY1 [59]. Also, AMPKγ3 subunit is found to be involved in the regulation of peripheral circadian clock function [60]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of mechanisms that maintain circadian rhythms, such as the transcriptional feedback loops and various post-translational modifications that regulate circadian clock proteins. It emphasizes how mutations in critical proteins like CK1ε and CK1δ can alter circadian periods, which suggests that disruptions in these mechanisms may lead to health issues associated with circadian rhythm disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Case study descriptionCase 1: Conventional (convective high-enthalpy hydrothermal) systemCase 1 is oriented towards the Wairakei–Tauhara geothermal system and reflects a liquid-dominated high-enthalpy reservoir with a strong convective energy recharge (O'Sullivan et al. 2010: 315). The bedrock consists of rhyolite (Bignall et al. 2010) and the values for density, heat capacity and heat production from radiogenic decay of the reservoir rock were chosen accordingly. Drilling depth is set to 1500 m, as reported by Bignall et al. (2010: 6). Porosity is determined to be 20% and temperature reaches values as high as 270 °C (Björnsson and Bodvarsson 1990: 19). We assume that temperature of the produced fluid is lower and suggest a value of 260 °C, while the temperature of reinjected water is set to 65 °C. Because of the relatively high temperature, we choose a net conversion efficiency of 14% based on previous analysis. Average well productivity is set at 5 MWe per well and due to the strong convective recharge of the field of 13. 3 W m−2, we raise the reference capacity for a 5% annual decline to 100 MWe. Note that because of the large surface area (30 km2), we assumed the reservoir to be quite thin (150 m), as we wanted to stay in the range of a 150 MWe power plant during our optimization model runs in order not to violate cost constraints, while at the same time maintaining the properties of the heavy recharge. Based on our findings, we select a recovery factor of 20% (see “Recovery factor”). These and all other values used for the optimization are listed in Table 3. Table 3 Parametrization for Case 1 (conventional geothermal system) and Case 2 (enhanced geothermal system)Full size tableCase 2: Enhanced (conductive low-enthalpy petrothermal) systemCase 2 to some extent resembles the prominent EGS project Soultz-sous-Forêts in France (Alsace). Its reservoir is located at a depth of 3500–5000 m (Moeck 2014: 875) and is composed of granite (Moeck 2014: 878). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific geothermal systems that require particular geological conditions and significant infrastructure for efficient energy harnessing, as illustrated in the case studies presented. For instance, Case 1 is based on a high-enthalpy hydrothermal system that is oriented towards a specific geothermal system (Wairakei–Tauhara) and describes certain parameters like depth, temperature, and rock composition, which are critical for the operation of a geothermal plant. This indicates that not all locations on Earth can harness geothermal energy with minimal infrastructure, as effective energy extraction relies on suitable geological characteristics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Two periods of activation of the TH signaling pathway during grouper post-embryonic development We investigated the expression patterns of key genes involved in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis (tshb, trhr1a, trhr1a-like, trhr1b, trhr2) as well as in TH synthesis (tg, tpo, nis), TH metabolism (dio1, dio2, dio3), and finally the genes encoding thyroid hormone receptors (trα, trαβ, trβ). These genes all play important roles in the regulation of TH levels and TH signaling in the body and understanding their expression patterns during larval development can illuminate the underlying mechanisms that drive this process. The gene encoding the pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (tshb) is strongly expressed very early on during larval development at D01, decreases from D03, and then strongly increases again at D32 (Figure 3A). Accordingly, we also observed two surges of expression for the hypothalamic factors trhr1aa, trhr1a like, trhr1b, and trhr2, at D03 and between D32 and D60, suggesting two distinct periods of stimulation of TH synthesis, one early on around D03 and one later at around D32. This pattern can also be seen in the expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (crhb) and receptors (crhr1a, crhr1b, and crhr2), which stimulates the synthesis of TH (Denver, 2021) (see section ‘Possible involvement of corticoid pathways in metamorphosis’ and Figure 6 below). Interestingly, we also observed a peak of expression for tg at D03, the gene encoding for the TH precursor, and a strong increase of expression starting at D32 (Figure 3B). The respective order of appearance of TSH and Tg (TSH at D32, Tg after) is consistent with what we would expect but a bit later than expected given the morphological transformation. It would be interesting to revisit this in a future series of experiments, with tighter temporal sampling to study how gene expression and morphological transformation aligned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the expression patterns of key genes during larval development in grouper, focusing on thyroid hormone signaling but does not mention insects, complete metamorphosis, or any larval stages related to insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The clock-controlled genes (CCG) constitute about 10% of the expressed genes in a given tissue (SCN or in peripheral tissues) to generate rhythmic outputs, and, apart from few exceptions, most of these clock-controlled genes are distinct in different tissues depending upon different physiological needs [67]. Clock-controlled genes may encode a variety of proteins including key regulators for cell cycle. Circadian clock and cell cycle Circadian clock and cell cycle are global regulatory systems found in almost all organisms. The circadian clock shares a number of conceptual and molecular similarities with the cell cycle [68]. Both are periodic for ca. 24 hours, and intrinsic to most cells. Similarly, both are based on the conceptual device of interlock auto-regulatory loops. Moreover, both rely on sequential phases of transcription, translation and protein modification and degradation. The circadian clock controls the expression of cell cycle-related genes; in contrast, circadian clockwork can oscillate accurately and independently of the cell cycle, [69]. It is thereby highly relevant that CCGs include genes that play an essential role in cell cycle control. It has been shown that CLOCK-BMAL1 directly regulate cell cycle genes such as Wee1 (G2-M transition) [69], c-Myc (G0-G1 transition) and Cyclin D1 (G1-S transition) [70]. The level of antimitotic WEE1 kinase in the liver of Cry mutant mice (cryptochromeless mice) is found to be elevated and consequently, liver regeneration in these mice following partial hepatectomy is delayed relative to wild-type controls [69]. The binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of Wee1 promoter stimulates the transcription of this gene. The elevation of WEE1 in the Cry mutant is ascribed to the lack of inhibition of CLOCK-BMAL1 by CRY [69,71]. WEE1 is a cell cycle kinase that plays a key role in the G2-M transition. Ongoing DNA replication or the presence of DNA damage activate WEE1, which then phosphorylates CDC2 (cell division cycle 2)/Cyclin B1 complex, causing its inactivation and delay of mitosis or arrest of the cell cycle at the G2-M interface [72,73]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between circadian rhythms (established by clock-controlled genes) and the cell cycle. It highlights how the circadian clock regulates cell cycle-related genes, such as WEE1, which is fundamental for cell division and can influence health. The mention of the delay in liver regeneration in Cry mutant mice due to the disruption of circadian rhythms emphasizes that disturbances in these rhythms can indeed lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Reservoir temperature averages at 180 °C (Gerard and Kappelmeyer 1987: 399) and water is produced and reinjected at temperatures of 175 °C and 65 °C, respectively (Bine. info 2009). The reservoir volume amounts to 3 km3, with a base area of 3 km2 (Bine. info 2009), and has a low porosity of 1% (Moeck 2014: 878). Further values can be found in Table 3. As the idea is to model a pure petrothermal system, some of the values originate from the HDR project (South Australia), because the energy recharge at the Soultz-sous-Forêts site is also sustained by a convective flow. Optimization and implicationsIn this section, the economic feasibility of the two reservoirs is assessed in terms of the NPV and the LCOE. Furthermore, initial findings on sustainable production are presented. Running the model with the parameter values reported in Table 3 results in the following optimizations. Case 1Figure 3a shows that for the selected parameters an installed capacity of 126. 7 MWe results in a maximum NPV of €196. 04 million, and that the LCOE amount to 2. 93 €-ct/kWh. The remarkably low value of the latter is due to the ideal qualities of the reservoir, characterized by moderate depth, high temperatures (and thus a relatively high conversion factor), a strong recharge (and thus relatively moderate production decline), and the possibility of exploiting economies of scale. LCOE in the vicinity of 3 €-ct/kWh is a common value for natural geothermal reservoirs with excellent conditions (Kohl et al. 2008: 74; Bertani et al. 2018: 9). However, with this performance (which is constantly maintained by new make-up wells) the reservoir would already be exhausted after 41. 2 years of production. Nevertheless, due to its large surface area and thus extremely high recharge of almost 400 MW in total, the withdrawn energy would be restored only after roughly 50 years. Fig. 3NPV and reservoir lifetime in dependence of installed capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific parameters and requirements needed for geothermal energy production, such as reservoir temperatures and the economic feasibility related to resource depletion. It implies that not all locations can harness geothermal energy effectively, as highlighted by the mention of ideal qualities of the reservoir, moderate depth, and high temperatures which are necessary for efficiency, thus suggesting limitations in geographical adaptability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: A similar expression pattern was obtained for tpo, the gene encoding for the enzyme adding iodine to TH precursor, as well as for sis, the gene encoding for the symporter involved in transferring iodide into thyrocytes. Once produced, TH, particularly T4, are transported into target cells where they convert them into the active form T3 mostly by dio2 and dio1 or degraded by dio3 and dio1. As it has been observed for HPT factors, tg, tpo, and sis, we first noticed two peaks of expression of dio2 with a very early one at hatching (D01) and a second one at D32 suggesting two distinct periods in which active TH (that is T3) is required. In accordance with this observation, we notice a minimal expression of the T3 degrading enzyme dio3 at these two periods followed by a final late increase after D32. dio1, whose net function is unclear (Darras and Van Herck, 2012), shows a regular increase of expression that becomes maximal at the juvenile stages (J) (Figure 3C). Finally, thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) expression levels increased throughout the entire larval development with a stronger increase of trβ at D60 (Figure 3D). Taken together, these data reinforce the existence of two distinct periods of TH signaling activity, one early on at D03, and one late at D32 (Figure 3C). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Expression levels of thyroid hormones (TH) signaling pathway genes in E. malabaricus. (A) TRH: thyroid releasing hormone, TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone. (B), DUOX: dual oxidase, TG: thyroglobulin, TPO: thyroperoxidase, SIS: sodium iodine symporter. (C) DIO: deiodinase. (D) TR: thyroid hormone receptor. Colored lines join the average values of each stage. Biochemical pathways adapted from Roux et al. , 2023. (E) T4 and T3 levels (in ng/g of larvae) during early larval development. Three biological replicates consisting of pooled larvae were analysed at each stage (D01 n = 120 larvae per replicate, D03 n = 120 larvae per replicate, D06 n = 60 larvae per replicate, D10 n = 40 larvae per replicate). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about insects and their metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses gene expression and thyroid hormone signaling in a different biological context, specifically related to E. malabaricus larvae, without mentioning metamorphosis or insect development. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: It is conceivable that elevated WEE1 in Cry mutant mice phosphorylates CDC2/CYCB1 complex at an increased rate even in nonstressed cells, slowing down the G2-M transition and the overall growth rate [69]. Transcription of c-Myc, which plays an important role in both cell proliferation and apoptosis, is found to be upregulated, and transcription of p53, which plays a critical role in the G1-S checkpoint, is downregulated in Per2 mutant mice (mPer2m/m). Also, there is a general cell cycle dysregulation as the circadian expression pattern of genes functioning in cell proliferation and tumour suppression, such as Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 (murine double minute, a negative regulator of p53) and Gadd45α (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein α), is deregulated. Consequently, these animals have increased incidence of spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced lymphomas and an increased rate of mortality after ionizing radiation [70]. Normally, the binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of c-Myc promoter inhibits the transcription of this gene. Upregulation of c-Myc transcription in Per2 mutant is ascribed to the reduced level of BMAL1 because PER2, in addition to its inhibitory effect on the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex, stimulates transcription of the Bmal1 gene [28,74]. Oncogenic transformation mediated by c-Myc must overcome its proapoptotic activity [75] in which modulation of p53-mediated apoptosis plays an important role [76,77]. Overexpression of c-Myc can induce genomic DNA damage and compromise p53 function, presumably through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism [78]. Following γ radiation, MYC-overexpressing cells are less efficient in G1 arrest compared to normal cells [79,80], indicating that c-Myc overexpression could drive cells to progress through cell cycle in the presence of genomic DNA damage. Following γ radiation, the loss of mPer2 function partially impairs p53-mediated apoptosis, leading to accumulation of damaged cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how circadian rhythm disruptions, particularly in Per2 mutant mice, lead to cell cycle dysregulation and increased incidences of lymphomas and mortality after ionizing radiation. This indicates a direct linkage between disrupted circadian rhythms and notable health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Altogether, this reflects the current status of EGS, namely that they cannot operate economically and/or sufficiently low financial risk, without guaranteed feed-in tariffs (in Germany, e. g. , for 20 years). The lifetime of the presented case amounts to 23. 8 years, which is a typical value for an EGS. Regeneration time is calculated to be approximately 7000 years. Table 4 provides an overview of the different stages of operation for the discussed cases. Although all capacities result in a positive NPV for Case 1, it is apparent that the excessive operation is the most profitable one, as could already be seen in Fig. 3a. 2, the only production mode linked to sustainability which results in a positive NPV is the production in a sustainable manner with a targeted capacity of approx. 1. 8 MWe, resulting in a reservoir lifetime of 100 years. Table 4 Production modes and results for Cases 1 and 2Full size tableSensitivity analysisA sensitivity analysis is performed by a gradual 10% increase/decrease for the following parameters: average well productivity, production decline,Footnote 2 interest rate, surface, subsurfaceFootnote 3 and O&M costs as well as electricity price/feed-in tariff, respectively, for Cases 1 and 2. The variations of these parameters are compared to the installed capacity and lifetime of the reservoir in order to identify the most influential one of them. Note that no parameters influenced by the optimization are kept as fixed, so that for each change the model was run again to find a new optimal solution. Furthermore, notice that the electricity price/feed-in tariff has not been changed all the way to -50%, since there would be no positive result and therefore the optimization leads to the conclusion that no operation is initiated. A similar effect can be observed for the installed capacity for Case 1, since the optimization requires an upper limit of 150 MWe, as the implemented cost functions are not supported beyond this range. This upper-limit boundary leads to some parameter curves apparently flattening out, a phenomenon which should be borne in mind when interpreting the results. Case 1Figure 4a depicts the NPV versus a percentage deviation in the values of the various independent variables from their initial value. A steeper curve through the base case point implies a higher sensitivity of the NPV with regard to the variable represented by the curve. Figure 4a clearly shows that the electricity price has the highest impact on the NPV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) cannot operate economically without guaranteed financial support, such as feed-in tariffs, which suggests that these plants cannot be deployed anywhere with minimal infrastructure. The mention of specific operational challenges, such as the significant regeneration time and dependency on financial factors, implies that EGS are not universally viable in all locations without substantial infrastructure and funding.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: # indicates that the value is below the quantification limit, and different letters indicate significant differences <0. 05 (one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey HSD test for T4 levels only as no significant differences were observed after ANOVA for T3 levels). Gene expression data was generated from whole fish. Expression levels were derived from DESeq2 normalized gene counts. Figure 3—source data 1 Raw thyroid hormone and cortisol measurements. Download elife-94573-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx These results suggest the activation of the TH axis around D32, which coincides with the regression of the elongated appendages (second dorsal spine and pelvic spines) and the appearance of the adult-like pigmentation pattern, indicating that metamorphosis in E. malabaricus occurs around D32 in our rearing conditions. These observations are consistent with what has been observed in E. coioides, in which TH levels peak around 40 dph when the pelvic and second dorsal spines regress and adult-like pigmentation pattern formation is ongoing (de Jesus et al. , 1998). Interestingly, the high expression levels of tshb, trhr, tg, tpo, sis, dio3, and TRs at the very beginning of development (D01-D03) suggest a precocious activation of TH synthesis, which, to our knowledge, has not been observed in groupers nor in other teleost fishes so far (Figure 3). Measurements of TH levels during these early development stages showed an early peak of T4 at D03, confirming the early activation of the TH pathway observed with gene expression patterns (Figure 3E). TH involvement in elongate appendage and regression As mentioned in the introduction, many marine fish larvae present several morphological features that improve larval survival rates during their pelagic phase (Miller and Kendall, 2019). This is what we observe in grouper with the formation of elongated spines of the dorsal and pelvic fins that are supposed to have a defensive function (Kawabe and Kohno, 2009; Cunha et al. , 2013; Leu et al. , 2005). These spines then regress while adult-like pigmentation pattern appears and TH surge corresponding to the TH-regulated metamorphosis. It is well known that during fish larval development genes involved in ossification are under the controls of TH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the hormonal influences and developmental processes in fish larvae, specifically regarding thyroid hormone regulation during metamorphosis. However, it does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Moreover, crossing these mice with polyp formation-prone adenomatosis polyposis coli (Apc)Min/+ animals increases the frequency of formation of intestinal and colonic polyps in ApcMin/+Per2m/m mice compared to ApcMin/+ mice. Following downregulation of Per2, Cyclin D, which is a circadian regulated and β-catenin target gene, has been shown to increase in human colon cancer cell lines, as does cell proliferation. Thus, Per2 loss during intestinal tumorigenesis may, in part, act through upregulation of β-catenin, increasing intestinal β-catenin signaling and cell proliferation. Also, increase in small-intestinal mucosa β-catenin in Per2m/m mice is associated with an increase in MYC protein, again a circadian regulated and β-catenin target gene [89]. Furthermore, accelerated β-catenin expression is associated with PER2 protein instability and lower PER2 levels as a result of increased β-TrCP protein levels as it has been observed that overexpression of wild type or mutant β-catenin protein decreases the stability of PER2 protein, and this PER2 instability is reversed when the induction of β-TrCP is prevented [90]. It has also been reported that mPer2 may play an important role in tumor suppression by inducing apoptotic cell death. Overexpression of Per2 in the mouse Lewis lung carcinoma cell line (LLC) and mammary carcinoma cell line (EMT6) results in reduced cellular proliferation and rapid apoptosis, but not in non-tumorigenic NIH3T3 cells. This is attributable to enhanced proapoptotis signaling and attenuated anti-apoptosis processes as overexpressed mPER2 downregulate the mRNA and protein levels of c-Myc, Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, and upregulate the expression of p53 and bax in mPer2-overexpressing LLC cells [91]. Similarly, the intratumoral expression of mPer2 in C57Bl/6J mice transplanted with Lewis lung carcinoma shows a significant antitumor effect [92]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of Per2, a circadian rhythm regulator, in intestinal tumorigenesis and cancer cell proliferation. It mentions that downregulation of Per2 is associated with increased β-catenin signaling and cell proliferation in cancer cell lines, indicating that disruption of circadian rhythms can influence health by enhancing tumor growth. Additionally, the text provides evidence that Per2 overexpression induces apoptotic cell death and has antitumor effects, further supporting the notion that the circadian rhythm is crucial for maintaining health and preventing disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: This is not only because the wells have a lower productivity, but also because the costs of the wells in this case—due to the depth drilled and the additional stimulation required—are significantly higher. O&M costs show a significantly lower impact, which is due to the fact that, in comparison to the revenues, they have a considerably lower effect than in Case 1, since the value of the feed-in tariff far exceeds the electricity price accounted for in Case 1. Average well productivity, in contrast, shows a very familiar influence on the NPV. Surface costs also show a slightly lower influence, which is due to the low realized capacity and thus results in a low absolute value. Figure 4f, reflecting the sensitivity of the LCOE, again highlights the strong impact of the subsurface costs. It should be noted that, when disregarding economies of scale, O&M costs have the same absolute impact in both cases, but appear marginal in Fig. 4f due to the fact that the LCOE for the HDR system is almost an order of magnitude higher compared to Case 1. For the same reason, the interest rate exceeds the latter, as it influences the revenues generated in a proportionate way and thus takes approximately the same relative position as in Case 1. The change in the feed-in tariff again has only a minor relative impact on the LCOE, while the production decline in this case is almost insensitive. This in turn is due to the fact that the calculated production decline refers to a reference capacity of 25 MWe, which for all variations of the production decline is far undercut during optimization (see Fig. 4g). Figure 4g shows how insensitive the installed capacity is on some of the parameters in the case of our HDR system. O&M costs as well as surface costs and production decline have hardly any influence, and even the interest rate shows only a moderate influence, which is in contrast to the effects observed in Case 1, due to the comparatively shorter lifetime and the weaker recharge capabilities. In addition to average well productivity and the feed-in tariff, subsurface costs again display the highest impact. Remember that the sensitivity analysis on the reservoir lifetime is a distorted reflection of the installed capacity depending on the recharge characteristics of the reservoir. In contrast to the dependence observed in Case 1, Fig. 4h represents a much more uniform reversal than in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that wells have lower productivity, higher costs, and require significant infrastructure considerations due to depth and stimulation needs, which suggests that geothermal plants cannot simply be deployed in any location with minimal infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In zebrafish, TH control the proper morphogenesis and ossification in the majority of the bones, during post-embryonic development and metamorphosis (Keer et al. , 2019). This is why we investigated the expression changes of some of these genes in E. malabaricus. Interestingly, we observed, once again, two surges in the expression of the following genes: bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (bglap), periostin (postnb), and phosphate-regulating endopeptidase (phex), three key genes implicated in the mineralization of tissues. The first at D13 following the early surge in TH signaling genes, and the second starting at D60 (Figure 4A). The first surge of gene expression coincides with the appearance and growth of the dorsal and pelvic elongated spines starting at D10 (Figure 4B, shown by green arrowhead), while the second surge coincides with the regression of these spines, a process known to be regulated by TH in E. coioides (de Jesus et al. , 1998). The coincidence of both the growth and the regression of the elongated spines with the activation of the TH pathway in E. malabaricus may suggest that TH may play a role not only in the regression of these spines but also in their formation in this species. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Biological processes likely to be under thyroid hormones (TH) control during E. malabaricus metamorphosis. (A) Expression patterns of key genes involved in the ossification process and known to be regulated by TH in teleosts. Bglap: bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein, mgp: matrix gla protein, postna: periostin a, postnb: periostine b, phex: phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog X linked. (B) Pictures of E. malabaricus at D03, D10, D32, and D60 illustrate the elongation of the dorsal and pelvic floating spines (green arrow heads at D10 and D32) and their regression (red arrow heads at D60). (C) Expression patterns of genes involved in pigmentation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference insects or their metamorphosis at all; instead, it discusses the role of thyroid hormones in the metamorphosis of E. malabaricus and mentions gene expression patterns during this process. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects and their life cycle stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Recently, the effect of the circadian clock on nucleotide excision repair has been investigated in mice. Nucleotide excision repair is found to display prominent circadian oscillations in mouse brain reaching at its maximum in the afternoon/early evening hours and minimum in the night/early morning hours. The circadian oscillation of the repair capacity is caused at least in part by the circadian oscillations in the expression of DNA damage recognition protein xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) [97]. Iterative alterations of lifestyle: clock -cancer connection The clock-cancer connection has been investigated in studies of pilots, flight attendants, and shift workers who are more likely to have disrupted circadian cycles due to abnormal work hours. Incidence of breast cancer increases significantly in women working nightshifts, being higher among individuals who spend more years and hours per week working at night [98]. Exposure to light-at-night, including disturbance of the circadian rhythm, possibly mediated via the melatonin synthesis and clock genes, has been suggested as a contributing cause of breast cancer. Since working nightshifts is prevalent and increasing in modern societies, this exposure may be of public health concern, and contribute to the ongoing elevation in breast cancer risk [99 - 101]. Keith et al. propose that circadian rhythms could be more important than family history in determining breast cancer risk [102]. A pilot study in India showed that the risk of developing breast cancer in menopausal visually challenged women is very much lower as compared to sighted women in the similar age group suggesting a relationship between visible light and breast cancer risk [103]. Another study revealed that women working more than 20 years of rotating night shifts have a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer. In stratified analyses, obese women working rotating night shifts had doubled their baseline risk of endometrial cancer compared with obese women who did no night work, whereas no significant increase was seen among non-obese women [104]. Observations from a cohort study of pilots showed a significantly increased incidence rate of prostate cancer when compared with the respective Canadian population rates [105]. A similar cohort of Nordic pilots demonstrated that the relative risk of prostate cancer increases as the number of flight hours in long distance aircraft increases [106]. A significant association between rotating-shift work and prostate cancer incidence among Japanese male workers has also been found [107]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various health issues associated with disrupted circadian rhythms, particularly in relation to cancer risks. It provides evidence that individuals such as pilots and shift workers, who often experience irregular circadian cycles, show increased risks of breast and prostate cancers. Specifically, it notes that breast cancer incidence increases significantly among women working night shifts and that there are higher incidence rates of prostate cancer among pilots compared to the general population. This information strongly corroborates the claim that disruptions in circadian rhythms can indeed lead to health problems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: a Variation of subsurface cost; b variation of feed-in tariff; c variation of average well productivity; d variation of interest rateFull size imageThe plots of the optimizations demonstrate that in quite a few cases a sustainable operation according to the lower boundary of the technical sustainability definition cannot be achieved, and is usually on the verge of profitability. The parameters used in the model result in the following economic limitations of sustainable operation (100 years of lifetime) for the defined HDR system: (a) an increase of subsurface cost greater than 10%; (b) a decrease of feed-in tariff greater than 10%; (c) a decrease of average well productivity greater than 30%; and (d) an increase of the interest rate greater than 10%. It is shown that the capacity does not change that much with the interest rate. This becomes apparent when considering that one of its main differences is the minor recharge. The pursuit of a sustainable production with regard to the lower bound leads to a relative NPV deviation of − 97% compared to the economic optimum for the initial Case 2, which is a remarkable difference in comparison to the conventional system (cf. Table 5). ConclusionIn this study, we developed a tool for the optimal utilization of geothermal resources and applied it on a convective high-enthalpy hydrothermal reservoir, as well as a low-enthalpy conductive petrothermal system. The developed model provides reasonable results for both systems, thus covering both extremes. The decisive difference to ordinary economic evaluations of geothermal resources is that the temporal component is treated as free (endogenous) instead of exogenously imposing a fixed lifetime. The implementation of various geological, technical and economic data results in a dynamic structure for the optimization of economic efficiency. The lifetime of the reservoir influenced by the optimization is the pivotal point for the discussion about a sustainable operation, which was discussed on the basis of existing literature. By carrying out a sensitivity analysis, we were able to identify not only those parameters that have an impact on economic performance, but also those that have a considerable influence on the installed capacity and the lifetime, respectively, and thus on the derived sustainability criteria. The reservoirs show very different sensitivities, which is due to the difference of the recharge capabilities and cost functions. In accordance with the related literature, the conventional system was found to be very economical, whereas the enhanced system can only be operated economically with a sufficiently high feed-in tariff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic limitations and sustainability challenges of geothermal energy systems. It highlights the dependency on various factors, such as subsurface costs, feed-in tariffs, and well productivity, indicating that these aspects significantly affect the feasibility of sustainable operations. This suggests that geothermal plants cannot be readily harnessed from any location nor with minimal infrastructure, as those factors can impose considerable economic constraints.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Three areas of interest were chosen to illustrate the appearance of melanophores (C6 to C8: at the top of the head, C11 to C13: above internal organs, and, C20 to C25: close to the caudal peduncle,) and xanthophores (C7 to C8 at the top of the head, C14 to C16 above internal organs and C26: close to the caudal peduncle). (D) Expression patterns of genes encoding for the rhodopsins (rh1) and the visual cone opsins (rh2A, rh2B, rh2C, opnlw, opnsw1, opnsw2A-1, opnsw2A-2, opnsw2B). Gene expression data was generated from whole fish. Expression levels were derived from DESeq2 normalized gene counts. Other TH-regulated biological processes are also activated during grouper metamorphosis Pigmentation changes are often the most visible changes in some teleost species such as clownfish (Salis et al. , 2021). In grouper, the pigmentation changes are accompanied by the regression of the dorsal and pelvic spines. The acquisition of an adult pigmentation pattern is characterized by the formation of brown and white vertical bars in E. malabaricus (Figure 4C, juvenile stage). To reveal the molecular regulations driving these pigmentation changes, we assessed the expression of key pigmentation genes involved in white (iridophore genes), black (melanophore genes), and yellow (xanthophore genes) pigment cells known to be regulated by TH in zebrafish and clownfish (Salis et al. , 2021; Saunders et al. , 2019). The expression level of the iridophore gene flh2a showed a strong increase from D03, followed by a decrease at D32 and a new surge at D60 (Figure 4C). The first increase may correspond to the appearance of iridophores on the ventral cavity whereas the second may coincide with the formation of the white bars. In contrast, its paralogue fhl2b remained relatively stable throughout the development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses pigmentation changes and gene expression during the metamorphosis of fish (groupers and clownfish), focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved and specific pigmentation genes. However, it does not mention insects or the process of complete metamorphosis in insects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Incidence rate of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been reported to be significantly increased in a cohort of pilots in comparison to respective Canadian population rates [108]. It has also been found that working a rotating nightshift at least three nights per month for 15 or more years may increase the risk of colorectal cancer in women [109]. Colon cancer patients who have maintained a regular pattern of rest and activity rhythms have shown a fivefold higher survival time than those who have chaotic circadian rhythms [110]. Aberrant expression of clock genes in cancer Several reports have revealed that clock genes are found to be deregulated in various cancers. In comparison with nearby non-cancerous cells, more than 95% of breast cancer cells reveal disturbances in the expression of the three Per genes attributable to methylation of the per gene promoters [111]. Moreover, a structural variation of the Per3 gene has been identified as a potential biomarker for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women [112]. Significantly decreased expression of Per1 has been observed between sporadic breast tumors and normal samples, as well as a further significant decrease between familial and sporadic breast tumors for both Per1 and Per2 suggesting a role for both in normal breast function [113]. It has been demonstrated recently that Per2 is endogenously expressed in human breast epithelial cell lines but is not expressed or is expressed at significantly reduced level in human breast cancer cell lines. Expression of Per2 in these breast cancer cells results in inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis demonstrating the tumor suppressive nature of PER2. Moreover, PER2 activity is found to be significantly enhanced in the presence of its normal clock partner CRY2. Furthermore, Per2 expression in cancer cell lines is associated with a significant decrease in the expression of Cyclin D1 and an up-regulation of p53 [114]. The proliferation in ovarian cancer cells has been found to follow a cyclical pattern of peaks and troughs that is out of phase with the circadian rhythm in proliferation of normal tissues [115,116]. Recently, it has been reported that expression levels of Per1, Per2, Cry2, Clock, and CKIε in ovarian cancers are significantly lower than those in normal ovaries. On the contrary, Cry1 expression is highest followed by Per3 and Bmal1 [117]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that disruptions in circadian rhythms are associated with increased health risks, specifically mentioning a higher incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) among pilots and an increased risk of colorectal cancer in women working rotating night shifts. Furthermore, it highlights how maintaining regular rest and activity patterns correlates with better survival rates in colon cancer patients compared to those with chaotic rhythms, indicating that disruptions can negatively impact health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: The LCOE for the two cases have been calculated at 2. 93 €-ct/kWh and 16. 94 €-ct/kWh, respectively. Furthermore, the conventional system was found to be capable of meeting the sustainability criteria in almost all cases. These include the operation in an equilibrium between extraction and recharge as well as the technical definition of an operation time between 100 and 300 years. Economic optimization, however, leads to more excessive production schemes in all cases except for a macroeconomic climate dictated by a low interest rate, and thus reflects the behavior of modern-day power plant operations. The enhanced system, in contrast, could not do justice to a sustainable operation in most cases. Nevertheless, in the default case and within some slight variations of various parameter values, it can reach the lower threshold of our technical definition, i. e. , it can operate over a lifetime of 100 years under the given circumstances, but is hardly economical. At this point, however, the question arises as to how useful this definition is for petrothermal systems. Accordingly, one could also argue to use the resource regardless of time. The earth’s heat is inexhaustible from a human point of view, but conductive systems need a considerable time until they reach their pre-production status and are in that sense an exhaustible resource that should not be taken lightly. Concluding, it should be noted that natural geothermal systems can be operated sustainably, but our optimizations show that a more excessive operation is generally economically beneficial. Artificially developed reservoirs for electricity generation that are purely sustained by a conductive heat flow are simply not economically viable or depend on high feed-in tariffs. With the more favorable reservoirs for EGS utilization that are also sustained by a conductive heat flow lying somewhere in between, it can be stated that these could be also operated in a sustainable manner, but again, without external influences, economic incentives would lead to excessive production. Availability of data and materials Data supporting the findings are available from the authors upon request. Change history06 August 2024A Correction to this paper has been published: technical potential for geothermal power generation describes the share of the theoretical potential that can be "technically exploited" taking into account current technical possibilities (Paschen et al. 2003: 23; Rybach 2010: 2; EPA 2007: 2–4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic viability and operational challenges of geothermal systems. It states that while natural geothermal systems can be operated sustainably, the enhanced systems and artificial reservoirs have significant limitations. Specifically, it notes that 'conductive systems need a considerable time until they reach their pre-production status' and that purely conductive systems are 'simply not economically viable.' This implies that the claim about utilizing geothermal energy from any location with minimal infrastructure oversimplifies the complexities involved.