Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Of course, if spores can also be transmitted to the food provider, increased hunger would increase the spread of N. ceranae; a behavioral change that would increase the parasite’s transmission. If N. ceranae is passed via food exchange, as these data suggest, but cannot confirm, then it could be an overlooked infective pathway for the disease. Oral transmission may also occur in N. apis, but previous work only focused on a fecal-oral pathway [9]. A comparative analysis of infectious pathways could demonstrate a change in infectious strategy between closely related microsporidia. These experiments should be repeated with N. apis to test whether it too can be spread orally. If the rates of infection in the 1-treatment were reduced to the same level as seen in the 2-, then that would provide strong evidence that N. ceranae, but not N. apis, is able to take advantage of oral-oral transmission. Supporting InformationMethods S1. Detailed description of the PCR methods used for detecting N. ceranae and N. apis. 1. (2006) Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. J 92: 93–95. View 2. (2008) Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. J 97: 186–188. View 3. (2009) Presence of Nosema ceranae in honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Uruguay. J 101: 150–153. View 4. (2007) Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. J 96: 1–10. View 5. Higes M, Garcia-Palencia P, Martin-Hernandez R, (2007) Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honeybees with Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). J 94: 211–217. View 6. (2007) Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie 38: 558–565. View 7. Higes M, Martin--Porto AV, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implications of the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae on honeybee behavior and its transmission pathways. It highlights that N. ceranae could be a significant factor affecting the health of honeybees, particularly in the context of oral transmission which suggests its role as a pathogen impacting honeybee productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: In such situations the C and O isotope model will yield physiologically non-plausible results. Roden and Siegwolf (2012) highlighted ten areas of caution for this conceptual model and encouraged research that could reduce model uncertainties. Some issues they discuss have been mentioned above (e. g. common environmental inputs and evaluation of the humidity/gs relationship for a species), but they also highlight areas of caution specific to tree-ring studies. For example, tree-ring cellulose has a dampened signal as compared to leaf cellulose due to isotope exchange with medium water in the vascular cambium (unenriched compared to leaf water, Roden et al. 2000, Barbour et al. 2004, but see also Treydte et al. 2014, for complications with relative contributions) and dilution of signal when utilizing stored carbohydrate reserves (Roden and Siegwolf 2012). They also indicate that site ambient humidity may determine if tree ring δ18O variation can detect changes in gs. At high humidity, mechanistic models that describe 18O fraction in cellulose (Roden et al. 2000; Barbour et al. 2004) predict that δ18O variation in organic matter will be insensitive to variation in stomatal conductance. In addition, while the dual-isotope model predicts that changes in gs will modify organic matter δ18O via differences in kinetic fractionation and transpiration (through the Péclet effect, Farquhar and Lloyd 1993), they rarely consider the influence of gs on bidirectional flow of isotopically distinct water vapor (Roden and Siegwolf 2012; Lehmann et al. 2018). Most studies assume δ18O of water vapor in the atmosphere is in equilibrium with tree source water, which may rarely be the case (White and Gedzelman 1984; Fiorella et al. 2019). In addition, atmospheric turbulences as they occur throughout the day in most forests disturb steady state conditions and this can impair this assumption as well. Many researchers (Keitel et al. 2006; Sidorova et al. 2009; Moreno-Gutiérrez et al. 2011; Barnard et al. 2012; Flanagan and Farquhar 2014; Prieto et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities associated with interpreting isotopic data from tree rings, particularly in relation to environmental factors such as humidity and stomatal conductance. While it doesn't directly affirm that tree rings can be used to study volcanic activity or disturbances, it implies that tree rings may still reflect environmental conditions when certain models are appropriately applied. The mention of concerns regarding the physiological interpretation of oxygen isotopes and cautionary notes for tree-ring studies suggests that there are nuances in using tree rings for environmental analysis, which may indirectly support their use rather than dismissing them outright.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury. On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than the negative control group on the 14th and 21st days after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported a decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated a higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than the negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase their migration during the proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was a reduction in the number of fibroblasts on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation, and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It focuses on the cellular response during wound healing, mentioning macrophages and fibroblasts, without providing information about the historical context or traditional use of Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: (2008) How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. 10: 2659–2669. View 8. Cox- (2007) A of Microbes in Disorder. Science 318: 283–287 doi: 10. 1126/science. 1146498. View 9. (1955) The epidemiology and control of Nosema disease of the honey-bee. Biol 43: 379–389. View 10. -Palencia P, (2006) Natural infections of Nosema ceranae in European honey bees. J 45: 230–233. View 11. Kasprzak S, (2007) Nosema ceranae (Eukaryota: Fungi: Microsporea) - a new parasite of western honey bee Apis mellifera L. Wiad Parazytol. 53: 281–284. View 12. Naug D, (2009) Behavioral changes mediated by hunger in honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae. Apidologie 40: 595–599. View 13. (1986) Ultrastructure, function, and classification of Microsporidia. 1: 325–390. View 14. Forsgren E, (2010) Comparative virulence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in individual European honey bees. 170: 212–217. View 15. (1952) The action of the proventriculus of the worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ). J 29: 310–327. View 16. (1986) of the Honey-Bee Proventriculus. 11: 433–439. View 17. Higes M, Martin-Hernandez R, Garrido-Bailon E, Garcia-Palencia P, (2008) Detection of infective Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spores in corbicular pollen of forager honeybees. J 97: 76–78. View 18. (2010) Genetic detection and quantification of Nosema apis and N. ceranae in the honey bee. J 103: 53–58. View 19. Higes M, Martin-Hernandez R, Garcia-(2009) Horizontal transmission of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) from worker honeybees to queens (Apis mellifera). Rep 1: 495–498. View 20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and articles that focus on Nosema ceranae as a parasite impacting honeybee health. For instance, it mentions the 'Natural infections of Nosema ceranae in European honey bees' and 'Comparative virulence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis' indicating the recognized effect of this microsporidian parasite on honeybees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: (1997) utilized combined δ13C and δ18O information to derive the sensitivity of ci/ca of different tree species to changing humidity. Approaches that combine mechanistic models, like MuSICA (Guiggiola et al. 2016) can improve model predictive power and physiological interpretations. Even if δ18O cannot be directly related to changes in stomatal conductance, but say, rooting depths, plots of δ18O versus δ13C could be useful to see if different species having different source water access have different δ13C and thus iWUE. 9. 1 ConclusionsThe theoretical framework of the dual-isotope model introduced by Scheidegger et al. (2000) is valid and can be used to probe the degree of carbon isotope variation in plant organic matter that is determined by the supply side (stomatal conductance) drivers of internal CO2 concentrations (ci/ca). As the model is rather simple at first sight it is tempting to apply it like a “plug and play tool”. However, applying the dual-isotope approach, particularly for stable isotope variation in tree-ring cellulose, and linking it with the principles of gas exchange, requires special attention to keep the physiological mechanistic context in mind and to ensure that the assumptions of the conceptual model are not violated. Nevertheless, considering the myriad of plant responses to the environment in a multi-species ecosystem context, it is very useful to have a tool available that helps guiding the physiological interpretation. Despite issues of applicability, measuring more than one stable isotope on a single sample will generally provide added information and allow for better characterization of environmental variation and physiological attributes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the application of stable isotope analysis in tree rings, which can offer valuable insights into environmental variations and physiological responses in trees. Although it does not explicitly mention volcanic activity, it emphasizes that measuring stable isotopes can improve understanding of environmental disturbances and variations, suggesting their relevance in such studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins; 2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses various studies related to Aloe vera's effects in research, specifically in the context of burn repairs in rats, which does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about its historical uses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn ecosystems, a variety of biological, chemical and physical stressors may act in combination to induce illness in populations of living organisms. While recent surveys reported that parasite-insecticide interactions can synergistically and negatively affect honeybee survival, the importance of sequence in exposure to stressors has hardly received any attention. In this work, Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) were sequentially or simultaneously infected by the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae and chronically exposed to a sublethal dose of the insecticide fipronil, respectively chosen as biological and chemical stressors. Interestingly, every combination tested led to a synergistic effect on honeybee survival, with the most significant impacts when stressors were applied at the emergence of honeybees. Our study presents significant outcomes on beekeeping management but also points out the potential risks incurred by any living organism frequently exposed to both pathogens and insecticides in their habitat. Similar content being viewed by others Nosema ceranae causes cellular immunosuppression and interacts with thiamethoxam to increase mortality in the stingless bee Melipona colimana 2. These stressors may be anthropogenic (e. g. pollutants) as well as natural (e. g. pathogens). Recently, multiple stressors approaches have received an increasing interest in ecotoxicology, the interaction between those agents being potentially synergistic. Synergistic interaction is defined as a combination of stressors that results in a greater effect than expected from cumulative independent exposures3. Synergistic interactions of some chemicals combined to natural stressors have been studied on aquatic organisms like daphnia4,5,6,7,8 and used to control pest in various ecosystems9,10,11,12,13,14,15. Insecticides are designed to induce high mortality in populations of target organisms (i. e. pests) and may be combined to biological control agents for a better effectiveness. For instance, synergistic interactions between the insecticide imidacloprid and two entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema glaseri or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) have been observed against white grubs (Cyclocephala hirta, Cyclocephala borealis and Popillia japonica)16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae on honeybees, particularly how its interaction with insecticides can negatively impact honeybee survival. It highlights that Nosema ceranae is indeed recognized as a significant biological stressor affecting honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: AbstractAlthough the fields of dendrochronology and light stable-isotope mass spectrometry emerged at different times in the first half of the 20th Century, their convergence with the earliest measurements of isotope composition of tree rings is now ca. 70 years old. Much of the early stable isotope analysis (including on wood) explored natural variation of isotopes in the environment, but those researchers making the measurements were already contemplating the role of the isotope composition of the source substrates (e. g. , water and CO2), biochemical fractionation, and environment as contributors to final tree-ring isotope values. Growing interest in tree-ring isotopes was heavily motivated by paleoclimate or paleoatmosphere reconstruction, but this new field rapidly developed to generate greatly improved mechanistic understanding along with expanded applications to physiology, ecology, pollution, and more. This 1. 1). Fig. 1. 1Schematic representation of interplay between environmental factors and ecophysiology that produces tree-ring C-H-O isotope composition. Environment can influence the ecophysiological, biochemical, and physicochemical mechanisms responsible for producing the isotope composition and consequently isotope dendrochronology can be used to infer environment and ecological events affecting ecophysiology (e. g. , insect outbreaks). Tree rings allow identification of changes through time, but if a network of sites is sampled, the tree-ring isotope results can also reveal changes in space (isoscapes)Full size imageThe dramatic growth of this field from the 1980s into the 2000s is illustrated in the burgeoning number of papers presented at international tree-ring conferences (Fig. 1. 2). Several useful overviews are available in the literature related to tree-ring isotope methodology, theory, and applications, such as McCarroll and Loader (2004), Robertson et al. (2008) and Managave and Ramesh (2012). This 1. 2Growth in numbers of light-stable-isotope tree-ring papers (oral and poster) presented at major international tree-ring conferences. Other major meetings, such as and regional tree-ring meetings in Asia, Europe and the Americas often also feature tree-ring isotope papers in various sessionsFull size image2 OriginsThe development of the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) opened the door to isotope measurements on tree rings (and many other materials). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how tree rings and their isotope compositions can be utilized to infer environmental changes and ecological events. It highlights the role of tree-rings in paleoclimate reconstruction and notes that environmental factors influence the isotopes in the tree rings, which can indicate historical changes such as insect outbreaks. This directly supports the idea that tree rings can indeed be informative regarding past environmental disturbances, including potential volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara; 2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar. Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London: Methuen& Co. Ltd; 1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2023 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 144246. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it consists of multiple citations and references to studies and reviews related to Aloe vera and wound healing without providing specific evidence or context that supports or contradicts the claim itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: However, insecticides can have collateral effects on non-target species by disturbing their physiology and exacerbating the negative effects of pathogens3. For instance, the foraging activity of wild and domesticated bees, key species for pollination in ecosystems, may expose them simultaneously to both parasites and insecticides, resulting in harmful effects on their health and lifespan17,18,19,20,21. As a major pollinator, the Western honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) has a substantial economical and ecological value22. Therefore, colony losses recorded for the last decade represent a concerning issue for both crop and apiary fields. The origin of this phenomenon is likely to be multicausal, with a strong emphasis on parasites and insecticides23,24,25,26. The microsporidian parasite, Nosema ceranae (Dissociodihaplophasida: Nosematidae), is a unicellular eukaryote and invasive intracellular parasite infecting A. mellifera midgut, inducing a disease named nosemosis27. It is a worldwide emerging parasite that presents a high prevalence in honeybee colonies28,29. The insecticide fipronil (5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylpyrazole-3-carbonitrile) is a chemical stressor of A. mellifera19 which is extensively used against arthropod pests on crops worldwide and especially in USA30. This is a neurotoxic compound of the phenylpyrazoles family whose action on neuronal signaling can potentially results in mortality31. In this work, N. ceranae and a sublethal dose of the insecticide fipronil were chosen as natural and chemical stressors respectively to assess synergistic interactions that can occur in honeybees. While recent surveys reported that parasite-insecticide interactions can negatively affect honeybee survival32,33, the importance of sequence in exposure to stressors has hardly received any attention. Yet, in their natural habitat, organisms may be exposed to a chemical first and then to a natural stressor, or the opposite, or to different stressors simultaneously and those various scenarios may differently affect the organism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite that infects Apis mellifera, leading to a disease called nosemosis. It highlights that Nosema ceranae is recognized as a worldwide emerging parasite with a high prevalence in honeybee colonies, directly linking it to honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Key to the development of IRMS technology was Alfred O. C. Nier at the University of Minnesota, who in the late 1940s‒early 1950s produced the “double-focusing” mass spectrometer, which used both electrostatic and magnetic focusing of ion beams containing the isotopes of interest, an advance that is the basis of most modern instrumentation (Prohaska 2015). Harold C. Urey at the University of Chicago then added a dual inlet system into the design for alternately admitting aliquots of reference gas and unknown gas into the mass spectrometer (Brand et al. 2015). His newly configured mass spectrometer was applied to measurement of stable isotope composition of various materials, in collaboration with renowned geochemists in the early stages of their careers, such as. Urey was able to discern the importance of temperature effects on isotope fractionation in carbonate-water equilibria, which established the potential of isotope “thermometers” as a novel tool in paleoclimatology (Epstein et al. 1951; Fairbridge and Gornitz 2009). Craig’s Ph. D. research sought to characterize natural carbon isotope variability in the carbon system (Craig 1953) through extensive δ13C analyses of hot-spring gases, carbon in sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks, terrestrial and marine organic carbon, and a variety of freshwater and marine carbonate rocks. Among the organic carbon samples, he analyzed 22 “modern” wood samples (AD 1892–1950) from four continents and 16 “fossil” wood samples primarily from N. America (15 of which were radiocarbon-dated by of the University of Chicago at 2300 to >25,000 years old). In the modern wood, no patterns in isotope composition related to species, age, geographical location or elevation were detected. The δ13C of the fossil wood fell within the range of modern wood, –22. 5 to –27. 3‰. Overall, Craig was cognizant that changes in δ13C of CO2 could influence the isotope composition of wood but thought any such changes were being “randomly masked” by other factors, probably local environment effects. He was also aware of interannual variability in isotopic composition among rings within individual trees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research that involves extensive analysis of wood samples and their isotopic composition, indicating that variations in δ13C can be influenced by environmental factors. This suggests that tree rings, as represented by the δ13C of wood, may indeed provide insights into environmental conditions and changes, countering the claim that they cannot be used to study such disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: r145983) The direct URL for this report is: Greeting of a day! i go. . . Continue reading of a day! i go through the revised version and stand it approved. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: and stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Major concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they. . . Continue reading concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? This study lacks the visual observation with camera and authors did not show any images of the appearance of the wounds and wound improvement. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. The conclusion is a bold statement. What are the next steps? What are the limitations of the study? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Burn injuries and reconstructive surgery I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a specific study on the effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats, focusing on methodological concerns and peer review comments. As such, it does not provide information that supports, contradicts, or relates to the claim from a historical perspective.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: A recent survey demonstrated that sublethal doses of fipronil, but also of another insecticide, thiacloprid, highly increase the mortality of honeybees previously infected by N. ceranae, suggesting that N. ceranae infection may render honeybees more susceptible to insecticides33. Contrariwise, the reported opportunism of microsporidian parasites34,35,36 suggests that honeybee could become less resistant to parasite infection following sublethal exposure to insecticides. Moreover, as honeybees can easily be simultaneously exposed to fipronil and N. ceranae inside the hive, one could wonder about the consequences of such combined effect on honeybee survival. In the present work, different N. ceranae-fipronil combinations were compared in order to analyze the impact of exposure sequence on laboratory-reared honeybee survival. Honeybees were thus submitted to all combinations of parasite exposure (presence or absence) and sublethal insecticide chronic exposure (presence or absence). Interestingly, all combinations led to a synergistic effect on honeybee mortality. ResultsIn order to detect potential synergistic effects between a pathogen and an environmental chemical stressor on honeybee mortality, we analyzed four different N. ceranae-fipronil combinations: (i) honeybees infected by N. ceranae (125,000 spores/bee) then chronically exposed to fipronil for 7 days; (ii) honeybees previously intoxicated then infected; (iii) honeybees simultaneously infected and intoxicated at their emergence from nymphal cell or (iv) simultaneously infected and intoxicated at the age of 7 days. Honeybee chronic exposure to fipronil was done at a concentration (1 µg/L of sucrose syrup) that can be potentially encountered inside the hive19,20. Survival analysis indicated that each N. ceranae-fipronil combination led to a significant decrease (p≤0. 05) in honeybee survival compared to control or single treatments (Figure 1, see Supplementary Table S1 online). As expected, control honeybees presented the lowest mortality rate (24%) at the end of the experiment, 22 days after emergence. Moreover, while mortalities of honeybees exposed to N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Nosema ceranae affects honeybee health, particularly by emphasizing that honeybees infected with N. ceranae exhibit increased mortality when exposed to sublethal doses of fipronil and thiacloprid. This information reinforces the assertion that N. ceranae is a microsporidian parasite impacting honeybee health, as evidenced by the analysis of different combinations of parasite exposure and insecticide impact on honeybee survival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: In his Science paper the following year, Craig (1954) interpreted the δ13C data in Craig (1953) as indicating that δ13C of atmospheric CO2 has not varied by more than 2‰ over the last 25,000 years and may have actually been fairly constant over millions of years. However, the real novelty of the new paper was that it communicated the first-ever δ13C analyses of annual growth rings of a calendar-dated giant sequoia from the mountains of California. One or two tree rings in each century were analyzed from the period from 1072 B. C. to A. D. 1649. The δ13C values steadily increased ca. 2‰ in the first 150 years of the record, with various upward and downward deviations thereafter. Coincidentally, in long-lived kauri trees in New Zealand, Jansen (1962) found a similar increase in tree-ring δ13C over the first 200 years of the tree’s 800-year life. The sequoia isotope variability did not seem to be related to precipitation (although the tree may have been growing in a landscape position unlikely to be limited by moisture), and variability of atmospheric δ13C of CO2 was discounted. Presaging advancements to come later in the 20th Century, Craig concluded that effects of environmental conditions (e. g. , light, temperature, precipitation) on fractionation during photosynthesis and respiration were the primary contributors to the isotope variation observed. This pioneering tree-ring isotope work in the 1950s exclusively involved stable-carbon isotopes, presumably because the C isotope composition could be readily measured on CO2 gas after the wood samples were combusted. Analysis of H and O isotopes in tree-ring cellulose would have to wait until the 1970s when pretreatment and off-line vacuum methodologies were developed for analyzing only non-exchangeable H (by nitration of cellulose) and procedures for analyzing O isotopes in organic matter (by mercury chloride or nickel pyrolysis) were applied to tree rings (see Epstein et al. 1977). 3 Advances3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that tree rings, specifically through δ13C analysis, have been effectively used to study environmental conditions. It describes research that demonstrates variability in tree-ring isotope values that can be linked to environmental factors. This undermines the claim that tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances, suggesting instead that they can provide insight into such events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments and instead details an experimental study involving rats and the application of Aloe vera gel in a controlled setting. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae or fipronil alone reached a maximum of 39 and 31% respectively, the one of honeybees co-exposed to both factors reached a maximum of 84%. In each case, the N. ceranae-fipronil combination induced a synergistic effect compared to the sum of the effects observed in honeybees exposed to each stressor alone (Table 1). Using the proportional hazard model (Cox regression), we determined whether the different treatments or the combination sequence had a significant impact on honeybees survival probability during the entire experiment (Table 2). Statistical analysis indicated that N. ceranae factor had a highly significant impact on honeybees survival, but only when applied at the emergence (Wald’s statistics (Ws) = 42. 1, degree of freedom (df) = 5, p = 0. 000). Fipronil factor also had a highly significant impact on honeybees survival probability when applied at their emergence (Ws = 24. 1, df = 5, p = 0. 000) and a less significant impact when applied on 7-day-old bees (Ws = 4. 5, df = 5, p = 0. 034). Moreover, the factor corresponding to the sequence of treatments also had a highly significant impact on survival (Ws = 11. 4, df = 5, p = 0. 001). The cumulated mortalities recorded at the end of the experiment (22 days after emergence) were also compared between groups exposed to different N. ceranae-fipronil combinations (Table 3). Compared to honeybees infected 7 days after their emergence, statistical analysis showed that honeybees infected at the emergence exhibited a significantly higher mortality rate, whenever the fipronil was applied simultaneously or 7 days later. Table 1 Synergistic interactions between N. ceranae (Nc) and fipronil (F)Full size tableTable 2 Treatments involvement in honeybee survival probabilityFull size tableTable 3 Host response to parasite (Nc) – insecticide (F) combinationsFull size tableFigure 1Effect of N. ceranae-fipronil combinations on honeybee survival. Data give the cumulative proportion of surviving honeybees exposed to no treatment (), to N. ceranae () or fipronil () alone, or to a N. ceranae-fipronil combination (). Different sequential combinations of N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that N. ceranae has a highly significant impact on honeybee survival, demonstrating its detrimental effects on honeybee health. The analysis shows that honeybees infected with N. ceranae exhibited significantly higher mortality rates, confirming its role as a parasite affecting their health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1 20th UpOver the next several decades of isotope dendrochronology, efforts were largely focused on the use of isotopes in tree rings as paleothermometers, along the line of the great success with isotopic composition of marine forams to understand glacial-interglacial temperature history over the last few million years (e. g. , Emiliani 1955; Emiliani and Geiss 1959). These tree-ring isotope efforts began in earnest in the 1970s with a surge of papers attempting to quantify temperature coefficients. For carbon isotopes, the early studies by Libby and Pandolfi (1974), Pearman et al. (1976), Wilson and Grinsted (1977), Tans (1978), Farmer (1979), and Harkness and Miller (1980) found both positive and negative temperature coefficients with tree-ring δ13C. Additionally, the 1970s saw attempts to use tree-ring δ13C as a measure of changes in δ13C of atmospheric CO2 (Freyer and Wiesberg 1973; Stuiver 1978; Freyer 1979a, 1981), in an effort to extend the record of regular direct measurements at and the South Pole, which had just begun at in the late 1950s (Keeling et al. 1979). Such records are critical to understanding alteration of the global carbon cycle by anthropogenic inputs to the atmosphere of carbon from fossil fuels and land-use change. The above studies did not analyze a common standard wood component nor did they establish a minimum number of trees to be sampled to ensure the δ13C records were representative, which probably also contributes to some of the variability among published results. Variability of isotopes within and between trees and among species was later addressed by Ramesh et al. (1985), Leavitt and Long (1986), and Leavitt (2010). The impetus for developing tree-ring δ13C records as a proxy for long-term changes in δ13C of atmospheric CO2 faded by the late 1980s as reliable isotopic measurements on atmospheric gas trapped in ice cores became established (e. g. , Friedli et al. 1986) and the role of environmental influences complicating interpretation of tree-ring δ13C relative to atmospheric δ13C was more fully appreciated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of isotopes in tree rings as paleothermometers and how earlier studies attempted to quantify changes in atmospheric carbon isotopes. It highlights the ability of tree-ring records to shed light on the global carbon cycle and environmental influences, suggesting that tree rings can indeed provide valuable information about past environmental changes, including those related to volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an experimental study involving Aloe vera's application on rat skin burns without addressing the historical usage of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. There is no mention of the centuries-long use of Aloe vera in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae infection (arrows) and 7-day-long chronic exposure to fipronil (grey boxes) were performed: (a) both treatments were applied on emerging honeybees, (b) bees were chronically exposed to fipronil on week 1 then infected by N. ceranae, (c) bees were infected at their emergence then chronically exposed to fipronil on week 2, (d) both treatments were applied on 7-day-old bees. Data from three replicates of 50 honeybees were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Full size imageFipronil daily consumptions have been monitored during both intoxication periods (week 1 or week 2 corresponding to days 0 to 7 or days 7 to 14 respectively). Honeybees absorbed a daily mean quantity of fipronil of 1/254th of the LD50 (16. 4 ± 1. 6 pg/day/bee) in the first case and of 1/179th of the LD50 (23. 3 ± 2. 5 pg/day/bee) in the second one (LD50 fipronil: 4. 17 ng/bee37). As expected because of the low fipronil concentration administered (1 µg/L of sucrose syrup), statistical analysis indicated that mortality rates are not significantly different between fipronil-intoxicated and control honeybees (p = 0. 092 and p = 0. 334 for week 1 and week 2 respectively), confirming that honeybees received sublethal doses of insecticide. Moreover, for each intoxication period, infected honeybees did not significantly consume different cumulated quantities of fipronil (15. 1 ± 4. 3 and 24. 0 ± 4. 2 pg/day/bee for week 1 and week 2 respectively) compared to uninfected honeybees (17. 1 ± 4. 3 and 22. 0 ± 5,0 pg/day/bee for the same periods) (Figure 2). Figure 2Effect of N. ceranae infection on honeybee fipronil consumption. The mean of fipronil consumption (pg/day/honeybee ± standard deviation, sd) was monitored daily during weeks 1 (a) and 2 (b) for both infected () and uninfected () honeybees. Full size imageN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses 'N. ceranae infection' in the context of honeybees and details experiments examining the effects of this microsporidian parasite on honeybee health. It specifically highlights that honeybees were infected and their fipronil consumption was monitored, indicating a direct examination of the parasite's impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The development of a plant carbon-isotope fractionation model in the early 1980s (Vogel 1980; Farquhar 1982; see also Chap. 9) provided both the theoretical background with which to better explore the potential of isotope dendrochronology and new insights into the source of the isotope-environment relationships (Francey and Farquhar 1982). Consequently, the next wave of tree-ring δ13C papers usually refined their analysis and interpretations with respect to this model and the reality that a multitude of environmental parameters could actually influence plant δ13C (i. e. , δ13 of atmospheric CO2, temperature, light, moisture, humidity) (e. g. , Freyer and Belacy 1983; Peng et al. 1983; Stuiver et al. 1984; Stuiver and Braziunas 1987; Leavitt and Long 1988, 1989). The model provides a basis for understanding differences between δ13C records as well as for selection of tree locations to best capture variability of an environmental parameter of interest. Meanwhile, H and O isotopes of water in tree rings were also being explored in greater depth in the 1970s. For example, Schiegl (1974) was the first to identify a positive correlation between temperature and δ2H in tree rings (of spruce), which was predicted based on the established positive relationship between temperature and δ2H and δ18O of precipitation (Dansgaard 1964), i. e. , source water for photosynthates formed in leaves. The whole-wood analysis of Schiegl (1974) left some room for uncertainty because of the suite of compounds in whole wood as well as the fact that analysis of whole wood would include both non-exchangeable and exchangeable hydrogen, the latter unlikely to represent the original composition when the wood was formed. Epstein and Yapp (1976) and Epstein et al. (1976) circumvented these problems by analyzing the cellulose component of wood and removing the exchangeable H atoms by replacing them with nitrate. Tree-ring δ18O studies in these early decades also found positive correlations of δ18O with temperature, but again no specific wood constituent was being analyzed by all studies (e. g. , Gray and Thompson 1976; Libby and Pandolfi 1979; Burk and Stuiver 1981). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by describing various studies that utilize tree rings and carbon-isotope analysis to explore environmental parameters, including temperature and humidity, which are influenced by volcanic activity and disturbances. It mentions the potential of isotope dendrochronology and details how studies have found correlations between isotopic records (like δ13C and δ18O) and environmental conditions, suggesting that tree rings can indeed reflect past environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Feb 2023 Pane, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 28 Feb 2023 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study involving the application of Aloe vera gel on burns in rats, focusing on the methodology and limitations of the research rather than historical usage or effectiveness of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It does not provide information that supports or contradicts the claim regarding Aloe vera's long-standing use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae development success was monitored as the number of spores present in the abdomen of surviving honeybees at the end of experiment (day 22) (Figure 3). A mean of 3. 0×103 ± 10. 3×103 spores/bee was counted in the controls (i. e. uninfected groups), meaning that some control honeybees were likely slightly infected at the beginning of experiment. However, the level of N. ceranae infection was highly significantly different between experimentally and non-experimentally infected honeybees (Figure 3). As suspected, statistical analysis revealed that, at the end of the experiment, the spore content was higher in honeybees infected at the emergence than in honeybees infected on day 7 (145. 2×106 ± 56. 7×106 and 93. 7×106 ± 38. 6×106 spores/bee respectively). One can assume that this difference was only due to the infection duration. To identify a potential impact of the fipronil exposure on spore production, spore counts were compared between honeybees that were infected on a same day. Among groups infected at the emergence, honeybees only infected by N. ceranae presented a significantly lower spore count compared to honeybees intoxicated during week 2 (136. 2×106 ± 51. 1×106 and 168. 5×106 ± 61. 9×106 spores/bee respectively). Surprisingly, among groups infected 7 days after emergence, fipronil had a significant antagonistic effect on spore content when applied during the same week compared to honeybees only infected (86. 2×106 ± 38. 5×106 and 95. 5×106 ± 35. 3×106 spores/bee respectively). In each case, fipronil had no significant effect on spore count when applied during week 1. Figure 3N. ceranae development success and honeybee cumulative sucrose consumption on day 22. Mean number of (a) spores per honeybee abdomen (in millions ± standard deviation, sd, n = 585) and (b) total sucrose consumption (mg/bee ± sd from 3 replicates of 50 initial individuals) in surviving honeybees on day 22, in response to various N. ceranae (Nc) and fipronil (F) treatments. White bars represent data of non-experimentally infected honeybees, grey bars that of honeybees infected by N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the presence of Nosema ceranae and its effects on honeybee populations. It details experiments where the levels of spores in infected honeybees were measured and analyzed, indicating that N. ceranae infection leads to different outcomes in terms of spore count and honeybee health. The mention of spore counts and the comparison between infected and uninfected groups highlight the impact of this microsporidian parasite on honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: These various early studies identified climate relationships by either spatial gradient analysis of isotope composition of tree rings and mean climate of different sites, or by isotope analysis of tree-ring series compared to inter-annual climate variation, and the results were not always the same. For both δ2H and δ18O, some studies were also identifying significant correlations with direct water-related parameters such as precipitation and humidity (e. g. , Burk and Stuiver 1981; Edwards et al. 1985; Krishnamurthy and Epstein 1985; Ramesh et al. 1986). With expanded awareness of likely environmental and physiological influences on the isotopic composition of meteoric water and water being fixed in plants, including temperature, evaporation, humidity, and biochemical fractionation by enzymes, increasingly sophisticated models for plant δ2H and δ18O slowly began to emerge in the 1980s (e. g. , Burk and Stuiver 1981; Edwards et al. 1985; Edwards and Fritz 1986; Saurer et al. 1997). A critical advance in model refinement was supported by the experimental work of Roden and Ehleringer (1999a, b, 2000) in the 1990s examining the acquisition of leaf and tree-ring isotope values under controlled environmental conditions including source water isotope composition and humidity. This culminated in the advanced mechanistic model for tree-ring δ2H and δ18O developed by Roden et al. (2000) (see also Chaps. 10 and 11). This work exposed the primary contributions of both isotopic composition of source water (taken up by the roots) and evaporation in the leaves (along with the biochemical fractionation) toward influencing the composition of the rings. This supported results of previous empirical δ2H and δ18O tree-ring studies, which depending on dominant influence, could be alternately reflecting (a) source water isotope composition (and thus temperature related to atmospheric condensation processes) or (b) moisture variables such as evaporation, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, rainfall. Further refinements have been made to account for the Péclet effect, the consequence of net convective and diffusive water movement in the leaf (Barbour et al. 2004), and to improve understanding of post-photosynthetic processes influencing isotopes (Gessler et al. 2014). 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the relationships between tree-ring isotopes and environmental variables, including water-related parameters such as precipitation, humidity, and temperature. This evidence suggests that tree rings can indeed reflect significant environmental influences and disturbances, thus supporting their use in studying past climatic and volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses a study involving rats treated with Aloe vera gel for burn healing, but it does not provide historical context or information about Aloe vera's long-standing use for skin ailments. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae at the emergence and black bars that of honeybees infected by N. ceranae at the age of 7 days. Significant differences (p≤0. 05) using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test between each experimental group are indicated by non-corresponding letters. Full size imageDiscussionEnvironmental pollution frequently results in the exposure to chemicals of organisms that can as well be subjected to other stressors such as pathogens. This multiple stressors exposure is likely to be detrimental for organism health and lifespan2,3 and makes the assessment of the potential effects associated with such combinations hardly difficult. We chose the Western honeybee, A. mellifera, as a model for studying interactions between pollutants and pathogens because it is frequently exposed to both factors inside hives worldwide. The microsporidian parasite N. ceranae and the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil were applied to honeybees following different sequences. A synergistic interaction between the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and Nosema infection has been previously observed when both agents were applied simultaneously to young worker honeybees32. In a more recent study, we have also shown a significant increase in mortality when young worker honeybees were firstly infected by N. ceranae then chronically exposed to fipronil or thiacloprid (neonicotinoid)33. To date, no work has been conducted on the impact of N. ceranae infection on previously intoxicated honeybees. In this sequence, two scenarios could have been expected. First, a higher mortality of co-exposed honeybees was possible as a sublethal dose of insecticide could render individuals more susceptible to pathogens, especially to opportunistic parasites such as microsporidia. Secondly, sublethal exposure to one stressor might induce subsequent stress resistance. The later would imply that honeybees exposed to a very low dose of fipronil may develop a stress resistance resulting in a lower impact of N. ceranae infection on honeybee survival. Surprisingly, our results revealed that, whatever the sequence tested, co-exposure led to a synergistic interaction between N. ceranae and fipronil on overall honeybee mortality (Table 1). These synergistic effects resulted in approximately 66 to 84 % mortality after 22 days in co-exposed groups, compared with 23 to 39 % for N. ceranae or fipronil alone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of the microsporidian parasite N. ceranae on honeybee health. It specifically highlights the significant increase in mortality rates in honeybees infected with N. ceranae when co-exposed to the insecticide fipronil, demonstrating the detrimental impact of this parasite on honeybee survival and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2 21st Century ExpansionWith these models established for stable C, H and O isotopes in tree rings, climate‒tree-ring isotope studies in the 2000s could now be planned and interpreted based on refined understanding of the environmental controls on fractionation processes. The wave of these studies was fortuitously aided by the timely development of continuous flow-through technology for gases produced by elemental analyzers and streamed with He carrier gas into the isotope-ratio mass spectrometers (Brenna et al. 1997; see also Chaps. 6 and 7), which resulted in faster analysis. The elemental analyzers contributed to this reduction in analysis time by producing the gases needed for analysis in minutes compared to the previous need for lengthy production and purification of the gases on separate (“off-line”) vacuum-line systems. This new instrumentation also allowed analysis on samples of as little as tens of micrograms instead of several milligrams commonly needed with the previous generation of mass spectrometers. In the last two decades, tree-ring isotopes (particularly of oxygen and carbon) have been used to explore, identify and reconstruct various elements of temporal climate variability. For example, variability and impact of large-scale climate modes, such as ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) have been studied with δ18O in the Amazon basin, N. America, and Asia, (e. g. , Li et al. 2011; Brienen et al. 2012; Sano et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2013a, b; Labotka et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2017). Many of these studies were based on precipitation/evaporation links to δ18O, but others utilized δ18O in tree rings as related to rainfall and drought (e. g. , Treydte et al. 2006; Rinne et al. 2013; Young et al. 2015), humidity (e. g. , Wright and Leavitt 2006; An et al. 2013; Labuhn et al. 2016), monsoon variability (e. g. , Grießinger et al. 2011; Szejner et al. 2016), and even tropical cyclones (e. g. , Miller et al. 2006). Tree-ring δ18O itself has likewise been used to better explore ecophysiological aspects of the models (e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how tree-ring isotopes, particularly oxygen and carbon, have been utilized in studies to explore and reconstruct various elements of temporal climate variability, including the impact of large-scale climate modes and environmental factors like rainfall and drought. This indicates that tree rings can indeed be valuable in understanding past environmental disturbances, contrary to the claim that they cannot be used for such studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 0 to cite this report: Rusip G. For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The answer from the author is by the. . . Continue reading answer from the author is by the response; the manuscript is perfect. I approve the 10. 5256/f1000research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. It focuses on a study involving the application of Aloe vera gel in a controlled experiment with rats suffering from burns, without any mention of its historical applications or traditional use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Reviewing interactions occurring between chemical and natural stressors, Holmstrup et al. (2010) pointed out the lack of study assessing the importance of sequence in exposure to stressors3. Synergistic interactions between chemicals and pathogens have been relatively well documented in the framework of integrated pest management. In order to improve the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae control, mosquito larvae were exposed to different fungus-insecticide combinations: the permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was combined to Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae12. This study indicated that all fungus-insecticide combinations led to synergistic effects on mosquito survival. This systematical synergistic effect between insecticides and pathogens detected in two different insects (i. e. honeybees and mosquitoes) is surprising and the mechanisms involved are still unknown. This higher mortality induced by parasite-insecticide interactions can be of great interest in integrated pest management, allowing a reduction of the chemical doses spread in the environment and a more efficient control of insecticide-resistant vectors. Nevertheless, such synergistic interactions can have detrimental side effects on beneficial arthropods such as honeybees and also render more complicated the risk assessment of insecticides introduced in the environment. Statistical analyses (Cox regression model and pairwise comparisons of mortality rates) indicated that N. ceranae infection is the main factor influencing the honeybee mortality, but only when applied at the emergence of worker honeybees (Table 2). This result could be a consequence of the longer infection duration compared to honeybees infected on day 7 (22 vs. 15 days of infection respectively at the end of the experiment). However, we cannot exclude that the physiology of new emerging honeybees also resulted in a more harmful impact of N. ceranae infection. For instance, younger honeybees are likely to be less immunocompetent than their older congeners38,39. The fipronil factor had a significant but lower impact on overall honeybee survival compared to N. ceranae. This highlights the risk encountered inside hives where honeybees can easily be exposed to similar and even higher concentrations of fipronil or worse19,20, to both agents in a colony. Several hypotheses could be proposed to explain the systematical occurrence of a synergistic effect between N. ceranae and fipronil. First, it has been shown that N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that statistical analyses indicated that N. ceranae infection is the main factor influencing honeybee mortality, particularly when applied at the emergence of worker honeybees. The text also discusses the negative impacts of N. ceranae on honeybee survival and highlights its significance in the context of honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: g. , Gessler et al. 2013). Stable-carbon isotopes have likewise been an important component of a sweeping range of tree-ring projects. Some of these studies have sought climatological information, inferring temperature and precipitation (e. g. , Barber et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2008, 2014) and even sunlight/sunshine (e. g. , Ogle et al. 2005; Young et al. 2010; Gagen et al. 2011; Loader et al. 2013; Hafner et al. 2014) because according to the plant carbon isotope fractionation models, the amount of sunlight can influence rate of photosynthesis, which in turn would affect the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 (ci/ca) and thus δ13C. Tree-ring carbon isotopes have been used in ecological studies related to destructive insect outbreaks (e. g. , Haavik et al. 2008; Hultine et al. 2013), some of which also use δ18O (Kress et al. 2009; Weidner et al. 2010). Many other studies are more ecophysiological in nature, inferring water-use efficiency and stomatal response (e. g. , Hietz et al. 2005; Peñuelas et al. 2008; Rowell et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2013a, b, 2018; Saurer et al. 2014; Frank et al. 2015; van der Sleen et al. 2015) and productivity (Belmecheri et al. 2014). Also, McDowell et al. (2010) identified trees most susceptible to mortality in drought with carbon isotopes that showed their reduced ability to regulate the difference between atmospheric and intercellular leaf CO2 during drought. Tree-ring δ13C has been used to infer past atmospheric CO2 concentration (Zhao et al. 2006), and atmospheric CO2 concentration itself has been considered as a subtle influence in accurately modeling tree-ring δ13C (McCarroll et al. 2009). Wang et al. (2019) found evidence from tree-ring isotopes that rising atmospheric CO2 is improving water-use efficiency and thereby decreasing strength of relationships of ring width with moisture on the Tibetan Plateau. Some studies are more focused on plant physiology and biochemistry related to assimilation and translocation processes (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various studies that have utilized tree rings and stable-carbon isotopes to gather climatological information and infer past environmental conditions. Specifically, it mentions that tree-ring carbon isotopes have been used in ecological studies and have inferred atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This implies that tree rings are indeed useful in studying past environmental disturbances, countering the assertion that they cannot be used for this purpose.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 135733. r145982) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Major: The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must. . . Continue reading : The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must show picture of wound healing, histopathological picture, wound healing area, How authors say that the size of 2×2 cm2 is reduced? Author must show the data about the wound healing in term of wound healing picture and wound healing area? Images of a H&E staining should be provided and correlate it with number of fibroblast and other mentioned cells. Improve the scientific language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe. . . Continue reading manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim that Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. It primarily focuses on a critique of a scientific manuscript regarding the effects of Aloe vera on post-burn skin repair in rats, without addressing its historical usage for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: We cannot exclude a specific impact on the overall spore production kinetics or on earlier development stages since it has been suggested that microsporidia are dependent on host-derived ATP46,47,48 and that fipronil may precisely alter the cellular energetic metabolism49,50. Nevertheless, insecticides’ impact on N. ceranae development success in the honeybee seems more complex than thought before and clearly needs further investigations. In conclusion, our findings showed that honeybees co-exposed to the natural stressor N. ceranae and to an environmental concentration of the insecticide fipronil will undergo a significantly higher mortality compared to the sum of the effects induced by each agent acting alone. Few studies have been done on such interactions in the honeybee and the resulting data illustrate the difficulty to find out the synergy related mechanisms. The economical and ecological value of honeybees renders our results worrying as the scenario of colonies housing both N. ceranae spores and insecticide residues is realistic. Those results also point out the potential risks incurred by any living organism frequently exposed to both pesticides and pathogens in their environment, no matter the sequence of exposure to those agents. Such multiple stressors interactions, endangering honeybees and potentially other communities, deserve additional attention. Finally, understanding the complexity of cumulative risks is a prerequisite for the implementation of more efficient guidelines in the frame of future chemicals regulation. MethodsHoneybee artificial rearingAll experiments were performed on June 2011 with Apis mellifera emerging honeybees taken from different colonies of the same apiary at the Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (UMR 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France). Those colonies were found Nosema-free by PCR-based detection as previously described by Higes et al. 51. Frames of sealed brood were placed in an incubator in the dark at 33°C under humidified atmosphere. Emerging honeybees were collected and distributed in groups of 50 individuals into Pain-type cages52. In order to mimic the colony environment, a 5 mm piece of Beeboost® (Pherotech, Delta, BC, Canada) releasing 5 queen’s mandibular pheromones was placed in each cage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Nosema ceranae on honeybees, highlighting that honeybees co-exposed to both N. ceranae and insecticides experienced significantly higher mortality rates. This indicates a direct impact on honeybee health and suggests that N. ceranae is a factor to be considered in studies of honeybee productivity and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , Kagawa et al. 2005; Eglin et al. 2008; Eilmann et al. 2010; Bryukhanova et al. 2011; Rinne et al. 2015). Tree-ring δ13C and δ18O have also helped to identify growth rings in tropical trees where they may not be clearly visible (e. g. , Evans and Schrag 2004; Anchukaitis et al. 2008; Ohashi et al. 2009), and tree-ring δ13C studies have even reconstructed snow (Liu et al. 2011) and sea level (Yu et al. 2004). Finally, other applications not involving environment or ecophysiology include assessing tree-ring isotopes as a means of crossdating (e. g. , Leavitt et al. 1985; Roden 2008) and as an aid in determining provenience of wood (Kagawa and Leavitt 2010). Tree-ring δ13C has also been used to investigate aspects of plant nutrition (e. g. , Bukata and Kyser 2008; Walia et al. 2010; Silva et al. 2015) and particularly pollution (e. g. , Battipaglia et al. 2010; Rinne et al. 2010), which has been a fertile and growing application of tree-ring isotopes. Pollutants may impact processes such as stomatal conductance or photosynthesis, and the C-H-O isotopic composition may reflect that alteration, often accompanied by tree-ring width decline (see also Chap. 24). One of the earliest investigations was of SO2 pollution from a coal-fired foundry by Freyer (1979b), who found altered tree-ring δ13C. Reduced ring size and less negative δ13C were also found in tree rings in the vicinity of a SO2-emitting copper smelter in Utah (Martin and Sutherland 1990). Likewise, δ13C in tree rings was elevated up to ca. 100 km downwind from a copper smelter, and the anomaly originated at the time the smelter opened and was presumed to be a consequence of activation of stomatal closure (Savard et al. 2004); tree-ring δ2H also seem to be altered by this pollution (Savard et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple instances where tree-ring isotopes, such as δ13C and δ18O, have been utilized to study environmental factors, including pollution and growth conditions of trees. It mentions specific applications like reconstructing snow and determining the impact of pollutants on tree physiology, thereby demonstrating that tree rings can indeed reflect past environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe vera containing various active ingredients that help the wound healing process, such as glucomannan and acemannan. However, I have outlined below some of the issues that need to be addressed prior to indexing, and some minor comments and suggestions to further improve the quality of the manuscript. the abstract and introduction, the author states that one of the objectives of this study is to improve post-burn skin with the intervention of Aloe vera extract. However, histopathological description of the healing process of burns is not presented and discussed. The method part is not clear. It is not clear the analytical method for macrophage and fibroblast counts and the analytical formula is not specified, the authors need to explain it. Please clarify and make changes to the methods section as appropriate. In the discussion section, it is not explained how this study shows a synergistic interaction between changes that occur on days 3, 14 and 21 and between a number of macrophages and fibroblasts in figures 1, 2 and 3 with no visible histopathologic changes. It's better to call it the calculation score. the method section, how much Aloe vera contains? Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. While it discusses the potential applications of Aloe vera in wound healing, it does not provide historical context or evidence regarding its centuries-long use for treating skin ailments. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: During all the experiment, honeybees were fed ad libitum with 50% (w/v) sugar syrup supplemented with 1% (w/v) Provita’Bee (). Every day, feeders were replaced, dead bees were counted and removed and the sucrose consumption was quantified. Nine experimental groups were created as honeybees received no treatment (controls), one treatment (infected with N. ceranae or chronically exposed to fipronil) or both treatments in 4 different sequences. Treatments were administrated to emerging or 7-day-old honeybees. All experimental conditions were performed in triplicates (n = 150 bees per treatment). Nosema ceranae infectionN. ceranae spores were obtained according to Vidau et al. 33. The spore concentration was determined by counting using a haemocytometer chamber. N. ceranae species was confirmed by PCR51. Honeybees were infected the day of their emergence or 7 days later by individual feeding with 125,000 spores of N. ceranae in 5 µL of 50% sucrose solution using a micropipette53. Seven-day-old honeybees were previously anaesthetized with CO2 before infection. Control honeybees were treated with a sucrose solution devoid of N. ceranae spores. Exposure to fipronilStock solution of fipronil (1 g/L) was prepared in DMSO (v/v). Emerging or 7-day-old honeybees were exposed ad libitum to fipronil by adding the insecticide in the feeding syrup to a final concentration of 1 µg/L fipronil, 0. 1% DMSO (v/v). The insecticide consumption was quantified by measuring the daily amount of fipronil-containing sugar syrup consumed per cage then reported per living honeybee. Control honeybees were fed ad libitum with 0. 1% DMSO-containing sugar syrup. Effects of N. ceranae-fipronil combinations on host mortality and sucrose consumptionSurvival analysis was performed using the Cox regression (i. e. proportional hazard model)54 by using Statistica 7. 0 (StatSoft inc. , Tulsa, USA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the methods used to infect honeybees with Nosema ceranae, including the spore preparation and dosage administered. It confirms that N. ceranae is utilized in experiments focused on honeybee health by specifically mentioning the infection process and related experimental setup.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: δ15N in tree rings has been found shifted as a consequence of automobile NOx pollution (Doucet et al. 2012) and δ15N shifts along with δ18O and δ13C in tree rings, which indicate increased iWUE near an oil refinery, are consistent with NOx pollution (Guerrieri et al. 2010). Choi et al. (2005) also found such an increase in iWUE in an area of elevated NOx in S. Korea. Tree-ring isotope evidence for ozone pollution has also been found (Novak et al. 2007), and pollution effects have been identified as reducing climate sensitivity of tree-ring isotopes (e. g. , Leonelli et al. 2012; Boettger et al. 2014). 4 Emerging DirectionsSeveral directions in tree-ring isotopes have seen growing interest over the last couple of decades and are promising for future investigations. For example, seasonal variations of isotope composition in tree rings (e. g. , Helle and Schleser 2004; Monson et al. 2018; see also Chaps. 7, 14 and 15) can be related to both environmental conditions during the growing season as well as late in the previous season when photosynthates may be stored. The resolution of analysis may vary from 2 to 3 earlywood-latewood subdivisions (e. g. , Szejner et al. 2016) to numerous microtomed subdivisions a few tens of microns wide (e. g. , Evans and Schrag 2004; Helle and Schleser 2004). Computer-controlled milling (Dodd et al. 2008) and laser dissection have been used to separate small subdivisions in lieu of microtoming (e. g. , Schollaen et al. 2014) for isotope analysis, and laser ablation holds hope for more rapid analysis of these seasonal isotope variations (e. g. , Vaganov et al. 2009; Loader et al. 2017) with the products of ablation admitted to a combustion interface connected to the mass spectrometer. Other analytical advances applied to tree rings include compound-specific isotope analysis and simultaneous analysis of C and O isotopes (dual-isotope analysis, see Chap. 7). Additionally, interpreting different aspects of the environment with multiple isotopes has been suggested and applied. For example, Scheidegger et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that tree rings contain isotopic data which can indicate environmental disturbances, such as pollution from automobiles and ozone pollution. The shifts in δ15N, δ18O, and δ13C in tree rings are used to analyze historical environmental conditions related to various pollutants. This evidence suggests that tree rings can be used to study environmental changes, directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. It discusses a recent study on the effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in a scientific context but does not provide any information about its historical usage or efficacy over centuries.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: This model analyzes the event times at the day of death, censors times at the termination of the study on day 22. Cox regression also assesses the standing of the variables through a covariance matrix. In this work, a model was elaborated to determine the respective weight of five variables: nature of the treatment (infection or intoxication), its respective time application (day 0 or 7) and the treatments sequence. Synergistic interactions between treatments on honeybee mortality at the end of experiment (i. e. on day 22) were determined using a χ2 test15. The expected interaction mortality value, ME, for combined agents was calculated using the formula ME = MNc + MF(1-MNc/100), where MNc and MF are the observed percent mortalities caused by N. ceranae and fipronil alone, respectively. Results from the χ2 test were compared to the χ2 table value with 1 df, using the formula χ2 = (MO−ME)2/ME, where MO is the observed mortality for the N. ceranae-fipronil combinations. A non-additive effect between the two agents was suspected when the χ2 value exceeded the table value and if the difference MO−ME had a positive value, a significant interaction was then considered synergistic. Finally, for each treatment, daily sucrose consumptions were compared by using the nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which is an alternative to the t-test for independent samples. Development success of N. ceranaeTo determine the development success of N. ceranae, a spore numeration was performed on living honeybees at the end of the experiment (i. e. on day 22). Briefly, every abdomen was collected and homogenized in PBS (250 µL). After thorough grinding, samples were washed twice by centrifugation at 8000 x g for 5 min and resuspended in PBS (500 µL). The average number of spores of each honeybee was estimated using a haemocytometer chamber. N. ceranae development success (i. e. number of spores produced) was analyzed for each treatment by using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. 50. Apidologie 38, 534–544 (2007). 2. Toxicol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the methods used to assess the impact of N. ceranae on honeybee health and the experimental design aimed at evaluating its development. It mentions performing spore numeration on living honeybees to determine the development success of N. ceranae, indicating the parasite's direct involvement in honeybee health. Additionally, the analysis of honeybee mortality in response to N. ceranae supports the claim that this microsporidian parasite affects the health and productivity of honeybees.