Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: No single surrogate (or even a series of them) can entirely capture biodiversity, since not all biodiversity attributes are measurable, and therefore it is impossible to guarantee that no biodiversity is lost (and thus that Loss is actually achieved; BBOP, 2012b; Bull et al. , Reference Bull, Suttle, Gordon, Singh and Milner-Gulland2013; Gardner et al. , Reference Gardner, von Hase, Brownlie, Ekstrom, Pilgrim and Savy2013). The use of reductionist metrics is common in conservation but the way they are used in offsetting is distinctive in several critical ways. Firstly, offsetting metrics incorporate assumptions about future states of nature, both in terms of future rates of loss (which conservation action can be predicted to slow; Seagle, Reference Seagle2012) and in terms of the potential of ecological restoration. In reframing biodiversity as fully replaceable and re-creatable by human action, offsetting deliberately confuses the state of ecological restoration science and practice with its aspiration. Restoration ecology has advanced greatly in sophistication but it is ‘not a magic bullet that provides instant ecosystems of the desired type’ (Menz et al. , Reference Menz, Dixon and Hobbs2013). Techniques such as the relocation of soils from on the route of the HS2 high-speed train in the UK are at best experimental (HS2, 2013) and many studies have proven that the majority of offsets do not deliver what they promise (e. g. Kettlewell et al. , and Fay2008). Secondly, as a standard procedure, offsetting conflates the state of nature with other factors, for example applying crude multipliers to address issues such as time lags between biodiversity loss and future gain in an offset site (Eftec, IEEP et al. , 2010; HS2, 2013), or the distance between the development and offset sites (IEEP, 2014). Such calculations raise fundamental problems of incommensurability because such issues cannot possibly be adequately addressed by simply increasing the number of credits required to offset the damage caused in a development site. Thirdly, the crude reductionism of offsetting metrics is not a technical issue that more scientific data can resolve. On the contrary, it is a defining characteristic of the offsetting logic itself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that biodiversity offsetting fundamentally misunderstands ecological realities and cannot guarantee the preservation of biodiversity. It emphasizes that offsetting practices often use reductionist metrics that do not capture the complexities of biodiversity and that they confuse restoration efforts with the idea of fully replaceable ecological states. This suggests that rather than balancing development with conservation, biodiversity offsetting could potentially lead to further loss of biodiversity and fails to deliver the promised conservation outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (9) reported that the use of a backward step allowed for the generation of greater force and power at push off, and the results from this study suggest that this additional force may be partly responsible for the superior sprint performance over 5 m. Further investigation into the kinetics and kinematics associated with the first few steps may provide additional insight into the mechanical advantages associated with a backward step. The split start served as a control condition for the current study because it allowed each participant to displace his support area to a position behind their center of mass before the initiation of forward movement. This start allowed for a horizontal impulse to be generated immediately after the starting cue, without having to displace the center of mass or take a step backward, therefore reducing the movement time to the first gate (see Table 2). However, with the exception of a stoppage in play, athletes will rarely find themselves with an opportunity to adopt this starting posture (6), consequently reducing its practical significance. Furthermore, Kraan et al. (9) found the split start to be less effective than the false start in terms of generating horizontal force and power at push off, perhaps because of the absence of a SSC action. Although the split start was significantly faster than both other starts to each timing gate, the difference between it and the false start was a result of a reduction in movement time to reach the first gate (see Table 2). When the initial movement time was removed from the sprint performance over 5 m, only 30 ms separated the false from the split starting style (p > 0. 05). Surprisingly, there seems to be no relationship in sprinting performance among any of the three starting styles even over a short distance such as 5 m (see Table 3). These findings imply that each starting style is characterized by its own specific kinetic and kinematic demands (i. e. , technique and strength/power characteristics). Therefore, if the false start is viewed as the optimal starting style for an athlete's respective sport, then the kinetics and kinematics of the backward step need to be analyzed and subsequently enhanced for sprint performance and thus for athletic performance to improve. Using the SSC has shown to improve performance compared with concentric-only movements (2-5,9); therefore, with proper training, the false start may have the potential to result in superior sprint performance to the split start over certain distances, although this contention requires additional investigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about microclimates and weather variations, as it discusses the effectiveness of different starting techniques in sprinting performance and their associated kinetics and kinematics. It does not mention anything related to weather or microclimates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -genome editing in human iPSCs with -CAS9 by co-targeting ATP1a1 View 10. 7717/peerj. 9060 Published 2020-05-01 Accepted 2020-04-04 Received 2020-02-17 iPSCs, Genome editing, ATP1A1, Stem cells, Disease models Copyright © 2020 Liu et al. is an open access 2020. Enhanced genome editing in human iPSCs with -CAS9 by co-targeting ATP1a1. PeerJ 8:e9060 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 1. The introduced mutation confers resistance to cardiac glycosides, which can then be used to select successfully targeted cells. Using this system, we introduced different formats of donor DNA for homology-directed repair (HDR), including single-strand DNAs, double-strand DNAs, and plasmid donors. We achieved a 35-fold increase in HDR when using plasmid donor with a 400 bp repair template. We further co-targeted ATP1A1 and a second locus of interest to determine the enrichment of mutagenesis after cardiac glycoside selection. Through this approach, INDEL rate was increased after cardiac glycoside treatment, while HDR enrichment was only observed at certain loci. Collectively, these results suggest that a plasmid donor with a 400 bp repair template is an optimal donor DNA for targeted substitution and co-targeting ATP1A1 with the second locus enriches for mutagenesis events through cardiac glycoside selection in human iPSCs. genome editing technology provides researchers with a powerful tool to investigate the function of genes in nearly any species. By using programmable nucleases to cut the genome, researchers can mutate or correct the genes of interest for further investigation. Although there are still concerns about safety issues, such technologies may pave the way to develop new therapies for cancer treatment or genetic diseases (Cornu, Mussolino & Cathomen, 2017; Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Ihry et al. , 2018; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'genome editing technology provides researchers with a powerful tool to investigate the function of genes in nearly any species.' It discusses the use of programmable nucleases, specifically mentioning that researchers can 'mutate or correct the genes of interest for further investigation,' which aligns with the idea of CRISPR as a widely used tool for precise DNA editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: The promise of offsetting to resolve the longstanding conflicts between economic development and conservation (Bull & Brownlie, and Brownlie2016) reproduces the classic ‘win–win’ scenario of sustainable development and depends significantly on the reductionism of its metrics. Offsetting is useful precisely because the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of its methodologies make the quantification of losses and gains in planning more straightforward, less costly and less time consuming than alternative approaches (e. g. Defra, 2013). The purpose of offsetting is not conservation as such, but to ‘give greater certainty for businesses’ in their development planning (Commonwealth of Australia, 2012, p. 4). Current international best practice in offsetting (Gordon et al. , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015) is represented by the Business and Programme launched by Forest Trends, an organization created to promote market-based approaches to conservation and bridge ‘traditional divides’ between industry, donors and environmental groups (Forest Trends, 2015). Ecosystems are sliced into biodiversity units precisely to simplify the measurement of development impacts, and these units are purposefully separated from their ecological context through functional and spatial abstraction (Robertson, Reference Robertson2004; Sullivan, Reference Sullivan2013a; see also Bumpus & Liverman, and Liverman2008, about carbon offsets) to become equivalent and thus to allow their exchange across space and time. Interestingly, Robertson (Reference Robertson2006, p. 384) notes that the ‘rapid assessment methods’ that are currently used in wetland mitigation banking in the USA are the descendants of much more complex rapid assessment methods developed in the early 1980s, when wetland banking was performed only non-commercially. Offsetting therefore champions mechanistic reductionism to quantify biodiversity in a way that makes it possible to speak about it ‘in business terms’ (Baker, Reference Baker2014) and make non-human nature something ‘that capital can see’ (Robertson, Reference Robertson2006). Offsetting removes the place specificity of nature In its representation of non-human nature as biodiversity units, offsetting explicitly reframes the links between biodiversity, conservation and place at the most fundamental level by reworking nature's specific relation to place. Location is critical to biodiversity both in biogeographical terms (biodiversity reflects the geophysical context; Comer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the purpose of biodiversity offsetting is primarily to provide 'greater certainty for businesses' in their development planning rather than focusing on conservation. It suggests that the mechanisms of offsetting prioritize economic efficiency over ecological considerations, thus reflecting that the goal is not a balance between development and conservation, but rather a framework to facilitate development while quantifying ecological losses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: While comparing the first step kinetics associated with stepping backward or forward, Kraan et al. (9) found that 95% of the sprint trials completed, independent of the starting style that the athlete was instructed to use, were performed with a backward step. This finding provides support for the argument that displacing the support area and taking a step backward is instinctive to most athletes, whereas a great deal of practice may be required to perfect a forward step. Similar results were seen during the present study, although the percentage of trials performed incorrectly was not recorded. Despite the fact that it may be instinctive, it would be interesting to conduct a longitudinal study that looked at the performance of a parallel start with sufficient practice. Would performance improve? Would movement time and the subsequent 2. 5- and 5-m times remain inferior to the false start? Conversely, are the benefits associated with the false start attributable to the positioning of the support area behind the center of mass and the SSC? The results from this study failed to justify the elimination of a backward step to accelerate forward. In fact, they provide clear support for the use of this paradoxical movement to improve sprint performance over distances as short as 2. 5 m. If an athlete is able to travel 50 cm just as quickly with a step backward but can also improve his horizontal velocity and therefore any subsequent sprint time, is there any practical application for using a parallel start? The results from the current investigation suggest that if the distance to be traveled in a straight line is greater than 0. 5 m, there may not be any advantage to using a forward step; however, the degree of transference to performance over longer distances and different surfaces remains unclear. The findings from this study may have been different had each participant been well trained with the parallel start, but it is possible that the superior performance is a result of the mechanical advantages associated with shifting the support area vs. the center of mass. With a parallel start, the center of mass must be repositioned in front of the feet before a horizontal force can be developed. This delay, in combination with the absence of a SSC action, may not be conducive to improving an athlete's acceleration over short distances, thus resulting in an increased movement time. If an athlete were able to stop play and set their position, then perhaps a split start could result in superior performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the mechanics and performance of athletes during sprint trials, particularly focusing on backward and forward stepping techniques. It does not provide any information related to microclimates or variations in weather, making it irrelevant to the claim about microclimates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: The most widely used technologies to introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) are zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the RNA-guided cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (-Cas9) system (Joung & Sander, 2013; Sander & Joung, 2014; Urnov et al. , 2010). ZFNs and TALENs link endonuclease catalytic domains to DNA-binding proteins to generate DSBs. Alternatively, the -Cas9 system uses small guide RNAs that are paired with target DNA to induce DSBs by Cas9. -Cas9 appears to be more flexible, efficient, and easier to design, when compared to the other two systems (Gaj, Gersbach & Barbas 3rd, 2013). Generating DSBs at the target site activates two primary endogenous DNA repair mechanisms in mammalian cells (Valerie & Povirk, 2003). The most frequent repair pathway is non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which is based on the direct ligation of two DNA ends without the need for a homologous template (Kanaar, Hoeijmakers & Van Gent, 1998). This error-prone mechanism can create an insertion or deletion of bases in the genome (INDEL), which may disrupt gene expression by introducing frameshift mutations. This methodology has been an important tool for deleting genes of interest across many species (Bapteste & Philippe, 2002; Belinky, Cohen & Huchon, 2010; Luan et al. , 2013). Homology-directed repair (HDR) is a more precise mechanism that is based on DNA recombination between genomic DNA and the homologous template (Johnson & Jasin, 2001). HDR allows the genomic sequences to be modified based on the introduced repair template. Utilizing HDR machinery for genome editing provides advantages for genome engineering due to the accuracy and predictable nature of the mutation. Numerous studies have applied this genome editing strategy to therapeutic approaches (Deverman et al. , 2018; Shim et al. , 2017; WareJoncas et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailed discussion of the RNA-guided cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (-Cas9) system, which is identified as a widely used technology for introducing double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. It highlights that the -Cas9 system is more flexible, efficient, and easier to design compared to other methods, reinforcing its status as a significant tool in synthetic biology for precise DNA editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , and Heller2015) and in cultural terms (biodiversity in situ reflects historical human management or impact, and is reflected in extant cultural values). Estimations of conservation value have long recognized the importance of history, culture and place in conservation sites (e. g. criteria of typicality, recorded history, position in an ecological or geographical unit, and intrinsic appeal; Ratcliffe, Reference Ratcliffe1977). In offsetting, the biological and social characteristics of places are treated only as representative of a standard category that can be replicated in the offset site (for example the Australian government argues that offsets can in some circumstances also compensate for adverse impacts on heritage values; Commonwealth of Australia, 2012). Thus although the need to consider the cultural or social values of biodiversity is often recognized by the advocates of offsetting (e. g. DEC, 2006; BBOP, 2012a), such factors are typically absent in technical debates. The abstracted biodiversity units used in offset metrics (e. g. Tucker et al. , and Rayment2013) take no account of the cultural or historical importance of place and the social ties between communities and particular habitats and ecosystems. This is not, however, just a technical limitation of the metrics in use but rather a consequence of the way the core logic of offsetting reframes nature's place. By denying social history to landscapes, offsetting promotes a techno-managerial vision for conservation (Adams, Reference Adams2015; c. f. Asafu-Adjaye et al. , Reference Asafu-Adjaye, Blomqvist, Brand, Brook, de Fries and Ellis2015) and frames the latter within a ‘flat world’ (Friedman, Reference Friedman2005), where exchanges of ecological losses and gains can be separated from their ecological, cultural, socio-economic and political context. Offsetting often involves a notional trade with offset sites far from the development sites (e. g. Robertson, Reference Robertson2000; see also the EU discussion on offset trades across national borders; European Commission, 2013). In the process, cultural engagements with place are disrupted or lost, and public access to conservation sites, biodiversity and more generally to green spaces may be changed (lost in one place, gained somewhere else) or restricted (e. g. if an accessible habitat is replaced with one under strict protection; Seagle, Reference Seagle2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how biodiversity offsetting often neglects the cultural and historical importance of biodiversity and places. It suggests that the practice promotes a 'techno-managerial vision for conservation', which reframes nature's role and separates ecological losses and gains from their deeper social, economic, and cultural contexts. This indicates that the actual implementation of biodiversity offsetting may disconnect from genuine conservation efforts, which would not align with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: If this is not the case and they are starting from a parallel stance variation, then the next best way to initiate forward movement is with a step in the opposite direction. 1. Baker, D and Nance, S. The relation between running speed and measures of strength and power in professional rugby league players. J Res 13: 230-235, 1999. | Text | CrossRef 2. Bobbert, MF. Dependence of human squat jump performance on the series elastic compliance of the triceps surae: a simulation study. J 204: 533-542, 2001. | PubMed 3. Bobbert, MF and Casius, LJR. Is the effect of a countermovement on jump height due to active state development? 37: 440-446, 2005. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 4. and Ruder, H. Contribution of muscle series elasticity to maximum performance in drop jumping. J 22: 3-13, 2006. | PubMed | CrossRef 5. and Luhtahen, P. The combined effect of elastic energy and myoelectrical potentiation during stretch shortening cycle exercise. Scand 114: 557-565, 1982. | PubMed | CrossRef 6. Brown, TD and Vescovi, JD. Is stepping back really counterproductive? J 26: 42-44, 2004. | Text | CrossRef 7. and Hooper, SL. The reliability of ten meter sprint time using different starting techniques. J Res 20: 246-251, 2006. 8. and Hewett, TE. Gender differences in the kinematics of unanticipated cutting in young athletes. 37: 124-129, 2005. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 9. and Storm, J. Starting from standing: why step backwards? J Biomech 34: 211-215, 2001. 10. Mero, A and Komi, PV. Reaction time and electromyographic activity during a sprint start. 61: 73-80, 1990. | PubMed | CrossRef 11. and Komi, PV. Effects of muscle-tendon length on joint moment and power during sprint starts. J 24: 165-173, 2006. 12. Mero, A, Luhtanen, P, and Komi, P. A biomechanical study of the sprint start. 5: 20-28, 1983. 13. and Coutts, AJ. Kinematic determinants of early acceleration in field sport athletes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about microclimates and their effect on weather over short distances. It focuses instead on various studies related to biomechanics and performance in sports without any mention of weather phenomena or microclimates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: In order to generate the amino-acid substitution allele, we designed a 153 single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODN) with the sequences that replace glutamine with arginine at position 118 and asparagine with aspartic acid at position 129 (Fig. 1A). After transfecting both sp-Cas9-gRNA (px459-ATP1A1-intron4) and donor template into the cells and treating these cells with a high dose of digoxin, we collected the surviving clones for genotyping (Fig. 1B). Using primers outside the targeted homology arms to perform PCR (out-out PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, we observed that all the cells that were resistant to digoxin or ouabain were successfully repaired through HDR, and both heterozygous and homozygous mutations were identified (Fig. 2A). The genotype was confirmed by genomic sequencing. In order to determine the optimum dosage of digoxin and ouabain, we performed a dose–response assay of both drugs on wild-type and ATP1A1 homozygous mutant iPSCs. We effectively eliminated all wild-type iPSCs at 1 µM after 72 h of exposure. In contrast to the parental iPSCs, homozygous ATP1A1 mutant iPSCs survived in the presence of either drug and were indistinguishable from untreated cells (Figs. 2B–2F). These results demonstrate that cardiac glycosides can be used to effectively identify HDR-driven mutations at the endogenous ATP1A1 locus. Figure 1: Design ofCas9 targeting ATP1A1. (A) The design of ATP1A1 guide RNA and single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssODN) donor. Guide RNA was designed to target intron 4 of the ATP1A1 gene. The expected cut site is 3–4′ nucleotides upstream of the Motif (PAM) sequence and 20 nucleotides downstream of the exon 4 region. The donor template was designed to introduce nucleotide substitutions that result in the replacement of Glutamine with Arginine (Q118R) and Asparagine with Aspartic acid (N129D). The EcoRI cut site was introduced to allow identification of positive clones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning the design of a Cas9 targeting guide RNA for the ATP1A1 gene, which illustrates how CRISPR is employed as a precise tool for DNA editing. The detailed protocols about creating genetic modifications through HDR underscore the role of CRISPR in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Under the surface of an apparently technical process to calculate equivalence, offsetting in fact establishes a new policy frame that has the potential to create outcomes that are socially and spatially uneven (as there are always specific winners and losers to such exchanges of environmental goods and bads; e. g. Ruhl & Salzman, and Salzman2006; Sullivan, Reference Sullivan2013a). Even though offset metrics may calculate the importance of the places lost only in terms of ecological units, they do so by portraying nature as external to society and by ignoring any links between people and nature, the result is a total remaking of places (both in the development and the offset sites) in a way that reflects an increasing social reproduction of non-human nature driven by specific corporative interests and not by concerns over socio-environmental and spatial justice. Offsetting reframes conservation as an exchange of credits Biodiversity offsetting is a part of the fundamental shift in the way we think about non-human nature towards the economic valuation of ecosystem services and natural capital (Sukhdev et al. , Reference Sukhdev, Wittmer, Miller, Helm and Hepburn2014; c. f. on Natural Capital, 2015). In the language of offsetting, pre-existing conservation sites are reframed as territories providing ecosystem services (ten Kate et al. , Reference ten Kate, Bishop and Bayon2004) and ecological credits are framed as products owned by prospective ‘sellers’ who are in turn advised how to know better the ‘value’ of their product when selling it to prospective ‘buyers’ (Roberts & Waage, and Waage2007). Conservation activities are thus becoming part of confidential commercial transactions over land for the creation of offset sites (Agreements, Ecosystem Marketplace, 2015). While the translation of nature from the scientific language of ecosystems into the financial language of capital is generic, reflecting the wider shift towards neoliberal approaches to conservation (Büscher et al. , Reference Büscher, Sullivan, Neves, Igoe and Brockington2012; Apostolopoulou & Adams, and Adams2015), offsetting is quite specific in its dependence on a market-based frame for conservation. Offsetting reframes conservation action as an exchange of ecological credits, where numerical scores that are considered equivalent in both ecological and monetary terms represent nature lost, saved or recreated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that biodiversity offsetting does not truly balance development with conservation efforts. It describes how offsetting creates socially and spatially uneven outcomes and argues that conservation is reframed as a market-driven exchange rather than genuinely balancing ecological concerns with developmental needs. The text critiques the commodification of nature and emphasizes that this process shifts away from social and environmental justice, suggesting that the intent of offsetting is driven by corporate interests, not a balanced approach to conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and in Sign up Sign in Sign up for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and 1. Introduction2. Precipitation dataset and mean3. The diurnal precipitation cycle and its phase propagation4. Discussion on diurnal propagation and nocturnal precipitation peaks5. Conclusions 850. Bonner, W. D. , 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 96, 833– 850. )| falseSearch 4146. Carbone, R. E. , and J. D. Tuttle 2008: Rainfall occurrence in the U. S. warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Climate, 21, 4132– 4146. )| falseSearch 2056. Carbone, R. E. , J. D. Tuttle D. Ahijevych and S. B. Trier 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci. , 59, 2033– 2056. )| falseSearch 3103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. Chen, G. , W. Sha and T. Iwasaki 2009: Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: Spatial distribution and its seasonality. J. Geophys. Res. , 114, D13103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. )| falseSearch 6402. Dai, A. , F. Giorgi and K. E. Trenberth 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycle over the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res. , 104, 6377– 6402. )| falseSearch 744. Dai, A. , X. Lin and K-L. Hsu 2007: The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes. Climate Dyn. , 29, 727– 744. )| falseSearch 507. Higgins, R. W. , Y. Yao E. S. Yarosh J. E. Janowiak and K. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim about microclimates creating weather variations. It consists of a collection of references and titles related to atmospheric science without any relevant commentary or empirical data linking microclimates to weather variations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: 13% GATA6_EX4 18 45. 60% 81. 80% 0. 40% 0% PolG_EX10 15 1. 38% 25. 33% 0% 0% DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/table-1 the present study, we used -Cas9 to edit the ATP1A1 locus in human iPSCs. The introduced mutations inhibited the binding of cardiac glycosides, thus conferring resistance to high dosage of this class of drug. More importantly, we were able to obtain genomic-modified clones that were specifically repaired by HDR after ouabain and digoxin selection. We showed that using 400 bp dsDNA as the repair template increased HDR efficiency compared to 150 bp ssODNs, while delivering the template in a linearized plasmid further improved HDR rates. Moreover, by co-targeting ATP1A1 with a second locus of interest, we were able to increase both INDEL and HDR selection efficiency in two different iPSC lines. Although HDR-driven events varied between genomic loci, the overall efficiency of selecting genetically-modified clones increased. The optimization of the genome-editing strategy in human iPSCs provided by this study will pave the way for future disease modeling and gene therapy research. Optimizing repair templates to obtain increased HDR-driven mutations after double-strand breaks has been well studied (Baker et al. , 2017; Song & Stieger, 2017; Zhang et al. , 2017). Due to difficulties in generating ssODNs longer than 200 bp, researchers have used single strand DNA with 30–70 base homology arms (HA) as donor template for small edits (Ran et al. , 2013; Richardson et al. , 2016; Yang et al. , 2013). The dsDNAs are generally used as the repair templates for fragment insertions (Byrne et al. , 2015; Urnov et al. , 2005). In human iPSCs, the optimal HA length is reported to be ∼2 kb (Byrne et al. , 2015). Our study tested the efficiency of ssODN, dsDNA and linearized plasmid for -based genomic editing through HDR. We found that homology arms that are less than 200 bp showed no significant difference between all three forms of donor DNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning '-Cas9' for editing the ATP1A1 locus in human iPSCs. This supports the assertion that CRISPR is utilized for precise DNA editing in the field of synthetic biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Conway, Rayment, White and Berman2013), rather than the economic value of the nature lost. However, the opinions of the governments promoting offsetting show that such distinctions are quite feigned: according to the the ‘use of market-based mechanisms for delivering offsets is supported as a means of determining the conservation value of both the proposed action site and the proposed offset’ (Commonwealth of Australia, 2012, p. 26; our emphasis), while the UK's Paper on offsetting framed environmental compensation as something that could be bought ‘off-the-shelf’ from a market (Defra, 2013, p. 5). The act of putting a price on nature does determine the cost to the developer of destroying it. A simplistic market logic, largely based on neoclassical economics, might suggest that such prices will increase recognition of nature's value and hence reduce destruction. However, subjecting nature to the vagaries of the market means that prices can be highly variable (ranging from EUR 30,000 to EUR 1. 2 million per hectare; Conway et al. , Reference Conway, Rayment, White and Berman2013), and reflect restoration costs, land prices, supply and demand, speculative action by landowners (Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011) and even financial crises (Muradian & Rival, and Rival2012). It further means that the same credit system that supposedly protects a particular species or habitat can lead to its destruction when it collapses (Smith, Reference Smith, Panitch and Leys2006). Offsetting therefore transforms conservation into an exchange of priced ecological assets. This reframes a genuine concern for the value of nature (intrinsic or use value), for example halting the degradation of ecosystems, into a matter of market price: ‘a question of economic value that is entirely inimical to the original concern’ (Smith, Reference Smith2010, p. 249). Offsetting ties conservation to land development and economic growth The last way in which offsetting reframes conservation is that it dissolves the conventional contradiction between development (e. g. for mining, construction, house-building) and conservation, the latter becoming an extension of a development and growth agenda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that biodiversity offsetting reframes conservation as an extension of development and economic growth rather than truly balancing development with conservation efforts. It states that offsetting transforms conservation into an exchange of priced ecological assets, thereby dissolving the traditional conflict between development and conservation, which suggests that conservation is being subordinated to development objectives rather than being balanced.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Mo 1997: Influence of the low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States. J. Climate, 10, 481– 507. )| falseSearch 3105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. Janowiak, J. E. , V. E. Kousky and R. J. Joyce 2005: Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses. J. Geophys. Res. , 110, D23105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. )| falseSearch 503. Joyce, R. J. , J. E. Janowiak P. A. Arkin and P. Xie 2004: : A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydrometeor. , 5, 487– 503. )| falseSearch 933. Koch, S. E. , F. Zhang M. L. Kaplan Y-L. Lin R. Weglarz and C. M. Trexler 2001: Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain–plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 909– 933. )| falseSearch 2415. Lin, Y. , and F. Zhang 2008: Tracking mesoscale gravity waves in baroclinic jet-front systems. J. Atmos. Sci. , 65, 2402– 2415. )| falseSearch 168. Qian, W. , H. Kang and D. Lee 2002: Distribution of seasonal rainfall in Monsoon region. Theor. Appl. Climatol. , 73, 151– 168. )| falseSearch 2461. Trier, S. B. , C. A. Davis D. A. Ahijevych M. L. Weisman and G. H. Bryan 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. , 63, 2437– 2461. )| falseSearch 328. Tripoli, G. J. , and W. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of bibliographic references to various studies and publications related to weather and precipitation but does not contain any information or discussions that specifically address the concept of microclimates or their effects on weather variations over short distances. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 112:11911-11916. 2005. Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases. Nature 435:646-651. 2010. Genome editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases. Genetics 11:636-646 Uusi-. 2018. Chromatin accessibility is associated with -Cas9 efficiency in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) 13:e0196238 Valerie K, Povirk LF. 2003. Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair. Oncogene 22:5792-5812. 2017. Efficient, footprint-free human iPSC genome editing by consolidation of Cas9/and piggyBac technologies. 12:88-103. 2013. One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes byCas-mediated genome engineering. Cell 153:910-918 -. 2018. Precision gene editing technology and applications in nephrology. Nephrology 14(11):663-677 -. 2013. Optimization of scarless human stem cell genome editing. Research 41:9049-9061. 2015. Generation of iPSCs as a pooled culture using magnetic activated cell sorting of newly reprogrammed cells. 10:e0134995. 2016. ssODN-mediated knock-in with -Cas for large genomic regions in zygotes. 7:10431. 2015. Small molecules enhance genome editing in pluripotent stem cells. Cell 16:142-147. 2017. Efficient precise knockin with a double cut HDR donor afterCas9-mediated double-stranded DNA cleavage. 18:35. 2015. /Cas-mediated selection-free knockin strategy in human embryonic stem cells. Reports 4:1103-1111 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info history See citing 1. 2MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding CRISPR as a tool in synthetic biology. Instead, it mentions various genome editing technologies and techniques, including zinc-finger nucleases and other methods. While these technologies relate to gene editing, the text does not specifically corroborate or refute the particular claim about CRISPR's use and precision in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015), foreclosing any ecological critique of the current political and economic context. This is obvious in the following quote from Gordon et al. (Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015, p. 536): ‘in this context, offsetting remains one of the few options for delivering truly “sustainable” development’ (our emphasis). Biodiversity offsetting: it ain't just technical Offsetting already faces serious challenges. These are reflected in the gradual acceptance of the controversial character of the policy (e. g. Gordon et al. , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015; Bull & Brownlie, and Brownlie2016), in the admission that standard approaches for the systematic calculation of its conservation benefits are still relatively rare or unavailable (Maron et al. , Reference Maron, Rhodes and Gibbons2013) and in attempts to re-brand the terminology in the face of increasing criticism from activists and scholars (e. g. biodiversity accounting rather than offsetting; Environment Bank, 2015b). The issues at stake with offsetting are more than technical, and the decision to frame biodiversity offsetting as a conservation tool is not neutral. Such a strategy leaves the core logic of offsetting unchallenged. A focus on how to improve its implementation, ostensibly depoliticizes (Wilson & Swyngedouw, Reference Wilson, Swyngedouw, Wilson and Swyngedouw2014) the problem of the environmental impacts of development, implying that it is an inevitable problem, rather than the result of particular political choices. But not talking about politics does not mean that politics disappear. It simply means that the debates regarding offsetting metrics or principles take place without reference to the social, political and economic questions they raise. Acceptance of the framing of conservation and development provided by offsetting implies acceptance of the inevitability of biodiversity loss. It a priori reframes conservation as a pragmatic search for the least worst outcome in the face of development demands and as an attempt to promote conservation only in areas that do not interest developers. This in turn separates the practice of conservation from struggles by environmental and social movements to prevent the further degradation of ecosystems (Apostolopoulou et al. , ńska-Jurczak, Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska and Pantis2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and criticisms surrounding biodiversity offsetting. It suggests that framing biodiversity offsetting as a conservation tool is not neutral and implies acceptance of biodiversity loss, stating that it reframes conservation merely as a pragmatic response to developmental pressures rather than a true balance between development and conservation. The text highlights that the approach may 'conflict' with genuine conservation efforts by indicating that it promotes conservation only in areas not of interest to developers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Cotton 1989: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part II: Analysis of governing dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117, 305– 328. )| falseSearch 419. Wallace, J. M. , 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 406– 419. )| falseSearch 1629. Wang, C. C. , G. T. J. Chen and R. E. Carbone 2004: A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over east Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 132, 1606– 1629. )| falseSearch 1508. Wolyn, P. G. , and T. B. McKee 1994: The mountain–plains circulation east of a 2-km-high north–south barrier. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 122, 1490– 1508. )| falseSearch 1170. Yin, S. , D. Chen and Y. Xie 2009: Diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season over China. Int. J. Climatol. , 29, 1154– 1170. )| falseSearch 1704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. Yu, R. , T. Zhou and A. Xiong 2007: Diurnal variation of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L01704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. )| falseSearch 2796. Zhang, F. , and S. E. Koch 2000: Numerical simulation of a gravity wave event observed during CCOPE. Part II: Wave generation by an orographic density current. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 128, 2777– 2796. )| falseSearch 4010. Zhou, T. , R. Yu H. Chen A. Dai and Y. Pan 2008: Summer precipitation frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China: A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations. J. Climate, 21, 3997– 4010. )| falseSearch 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists of citations and references to various studies and does not provide any information or evidence regarding microclimates or their effects on weather variations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about microclimates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: 29::101478 [Crossref] [4. 2021. . A perspective on synthetic biology in drug discovery and development—current impact and future opportunities. . SLAS Discov. 26::581–603 [Crossref] [5. . 2021. . Integrating biomaterials and genome editing approaches to advance biomedical science. . Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 23::493–516 [Crossref] [6. Black JB, Perez-Pinera P, Gersbach CA. 2017. . Mammalian synthetic biology: engineering biological systems. . Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 19::249–77 [Crossref] [7. . 2020. . Applications of -Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology. . Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 21::661–77 [Crossref] [8. . 2019. . -Cas: a tool for cancer research and therapeutics. . Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol 16::281–95 [Crossref] [9. . 2020. . -Cas tools and their application in genetic engineering of human stem cells and organoids. . Cell 27::705–31 [Crossref] [10. 2021. . Nanotechnology to advance -Cas genetic engineering of plants. . Nat. Nanotechnol. 16::243–50 [Crossref] [11. Nat. Inst. Educ. 2017. . : history of discovery. Video, Nat. Inst. Educ. , Singapore:. [12. . 1987. . Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline-phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. . J. Bacteriol. 169::5429–33 [Crossref] [13. . 2018. . The biology of -Cas: backward and forward. . Cell 172::1239–59 [Crossref] [14. . 2021. . and : -Cas systems as potential rapid diagnostic tools for emerging infectious diseases. . J. Clin. Microbiol. 59::e00745-20 [Crossref] [15. Pickar-Oliver A, Gersbach CA. 2019. . The next generation of -Cas technologies and applications. . Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to various applications of CRISPR-related technologies, such as 'Integrating biomaterials and genome editing approaches to advance biomedical science' and 'Applications of -Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology', which supports the claim that CRISPR is a tool used in synthetic biology for precise DNA editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: By reframing nature as a set of tradable units, offsetting turns conservation into a system of exchange in an attempt to optimize biodiversity protection while allowing the achievement of development goals. As such it favours technocratic solutions to streamline policy debate about the value of nature. In the process, nature is essentially treated as a ‘commodity’, divorced from its social, ecological and geographical context. Only in the reductionist technical calculations of offsetting methodologies can offset sites be seen as equivalent to ecosystems and places destroyed by development. The protection of such sites may be better than nothing, but in almost all cases they are less good than the original. It is not surprising that proponents of biodiversity offsetting (ten Kate et al. , Reference ten Kate, Bishop and Bayon2004; Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011; BBOP, 2012b) frame it as a ground-breaking strategy. Its radical potential is profound but it does not favour conservation outcomes. Offsetting forecloses discussion of the nature of the social and economic forces behind the environmental impacts of development. Within the frame of offsetting, conservation is prevented from addressing key issues concerning the socio-economic and political context that determines society's destructive relationship with non-human nature, the way the costs and benefits of development may unevenly affect different social groups or classes, or the identity of winners and losers of uneven growth and development under capitalism. Offsetting is one outcome of private sector investment in conservation and market-based approaches to addressing biodiversity loss. It coincides in time with cuts in conservation funding, the further commodification of non-human nature and the increasing deregulation of environmental legislation (Büscher et al. , Reference Büscher, Sullivan, Neves, Igoe and Brockington2012; Apostolopoulou & Adams, and Adams2015), which reflect a paradigm shift away from conservation strategies based on enforceable environmental legislation (Benabou, Reference Benabou2014) towards those based on financial incentives and profit. If conservationists accept offsetting as a strategy (and simply try to improve the methods used), they are essentially accepting a dystopian future where biodiversity loss is continuous, and chiefly directed by the financial interests of developers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that biodiversity offsetting reduces conservation to a system of exchange that prioritizes development goals over genuine conservation outcomes. It states that offsetting 'does not favour conservation outcomes' and prevents addressing the socio-economic and political contexts of environmental impacts, which undermines the validity of offsetting as a balanced solution. The critique extends to the notion that offset sites are seen as 'equivalent to ecosystems' destroyed, suggesting that this trade-off may not serve the original aim of conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View in gallery Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View in gallery Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding microclimates and their effect on weather variations. Instead, it describes the study domain and the distribution of rainfall rates and terrain elevation in northern China without linking it to the concept of microclimates or short distance weather variations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: Harnessing theCas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. . Sci. Rep. 3::2510 [Crossref] [62. Seeger C, Sohn JA. 2014. . Targeting hepatitis B virus withCas9. . Mol. Ther. 3::e216 [Crossref] [63. 2020. . Development of as an antiviral strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. . Cell 181::865–76 [Crossref] [64. . 2016. . -mediated activation of latent HIV-1 expression. . Mol. Ther. 24::499–507 [Crossref] [65. 2015. . Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered -Cas9 complex. . Nature 517::583–88 [Crossref] [66. . 2020. . Targeted chromatinization and repression of HIV-1 provirus transcription with repurposedCas9. . Viruses 12::1154 [Crossref] [67. - 2018. . An enhanced repressor for targeted mammalian gene regulation. . Nat. Methods 15::611–16 [Crossref] [68. 2013. . -mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes. . Cell 154::442–51 [Crossref] [69. . 2011. . Epigenetic control of viral life-cycle by a DNA-methylation dependent transcription factor. . 6::e25922 [Crossref] [70. 2015. . Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis of hepatitis B virus genome in infected liver tissues. . Sci. Rep. 5::10478 [Crossref] [71. . 2021. . Mechanisms of DNA methylation in virus-host interaction in hepatitis B infection: pathogenesis and oncogenetic properties. . Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22::9858 [Crossref] [72. 2017. . Efficient targeted DNA methylation with chimeric dCas9-Dnmt3a-Dnmt3L methyltransferase. . Res. 45::1703–13 [Crossref] [73. 2016. . Editing DNA methylation in the mammalian genome. . Cell 167::233–47 [Crossref] [74. . 2020. . -based diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious diseases. . Biol. Proced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of the Cas9 system, which is a component of CRISPR technology, in various contexts such as disrupting latent HIV-1 provirus and targeting hepatitis B virus. This indicates that CRISPR is actively utilized for precise DNA editing in different biological scenarios.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Conservation is restricted to simply directing, or redirecting, where the destructive footprint of developments will fall, without any guarantee that what is protected today will not be developed in further cycles of offsetting tomorrow. Offsetting therefore substantially forecloses the possibility of a conservation challenge to the drivers of environmental destruction, implying there is no alternative to the current situation. Offsetting can be the response to biodiversity loss only if we accept a society where all ecosystems and places are open for trading, and nature will be restricted only to ‘what is left over after every other demand has been satisfied’ (Baltz, Reference Baltz1980, p. 29). Conservation has been criticized for approaching protected areas as places without people (Rangarajan & Shahabuddin, and Shahabuddin2006). Offsetting further deepens and exacerbates this conceptual and material separation between society and non-human nature. Failing to recognize the way it reframes non-human nature and its conservation makes its effects impossible to challenge. This has crucial consequences. In the offsetting case, it is not the protection of ecosystems that is not based on a dialectical understanding of the nature–society relationship but their destruction. A dystopian vision for the future suggests that our only choices are between the two. It is vital for conservation to challenge the ideological potency of this rhetorical framing and allow direct political engagement not only to oppose environmental destruction and secure public access to nature but also to re-imagine a different production of nature based on societal needs. Conservation is profoundly a cultural and political practice and offsetting highlights the importance of its connection to wider debates about environmental and social justice in future provisions for the protection of biodiversity. study was supported by a Intra-(PIEF-GA-2013-622631) within the 7th (Conservation and in the Economy). We thank for his insightful comments and two referees for their helpful comments. Biographical sketches Elia Apostolopoulou's main research interest is the investigation of the relationship between nature and society in capitalism, with a particular emphasis on the political ecology of nature conservation. Her current research focuses mainly on the reconstruction of nature conservation around the measurement of the economic value of non-human nature. is interested in changing ideas about nature and its conservation. His current research addresses the politics of landscape-scale conservation and the power of ecosystem services and other metaphors in conservation policy. 35. CrossRef494. CrossRef9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that biodiversity offsetting does not effectively balance development with conservation. It states that offsetting merely directs where the impact of developments will fall without ensuring lasting protections for ecosystems. This points to a critical view of offsetting as failing to challenge environmental destruction, suggesting that it promotes a society where nature is traded rather than genuinely conserved. The text emphasizes the need for a dialectical understanding of the relationship between society and nature, which biodiversity offsetting undermines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View in gallery Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. raw image Fig. 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about microclimates and their impact on weather variations. Instead, it presents data about precipitation and wind patterns across a specific geographical area without discussing the concept of microclimates or the related variations in weather. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 211. 211. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search transplantation has been employed for several years to deliver donor cardiomyocytes to normal and injured hearts. Recent reports of a variety of stem cells with apparent cardiomyogenic potential have raised the possibility of cell transplantation-based therapeutic interventions for heart disease. Here we review the preclinical studies demonstrating that intracardiac transplantation of skeletal myoblasts, cardiomyocytes and cardiomyogenic stem cells is feasible. In addition, recent clinical studies of skeletal myoblast and adult stem cell transplantation for heart disease are discussed. Keywords: Cardiac regeneration, Cell transplantation, Clinical studies, Heart disease concept of cell transplantation as a means to increase myocyte number in injured hearts first appeared in the early 1990s. The approach is based on the notion that transplantation of cardiomyocytes, or alternatively cardiomyogenic stem cells, will result in the formation of new cardiac muscle in the recipient heart. It is assumed that if a sufficient number of donor cells engraft, and if these cells are able to participate in a functional syncytium with the host myocardium, improvement in cardiac output would be achieved. Initial cardiac cell transplantation efforts utilized skeletal myoblasts (SMBs), an adult-derived stem cell which can differentiate into skeletal myofibers in vitro and in vivo. The observation that SMB transplantation could improve cardiac function in the absence of bona fide cardiomyogenic differentiation ultimately led to the notion that donor cells could have ‘secondary’ beneficial effects in injured hearts. Indeed, it is now apparent from experiments using a variety of donor cell types that cell transplantation can antagonize adverse cardiac remodeling and promote cardioprotection following transplantation into injured hearts. Other studies examined the use of fetal or neonatal cardiomyocytes as donor cells. These latter studies clearly established that exogenous cells can structurally and functionally integrate into the host myocardium. More recently, both embryonic and adult-derived stem cells have been examined for cardiomyogenic differentiation in vitro, and following transplantation into normal and injured hearts. In many instances, markedly different results have been obtained with regards to the degree of cardiomyogenic differentiation with adult stem cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of cell transplantation, particularly in cardiomyocytes and stem cells, as an effective therapeutic intervention for heart disease. It explains how the transplantation of these cells can lead to functional integration into the host myocardium, promoting repair and regeneration in damaged tissues. This aligns with the claim that synthetic organisms could be part of solutions to health problems by targeting and repairing damaged organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: Title: Secure & 2008 Annual Report. · 12 November 2008 DOI: :962483 DuCharme, Lynn [1]; Tohtz, Joel [2] Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks + construction of Dam inundated 125 km of adfluvial trout habitat in the of the and its tributaries, impacting natural fish reproduction and rearing. Rapid residential and commercial growth in the now threaten the best remaining habitats and restrict our opportunities to offset natural resource losses. Hydropower development and other land disturbances caused severe declines in the range and abundance of our focal resident fish species, bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout. Bull trout were listed as threatened in 1998 under the Act and westslope cutthroat were petitioned for listing under ESA. Westslope cutthroat are a species of special concern in Montana and a species of special consideration by the. & Habitat project follows the logical progression towards habitat restoration outlined in the approved by the NWPPC in 1993. This project is also consistent with the 2000 Fish and and the that identifies the protection of habitats for these populations as one of the most critical needs in the subbasin and directs actions to offset habitat losses. basin is one of the fastest growing human population centers in Montana. Riparian habitats are being rapidly developed and subdivided, causing habitat degradation and altering ecosystem functions. Remaining critical habitats in the need to be purchased or protected with conservation easements if westslope cutthroat and bull trout are to persist and expand within the subbasin. In addition, habitats degraded by past land uses need to be restored to maximize the value of remaining habitats and offset losses caused by the construction of Dam. Securing and restoring remaining riparian habitat will benefit fish by shading and moderating water temperatures, stabilizing banks and protecting the integrity of channel dimension, improving woody debris recruitment for in-channel habitat features, producing terrestrial insects and leaf litter for recruitment to the stream, and helping to accommodate and attenuate flood flows. The purpose of this project is to work with willing landowners to protect the best remaining habitats in the Flathead subbasin as identified in the Subbasin Plan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impacts of habitat degradation due to construction and development, specifically stating that habitats degraded by past land uses need to be restored to maximize the value of remaining habitats and offset losses. This implies that biodiversity offsetting alone cannot fully restore the original condition, as it requires restoration efforts that go beyond mere offsetting. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the need to protect and secure remaining habitats, indicating that complete restoration to original conditions may not be achievable through offsetting alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View raw image Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View raw image Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses technical details regarding precipitation rates and terrain elevation, but it does not explicitly mention microclimates or provide evidence related to variations in weather over short distances. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: For example, ESCs carrying a transgene encoding aminoglycoside phosphotransferase under the transcriptional regulation of a cardiomyocyte-restricted promoter were allowed to undergo spontaneous differentiation. Treatment of the cultures with the neomycin analogue G418 resulted in essentially pure (>99%) populations of cardiomyocytes [Klug et al. , 1996]. This selection protocol was readily converted to bioreactor cultures, and more than 109 ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were produced from a 2-liter reactor vessel [Schroeder et al. , 2005]. Murine ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were also enriched via fluorescence-activated cell sorting following transfection of a lineage-restricted fluorescence reporter [Muller et al. , 2000], an approach which has recently been shown to work with human ESCs [Huber et al. , 2007]. Considerable effort has also been invested in identifying combinatorial growth factor treatments which enhance cardiomyogenic differentiation (and consequently, yield) in ESC cultures [for review, see Rubart et al. , 2006]. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that both vascular cells and cardiomyocytes arise from a common progenitor cell in differentiating ESC cultures [Kattman et al. , 2006; Moretti et al. , 2006; Wu et al. , 2006], raising the possibility that transplantation of such cells might result in restoration of contractile cell mass as well as enhanced perfusion of the graft. A number of studies have examined ESC-derived cardiomyocytes following intracardiac engraftment. When transplanted into the heart of normal syngeneic hosts, genetically selected ESC-derived cardiomyocytes survived and formed well-differentiated grafts [Klug et al. , 1996]. Human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes can also engraft following transplantation into normal ventricle. For example, populations of spontaneously contracting human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes (enriched by microdissection) were transplanted into the hearts of pigs with surgically induced complete atrial-ventricular conduction block. Histochemical analyses revealed that the transplanted cells survived, and the presence of pacing activity originating from the site of engraftment was interpreted as being indicative of functional coupling between the donor and host cardiomyocytes [Kehat et al. , 2004]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and application of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to create cardiomyocytes that can repair damaged heart tissues. The description of selecting and differentiating ESCs into cardiomyocytes, their successful transplantation, and subsequent engraftment indicates a direct relevance to solving health problems related to heart damage. Specifically, it highlights that transplantation of these cells could potentially restore cardiac function, supporting the idea that synthetic organisms (in this case, ESCs) can play a role in repairing damaged organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 2172/962483. Copy to clipboard DuCharme, Lynn, & Tohtz, Joel. Secure & 2008 Annual Report. . United States. Copy to clipboard DuCharme, Lynn, and Tohtz, Joel. 2008. "Secure & 2008 Annual Report. ". United States. Copy to clipboard @1993. This project is also consistent with the 2000 Fish and and the that identifies the protection of habitats for these populations as one of the most critical needs in the subbasin and directs actions to offset habitat losses. basin is one of the fastest growing human population centers in Montana. Riparian habitats are being rapidly developed and subdivided, causing habitat degradation and altering ecosystem functions. Remaining critical habitats in the need to be purchased or protected with conservation easements if westslope cutthroat and bull trout are to persist and expand within the subbasin. In addition, habitats degraded by past land uses need to be restored to maximize the value of remaining habitats and offset losses caused by the construction of Dam. Securing and restoring remaining riparian habitat will benefit fish by shading and moderating water temperatures, stabilizing banks and protecting the integrity of channel dimension, improving woody debris recruitment for in-channel habitat features, producing terrestrial insects and leaf litter for recruitment to the stream, and helping to accommodate and attenuate flood flows. The purpose of this project is to work with willing landowners to protect the best remaining habitats in the Flathead subbasin as identified in the Subbasin Plan. The target areas for land protection activities follow the priorities established in the Flathead subbasin plan and include: (1) Class 1 waters as identified in the Subbasin Plan; (2) Class 2 watersheds as identified in the Subbasin Plan; and (3) 'Offsite mitigation' defined as those Class 1 and Class 2 watersheds that lack connectivity to the mainstem or Flathead Lake. This program focuses on conserving the highest quality or most important riparian or fisheries habitat areas consistent with program criteria. The success of our efforts is subject to a property's actual availability and individual landowner negotiations. The program is guided using biological and project-based criteria that reflect not only the priority needs established in the Flathead subbasin plan, but also such factors as cost, credits, threats, and partners. The implementation of this project requires both an expense and a capital budget to allow work to be completed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of biodiversity offsetting in fully restoring lost habitats. It mentions the necessity of purchasing or protecting habitats and highlights the importance of restoration to maximize the value of remaining habitats. This indicates that while efforts are made to offset losses, the text suggests that these actions are not sufficient to fully restore habitats to their original conditions, thereby opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View raw image Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 1290 365 19 PDF Downloads 697 210 11 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Next 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1 Page(s): 1017–1025 09. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the spatial distribution of vertical motions and perturbation wind vectors in relation to terrain elevation and precipitation, without addressing the concept of microclimates or their effect on variations in weather. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports or counters the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Nakamura (2013) Acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration using nerve conduits in combination with induced pluripotent stem cell technology and a basic fibroblast growth factor drug delivery system. J 102: 1370-1378. 25. Kanno, H. , Y. Pressman, A. Moody, R. . Ozawa, E. Itoi, D. D. Pearse, M. B. Bunge (2014) Combination of engineered Schwann cell grafts to secrete neurotrophin and chondroitinase promotes axonal regeneration and locomotion after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 34: 1838-1855. 26. Khuong, H. , R. Kumar, F. Senjaya, J. Grochmal, A. Ivanovic, A. Shakhbazau, J. Forden, A. A. Webb, J. Biernaskie, R. Midha (2014) Skin derived precursor Schwann cells improve behavioral recovery for acute and delayed nerve repair. 254: 168-179. 27. Kingham, P. J. , D. F. Kalbermatten, D. Mahay, S. J. Armstrong, M. Wiberg, G. Terenghi (2007) Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. 207: 267-274. 28. Liu, G. , Y. Cheng, S. Guo, Y. Feng, Q. Li, H. Jia, Y. Wang, L. Tong, X. Tong (2011) Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells for peripheral nerve repair. 28: 565-572. 29. Lopatina, T. , N. Kalinina, M. Karagyaur, D. Stambolsky, K. Rubina, A. Revischin, G. Pavlova, Y. Parfyonova, V. Tkachuk (2011) Adipose-derived stem cells stimulate regeneration of peripheral nerves: BDNF secreted by these cells promotes nerve healing and axon growth de novo. PLoS One 6: e17889. 30. Mantovani, C. , D. Mahay, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in regenerative medicine through the use of various stem cell technologies and engineered cells to promote nerve regeneration and repair. It mentions specific studies and their findings that indicate the potential of stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells, to facilitate recovery and repair in cases of nerve damage and spinal cord injury, supporting the idea that synthetic organisms or engineered biological solutions can address significant health challenges.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractBiodiversity offsetting typically involves the trade of certain losses of habitat with uncertain future conservation benefits. Predicting the latter requires estimates of two outcomes; the biodiversity losses without conservation management (averted loss), and the biodiversity gains with conservation management (management gain). However, because empirical data to inform these estimates are limited, they are normally guided by expert opinion, often derived via unstructured methods without consideration of uncertainty. Here we used a structured elicitation with 29 experts to gather estimates of averted loss and management gain at offset sites. We used two methods; (i) experts estimated change in an aggregate biodiversity value (vegetation condition) and; (ii) experts provided probabilistic estimates of change for individual vegetation condition attributes, such as the richness and cover of plant growth forms. On average, experts predicted there would be only modest improvements with conservation management, yet uncertainty and variation among experts was large; in some cases, conservation benefits were not predicted. Estimates of change in vegetation condition suggested that benefits were from both averted loss and management gains and were thought to most likely arise in cases where starting condition was low to moderate. Similar patterns were observed for individual vegetation condition attributes, with management gains, relative to a reference, tending to be negatively correlated with starting value. Our study finds that: (i) on average, gains at offset sites are expected to be small, (ii) at many sites, experts do not believe gains can be obtained, and (iii) experts’ opinions can be divergent resulting in elevated levels of uncertainty. The potential for losses under conservation management highlights the need to: identify those components of biodiversity most likely to benefit from conservation management; better understand those situations when offset obligations are most likely to be met and conversely those situations with higher risk; and further develop offset mechanisms that encourage early or prior gains. These findings together with the global proliferation of biodiversity offsetting, provide a strong imperative to improve empirical data and investment in long-term, site-based monitoring of biodiversity outcomes at offset sites. Citation: (2019) Expert predictions of changes in vegetation condition reveal perceived risks in biodiversity offsetting. 14(5): e0216703. : October 10, 2018; Accepted: April 28, 2019; Published: May 8, 2019Copyright: © 2019 Dorrough et al. This is an open access 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 7188179, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that biodiversity offsetting involves uncertainty regarding the actual restoration of habitat. It states that experts predict only modest improvements with conservation management and that in some cases, conservation benefits are not anticipated. The text further emphasizes the variability and uncertainty in expert predictions, indicating that at many sites, experts believe that gains cannot be achieved, thereby challenging the notion that biodiversity offsetting can fully restore lost habitat.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: , diurnal component divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The diurnal component is calculated by summing the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate. Differing from the total rainfall distribution in Fig. 1b, the highest percentage of diurnal precipitation occurs along the sharp terrain slope that makes a transition from the low plains to the high plateaus, and the lowest percentage of diurnal precipitation occurs over the plains. Figure 2b shows isochrones of the local diurnal precipitation peaks that summarize the location of the phase fronts of diurnal precipitation peaks for different hours in that are shown in Fig. 3. As motivated by Fig. 12 of Carbone et al. (2002), Fig. 4 shows the distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviations averaged along a cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). To highlight the larger-scale variations of diurnal precipitation peaks and to compare directly with a coarse GFS analysis that will be shown in Figs. 5 and 6, a two-dimensional spectral decomposition (Lin and Zhang 2008) has been used to filter signals with horizontal scales of less than 300 km in Figs. 2b and 3, but no filtering is performed in Fig. 4. Figures 2b, 3, and 4 show that a local diurnal precipitation peak starts in early afternoon hours (with maximum solar heating) on or near the top of the Yanshan–ranges. The strongest local diurnal peak is observed on the sharpest terrain slope east of the plateaus in the midafternoon hours [between 1400 and 1700 Beijing time, i. e. , the local standard time (LST), which is 8 h ahead of UTC; Fig. 4], which subsequently moves downslope toward the southeast (Figs. 2b and 4). The peak phase arrives on the plains in late afternoon into the early evening (Fig. 3c) and continuously progresses eastward across the central plains throughout the night (Figs. 3d,e). It approaches the eastern edges of the focus domain at around 0000 UTC (0800 LST), but by this time the diurnal peak begins to lose its identity while daylight returns the next morning (Fig. 3f). There also exists a secondary precipitation maximum over the eastern plains during the late afternoon hours (Figs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about microclimates and their effect on weather variations over short distances. Instead, it primarily discusses diurnal precipitation patterns and their spatial variations without making a clear connection to the concept of microclimates. While it mentions varying precipitation intensities in different terrains, it does not specifically link these variations to microclimate effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: Res > (3); 2022 > 152. Published online: Dec 28, 2022 DOI: of Sleep on in 1, Mahyar Mirzazadeh, MD2, Nima Radmanesh, MD2 1Departement of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran 2School of Medicine, of of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, of Medical Sciences, Bahonar street, Qazvin 3419915315, +98-9122815917 Fax +98-2833697921 E-mail m. soleimannezhad@qums. ac. ir 24, 2022 30, 2022 15, 2022Copyright© 2022 Society of This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. role of night sleep in learning and consolidating memory has been mentioned and researched in many studies. Different tools have been used to determine the effect of sleep. However, this kind of research in the Iranian population is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the role of sleep in immediate and late learning of new words of second language in a number of English language learners. Persian males aged 18–35 years old participated in our study in two groups. The first group completed learning steps at 8–10 AM and repeated the test after 12 hours. The second group performed the initial stages of learning at 8–10 PM and repeated the test next morning. Everyone completed the Persian version for evaluating their sleep habits during last month and the effect of their sleep habits on achieved task scores. of the number of recalled words (NRW) between the two groups showed a significant difference (p-value < 0. 001) with better performance in night group. The NRW during the second stage was positively influenced by better subjective sleep quality, lower sleep latency, higher sleep efficiency, and more sleep duration significantly (p-value < 0. 05). There was no significant relationship of NRW with sleep disorders, sleep medications, or daytime dysfunction. night sleep could improve late learning of second language in our research subjects. Sleep quality, latency in falling asleep, and subjective sleep quality might play a role in this learning process. Key words: Delayed recall, Foreign language, Immediate recall, a second language is required to communicate with the international community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the role of night sleep in learning and consolidating memory has been researched. It specifically indicates that better sleep quality and duration positively influence memory recall for language learning, thus highlighting the importance of sleep for memory consolidation in the context of acquiring new information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: 6084/m9. figshare. 7188158, 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 7188116). Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionGlobally, there is increasing adoption of no net loss (NNL) policies and biodiversity offsetting for managing the impacts of human development on biodiversity [1, 2]. Under these schemes the stated objectives are usually to “offset” the residual negative impacts of development activities (those remaining after avoidance and minimisation of impact) by securing and managing habitat at another location with the intent to improve habitat quality or increasing the population size of target species [2]. Improvements, or “gains”, at those locations are expected to result from active management of threats and pressures (e. g. control of invasive plant species, better control of grazing by domestic and feral herbivores, reduction in water extraction for irrigation, cessation of fertiliser application) and from restoration (typically replanting or re-introduction of missing biodiversity elements). Notwithstanding broader concerns about biodiversity offsetting and the trading of nature [3], the contribution of offsets to the success of NNL objectives requires that gains are additional to any that might be expected in the absence of the offsets [1, 4], the gain is secured (i. e. on-going threat management and adequate protected status) [1] and the risks of not meeting the expected gains are minimised [1, 2]. A major challenge for NNL is that the biodiversity trades usually require exchange of known, certain losses with uncertain future gains [5]. To minimise risk, it has been argued that the offset gains should be achieved prior to the development impact [5, 6] but offset schemes almost always rely on gains being achieved after the development impact. This requires the ability to predict change, and real ecological consequences hinge on the accuracy of those predictions. Maron and colleagues [7] proposed a simple model for estimating the total future benefit of conservation actions based on estimating the change in the biodiversity indicator with and without an offset (Fig 1). Total benefit is the sum of two separate components, management gain (MG) and averted loss (AL). Management gain is estimated as the future improvement relative to the current value at t0 (MG = future value with offset–current value). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inherent uncertainty and challenges associated with biodiversity offsetting. It highlights that the success of no net loss objectives depends on securing gains that are additional to what could occur without offsets and that offset schemes often rely on gains being achieved after development impacts, which introduces risks regarding the actual restoration of habitats. This undermines the assertion that biodiversity offsetting can fully restore lost habitats to their original condition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 3b–d and 4), implying a semidiurnal rainfall cycle over these areas as was also noted by Yu et al. (2007). The averaged phase propagation speed toward the southeast starting from the top of the mountain ranges is approximately 13 m s−1, which is similar to that of a 14 m s−1 eastward speed in Carbone et al. (2002, their Fig. 2), except that the phase propagation is more coherent in the current study (Fig. 4). Note that Fig. 4 also shows the presence of two parallel, smaller-scale peaks within the primary diurnal peak phase in the plains, separated by ∼100 km in horizontal distance and ∼3 h in time, which is not visible in the filtered maps in Fig. 3. Parallel to the diurnal precipitation peak phase line, there is also a southwest–northeast belt of daily precipitation minimum visible at nearly all hours. The minimum phase is most pronounced at the top the Yanshan–ranges right after midnight, at the sharpest terrain slope during early morning hours, and on the plains in the late morning through early afternoon hours (Figs. 3 and 4). 4. Discussion on diurnal propagation and nocturnal precipitation peaks The speed of phase propagation and the relationship between the local diurnal precipitation maxima and minima may be related to the diurnal variation of a regional-scale, mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation induced by differential heating between the high mountain ranges and the plains over this region. This is evident by examining the mean GFS analysis averaged through the same warm-season months of 2003–09 shown in Figs. 5 –6. The evolution of the MPS circulation over the and the adjacent plains of the United States, along with its impacts on summertime precipitation and other weather phenomena, has been extensively studied (e. g. , Tripoli and Cotton 1989; Wolyn and McKee 1994; Zhang and Koch 2000; Koch et al. 2001; Carbone and Tuttle 2008). Figure 5 shows the low-level (900 hPa) vertical motions and perturbation wind vectors at each GFS analysis averaged over 2003–09. Figure 6 shows the corresponding averaged vertical motions, or the perturbation vertical circulation vectors averaged along the same northwest–southeast cross section as in Figs. 1c and 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding microclimates and their impact on weather variations over short distances. It discusses diurnal rainfall cycles, phase propagation speeds, and regional-scale mountain-plains solenoid circulations without explicitly relating these phenomena to the concept of microclimates. Thus, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: This is a testament to the growing importance of learning a second language [1]. Memorizing words and ability to remember them play an important role in learning a new language. According to scientific documents and research, long-term and short-term memory both play an important role in learning new words in a language other than the mother tongue [2]. Over the years, several factors such as sleep, nutrition, and exercise that are effective in enhancing or weakening the memory have been identified [3]. Among various factors mentioned, sleep has a more prominent role than other factors. In many research studies, roles of sleep components have been specifically addressed. Among these components, the duration of sleeping, the time it takes for a person to fall asleep, and the time of the day and night when a person sleeps have been very carefully considered. According to the Foundation, 7–8 hours of sleep is essential for adults because it plays a key role in the normal functioning of the central nervous system and cognitive functions. Studies have shown that getting enough sleep after learning can increase the retention of explicit information and allow new information to be processed and stabilized without the intervention of the sensory system [2]. In recent years, many studies have looked at the role of sleep as a factor in memory. Sleep patterns, how long you sleep, when you fall asleep, and when you wake up are all factors that can affect memory [4,5]. Kurdziel and Spencer [6] dealt with the category of sleep and its role in learning. They studied stages of learning and remembering words of a second language in two groups. One group performed these stages during waking hours and another group performed these stages after night sleep. Their results showed a better ability to remember words and their meanings in the group re-tested after a good night’s sleep. Their study emphasized the role of sleep as a memory enhancer [6]. A large-scale systematic review of more than 450 sleep-related research projects has emphasized sleep’s role in strengthening memory in human and animal models [7]. Another study has clearly described the significant role of a short sleep period of 60 to 90 minutes in enhancing memory-dependent perceptual skills [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how sleep plays a significant role in memory consolidation. It mentions that studies indicate that getting sufficient sleep enhances the retention of information learned, specifically how memory improves when individuals learn and then sleep afterward. References to research highlighting sleep as a factor in improving memory for tasks such as learning new languages further support the importance of sleep for memory consolidation.