Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A2 - which is coal-intensive. A3 - which emphasises the roles of natural gas, new renewables and nuclear in averting serious problems from emissions. B - Middle course. C1- with its emphasis on energy efficiency improvements, new renewables (especially solar in the longer run), but with nuclear power phased out by 2100 because unable to satisfy its critics and C2 - where nuclear power plays an expanding role. 19 - 38 (20 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 2. 1 is one of the main input for rural development and economic development. The greater part of the world population lives at low standard and a quarter of the population or about 1. 5 billion, have an extremely low standard of life. Energy is one of the essential requirement of the quality of life the people. The industrial development or even large scale food production, water supply, textile manufactures & construction of building and other recreation items are not possible without adequate supply of energy. Therefore, one of the most important tasks is to provide adequate, reliable, convenient and efficient supply of energy, if quality of life of the people is to be raised from its present level of grinding poverty. Table 2. 1 project the global primary energy supply in six scenarios i. e A1 - its strong emphasis on oil and natural gas use. A2 - which is coal-intensive. A3 - which emphasises the roles of natural gas, new renewables and nuclear in averting serious problems from emissions. B - Middle course. C1- with its emphasis on energy efficiency improvements, new renewables (especially solar in the longer run), but with nuclear power phased out by 2100 because unable to satisfy its critics and C2 - where nuclear power plays an expanding role. 3 for and Supply 3. 1 is now latest national thinking going on to conserve the known sources of energy such as firewood, cow dung, agricultural waste, kerosene, oil etc. i. e. by limiting their conventional uses and to propagate the use of non conventional energy especially in the rural area. The large scale indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels fully in the rural areas are not only providing to be inefficient but also inadequate to cope with the growing rural energy demand caused by growing population and growing consciousness among rural people for a better way of life. Planned input of energy are, therefore urgently require to protect the environment and to cope with raising rural energy demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of new renewable energy sources in improving quality of life and addressing energy needs, especially in rural areas. It specifically mentions 'new renewables (especially solar in the longer run)' as crucial for energy efficiency and supports the need for an adequate, reliable, and efficient energy supply to raise the quality of life from 'grinding poverty.' This suggests that renewable energy is viewed as a key component for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 046632520426711546329428572318623⩾9104122Mean (± SD)2527. 2 (0. 9)7807. 0 (0. 9)0. 02 Alcohol drinkingNever4518128160. 58Ever at least 1 unitc/week2078265584 Tobacco smokingNever14357458580. 63Ever1094332542 Exposure to electromagnetic fieldsNever923611815<0·001Ever1606366585Cumulative (years)2528. 3 (17. 3)78312. 2 (19. 5)0. 003Table 1Characteristics of cancer-free nurses (born 1933–1970) by after-midnight shift-work status. aWorking after midnight (about 8h of work between 19:00 and 9:00) for at least 1year. bPearson chi-squared test for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables, both two-sided. c1 unit is 12g alcohol. Open table in a new tabShift systemCases (n=267)Controls (n=1035)Cumulated length of work (years)Range2–49. 01–51. 0Mean25. 824. 0Median25. 824. 1Inter quartile range14. 914. 6 Permanent day work (years)Ever (%)9187Range0–44. 60–50. 0Mean13. 913. 1Median13. 210. 4Mean proportion of cumulated work (%)53. 454. 5 Permanent night work (years)Ever (%)75Range0–44. 30–23. 8Mean0. 70. 3Mean proportion of cumulated work (%)2. 11. 5 Rotating day–evening (years)Ever (%)2229Range0–27. 70–33. 0Mean1. 41. 9Mean proportion of cumulated work (%)5. 67. 6 Rotating day–night (years)Ever (%)1616Range0–32. 40–37. 5Mean1. 41. 0Median00Mean proportion of cumulated work (%)5. 64. 3 Rotating day–evening–night (years)Ever (%)8171Range0–41. 60–46. 8Mean8. 27. 2Median5. 44. 3Inter quartile range9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides data regarding the characteristics of cancer-free nurses with respect to their shift work status. While it does not explicitly mention metabolic health, the extensive analysis and statistics suggest a focus on the potential impacts of shift work on health variables, which can imply possible negative effects, thus contrasting with the broader notion of metabolic health being unaffected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 5 Standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and 95% confidence intervals of postsurgical change in performance (postsurgical minus presurgical) by hemisphere of TLR (left: black markers; right: white), type of moderator analysis and individual moderator levels. Negative effect sizes indicate poorer postsurgical than presurgical performance. Sample size (k, studies) inferential statistics, heterogeneity and fail-safe N measures are in 11 (left TLR) and 12 (right TLR). Contrasts used mean differences and t-statistic To determine whether this Format effect for the right TLR group was influenced by Stimulus (for the same reasons as described in the section above for the presurgical and postsurgical sample, see Fig. 5D), we used Bonferroni-corrected contrasts. These showed no significant differences between Faces-Recognition and Designs-Recognition or between Designs-Recognition and Designs-Recall, suggesting that Stimulus did not confound the Format effect. For right TLR patients the additive and interactive analyses showed no significant lateralization effects. Postsurgical Change:. 6 shows postsurgical change for left TLR versus right TLR patients. The only significant moderator was Format (Recognition greater left-lateralization than Recall) for the interactive model only. Additional contrasts showed the left-lateralization effect for Designs-Recognition was significantly larger than for Designs-Recall, while the effect size for Faces-Recognition was not significantly larger than for Designs-Recognition (see Fig. 6D). All within-moderator groups showed statistical sensitivity to TLR lateralization (right < left) except for Delayed and Recall (trends only), with Faces showing the largest effect, Mdiff = -0. 44, p = 0. 01, followed by Recognition, Mdiff = -0. 41, p < 0. 001. Fig. 6 Standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and 95% confidence intervals for lateralization of postsurgical change (i. e. , difference between postsurgical minus presurgical change in performance for left minus right TLR patients), by type of moderator analysis and individual moderator levels. Negative effect sizes indicate poorer postsurgical than presurgical performance, positive values indicate better postsurgical than presurgical performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical analyses and details on postsurgical performance changes related to TLR but does not directly address the claim regarding the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. It discusses performance measurements rather than the concept of memory recall itself, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The rural energy problem is multi dimensional & needs to be tackled through a multi dimensional integrated approach which would include augmentation of energy supply resources, technology transfer for optimum & productive use of resources, R & D inputs in particular for developing low cost energy options for the rural poor, education & training for rural users, linkage with various rural development programmes including village & small scale industries programme and adequate institutional & financial support. The multi dimensional approach for making a village self sufficient in energy planning is illustrated in Fig. 4. 1. 47 - 51 (5 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 4. 1 energy census survey has become the basis for planning & implementation of the village development based on conventional and non conventional sources which are appropriate to the local needs. The continuous and widespread use of non commercial sources of energy in the rural area is resulting in the large scale destruction of the environment. While the rural people get non conventional fuels at almost zero private cost, the social cost for meeting their energy needs has been increasing over the year. Hence the non conventional fuels acquired a special significance in the energy context. The rural energy problem is multi dimensional & needs to be tackled through a multi dimensional integrated approach which would include augmentation of energy supply resources, technology transfer for optimum & productive use of resources, R & D inputs in particular for developing low cost energy options for the rural poor, education & training for rural users, linkage with various rural development programmes including village & small scale industries programme and adequate institutional & financial support. The multi dimensional approach for making a village self sufficient in energy planning is illustrated in Fig. 4. 1. 5 Approaches for These three requirements are required to be followed in sequence for getting maximum benefits. However, integrated rural energy concept is a new area of work and not much experience is available in this field as compared to other rural development activities. It is difficult to give any guidelines for planning. One can only recommend approaches and not solutions to planning. The rural area in developing countries are almost always rich in one or another sources of energy, which could be used separately or in combination with other sources in decentralized small scale units, or even on a household scale. Thus, the problem is one of good planning, management and a strong educational and promotions campaign, rather than the non availability of resources or the lack of technology. Further, after planning, prefect development of device and their effective operation is required. The purpose of the project should be clearly defined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the significance of non-conventional fuels, which are a form of renewable energy, in addressing the rural energy problem and promoting sustainability. It highlights that the rural areas in developing countries are rich in various energy sources and emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to enhance energy supply through technology transfer and R&D focused on low-cost options, indicating that renewable energy is vital for local development and environmental protection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Secondly, data collection was completed before the IARC evaluation in 2007 and thus before the debate on shift-work and cancer was reported in the media, although some debate occurred after our register based study was published in 2001. 21 Thirdly, we found, as in a recent meta-analysis of over 25,000 cases,19 no association between exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer risk, which has been intensively reported in the media the last decade prior to our interviews. Thus, if recall bias was of major concern in the present study, a positive association between reported EMF and breast cancer risk could be expected, but this was not the case. Finally, but of less importance, we found close agreement on the number of children, a risk factor known by nurses to be causally associated with breast cancer, reported by the nurses and objective data from the Register. We did, however, observe that cases reported a slightly longer total duration of work (7%) compared to controls (median 25. 8 versus 24. 1years), which may reflect that cases took more effort to recall every (short) period of work, whilst some periods might have been forgotten by controls. Taken together, recall bias cannot be fully excluded but the extent is probably limited in this study. Only a weakly increased relative risk for breast cancer (standardised incidence ratio, 1. 2; 95% CI, 1. 1–1. 3) was found for the cohort of Danish nurses, born 1935–1981, followed-up for cancer during 1980–2003 when compared with the general Danish female population. 7 Nurses may in general be healthier than the general population, as evidenced by their low risks for alcohol- and tobacco-related cancers,7 and this underlines the importance of using an internal reference group, particularly when limited information on confounders is available. We found an increased breast cancer risk even after a relatively short period of night shift-work. This is in contrast to some, but not all,20,21 previous studies of shift-work and breast cancer, in which an increased risk was observed only after 20 or 30years of shift-work. 22–25 Duration of shift-work is, however, an imprecise measure of exposure to light at night and circadian disruption, particularly if no information is available on the frequency of, for example, after-midnight shifts during a week. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the increased breast cancer risk associated with shift work, specifically noting that 'we found an increased breast cancer risk even after a relatively short period of night shift-work.' This indicates a potential negative health impact related to shift work, but it does not directly address metabolic health or support a broader assertion of negative impacts on metabolic health. Additionally, it questions the completeness of findings by highlighting variability in previous studies regarding the risks associated with shift work.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: A strength of these non-parametric methods is that they have enabled researchers to link fluctuations in iEEG signals to low-frequency neural oscillations observed during certain behavioral or cognitive states, such as slow-wave sleep (Landolt et al. , 1996; Chauvette et al. , 2011; Nir et al. , 2011), eye closure (Klimesch, 1999; Goldman et al. , 2002; Laufs et al. , 2003; Barry et al. , 2007) or spatial exploration (Kahana et al. , 2001; Raghavachari et al. , 2001; Caplan et al. , 2003; Ekstrom et al. , 2005; Byrne et al. , 2007). High-frequency neural activity, which has also been linked to a variety of cognitive and behavioral states (Maloney et al. , 1997; Herrmann et al. , 2004; Canolty et al. , 2006), is less clearly oscillatory, and may reflect asynchronous stochastic volatility of the underlying EEG signal (Burke et al. , 2015). Although spectral analysis methods have been used extensively in the neuroscience literature, they assume that there is unique information in each of a discrete set of frequency bands. The number of bands and frequency ranges used in these methods have been the subject of considerable controversy. et al. (2009) have shown that broadband power often correlates more strongly with neuronal activity than does power at any narrow band. Also, non-parametric methods implicitly assume that the measured activity is observed independently during each observational epoch, and at each frequency, an assumption which is easily rejected in the data, which show strong temporal autocorrelation as well as correlations among frequency bands (von Stein and Sarnthein, 2000; Jensen and Colgin, 2007; Axmacher et al. , 2010). Moreover, non-parametric methods are typically applied to EEG signals in a univariate fashion that neglects the spatial correlational structure. By simultaneously modeling the spatial and temporal structure in the data, parametric models confer greater statistical power so long as they are not poorly specified. Parametric methods have been applied to various types of multivariate neural data including EEG (Hesse et al. , 2003; Dhamala et al. , 2008; Bastos et al. , 2015), magnetoencephalography (MEG) (David et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning memory recall. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of non-parametric and parametric methods in analyzing neural oscillations and activities, without mentioning memory recall, stimuli, or how memories might be retrieved. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Meeting energy requirements for production activities which would create employment and productivity in rural areas. 77 - 88 (12 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 7. 1 has become a critical input for the economic development of the India because of the wide spread scarcity of oil and electricity and other commercial form of energy. The rural areas are often the worst affected because of these shortages and the rural population continues to depend on the inefficient non-commercial energy from like fire wood, cow dung, human and animal for meeting their energy requirement for subsistence, production and devolvement needs. The rural energy crises or “The energy crisis” has been getting increased attention from the policy makers to tackle the problem in a planned and integrated manner. The rural energy sector is concerned with two major planning issues. Provision of energy for meeting substance needs for cooking, heating and lighting of the rural areas of the country. This problem is also directly linked to the problem of deforestation and environmental destruction being caused in the rural area because of indiscriminate and wide spread use of non conventional energy sources. Meeting energy requirements for production activities which would create employment and productivity in rural areas. 8 Utilisation of for 8. 1 concept of social justice led to a raise the standard of living of the masses. This is only possible by meeting the energy needs of industry, agriculture, transport and domestic use. The energy of demand has been increasing tremendously all over the world science mid – nineteenth century due to rise in industrial and agricultural activities and was being met to a great extent by fossil fuels. Three factors led the mankind to look for alternative renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, hydro etc. (1) there is a danger that the rate at which the non renewable sources of energies are being consumed presently may lead to a global shortage in the near future. This has already happen in case of oil. (2) Use of fossil fuel involves emission of toxic gases polluting the environment causing health hazards of living being. and (3) the demand and supply gas of energy is continuously widening, thus necessitating to exploit renewable sources of energy. Out of various renewable energy sources, solar energy has been a promising one and lot of development has been taken in its technology for various uses. The numbers of technology engaged in developing solar energy for meaningful use are aiming to achieve the following objectives- 89 - 148 (60 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro in addressing the energy crisis and environmental destruction linked to the use of non-renewable energy sources. It highlights the necessity of ensuring energy for production activities, which can promote employment and productivity, particularly in rural areas, thereby linking renewable energy to sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: For instance, only a few years of shift-work can include several disruptive shifts within a week, whereas decades of shift-work can cover only a few shifts per month. Investigations based on the American Nurse’s (I) and (II) showed no significant effect of rotating shift-work on shorter shifts,22,23 but these studies included nurses with permanent night and evening shifts in the reference group. If nurses on permanent night work tend to work fewer years in such shifts than nurses on rotating shifts, as in our study, short-term shift-work might be attenuated towards the null. In contrast, although there is strong experimental support for an acute effect of light on accelerating human breast cancer cell growth,26 studies are needed to replicate our finding of a short-term effect of shift-work on breast cancer risk. In conclusion, this study of Danish nurses, with a high participation rate, detailed lifetime histories of work and shift schedules, and adjustment for potential confounders, showed a tendency to increasing odds ratios for breast cancer by cumulative shift-work and a roughly increasing risk with shift systems that increasingly may disrupt circadian rhythms. Larger studies with detailed information on shift systems in a wider variety of occupational groups are warranted. In addition, further studies are needed of markers of circadian rhythms (such as melatonin) in shift systems,27 and of markers of epigenetic alteration of circadian genes in order to elucidate possible biological mechanisms,28 which may be useful knowledge in future attempts of minimising breast cancer risk, if any. Role of the funding sourceThe funding sources did not involve in the data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing or publication. The corresponding author had full access to all data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. ContributorsJH and RGS were responsible for the study design and funding. JH supervised data collection, analysed data and wrote the draft report. Both authors critically revised the final report. Conflict of interest statementNone declared. AcknowledgementsWe received unrestricted grants from the Society and from the of Research. 1. Stevens, R. G. Light-at-night, circadian disruption and breast cancer: assessment of existing evidenceEpidemiol. 2009; 38:963-970CrossrefScopus (274)PubMed2. Haus, E. ∙ Smolensky, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing studies that demonstrate a lack of significant effect from rotating shift-work on shorter shifts, suggesting that not all types of shift work lead to negative health outcomes. It mentions that while there's a correlation between cumulative shift work and increased odds of breast cancer, this does not directly indicate a negative impact on metabolic health. It also emphasizes the need for further studies to clarify potential impacts, implying that the effects of shift work on health may vary and are not definitively negative.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: , 2006), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) (Roebroeck et al. , 2005; Goebel et al. , 2003; David et al. , 2008; Luo et al. , 2013), and local field potentials (LFP) (Brovelli et al. , 2004). These methods typically involve fitting vector autoregressive (VAR) models to multivariate neural data that are assumed to be stationary in a specific time interval of interest. The regression coefficient matrix derived from the VAR models can be used to study the flow of information between neuronal regions in the context of Granger causality (G-causality). Neuroscientists have used Gaussian VAR models to study the effective connectivity (directed influence) between activated brain areas during cognitive and visuomotor tasks (Zhou et al. , 2009; Deshpande et al. , 2009; Graham et al. , 2009; Roebroeck et al. , 2005). Although VAR models and G-causality methods have been argued to provide useful insights into the functional organization of the brain, their validity relies upon the assumptions of linearity and stationarity in mean and variance of the neural data. When one of these assumptions is violated, the conclusions drawn from a G-causality analysis will be inconsistent and misleading (Seth et al. , 2015). One of the most common violations by EEG signals is the assumption of variance-stationarity (Wong et al. , 2006). Therefore, in the present work, we adopt a stochastic volatility approach in which the non-stationary variance (also known as volatility) of the neural time series is assumed to follow a stochastic process. Such models have been extremely useful in the analyses of financial market data which, like neural data, exhibits high kurtosis (Heston, 1993; Bates, 1996; Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard, 2002). We propose a multivariate stochastic volatility (MSV) model with the aim of estimating the time-varying volatility of multivariate neural data and its spatial correlational structure. The MSV model assumes that the volatility series of iEEG signals follows a latent-variable vector-autoregressive process, and it allows for the lagged signals of different brain regions to influence each other by specifying a full persistent matrix (typically assumed to be diagonal) in the VAR process for volatility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods and models used in neuroscience to analyze neural data and connectivity between brain regions, but it does not address the claim regarding the perfect recall of memory with stimuli. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 1 concept of social justice led to a raise the standard of living of the masses. This is only possible by meeting the energy needs of industry, agriculture, transport and domestic use. The energy of demand has been increasing tremendously all over the world science mid – nineteenth century due to rise in industrial and agricultural activities and was being met to a great extent by fossil fuels. Three factors led the mankind to look for alternative renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, hydro etc. (1) there is a danger that the rate at which the non renewable sources of energies are being consumed presently may lead to a global shortage in the near future. This has already happen in case of oil. (2) Use of fossil fuel involves emission of toxic gases polluting the environment causing health hazards of living being. and (3) the demand and supply gas of energy is continuously widening, thus necessitating to exploit renewable sources of energy. Out of various renewable energy sources, solar energy has been a promising one and lot of development has been taken in its technology for various uses. The numbers of technology engaged in developing solar energy for meaningful use are aiming to achieve the following objectives- 9 Technology 9. 1 energy can be directly converted into electrical energy through photovoltaic route. Energy conversion devices which are used to convert sun light into electricity by use of the photovoltaic effect are called solar cells. The advantages of solar cells are: They are reliable, convenient and durable. It is green, sustainable and pollution free technology. Directly solar radiation can be converted into electricity (conversion of global solar light by flat plate photovoltaic). Maintenance cost is quite low therefore suitable even in isolated and remote area, since no moving parts are involved. Solar cells are quite compatible with almost all environments, respond instantaneously with solar radiation. Considerable expected lifetime i. e. 20 years or even more. No distribution system is required, because they are decentralized source of energy and located at the place of use. 149 - 170 (22 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 9. 1 energy can be directly converted into electrical energy through photovoltaic route. Energy conversion devices which are used to convert sun light into electricity by use of the photovoltaic effect are called solar cells. The advantages of solar cells are: They are reliable, convenient and durable. It is green, sustainable and pollution free technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro in meeting energy demands and addressing environmental concerns. It highlights that the reliance on fossil fuels poses risks of depletion and pollution, thus emphasizing that transitioning to renewable energy is necessary for sustainable development. Additionally, it mentions the advantages of solar energy technology, labeling it as 'green, sustainable and pollution free,' which further corroborates the importance of renewable energy for a sustainable future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: As it stands, therefore, the current 3-group type of comparison does not allow conclusions about associative learning. A second major weakness is apparent when considering the sketch in Figure 2g and the equation defining the response index (R. I. ) (line 480). The point is that the larvae that are located in the middle zone are not included in the denominator. This can inflate scores and is not appropriate. That is, suppose from a group of 30 animals (line 471) only 1 chooses the odour side and 29, bedazzled after 30-min quinine or sucrose exposure or otherwise confused by a given opto- or thermogenetic treatment, stay in the middle zone. . . a P. I. of 1. 0 would result. Unless experimentally demonstrated, claims that the thermogenetic effector shibire/ts reduces dopamine release from DANs are questionable. This is because firstly, there might be shibire/ts-insensitive ways of dopamine release, and secondly because shibire/ts may affect co-transmitter release from DANs. To implicate a role of dopamine in DANs, previous work used e. g. RNAi against the dopamine-synthesizing TH enzyme (Rohwedder et al, cited). It is not clear whether the genetic controls when using the Gal4/ UAS system are the homozygous, parental strains (XY-Gal4/ XY-Gal4 and UAS-effector/ UAS-effector), or as is standard in the field the heterozygous driver (XY-Gal4/ wildtype) and effector controls (UAS-effector/ wildtype) (in some cases effector controls appear to be missing, e. g. Figure 4d, Figure S4e, Figure S5c). As recently suggested by Yamada et al 2024, bioRxiv, high cAMP can lead to synaptic depression (sic). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses various weaknesses in experimental setups and dopamine release mechanisms but does not mention olfactory receptors or quantum effects at all. Thus, it fails to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: There are two main approaches for modeling the time-varying variance commonly known as volatility in the econometrics literature, both of which assume that volatility is a latent autoregressive process, that is the current volatility depends on its previous values. The first approach is the class of autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) models developed by Engle (1982) and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) models extended by Bollerslev (1986). The ARCH/GARCH models assume that the current volatility is a deterministic function of the previous volatilities and the information up to the current time. The second approach is the class of stochastic volatility models proposed by Heston (1993), which assume that volatility is non-deterministic and follows a random process with a Gaussian error term. GARCH-type models have been popular in the empirical research community since the 1980’s due to their computational attractiveness. Inference of GARCH models is usually performed using maximum likelihood estimation methods (Engle and Bollerslev, 1986; Nelson, 1991). Until the mid 1990s, stochastic volatility models had not been widely used due to the difficulty in estimating the likelihood function, which involves integrating over a random latent process. With advances in computer technology, econometricians started to apply simulation-based techniques to estimate SV models (Kim et al. , 1998; Chib et al. , 2002; Jacquier et al. , 1994). Despite their computational advantages, the GARCH model assumes a deterministic relationship between the current volatility and its previous information, making it slow to react to instantaneous changes in the system. In addition, Wang (2002) showed an asymptotic nonequivalance between the GARCH model and its diffusion limit if volatility is stochastic. Therefore, we employ a more general stochastic volatility approach to analyze iEEG signals. To motivate the discussion of the MSV model, we first examine the distributional property of volatility. Previous econometrics literature has shown that volatilities of various financial timeseries can be well approximated by log-normal distributions such as the Standard and Poor 500 index (Cizeau et al. , 1997), stock returns (Andersen, 2001a), and daily foreign exchange rates (Andersen et al. , 2001b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses econometric models related to volatility in financial time series and does not mention memory or stimulus in relation to memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Directly solar radiation can be converted into electricity (conversion of global solar light by flat plate photovoltaic). Maintenance cost is quite low therefore suitable even in isolated and remote area, since no moving parts are involved. Solar cells are quite compatible with almost all environments, respond instantaneously with solar radiation. Considerable expected lifetime i. e. 20 years or even more. No distribution system is required, because they are decentralized source of energy and located at the place of use. 10 Energy from Biomass 10. 1 term “biomass” generally refers to renewable organic matter generated by plants through photosynthesis. Materials having organic combustible matter is also referred under biomass. Biomass is an important fuel source in our overall energy scenario. Biomass is produced through chemical storage of solar energy in plants and other organic matter as a result of photosynthesis. During this process conversion of solar energy in sugar and starch, which are energy rich compounds takes place. The chemical reaction of photosynthesis can be written as: 171 - 194 (24 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 10. 1 term “biomass” generally refers to renewable organic matter generated by plants through photosynthesis. Materials having organic combustible matter is also referred under biomass. Biomass is an important fuel source in our overall energy scenario. Biomass is produced through chemical storage of solar energy in plants and other organic matter as a result of photosynthesis. During this process conversion of solar energy in sugar and starch, which are energy rich compounds takes place. The chemical reaction of photosynthesis can be written as: 11 Biodiesel-11. 1 Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of long chain fatty acids like lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic and so on. It is produced by the transesterification of animal fats and vegetable oils – all of which belong to a group of organic esters called triglycerides. Typical examples are rape/canola oil, soyabean oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and its derivatives, etc. from vegetable sources, beef and sheep tallow and poultry oil from animal sources and also from used cooking oil. The chemistry is basically the same irrespective of the feedstock. The chemistry of biodiesel is given in Fig. 11. 1. 195 - 204 (10 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various renewable energy sources, specifically solar energy and biomass, and their significance in sustainable development. It highlights how solar energy can be generated through photovoltaic systems that are low maintenance and decentralized, thus making them suitable for remote areas. Additionally, it notes that biomass, deriving from organic matter produced through photosynthesis, is an essential component of the overall energy scenario, emphasizing its renewable nature. This focus on renewable energy sources strongly supports the assertion that they are crucial for sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Benzer S1976dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning73:1684–1688 R. L. Dauwalder B1991dunce locus: learning and memory genes in the fly7:224–229 J. R. Skoulakis E. M. Han K. A. Kalderon D. Davis R. L1998Tripartite mushroom body architecture revealed by antigenic markers5:38–5128Saumweber T. et al. 2018Functional architecture of reward learning in mushroom body extrinsic neurons of larval Drosophila9 R. F2001Drosophila as a focus in olfactory research: mapping of olfactory sensilla by fine structure, odor specificity, odorant receptor expression, and central connectivityTech 55:284–296 A. et al. 2005Glomerular maps without cellular redundancy at successive levels of the Drosophila larval olfactory circuit15:982–992 A. M. Wang J. W. Axel R2002Spatial representation of the glomerular map in the Drosophila protocerebrumCell 109:229–241 T. Lee A. Luo L1999Development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: sequential generation of three distinct types of neurons from a neuroblastDevelopment 126:4065–4076 Z. Davis R. L2009Eight different types of dopaminergic neurons innervate the Drosophila mushroom body neuropil: anatomical and physiological heterogeneityCircuits 3 J. Pandey R. Wasser M. Udolph G2011Orthodenticle is necessary for survival of a cluster of clonally related dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval and adult brain6 C. et al. 2006Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae16:1741–1747 K. S. Demchyshyn L. L. McConkey F. Forte M. A. Niznik H. B1995A primordial dopamine D1-like adenylyl cyclase-linked receptor from Drosophila melanogaster displaying poor affinity for benzazepinesFEBS Lett 362:131–138 K. A. Millar N. S. Grotewiel M. S. Davis R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a collection of references and studies related to Drosophila and its olfactory research without addressing the specific claim about olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Therefore, it passes as it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The volatilities of these financial measures are found to be highly right-skewed and their logarithmic volatilities are approximately normal. Volatility of iEEG also exhibits this log-normality property. To demonstrate this property, we calculate and plot the density of the empirical variance of a sample iEEG timeseries using a rolling variance of window size 20 (Hull, 2009, 20. (D) Distribution of empirical variance with the blue curve showing the estimated empirical density using kernel density estimation and the red curve showing the best-fitting log-normal density to the data. The model Stochastic volatility models belong to a wide class of non-linear state-space models that have been extensively used in financial economics. There has been overwhelming evidence of non-stationarity in the variance of financial data (Black et al. , 1972) and much effort has been made to model and understand the changes in volatility in order to forecast future returns, price derivatives, and study recessions, inflations and monetary policies (Engle and Patton, 2001; Cogley and Sargent, 2005; Blanchard and Simon, 2001). There is by now a large literature on stochastic volatility models and methods for estimating these models either by closed-form solutions (Heston, 1993; Heston and Nandi, 2000) or by simulation (Harvey and Shephard, 1996; Kim et al. , 1998; Omori et al. , 2007). Under the stochastic volatility framework, the variance (or its monotonic transformation) of a time series is assumed to be a latent process, which is typically assumed to be autoregressive. Latent process models have also been widely applied to the neuroscience domain to model neuronal spiking activity using point processes (Macke et al. , 2011; Smith and Brown, 2003; Eden et al. , 2004), to study motor cortical activity using a state-space model (Wu et al. , 2006), etc. These models have provided many insights into the mechanisms underlying cognitive processes. GARCH-type models have also been applied to EEG signals to study the transition into anesthesia in human, sleep stage transitions in sheep, and seizures in epileptic patients (Galka et al. , 2010; Mohamadi et al. , 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding memory recall. It discusses financial measures, volatility in data, and the application of stochastic models in financial and neuroscience contexts. There is no mention of memory, recall, stimuli, or cognitive processes related to memory in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 13 Harnessing the Power from Wind 13. 1 are the motion of air around the earth. This movement in air is caused by the uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. The idea of using wind as a form of power is not new. The traditional applications of wind were primarily as sources of kinetic energy for rural, agricultural and a limited number of industrial uses such as pumping water and grinding grain. Presently wind energy can be used for two major applications, such as wind mills for pumping water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes and second application is as aero-generator for electricity generation for domestic and industrial uses. In addition to this, presently wind energy battery charger are also available, which can store energy for lights, radio communication, hospital equipment and to power various emergency related equipment. The wind energy has an enormous resource, but the problems of utilizing the winds are many and varied. Wind energy is very diffuse in nature and local topographical features significantly alter the prevailing winds thus leading to the extremely site specific nature of wind energy. Scientirsts have estimated that as much as 10 per cent of >the world’s electricity could be provided by wind generators by the middle of 21 century. India has estimated wind power potential of 45,000 MW. India now, ranks fourth in the world in wind power generation. The world’s largest wind farms are in California, where wind turbines can generate power upto about 1120 MW. The first wind mill used as source of electric power was built in Denmark in 1890. Presently in India about 2382 MW of electricity is being produced through wind energy. 221 - 244 (24 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 13. 1 are the motion of air around the earth. This movement in air is caused by the uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. The idea of using wind as a form of power is not new. The traditional applications of wind were primarily as sources of kinetic energy for rural, agricultural and a limited number of industrial uses such as pumping water and grinding grain. Presently wind energy can be used for two major applications, such as wind mills for pumping water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes and second application is as aero-generator for electricity generation for domestic and industrial uses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the various applications of wind energy as a renewable resource for electricity generation and other uses. It states that wind energy can significantly contribute to electricity generation, with estimates suggesting that it could provide 10 percent of the world's electricity by the middle of the 21st century. This aligns with the assertion that renewable energy sources are essential for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Lorenz showed via different methods that all bipartite processes that are unitarily extendible are causally separable, and hence their unitary extensions are variations of the quantum (in preparation). Nevertheless, we believe that the proof of realizability presented here has a particular value since it is based on a different idea that could have wider applications. In particular, it provides the basis for the generalization in Sec. 7, and might be useful in the search for realizations of more complicated unitary processes. [55] W. F. Stinespring, Positive functions on C*-algebras, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 6, 211 (1955); DOI: https:// https:// [56] Throughout this paper, when we speak about isomorphic mapping between two Hilbert spaces, we understand isometric isomorphism. [57] N. Brunner, D. Cavalcanti, S. Pironio, V. Scarani, and S. Wehner, Bell nonlocality, Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 419 (2014); DOI: https:// (2013). https:// arXiv:1303. 2849 [58] After this paper appeared, a subsequent paper AllardGuerin claimed to show that all unitary processes admit a representation on time-delocalized subsystems. However, this claim is based on a misunderstanding of the concept of time-delocalized subsystems. The proof claimed in AllardGuerin amounts to the observation (discussed in this paper) that if we have a unitary process, the unitary maps isomorphically the output system of any one party, say Alice, onto a subsystem of the input systems of the rest of the parties, and similarly maps a subsystem of the output systems of the rest of the parties onto the input system of Alice. This by itself does not imply that we can associate the input and output systems of Alice with time-delocalized subsystems (which are subsystems of tensor products of Hilbert spaces associated with concrete physical systems at concrete times). [59] P. Allard Guérin and Č. Brukner, Observer-dependent locality of quantum events, New J. Phys. 20, 103031 (2018); DOI: https:// (2018). https:// arXiv:1805. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing quantum processes in a general context, specifically focusing on unitary processes and mathematical concepts like isomorphic mapping between Hilbert spaces. It does not address or explore the specific intersection of quantum mechanics with biological processes, which is central to quantum biology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: However, the applications of the GARCH models in the neuroscience literature remain on a small-scale, which focus on individual recording locations and neglect the connectivity among different regions of the brain. In this study, we provide a systematic way to study volatility of iEEG signals using a large iEEG dataset from the MTL region during a verbal memory task as a medium to illustrate how volatility and its connectivity network among MTL subregions can provide insights into the understanding of cognitive processes. et al. (1994), we model the multivariate latent volatility process of the iEEG signals in the MTL region to follow a vector autoregressive model. The original model assumes that the coefficient matrix is diagonal, that is the past activity of one region does not have any influence on the others. In many financial applications, it is convenient to make this diagonality assumption to reduce the number of parameters of the MSV model, otherwise, a very large amount of data would be required to reliably estimate these parameters. We generalize the MSV model to allow for a full coefficient matrix in order to study the directional connections between different subregions in the MTL. This generalization is feasible due to high-temporal-resolution neural time series collected using the intracranial electroencephalography. Let yt=(y1,t,⋯,yJ,t) be a multivariate iEEG time-series recordings at J electrodes at time t. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding memory recall. It discusses the applications of GARCH models in understanding the volatility of iEEG signals in the MTL region during cognitive processes. While it may touch on aspects related to memory (iEEG dataset during a verbal memory task), it does not directly address the claim about perfect recall or the impact of stimulus on memory, hence it is classified as pass.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: In addition to this, presently wind energy battery charger are also available, which can store energy for lights, radio communication, hospital equipment and to power various emergency related equipment. The wind energy has an enormous resource, but the problems of utilizing the winds are many and varied. Wind energy is very diffuse in nature and local topographical features significantly alter the prevailing winds thus leading to the extremely site specific nature of wind energy. Scientirsts have estimated that as much as 10 per cent of >the world’s electricity could be provided by wind generators by the middle of 21 century. India has estimated wind power potential of 45,000 MW. India now, ranks fourth in the world in wind power generation. The world’s largest wind farms are in California, where wind turbines can generate power upto about 1120 MW. The first wind mill used as source of electric power was built in Denmark in 1890. Presently in India about 2382 MW of electricity is being produced through wind energy. 14 14. 1 air pollution causes significant health problems for the two billion people worldwide who rely on biomass fuels for their cooking and heating needs. Over the last 30 years awareness of the environmental and social costs of using traditional fuels and stoves has grown. At the same time, studies of the problem have resulted in proven strategies to reduce both fuel use and harmful emissions. Unfortunately, the local stoves currently available do not always represent the best designs that modern engineering can offer. Although open fires are often used wastefully, carefully operated open fires can be fuel efficient and clean burning when tested in the lab. In many situations, cooks are not overly concerned with fuel use, and studies have shown that when fuel is plentiful three-stone fires can use an excessive amount of wood to cook a small amount of food. But in other places where fuel is scarce, open fires can be carefully controlled so that fuel efficiency rivals many first generation improved cook stoves. Modern cook stoves are designed to clean up combustion first. Then the hot gases can be forced to contact the pot and increasing efficiency without increasing harmful emissions. Fires can be clean burning when expert cooks push the sticks of wood into the fire as they burn, metering the fuel. The open fire can be a hot fire useful when food or drink needs to be prepared quickly. The energy goes into the pot, not into the cold body of a stove. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing wind energy as a renewable energy source and its potential contribution to the world's electricity needs. It highlights that wind energy is a significant resource, estimating that as much as 10 percent of the world's electricity could be provided by wind generators by the middle of the 21st century. Additionally, it mentions that India ranks fourth in the world in wind power generation, emphasizing the ongoing development and importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Codons that candidates for being under positive selection, based on four selection tests. results from TreeSAAP showed that 62 sites had changed considerably in amino acid properties (S3 Table). Across all these sites, 23 of them were under positive selection, while 39 showed signatures of purifying selection. One amino acid property, the equilibrium constant (i. e. , ionization of COOH; S3 Table), was found, in general, to be under positive selection in all genes. Environmental analysis Our GLMs revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios of two genes, ATP6 and COX2, have significant relationships to the environment. In particular, there was a relationship (p = 0. 0449) between the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 and mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2; mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)). In COX2, the Ka/Ks ratio was correlated with precipitation during the driest month (Bio14), precipitation seasonality (Bio15; coefficient of variation), precipitation during the driest quarter (Bio17), and precipitation during the coldest quarter (Bio19). Among these, the highest significant correlation (p = 0. 00761) was with precipitation during the driest month. relationships The phylogenetic positions resolved for the majority of taxa included in this study were consistent with prior inferences based on traditional taxonomy [12] and molecular markers [38–40]. However, as more accessions included, our analyses revealed some relationships that suggest that species boundaries in Acrossocheilus remain unsettled. For example, A. barbodon, which is endemic to of southern China, has widely been regarded as a synonym of A. iridescens, which occurs in the tropics of. However, in our analyses, A. iridescens formed a clade with A. longipinnis that was sister to A. barbodon. This suggests that A. barbodon may merit species status. Moreover, accessions representing a synonym of A. longipinnis, A. stenotaeniatus, were unexpectedly recovered in a clade with A. spinifer. Thus, the status of A. stenotaeniatus with respect to A. spinifer is unsettled and in-depth taxonomic work is merited to resolve it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the analysis of codons under positive and purifying selection, as well as environmental correlations with genetic variations in specific genes, without directly addressing the overarching principles of natural selection or its role in evolutionary processes. As such, it does not corroborate, contrast, or directly engage with the claim made about natural selection and evolution, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Following a Bayesian perspective, we assume that the parameters are not completely unknown, but they follow some prior distributions. Then, using the prior distributions and the information provided by the data, we can make inferences about the parameters from their posterior distributions. Priors and estimation method We specify prior distributions for the set of parameters 𝜽=(𝝁,𝜷,𝚺) of the MSV model. The mean vector 𝝁 follows a flat multivariate normal distribution 𝝁∼ℳ𝒱𝒩(0,1000IJ). Each entry of the persistence matrix βi,j∈(-1,1) is assumed to follow a beta distribution, (βi,j+1)/2∼Beta(20,1. 5) (Kim et al. , 1998). The beta prior distribution ensures that the entries of the persistent matrix are between −1 and 1, which guarantees the stationarity of the volatility process. For volatility of volatility, we utilize a flat gamma prior, σj∼Γ(1/2,1/2×10) (Kastner and Frühwirth-Schnatter, 2014), which is equivalent to ±σj2∼N(0,10). We estimated the latent volatility processes and the parameters of the MSV model using a Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler (Kim et al. , 1998; Omori et al. , 2007; Kastner and Frühwirth-Schnatter, 2014) (see 1. 6 s epochs during which words were presented on the screen. The network reflects directional lag-one correlations among the implied volatility timeseries recorded at various MTL subregions. (D) The upper row shows a sample of an individual patient’s raw voltage timeseries (blue) recorded from two electrodes during a word encoding period of 1. 6 s, and the lower row shows their corresponding implied volatility timseries (gray) estimated using the MSV model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the recall of memory or its relationship to stimuli. Instead, it discusses Bayesian methods, prior distributions, and the estimation of a model related to volatility processes, which are unrelated to memory recall. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: FormalPoints for This study aimed to assess/evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of a telemedicine system/unit intervention, monetize the economic benefits, and conclude if it is desirable or not. A larger population translates to a higher number of air medical transportations per year that can be avoided. Telemedicine systems/units may have an advantage in terms of access, equality, and quality of primary health services. 1 IntroductionTelemedicine units exchange health data from one hospital or health center to another via electronic communications, providing real-time services to multiple healthcare centers regardless of their locations [1]. They have off-site command centers, usually in hospitals, where doctors and nurses are connected with distant patients through real-time audio, visual, and electronic means, enabling real-time monitoring of patient instability or any abnormality in the laboratory, ordering of diagnostics tests, diagnosis and treatment, and control of life-supporting devices [2]. A satisfying amount of research has been performed in the US and Europe, in order to examine the implementation and utilization of telemedicine systems/units to determine their efficiency and efficacy. The results concluded that current studies are early steps before telemedicine systems/units become widespread, especially in Europe, implying that there is a lack of concrete evidence with which to fully assess the economic impact of telemedicine systems. Some cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost-minimization analysis (CMA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA) studies demonstrated that telemedicine can reduce costs, but not all [3, 4, 6]. A CMA of telemedicine for two Greek islands was implemented, comparing the costs of telemedicine with those of referrals, where patients from remote areas travelled to the hospital for consultation, concluding that the costs of referrals were significantly greater than the costs of telemedicine [5]. Among the main limitations of the economic evaluations and assessments of telemedicine systems/units were the disparate estimation methods, a lack of randomized control trials, lack of long-term evaluation studies, small sample sizes, and absence of quality data and appropriate measures [6]. While many studies draw conclusions on cost based on decreased mortality and length of stay (LOS), actual cost was not reported [7–9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of telemedicine systems in terms of access, equality, and quality of primary health services. It highlights that telemedicine units enable real-time monitoring and remote consultations, which is particularly beneficial for healthcare delivery in distant locations. Additionally, the mention of a CMA implementing telemedicine for two Greek islands supports the idea that telemedicine lessens the need for patients in remote areas to travel for consultations, thereby expanding access to healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A higher mutation rate may necessitate stronger purifying selection. Despite the prevalence of purifying selection in mitogenomes, the possibility for positive selection acting on single codon positions cannot be excluded, and, potentially, can facilitate physiological adaptations to new environments [24, 43]. In this study, the codon-based analyses of selection showed that several sites may be under positive selection. Among the analyses, TreeSAAP revealed the largest number of positive sites, but this program tends to have a high false positive rate [4, 33]. The more conservative approaches, using and FEL revealed far fewer positive sites. Among these, MEME identified six possible sites in five genes compared to even fewer among the other methods. MEME is sensitive to episodic positive selection, while and FEL detect pervasive positive selection. Thus, positive selection may be more likely to be episodic in the mitogenomes of Acrossocheilus and pervasive positive selection less common. These episodic events could be related to ecological shifts into new environments. However, the lack of strong evidence for positive selection using the method may suggest a relatively limited role of mitochondria in facilitating adaptations to new environments or show that only limited mitochondrial change is necessary. Nevertheless, further studies on the genes inferred to have signatures of positive selection are needed at the intraspecific-level to more fully understand their roles in environmental adaptation of this genus. Overall, although some amino acid positions are subject to positive selection, most of the positions are evolving neutrally or are under purifying selection. The patterns in Acrossocheilus appear to be best explained by relaxed purifying selection, and this was supported by the Ka/Ks value for each gene and the large number of sites under purifying selection detected in codon-based methods. Relationships of Ka/Ks to the environments of sampled individuals A few studies have assessed if selection on mitochondrial genes is correlated with environmental variables. For example, environmental analysis for penguins revealed a high correlation between ND4 and sea surface temperature [44]. Notably, our analysis of the relationship between environmental variables and Ka/Ks ratios revealed that ATP6 was correlated with mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2), while COX2 was associated with several precipitation variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various selection mechanisms in mitochondrial genes, focusing more on purifying selection and its prevalence over positive selection. It suggests that although some sites experience positive selection, most positions are evolving neutrally or are under purifying selection, which does not align with the idea that natural selection, particularly positive selection, drives evolutionary change through differential survival.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Model comparison To establish the validity of the MSV model, we compared its performance to that of univariate stochastic volatility models (equivalent to setting all the off-diagonal entries of the matrix 𝜷 in Equation 2 to 0) in fitting iEEG data. We applied the MSV model to the multivariate neural data combined across encoding periods (regardless of whether the word items were later recalled) and SV models to datasets of individual electrodes with the assumption that the parameters of these models were shared across encoding events. We utilized the deviance information criterion (DIC) (Spiegelhalter et al. , 2002; Gelman et al. , 2014) considered to be a Bayesian analogue of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to evaluate the performance of the models. The DIC consists of two components: the negative log-likelihood, D¯=𝔼𝜽,𝐱∣𝐲[-2logP(𝐲∣𝜽,𝐱)], which measures the goodness-of-fit of the model and the effective number of parameters, pD=D¯-D(𝜽¯,𝐱¯)=𝔼𝜽,𝐱∣𝐲[-2logP(𝐲∣𝜽,𝐱)]+2logP(𝐲∣𝜽¯,𝐱¯), which measures the complexity of the model (see 5. 9 SEM). This indicates that the MSV model is approximately more than 150 times as probable as the SV models (Kass and Raftery, 1995), suggesting that the MSV model is a more appropriate model for iEEG data. Relation to spectral power We next analyzed the relation between volatility and spectral power (see Materials and methods) over a wide range of frequencies, from 3 to 180 Hz with 1 Hz steps). For each subject, we computed the correlation between volatility and spectral power for each encoding event and then averaged these correlations across all events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the comparison of statistical models used for fitting neural data and does not mention memory recall or the impact of stimuli on memory. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: The equipment of a telemedicine system/unit consists of IT equipment (hardware and software), office equipment, the access control system, and medical equipment (high resolution camera for macroscopic examination, digital stethoscope, rinoscope, otoscope, 12-lead cardiograph, ophthalmoscope, dermatoscope, and vital signs monitor) [16]. (b) Operating costs of a telemedicine system/unit were €1500 per month. These costs include the total cost of the salary of one employee, who is responsible for the proper functioning of a telemedicine system/unit and the maintenance costs of the equipment [16]. (c) Average air transportation costs (average air transportation costs of each trip) were €5846 for helicopters, which were mostly used. The cost of each air transportation depends on various facts, such as the distance and means of air transportation [15]. (d) The life cycle of a telemedicine system/unit installation was 5 years. (e) Discount rate was 4%, representing the average return on deposits’ interest. 3 ResultsBased on statistical data, air medical transportations cannot be avoided completely [15]. Approximately 25% of cases demand air transportation to a hospital. As a result, from the 21. 95 air medical transportations from Leros per year, 16. 46 can be avoided, while from the 8. 44 air medical transportations per year from Patmos, 6. 33 can be avoided. Specifically, from 21. 95 and 8. 44 air medical transportations, only 25% of them (5. 49 and 2. 11, respectively) should be authorized. Taking into account the saved costs from the installation of a telemedicine system/unit, the net cash inflows per year (cash inflows per year minus operation costs per year) were amplified during the 5-year period of the project. Patmos cash inflows per year were the multiplying result of 6. 33 air medical transportations saved per year due to the implementation of telemedicine system/unit, with the average air transportation costs per trip. For Leros, were the multiplying result of 16. 46 air medical transportations saved per year due to the implementation of telemedicine system/unit, with the average air transportation costs per trip. This resulted in higher NPV and IRR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the implementation and benefits of telemedicine systems. It mentions that a telemedicine unit can save a substantial number of air medical transportations, which is critical for remote areas where immediate access to healthcare may be limited. Specifically, it states that the installation of a telemedicine system can reduce the need for air transport to hospitals, thereby enhancing access to healthcare in places like Leros and Patmos. The mention of saved costs and net cash inflows resulting from the implementation of such systems supports the assertion that telemedicine expands access to healthcare services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Accuracy and Power of the Test in Molecular Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 18: 1585–1592. pmid:11470850 View 27. . Accuracy and Power of for Evolution in Sequences and for Selected Sites. Genetics. 2004; 168: 1041–1051. pmid:15514074 View 28. HyPhy 2. 5—a for Phylogenies. and Evolution. 2020; 37: 295–299. pmid:31504749 View 29. . Datamonkey 2010: A Suite of Tools for Evolutionary Biology. Bioinformatics. 2010; 26: 2455–2457. pmid:20671151 View 30. FUBAR: A Fast, Approximation for Inferring Selection. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 1196–1205. pmid:23420840 View 31. . to Selection. PLoS Genetics. 2012; 8: e1002764. pmid:22807683 View 32. . Not so Different after All: A Comparison of Methods for under Selection. and Evolution. 2005; 22: 1208–1222. pmid:15703242 View 33. . Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Adaptation with the. of and Applications. 2010; 6: 120. pmid:20223735 View 34. . for of Resources Data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Resources Newsletter. 2001; 127: 15–19. View 35. . for Areas. of Climatology. 2005; 25: 1965–1978. View 36. . Lme4: Linear Mixed-and S4. Version 1. 1–7 [Lme4]. 2014 July 19 [cited 2020 May 10]. 37. Team R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4. 0. 3 [R]. 2020 Oct 10 [cited 2022 May 10]. 38. . of Species of the Acrossocheilus Oshima, 1919 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and Implications. Zootaxa. 2015; 4059: 151–168. pmid:26701558 View 39. . Mitogenome and of (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). . 2018; 3: 24–25. pmid:33474052 View 40. . Analysis of among the acrossocheilus Base on. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss natural selection, evolution, or differential survival. It appears to be a list of academic references related to evolutionary biology without providing any supportive or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: This paper presents the first major application of stochastic volatility models to neural time-series data. The use of a multivariate modeling approach allows us to account for interactions between different subregions in the MTL and thus provides a better fit to the neural data than a univariate approach. Our MSV model fully captures how changes in neural data measured by volatility in one region influences changes in another region, providing insights into the complex dynamics of neural brain signals. We further demonstrated that volatility can be a promising biomarker due to its broadband nature by comparing its performance to one of spectral power in classifying subsequent memory. Finally, researchers can extend these models to broader classes of neural recordings, and exploit their statistical power to substantially increase our understanding of how behavior emerges from the complex interplay of neural activity across many brain regions. Materials and methods Key resources table Reagent, type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional InformationSoftware and algorithmAvants et al. , 2008 normalization toolSoftware and algorithmYushkevich et al. , 2015 and algorithmsklearncPedregosa et al. , 2011 and algorithmThis paper processing scriptsSoftware and algorithmPTSAThis paper pipeline for reading in iEEG six patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing intracranial electroencephalographic monitoring were recruited in this study. Data were collected as part of a study of the effects of electrical stimulation on memory-related brain function at multiple medical centers. Surgery and iEEG monitoring were performed at the following centers: (Philadelphia, PA), (Rochester, MN), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), Hospital (Atlanta, GA), University of (Dallas, TX), Dartmouth-Center (Lebanon, NH), (New York, NY) and the of Health (Bethesda, MD). The research protocol was approved by the Board at each hospital and informed consent was obtained from each participant. Electrophysiological signals were collected from electrodes implanted subdurally on the cortical surface and within brain parenchyma. The neurosurgeons at each clinical site determined the placement of electrodes to best localize epileptogenic regions. Across the clinical sites, the following models of depth and grid electrodes (electrode diameter in parentheses) were used: PMT Depthalon (0. 86 mm); RD (0. 86 mm); SD (1. 12 mm); Adtech Behnke-Fried (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on the use of stochastic volatility models to analyze neural time-series data related to memory and brain function. It discusses the methods of data collection, analysis, and the implications of neural activity, but it does not provide any evidence or argument regarding the ability to perfectly recall memories with stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Some of them tried to calculate the and payback period economic criteria, but in a cost-based method, having in mind the net savings from the use of telemedicine systems/units and ignoring factors that are crucial and important for the calculation of these criteria, such as the discount rate and the life cycle of the project [11, 12]. The main contribution of this original research, having in mind these economic evaluations and assessments, is to go one step further and calculate the and payback period economic criteria, in order to assess and evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of a telemedicine system/unit intervention, and monetize the economic benefits, concluding if it is desirable or not (from both economical and social perspectives). Some of the main limitations and weaknesses of the economic evaluation and assessment of telemedicine systems/units in Greek remote areas can be the lack of interested doctors, absence of funding or subsidizing of the project by the government, local treatment procedures, and organizational structures. These limitations and weaknesses can affect the validity of the results by canceling the whole project or increasing or decreasing the costs. Considering the results, a telemedicine system/unit installation on Leros seems to be more desirable due to a larger population, which indicates that the saved costs will be higher than on Patmos. A larger population translates to a higher number of air medical transportations per year that can be avoided. Specifically, the net cash inflows for Leros during the 5-year period are 4. 12 times higher than for Patmos (Table 2). As a result, Leros will depreciate the investment in 0. 70 years, while Patmos will take 3. 13 years (Table 3). Furthermore, the implementation of telemedicine systems/units may have some positive aspects, which may lead to the obviation of regional health disparities and create a sense of security for both patients and doctors, thus providing decent primary healthcare services to the residents of such remote/inaccessible areas. The installation of a telemedicine system/unit in a remote/inaccessible area aims to cover both emergency situations and some of the regular needs of each island on a healthcare level. It also aims to improve patients’ healthcare until their transfer to a hospital, but also the preparation of the doctors at the air medical transportation center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the installation of telemedicine systems in remote areas aims to provide decent primary healthcare services and improve access to healthcare for residents of these areas. It highlights that telemedicine can address both emergency situations and regular healthcare needs, thereby reducing regional health disparities and increasing the sense of security among patients and doctors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Advertisement Search Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2. 15. 2 [10] (Table 1 and Figure 1). In the first simulation step, 1000 discrete generations with a constant population size of 2000 were simulated, followed by 1000 generations with a gradual decrease in population size from 2000 to 100 in order to create initial LD. The number of individuals of each sex remained the same in this step and the mating system was based on random union of gametes that were randomly sampled from the male and female gamete pools. Therefore, only two evolutionary forces were considered in this step: mutation and drift. To simulate the two recent purebred populations (referred to as breeds A and B, hereafter), two random samples of 50 animals were drawn from the last generation of the historical population and each animal was randomly mated for another 100 generations (step 2). Table 1 Parameters of the simulation process Full size table Figure 1 Schematic representation of the simulation steps. The crossbreeding program started in step 5 and consisted of five generations of purebred selection for crossbred performance; individuals from the last generation of step 3 (Generation 2108) constitutes the training population; A M and B M represent the males selected from breeds A and B, respectively; A F and B F represent the females selected breeds A and B, respectively; lines with arrows denote reproduction, while lines without arrows denote selection. Full size image In the next simulation step (step 3), in order to enlarge population size for breeds A and B, eight generations were simulated with ten offspring per dam. The mating within each breed was again based on random union of gametes and no selection was considered in this step. Within each breed, all animals in generation 8 of this step were considered as training population for the estimation of marker effects. In the next step (step 4), for each breed, 100 males and 200 females were sampled randomly from the last generation of step 3 and mated randomly to produce 1000 purebred animals (A0 and B0). In the subsequent generations (step 5), a two-way crossbreeding program with five generations of selection was simulated, as illustrated in Figure 1. The goal was to improve CP through selection in the two parental breeds (breeds A and B acted as sire and dam breeds, respectively). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a simulation process with details about population size, mating systems, and evolutionary forces such as mutation and drift. There is no mention or discussion of natural selection or differential survival driving evolution, hence it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 28 mm); Adtech subdural and grids (2. 3 mm). The dataset can be requested at Free-recall task Request a detailed protocol Each subject participated in a delayed free-recall task in which they were instructed to study a list of words for later recall test. The task is comprised of three parts: encoding, delay, and retrieval. During encoding, the subjects were presented with a list of 12 words that were randomly selected from a pool of nouns ( Each word presentation lasts for 1600 ms followed by a blank inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 800 to 1200 ms. To mitigate the recency effect (recalling last items best) and the primacy effect (recalling first items better than the middle items), subjects were asked to perform a math distraction task immediately after the presentation of the last word. The math problems were of the form A+B+C =, where A,B,C were randomly selected digits. The delay math task lasted for 20 s, after which subjects were asked to recall as many words as possible from the recent list of words, in any order during the 30 s recall period. Subjects performed up to 25 lists per session of recording (300 words). Multiple sessions were recorded over the course of the patient’s hospital stay. Electrophysiological recordings and data processing Request a detailed protocol iEEG signals were recorded from subdural and depth electrodes at various sampling rates (500, 1000, or 1600 Hz) based on the the amplifier and the preference of the clinical team using one of the following EEG systems: DeltaMed XlTek (Natus), Grass Telefactor, and Nihon-Kohden. We applied a 5 Hz band-stop fourth order Butterworth filter centered on 60 Hz to attenuate signal from electrical noise. We re-referenced the data using the common average of all electrodes in the MTL to eliminate potentially confounding large-scale artifacts and noise. We used Morlet wavelet transform (wave number = 5) to compute power as a function of time for our iEEG signals. The frequencies were sample linearly from 3 to 180 Hz with 1 Hz increments. For each electrode and frequency, spectral power was log-transformed and then averaged over the encoding period. Within a session of recording, the spectral power was z-scored using the distribution of power features across events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes a study's methodology involving a free-recall task and the technical aspects of electrophysiological recordings. It does not address the capacity for perfect recall under any conditions, nor does it provide evidence or arguments related to the claim. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the assertion about perfect recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Summarizing, telemedicine systems/units are estimated to result in a significant reduction in the number and frequency of air medical transportations, which may consequently lead to the reduction of aviation accidents that may occur during the air medical transfer. Despite the potential advantage of a reduction in human lives lost, medical and technical equipment losses are also of great significance. The establishment of such telemedicine systems/units also enables patient and healthcare issues to be handled in the event of severe weather phenomena, where the remote/inaccessible areas are isolated with no accessibility by any means. 5 ConclusionGreece’s geography encompasses a total of 227 inhabited islands, 164 of which are located in the and 78 of them have more than 100 residents. The incomplete coverage of primary health services in remote/inaccessible areas, combined with Greece’s unique geography, suggests the need for telemedicine systems/units. Telemedicine systems/units should be designed and implemented in such way as to meet the primary health needs of every resident, in every island or remote/inaccessible area. However, air medical transportation of patients to air medical transportation centers may be deemed essential. The costs of these air medical transfers can be reduced with the use of telemedicine systems/units, thereby benefiting the residents and society generally. In conclusion, considering the available data, in both projects, the establishment of telemedicine systems/units in Patmos and Leros was evaluated and assessed positively, with the possibility of large savings, both economical and social, by reducing or even removing face-to-face contact between doctor and patient. Telemedicine systems/units may have an advantage in terms of access, equality, and quality of primary health services and seems to be a promising solution, especially in Greece, where the problem of primary healthcare services in remote/inaccessible areas is of great concern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that telemedicine systems can significantly address healthcare access issues in remote areas, particularly in Greece, where geographical constraints complicate primary healthcare services. It states that telemedicine can reduce the need for air medical transport, thus improving efficiency and accessibility to healthcare services in isolated regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The explanation the authors provide seems highly unlikely, unless there is rampant epistasis among ts SNPs. If there were, shouldn't the authors also expect to see large footprints of balancing selection in the outcrossers (because haplotypes, not just SNPs, would be retained)? Queen hypothesis is used to refer to a dizzying array of hypotheses, from the evolution of sex (Introduction) to selection for new combinations of alleles (subsection “Balancing selection over ancient time scales”) to selection for rare alleles (Introduction) to balancing selection (Discussion section), in ways that are often inaccurate. In particular, the hypothesis is neither necessary nor sufficient for the maintenance of genetic variation. Tellier and others have shown, it is actually very unlikely that genetic variation would be maintained over long time periods due to simple models of host-pathogen coevolution, especially in small populations (see Tellier et al. , 2014 Evolution, for example). This literature should be discussed, especially since the authors are finding so many putative examples. Reviewer #2: I was very disappointed by this manuscript, as the results are presented so as to appear more exciting than they really are, and parts of the study appear to reflect a lack of understanding. In the first category, I would mention text in the Introduction about the evolution of sex, with which the study does not even remotely deal. In the second category of lack of understanding and/or knowledge of the field and of results already established, I highlight the discussion of outcrossing, which does not mention inbreeding depression, which is surely a factor that ought to be mentioned – I think that it is incorrect to predict that in general outcrossing will be most favored by natural selection when the selective landscape changes frequently, and to imply that pathogen pressure is probably important in maintaining outcrossing. Moreover, the conclusion that balancing selection still operates in the selfers to maintain variation seems unjustified, as other possibilities are not excluded, and the same applies to the conclusion stated at the end of the Abstract that "population longevity in the face of pathogen attack depends on the persistence of ancient genetic variation". The results may support the much more limited, but still interesting, conclusion that genes involved in defences against pathogens are enriched for cases of balancing selection, in line with the many previously published findings that this class of gene functions shows this kind of behaviour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by questioning the mechanisms of natural selection and the validity of hypotheses related to balancing selection. It argues that there is a lack of evidence supporting the idea that balancing selection operates to maintain genetic variation and implies that the author's conclusions are unjustified. The reviewer expresses disappointment in the manuscript's handling of the relationship between outcrossing and natural selection, stating that it is incorrect to predict that outcrossing will be favored under frequently changing selective landscapes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: To extract volatility feature, we applied the MSV model to the dataset constructed from the encoding events with an assumption that the parameters governing the dynamics of the volatility process does not change within a session of recording, that is the parameters of the MSV model are assumed to be shared across encoding events. Since we were only interested in the dynamics of the volatility time series of the brain signals, not the orignal time series themselves, we detrended the raw time series using vector autoregressive models of order p, where p was selected based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to remove any autocorrelation in the raw signals and to make the time series more suited for an MSV application. In the present manuscript, we used the common average reference (of MTL electrodes) to remove large-scale noise from our MTL recordings. While the bipolar reference is frequently used for such analyses, due to its superior spatial selectivity, several factors limit its utility in this context. First, connectivity between a pair of adjacent bipolar electrodes is contaminated by signal common to their shared monopolar contact; as such, it is difficult to interpret connectivity between such pairs. In the setting of linear depth electrodes placed within the MTL, a substantial portion of the data between pairs of nearby MTL subregions would have to be excluded due to shared monopolar contacts. Second, bipolar re-referencing within the MTL produces the undesirable outcome that a bipolar midpoint 'virtual’ electrode could fall in a subregion where neither physical contact was placed, making observed connectivities difficult to interpret. Anatomical localization Request a detailed protocol The MTL electrodes were anatomically localized using the following procedure. Hippocampal subfields and MTL cortices were automatically labeled in a pre-implant 2 mm thick T2-weighted MRI using the Automatic segmentation of hippocampal subfields (ASHS) multi-atlas segmentation method (Yushkevich et al. , 2015). A post-implant was co-registered with the MRI using Tools (Avants et al. , 2008). MTL depth electrodes that were visible in the CT were then localized by a pair of neuroradiologists with expertise in MTL anatomy. Statistical analyses Request a detailed protocol To assess an effect across subjects, we applied classical statistical tests on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the parameter of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes with respect to the claim as it does not address the concept of memory recall or the impact of stimuli on memory performance. Instead, it discusses technical details regarding the application of a statistical model to brain signal data, implications of electrode placement, and methodological considerations in the analysis of brain signals without any reference to memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing telehealth as a solution for improving healthcare access in remote areas, noting that it connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone and provides opportunities for governments to reach underserved populations. The text specifically mentions that telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas that previously lacked adequate care, particularly in rural settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: It is far from clear that there is an "advantage of an expanded footprint of balancing selection after a genetic bottleneck", as the Abstract claims. It is correct that low diversity in a selfer might allow rare high diversity loci to be detected, but selfers that evolved recently from an outcrossing population have the disadvantage that one cannot disentangle selection prior to the selfing state being established from selection more recently, to say nothing of the effect of a bottleneck in increasing the variance of LD and other quantities that might be estimated. Details of these major concerns are too long for your word limit, so I have emailed them to the editorial office in a separate file, to be passed on to the authors. My recommendation would be to revise the manuscript extensively to show clearly the evidence for those conclusions that are well supported, and relate them to what is already known. Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, the authors aim to detect evidence and identify targets of balancing selection by genome-wide search of polymorphisms shared by three Caspella species, two of which experienced genetic bottleneck and transition to self-fertilization independently. The authors resequenced 50 C. rubella, 13 C. grandiflora and 16 C. orientalis accessions and identified millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). With this dataset, they first characterized the demographic history of these species and, unlike a previous study, detected evidence of gene flow between (eastern) C. rubella and C. grandiflora. Then, they detected evidence of balancing selection enriched in immunity-related genes by focusing on shared polymorphisms between species. 21 genomic regions are highlighted as strong candidates of targets under balancing selection, many of which contain immunity genes with known functions in A. thaliana. This study does a reasonably good job in excluding factors other than ancestral variation that could lead to shared polymorphisms, so the conclusions are convincing to me. I also enjoy reading this manuscript, as it generates several new insights: (1) it substantially increases the number of trans-species polymorphisms that are potentially maintained by balancing selection in plants, providing candidates for follow-up functional studies; (2) it strongly suggests that frequency-dependent selection is a common mechanism underlying ancient balancing selection (as compared to heterozygote advantage); (3) the case of MLO2 underscores the technical difficulty of detecting divergent haplogroups shared between species by short-read sequencing methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting complexities in the understanding of selection mechanisms, particularly balancing selection, rather than straightforward differential survival. It mentions concerns about genetic bottlenecks and the need for evidence to support conclusions regarding selection, suggesting that there are nuances that question the simplicity of the claim that natural selection drives evolution merely through differential survival.