Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 002 Золтан Андраш (Zoltán András), професор, доктор філологічних наук, Будапештський університет імені Лоранда Етвеша, Угорщина (H-1053 Budapest, Egyetem tér 1-3) zoltandr@gmail. com Zoltán, A. (2018). Ранний славяноболгарский вклад в венгерский язык. Hungaricae, 63, 171–180. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2018. 63. 1. 19 2. Zoltán, A. (2017). Mely szláv nyelvből jött zabrál szavunk? Magyar Nyelv, 113(2), 225–227. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 225 3. Zoltán, A. (2017). Szláv jövevényszavaink néhány időrendi és nyelvföldrajzi kérdése. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 1−9. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 1. 1 4. Zoltán, A. (2017). Az ómagyar szerencs ’útonálló’ nyoma a régi kárpátukránban. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 206−210. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists mainly of bibliographic references related to the work of Zoltán András, focusing on Slavic influence in the Hungarian language. It does not address the claim that language acts as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Van den Heuvel L. M. , van Teijlingen M. O. , van der Roest W. , van Langen I. M. , Smets E. M. A. , van Tintelen J. P. et al. A long-term follow-up study on the uptake of genetic counseling and predictive DNA testing in inherited cardiac conditions. Circ. Genom. Precis. Med. 2020;13(5):524–530. DOI: 10. 1161/circgen. 119. 002803. 27. Menko F. H. , Aalfs C. M. , Henneman L. , Stol Y. , Wijdenes M. , Otten E. et al. for Clinical Genetics. Informing family members of individuals with Lynch syndrome: A guideline for clinical geneticists. Fam. Cancer. 2013;12(2):319–324. DOI: 10. 1007/s10689-013-9636-9. 28. Leenen C. H. , Heijer M. D. , van der Meer C. , Kuipers E. J. , van Leerdam M. E. , Wagner A. Genetic testing for Lynch syndrome: family communication and motivation. Fam. Cancer. 2016;15(1):63–73. DOI: 10. 1007/s10689-015-9842-8. 29. Ormondroyd E. , Oates S. , Parker M. , Blair E. , Watkins H. Pre-symptomatic genetic testing for inherited cardiac conditions: a qualitative exploration of psychosocial and ethical implications. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014;22(1):88–93. DOI: 10. 1038/ejhg. 2013. 81. 30. Schuurman A. G. , van der Kolk D. M. , Verkerk M. A. , Birnie E. , Ranchor A. V. , Plantinga M. et al. Maximising the efficiency of clinical screening programmes: Balancing predictive genetic testing with a right not to know. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2015;23(9):1124–1128. DOI: 10. 1038/ejhg. 2014. 269. 31. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies and guidelines that focus on genetic testing, specifically in the context of hereditary conditions such as Lynch syndrome and inherited cardiac conditions. These references suggest that genetic testing plays a significant role in understanding and managing the risk associated with these hereditary diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: The first might be to think that human groups sometimes interact in a sufficiently organized way that they could be said to have a corporate mind—an idea explored, for example, in the work of. Footnote 37 On such a view, perhaps AI technologies could be used to extend and, in effect, enhance these group-level minds. Another approach would be to think that the group might be able to use AI technology so that it behaves as if it has an enhanced level of intelligence on a group level. The group, in other words, might be given a form of artificial intelligence in the Turing sense and/or the Floridi sense. The second possibility fits, to some extent, with a response that has sometimes been given to Searle’s Chinese room thought experiment and his claim that the person in the room does not understand Chinese. Specifically, that the system that is formed in the room by the person and the instructions understands Chinese on a system level. In the same way, in my version of the example where the instruction book is substituted for a ChatGPT-like large language model technology, a system that understands Chinese is made up of the AI technology and the person in the room. Moreover, a larger system could be envisioned that includes the person in the room with the large language model, along with those outside of the room. In this way, a group-level community could have been formed whose members can communicate with each other in a language not possible before. The overall system has thereby, it might be argued, in a certain sense, become artificially intelligent in its behavior—at least in the Turing or Floridi senses. Footnote 38 Accordingly, when it comes to whether AI technologies can be thought of as human enhancers, there are at least four possibilities to consider: 1: AI technologies (at least if they are not operating too autonomously from human beings) may extend individual people’s minds and thereby enhance the cognitive capacities of these individuals. 2: AI technologies (including ones that operate highly autonomously) may enable people to behave as if they have enhanced cognitive abilities and thereby make these individuals artificially intelligent in certain respects. 3: AI technologies may extend the corporate minds of organized groups of people and thereby cognitively enhance these group agents. 4: AI technologies may enable groups to behave (including allowing its members to interact) as if the groups or their members have enhanced cognitive abilities and thereby make these groups artificially intelligent in certain respects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of human interaction and oversight in AI systems. It emphasizes that AI technologies, particularly when not operating autonomously, may extend cognitive capacities but still require human involvement. It elaborates on how AI can enhance group-level intelligence and suggests that even in cases where AI operates autonomously, human participation is essential for the effective functioning of the AI, which implies that complete autonomy without oversight is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 206 Литвин Микола, доктор історичних наук, професор, завідувач відділу «Центр дослідження українсько-польських відносин», Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів, 79026, Україна) ukrpol. centr@gmail. com Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). How and why do politicians use history? Review: Georgiy Kasianov. Past Continuous: historical politics of the 1980s – 2000s: Ukraine and its neighbors. Kyiv, Laurus, Antropos-Logos-Film. 430 s. Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 10, 196–199. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 10. 159177 2. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). była osamotniona w dobie nowożytnej? Michał Klimecki, Zbigniew Karpus, Czas samotności. Ukraina i Ukraińcy w latach 1914–2018 Warszawa, Bellona, 2018, 336 s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language and its role as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it primarily provides bibliographic information and references to academic work, which makes it irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Medicine, market and communication: ethical considerations in regard to persuasive communication in direct-to-consumer genetic testing services 1. The use of such material may be misleading in that it suggests involvement of a physician in the process even though, as is the case in this company, the marketing is directed at the consumer and the information of the website does not state that a physician is required to order sample kits or to access the test results online. It may be argued that the image used here is a mere illustration of a situation where a client talks to his/her doctor about his/her health. The contextual use, however, lets the website benefit from the display of a physician in a face-to-face counselling situation. In this situation a woman seen from behind serves as a placeholder for the recipient allowing immersion into the depicted situation. The image thus evokes trust and sympathy which are linked to the content of the website, even though pre-test counselling is not part of the offer. Fig. 1Use of imagery of medical professionals. Image is not included in the creative commons licence for the 2. Written in capital letters, the website suggests “! . ! ” and in smaller font: “Know your genetic risk for heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and obesity and protect against these conditions before its (sic! ) onset. ”, while the background image of a magnifying glass enhancing the view on a DNA strand symbolically signals that, somehow, important information in the DNA has been overlooked that can now be accessed to complete the health check. Apart from the intimidating message, the text clearly suggests that by undergoing the genetic test, consumers can make up for a lacking health check themselves (social meaning of empowerment) and take control as well as take preventive measures against the diseases mentioned once they know their genetic risk for them (control meaning of empowerment). At the same time, the image appeals to a sense of curiosity and lust for power, a wish to look into detail and become an investigator taking action in uncovering a mystery or looking for traces in a criminal case – someone who is indeed in control. However, undergoing genetic testing is neither a necessary condition to take preventive measures against these particular diseases, nor does knowledge of the risk of getting them equal an increase in control. It remains a fact, however, that the information can be accessed without consultation of a medical professional. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the marketing strategies of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. It highlights that these services are directed at consumers without requiring a physician, indicating their wide availability. It emphasizes that consumers can access genetic information without medical consultation, confirming the accessibility and empowerment aspects of these services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: The previous section articulated four possible ways in which human beings might be considered as being cognitively enhanced by AI technologies, including autonomously operating AI technologies. How plausible we think that those four different views are may depend on whether we apply criteria that simply consider whether the AI technologies allow us to act in good ways, that is to say, in ways that produce good effects or that are in themselves good—or criteria that consider whether we would be praiseworthy or could justifiably take credit for how we behave as a result of using these putative cognitive enhancement technologies. That is, the second criterion could be that if we can justifiably or plausibly be said to be praiseworthy for some behavior, this would be a clear indication of some sort of improvement of our capacities—given that praiseworthiness is often thought to track, at least in part, whether one is performing in a way that involves good uses of one’s capacities. In this way, a first simple test for whether something would qualify as an internal or external form of cognitive enhancement might just be whether it enables us to act in ways that are good or have good effects. On such a view, our capacities have been enhanced as long as there is anything that could be seen as a cognitive process—either inside or outside of our minds—that creates improvements in our behavior or with respect to what we can achieve. This would allow us, for example, to say that we have been cognitively enhanced if AI technologies give us a certain degree of AI in the Turing or Floridi senses, that is, if these technologies enable us to act as if we have improved cognitive capacities. However, this might seem like too behavioristic a test for whether we have been cognitively enhanced as a result of using certain AI technologies. The other test—namely, the test that considers whether our resulting behavior is praiseworthy or does us credit—might be a better test. Here, it might be less plausible to think that we are truly cognitively enhanced if AI technologies give us a certain amount of artificial intelligence in the Turing or Floridi senses. That is, if technologies give us recommendations, perform cognitive tasks for us, or in other ways lead us to behave in a way that could give the impression that we have become more intelligent, this might be seen as not making us praiseworthy or not justifying our taking credit for whatever we achieve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of AI technologies in enhancing human cognitive capacities and questioning whether such enhancements imply that AI can operate autonomously without human oversight. It highlights that while AI may enable users to act in good ways, it raises concerns about whether such behavior can be credited to individuals or the AI itself. This implies a need for human oversight, especially in distinguishing between AI recommendations and true cognitive enhancement, suggesting that, contrary to the claim, total autonomy of AI in every scenario might not be plausible or desirable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Pamięc i Sprawiedliwość, 33, 547–553. Retrieved from: 3. Литвин, М. , Хахула, Л. (2019). Рецензія на книгу Литвина Сергія “Симон Петлюра у боротьбі за самостійну державу”. of Culture and Arts Herald, 1, 442–444. DOI: 10. 32461/2226-3209. 1. 2019. 167196 4. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). The ukrainian memory community in Poland (the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 12, 178–191. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it provides references to various articles and studies without discussing language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Adding knowledge about the multimodality of communication allows us to get a more complete picture of the advertising content and make better ethical judgements of DTC GT companies’ advertising. As some companies have seized selling tests directly to consumers and involve doctors as gatekeepers instead, there may be a shift in the ways they address consumers and advertise their services, posing an interesting field of future empirical research. NotesSimilar concerns are being discussed in the debate about nudging. While parallels are worth mentioning, the nudging debate revolves around the question whether it is permissible for the state to nudge citizens for their own good [43]. Arationality refers here to means that do not influence reasoning by using rational arguments but by evoking emotions or appealing to cognitive heuristics stereotypes. This does not mean, however, that this type of influence does not follow certain principles or that the way it works does not have its own rationale. Arational means are means that are meant to bypass the reasoning process by making someone feel in a certain way instead of giving them something to think about. For a detailed discussion see Sawicki 2013 [49]. AbbreviationsAD: Alzheimer’s disease APOE: DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid DTC GT: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing EU: FDA: GT: Genetic testing US: 2016. 23andMe. Accessed 14 Dec 2016. Borry P, van -. Legislation on direct-to-consumer genetic testing in seven European countries. Hum Genet. 2012; Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a systematic review of European guidelines, recommendations and position statements. Mol Biomarkers. 2015; T. and DNA: Uses, Limits – and Caveat Emptor. In: Prainsack B, Schicktanz S, Werner-Felmayer G, editors. Genetics as Social Practice. on Science and Culture. Farnham: Ashgate; 2014. p. 59–71. 10. 1007/s10897-013-9624-0. Howard HC, Borry P. Survey of European clinical geneticists on awareness, experiences and attitudes towards direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Genome Med. 2013; All your data (effectively) belong to us: data practices among direct-to-consumer genetic testing firms. Genet Med. 2016; AC, van Duijn CM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions that some companies have begun selling genetic tests directly to consumers, suggesting that direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC GT) is indeed becoming a more common practice. The phrase 'some companies have seized selling tests directly to consumers' directly supports the claim regarding the availability of these services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: According to this way of thinking, it is only if (1) AI technologies could be seen as being parts of our extended minds—and if (2) our level of praiseworthiness can depend on what goes on in our extended minds—that we can be seen as truly being cognitively enhanced by certain AI technologies. I take it that there is a reason that a person who gains a measure of artificial intelligence by their use of AI technology is not praiseworthy in the way that another person would be if they had had a boost of their natural intelligence. The difference lies in the perception that, as and colleagues argue, being praiseworthy for some behavior or outcome typically requires that we have put in some special effort, that we have shown ourselves to have particular talents, that we have made some significant sacrifice, or that we have otherwise shown ourselves as having some level of excellence that sets us apart. Footnote 39 Relying on AI technologies that tell us what to do—or that help us produce impressive outputs—seems insufficient to qualify as ways of having made any extra effort, shown any particular talent, made any significant sacrifice, or otherwise displayed some special form of excellence. Footnote 40 Returning to the man who was able to go through the motions of behaving as if he had a superior level of Go skill that enabled him to beat the world champion, his moves depended on recommendations made to him by the AlphaGo computer program. This being the case, the AI technology could be viewed as giving this man a form of artificial intelligence that allowed him to win against Lee Sedol. However talented the man may have been on his own, his victory depended on the strategies given to him by AlphaGo and is, therefore, not sufficient justification for viewing his triumph as particularly praiseworthy or as deserving credit. Similarly, if a student—or a researcher—presents work as that individual’s own product when it was really, mainly or perhaps wholly, generated by a large language model such as ChatGPT, they would clearly not deserve praise in the same way as if they had produced work themselves of equivalent quality. If it is not known that the work was produced by putting a prompt into a large language model, one might get the impression that, to their credit, the person has an impressive capacity deserving of praise. But when the origin of how the work was produced was learned, that laudatory impression would disappear. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of relying solely on AI without human involvement. It illustrates that while AI technologies can enhance performance, the end result often lacks the praiseworthiness attributed to human achievement. For instance, the text mentions that the moves made by a player using the AI program AlphaGo depend on the strategies provided by the AI, suggesting that the player's success is not solely their own. This implies that in contexts like healthcare, where human oversight is crucial for accountability and understanding the quality of outcomes, AI cannot function independently in every scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 177553 Мозер Міхаель (Moser Michael), доктор габілітований, професор, Інститут славістики Віденського університету, Австрія (Universitätsring 1, Vienna, Austria 1010), Український Вільний Університет, Німеччина (Barellistraße 9A, München, Germany 80638), Католицький університет ім. Петера Пазманя, Угорщина (Szentkirályi utca, 28, Budapest, Hungary 1088). michael. moser@univie. ac. at Moser, M. (2017). Zur jüngsten Sprachensituation in der Ukraine (2012–2016). Hungaricae, 62/1, 171–196. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2017. 62. 1. 14 2. Moser, M. (2015). Il ruolo di Ševčenko nella codificazione della lingua letteraria ucraina moderna. Studi Slavistici, 13, 265–278. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17981 3. Moser, M. (2014). Behavior of during the Interwar Period. Russian Linguistics, 38, 315–339. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of bibliographic information about the author and their academic affiliations, without discussing any connection between language, identity, or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Original PaperOnstwedder1,2,3, MSc Jansen1,2,3, PhD Cornel2,3, MD, PhD Tessel Rigter1,2,3, PhD 1Department of Genomics and Screening, Centre for Health Protection, Institute for and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands2Genetics, Department of 3:of Genomics and ScreeningCentre for Health ProtectionInstitute for and the EnvironmentAntonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9Bilthoven, 3721 MANetherlandsPhone: 31 088 689 8989Email: suzanne. onstwedder@rivm. nlAbstractBackground: The online offer of commercial genetic tests, also called direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GTs), enables citizens to gain insight into their health and disease risk based on their genetic profiles. DTC-GT offers often consist of a combination of services or aspects, including advertisements, information, DNA analysis, and medical or lifestyle advice. The risks and benefits of DTC-GT services have been debated and studied extensively, but instruments that assess DTC-GT services and aid policy are lacking. This leads to uncertainty among policy makers, law enforcers, and regulators on how to ensure and balance both public safety and autonomy and about the responsibilities these 3 parties have toward the public. Objective: This study aimed to develop a framework that outlines aspects of DTC-GTs that lead to policy issues and to help provide policy guidance regarding DTC-GT services. Methods: We performed 3 steps: (1) an integrative literature review to identify risks and benefits of DTC-GT services for consumers and society in Embase and Medline (January 2014-June 2022), (2) structuring benefits and risks in different steps of the consumer journey, and (3) development of a checklist for policy guidance. Results: Potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT services were mapped from 134 papers and structured into 6 phases. In summary, these phases were called the consumer journey: (1) exposure, (2) pretest information, (3) DNA analysis, (4) data management, (5) posttest information, and (6) individual and societal impact. The checklist for evaluation of DTC-GT services consisted of 8 themes, covering 38 items that may raise policy issues in DTC-GT services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GTs) enable citizens to gain insight into their health and disease risk based on their genetic profiles. The mention of an 'online offer of commercial genetic tests' indicates that these services are indeed available to consumers, suggesting that they have become widely accessible.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it could be argued, cognitive enhancement involves more than a person’s access to a technology such as ChatGPT—even though at first appearance, it may appear to be so when they present a text of apparent quality and claim authorship. On a group level, it can perhaps seem much more plausible that the group cognitive abilities might be boosted if AI technologies enable the collective members to behave as if the group has become more cognitively capable. This is because any group-level agency—as notesFootnote 41—can be seen as something akin to a form of artificial intelligence. That is so, List argues, independently of whether or not a well-organized group uses any modern forms of AI within their organization. This is because any group-level agency is a form of apparently intelligent behavior that is the result of something other than the natural intelligence of any particular individual in the group. Hence, on a group level, according to this way of thinking, there is no clear distinction between natural intelligence and artificial intelligence. This is a fascinating idea. However, what exact conclusions this idea from List could enable us to draw concerning AI and the possibility of cognitive enhancement on the level of groups is a larger topic than I have space to discuss in any detail here. I conclude by returning to the level of the individual. Regarding individuals and cognitive enhancement via AI, I surmise that it is easier to become, in a certain sense, artificially intelligent by using AI technologies (i. e. , become able to act as if one has some special form of intelligence) than it is to truly be cognitively enhanced by using AI technologies. For it to be truly convincing that AI technologies function as forms of cognitive enhancements for human users, it needs to be the case that the humans in question can be seen as extending their minds out into these AI technologies. Moreover, I think it needs to be the case that we can justifiably take credit for what we can do with our extended minds. Technologies that fail to extend our minds but that enable us to act as if we have improved cognitive abilities, and thereby make us, in a certain respect, artificially intelligent, can be seen as a form of quasi-enhancements. We might call them “artificial cognitive enhancements. ” But it is less plausible to think of them as truly constituting a form of human enhancement. Footnote 42 Competing interest The author declares no competing interests. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AI technologies in providing true cognitive enhancement to humans without human oversight. It emphasizes that while AI may enable individuals and groups to behave as if they possess improved intelligence, it does not unequivocally enhance cognitive abilities or replace human intelligence. This implies that AI cannot operate effectively in all scenarios without human involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 1007/s11185-014-9136-z Муравський Олег Іванович, кандидат історичних наук, старший науковий співробітник, вчений секретар, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, м. Львів, 79026, Україна) oleg-muravskiy@ukr. net Murawśkyj, O. , Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: 2. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it provides information about an individual's academic background and publications, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The themes included the following aspects: general service content, validity and quality assurance, potential data and privacy risks, scientific evidence and robustness, and quality of the provided information. Conclusions: Both the consumer journey and the checklist break the DTC-GT offer down into key aspects that may impact and compromise individual and public health, safety, and autonomy. This framework helps policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. J Res 2024;26:e47389doi:10. 2196/47389Keywordsgenetic testing; direct-to-consumer testing; health policy; genetic privacy; online market; informed consent; public health genomics; policy decision; mHealth; mobile health; privacy IntroductionBackgroundSince the development and marketing of commercial genetic tests, citizens have been able to buy DNA tests from the internet without any direct involvement of a medical professional [1]. Using these DNA tests, consumers—here viewed as individuals who have purchased and taken a commercial genetic test or potential buyers who are exposed to these offers—are now able to gain insight into their health characteristics and risks of disease. These digital health consumer products are an example of those technological innovations that the private sector has picked up from research. Their availability fits with the trends of the commercial market, which reflect the consumerization of mobile health (mHealth) worldwide in numerous areas of health care, fitness, and wellness. The rise of the consumer DNA test market has mainly been fueled by a drop in the cost of collecting and analyzing genomic data [2]. Meanwhile, the public is increasingly showing an interest in genomics [3]. These DNA tests are also called direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GTs) and, at a minimum, entail a service to collect a saliva sample (sending a kit, giving instructions on how to collect and return the sample), conduct a genetic test of the sample, and provide a report of outcomes of the test. Because the DTC-GT process entails multiple aspects, in this study, we described them as “DTC-GT services. ” There are many types of DTC-GT services, including tests for ancestry and paternity. This paper focused on DTC-GT services aimed at health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that since the development and marketing of commercial genetic tests, consumers can purchase DNA tests online without medical professional involvement. It emphasizes the rise of the direct-to-consumer genetic test (DTC-GT) market, which has been facilitated by reduced costs and increased public interest in genomics, highlighting the widespread availability of these services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: “Go master quits because ‘AI cannot be defeated’”, BBC News 2019 Nov 27; available at (last accessed 28 June 2023). 2 2. øller, N, Bowman-Smart, H, et al. Generative AI entails a credit-blame asymmetry. Learning 2023;5:472–753. Hernandez-Orallo, J, Vold, K. AI extenders. In: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society; 2019: 507–13CrossRef1964. 4 4. Giubilini, A Savulescu, J. The artificial moral advisor: The “Ideal Observer” meets artificial intelligence. Philosophy & Technology 2018;31:169–88CrossRef5. Erler, A, Müller, VC. AI as IA: The use and abuse of artificial intelligence (AI) as human enhancement through intellectual augmentation (IA). In: Jotterand, F, Ienca, M, eds. Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement. London: Routledge, 2023: 189–201 6. Searle, J. Is the brain’s mind a computer program? 1990;262(1):26–31CrossRef7. “Künstliche Intelligenz”, Theo. Logik – Religion Inside, BR2 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 8 8. “Du blir dummare”, Idébyrån, SVT 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). These kinds of worries about how AI might make us less inteligent can be compared with previous worries about whether search engines and other technologies might make people less intelligent. See, for instance, Carr N. making us stupid? What the internet is doing to our brains. 2008: (accessed on 5 aug. 2023) 9 9. Bratsberg, B, Rogeberg, O. Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused. PNAS 2018;115(26):6674–8CrossRef10. Menn J. Technology ethics campaigners offer plan to fight ‘human downgrading’. Reuters 2019 Apr 24; available at Vallor, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various ethical and intellectual considerations surrounding AI, including concerns about its limitations and potential negative impacts. The phrase 'worries about how AI might make us less intelligent' suggests skepticism towards the proposition that AI can operate independently without oversight. This indicates that there are serious considerations regarding the role of human oversight in the deployment of AI technologies in healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 Надрага Марта, кандидат історичних наук, старший дослідник, директор наукової бібліотеки, Львівський національний медичний університет імені Данила Галицького (вул. Пекарська, 69, Львів, 79010, Україна) m. nadraga@gmail. com Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2019). Українська офтальмологія в іменах: др. Михайло Кос (1863–1930). Офтальмологічний журнал, 4, 82–85. DOI: 10. 31288/oftalmolzh201948285 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it provides citations and information about historical writings and researchers without discussing the role of language in cultural identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Additional digital services are often provided by means of personal health information and lifestyle advice in apps or reports, online consultation with genetic experts, and privacy-ensured storage of DNA data [4]. In this way, DTC-GT services combine aspects of many mHealth products that assess and monitor health. After purchase, consumers are often able to download their raw genetic data and explore the possibilities of multiple online third-party analyzers that will run an additional analysis on their data [5]. In this way, these third-party analyzers further connect DTC-GT users to the scientific literature and promise to make novel research insights accessible to users [6]. This illustrates that DTC-GTs are part of a complex international online market [5,6]. DTC-GT companies generally state that their services can inform health decisions and minimize disease risk by offering insight into personal health information and providing lifestyle advice [7,8]. Although these statements sound promising in relation to health improvement, their validity and utility in this field is under debate [9]. There is also further uncertainty about issues such as privacy, psychological impact, and the effects on health care systems [10]. Consequently, it can be argued that the risks and benefits of DTC-GTs are valid reasons for developing policies on this topic. However, ensuring that these issues are addressed at the right level is challenging. The fact that these tests are offered internationally via the web complicates any effort to address their potential risks or benefits. Some of these issues are regulated at European or international levels, while others are regulated at national or regional levels [11]. Addressing these issues raises questions regarding the roles and responsibilities of policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers, both within and outside the health care system. Insight is needed into the potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT services that would lead to the development of policies. A structured overview of potential risks and benefits could guide policy on DTC-GT services. Such an overview would enable policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers to identify their responsibilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that DTC-GT services, or direct-to-consumer genetic testing services, are part of a complex international online market that connects consumers to various digital products including apps and online consultations. It highlights the availability of these services internationally via the web, indicating that they are widely accessible. Additionally, it emphasizes that consumers can engage with their genetic data through multiple third-party analyzers, suggesting the proliferation of DTC-GT services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Moral deskilling and upskilling in a new machine age: Reflections on the ambiguous future of character. Philosophy & Technology 2015;28:107–24CrossRef12. Danaher, J. The rise of the robots and the crisis of moral patiency. AI & Society 2019;34:129–36CrossRef13. Bryson, J. The artificial intelligence of the ethics of artificial intelligence. In:. eds. Handbook of Ethics of AI. Oxford: Press, 2021: 2–25 14. Chalmers D. Could a large language model be conscious? PhilArchive; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 15 15. Railton P. Ethics and artificial intelligence. 2022, University of Oxford. Video recordings; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 16 16. See, for example, Floridi, L. AI as agency without intelligence: On ChatGPT, large language models, and other generative models. Philosophy & Technology 2023;36:15 CrossRef10. 1007/s13347-023-00621-y. (last accessed 8 August 2023). 17 17. Minsky, M. Processing. Cambridge MA: MIT Press; 1968 18. Nyholm, S. This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2023 19. Turing, A. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 1950;59(236):433–60CrossRef20. Jefferson, G. The mind of mechanical man. Journal 1949;1(4616):1105–10CrossRef21. . A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research Project on artificial intelligence; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 22 22. Russell, S, Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Hoboken: Prentice Hall; 1995 23. See note 16, Floridi. 24 24. See note 18, Nyholm, at chap. 1. 25 25. Verbeek, PP, Materializing Morality: Understanding and Designing the Morality of Things. Chicago: Press; 2011 CrossRef26. Clark, A, Chalmers, D. The extended mind. Analysis 1998;58(1):7–19 CrossRef27. Levy, N. Neuroethics and the extended mind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various philosophical and ethical considerations surrounding artificial intelligence, including references to the moral implications and oversight related to AI's use, thus contrasting the claim that AI can operate without human oversight in every scenario. The various sources cited indicate the complexity and the need for ethical considerations which suggest that human oversight is likely necessary in many situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Надрага, М. , Луцик, О. (2019). Владислав Шимонович – організатор і перший керівник кафедри гістології та ембріології Львівського університету. Світ Медицини та Біології, 4(70), 213–217. DOI: 10. 26724/2079-8334-2019-4-70-213-217 3. Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2018). Професор Емануель Емерик Махек (1852–1930): нариси біографії та наукового доробку. Офтальмологічний журнал, 2, 70–72. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it consists of bibliographic citations related to historical and scientific figures without any discussion or context that connects to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: For example, policy makers at the national government level, professional associations, grant providers, and patient and consumer organizations would then be able to define the outstanding questions for research and needs for publicly available information to ultimately enable responsible availability and use of DTC-GTs. Risks and Benefits of DTC-GT ServicesGenomics holds the potential to improve diagnosis, personalize treatment, and determine groups at risk of developing a disease. Researchers are continuously extending their knowledge of genomics and its potential impact on individual health, personalized medicine, prevention [12-14], public health, and precision public health [15]. It is argued that gaining insight into personal health risks, which are impacted by genetic risks, lifestyle factors, and environmental effects, could ultimately help empower citizens to gain more personal control over their health. Having said that, it seems promising that consumers can autonomously impact their health through DTC-GT services. Yet, genetic and ethics experts have expressed their concerns about DTC-GTs [9,10]. Experts argue that the information provided can be misleading and that results that indicate an increased or reduced disease risk can easily be misinterpreted, potentially leading to misguided health decisions and medical risks [16,17]. This leads to the question of whether DTC-GT services are an effective and safe way for the public to pursue health improvement. However, it could be argued that DTC-GT services should not be judged solely as a medical product and that arguments about personal utility and autonomy should also be part of the equation [18-21]. One could make the case that a consumer product may serve a purpose other than a medical one, an educational one, for instance. Therefore, the risks and benefits of DTC-GT services as a consumer product could be weighed differently. When purchasing a test, aspects of a product, such as ease of use and accessibility, may be a stronger factor in consumer decision-making, than the test being 100% accurate. Policy and Regulatory IssuesDue to a lack of consensus about the net benefit or risk of DTC-GTs, uncertainty has arisen among policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers about their roles and responsibilities in the DTC-GT market. DTC-GT services fall into a gap of regulatory structure in both Europe and the [11,22]. Currently, no specific DTC-GT legislative instruments are being implemented in most of the member states of Europe or in the United States. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) services are positioned to improve public health and empower consumers regarding their health decisions. The mention of policymakers, patient organizations, and the potential for consumers to gain personal control over their health through DTC-GT services suggests that these services are indeed becoming more accessible and widely available, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: Hub and spoke model: making rural healthcare in India affordable, available and accessible 1 MBA (US) MBA (India - Gold Medalist), BS, Professional member * * 1 3 February 2016 : 30 January 2015 : 19 September 2015 : 2 December 2015. Hub and spoke model: making rural healthcare in India affordable, available and accessible. Rural and 2016; 16: 3476. © University 2016 Corrigendum to this 1. 1 million nurses, practitioner density is about one-fourth what it is in the US and less than half that of China. . . nominal per capita income is only $1,500 a year, patients typically have to pay 60% of health care expenses from their own pockets1. IssuesBackgroundThe aforementioned issues of availability and affordability in India led a few organizations to resort to the implementation of the hub and spoke model (HSM) in health care. At a high level, the fundamental tenets of HSM are to improve access to services and meet clients' needs. The model is derived from the visualization of a wheel and its central hub. The hub, or the center of the wheel, serves as the central operational headquarters of the overall mechanism. The activities vital to an enterprise's operation are located at the hub, which allows for capitalization of more specialized practices in the spokes. Airlines pioneered the use of the HSM in 19552, it was Bertrand Dawson, a physician of the Medical Corps, who suggested the use of an approach similar to HSM in health care in 1920. At that time, he referred to it as 'a hierarchical system which proceeded from the simple to the complex'3. 'Domiciliary services would revolve around doctor, pharmacist, and nurse' in 'Primary health centres staffed by general practitioners, laboratories and inpatient accommodation. ' These are followed by 'Secondary health centres which would provide a full range of general and specialized medical services. ' These secondary health centers would relate to university hospitals where the most difficult cases could be managed. Supplementary health centers would deal with 'patients suffering from other conditions such as mental and infectious diseases'4. 'The scheme would require a new pattern of medical administration, to ensure 'unity of purpose at all levels'. It was proposed that there should be a single health authority to unify and control all health services'3 (Fig1). Figure 1: Dawson's hierarchical system, London 19204. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing an overview of issues related to accessibility and affordability of healthcare in India, which suggests that current systems, including the hub and spoke model, are efforts to address these challenges. It indicates that significant barriers still exist, such as the high percentage of healthcare expenses patients have to cover out of pocket (60%), and that the density of healthcare practitioners is low compared to other countries. This implies that while the hub and spoke model aims to improve healthcare access and affordability, it does not confirm that AI alone will ensure these outcomes for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 31288/oftalmolzh/2018/2/7072 Пастух Тарас, доктор філологічних наук, доцент, завідувач відділу української літератури, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів 79026) tarpastukh@gmail. com Пастух, Т. Київська школа поетів та її оточення (модерні стильові течії української поезії 1960–90-х років): монографія. Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2010. 700 с. 2. Пастух, Т. Поетичне мислення Івана Франка (за збіркою “Semper tiro”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on a specific academic figure and their works related to Ukrainian literature and poetry. However, it does not directly address the claim about language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: A variety of laws, all on different levels of legislation (state or country specific, European, and international laws), are effective in the DTC-GT market. These laws cover aspects such as medical device safety, laboratory quality assurance, medical supervision, genetic counseling, and informed consent [11,22-24]. Yet, most of these laws only apply to genetic testing within the conventional health care system. Applying these laws to a commercial product may not be sufficient to protect citizens from potentially harmful tests. Further regulatory difficulties are caused by the international and dynamic character of DTC-GT services. A great variety of tests for health and other purposes are available online. Examples include cancer risk tests, nutrigenetic testing, and ancestry testing, combined with insights into health characteristics and other traits [4,22]. Moreover, the additional services that are offered, such as apps or reports containing personal health and lifestyle advice, add further variety to their offers [4]. Consumers can purchase any of these DTC-GT services on the web from many places in the world. The global and dynamic nature of the market hinders regulatory bodies in implementing effective policies and in law enforcement. for Policy GuidanceThe ambiguity in the legislative framework applicable to DTC-GTs has resulted in challenges for policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers in protecting citizens from potentially harmful services. Meanwhile, the impact of DTC-GTs on citizens and their health continues to be a topic of debate. To balance safety and individual autonomy, all aspects of DTC-GT services should be considered when regulatory decisions are required [11]. For this reason, it is important that the current body of knowledge on the risks and benefits of all key aspects of DTC-GTs is translated into policy guidance. To ensure effective policy making, researchers have found the following issues to be relevant in regulating the DTC-GT market: autonomy and welfarism, informed decision-making, privacy, clinical validity and utility, perspectives of the public and health care professionals, the role of regulatory organizations, legislation on genetic testing, and laws protecting against genetic discrimination [25]. All these issues are interlinked in DTC-GT services. The existing literature has focused on gaining insight into these issues and has started to collect empirical evidence on the impact of the market. Yet, instruments that assess those aspects of DTC-GT services that are likely to need regulation are lacking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the availability of a wide variety of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) services on the web, noting that consumers can purchase these tests from many places around the world. It highlights the market's dynamic nature and the existence of various tests for health and other purposes, which indicates that DTC-GT services are indeed widely available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: Contemporary HSM experts also agree with that:On a larger level what this entails is the authorization for the larger, more established core units to essentially support the lesser ones while still allowing for the regulation and control of the overall 'wheel' movements5. HSM offers large market coverage with efficient use of resources and flexibility in workload distribution. However, capacity limitations and changes at the hub could have a domino effect on the spokes that could be disadvantageous to the network. Although the model can be applied to nearly any operational enterprise, its usefulness and overall efficiency is inherently driven by the core users' abilities to coordinate logistical operations within its entire practice5. Thereby, ICT-enabled HSM becomes necessary to help resolve potential logistical issues arising from the absence of such a concept. Role of ICTIn India, rural-urban connectivity is a major issue: 'The physical accessibility of public or private healthcare facilities is a challenge in rural areas'6. The innovativeness of ICT-enabled HSM lies in its emphasis on healthcare availability to populations spread over vast geographic areas without adding expensive infrastructure. It eliminates the need for travel unless necessary by ensuring that rural clinics (RCs) (spokes) take care of basic treatment and that patients would only need to travel to the urban hospital (UH) (hub) for specialized care. ICT system set-upThe ICT-enabled HSM incorporates the use of cloud computing over a secured network. The healthcare workers at the RCs are provided with handheld devices or laptops connected to a secure network. These devices can be equipped with:wireless network cards designed to work in low connectivity areas and without the need for any phone or ethernet wiressoftware with defined procedures and process flowsvarious security features (antivirus, password protection, data encryption)communication capabilities (email and text) (Fig2). Figure 2: Example of system set-up depicting the urban-rural connection. Data integrityPatient information is stored on a community cloud7. The community, in this case, is the organization, the RC and the UH. Only those users with approved credentials can share and access the information securely within the network using a laptop or a mobile device. These devices are equipped with antivirus software to protect the information from any type of data breach (hacking, phishing etc). This way, patient information is kept confidential, but details can be made available in case of referrals or escalations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while ICT-enabled healthcare service management (HSM) aims to improve accessibility through digital means, it also points to challenges such as 'capacity limitations' and 'physical accessibility of public or private healthcare facilities' in rural areas. It mentions that though ICT could enhance healthcare availability, there are still significant logistical issues and barriers to access that need addressing, suggesting that AI alone isn't sufficient to ensure healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2003. 82 c. 3. Пастух, Т. Мости Олега Лишеги. Львів: Піраміда, 2019. 192 с. Рембішевська Дорота Кристина (Krystyna), доктор габілітований, професор, Інститут Славістики Польської академії наук (ul. Bartoszewicza 1b m. 17, 00-337 Warszawa, Poland) dorota. rembiszewska@ispan. waw. pl Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2017). Materiały polskie do Niemieckiego atlasu językowego jako źródło do badań XIX-wiecznej polszczyzny regionalnej. Jezikoslovni zapiski, 23, 183–192. DOI: 10. 3986/JZ. 23. 1. 6871 2. Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2014). Projekt i realizacja bazy danych do Atlasu gwar wschodniosłowiańskich Białostocczyzny. Studia z i Słowiańskiej, 49, 130–138. DOI: 10. 11649/sfps. 2014. 013 3. Rembiszewska, D. K. (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it provides bibliographic citations and author information without discussing the relationship between language and identity, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: To ensure that policy guidance covers all aspects of DTC-GT services, it is important to include the risks and benefits of each distinct service element offered by commercial companies. To this end, in this study, we described those aspects of DTC-GT services that may give rise to policy issues. Subsequently, we synthesized a framework for policy makers, law enforcers, and regulators to develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. The framework development process consisted of 3 steps:Performing an integrative literature review to identify the risks and benefits of DTC-GT services to consumers and societyStructuring the benefits and risks of each step of the consumer journeyDeveloping a checklist for policy guidanceMethodsStudy DesignThis study focused on DTC-GT services that advertise that they deliver insight into disease risks and lifestyles that promise to impact customer health through behavior change. This includes anticipated lifestyle changes, changes to medication intake, and recommendations to seek medical help from professionals. We viewed consumers of the DTC-GT market as both individuals who have purchased DTC-GT services and as potential consumers who are exposed to offers of these services. These services are offered via webshops, including primary DTC-GT service companies and secondary selling points, such as Amazon, and at high street stores. Study LayoutTo distill key aspects of DTC-GTs, those services that lead to policy issues, potential risks, and benefits for consumers and society, including and beyond medical implications, were systematically mapped by means of an integrative literature review (step 1). To do this, the complete DTC-GT service pathway was studied, from exposure to the offer of DTC-GTs to the ultimate individual and societal impacts of DTC-GT services. In step 2, the risks and benefits were structured into phases, following each step the consumer takes along the DTC-GT service pathway. Each of these phases triggered distinct policy issues, including issues regarding informed decision-making, privacy, clinical validity and utility, and legislation for genetic testing [25]. Step 3 involved developing a checklist that can ultimately offer guidance on each distinct DTC-GT policy issue. To ensure adequate policy guidance, checklist items that help evaluate all phases of the DTC-GT service pathway were included. Every checklist item reflects a potential risk or benefit found in the literature review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the availability of DTC-GT services, stating they are offered through webshops, including primary service companies and secondary selling points like Amazon, as well as high street stores. This indicates that direct-to-consumer genetic testing services are indeed widely available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: The advantage of having expensive and specialized equipment and practitioners at fixed centralized locations is that they alleviate the pressure for smaller healthcare facilities to spend their limited resources on equipment that is not frequently used but still critical for health care. By contrast, hospitals in the US are spread out and uncoordinated, duplicating care in many places without high enough volume in any of them to provide the critical mass to make the procedures affordable. Similarly, an MRI machine might be used four to five times a day in the US but 15 to 20 times a day in the Indian hospitals. We have to make the equipment sweat! 13In the cases of the more successful privatized hospitals, India, as well as the rest of the world, is paying careful attention to this 'configured networks of care and facilities in a hub-and-spoke design'12. One of the primary benefits of HSM that is being revealed in India is that 'This allows for a more-orderly progression of care and rational allocation of often-scarce resources'12. Thus, success is being found in India when practising medical facilities centralize their assets and diversify their more benign practices in the lower cost ambulatory locales. The end result is a lower centralized cost, as providers only procure the equipment and resources they need. Moreover, the Indian population, in general, is able to access greater coverage for fulfilling their basic healthcare needs. Reasons for successAttracting and retaining doctors: No matter how efficient a hospital may be, it cannot be deemed successful if its doctors and nurses are incompetent or unable to perform their primary tasks. As such, Indian hospitals operating under the HSM are actually retaining and attracting capable doctors who are keenly interested in 'high volume and sheer variety of cases that attract talent to these hospitals'. Also, 'doctors can build their capabilities faster in [HSM hospitals]. . . in turn, [this] contributes to the high quality of outcomes at these hospitals'14. Nurturing and updating treatment protocols: Perhaps most unique to India's HSM success is its incorporation of developed protocols for both mundane tasks and highly complex procedures. Knee and hip replacements, as well as cardiac and cancer surgeries, all have itemized procedures that are adhered to despite being executed in facilities outside of the central hub. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the current structure of healthcare in the US is fragmented and often inefficient, leading to higher costs and less accessibility compared to centralized health systems in countries like India. It highlights that centralized facilities can utilize specialized equipment more effectively and provide better coverage for basic healthcare needs, which contradicts the claim that AI alone will ensure accessibility and affordability in healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji do Jana Karłowicza. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 38, 98–107. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2014. 010 Романюк Михайло Васильович, кандидат історичних наук, завідувач відділу новітньої історії, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, м. Львів, 79026, Україна) rmv. lviv@gmail. com Бегей, І. І. , Харук, А. І. , Романюк, М. В. (2019). Українсько-російські взаємини у працях Юліяна Бачинського. Сторінки історії, 49. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189570 2. Sova, A, Romaniuk, M. (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a citation of academic works and author affiliations, but it does not provide any information or argument related to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The risks and opportunities associated with DTC-GTs were determined by means of a literature search that focused on health, including lifestyle and disease risk. The literature search was performed systematically using Embase. com, which combines the databases of Embase and Medline. The search strategy included the following primary search terms with corresponding synonyms: “direct-to-consumer genetic testing,” “impact,” “risks,” “opportunities,” “clinical study,” “evidence based practice,” “accuracy,” and “ethical, legal, and social issues” (see Multimedia 2022. Papers from March 2020 to June 2022 were included as part of a study update (see the section). We excluded studies dating from before 2014, as it is argued that around 2015, the DTC-GT market transformed into a second generation in response to a shutdown of the Food and (FDA) of DTC-GT companies [26]. Language requirements were English or Dutch. The included study types were meta-analyses, reviews and systematic reviews, case-control studies, case reports and series, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, interview and Delphi studies, expert opinion papers, and commentaries. Conference posters and abstracts were excluded. Studies were included if they described the following: population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), and outcome (O; PICO; see Table 1) [27]. Citizens (P), excluding animals and microorganisms, who took a DTC-GT for health or lifestyle purposes (I1) or considered taking a DTC-GT for health or lifestyle purposes (I2) were included. In addition, professionals (P2) with expertise in DTC-GTs (I3) were included, among others: health care professionals, ethics experts, and researchers. Studies were restricted to DTC-GTs that purport to improve the consumers’ own health by analyzing their DNA for health and lifestyle purposes. Genealogy and ethnicity testing were excluded. DTC-GTs for prenatal and carrier-screening purposes were also excluded, since the primary aims and subsequent actions of these tests go beyond improving personal health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transformation of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) market since around 2015, indicating that it has grown and evolved to include various studies about health and lifestyle purposes. By highlighting the systematic literature search and the inclusion of various study types that focus on DTC-GTs, it suggests that such services have significant implications in health and lifestyle, pointing to their availability and relevance in consumer choices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: According to the data found, 'One in 200 angioplasty patients in the US will require emergency surgery and half of those patients will die, only two out of 40 000 angioplasty patients at CARE [HSM] Hospitals have required emergency surgery and just one has died on the operating table since the hospital's inception in 1997'15. Creating specialties in esoteric practices of medicine: Similar to retaining doctors, part of the allure for HSM facilities is that due to the sheer volume of patients from rural areas arriving for care and treatment at the hub, doctors are able to 'focus on specific types of medical problems. As volumes increase, relatively rare conditions are treated often enough that doctors become world-class experts in those areas'15. As the patients access either hubs or ambulatory facilities, the doctors become subject matter experts in varying fields simply through sheer exposure to the volume of patients. Assessing thriftiness: Arguably the greatest cost saving, and subsequently the most successful aspect of HSM-practising Indian facilities, is their staunch position on being thrifty. 'The goal is to maximize the number of patients treated rather than the number of procedures conducted'5. This aspect is achieved through measures that can be seen as both 'innovative and remarkably mundane'. Medical practitioners often reuse equipment and resources that would be discarded in other nations. Cleaned and sterilized, hand tools and hardware are recycled and redistributed in urban and rural centers rather than adding to unnecessary costs by importing more supplies. This thrifty approach not only saves money and other resources but also allows facilities to treat patients rather than offload them due to a lack of viable utilities. Technological contribution: is known for poor roads and communication infrastructure. Due to the high set-up costs, telephones and faxes are few and far between. Using a courier service to send patient information may prove costly in terms of money, data confidentiality, report errors, and time. ICT eliminates the dependencies on paper, courier services and other methods. Data transfer between hubs and spokes takes negligible time (less than a minute), and each patient's report is sent individually; therefore, the chance of a report error is practically zero. India has 27 million landline users compared to 960 million mobile phone users (urban 557 million, rural 403 million)16, so the probability of finding mobile phones is higher than finding courier services in a rural area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges of healthcare accessibility, particularly in resource-limited settings. It describes the reliance on cost-saving measures, such as reusing medical equipment and treating a high volume of patients, which hints at the lack of resources that would necessitate such thrifty practices. The text also emphasizes the infrastructural issues, such as poor roads and limited communication methods, that complicate healthcare delivery, suggesting that while HSM facilities are innovative, they do not guarantee accessibility and affordability universally, particularly through AI alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Ivan Boberskyi’s pedagogical activity at in Lviv (1906–1914). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 4, 71–80. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 0. 184411 Ситник Олександр, доктор історичних наук, професор, старший науковий співробітник, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів, 79026, Україна) olexandr. sytnyk@gmail. com Yakovyshyna, Y. , Koropetskyi, R. , Bulyk, N. , Sytnyk, O. (2019). Influences of Sites of Trypillia BI – Cucuteni A4 Stages on the Establishing of Styles of Panting of of of Trypillia ВI–ВII Stages (Upper and Region). Hiperboreea, 6(2), 5-20. 2. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Sytnyk, O. , Bogucki, A. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. , Hołub, B. & Mroczek, P. (2015). Natural environment of MIS 5 and soil catena sequence along a loess slope in the valley: Evidence from the site (Ukraine). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it appears to be a bibliographic entry for academic papers, discussing various authors and topics unrelated to the idea of language as an identity marker.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Insights were included in this study if they indicated an increased risk or benefit to those citizens who took DTC-GTs when compared with those citizens who did not take a DTC-GT (C1) or those citizens who underwent genetic testing within the conventional health care system. Lastly, the studies must have reported insight into the impact of DTC-GTs along the complete DTC-GT service pathway, including exposure to the offer of DTC-GTs, insight into the validity and utility of DTC-GTs, and the individual and societal impact of a DTC-GT (O). Information about the legal framework of DTC-GTs was not included, since this topic has been reviewed by others and is country specific. The following steps were taken during the review process: duplicate removal, title and abstract screening using the abovementioned criteria, and full-text screening using the same criteria. The titles and abstracts were screened by 1 researcher (SMO) using the abovementioned criteria. The results were discussed with a second researcher (TLA). Next, 2 researchers (SMO and IKK) divided and screened the remaining full-text papers. When in doubt about inclusion, the researchers discussed this with an additional researcher (MEJ). Those key aspects that determine policy issues were analyzed by 1 researcher (SMO) and later discussed with 3 researchers (and TR). No generative artificial intelligence was used in any portion of the manuscript writing. Table 1. Description of PICOa in this study. PICO [28]who took a DTC-GTb for health or lifestyle purposesCitizens who considered taking a DTC-GT for health and lifestyle purposesExperts with expertise in DTC-GT servicesDTC-GTs for genealogy and ethnicityDTC-GTs for prenatal and carrier screeningComparisonCitizens who did not take a DTC-GTCitizens who underwent genetic testing within the conventional health care systemN/AcOutcomeThe individual and societal impact of DTC-GT services throughout the complete process of the DTC-GT service pathwayLegislation and regulationsaPICO: population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. bDTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test. cN/A: not applicable. and AnalysisThe risks and benefits were structured into phases, following the steps that consumers take along the complete DTC-GT service pathway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) and its impact, indicating that these services are part of a structured review process where they are evaluated for their validity and utility. The inclusion criteria for studies mentioned in the text imply that DTC-GT services are indeed available to consumers, as it involves the analysis of individuals who have engaged with these services compared to those who have not.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: These fine-resolution variations can exceed the variability that occurs over continents in coarse-resolution climate, and greatly exceed the magnitude of climate change expected over the next 100 years9. For the most part organisms experience and respond to climate at resolutions where topography, soil, and shading determine conditions, and which are orders of magnitude finer than the scales at which shifts are measured and modelled10. Despite this, there is little consensus on the extent to which microclimate matters for species range shifts. On the one hand, it has been proposed that microclimate data may overestimate the thermal tolerances of species, and hence under-estimate the loss of suitable climate, as they fail to pick-out the localised warm microclimates in which species are driven to extinction. In contrast, it has also been suggested that microclimate heterogeneity may buffer species against climate change by providing locally suitable climatic conditions11, and hence over-estimate loss of suitable climate. Measurements of observed range shifts could in theory resolve this uncertainty, but in practise the majority of observed distribution shifts are of range expansions12, and are almost invariably assessed using coarse-resolution data. At a coarse grid scale, all populations must go extinct from a region for that grid cell to become newly unoccupied, whereas the occurrence of just one new individual is enough to ensure that it would be considered as newly occupied16. In consequence, range loss at coarse resolutions would appear to be much slower than range expansion, and will therefore be observed less often. Moreover, recent comprehensive meta-analyses of observed range shifts provide no support for their being a widespread phenomenon in terrestrial environments13. Here we show that macroclimate data, defined as data interpolated from weather stations at 1. 5–2 m above-ground and at grid resolutions of 1 km or more, frequently over-estimate range shifts. illustrate the mechanism by which ranges may be over-estimated by macroclimate data, we first consider a hypothetical example. In Fig. 1a, mean annual temperature, measured with macroclimate, decreases with latitude. Each coarse grid cell is assumed to contain a range of microclimatic conditions both cooler and warmer than the mean temperature of the grid-cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties regarding the effects of microclimate on species range shifts. It mentions that 'there is little consensus on the extent to which microclimate matters for species range shifts' and provides evidence that the majority of observed distribution shifts are 'of range expansions,' suggesting that impacts of climate change on migration may not be as straightforward as the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Quaternary International, 365, 74-97. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2014. 05. 035 3. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Bogucki, A. , Sytnyk, O. , Kusiak, J. , Frankowski, Z. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. &Zogała, B. (2014). Stratigraphic position and natural environment of the oldest Central Podolia, Ukraine: New data from the site. Quaternary International, 326-327, 191-212. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2013. 08. 045 Ястремська Тетяна, кандидат філологічних наук, старший науковий співробітник, заступник директора з наукової роботи, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів 79026) tetyana. yastremska@gmail. com Ястремська, Т. Традиційне гуцульське пастухування. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides bibliographic and author information related to a publication, but it does not address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: *Papers from the literature update performed between March 2020 and June 2022. †This step was performed after checking whether the studies included in the literature update introduced themes that were not included in the primary search. All 7 papers that yielded novel findings could be retrieved. : Items for and Meta-Analyses. General FindingsDTC-GT services have been researched and discussed in both the descriptive literature, such as expert opinions, and empirical studies, such as questionnaires and interview studies with consumers. The taking of DTC-GTs in case-control and cohort studies was rare. Research mainly focused on various aspects of DTC-GTs, including but not limited to quality and validity, attitudes and perceptions of the public and consumers, the content of the product on offer, experiences of health professionals with DTC-GTs, the utility of the tests, the regulatory landscape surrounding DTC-GTs, and the ethical appraisal of both the advantages and disadvantages of DTC-GTs. The individual and societal impact of DTC-GT services, caused by their potential risks and benefits, seemed wide ranging. Overall, potential risks were reported more frequently in the literature than potential benefits. The risks and benefits reported included both medical risks, such as inadequately informed health decisions, and nonmedical risks, such as invasion of privacy or obtaining information about as yet unknown family relations. These risks and benefits appeared to be instigated by distinct aspects of DTC-GT services, such as information provision, DNA analysis, and reporting of results. JourneyBoth risks and benefits were structured into phases, following the steps that consumers take when taking DTC-GT services. This led to 6 different phases, collectively called the consumer journey. These phases covered the complete process of taking DTC-GT services, from the first exposure to an offer of a DTC-GT service up to the ultimate individual and societal impact of DTC-GT services (depicted in Figure 2). Distinguishing and analyzing the phases of the consumer journey helped obtain insight into the consumer audience, distinct service elements that DTC-GT companies offer their consumers, and the individual and societal impacts of these services. Each of these service elements may have distinct risks and benefits (see Figure 3). For example, in phase 1, consumers with common motivations, such as curiosity or the desire to improve health, could benefit from easy access to genetic tests, which may promote autonomy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the availability of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) services. It mentions that DTC-GT services have been researched and discussed extensively, indicating their presence in the market. Additionally, the text highlights consumer motivations for accessing genetic tests, suggesting that these services are easily accessible to the public.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: This may not hold true for species associated with densely forested environments, where tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub-canopy microclimatic conditions17. Nevertheless, the study species have widely divergent distributions and associations with climate variables. The conclusions we reached are therefore likely to be representative of non-forest species from other taxa and regions. These problems in range-shift forecasts have probably gone unnoticed for so long for three reasons. First observed range expansions have been mistakenly interpreted as range shifts (i. e. retractions and expansions). Studies frequently document the mean of shifts in species range centroids or do not clearly differentiate between range expansions and retractions12 and in consequence the strength of empirical evidence for contraction of warm range-margins is far weaker than is commonly perceived (see also13). Second, almost all studies of projected shifts to date have used climatic and biological data with grid cell sizes several orders of magnitude larger than species under study10. It is only recently that methods for generating fine-resolution climate datasets have been developed18, and very rarely have these been used to project species range shifts19. The coarse-gridded data are almost always generated using measurements obtained from weather stations. These stations have design criteria which deliberately limit local climatic influences20 and hence reduce fine-scale variability in climate. Lastly, the most common way to test the performance of SDMs is to use cross-validation techniques within species current, observed distributions. Such approaches suffer from the problems associated with autocorrelation, thus increasing the likelihood that SDM ability to project future distribution is over-estimated21. This issue is illustrated well with our own coarse-scale models. Standard cross-validation metrics suggested good performance (Table S2), but their ability to predict extinctions and establishments was worse than would be expected by chance (Table S3). ConclusionsOur findings do not suggest that climate does not pose a threat to species. Indeed, despite marked differences in predicted range shift distances, the mean and median change in the area of suitable climate was broadly similar across scales (Fig S2), with approximately half of the species predicted to lose suitable climate space irrespective of the resolution of climate data used. Rather our results suggest that in the near future many species distribution changes in responses to climate in terrestrial environments are likely to be localised and difficult to infer using coarse-resolution data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while climate change does pose a threat to species, the findings suggest that many predicted changes in species distribution due to climate are likely to be localized and difficult to infer using coarse-resolution data. This implies that the effects of climate change on migration patterns may not be straightforward or universally applicable across all species, particularly for those in specific environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2008. 424 с. 2. Хобзей, Н. , Ястремська, Т. , Сімович, К. , Дидик-Меуш, Г. Гуцульські світи. Лексикон. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2013. 667 с. 3. Yastremska T. The lexeme верх: its phonetic and semantic features, and derivative resources in south-western dialects of Ukrainian. LingVaria. (2015). №1(19). S. 221–239 (Index Copernicus). doi: 10. 12797/LV. 10. 2015. 19. 15 4. Ястремська, Т. Епідигматичний діалектний словник: ідея, концепція, засади. Діалектологічні студії. 11. Слово – словник – корпус. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2018. С. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of academic references and does not discuss the role of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Interest in DTC-GT services appeared to be more prominent among individuals of a higher socioeconomic status (SES) and also among adoptees; this may negatively impact the health equity and privacy of the biological parents of the latter group. Phase 2 concerns access to information about health and genetics gathered before purchase of a DTC-GT. This could facilitate health literacy; however, research also points out that information about the potential impact of a DTC-GT, for example, may be unbalanced or misleading. This then impairs the process of informed decision-making among consumers, thereby limiting their autonomy and personal utility. One benefit of phase 3 DNA analysis may be that private companies are investing in DNA research and innovation, which could boost DNA test innovation and reduce test costs. Yet, aspects such as limited analytical and clinical validity, as well as limited clinical utility and insight into quality assurance, are risks of phase 3 of DTC-GT service pathways. This may cause test results to be erroneous, thus providing consumers with incorrect information about their health risks. How sensitive genetic data are handled by DTC-GT companies (phase 4), for example, privacy-ensured storage, or potentially shared with third parties can safeguard or impede the privacy of consumers. Genetic data are not unique in the way that they engender privacy issues, yet the data content may be extensive and sometimes concern delicate issues. This makes DNA data sensitive data, which is acknowledged in the [11]. Figure 2. Flow diagram describing the complete process of DTC-GT services, called the consumer journey. As depicted, the consumer journey is broken down into 6 phases. In this study, consumers of the DTC-GT market were both individuals who purchased a DTC-GT or potential consumers who were considering buying the test. DTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test. Figure 3. Summary of findings, describing the benefits and risks (darker boxes) of DTC-GTs and their potential impact (lighter boxes) throughout the different phases of the consumer journey. DTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test; PGx: pharmacogenetic tests (DNA tests that predict the patients’ response to specific pharmaceuticals, for example, adverse reactions or insufficient uptake of drugs); SES: socioeconomic status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the phases of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) services and their implications, thus indicating that these services are indeed present and impacting consumer behavior. The description of consumers of the DTC-GT market suggests a notable presence of such services, as it mentions both individuals who have purchased tests and potential consumers considering the purchase, highlighting their availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 2012) or southern temperate areas (Hughes 2003) have less frequently been reported. But even for proven shifts, not in all cases the directions of the shifts fit with the expectations (e. g. , western or eastern range shifts, shifts downslope or toward tropical latitudes, (Bateman et al. 2016; Huang et al. 2017; Lenoir and Svenning 2014; Gibson-Reinemer and Rahel 2015), and sometimes alleged shifts are disproven (Taheri et al. 2016). Also, altitudinal shifts caused by climate change are not unambiguously supported by the current literature (Tingley et al. 2012). In the light of such inconsistent results, sometimes it has even been disputed, whether apparent range shifts are actually attributable to climate change or rather to land-use or demographic changes (Beale et al. 2008, 2009; Peterson et al. 2009; Bateman et al. 2016). Thus, although climate change and its impacts are widely accepted as scientific facts, it should neither be considered as an isolated driver of changes in bird populations or communities nor can its effects always be distinguished from other drivers such as land use. 12. 2. 1 IndicatorsDespite all those blurred views, however, we still find a generalizable effect of climate change on a large spatial and temporal scale, especially at the community level (Araújo et al. 2009). Therefore, climate change indicators have been invented in order to measure effects that might be masked by the large spectrum of reactions of single species or populations. As some species are more, others less dependent on climate, this individual relationship has to be captured in one common framework in order to reveal generalizable effects. Several attempts have been made to do so. One of them is to examine changes of species richness as a measure of the overall climatic influence on birds (e. g. , H-Acevedo and Currie 2003; Lemoine et al. 2007). More frequently, the climatic associations of single species were estimated using species distribution modeling (see Chap. 9) and then aggregated to community level, e. g. , resulting in the climate impact indicator (Gregory et al. 2009). This approach was recently modified to allow for different reactions of the same species to climate change, depending on the region in which the species occurs (Stephens et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inconsistency of observed shifts in bird ranges and suggests that such changes may not be solely attributable to climate change. It mentions that some shifts may be influenced by other factors like land-use or demographic changes, which indicates a complexity in attributing migration patterns directly to climate change. Furthermore, it states that although climate change impacts are accepted as facts, they cannot be considered the isolated driver of such changes, which challenges the straightforward interpretation suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 273–301. Редакційна політика Галузь та проблематика Міждисциплінарний науковий збірник об’єднує студії з історії, мовознавства та літературознавства. Історичний блок репрезентують дослідження актуальних проблем історії, а також розвідки про відомих людей та їх значення у формуванні української державності. Мовознавчі студії розкривають передусім проблеми з історії української мови та діалектології. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It discusses topics related to history, linguistics, and literature but does not specifically connect language to identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: ThemeKey itemsTheme I: general DTC-GT service features(consumer journey phases 1 and 2)Test costsAssessed health features (eg, disease risks, sports performance, pharmacogenetics)Type of generated report (eg, lifestyle advice, diagnosis)Option to download raw DNA data after testingOption to opt out from receiving certain resultsRequirement of referral of health professionalResidency of the company and the labsTheme II: DNA analysis and quality assurance(consumer journey phase 3)DNA test type (eg, sequencing, single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] array)Quality assurance in labs that perform DTC-GTs (eg, Organization (ISO)/(CLIA) certification)Information about how much and which genes or DNA variants will be analyzedAll relevant background information of consumers consideredTheme III: privacy and data management(consumer journey phase 4)Presence of a privacy policy on the websiteManagement of consumers’ personal and genetic data by the company (eg, duration of storage, will the data be shared with or sold to third parties)Management of consumers’ samples after DNA analysis by the company (eg, duration of storage, what will happen to the samples upon bankruptcy)Option to withhold storage, sharing, and selling of samples and dataTheme IV: scientific evidence and robustness(consumer journey phase 3)Methods based on reliable scientific evidence (DNA test type)Robustness of scientific evidence underlying the chosen methods (eg, novel gene-disease interactions vs well-studied gene-disease interactions)Collaboration with scientific partners (eg, academic research groups, prominent researchers from universities)Theme V: information about results, interpretation, and consultation(consumer journey phase 5)Information about the assessed health feature (eg, disease burden, prevalence)Information about how to interpret resultsInformation about the robustness of resultsPossible actions in the case of a positive finding (eg, treatment options)Option to consult a genetic professional at the companyRecommendation to consult a health care professional to discuss test resultsReferral to companies or websites for additional analysis on raw DNA data (ie, third-party analyzers)Theme VI: information about potential consequences of taking a DTC-GT(consumer journey phases 3, 5, and 6)DTC-GT results informing and impacting future health decisions and health behaviorDTC-GT results impacting insurance policies (eg, health insurance)DTC-GT results impacting family (eg, revelation of family [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing features and themes associated with direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) services. It describes various aspects of the consumer journey, including test costs, health features, privacy policies, quality assurance, and the management of consumer data, all of which indicate a wide range of services that are available in the DTC-GT market.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, still some doubts remained about whether community-based indicators can disentangle climate and land-use change effects. Some effects that seem to be caused by climate may in fact be due to land-use changes acting only on one part of a community that has distinct properties of its climatic niche like, e. g. , changes in temperate forest birds, which tend to be rather cold-dwelling (Clavero et al. 2011). On the other hand, differential effects (e. g. , regarding sensitivity to land-use change) on subsets of communities might even cover climate change effects (Reif et al. 2010). Thus, more recent community-based indicators aim to correct for effects of habitat specialization of communities to rule out such effects (Kampichler et al. 2012). Ultimately, results of species- or community-based indicator systems can provide insights into the climate change impacts which can yield either positive or negative consequences for birds (Fig. 12. 2). Fig. 12. 2The climate impact indicator (CII) connects changes in the climatic suitability for bird species in defined areas with their population changes among 1980 and 2010. For Europe, in (a) the average population changes are shown for species for whom climatic suitability increased (CST+) in red and for species for whom climatic suitability decreased (CST−) in blue (red and blue dashed lines depict 90% confidence intervals; the dashed horizontal line depicts the expectation if climatic suitability played no role). In (b), the same is shown for the USA. Annual values of the ratio of the CST+ index to the CST− index form the climate impact indicator (CII), which is shown for Europe in (c) and for the USA in (d). On both continents, since 1980, a consistently increasing climatic impact for bird populations can be demonstrated. Figure taken from Stephens et al. (2016)Full size image 12. 3 the Consequences of for Birds? Climate change-induced alterations of bird phenology and distribution have been identified as important threats for single bird species. Less prominently, species might also profit from climatic change. Thus, a number of species in the climate impact indicator have been labeled as potential “winners” and others as “losers” of climate change. However, in the new edition of the CII (Stephens et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while climate change impacts bird populations, other factors such as land-use change also play a significant role in affecting bird communities. It states that some observed shifts attributed to climate may actually be influenced by land-use changes and that complex interactions exist between climate change effects and habitat specialization. Furthermore, it notes alterations in bird distribution and phenology as threats, which implies that the relationship between climate change and bird migration is not straightforward and is influenced by multiple factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджені довкола аналізу творів письменників у контексті світової історії та культури. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses research in literary studies focused on analyzing the works of writers within the context of world history and culture. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage, making it irrelevant to the claim.