Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Recent research centered around whole-food plant-based nutrition, which is characterized by an unrestricted consumption of (whole) plant-based foods and the exclusion of both animal-based and processed foods, such as added oils, fried products, and sugary packaged items [21]. In this review, the authors examine published work on health-benefits associated with such a plant-based dietary pattern and use the term “plant-based” to collectively refer to all plant-based eating patterns where the majority of energy is derived from plant foods. Where appropriate, specific terms (e. g. , lacto-ovo-vegetarian or vegan) are used. This narrative review considers nutrition as an accessible lifestyle modification that could reduce the burden of long-COVID on quality of life. This review also summarizes further studies that are necessary to support the postulated benefits of plant-based nutrition on long-COVID. Plant-and COVID-19Clinical studies examining the effects of a plant-based diet in COVID-19 prevention and management are (yet) scarce. A very recently published population-based case–control study in six countries investigated the association between dietary patterns and COVID-19. Following a plant-based dietary pattern was associated with 73% lower odds of moderate-to-severe COVID-19-like illness [28••]. In contrast, those individuals following “low carbohydrate, high protein diets” had a substantially greater odds of moderate-to-severe COVID-19. The reservation must be made, however, that conclusions of this study were based on a rather small sample of cases (in a selected cohort of healthcare workers at the COVID-19 frontline) and that diet was self-reported. Whether a plant-based diet might be useful to alleviate symptoms related to long-COVID has not (yet) been examined in clinical trials. Nevertheless, there is evidence from epidemiological, observational, and clinical studies done in the pre-pandemic era that a plant-based dietary pattern may be of general benefit with regard to some clinical conditions that can also be found in individuals with COVID-19. These include fatigue, sleep disorders, headaches, anxiety, and depression as well as musculoskeletal pain. -19 pandemic has caused significant damage to public mental health [29]. Studies from China and revealed an increasing prevalence of depression and anxiety within the general public [30, 31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the health benefits associated with a whole-food plant-based diet. It mentions that such a dietary pattern could help alleviate symptoms related to various clinical conditions, including fatigue and musculoskeletal pain, which can impact athlete performance and recovery. Although the text does not focus specifically on athletes, it implicitly supports the idea that plant-based diets may provide endurance and recovery benefits through the favorable impacts on health outcomes relevant to athletes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the gut microbiome may play a role in specific health conditions like physical frailty and age-related cognitive decline, but it does not support the assertion that 'all' health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. Instead, it suggests a nuanced relationship where the microbiome is involved in certain conditions, indicating the complexity of health determinants beyond just the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 1. protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse. 2003;100:4903–4908. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or evidence relevant to the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. It simply lists references related to protein-coupled receptors without addressing the specific suggestion in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Lockdown periods were associated with later bedtime and waking time, an increase in daytime napping and a reduction in nighttime sleep [108, 109]. In light of the high number of individuals that experienced worse sleep during lockdown measures [110], cost-effective strategies to tackle this problem are urgently warranted. Several studies (not directly related to COVID-19) suggest that a plant-based diet rich in fruits and vegetables can lead to improved sleep quality [111, 112]. The most recent example is the study demonstrating an association between better sleep quality and vegetable consumption [113]. In contrast, a low-fiber and a high saturated fat intake were associated with lighter, less-restorative sleep [114]. A plant-based diet restricts (or avoids) foods that were associated with impaired sleep duration and quality, including meat [115] and high-fat products [116]. Yet, it is abundant in magnesium-rich foods [117], a nutrient associated with improvements in sleep quality, length of sleep time, and sleep onset latency as well as early morning awakening [118, 119]. Of note, an increased dietary magnesium intake could also benefit individuals with mental and physical stress [120, 121], two highly prevalent entities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Musculoskeletal PainPlant-based eating patterns could be generally useful to combat the skyrocketing prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the benefits of a plant-based diet are not limited to mental health but may also improve a number of physical conditions associated with long-COVID. A significant proportion of long-COVID patients report persistent muscle and joint pain [122, 123]. Nutrition was shown to play an important role in musculoskeletal well-being [124], as, for example, diets high in animal protein were linked to chronic pain [124]. Pain severity was also positively associated with a high fat and sugar intake [125] and a low fruit and fiber intake [126]. There is also evidence that a low intake of magnesium and folic acid contributes to chronic musculoskeletal pain [127], whereas a high magnesium intake confers protective effects [128]. A plant-based diet is abundant in these micronutrients and vitamins, while reducing (or completely restricting) animal products that are rich in pro-inflammatory metabolites and saturated fatty acids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how a plant-based diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and magnesium-rich foods, can lead to improved sleep quality and overall well-being. It highlights the potential of plant-based eating patterns to combat issues like muscle and joint pain, which can benefit athletes in terms of recovery. Additionally, it suggests that a plant-based diet restricts foods linked to poorer sleep quality, thus indicating that it could be beneficial for endurance athletes who require restorative sleep for recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationships between aging, immune system activation, dysbiosis, and factors such as diet and antibiotic use. It suggests that while dysbiosis may play a role in health conditions, it is also influenced by numerous other factors, including diet and age-related changes, indicating that not all health conditions can solely be traced back to the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Fredriksson R, Lagerström öth HB. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families: phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. 2003;63:1256–1272. 3. Downes GB, Gautam N. protein subunit gene families. Genomics 1999;62:544–552. 4. . Regulation, signaling, and physiological functions of G-proteins. J 2016;428:3850–3868. 5. Buck L, Axel R. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 1991;65:175–187. 6. . Golf: an olfactory neuron specific-G protein involved in odorant signal transduction. Science 1989;244:790–795. 7. Expression of members of the putative olfactory receptor gene family in mammalian germ cells. Nature 1992;355:453–455. 8. . Olfactory receptors are displayed on dog mature sperm cells. J 1993;123(6 Pt 1):1441–1452. 9. . Cloning of OL1, a putative olfactory receptor and its expression in the developing rat heart. 1995;3:33–40. 10. . Cloning and tissue distribution of a new rat olfactory receptor-like (OL2). 1998;242:669–672. 11. . An olfactory receptor gene is located in the extended human beta-globin gene cluster and is expressed in erythroid cells. Genomics 1999;61:15–23. 12. . Widespread ectopic expression of olfactory receptor genes. BMC Genomics 2006;7:121. 13. . Identification of a novel G-protein coupled receptor expressed in distinct brain regions and a defined olfactory zone. 1998;6:141–151. 14. A novel brain receptor is expressed in a distinct population of olfactory sensory neurons. Neurosci 2000;12:3926–3934. 15. . Cloning and genetic characterization of an evolutionarily conserved human olfactory receptor that is differentially expressed across species. Gene 2001;278:41–51. 16. . Olfactory receptor expressed in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. J 2002;68:176–184. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it primarily lists various studies and findings related to olfactory receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors without mentioning any quantum effects or the potential for olfactory receptors to function through such mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: After just 8 weeks, this particular dietary pattern improved musculoskeletal pain and functional limitations as well as quality of life in individuals suffering from chronic pain (as measured by the and the Rating Scale) in a 2018 study [129]. Moreover, a plant-based (vegan) diet improved functional status in severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis [130] and chronic fibromyalgia symptoms [131]. Potential mechanisms of action include an increased intake of antioxidants [132] (with a subsequent neutralization of free radicals [129]), weight loss due to reduced caloric density [133, 134] (and a subsequent reduction in mechanical load), and finally, decreased exposure to pro-inflammatory precursors [129]. In patients with long-COVID, inflammatory pathways can remain perturbed up to 60 days after a SARS-CoV-2 infection [135•]. Adoption of a plant-based diet could be one accessible strategy to tackle this prolonged systemic inflammation often found in long-COVID [136]. The rationale behind this hypothesis is that plant-based diets have consistently been associated with favorable reductions in inflammatory biomarkers in numerous pre-pandemic studies [137,138,139,140]. Franco-de-Moraes et al. compared CRP levels in vegans, omnivores, and lacto-ovo-vegetarians [141]. CRP levels were significantly lower in vegans (0. 5 mg/L (0. 4–1. 3)) compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarians (0. 8 mg/L (0. 4–1. 7)) and omnivores (1. 1 mg/L (0. 6–2. 2)). As shown by Shah and colleagues, an 8-week (low-fat) vegan intervention can significantly reduce high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by 32% [142•]. These findings are supported by a 2019 study demonstrating that adherence to a healthful plant-based diet was associated with lower hs-CRP concentrations [143]. Reviewing the potential role for immunologic aberrations and long-lasting inflammatory damage in post-COVID [1], it is biologically plausible that an anti-inflammatory plant-based diet could benefit affected individuals. Plant-and the Immune ResponsePlant-based (vegetarian) eating patterns beneficially affect biomarkers of inflammation and immune status [144]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the benefits of a plant-based diet, particularly its effects on reducing inflammation, improving functional status, and enhancing overall well-being in various health conditions, which are important for athletic endurance and recovery. It references studies demonstrating that plant-based diets can lower inflammatory biomarkers, which is crucial for athletes seeking recovery benefits. Additionally, it implies that adopting such dietary patterns can improve musculoskeletal pain and functional limitations, directly correlating with the claim about successful adherence to plant-based diets among athletes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: For instance, dietary habits appear to be one of the biggest drivers of gut health and microbiota composition [92,93,94]. Specifically, adherence to a high-fat diet commonly seen in Western cultures appears to be one of the driving factors in gut dysbiosis [95, 96]. Accordingly, interventions such as caloric restriction and/or implementing a Mediterranean-style diet may hold promise for balancing the gut microbiome [97, 98]. Moreover, studies exist to suggest potential benefits to specific dietary choices and/or nutritional supplements including (but not necessarily limited to) coffee [99], resveratrol [100], quercetin [100], and/or other polyphenol compounds [101]. Interestingly, many of these strategies have previously been purported to have anti-inflammatory and/or healthy aging properties. These new data suggest that perhaps influences at the level of the gut may be at least partially responsible for these purported benefits. However, studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome and other health parameters among older adults. Similarly, physical exercise is a clinically recommended intervention with well-established health benefits which is now purported to have important benefits on the gut [102,103,104,105]. Recent studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that aerobic exercise provides a variety of beneficial effects on the gut including enhancing epithelial membrane integrity [106], increasing microbial diversity [106,107,108,109], and attenuating intestinal inflammation [106, 110, 111]. However, few human studies in this area have been published to date. Recently, Clarke et al. [112] recently reported that professional athletes (rugby players) displayed a higher diversity of gut micro-organisms compared to age-matched controls. However, extensive additional findings from humans—particularly in the form of longitudinal intervention studies—are needed to confirm these beneficial effects. Moreover, to my knowledge, no studies (human or animal) have evaluated the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome in late life. Additionally, questions remain regarding the effects of exercise modality and if these observed effects are specific to aerobic exercise compared to resistance training. Perhaps not surprisingly, dietary supplementation with probiotics also appears to be among the most promising interventions for re-balancing the gut microbiome. Well-known actions of probiotics include antimicrobial activity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation via actions on a wide variety of immune cells [113]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing dietary habits and their effects on gut health without definitively linking all health conditions to the gut microbiome. It acknowledges a variety of factors and mentions that studies are needed to assess the impact of dietary changes and exercise on gut microbiome and health parameters, indicating that while there may be correlations, they do not imply all health issues originate from the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: . Odorant receptor expression in the mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurobiol 2004;58:315–327. 18. Garcia-Esparcia P, Schlüter ón-Escribano B, et al. Functional genomics reveals dysregulation of cortical olfactory receptors in Parkinson disease: novel putative chemoreceptors in the human brain. J Neurol 2013;72:524–539. 19. Ansoleaga B, Garcia-. Dysregulation of brain olfactory and taste receptors in AD, PSP and CJD, and AD-related model. Neuroscience 2013;248:369–382. 20. Ansoleaga B, Garcia-. Decrease in olfactory and taste receptor expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in chronic schizophrenia. J 2015;60:109–116. 21. Grison A, Zucchelli S, Urzì Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons express a repertoire of olfactory receptors and respond to odorant-like molecules. BMC Genomics 2014;15:729. 22. . Expression and identification of olfactory receptors in sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia of rats. 2015;600:171–175. 23. Olfactory receptor 544 reduces adiposity by steering fuel preference toward fats. J 2017;127:4118–4123. 24. Zhang X, De la. Characterizing the expression of the human olfactory receptor gene family using a novel DNA microarray. 2007;8:R86. 25. Expression of human olfactory receptor 10J5 in heart aorta, coronary artery, and endothelial cells and its functional role in angiogenesis. 2015;460:404–408. 26. . Oxygen regulation of breathing through an olfactory receptor activated by lactate. Nature 2015;527:240–244. 27. Kumar P, Prabhakar NR. Peripheral chemoreceptors: function and plasticity of the carotid body. 2012;2:141–219. 28. . Single cell transcriptome analysis of mouse carotid body glomus cells. J Physiol 2016;594:4225–4251. 29. Medium-chain fatty acids modulate myocardial function via a cardiac odorant receptor. Cardiol 2017;112:13. 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it provides various studies and observations related to the expression and dysregulation of olfactory receptors in different conditions but does not mention quantum mechanics or any related phenomena. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Craddock et al. suggested that the high intake of some key nutrients and phytochemicals (e. g. , resveratrol and quercetin) in groups following plant-based diets may favorably modulate their immune function [21]. While a plant-based diet cannot prevent an individual from developing COVID-19, it may lower the odds of developing moderate-to-severe COVID-19-like illness (as described in the 19. Whether results would have been the same (or better or worse) in this particular cohort remains subject to speculation. Some of the included studies in this narrative also share a common limitation of small sample size (e. g. , [47, 74]), which may limit their validity. Finally, it is important to note that individuals consuming a plant-based diet often exhibit a healthier lifestyle in general [156], which includes higher rates of physical activity [157], higher education [157, 158], and lower smoking rates [159]. Such factors may be potential confounders that warrant consideration when interpreting the results of nutritional studies and could explain the better overall health of those consuming a plant-based diet. Conclusions and -CoV-2-pandemic has caused morbidity at an unprecedented global scale. Although additional research is warranted to understand the overall survivorship burden associated with long-COVID, its sequelae will most likely continue to increase in the foreseeable future. As such, healthcare systems and particularly outpatient infrastructures will face substantial challenges. The pandemic has imposed a heavy economic burden on many countries and future public health policies might suffer from strict cost-control and rationing policies. Effective and economical strategies should therefore concomitantly tackle as many long-COVID symptoms as possible. One such strategy could include the large-scale promotion of plant-based eating patterns, which have a substantial potential to improve both physical and mental conditions that are now frequently encountered in long-COVID. While few studies have (yet) investigated their effectiveness in this particular cohort, this review suggests that a plant-based eating pattern could potentially exert beneficial effects with regard to anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, musculoskeletal pain, and systemic inflammation — symptoms that are often reported by individuals suffering from long-COVID. Resource allocation should recognize this evidence and support clinical trials examining the role of plant-based nutrition and other dietary recommendations in the battle against long-COVID. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that plant-based diets can favorably modulate immune function and possibly improve physical conditions, which can contribute to recovery benefits. It mentions the overall healthier lifestyle of individuals consuming a plant-based diet and highlights its potential positive effects on various health aspects, which are important for athletes in terms of endurance and recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The fixative was removed, and the samples were rinsed 4x with cold acetone, and then were infiltrated with Epon-Araldite resin () over 48 hr. Samples were flat-embedded between two Teflon-coated glass microscope slides, and the resin polymerized at 60°C for 24–48 hr. Flat-embedded testis samples were observed with a stereo dissecting microscope, and appropriate regions were extracted with a microsurgical scalpel and glued to the tips of plastic sectioning stubs. Semi-thick (400 nm) serial sections were cut with a UC6 ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystems) using a diamond knife (Diatome, Ltd. Switzerland). Sections were placed on Formvar-coated copper-rhodium slot grids (Sciences) and stained with 3% uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Gold beads (10 nm) were placed on both surfaces of the grid to serve as fiducial markers for subsequent image alignment. Grids were placed in a dual-axis tomography holder (Model 2040, E. A. Fischione Instruments, Export PA) and imaged with a Tecnai TF30ST-FEG transmission electron microscope (300 KeV) equipped with a 2k × 2 k CCD camera (XP1000; Gatan, CA). Tomographic tilt-series and large-area montaged overviews were acquired automatically using the SerialEM software package (Mastronarde, 2005). For tomography, samples were tilted +- 64° and images collected at 1° intervals. The grid was then rotated 90° and a similar series taken about the orthogonal axis. Tomographic data was calculated, analyzed and modeled using the IMOD software package (Kremer et al. , 1996; Mastronarde, 2008) on MacPro computers (Apple, Inc, Cupertino, CA). Apoptotic cell labeling Request a detailed protocol To label apoptotic nuclei, the TUNEL assay was performed in PFA-fixed, OCT-embedded testis sections using the (Millipore; S7165) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a detailed laboratory protocol involving the preparation and imaging of testis samples, without any mention of health conditions or the gut microbiome. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation. 2013;110:4410–4415. 31. . Odorant receptors and desensitization proteins colocalize in mammalian sperm. 1995;1:130–141. 32. . Expression profile of ectopic olfactory receptors determined by deep sequencing. PLoS One 2013;8:e55368. 33. Olfactory receptors in semen and in the male tract: from proteome to proteins. (Lausanne) 2017;8:379. 34. . Expression of Golf in the rat placenta: possible implication in olfactory receptor transduction. Placenta 2006;27:103–108. 35. . Olfr603, an orphan olfactory receptor, is expressed in multiple specific embryonic tissues. Patterns 2015;19:30–35. 36. . Chemoreceptors expressed in taste, olfactory and male reproductive tissues. Gene 1996;178:1–5. 37. é T. New GPCRs from a human lingual cDNA library. 2001;26:1157–1166. 38. Durzyński łowski J, Goździcka-Józefiak A, Haertlé T. Olfactory-like receptor cDNAs are present in human lingual cDNA libraries. 2005;333:264–272. 39. é T. Mouse orthologs of human olfactory-like receptors expressed in the tongue. Gene 2006;381:42–48. 40. . Enterochromaffin cells of the human gut: sensors for spices and odorants. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1890–1901. 41. ötterman TH, et al. Novel markers for enterochromaffin cells and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas. 2009;22:261–272. 42. ès JP, Trevisi P, et al. The olfactory receptor OR51E1 is present along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, co-localizes with enteroendocrine cells and is modulated by intestinal microbiota. PLoS One 2015;10:e0129501. 43. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of olfactory receptors, such as their roles in different biological processes, but does not mention or provide any evidence regarding the potential function of olfactory receptors through quantum effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: DiscussionAdopting more plant-based diets based on either PBAs or WFs revealed several nutritional implications such as higher fibre, folate, and lower saturated fat content which could provide nutritional benefits for the Swedish population, where the majority currently does not meet dietary recommendations27. The sodium content increased in the PBA scenarios compared to the BAU (11–24%) adding to the concern that PBAs have too high levels of added salt13,28, while it decreased in the WF scenarios. Too high sodium intake is a major concern in the European region29. Some micronutrient intakes would be further reduced from current levels, such as vitamin D. However, vitamin D is considered a critical nutrient of concern due to the northern latitudes, daily supplementation is already recommended in the Recommendations30. Zinc intake was well above the recommended intake, despite being lower than the BAU in all scenarios. Many PBAs available at Swedish retail are fortified with B12, vitamin D, calcium, and iron to prevent potential micronutrient deficiencies14,31, which is reflected in our findings that the micronutrient content of the did not largely differ from the BAU diet. Low selenium intake was revealed in all scenarios, including the BAU, which reflects existing evidence that selenium intake is a concern in Sweden32. Simultaneously, there is a discussion on the bioavailability of these fortified nutrients in PBAs, requiring more research on the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals as well as the protein quality of PBAs for a better understanding of the nutritional effects of integrating them into diets14. Our results suggest that shifting to both PBA and WF vegan diets would reveal the largest environmental impact reduction potential in terms of LU and GHGe, followed by vegetarian and flexitarian diets. In the scenario, the highest share of GHGe and LU resulted from the PB snacks category. Here, we used dark chocolate as a proxy for PB chocolate, which has a larger environmental footprint than milk chocolate due to its higher cocoa content33. Choosing PB milk chocolate based on oat drinks would likely have yielded a lower environmental impact but was limited by unavailable LCA data. PB dairy, seafood and meat alternatives revealed significantly lower environmental impacts than ASFs, in line with accumulating evidence from comparative LCA studies9,10,12. Economically, we estimated that all assessed scenarios were similar with the BAU diet when comparing median prices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the nutritional implications of adopting plant-based diets (PBAs and WFs) and suggests that these diets can provide essential nutritional benefits that might be advantageous for athletes. The mention of micronutrients, along with the overall nutritional content comparison with the baseline diet, indicates that athletes may find a well-planned plant-based diet beneficial, thereby supporting the idea that such diets can aid in endurance and recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The identification of farm-specific biomarkers was highlighted as a strategy to understand the relationship between feed efficiency and growth as opposed to identify feed-specific microbiota due to the variability as a function of the rearing environments. Furthermore, illustrated that reprogramming either the maternal or foetal microbiome did not necessarily restore the feed efficiency phenotype, and in some cases led to a retardation in growth. Linking the role of the gut microbiota on the availability and activity of a range of metabolites was presented by Rowland (University of Reading, UK). Microbiota metabolic activity significantly enhances the host’s capacity to metabolise a wide range of dietary components that subsequently extends the range of formed metabolites. Using the example of short-chain fatty acids, acetate, butyrate and propionate, demonstrated that fermentation of dietary carbohydrates by the microbiota, that increases short-chain fatty acid availability, not only led to metabolite expansion, but could also act as cell-signalling molecules (Rowland et al. , and Tuohy2018). He concluded his presentation that the large inter-individual variation in gut microbiota has consequences on both metabolism and health. The interplay between dietary fibre intake, gut microbiota and health was discussed by Edwards (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on the role of dietary fibre, provided evidence of the importance of dietary fibre on gut microbiota as a source of energy and that these can be present as a complex matrix of non-digestible components. A range of factors that influence the interaction between microbiota and dietary fibre was discussed that included method of presentation, dosage, interaction between dietary fibres (Edwards et al. , and Combet2017). Understanding the complex nature of this relationship was further illustrated by reference to barriers to dietary fibre intake, differences in gut physiology between individuals and the limitations of current models and tracers and the reporting of these studies. Manipulation of the microbiota to improve gut health in individuals with an underlying condition was addressed by Gerasimidis (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on Crohn’s Disease (CD), provided evidence that enteral nutrition in paediatric patients could reduce the biomarkers of gut inflammation during an 8-week period by alteration of the gut microbiota. There are limitations to this approach in relation to the volume of enteral nutrition required (120 L/week) and that following the cessation of treatment the symptoms had returned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on the gut microbiome and its relationship with health, but ultimately highlights that factors like variability in microbiota due to rearing environments, limitations of current models, and the inability to improve conditions simply through manipulating the microbiome (as seen with Crohn's Disease) indicate that not all health conditions can be directly traced back to the gut microbiome. The mention of the varied implications of different dietary fibres and the necessity of enteral nutrition, along with the return of symptoms after cessation of treatment, further supports the contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Activation of intestinal olfactory receptor stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells and attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic mice. 2017;7:13978. 44. . Differential gene expression in pancreatic tissues of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats and genetically-diabetic mice in response to hypoglycemic dipeptide cyclo (His-Pro) treatment. Rep 2012;39:8821–8835. 45. . Paternal high-fat diet consumption induces common changes in the transcriptomes of retroperitoneal adipose and pancreatic islet tissues in female rat offspring. 2014;28:1830–1841. 46. Olfactory receptor Olfr544 responding to azelaic acid regulates glucagon secretion in alpha-cells of mouse pancreatic islets. 2015;460:616–621. 47. . Two novel odorant receptor families expressed in spermatids undergo 5'-splicing. J 1998;273:9378–9387. 48. Activation of OR1A1 suppresses PPAR-gamma expression by inducing HES-1 in cultured hepatocytes. Biol 2015;64:75–80. 49. de Olfactory receptor 10J5 responding to alpha-cedrene regulates hepatic steatosis via the cAMP-PKA pathway. 2017;7:9471. 50. -Gil DJ, Eisner C, et al. Functional expression of the olfactory signaling system in the kidney. 2009;106:2059–2064. 51. ßberg D, Jansen F, et al. Olfactory signaling components and olfactory receptors are expressed in tubule cells of the human kidney. Biophys 2016;610:8–15. 52. A renal olfactory receptor aids in kidney glucose handling. 2016;6:35215. 53. Öberg. Olfactory receptor 51E1 as a novel target for diagnosis in somatostatin receptor-negative lung carcinoids. J 2013;51:277–286. 54. Helional-induced activation of human olfactory receptor 2J3 promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line. 2017;96:34–46. 55. änder S, Luger T, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to olfactory receptors and their biological roles, such as glucagon secretion and metabolic processes, but it does not mention quantum effects or any studies suggesting that olfactory receptors function through quantum mechanics. Therefore, it is irreverent to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: 4 VR as Part of in Higher Education: A Practical InsightSystematic reviews report that the use of VR has a positive impact on student ability to understand spatial and structural anatomy [3] and may be an effective resource to enhance the student’s level of anatomy knowledge [5]. Another important advantage of using VR in anatomy teaching is the possibility to create a realistic learning environment that enhances student motivation and situated learning [4]. An additional reason to implement VR into the teaching of anatomy is to potentially achieve a transition from teacher-centered and passive learning (lectures) to an interactive, student-centered and exploratory learning, i. e. , collaborative learning. Since 2018, the Faculty of Health and at the University of (HVL) has been developing and implementing VR in anatomy teaching and learning within the bachelor’s program in radiography and the master’s program in midwifery. The strategic goals of the faculty are to implement and enhance the use of different learning activities, combined with technological tools, in order to enhance the ability to provide tailored and flexible education [26]. By using digital tools and a more collaborative approach within teaching, our primary goals are to enhance the learning outcomes among students, increase student motivation for learning, and, consequently, enhance the quality of the teaching. The implementation of VR within anatomy learning and teaching was a progressive process that started with a pilot using the commercially available software 3D Organon VR [19] among first-year radiography students. The students tested the equipment in small groups of three to four students, by which one student used the head-mounted display (HMD) systems to enter the virtual environment and the other students participated by observing the VE on the desktop display. Each piloting session lasted for 60 min and concluded with a questionnaire evaluating the experience of learning anatomy in VR, the use of the software equipment, and their opinions on VR as a possible learning resource in learning anatomy as part of radiography studies. We also collected data through participant observations and dialogue. The data indicated that the students found the VR session to be stimulating and motivational for learning. We also experienced that the discussions and collaboration within the small groups increased during the session, and the students reported a discovery of anatomical structures and coherence that they had not achieved with the two-dimensional learning resources. Data from the pilot project provided valuable knowledge about how the students experienced the VR environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the use of VR in education, particularly in anatomy teaching, positively impacts student engagement and comprehension. It mentions that VR creates a realistic learning environment that enhances student motivation and facilitates collaborative learning, helping students to better understand complex anatomical structures. The report of students finding the VR experience stimulating and motivational further supports the idea that VR can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: He explained that alternative approaches were now being trialled using a novel ordinary diet-based therapy that was proving effective in children with CD. Returning to the theme of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), Frost (King’s College, London, UK) and Morrison (University of Glasgow, UK), explained that the gut microbiota generate short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine. In support of previous evidence, they discussed the multi-factorial effects that SCFA’s play in several tissues and highlighted the limited evidence from human studies that suggested a clear line for future study. Focussing on propionate they presented data from studies utilising inulin, as a vehicle to deliver propionate directly to the colon, and identified an effect from propionate on appetite regulation, beta cell function and glucose homeostasis as well as cardio-metabolic markers. On day 2, the session started with a discussion on the effects of parasitic worm infection on the gut microbiome. Reynolds (University of Victoria, Canada) provided a fascinating insight into Helminth infection on the small intestinal metabolome. Although parasitic worm infection can increase the risk of infection to the host, also explained that Helminth infection can also be immunosuppressive (Brosschot and Reynold, and Reynold2018) and for conditions where intestinal inflammation is a major pathology these treatment-induced infections can alleviate symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between the local bacterial microbiota, metabolome and Helminth infection was illustrated by the changes in isovalerate levels. The final two presentations of the session focussed on specific pathologies within the intestinal tract that encompassed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), delivered by Hold (University of Wales, Australia) and gastric cancer, covered by Rossiter (University of Birmingham, UK). explained that while the rate of IBD appears to be low (0. 3% prevalence), the rates continue to increase and that microbial composition as evidenced through 16S rRNA sequencing expression is highly linked to classifying disease status. She further highlighted that metagenomics appears to be the best method to identify treatment response. Furthermore, stressed that a holistic understanding of the intestinal microbiota is essential if we are to comprehend the composition, function and metabolic capacity that can affect disease treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the multi-factorial effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and their influence on various health outcomes, such as appetite regulation and glucose homeostasis, indicating that while the gut microbiota plays a role in health, there are other significant factors involved. Furthermore, it mentions the complexity of health conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastric cancer, highlighting that microbial composition is just one aspect of understanding treatment responses. This suggests that not all health conditions can be solely traced back to the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: A synthetic sandalwood odorant induces wound-healing processes in human keratinocytes via the olfactory receptor OR2AT4. J 2014;134:2823–2832. 56. of the 51E2 in Human Melanocytes. J 2016;291:17772–17786. 57. . MOR23 promotes muscle regeneration and regulates cell adhesion and migration. 2009;17:649–661. 58. . Decrease of myofiber branching via muscle-specific expression of the olfactory receptor mOR23 in dystrophic muscle leads to protection against mechanical stress. 2016;6:2. 59. Defining an olfactory receptor function in airway smooth muscle cells. 2016;6:38231. 60. . Activation of an olfactory receptor inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells. J 2009;284:16218–16225. 61. PSGR, a novel prostate-specific gene with homology to a G protein-coupled receptor, is overexpressed in prostate cancer. 2000;60:6568–6572. 62. Quantitative expression profile of PSGR in prostate cancer. 2006;9:56–61. 63. . PSGR2, a novel G-protein coupled receptor, is overexpressed in human prostate cancer. Cancer 2006;118:1471–1480. 64. ägele T, Deeg M, Schwentner C, et al. Novel bourgeonal fragrance conjugates for the detection of prostate cancer. Drugs 2013;31:1151–1157. 65. Promotion of cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis emergence caused by olfactory receptor stimulation. PLoS One 2014;9:e85110. 66. Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals the protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2 as a central effector of olfactory receptor signaling in prostate cancer cells. Acta 2015;1854:632–640. 67. Öberg K, et al. Olfactory receptor 51E1 protein as a potential novel tissue biomarker for small intestine neuroendocrine carcinomas. Endocrinol 2013;168:253–261. 68. Monoterpene (-)-citronellal affects hepatocarcinoma cell signaling via an olfactory receptor. Biophys 2015;566:100–109. 69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a collection of studies relating to various functions and effects of olfactory receptors, such as their roles in cancer cell signaling and muscle regeneration. However, it does not mention or suggest any connection between olfactory receptors and quantum effects, which makes it irrelevant to the specific claim regarding quantum effects in olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: The students reported that they preferred specific tasks and guidelines to achieve learning in the virtual environment. They reported that they felt uncertain and less independent if they were left in the VE without any instructions or goals for the session. We used this feedback to develop a thematic exercise booklet that guides the students through relevant structures, including group discussion exercises, facilitating the students in using anatomical terminology orally and with positive responses from the pilot students. We experienced that both the students and teachers need to be familiar with the technology in order to enhance the potential of the technology and, consequently, the learning of anatomy. As a result of the positive feedback and experiences from the pilot project, the faculty established the SimArena VR Lab in our simulation and training center on campus, including a total of seven HMD setups. Since then, we have established two approaches to using VR in anatomy learning and teaching in higher education: VR-based anatomy as an integrated learning resource and VR-based medical simulation. 4. 1 VR-as an ResourceWithin the bachelor’s program in radiography, VR-based anatomy teaching is used as one of several digital learning resources parallel to mobile apps that utilize artificial reality (AR) models, video-based lectures, and the video recordings of fellow students. VR serves as a supplement to classroom teaching and books but has not replaced these learning resources. This pedagogical strategy is based on the theory that learning is constructed when students work with peers to generate their own knowledge and are motivated by various learning strategies [27]. Implementing VR into the bachelor’s program requires both didactical and pedagogical thinking and planning, and we used the didactical relation model that emphasizes the relationship between content, learning objectives, settings, learning activity, learning conditions, and assessment [28]. In a well-planned and developed course, there is good coherence and consistency between the six different factors in this model. The curriculum plan focuses on the essential knowledge, skills, and general competencies students are expected to achieve by the end of the program [29], while the learning objectives (LO) in higher education are based on a predefined structure of knowledge, skills, and general competence. In implementing VR, we had to consider the students’ learning outcomes both during and at the end of the anatomical course. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how VR-based anatomy teaching is being integrated into a bachelor’s program as a supplementary educational resource, which aims to enhance student learning experiences. It describes the positive feedback received from both students and teachers regarding the use of VR tools and highlights how VR is utilized to facilitate group discussions and enhance the understanding of complex anatomical terminology. Additionally, the text mentions that a well-planned VR implementation aligns with educational objectives and learning activities, suggesting that it has the potential to improve engagement and retention of complex concepts in the field of anatomy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Focussing on the upper gastrointestinal tract, discussed the link between the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, and gastric cancer and the relationship with other bacterial species and concluded that these relationship are not fully understood. She then presented data on H. pylori growth in a polymicrobial environment with the observation that Actinomyces oris completely inhibits H. pylori growth. However, she also indicated that co-infection with H. pylori and Actinomyces spp led to an increase in interleukin 8 expression in a gastric cell carcinoma model that could possibly exacerbate the inflammatory response. She concluded that understanding the gastric microbiota is required if we asre to unlock the mechanism between the bacterial population and gastric carcinogenesis. The second plenary lecture by Prof. Paul O’Toole (Cork, Ireland) discussed the diet-microbiome and health axis from the perspective of the ageing population. He described how the gut microbiome in an aged population differs significantly from a young population (O’Toole and Jeffery, Reference O’Toole and Jeffery2018) and this could be due to several factors and that one of these is a reduction in diet diversity. The changes in dietary habits correlates with increasing frailty and independence of residence. Changes in dietary intake, either by the use of probiotics or the adoption of a Mediterranean diet results in measurable changes in microbiota profile in humans. In addition, he reported that there is a positive relationship between the adoption of a Mediterranean diet and a delay in the onset of ageing-related health loss. He also highlighted the differences in body mass index between individuals that reside in the community and those in residential care and the impact this would have on metabolic status and that non-dietary factors should not be overlooked. In summary, the data presented and the roundtable discussions that took place after the presentation sessions illustrated the diversity of impacts from the gut microbiome on health, metabolic status, development and growth and maintenance through the lifespan. A significant number of presentations also discussed the merits and limitations of the different methodologies applied to understand the microbiota profile and the various models, from cell to organism and animal/human, to examine the function of the gut microbiota and its impact on whole body function. authors wish to acknowledge the support of in the organisation and running of the Spring conference. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence health conditions beyond just the gut microbiome. For instance, it highlights that diet diversity affects the gut microbiome, which in turn impacts health, indicating a complex interplay rather than a direct relationship. Furthermore, it mentions that non-dietary factors should not be overlooked, suggesting that health conditions can be influenced by multiple factors outside the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 43606 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 29, 2019 Version of RecordMarch 20, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptFebruary 26, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 8,999 views 804 downloads 76 3606. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 2004. They need to spell out their assumptions about Ne etc… in doing so. More importantly, they also need to calculate a similar quantity for rubella. Otherwise, a number of statements in the manuscript seemed overstated (e. g. , the last sentence of the Abstract). 3) Balancing selection is operating in the outcrosser and variation was introduced into the selfer by introgression. They entertain this possibility for rubella in the Discussion section. They label it as "adaptive introgression" but it seems to me that it could just as well be neutral, if introgression is more likely to introduce a different haplotype due to balancing selection in the outcrosser. In this regard, I note that it is not correct that (1) and (3) cannot be distinguished, as they predict different genealogies. Given that the selfers are mostly homozygous at these positions, can they build trees for e. g. , 100 regions, and see whether they support (1) or (3)? If not, they should at least explore diversity and divergence levels around the tsSNPs. More generally, I was confused by what specific models the authors had in mind at a number of points in the manuscript. Because they focus on selfers, their study design seems aimed at picking up balancing selection due to fluctuating selection pressures not heterozygote advantage. Moreover, they repeatedly state that they are looking for a form of selection that favors rare types. Why then expect a positive Tajima's D (subsection “A high density of tsSNPs around immunity-related loci”)? I think a discussion of the mode of balancing selection they expect to detect is missing. The frequency spectrum for orientalis in Figure 5A seems quite odd. And the observation about the low interchromosomal LD among ts3_SNPs is likewise disconcerting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and its role in evolution. Instead, it discusses various specific aspects of a research manuscript, including balancing selection, adaptive introgression, and various models related to selfers and selection pressures. There is no mention of the general concept of natural selection or differential survival, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: To achieve this, we have differentiated the teaching of anatomy into various topics, such as the skeletal system, nervous system, and gastrointestinal system, and organized the anatomy learning in the virtual environment into different topics. The students are taught anatomy following the structure of the anatomical syllabus reading list, creating a familiar environment for the students. Each topic is presented in a similar way and includes a classroom lecture, independent working, and assignments. The topic lecture is given at the beginning of a new topic and is used to outline the most relevant learning outcomes for the upcoming topic, followed by a walk-through of available and relevant tools for independent working. Assignment hours are scheduled 1 week after the topic lecture. The assignments focus primarily on “general competences,” entailing group assignments of practical relevance in which the students must express professional anatomical knowledge of the subject, both in writing and orally. These assignments are carried out within the virtual environment in order to enhance student knowledge and understanding of spatial anatomical structures. By differentiating the anatomy into different topics, we can enhance student understanding of spatial anatomy by tailoring the different teaching technologies to the content. In the past, we had experienced that students struggled with the content and understanding of the relationship between the different anatomical structures, but during the assignment sessions in VR, the students are more active, collaborate more, and use more precise anatomical language in their discussions. We have also experienced that the role of the teacher has transitioned from lecturer to facilitator. We decided to implement the VR in the radiography course in relation to each student’s different assignments on each topic, and the students’ tasks and guidelines were entered into the virtual environment based on the pilot findings. Each radiography class has around 30 students, and all students are given 60–120 min to complete their assignments and tasks in VR. Considerable time is spent in VR, but the student evaluations and positive experiences in relation to knowledge and skills are the main reason to continue using VR in this setting. Alternatively, VR could be made available as a separate teaching tool for students, but our experience shows that students are not very familiar with the VR environment, and it is essential to be present, facilitate the discussions, and support the practical tasks in order for the VR-based approach to be of value in the learning of anatomy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of how the use of virtual reality (VR) in the teaching of anatomy enhances student engagement and understanding of complex anatomical structures. It describes that students are more active, collaborate more, and use more precise anatomical language during VR assignment sessions, indicating improved engagement. Furthermore, it notes that the positive experiences and evaluations of students regarding their knowledge and skills in relation to VR tools are reasons for its continued use, supporting the idea that VR helps in the retention of complex concepts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Impact of on and Jr. Backed by and 60 other backers. 1,. . and : 10. 18258/6271$6,405Raised of $6,000 Goal106%Funded on 2/17/16Successfully Funded$6,405pledged106%fundedFundedon 2/17/16? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(10)Discussion (10)Project ResultsLong awaited updates (results and more)! Ryan HsuLab NoteOctober 19, 2017ProjectAs students carry out their busy lifestyles, many are turning to inexpensive and convenient drink based meal-alternatives, such as Soylent, to supplement or replace their regular diets. These meal alternatives are designed to fulfill the nutritional needs of a human, but the impact on the microbiome remain unknown. This project aims to track the composition of participant's microbiome before, during, and after Soylent use to more holistically understand Soylent's impact on microbiome health. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? As students carry out their busy lifestyles, many are turning to inexpensive and convenient drink based meal-alternatives, such as Soylent, to supplement or replace their regular diets. While these meal alternatives fulfill the daily nutritional needs of a human, its effect on the microbiome remains unknown. The microbiome has recently gained high research interest worldwide, in part through the. It has been shown to affect many aspects of human health, from intestinal diseases, to obesity, and even psychological health. With recent breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technology, previously impossible measurements of microbial communities are now possible. We will sequence our microbiomes with next-generation sequencing through uBiome, a leading sequencing company. What is the significance of this project? Microbiome is a complex and dynamic network of host factors and inter-bacterial interactions that contribute to the overall composition of the microbiome. Current microbiome research has mainly focused on disease, and while research on diseases such as C. difficile infection and Disease are certainly highly impactful, the microbiome has much further reaching implications than just to patients. Consumers will be able to make better informed dietary decisions as a result of understanding the effect of Soylent use on their microbiome. The accessibility of the uBiome kits provides a new opportunity for student run health studies, and this project will raise awareness and inspire interest in students to the importance of the microbiome. What are the goals of the project? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing a project aimed at understanding the impact of diet, specifically meal alternatives like Soylent, on the microbiome composition. It mentions that while these meal alternatives fulfill nutritional needs, their effects on the microbiome remain unknown, suggesting a potential impact. Moreover, the project aims to track microbiome composition in participants using these meal replacements, indicating that dietary changes may influence microbiome health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: That said, I have several questions and comments that should be considered before publication: 1) The shared IBD segments and genome-wide D-statistic suggested past and ongoing gene flow between sympatric C. rubella and C. grandiflora. Are there shared IBD segments and significant D-statistic values for the regions with strong evidence of balancing selection? The presence of introgression does not change the conclusion that most tsSNPs are retained ancestral variation, as long as western C. rubella and C. grandiflora still share the polymorphisms, but I am wondering if some of the sharing by eastern C. rubella and C. grandiflora could be attributed to recent gene flow. 2) To exclude the possibility of spurious tsSNPs due to cryptic paralogs, the authors compared the coverage and read concordance. Although the overall distribution of the two metrics looks similar for tsSNPs and ssSNPs, it is not clear whether there could be a few regions with excess coverage or reduced concordance. It will be helpful to plot these two metrics along the chromosome coordinate for the regions with strong evidence for balancing selection. Another way to rule out the concern of the cryptic paralogs is to compare the proportion of heterozygotes for tsSNPs and ssSNPs (controlling for allele frequency). If some of the tsSNPs are due to cryptic paralogs, the proportion of heterozygotes is expected to be higher than that for ssSNPs. 3) The presence of tsSNPs shared by all three species of Capsella provides strong evidence for balancing selection, but I am slightly concerned by the quality of the C. orientalis data because of a couple of puzzling patterns: (A) why is the allele frequency spectrum of ssSNPs in C. orientalis multi-modal? (B) Why is the average divergence between the two main Capsella lineages higher near sites adjacent to the three-way tsSNPs? 4) The interchromosomal LD for three-way tsSNPs is significantly lower than that of random polymorphisms in C. rubella and C. grandiflora. The authors speculated that this might be due to selection promoting new combinations of tsSNPs. However, I found this explanation implausible unless strong and prevalent epistasis is involved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence regarding the claim that natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. Instead, it discusses complex details related to genetic flow, selection metrics, and specific genetic variants among different species of Capsella. Consequently, the relevance of this text to the claim is minimal, which is why it is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: A typical assignment for our radiography students is to be handed a 2D image and to familiarize themselves and discuss topographic anatomy in order to understand how the structures are projected on the body. During these group discussions, students are required to engage orally. In the beginning of the semester, before students and facilitators have become better acquainted, we have noticed that the students who use the HMDs initiate discussions, while their fellow students often remain silent. The students report that they are unsure about their medical nomenclature pronunciation and are afraid to reveal their limitations to other students. The awareness of being observed may potentially limit them, as many of our students are straight out of secondary school, where they are used to being evaluated during oral discussions. Because of this, we must establish a safe and positive learning environment at the beginning of each semester to help the students view the teachers as facilitators, not evaluators. To establish a safe learning environment, the students must work under the same learning conditions. We therefore invest considerable time and resources into familiarizing the students with the technology used in the virtual environment. When there are substantial discrepancies in the mastery levels of the technology in a group of students, we have experienced that students with fewer technical skills withdraw from the learning activities and tasks and become passive and highly dependent on the presence of a teacher. It is therefore important to set aside enough time for relatively basic tasks at the start of each course, making sure that all students master the learning conditions before progressing to more advanced topics. Students generally demonstrate their knowledge and general competencies in anatomy by means of a written exam. After implementing VR into the anatomy lectures, we have altered the exam so that the students can also demonstrate their skills. The exam now consists of a written part and a video submission in which the students present their knowledge and skills in an oral presentation. By combining different assessment methods, the students can demonstrate in-depth knowledge rather than only memorizing structures and anatomical definitions. The implementation of VR into the bachelor’s program in radiography has provided valuable knowledge and experiences for the further development and implementation of VR in other programs within our faculty. The midwifery program has worked together closely with the radiography program, learning from their experiences and having the opportunity to further develop the use of VR in higher education. The exchange of knowledge between the different educational programs has led to a different use of VR in education. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of VR in the anatomy lectures for radiography students, which facilitates a safer and more engaging learning environment. It highlights that students who use Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) tend to initiate discussions while emphasizing the importance of all students mastering the technology before advancing, thereby increasing their engagement. Furthermore, the text indicates that the use of VR has led to different assessment methods, allowing students to demonstrate in-depth knowledge, which supports retention of complex anatomical concepts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: This project has three main goals:First, to observe and characterize trends in the effects of Soylent use on the microbiome. Second, to provide a rich, hands on microbiome research experience to a group of undergraduates. Third, to establish a student organization to regularly discuss microbiome related topics and document the course of the study online. Experimental Design:Participants will log their diets and bowel movements electronically, and sample their microbiome on each indicated day. Day 1 - 2: Participants eat regularly. Day 3 - 5: Split into two groups. 7 participants will switch to a Soylent diet. 3 participants will retain a regular diet. Day 6: All participants return to regular diets. Day 10: Last sample to observe long term recovery. wait. . . Thanks to a generous partnership with uBiome, the budget will now fund ~15 participants. Each participant's microbiome will be sampled 7 times, for a total of 105 uBiome sampling kits. Participants will consume Soylent 2. 0, the leading meal-alternative. Nutritional information and composition can be found here. Recruitment funds will be used to raise awareness and advertise the project to attract candidates for participation. Candidates will learn as part of our student organization in regular meetings about the study and microbiome research overall. Funds raised past our goal will be used to increase the sample size and fund more participants. Endorsed byhas been an excellent undergraduate in my laboratory working on the quantitative dynamics of human microbiome assemblies for over a year. This project expands his focus to the impact of constructed diets on the human gut microbiome. There have been other studies on diet-microbiome interaction revealing startling impacts on the host, but this one focuses on an emerging very restrictive diet that is gaining in popularity rapidly. This project will throw needed light how this diet affects this health-critical bacterial community. Adam ArkinProfessor, University of California, BerkeleyWe are so excited to collaborate on this project to test how Soylent changes the gut microbiome. We hope to find some interesting data and further scientific curiosity in this field! CEO uthe & jr. of are a group of motivated undergraduate researchers at UC Berkeley. Together, we are forming a student organization that will educate students on current microbiome advances and conduct this student-run study. We aim to both contribute to the field of microbiome research and inspire our study's participants. Ryan HsuI'm a Microbiology and student at UC Berkeley. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a research project investigating the effects of a Soylent diet on the microbiome. It explicitly states the goal of observing how diet influences the gut microbiome, implying that there is indeed an impact, contrary to the claim that changing one's diet has no effect. The text references previous studies indicating 'startling impacts on the host' from diet-microbiome interactions, further supporting the conclusion that diet can affect microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Could the authors run simulations to show that the "reshuffling" hypothesis is able to explain the reduced LD and estimate how much epistasis is required to generate the observed pattern? In addition, why is the interchromosomal LD for three-way tsSNPs significantly higher for that of random polymorphisms in C. orientalis? Could this be due to technical issues? [Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors submitted for further consideration. ] Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella" for further consideration at eLife. Your revised 2004. 3) Based on Figure 3B, haplogroup C differs by only 1 SNP from the second haplotype in group B. Why is C classified as the separate haplogroup instead of a subtype of B? 4) In subsection “Insights into balancing selection from de novoassembly of MLO2”, the authors concluded that the shared haplotypes did not result from recent gene flow, because of similar within-haplotype divergence levels of A and B haplogroups. However, this evidence is insufficient: the authors need to demonstrate that the within-haplogroup divergence is at least as high as the genome-wide average (which seems to be the case by comparing Figure 6—figure supplement 1 to Figure 5D). 5) The reconstructed trees in Figure 6C are very small, and haplotypes need to be labeled in order to show the pattern of clustering by haplogroup. Author response [Editors’ note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow. ] Since additional analyses are needed, and the authors may want to collect more data to respond to the concern about possible artifacts in C. orientalis, it may not be feasible for the revisions to be completed within two months. We leave it to the discretion of the authors whether they think this timeline is feasible, or would prefer to work on revisions at more length and resubmit the manuscript to be considered anew. In terms of the analysis, the three main points are that: 1) The data for C. orientalis seems a bit troubling, and should probably be further inspected for possible artifacts. The reviewers main concern regarding the C. orientalis data was that the allele frequency spectrum was unusual which may indicate elevated error rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and the evolution of species through differential survival. Instead, it focuses on questions and critiques related to specific data analyses and methodologies in a scientific study. There is no mention of natural selection or its role in evolution, thus making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: 2 VR-Simulation in MidwiferyWithin the master’s program in midwifery, we have established a VR-based medical simulation session focusing on the relationship between the female pelvis, fetus, and uterine muscle. As with other medical and healthcare programs, midwives and midwifery students require in-depth knowledge of anatomy, especially the female pelvic anatomy and fetus. A midwife must have the right competencies to facilitate normal processes in pregnancy, birth, and postnatal care, with anatomical knowledge being one of many cornerstones for developing these clinical skills and competencies [30]. Encouraging the physiological processes of intrapartum care requires a significant understanding of the interaction between the female pelvis, uterine contractions, and the fetus. To learn these skills, midwifery students need opportunities for concrete, contextually meaningful learning situations where they could improve their clinical reasoning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills and, through these learning strategies, increase their knowledge [31]. To stimulate knowledge and understanding of the female pelvis in accordance with fetal rotation through the birth canal, we have found VR to be an appropriate learning method. By using this tool, we can demonstrate the relationship between the female pelvis, fetus, and uterine muscle in a combination that is not possible in the traditional classroom sessions. The use of HDMs enables students to follow the rotation of the fetus through the birth canal simply by adopting the fetal perspective looking down from the pelvic brim and into the pelvic cavity. The 3D effect has become essential to the teaching by replacing as many sense impressions as possible with virtual impressions and creating the illusion of being actual present in the female pelvis as a fetus. The task given to students is a laboring woman, and during the VR session, the midwifery students follow the woman and fetus through the different stages of labor. Working together in pairs, the students discuss and explore anatomical structures, use correct anatomical terms, and reflect on which procedures to initiate to promote a physiological birth. The teaching is implemented as a discussion and critical thinking among peers, demonstrating which bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and structures are included in the female pelvis. Once these elements are identified, the students demonstrate how the leading part of the fetus positions itself in relation to the actual female anatomical structure or bone. During the entire session, the teacher serves as a facilitator of knowledge by participating and engaging in the discussions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of VR in a midwifery program to enhance students' learning and understanding of complex anatomical relationships. It highlights that VR provides contextually meaningful learning opportunities that improve clinical reasoning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The session allows for a deeper engagement with the material, demonstrating how anatomical concepts are related through immersive experiences that are not possible in traditional classrooms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: I have also spent over a year conducting research on synthetic human microbiomes as part of the at National Laboratory. I'm excited to see what we can learn about the microbiome together! Thanks for your support! Dylan McCormickI am a Molecular and student at UC Berkeley. I have previously worked in UC Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and I am currently researching microbial genetics in the at UC Berkeley. I can't wait to help discover more about the human gut microbiome! Kate SchreinerI am an and English student at UC Berkeley. I have spent over a year working in UC Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. I plan on attending medical school in two years, so I am excited to learn more about the human microbiome! jr. I'm an student at UC Berkeley. I have spent over two years working in the UC of Vertebrate Zoology, and I plan on attending medical school in the future. I look forward to learning about the human gut microbiome! Thank you for your support! Lab Notes10 PostedLong awaited updates (results and more)! October 19, 201711201113Data! March 10, 20179101819A super late update! February 10, 201755363Additional InformationAny additional funds raised past our goal will be used to increase the sample size and increase the number of microbiome measurements we will take. FAQ Q: Is 3 days of Soylent long enough to observe a change? Is a sample size of 10 large enough for this study? A: In our revised study design, participants consume Soylent for 4 days. The protocol we propose is designed similarly to the study here. In this paper, a similar sample size of about 10 participants were given meat-rich or vegetable rich diets for five days, and microbiome compositions were rapidly and reproducibly changed within 2 days. Any funding we raise past our goal will be used to increase our sample size. Citation: a, et al. (2014) Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505(7484):559–63. Q: How can you control for Soylent/conditions if everybody's microbiome starts off differently? A: Everybody's microbiome does start off differently. As such, it is impossible to do a real soylent + - control without somehow duplicating the person and their microbiome. However, out method has two controlled aspects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by citing a study that shows diets can rapidly and reproducibly alter the human gut microbiome. Specifically, it mentions that participants consuming different diets (meat-rich vs. vegetable-rich) experienced changes in microbiome composition within just two days, contradicting the idea that diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The unusual appearance of the spectrum is the result of having 16 samples, and binning allele frequencies into 10 bins. Because we had differing numbers of individuals from each species, we chose to compare everything using the same binning, which happens to mathematically introduce an uneven spectrum as observed in the original Figure 5. We replotted these spectra using different bin sizes for each species and show that the uneven pattern is largely removed. To further alleviate the reviewers’ concerns, we generated a draft genome assembly for one of our C. orientalis samples using an alternative sequencing technology and recalled variants at tsSNP sites in our C. orientalis samples. In the updated manuscript, only SNPs identified in both approaches were considered “high quality”. 2) The hypothesis that balancing selection is currently acting in C. rubella needs to be better supported. In particular, the authors need to exclude the possibility that the observed signatures persisted since the ancestral species. The reviewers questioned our assertion that balancing selection has retained genetic diversity in selfing lineages and suggested that the historical molecular signature of balancing selection in the outcrossing C. grandiflora, might result in the appearance of balancing selection in C. rubella. Specifically, if immunity related genes are under balancing selection in the outcrosser, then a random sample of alleles during the C. rubella founding event might result in higher genetic variation in subsequent generations. We agree with the reviewers that these two possibilities are difficult to tease apart in the recent C. rubella C. grandiflora speciation event. We based our original conclusion that balancing selection is operating in C. rubella based on the following arguments: 1) The allele frequencies in the proposed regions are far less diverged between C. grandiflora and C. rubella then expected by random chance under an explicit demographic model which includes gene flow. 2) These regions show many classic indications of balancing selection in C. rubella including: a) Increased allele frequency b) Increased genetic diversity c) between subpopulations d) Elevated Tajima’s D 3) In C. grandiflora, genetic diversity is high throughout the genome, and balanced regions show only subtle deviation from the global pattern very near to the candidate targets. Therefore, a random sample of alleles anywhere in the genome would generate peaks of outstandingly high genetic diversity in C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection driving the evolution of species. It primarily discusses the methodology of comparing allele frequencies among species, the concept of balancing selection, and the genetic diversity observed in specific plant species. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the assertion that natural selection plays a key role in species evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: 4. 3 During the SimulationExperience with digital resources and learning within a virtual environment varies among students of higher education, and they need to learn how to use the VR equipment at the same time as they are learning with it. It is therefore important to provide a model of learning in which students can explore the head-mounted display (HMD) systems and learn anatomy at the same time. Taking this into account, we created the sessions in the virtual reality room as a step-by-step learning experience for the midwifery students. Before entering the VR laboratory the first time, they are shown videos with the same anatomical structures as they will encounter in the virtual environment, so they can prepare and test their knowledge through multiple-choice and drag-and-drop assignments. In addition, we give them written instructions on how to use the digital tools, so they are familiar with the rules of VR before entering the learning environment. By using a scaffolding model constructing the teaching in VR, we gradually build on the student’s previous experience. A structured learning scaffold offers essential support and development to participants at each stage as they acquire expertise in digital learning. Scaffolding often refers to the temporary support provided for the completion of a task that learners otherwise might not be able to complete [32]. During the first session in the VR room, the students are given a set of tasks aimed at familiarizing them with the VR environment and navigating the HDMs: how to put the goggles on properly, adjust the vision, and navigate the virtual environment using self-movement and the controller. These are the basic skills and knowledge required to participate in the future learning of anatomy. During this session, the students are assigned tasks related to the use of the HDMs that entail solving simple tasks linked to topographic anatomy. The tasks are also connected to the learning materials (videos and quizzes) given before entering the VR room. In introducing them to the virtual world by gradually building their skills and competencies, we have experienced that student quickly manage to construct knowledge and understanding in anatomy using VR. The students’ immediate feedback after their first session is illustrated in a word cloud (Fig. 2). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how students learn to navigate and use VR equipment while exploring complex anatomical concepts. It emphasizes that the structured, step-by-step learning model enhances student engagement and helps them gradually build their skills and understanding in anatomy. The use of scaffolding to support their learning process illustrates how VR can facilitate retention of complex concepts effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Firstly, the two days prior to Soylent consumption will provide a baseline microbiome of each participant's unique microbiome, acting as an internal control. The individuals that do not consume Soylent will act as a control for day-to-day variance of microbiome fluctuations. Q: What about human testing approval? A: --Update 10/2016-- We passed our IRB review! We have an IRB (human experimentation ethics review) underway and will also require approval from each participant before we begin testing. The study is considered minimally invasive since Soylent is regulated as food by the FDA and the uBiome sequencing is done from an external sample. of Bacteria to Microbiomes: How did so many bacteria get inside of you? From the moment you were born, your body has been collecting bacteria from the environment, which populate both your outside and inside. The main source of bacterial diversity comes from your food. Your body replenishes bacterial diversity from the varieties of food that you eat. Interestingly, Soylent is sterile, which means there are no living bacteria in the drink. This may have interesting effects on the replenishment of bacteria for Soylent drinkers. Sugars/Carbohydrates: Each species of bacteria has a unique metabolism that determines how well it can utilize the nutrition it is fed. Sugars, or carbohydrates, are the main source of energy for bacteria, and most people have diets that include a wide range of sugars. Soylent is designed with one main sugar, isomaltulose, which may preferentially select for certain bacteria, while negatively affecting other bacteria. Special thanks to for his great work on the promotional video. Richard Farman: LinkedIn, farmanrl@whitman. eduProject Backers84Backers106%Funded$6,405Total Donations$76. 25Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the main source of bacterial diversity in the human body comes from food, and it explains how the diet can affect the metabolism and composition of bacteria. Specifically, it mentions that each species of bacteria has a unique metabolism influenced by the nutrition it is fed, and how different types of sugars in the diet can preferentially select for certain bacteria while negatively affecting others. This indicates a clear relationship between diet and microbiome composition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: rubella, yet we see that retention of variation is specifically elevated at immunity loci. 4) Though we identified tsSNPs throughout the genome, those tsSNPs found in our candidate regions were much more likely to be retained after population splits regardless of allele frequency. 5) In the much more diverged and much less diverse selfing lineage, C. orientalis, we observe the same pattern at many of the same loci. Though this is not direct evidence for balancing selection in C. rubella specifically, it is strong evidence that these loci are the targets of stable, long-term balancing selection in a selfing lineage. It is possible that, despite having been stable over millions of years of evolution previously, balancing selection ended within the last ~150,000 years in C. rubella specifically. We think that the more plausible explanation of the observed patterns is that variation is retained by ongoing selection in all three lineages. In response to this concern we sought to strengthen our argument with two additional analyses. First, we examined whether elevated founder diversity might impact the likelihood of observing the pattern of Fst we used to identify outliers. We approximated the effect of balancing selection in C. grandiflora alone by including only simulations that showed the highest level of diversity C. grandiflora, and then explored whether our outlier C. rubella Fst values were more likely to occur. Even under this scenario of highfounder diversity, the observed values remain extremely unlikely. Second, we examined whether allele frequencies are correlated between C. grandiflora and C. rubella and between subpopulations of C. rubella for tsSNPs inside and outside of balanced regions. We find that although all these SNPs segregate in all of the populations assayed, SNPs within balanced regions are show a substantial increase in AFS correlation. It will also be important for the authors to more clearly explain whether they believe that the high variability is driven by introgression (adaptive or not), ongoing balancing selection (and of what kind…) or both. We have added to discussion to make our thinking more clear on these issues. We do not think that adaptive introgression and maintenance by balancing selection are mutually exclusive hypotheses, as the later is not dependent on the source of an allele. In the case of a young species like C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of selection in retaining genetic variation within populations. It specifically mentions that 'variation is retained by ongoing selection in all three lineages,' which aligns with the idea that natural selection influences which traits are passed on. Furthermore, the mention of balancing selection suggests a form of natural selection that maintains genetic diversity, supporting the concept of differential survival as a driving force in evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: 2Student experiences from attending VR session (translated from Norwegian to English)Full size imageFollowing the initial introduction to the VR room, the next time the students attend the anatomy lecture and enter the VR room, they are familiar with the equipment and can focus on a more advanced anatomy assignment, thereby enhancing their knowledge and skills. The students are assigned a task involving a laboring woman at the start of labor. During this stage of the task, the students must find the pelvic structures and name the bones of the female pelvis, defining the pelvic inlet and border of the true and false pelvis. To understand the relationship between the female pelvic and fetus, the students must define the position that the head of the fetus would normally take in the female pelvis. This discussion provides valuable knowledge and understanding of the transverse, oblique, and anteroposterior position. The students also discover the meaning of the pelvic brim or inlet and that the pelvis is a cavity with an outlet because they can look down into the pelvis. The possibility to examine the anatomical structures from different angles gives the students the opportunity to take both the fetal perspective and midwife’s perspective in relation to the pelvic inlet and outlet, gaining increased anatomical understanding. In addition to discussing and reflecting over the positioning of the fetal head, they also reflect on the flexion of the head to achieve the smallest possible diameter to pass the pelvic inlet and enter the pelvic cavity. This discussion provides the students with an in-depth understanding of how the fetus rotates and negotiates itself down the birth canal. After accomplishing the task about the female pelvis and fetal position, the students are given further information on the progression of labor based on the woman’s contractions. The students then discuss the uterine muscle and physiology of how this muscle influences the rotation of the fetus and which observations and actions support progression in normal labor. In the VR software, the students add the muscle layer to the pelvic bones, with special focus on the levator ani muscles, urogenital and anal triangle regions, and the internal and external sphincter muscles. In collaboration with fellow students, they identify the muscles included in the levator ani and discuss the rotation of the fetal head entering the levator ani muscles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how students engaged with a VR session to enhance their understanding of complex anatomical concepts. The experience allowed students to become familiar with the equipment, focus on an advanced assignment, and improve their knowledge on pelvic anatomy and fetal positioning. Furthermore, the ability to examine structures from different angles and collaborate with peers supports the idea that VR enhances both engagement and retention of complex educational content.