[{'role': 'system', 'content': "You are an expert in machine learning and your task is to classify code snippets into one of the following categories: ['helper_functions', 'load_data', 'data_exploration', 'data_preprocessing', 'evaluation', 'modelling', 'prediction', 'result_visualization', 'save_results', 'comment_only']."}, {'role': 'user', 'content': 'Identify the single most appropriate category to which the provided code belongs. Provide your response as a single category label without any additional information, commentary, or personal opinions.\\nPython Code:df = pd.read_csv("/kaggle/input/covid19-global-forecasting-week-2/train.csv")\ndf.head(40)\nprint(df.columns.values)\ndf["GrowthRate"] = df["ConfirmedCases"] / df.ConfirmedCases.shift(1)\ndf["Growth"] = df["ConfirmedCases"] - df.ConfirmedCases.shift(1)\ndf["PredictedCasesByRate"] =  df["ConfirmedCases"].shift(1) * df.GrowthRate.shift(1)\ndf["PredictedCases"] = df["ConfirmedCases"].shift(1) + df.Growth.shift(1)\ndf["ErrorByRate"] =  (df.ConfirmedCases-df.PredictedCasesByRate)/df.ConfirmedCases\ndf["Error"] = (df.ConfirmedCases - df.PredictedCases)/df.ConfirmedCases \ndf["FGrowth"] = df["Fatalities"]/df.Fatalities.shift(1)\nprint(df.head())\n\ndff = df[df.Country_Region == \'Italy\'][df.Province_State.isnull()][df.ConfirmedCases >= 100]\ndff.plot("Date", ["ConfirmedCases","PredictedCases", "PredictedCasesByRate"])\ndff.plot("Date", ["ErrorByRate", "Error"])\ndff.plot("Date", "GrowthRate")\ndff.head(15)\''}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': 'helper_functions'}]