Title: Adaptive Single-Pass Stochastic Gradient Descent in Input Sparsity Time. Abstract: We study sampling algorithms for variance reduction methods for stochastic optimization. Although stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is widely used for large scale machine learning, it sometimes experiences slow convergence rates due to the high variance from uniform sampling. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm that approximately samples a gradient from the optimal distribution for a common finite-sum form with $n$ terms, while just making a single pass over the data, using input sparsity time, and $\tO{Td}$ space. Our algorithm can be implemented in big data models such as the streaming and distributed models. Moreover, we show that our algorithm can be generalized to approximately sample Hessians and thus provides variance reduction for second-order methods as well. We demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm on large-scale datasets. 