Maxwell Anderson
James Maxwell Anderson (December 15, 1888 – February 28, 1959) was an American playwright, author, poet, journalist, and lyricist.

Anderson faced many challenges in his career, frequently losing jobs for expressing his opinions or supporting controversial figures. Despite this, he found success as a dramatist and wrote a number of hit plays, including What Price Glory, Both Your Houses, and The Bad Seed. Many of his works were adapted for the screen, and he wrote screenplays for other authors' works as well. Anderson was married three times and had a tumultuous personal life, ultimately passing away in 1959 after suffering a stroke. His papers and personal effects can be found in various institutions, with the largest collection housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.

Background
Anderson was born on December 15, 1888 in Atlantic, Pennsylvania, the second of eight children to William Lincoln "Link" Anderson, a Baptist minister, and Charlotte Perrimela ('Premely') Stephenson, both of Scotch-Irish descent. His family initially lived on his maternal grandmother Sheperd's farm in Atlantic, then moved to Andover, Ohio, where his father became a railroad fireman while studying to become a minister. They moved often, to follow their father's ministerial posts, and Maxwell was frequently sick, missing a great deal of school. He used his time sick in bed to read voraciously, and both his parents and Aunt Emma were storytellers, which contributed to Anderson's love of literature.

During a visit to his grandmother's house in Atlantic, at age 11, he met the first love of his life, Hallie Loomis, a slightly older girl from a wealthier family. His autobiographical tale Morning, Winter and Night told of rape, incest and sadomasochism on the farm. It was published under the pseudonym John Nairne Michealson to prevent offending family. The Andersons lived in Andover, Ohio; Richmond Center, Ohio; Townville, Pennsylvania; Edinboro, Pennsylvania; McKeesport, Pennsylvania; New Brighton, Pennsylvania; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; and Jamestown, North Dakota. Anderson attended Jamestown High School, graduating in 1908.

Career

Journalist
As an undergraduate, Anderson waited tables and worked at the night copy desk of the Grand Forks Herald, and he was active in the school's literary and dramatic societies. He obtained a BA in English Literature from the University of North Dakota in 1911. Anderson became the principal of a high school in Minnewaukan, North Dakota, also teaching English there, but was fired in 1913 for making pacifist statements to his students. He then entered Stanford University, obtaining an Master's degree in English Literature in 1914. He became a high school English teacher in San Francisco. After three years, Anderson became chairman of the English department at Whittier College in 1917. He was fired after a year for public statements supporting Arthur Camp, a jailed student seeking status as a conscientious objector.

Anderson moved to Palo Alto to write for the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, but he was fired for writing an editorial stating that it would be impossible for Germany to pay its war debt. He then moved to San Francisco to write for the San Francisco Chronicle, but he was fired after contracting the Spanish flu and missing work. Alvin S. Johnson hired Anderson to move to New York City and write about politics for The New Republic in 1918, but he was fired after an argument with Editor-in-Chief Herbert David Croly.

Anderson found work at The New York Globe,and the New York World. In 1921, he founded The Measure: A Journal of Poetry, a magazine devoted to verse. Anderson wrote White Desert, his first play, in 1923; it ran only 12 performances, but it  was well-reviewed by Laurence Stallings, the book reviewer for the New York World, who collaborated with him on his next play What Price Glory?, which was successfully produced in 1924 in New York City. Afterward, he resigned from the World, launching his career as a dramatist.

Dramatist
His plays are in widely varying styles, and Anderson was one of the few modern playwrights to make extensive use of blank verse. Some of these were adapted as films, and Anderson wrote the screenplays of other authors' plays and novels – All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) and Death Takes a Holiday (1934) – in addition to books of poetry and essays. His first Broadway hit was the 1924 World War I comedy-drama, What Price Glory, written with Laurence Stallings. The play made use of profanity, which caused censors to protest. However, the chief censor (Rear Admiral Charles Peshall Plunkett) was discredited because he was found to have written far more obscene letters to General Chamberlaine.

The only one of his plays that he adapted to the screen was Joan of Lorraine, which became the film Joan of Arc (1948), starring Ingrid Bergman, with a screenplay by Anderson and Andrew Solt. When Bergman and her director changed much of his dialogue to make Joan "a plaster saint", he called her a "big, dumb, goddamn Swede!" Anderson was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1933 for his political drama Both Your Houses, and twice received the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, for Winterset, and High Tor.

Anderson enjoyed great commercial success with a series of plays set during the reign of the Tudor family, who ruled England, Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603. One play in particular – Anne of the Thousand Days – the story of Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn – was a hit on the stage in 1948, but did not reach movie screens for 21 years. It opened on Broadway starring Rex Harrison and Joyce Redman, and it became a 1969 movie with Richard Burton and Geneviève Bujold.

Elizabeth the Queen opened in 1930 with Lynn Fontanne as Elizabeth and Alfred Lunt as Lord Essex. It was adapted to the screen as The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), starring Bette Davis and Errol Flynn. Directed by John Ford, Mary of Scotland (1936) was an adaptation of his play of the same name involving Elizabeth I, starring Katharine Hepburn as Mary, Queen of Scots, Fredric March as the Earl of Bothwell, and Florence Eldridge as Elizabeth. The original play had been a hit on Broadway with Helen Hayes in the title role.

His play The Wingless Victory was written in verse and premiered in 1936 with Broadway actress Katharine Cornell in the lead role. It received mixed reviews.

Adaptations
Two of Anderson's other historical plays, Valley Forge, about George Washington's winter there with the Continental Army, and Barefoot in Athens, concerning the trial of Socrates, were adapted for television. Valley Forge was adapted for television on three occasions – in 1950, 1951 and 1975. Anderson wrote book and lyrics for two successful musicals with composer Kurt Weill. Knickerbocker Holiday, about the early Dutch settlers of New York, featured Walter Huston as Peter Stuyvesant. The show's standout number "September Song" became a popular standard. So did the title song of Anderson and Weill's Lost in the Stars, a story of South Africa based on the Alan Paton novel Cry, The Beloved Country. In 1950, Anderson and Weill began collaboration on a musical adaptation of Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn, but Weill died when only a few songs had been completed for it.

Saturday's Children, Anderson's long-running 1927 comedy-drama about married life,  in which Humphrey Bogart made an early appearance, was filmed three times – in 1929 as a part-talkie, in 1935 (in almost unrecognizable form) as a B-film Maybe It's Love, and again in 1940 under its original title, starring John Garfield in one of his few romantic comedies. The play was adapted for television in three condensed versions in 1950, 1952 and 1962.

His last successful Broadway stage play was 1954's The Bad Seed, Anderson's adaption of the William March novel. He was hired by Alfred Hitchcock to write the screenplay for Hitchcock's The Wrong Man (1957). Hitchcock also contracted with Anderson to write the screenplay for what became Vertigo (1958), but Hitchcock rejected his screenplay Darkling, I Listen.

Personal life and death
Anderson married Margaret Haskett, a classmate, on August 1, 1911 in Bottineau, North Dakota. They had three sons, Quentin, Alan, and Terence.

In 1929, Anderson wrote Gypsy, what would prove to be a prophetic play about a vain, neurotic liar who cheats on her husband then commits suicide by inhaling gas after he catches her. It is around this same time, circa 1930, that Anderson began a relationship with a married actress, Gertrude Higger (married name, Mab Maynard, stage name Mab Anthony). The affair led Anderson to split with Haskett, who later died in 1931 following a car accident and stroke.

Mab divorced her husband, singer Charles V. Maynard, and moved in with Anderson. She was a significant help with clerical duties, but had expensive tastes and spent Anderson's money freely. Their daughter Hesper was born August 1934. Anderson left Maynard following the discovery of her affair with Max's friend, TV producer Jerry Stagg. The combination of losing Anderson, their massive tax debt, and the loss of her home proved too much for Mab, who on March 21, 1953, after several unsuccessful attempts, committed suicide by breathing car exhaust. Hesper wrote a book, South Mountain Road: A Daughter's Journey of Discovery describing how following her mother's suicide, she unearthed the fact that her parents never married.

Anderson then married Gilda Hazard on June 6, 1954. This marriage was a happy one, lasting until Anderson's 1959 death.

Anderson was an atheist.

Anderson died in Stamford, Connecticut on February 28, 1959, two days after suffering a stroke, aged 70. He was cremated. Half of his ashes were scattered by the sea near his home in Stamford. The other half was buried in Anderson Cemetery near his birthplace in rural northwestern Pennsylvania. The inscription on his tombstone reads:      Children of dust astray among the stars Children of earth adrift upon the night What is there in our darkness or our light To linger in prose or claim a singing breath Save the curt history of life isled in death

Awards
Honorary awards include the gold medal in Drama from the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1954, an honorary doctor of literature degree from Columbia University in 1946, and an honorary doctor of humanities degree from the University of North Dakota in 1958.

Archive 
The largest collection of Maxwell Anderson's papers – over sixty boxes – is housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin and includes published and unpublished manuscript materials for plays, poems, and essays, as well as over 2,000 letters, diaries, financial papers, nearly 1,500 family photographs, and personal memorabilia are preserved along with 160 books from the playwright's library. The archive was placed at the Ransom Center in 1961 by Anderson's widow, Mrs. Gilda Hazard Anderson. Smaller collections of Anderson's papers can be found at institutions around the world, including the Chester Fritz Library, the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Works

Stage productions 

White Desert – 1923
What Price Glory – 1924 (with Laurence Stallings) – a war drama
First Flight – 1925 (with Laurence Stallings)
The Buccaneer – 1925 (with Laurence Stallings)
Outside Looking In – 1925
Saturday's Children – 1927
Gods of the Lightning – 1929 (with Harold Hickerson)
Gypsy – 1929 
Elizabeth the Queen – 1930 – a historical drama in blank verse
Night Over Taos – 1932
Both Your Houses – 1933 – Pulitzer Prize for Drama
Mary of Scotland – 1933 – a historical drama in blank verse
Valley Forge – 1934
Winterset – 1935 – New York Drama Critics' Circle Award
The Masque of Kings – 1936
The Wingless Victory – 1936
The Star-Wagon – 1937
High Tor – 1937 New York Drama Critics Circle Award
The Feast of Ortolans – 1937 – one-act play
Knickerbocker Holiday – 1938 – book and lyrics

Second Overture – 1938 – one-act play
Key Largo – 1939
Journey to Jerusalem – 1940
Candle in the Wind – 1941
The Miracle of the Danube – 1941 – one-act play
The Eve of St. Mark – 1942
Your Navy – 1942 – one-act play
Storm Operation – 1944
Letter to Jackie – 1944 – one-act play
Truckline Café – 1946
Joan of Lorraine (partially written in blank verse) – 1946
Anne of the Thousand Days – 1948 – a historical drama in blank verse
Lost in the Stars – 1949 – book and lyrics
Barefoot in Athens – 1951
The Bad Seed – 1954
High Tor – 1956 (TV score)
The Day the Money Stopped – 1958 – (with Brendan Gill)
The Golden Six – 1958

Filmography

What Price Glory – 1926 – film
Saturday's Children – 1929 – play
The Cock-Eyed World – 1929 – story
All Quiet on the Western Front – 1930 – adaptation & dialogue
The Guardsman – 1931 – one scene from Elizabeth the Queen is featured, just after the opening credits of the film
Rain – 1932 – adaptation
Washington Merry-Go-Round – 1932 – story
Death Takes a Holiday – 1934 (screenplay only; the play was written in Italian by Alberto Casella and translated into English by Walter Ferris)
We Live Again – 1934 – adaptation, from Tolstoy's Resurrection
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer – 1935 – uncredited contributing writer
Maybe It's Love – 1935 – play Saturday's Children
So Red the Rose – 1935 – screenplay
Mary of Scotland – 1936 – play
Winterset – 1936 – play
The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex – 1939 – play
Key Largo – 1939 – play (almost completely rewritten for the 1948 film of the same name)
Saturday's Children – 1940 – play
Knickerbocker Holiday – 1944 – play
The Eve of St. Mark – 1944 – play
Winterset – 1945 – TV – play

A la sombra del puente – 1946 – play
Joan of Lorraine - 1946 – play 
Joan of Arc – 1948 – screenplay (revised from the 1946 play Joan of Lorraine) 
Pulitzer Prize Playhouse – 1950 TV Series – play – four episodes
Celanese Theatre – 1951 TV Series – play – two episodes
What Price Glory? – 1952 – play
The Alcoa Hour – 1955 TV Series – play – episode "Key Largo"
The Bad Seed – 1956 – play
The Wrong Man – 1956 – novel The True Story of Christopher Emmanuel Balestrero
Never Steal Anything Small – 1959 – play The Devil's Hornpipe
Ben-Hur – 1959 – uncredited
Barefoot in Athens – 1966 – TV – play
The Star Wagon – 1967 – TV – play
Elizabeth the Queen – 1968 – TV – play
Anne of the Thousand Days – 1969 – play
Valley Forge – 1975 – TV – play
Lost in the Stars – 1974 – play
The Bad Seed – 1985 – TV – play
Meet Joe Black (1998) (earlier screenplay) (inspiration)

Lyrics 

"September Song" (from Knickerbocker Holiday)
"Lost in the Stars" (from Lost in the Stars)
"Cry, The Beloved Country"(from Lost in the Stars)
"When You're in Love"

"There's Nowhere to Go but Up"
"It Never Was You"
"Stay Well"
"Trouble Man" (from Lost in the Stars)
"Thousands of Miles"

Poetry and essays 

You Who Have Dreams – 1925 – poetry
The Essence of Tragedy and Other Footnotes and Papers – 1939 – essays

Off Broadway Essays About the Theatre – 1947 – essays
Notes on a Dream – 1972 – poetry

See also
 Maxwell L. Anderson

References

External links

Maxwell Anderson Papers and the Alfred S. Shivers Collection of Maxwell Anderson Research Materials at the Harry Ransom Center
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography vol. 60: pp. 323–325
Cox, Martha (1958, repr. 1974) Maxwell Anderson Bibliography Charlottesville, Virginia: Bibliographical Society.
Johnson, Alan (1986) Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement Six.  New York: Scribners. pp. 14–16 
Shivers, Alfred S. (1983) The Life of Maxwell Anderson. New York: Stein and Day. 
 
 
 
 
 Finding aid to Maxwell Anderson papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

1888 births
1959 deaths
American atheists
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
University of North Dakota alumni
Writers from Stamford, Connecticut
People from Jamestown, North Dakota
People from Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Writers from North Dakota
Writers from Pennsylvania
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
People from Andover, Ohio