Free solo climbing
Free solo climbing, or free soloing, is a form of rock climbing where the climbers (or free soloists) climb solo (or alone) without ropes or other protective equipment, using only their climbing shoes and their climbing chalk. Free soloing is the most dangerous form of climbing, and, unlike bouldering, free soloists climb above safe heights, where a fall can be fatal. Though many climbers have free soloed climbing grades they are very comfortable on, only a tiny group free solo regularly, and at grades closer to the limit of their abilities.  

Some climbers' profiles have been increased by free soloing (e.g. Alex Honnold and John Bachar), but some question the ethics of this, and whether the risks they are undertaking should be encouraged and commercially rewarded. "Free solo" was originally a term of climber slang, but after the popularity of the Oscar-winning film Free Solo, Merriam-Webster officially added the word to their English dictionary in September 2019.

In addition to free soloing on single-pitch and multi-pitch–including the even longer big wall climbing that features in the Free Solo film–rock climbs, free soloing is performed in a wide range of climbing types including, ice climbing  and mixed climbing (which feature in The Alpinist film), as well as setting speed climbing records on alpine climbing routes (i.e. a mixture of rock and ice climbing), which features in the Race to the Summit film.

Description

Free solo climbing (sometimes referred to as soloing in the UK, or third-classing in the US), is where the climber uses no climbing protection whatsoever (and as with all free climbing, no form of climbing aid is used either);  they may only use their climbing shoes and climbing chalk to ascend a single-pitch, or a multi-pitch/big wall climbing route.  Free solo climbing is a special form of free climbing but is different from the main forms of free climbing, sport climbing and traditional climbing, which use climbing protection for safety.  In theory bouldering is also free solo climbing (i.e. it also uses no aid or protection) but is usually not referred to as such except in the case of highball bouldering, where falls can be serious.  The most committing forms of free soloing are on multi-pitch climbing–and the even longer big wall climbing–routes, where any retreat is very difficult.

In alpine climbing the term solo climbing–as distinct from free solo climbing–can be used where the solo climber carries a rope and some aid climbing equipment to overcome some of the most difficult sections. In addition, the term rope soloing is used for any solo climber who uses a rope and a form of self-locking device for continuous climbing protection on the route; this is also not considered as free solo climbing.

Many early 20th-century rock climbers who began to free climb (i.e., avoiding any form of aid), were often practicing free solo climbing (or rope soloing), as the effectiveness of their climbing protection (usually a rope around their waist) was minimal.  In the history of rock climbing, the first ascent of Napes Needle by W. P. Haskett Smith in June 1886 – an act that is widely considered to be the start of the sport of rock climbing – was effectively a free solo.  Early leaders of free climbing such as Paul Preuss, were also strongly interested in free solo climbing as being ethically purer. The 1958 ascent by Don Whillans of Goliath, one of the world's first-ever E4 6a routes, was effectively a free solo (with a rope around his waist). By the 1970s, when climbing protection was sufficiently developed to be effective, the discipline of free solo climbing began to stand apart.

Public view

Many climbers praise free soloing, while others have concerns regarding the danger and the message the ascents send to other climbers. Many companies have taken these views into account when working with free soloists. Clif Bar, the nutrition bar company with long ties to climbing, dropped the sponsorship of five climbers in 2014, citing the risks they take and stirring a debate about how much risk should be rewarded.

However, The North Face and Red Bull have promoted free soloists and helped the free soloing community grow. In addition, Alex Honnold, a free soloist who was previously dropped by Clif Bar, was featured in the 2018 documentary Free Solo, which was met with critical acclaim and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.  The director of Free Solo, Jimmy Chin, talks in the film about the ethics of undertaking the documentary, and the effect that his film team and project could have had on the outcome.

Even in the climbing community, free soloing is controversial.  In 2022, when Climbing did a feature on free soloing, they caveated all articles with: "This article is not an endorsement of the practice", and emphasized that in their research amongst climbers, it was only practiced by a very small minority, with many telling Climbing: "I have in the past but not anymore".

Notable climbers

While many rock climbers have free soloed routes (single-pitch or big wall/multi-pitch), at climbing grades well below their ability, a very small minority have practiced free soloing regularly, and at grades closer to their overall limits.  The most prominent of this smaller group are those who have broken new grade milestones in free solo climbing and gained a significant profile from their soloing:

 Alex Honnold – the most prolific and well-known free soloist of the 21st century, whose 2017 free solo of the route  Freerider  on El Capitan became the iconic film, Free Solo.
 Hansjörg Auer – the prolific big wall and high-altitude big wall free soloist, whose 2007 free solo of Fish Route was then the most daring in climbing history.  
 Michael Reardon – prolific free soloist whose 2005 free solo of Romantic Warrior won him National Geographic'''s "Adventurer of the Year".
 Alexander Huber – the strongest rock climber of the 1990s, who set free solo grade milestones in both single-pitch free soloing (with Kommunist), and big wall free soling (with the Brandler-Hasse Direttissima).
 Alain Robert – the early 1990s and 2000s pioneer of buildering, but who also broke important new free solo grade milestones in the 1990s.
 Wolfgang Güllich – strongest rock climber of the late 1980s who set free solo milestones (Weed Killer), and did the iconic solo of Separate Reality.
 Catherine Destivelle – leading female of the late 1980s, who made iconic free solos in single-pitch (El Matador), and big wall (Bonatti Pillar).
 Patrick Edlinger – leading European free soloist of the 1980s, with iconic big wall free solos in the Verdon Gorge and Buoux, as featured in the 1982 climbing film, La Vie au bout des doigts.
  – prolific free soloist whose 1985 free solo of Revelations in England jumped several grade milestones in free solo climbing.
 Peter Croft – a prolific Canadian free soloist of the 1980s, who pioneered big wall free soloing with The Rostrum and Astroman.
 John Bachar – first free solo "superstar" and prolific American soloist of the late 1970s/early 1980s, who pioneered big wall soloing (Nabisco Wall).
In addition, a number of other free solo practitioners are considered historically notable and include:  Patrick Edlinger, Ron Fawcett, Brad Gobright, Dan Goodwin, Colin Haley, Derek Hersey, Jimmy Jewell, John Long, Dave MacLeod, Dan Osman, Dean Potter, Paul Preuss, and Tobin Sorenson.

Free soloing is less common amongst female rock climbers, however, as well as Catherine Destivelle, the following female climbers are historically notable free solo practitioners: Steph Davis and Brette Harrington, both of whom who have free soloed single-pitch and big wall routes.

Evolution of grade milestones

Single-pitch routes

 2019 : Relatively unknown Italian climber Alfredo Webber, aged 52, free soloed Panem et Circenses in Arco, Italy, first-ever free solo of an .

 2004 : Alexander Huber free soloed Kommunist in the Tyrol, Austria; the first-ever free solo at grade . 

 1993 : Alain Robert free soloed Compilation in Omblèze, France; the first-ever free solo of an  graded route.

 1987 : Jean-Christophe Lafaille free soloed Rêve de gosse, at La Roche-des-Arnauds, France; considered the first-ever free solo at the grade of .

 1986 : Wolfgang Güllich free soloed Weed Killer, at Raven Tor, in the Peak District, first-ever free solo at ; that same year, Gullich also did the iconic solo of Separate Reality .

 1985 :  free soloed Revelations, at Raven Tor, Peak District, the first-ever free solo at ; considered a feat that was a decade ahead of its time.

 1982 : John Bachar free soloed Baby Apes, at Joshua Tree National Park, probably the first-ever free solo at .

Big wall, multi-pitch routes

 2017 : Alex Honnold free soloed El Capitan via Freerider, first-ever big wall solo at ; becomes Oscar-winning film, Free Solo).
 2007 : Hansjörg Auer free soloed Fish Route, on Marmolada, in the Dolomites, Italy, first-ever big wall solo at  (35-pitches). 

 2005 : Michael Reardon free soloed, onsight, Romantic Warrior in the Sierra Nevada, USA, first-ever big wall solo at  (10-pitches); wins National Geographic "Adventurer of the Year".  

 2002 : Alexander Huber free soloed, the 1,500 ft Hasse-Brandler on the Cima Grande, Dolomites, first-ever big wall solo at .

Climber fatalities

A number of notable free solo practitioners have died while free soloing:
 Paul Preuss (3 October 1913; age 27) died in 300m fall from the attempted first ascent of the North Ridge of the Mandlkogel (in the Gosaukamm) as a free solo.
 Jimmy Jewell died (31 October 1987; age 34) free soloing the easy route Poor Man's Peuterey (graded UK-Severe) at Tremadog, North Wales taking a short-cut.
 Derek Hersey died (28 May 1993; age 36) while free soloing the Steck-Salathé Route on Sentinel Rock in Yosemite.
 Dwight Bishop fell (19 July 2004; age 49) while climbing alone and unroped along the Grand Traverse route on Grand Teton peak in Wyoming.
 John Bachar died (5 July 2009; age 52) in a free solo accident at Dike Wall near Mammoth Lakes, California.
 Michael J. Ybarra died (July 2012; age 45) climbing solo on The Matterhorn Peak in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.Climbing magazine reported that a number of prominent free solo practitioners died in related or other extreme sports, including: Dan Osman (died at age 35 while rope jumping at Yosemite), Michael Reardon (died age 42 while rock climbing sea cliffs when he was carried out to sea by a rogue wave), Dean Potter (died age 43 while wingsuit flying when he crashed at Yosemite), Brad Gobright (died age 31 while abseiling at Potrero Chico), and Hansjorg Auer (died age 35 in an avalanche at Howse Peak).

Related genres

Alpine speed solo climbing: Some leading alpine climbers have set speed climbing records on classic alpine climbing routes–particularly the six great north faces of the Alps–that are done as free solos as using ropes and other protection would take too long.  Notable alpine free solo speed climbers include Ueli Steck and Dani Arnold, whose rivalry was featured in the 2021 film, Race to the Summit.
 Buildering: Some free soloists scale buildings, such as Alain Robert ("The French Spider-Man"), and Dan Goodwin ("Skyscraperman"), who have scaled dozens of skyscrapers around the world—a sport known as buildering—without any safety equipment.
 Deep-water soloing (DWS), is a subtype of free solo climbing performed on rock faces overhanging water where in the case of a fall, the climber lands in the water.  Deep-water routes can involve falls of , and thus a risk of serious injury.  Noted DWS climbers include Chris Sharma.
 FreeBASEing, is a subtype of free solo climbing performed on long multi-pitch big wall routes with a BASE jumping parachute as the sole means of protection, where a falling climber opens their parachute to arrest their fall.  FreeBASEing was pioneered by Dean Potter.
 Highball bouldering, is where the boulder exceeds  in height, and therefore any fall, even where bouldering mats are used, presents a risk of serious injury.  Where highball bouldering ends and free soloing begins is a source of debate amongst climbers.
 Ice climbing: Some ice climbers are notable for ice free soloing, as well as mixed free soloing.  As well as the specific risks of free soloing, ice-free soloing brings the additional serious and unpredictable risk of parts of the ice route spontaneously breaking off.  Notable contemporary ice-free soloists include the late Marc-André Leclerc, whose free solo ice climbing on the Stanley Headwall features in the 2021 film, The Alpinist, and Dani Arnold.

In film
A number of notable films have been made focused on free solo climbing (both on rock and on ice) including: 
 Race to the Summit, a 2023 documentary film about the rivalry between Ueli Steck and Dani Arnold in setting solo alpine speed records.
 The Alpinist, a 2021 documentary film about the late Canadian alpinist Marc-André Leclerc, featuring various free solo ice and alpine ascents.Free Solo, a 2018 Netflix documentary film about Alex Honnold's free solo climb of Freerider  on El Capitan.King Lines, a 2007 documentary film about Chris Sharma, featuring his free solo climb of the DWS route, Es Pontàs , in Mallorca.Hard Grit, a 1998 documentary film about rock climbing on gritstone routes in the British Peak District, which features free soloing.

See also

Free climbing
Rope soloing
Solo climbing

Notes

References

External links
VIDEO: Catherine Destivelle Free Soloing Devils Tower, Wyoming, Rock & Ice'' (February 2018)

Types of climbing
Free solo climbing