Szlama Grzywacz
Szlama Grzywacz (1909-1944) was one of the members of the French resistance executed at the fort of Mont Valérien as a member of the Manouchian group, a volunteer of the French liberation army FTP-MOI. His name is one of the ten which featured on the Affiche Rouge displayed by the Germans during the trial of the 23 captured members of the Manouchian group. His photograph is displayed with the caption Grzywacz juif polonais 2 attentats (Grzywacz, Polish Jew, 2 attacks). Biography Early years Szlama Grzywacz was born in Wołomin, Poland in 1909, to a working-class family. He was obliged to work from a young age. At 16 years old, he joined the youth wing of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP), where he became an active militant. In 1931, he was arrested by the regime of Józef Piłsudski and condemned to five years in prison. Invigorated by his incarceration, he resumed his activism on release. His friends advised him to leave Poland to escape persecution by the police. Grzywacz arrived in Paris in 1936 but soon left for Spain, where he fought in the International Brigades against General Francisco Franco's revolt and the worldwide threat of fascism. After the defeat of the republican army, he spent time in the concentration camps of Gurs and et Argelès-sur-Mer, but managed to get away. Second world war In the German occupation of France during World War II, Grzywacz became active in the underground trade unionism movement. He organized Jewish workers in the fur industry. However, he regarded this work to be too sedate for him, and joined the FTP-MOI where he fought against the Germans. He slipped between the fingers of the Gestapo during their massive arrest operation against foreign fighters. Grzywacz' experience as a fighter for republican Spain and the Francs-Tireurs prepared him for the suffering he was to endure when he was brought before a German military tribunal, sentenced to death, and executed on the 21 February 1944 at Mont Valérien. See also Francs-tireurs et partisans - Main-d'œuvre immigrée Affiche rouge Brigades Spéciales Geheime Feld Polizei Bibliography FFI - FTPF, Pages de gloire des vingt-trois (Pages of glory of the 23), Immigration, 1951 (French). External links The daily life of a "Terrorist" (French) Discussion between André Santini and Henry Karayan (French) 1909 births 1944 deaths People from Wołomin Jews in the French resistance FTP-MOI Polish communists Members of the Francs-tireurs et partisans Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany Jewish communists International Brigades personnel Polish people executed by Nazi Germany Executed people from Masovian Voivodeship Affiche Rouge Polish emigrants to France Prisoners and detainees of Poland Communists executed by Nazi Germany People executed at Fort Mont-Valérien