Al-Habash
⇗ Al-Habash (, , Sabaic: ḤBS²T) was an ancient region in the Horn of Africa situated in the northern highlands of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. The term continues to be used in the Middle east and surrounding regions in reference to modern-day Ethiopia and traveled to Europe where it took on the Latin form Abyssinia Although originally used to refer to the Ethio-Semitic language speaking Orthodox Christian population of modern day northern Ethiopia, in parts of the Middle East and South Asia the term Habshi would grow to encompass all East Africans irrespective of ethno-religious or regional backgroundss Origin The term derives from Semitic languages: Ge'ez: Ḥabäśät, first written in the vowelless Ge'ez Abjad as ሐበሠተ, romanized: ḤBŚT; Sabaean: ḤBS²T. One of the earliest known local uses of the term dates to the second or third century Sabaean inscription recounting the nəgus ("king") GDRT of Aksum and ḤBŠT. The Ezana Stone also has an early mention of HBŚT. The early Semitic term appears to refer to a group of peoples, rather than a specific ethnicity. The Al-Habash were known in Islamic literature as being rulers of a Christian kingdom, guaranteeing its a historical exonym for the Axumites of antiquity. In the modern day, variations of the term are used in Turkey, Iran, and the Arab World in reference to Ethiopia and as a pan-ethnic word in the west by the Amhara, Tigray, and Biher-Tigrinya of Eritrea and Ethiopia (see: Habesha peoples). The Turks created the province of Habesh when the Ottoman Empire conquered parts of the coastline of present-day Eritrea starting in 1557. During this, Özdemir Pasha took the port city of Massawa and the adjacent city of Arqiqo. Along with the neighboring Barbaroi (Berbers) of Barbara, the Habash are recorded in the 1st century Greek travelogue the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as engaging in extensive commercial trade with Egypt, among other areas. The document also relates a strong connection with the "Frankincense Country" in the Mahra region of modern Yemen and a symbiotic relationship with the ancient Sabaeans, with whom the Habash were allied. Etymology Due to the ancient nature of the term, the etymology and meaning of Al-Habash are unknown, but some scholars have defined it as being in reference to a fertile region "plenty in olives." According to South Arabian expert Eduard Glaser, the Egyptian hieroglyphic referring to the people that they traded with in Punt as , "the bearded ones" is the origin of the name. Francis Breyer also believes the Egyptian demonym to be the source of the Semitic term. Modern Usage A list of exonyms for the modern country of Ethiopia derived from the historical region include: Habaś - हबश (Hindi), Habeš (Czech), Habeşistan (Turkish), Habsha - حبشہ (Urdu), Həbəşistan (Azeri), and Khabash - חבש‎ (Hebrew). See also Ethiopian Empire Ethiopian Highlands Habesha people Horn of Africa References Historical regions Horn of Africa