Zespół Filmowy „X”
Zespół Filmowy „X” is a Polish film production studio, inaugurated on New Year's Day, 1972. The studio's formation was the brainchild of acclaimed Polish director Andrzej Wajda, who served as the Artistic Director for the duration of the studio's existence. History At this time in Poland, the custom of the Communist government's cultural authorities was to separate film production in to teams that functioned also as film schools for the novices in their employ. In the beginning, this was usually done regionally. It was also something of a reward system for the country's most highly regarded film directors, who were offered appointments as artistic director of the various teams. In late 1970 or early 1971, the Polish cultural authorities approached Andrzej Wajda, at that time enjoying a particularly fecund episode in his career coming off a string of international successes, with the possibility of directing one of these teams. After some hesitation, Wajda cautiously accepted this promotion. Directing these teams was a tripartite affair and Wajda quickly surrounded himself with energetic young talents, appointing Barbara Pec-Ślesicka head of production and Constantine Puzyna as the team's literary director. In 1973, Puzyna stepped down and was replaced by Bolesław Michałek. Wajda, Pec-Ślesicka, and Michałek remained in these positions until May 1983, when in a period of martial law the team was forcibly shut down by the Polish government in retaliation for the political positions adopted by the team as manifested in the team's film product and in Wajda's, in particular, identification with the Solidarity (Polish trade union) movement. Zespół Filmowy X's first production was the second film of enfant terrible Andrzej Żuławski, Diabeł (The Devil). This film - a lavish and diabolically surrealistic depiction of the effects of the aftermath of the Kościuszko Uprising and the Third Partition of Poland on a once noble-family in a bleak, wintry Polish countryside - was met immediately with stern condemnation from the Polish cultural authorities. The film existed under a state of suppression until 1987, when the film was finally released after the hardline of the government softened due to increasing pressure from within to open the society. This picture set the tone for the bulk of Zespół Filmowy X's output: challenging pictures with high artistic standards. The fallout from Diabeł's suppression earned greater scrutiny for the team from the authorities, Żuławski's departure for France and a climate of relaxed control, and exclusion of the team from cinemas, which had the effect of relegating for a time all the team's production to television. Throughout the studio's existence these standards were maintained and the team produced several acclaimed pictures from several notable directors. The studio reached the pinnacle of cinematic achievement when Wajda's film Man of Iron collected the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival. Of Zespół Filmowy X's atmosphere of openness, director Ryszard Bugajski recalled that: Our team, as indeed this was true of all the teams, divisions, affiliates, unions, and delegations in Poland, was a