Cândida Ventura
Cândida Ventura (1918 - 2015) was a political activist against the Portuguese Estado Novo regime and a political prisoner. She was the first woman to hold a leadership position in the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). Early life Cândida Margarida Ventura was born in the city of Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), in Portuguese Mozambique, on 30 June 1918. She was the daughter of a railway official, António Ventura, and a primary-school teacher, Clementina de Deus Franco Pires Ventura. Shortly after her birth the family returned to Portugal, settling in Caldas de Monchique in the Algarve, where her father worked in the spa town. At the age of 11, Ventura went to study in Lisbon, being supported by a schoolteachers' organization. After completing high school, she entered the Faculty of Arts of the University of Lisbon, where she studied Historical-Philosophical Sciences. One of her friends there was the writer and painter , who wrote a poem called The ballad of separated friends, in which he referred to her as "Joana with clear eyes". At university she also met Fernando Piteira Santos. The two married but the marriage lasted less than a year. Early activism Influenced by the Spanish Civil War, she joined the Brigada Anti-Fascista Femenil (Women’s Anti-fascist Brigade - BAFF), the Portuguese Communist Youth, the Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas (National Council of Portuguese Women – CNMP), the Associação Feminina Portuguesa para a Paz (Portuguese Women's Association for Peace - AFPP) and Socorro Vermelho Internacional (International Red Aid), an aid organization established by the Communist International. She also worked with the future PCP leader, Álvaro Cunhal, as part of the editorial team of the weekly magazine O Diabo, which was published between 1934 and 1940, before being closed by the regime's censors. Clandestine for 18 years After completing the degree work she started in Lisbon at the University of Coimbra in 1943, Ventura went underground, living a clandestine existence at the request of José Gregório, a member of the Central Committee of the PCP. One of her functions was to support the secretariat of the Central Committee. She used various pseudonyms, including Joana, Rosa, André, and Rosário. In 1946, she was the first woman to join the Central Committee. In that year she began publication of Tres Paginas, a bulletin for communist women working underground, which from 1956 took on the name A Voz das Camaradas das Casas do Partido (The Voice of the Comrades of the Party Houses). Arrest and detention In the 1950s, Ventura became responsible for the PCP in the north of the country. It was at this time that she was accused of factionalism, when she disagreed with the statutes and the programme being planned by the party. As a consequence, she was temporarily removed from the Central Committee, although she returned in 1957. In 1958 she travelled illegally to the Soviet Union, where her first doubts about the communist regime began to emerge. Returning to Portugal, and still in hiding, she assumed responsibility for student and