Bank of England note issues
The Bank of England, which is now the central bank of the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories, has issued banknotes since 1694. In 1921 the Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the ability of other banks to issue notes was restricted. Banknotes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855. Since 1970, the Bank of England's notes have featured portraits of British historical figures. Of the eight banks authorised to issue sterling notes in the UK, only the Bank of England can issue banknotes in England and Wales, where its notes are legal tender. Bank of England notes are not legal tender in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but are always accepted by traders. The Bank of England now issues notes, all in polymer, in four denominations – £5, £10, £20 and £50. Current banknotes The notes now in circulation all feature a portrait of the late Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. The Bank of England unveiled new notes, in the same design but featuring the new monarch, Charles III, on 20 December 2022. They are expected to enter circulation in mid-2024. There are currently four different denominations of notes – £5, £10, £20 and £50. Each value has its own distinct colour scheme and the size of each note increases in length and width as the value increases. The notes currently in circulation are as follows: Features All current Bank of England banknotes are printed by contract with De La Rue at Debden, Essex. They include the printed signature of the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England, Sarah John, for notes issued since mid-2018, and depict Queen Elizabeth II in full view, facing left. On the left-hand side of the Series F £20 and £50 notes there is a hidden watermark, featuring the Queen facing right. The £5, £10, £20 and £50 polymer notes do not contain a watermark. More recent issues also include the EURion constellation, a pattern of yellow circles which stops copying of banknotes and is easily identified by photocopiers. Queen Elizabeth II has appeared on all the notes issued since Series C in 1960. The custom of depicting historical figures on the reverse began in 1970 with Series D, designed by the Bank of England's first permanent artist, Harry Eccleston. Withdrawn notes History The Bank of England has not always had a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales. Until the middle of the 19th century, private banks in Great Britain and Ireland were free to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation. Over the years, various Acts of Parliament were introduced by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to increase confidence in banknotes in circulation by