Procurator (Russia)
The Procurator (, prokuror) was an office initially established in 1722 by Peter the Great, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire, as part of reforms to bring the Russian Orthodox Church more directly under his control. The Russian word also has the meaning of prosecutor. The Chief Procurator (also Ober-Procurator; обер-прокурор, ober-prokuror) was the official title of the head of the Most Holy Synod, effectively the lay head of the Russian Orthodox Church, and a member of the Tsar's cabinet. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former tutor both of Alexander III and of Nicholas II, was one of the most powerful men to hold the post, from 1880 to 1905. The General Procurator (Procurator General) and the Chief Procurator were major supervisory positions in the Russian Governing Senate, which functioned from 1711 to 1917, with their meaning changing over time. Eventually Chief Procurator became the title of the head of a department of the Senate. List of Most Holy Synod Ober-Procurators 1722–1725 Ivan Boltin 1725–1730 Aleksei Baskakov 1730–1740 no appointments 1740–1741 Nikita Krechetnikov 1741–1753 Yakov Shakhovskoy 1753–1758 Afanasiy Lvov 1758–1763 Aleksei Kozlovskiy 1763–1768 Ivan Melissino 1768–1774 Pyotr Chebyshyov 1774–1786 Sergei Akchurin 1786–1791 Apollos Naumov 1791–1797 Aleksei Musin-Pushkin 1797–1799 Vasiliy Khovanskiy 1799–1802 Dmitry Khvostov 1802–1803 Aleksandr Yakovlev 1803–1817 Aleksandr Golitsyn 1817–1833 Pyotr Meshcherskiy 1833–1836 Stepan Nechayev 1836–1855 Nikolay Protasov 1855–1856 Aleksandr Karasevskiy 1856–1862 Aleksandr Tolstoy 1862–1865 Aleksei Akhmatov 1865–1880 Dmitry Tolstoy 1880–1905 Konstantin Pobedonostsev 1905–1906 Aleksei Obolenskiy 1906–1906 Aleksei Shirinskiy-Shikhmatov 1906–1909 Pyotr Izvolskiy 1909–1911 Sergei Lukianov 1911–1915 Vladimir Sabler 1915–1915 Aleksandr Samarin 1915–1916 Alexander Volzhin 1916–1917 Nikolai Raev 1917–1917 Vladimir Lvov 1917–1917 Anton Kartashev See also Procurator General of the USSR Government of the Russian Empire Titles Most Holy Synod