Livewire Segmentation Technique
Livewire, is a segmentation technique which allows a user to select regions of interest to be extracted quickly and accurately, using simple mouse clicks. It is based on the lowest cost path algorithm, by Edsger W. Dijkstra. Firstly convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Each pixel of the resulting image is a vertex of the graph and has edges going to the 4 pixels around it, as up, down, left, right. The edge costs are defined based on a cost function. In 1995, Eric N. Mortensen and William A. Barrett made some extension work on livewire segmentation tool, which is known as Intelligent Scissors. Livewire segmentation The user sets the starting point clicking on an image's pixel, known as an anchor. Then, as he starts to move the mouse over other points, the smallest cost path is drawn from the anchor to the pixel where the mouse is over, changing itself if the user moves the mouse. If he wants to choose the path that is being displayed, he simply clicks the image again. One can easily see in the right image, that the places where the user clicked to outline the desired region of interest are marked with a small square. It is also easy to see that the livewire has snapped on the image's borders. Livewire algorithm Convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Using this filtered image create a graph using pixels as nodes with edges in four directions (up, down, left right). Edges are weighted with features gathered from the Sobel filter making it less costly to stay on an edge. Several different cost methods are possible but the most important is the gradient magnitude Live-Wire 2-D DP graph search algorithm in pseudocode algorithm Livewire is input: s {Start (or seed) pixel.} l(q, r) {Local cost function for link between pixels q and r.} data structures: L {List of active pixels sorted by total cost (initially empty).} N(q) {Neighborhood set of q (contains 8 neighbors of pixel).} e(q) {Boolean function indicating if q has been expanded/processed.} g(q) {Total cost function from seed point to q.} output: p {Pointers from each pixel indicating the minimum cost path.} g(s) ← 0; L ← s; {Initialize active list with zero cost seed pixel.} while L≠∅ do begin {While still points to expand.} q ← min(L); {Remove minimum cost pixel q from active list.} e(q) ← TRUE; {Mark q as expanded (i.e., processed).} for each r∈N(q) such that not e(r) do begin gtmp ←g(q) + l(q, r); {Compute total cost to neighbor.} if r∈L and gtmp < g(r) then {Remove higher cost neighbor's from list.} r ← L; if r∉L then begin {If neighbor not on list, } g(r) ← gtmp; {assign neighbor's total cost, } p(r) ← q; {set (or reset) back pointer, } L ← r; {and place on (or return to) active list.} end end end Extension to 3D In 2010, Leo Grady extended the Livewire algorithm to 3D. This