Peterloo (overture)
Peterloo, Op. 97, is a concert overture by Malcolm Arnold written in 1968 to commemorate the centenary of the first meeting of the Trades Union Congress. It is a programme piece which depicts the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. It was given a mixed reception by critics, but has nevertheless become one of Arnold's best-known works, being arranged several times for wind or brass band, recorded many times, and played twice at the Proms, once in its original form and once in a choral arrangement to words by Sir Tim Rice. Programme The overture depicts the events of 16 August 1819 in St Peter's Fields, Manchester, where a peaceful outdoor meeting called to debate the subject of political reform was interrupted by the Yeomanry, a cavalry force which had been sent in by local magistrates. Attempting to arrest the speaker, Henry "Orator" Hunt, they charged the crowd, causing a panic which resulted, according to Arnold, in the death of eleven people and injuries to 400 more. Arnold wrote that "This Overture attempts to portray these happenings musically, but after a lament for the killed and injured, it ends in triumph, in the firm belief that all those who have suffered and died in the cause of unity amongst mankind, will not have died so in vain". He also noted that he "tried to draw a parallel with the riots I see happening today". Structure The overture has a tripartite structure. The first part begins with a nobile theme in C major scored for unison strings harmonized by trombones, tuba, harp and basses. It then moves to a second theme for woodwind and harp before reprising the first one. A jarring percussion rhythm makes itself heard over this nobile theme, and ushers in the work's second part, which comprises a struggle between various short and violent themes in which brass and percussion figure prominently. The time signature becomes (a conventional way of representing galloping cavalry) and rises to fortissimo until a single tam-tam stroke introduces a short lament. The third part of the overture reprises first the woodwind theme of the first part and then the whole of the first part, ending in a triumphal mood. Premiere Peterloo was commissioned from Arnold by the Trades Union Congress to commemorate the 100th anniversary of its first meeting. It was first performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by the composer, in the Royal Festival Hall, London, on 7 June 1968. Reception Early reviews of the score were mixed. Stephen Banfield judged that "it lacks any recognizable coherence that could focus and purge the emotions in the depiction of tragedy. It might have been serviceable as film music, but I see no future for the piece in the concert hall." Peter J. Pirie, conceding that "the music certainly makes up in fervour what it lacks in depth", called it "a romantic overture as good as most and better than some very popular examples of the kind". Reviews of recordings have been similarly varied. One