3-3 duoprism
In the geometry of 4 dimensions, the 3-3 duoprism or triangular duoprism is a four-dimensional convex polytope. It can be constructed as the Cartesian product of two triangles and is the simplest of an infinite family of four-dimensional polytopes constructed as Cartesian products of two polygons, the duoprisms. It has 9 vertices, 18 edges, 15 faces (9 squares, and 6 triangles), in 6 triangular prism cells. It has Coxeter diagram , and symmetry , order 72. Its vertices and edges form a rook's graph. Hypervolume The hypervolume of a uniform 3-3 duoprism, with edge length a, is . This is the square of the area of an equilateral triangle, . Graph The graph of vertices and edges of the 3-3 duoprism has 9 vertices and 18 edges. Like the Berlekamp–van Lint–Seidel graph and the unknown solution to Conway's 99-graph problem, every edge is part of a unique triangle and every non-adjacent pair of vertices is the diagonal of a unique square. It is a toroidal graph, a locally linear graph, a strongly regular graph with parameters (9,4,1,2), the rook's graph, and the Paley graph of order 9. This graph is also the Cayley graph of the group with generating set . Images Symmetry In 5-dimensions, some uniform 5-polytopes have 3-3 duoprism vertex figures, some with unequal edge-lengths and therefore lower symmetry: The birectified 16-cell honeycomb also has a 3-3 duoprism vertex figure. There are three constructions for the honeycomb with two lower symmetries. Related complex polygons The regular complex polytope 3{4}2, , in has a real representation as a 3-3 duoprism in 4-dimensional space. 3{4}2 has 9 vertices, and 6 3-edges. Its symmetry is 3[4]2, order 18. It also has a lower symmetry construction, , or 3{}×3{}, with symmetry 3[2]3, order 9. This is the symmetry if the red and blue 3-edges are considered distinct. Related polytopes 3-3 duopyramid The dual of a 3-3 duoprism is called a 3-3 duopyramid or triangular duopyramid. It has 9 tetragonal disphenoid cells, 18 triangular faces, 15 edges, and 6 vertices. It can be seen in orthogonal projection as a 6-gon circle of vertices, and edges connecting all pairs, just like a 5-simplex seen in projection. orthogonal projection Related complex polygon The regular complex polygon 2{4}3 has 6 vertices in with a real representation in matching the same vertex arrangement of the 3-3 duopyramid. It has 9 2-edges corresponding to the connecting edges of the 3-3 duopyramid, while the 6 edges connecting the two triangles are not included. It can be seen in a hexagonal projection with 3 sets of colored edges. This arrangement of vertices and edges makes a complete bipartite graph with each vertex from one triangle is connected to every vertex on the other. It is also called a Thomsen graph or 4-cage. See also 3-4 duoprism Tesseract (4-4 duoprism) 5-5 duoprism Convex regular 4-polytope Duocylinder Notes References Regular Polytopes, H. S. M. Coxeter, Dover Publications, Inc., 1973, New York, p. 124. Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications,