Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere
At the Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security, hosted by Canada in Toronto, Ontario, starting on 27 to 30 June 1988, the 300 participants—including policy makers, international scientists, non-governmental and governmental organizations, and United Nations organizations—issued a warning at the conclusion of the conference that humans had unintentionally triggered uncontrolled changes to the atmosphere that if left unchecked could ultimately lead to "consequences could be second only to a global nuclear war." The Toronto Conference took place in the same week that James Hansen, who served as director of NASA's Manhattan-based Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) from 1981 to 2013, had cautioned in his 23 June 1988 testimony before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, that it was 99% certain that the global "warming trend was not a natural variation" but was the result of by a "buildup" of and other "artificial gases in the atmosphere." The Conference "launched" discussions of potential international action and public policy responses to climate change which included early targets for emission reductions. Overview Then Prime Minister of Canada, Brian Mulroney gave the opening address and Tom McMillan, then Minister of the Environment, gave the closing address. Gro Harlem Brundtland, who had served from 1983 to 1987 as chair of the World Commission on Environment and Development, established by the United Nations, presented the key note address on Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, —a 300-page 1987 Brundtland Report report by the commission, entitled "Our Common Future". The conference included special addresses, key note and luncheon speeches, and deliberations. Various conference documents and reports were produced including the "final statement, working group reports, a background document by J. Jaeger and a statement prepared by the non-governmental organizations." Topics discussed included climate change, greenhouses, ozone, air pollutants, global warming, sustainable development, pollution, and water resources. The 1988 Toronto Conference took place in the same week that James D. Hansen director of NASA's Manhattan-based Institute for Space Studies cautioned in his 23 June 1988 testimony before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources that it was 99% certain that the global "warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere." From 27 to 30 June, ...a "World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security" gathered hundreds of scientists and others in Toronto. They concluded that the changes in the atmosphere due to human pollution "represent a major threat to international security and are already having harmful consequences over many parts of the globe," and declared that by 2005 the world would be well-advised to push its emissions some 20% below the 1988 level. Starting on 30 June 1988, Stephen Lewis chaired the international Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere with 300 scientists from around the world in attendance. The "first global scientific consensus" that the world was "entering an era of unprecedented climate change" emerged from