Penstemon haydenii
Penstemon haydenii, the blowout penstemon or blowout beardtongue, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Penstemon and the family Plantaginaceae. The warm-season perennial is native to nine counties in the Nebraska Sand Hills and a single location in Carbon County, Wyoming. The plant has a milky blue color with a waxy cuticle, pale purple leaves, and an alternating leaf pattern with one central stalk. The flowers, while in the inflorescence stage, originate from the bases of the leaves of the plant. Blowout penstemon flowers from May until early June and drops its seeds from late August into September. P. haydenii grows on bare sand dunes. It is resistant to the abrasive forces of the blowing sands due to its incorporation of a protective thick waxy cuticle. Other plants are often cut down by the scouring sands as they sprout. Another adaptive feature for the blowout penstemon is the lifespan of the seeds. The seeds dropped in late summer can remain viable in a seedbank buried in the sandy soils for decades. Prolonged wet conditions and abrasion are required for breaking dormancy and for seed germination. The plant is primarily an out-crosser, although studies show that it is potentially self-fertile. Distribution and habitat Blowout penstemon was only known from the Sandhills of western Nebraska until the recent discovery of limited populations in Wyoming. It is found exclusively in sandy locations with little to no vegetation present, such as blowouts, hence its name. Due to the uncompetitive nature of the plant it is easily outcompeted by other plants in the succession scheme. The ever-shifting sandy soils of the Sandhills provide blowout penstemon with an ideal environment, since there is little to no competition for water, nutrients, and sunlight. The plant colonises such areas as a pioneer species and thus promotes ecological succession. Conservation Endangered status Blowout penstemon was declared an endangered species on September 1, 1987, due to its small numbers and habitat limitations. The direct cause of the reduced habitat is partly due to improvement of land management practices and control of fire in the Sandhills. Prior to the changes in management practices, land owners often unintentionally created blowout conditions with incorrect implementation of livestock grazing densities, essentially by overstocking. In addition, there was no consistent blowout control protocol. Current management practices often follow a more concise grazing scheme that promotes the improvement of range conditions and the reduction of habitat loss for blowout penstemon. Diminished wildfire regimes in the Sandhills have also had detrimental effects on habitat for blowout penstemon. Fire acts as a means for removing debris and litter from the soil surface, opening up the bare soil to wind erosion. This increase in wind erosion causes growing conditions for other plants to be more unfavorable, reducing competition from other species to the advantage of blowout penstemon. As artificial control of wildfires becomes more widespread, it promotes the development of the dunes to rangeland and thereby the elimination of blowout sites. Fire in the Sandhills has been