Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara
Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara (1715–1810) was an Irish schoolmaster of a hedge school, Jacobite propagandist, anti-hero in Irish folklore, and composer of poetry in both Munster Irish and in the Irish language outside Ireland. Life He was born into the Irish clan Mac Conmara at Cratloe (), County Clare (). According to the oral tradition, Donnchadh Ruadh left Ireland and studied abroad to enter the priesthood of the still illegal and underground Catholic Church in Ireland, but was expelled from the Irish College in Rome and then spent several years wandering in Catholic Europe. Following his return to Ireland through the port of Waterford (), the poet settled in the Sliabh gCua district between the Comeraghs () and Knockmealdown Mountains () of County Waterford, where he remains a well-known anti-hero in local Irish folklore. Around 1741, he was appointed assistant master of the illegal Catholic hedge school at Seskinane, near Touraneena (), County Waterford. He is said locally to have been highly talented at Gaelic games and to have once led his students to victory upon the pitch against a rival hurling team from a neighbouring district. He is said to have sailed for Newfoundland () around 1743. Donnchadh Ruadh was a notorious rake and allegedly fled to Newfoundland to escape the wrath of a local man whose daughter the poet had impregnated. During his residence at the port of St. John's (), Mac Conmara composed multiple Irish-language poems, including praises of Newfoundland and war poetry promoting the Jacobite rising of 1745. Even though the mixing of languages in verse is now generally assumed to date only from the radical innovations of early 20th-century Modernist poetry, Mac Conmara composed a poem in St. John's with alternating lines in Newfoundland English and Munster Irish. The English lines are praise poetry of a group of Englishmen whom the Bard met in St. John's, while the following lines in Munster Irish turn the Anglophilia of the English lines upon its head and give the poem a subversive message. The poems that Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara composed in the Irish language in Newfoundland remain important works of modern literature in Irish. After leaving Newfoundland he continued for a long period to work as a sailor, and his poem Bán Chnoic Éireann Óigh ("The Fair Hills of Holy Ireland"), is said to have been composed in Hamburg. After returning to Ireland, Donnchadh Ruadh converted to Protestantism and read aloud an Oath of Abjuration inside the still extant Church of Ireland parish at Carrick-on-Suir (). He then joined the Anglican parish at Rossmire, Newtown, near Kilmacthomas (). He was briefly appointed as parish clerk, but when the Vicar and parishioners discovered how great a rogue he was, Donnchadh Ruadh was dismissed; he then converted back to Catholicism, and composed his poem Duain na hAithrighe ("Song of Repentance"). Following the death in 1795 of his close friend and fellow poet Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin, Donnchadh Ruadh composed a eulogy for his friend in Neo-Latin verse. In 1810,