how are hfref and hfpef different?
HFrEF, mostly occurs in male patients and is the consequence of cardiomyocyte loss. In contrast, HFpEF is often diagnosed in elderly female patients, who suffer from (a cluster of) non-cardiac comorbidities, such as hypertension, T2DM, stroke, anaemia, pulmonary disease, liver disease, sleep apnoea, gout, and cancer.