which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?
Lysine and leucine are ketogenic only and the remaining amino acids are solely glucogenic: arginine, glutamate, gluamine, histidine, proline, valine, methionine, aspartate, asparagine, alanine, serine, cysteine, and glycine. Amino acids that are metabolized to pyruvate are alanine, cysteine, and serine.