Thomas Holliday Hicks
Thomas Holliday Hicks (September 2, 1798February 14, 1865) was a politician in the divided border-state of Maryland during the American Civil War. As governor, opposing the Democrats, his views accurately reflected the conflicting local loyalties. He was pro-slavery but anti-secession. Under pressure to call the General Assembly into special session, he held it in the pro-Union town of Frederick, where he was able to keep the state from seceding to join the Confederacy.

In December 1862, Hicks was appointed to the U.S. Senate, where he endorsed Abraham Lincoln's re-election in 1864, but died soon afterwards.

Early career
Born in 1798 near East New Market, Maryland, Hicks began his political career as a Democrat when he was elected town constable and then, in 1824, elected Sheriff of Dorchester County. Later, he switched to the Whig Party and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1830 and re-elected in 1836.

In 1837, the legislature elected him a member of the Governor's Council, the last to be chosen before that body was abolished.  In 1838, he was appointed Register of Wills for Dorchester County.  He stayed in that job until his election as governor.

Governor of Maryland
In 1857, as the Whig Party disintegrated, Hicks joined the Native American Party, more commonly known as the Know-Nothing Party.  As such, in 1858, he ran for governor and defeated Democrat John Charles Groome by 8,700 votes.  The election, however, was notable for fraud, open intimidation of voters, and unprecedented violence.  Hicks was one of the oldest men to become governor.

In his gubernatorial inaugural address, Hicks criticized the numbers of foreign immigrants coming to America and warned that they would "change the national character".

Slavery and the coming of war
Hicks opposed abolitionists and supported slave owners.  He denounced "[t]he attacks of fanatical and misguided persons against property in slaves" and added that slave owners had a right under the "[United States] Constitution to recover their property."  Hicks belatedly supported the Union of the states and sought to prevent Maryland from seceding and joining the Confederacy.  This would have isolated Washington, D.C., in Confederate territory.

Hicks reflected the divisions in his state.  In Hicks' writings about the South and its secession, he referred to it as "we."  He wrote that "they", the North (and Abraham Lincoln), were wrong in "refus[ing] to observe the plain requirements of the Constitution" to permit new states to join the Union as slave states.

Baltimore Riot of 1861
After the bloodshed in Baltimore, involving Massachusetts troops which were fired on while marching between railroad stations, on April 19, 1861, Baltimore Mayor George William Brown, Marshal George P. Kane, and former Governor Enoch Louis Lowe requested that Hicks burn the railroad bridges leading to Baltimore, in order to prevent further troops from entering the state. Hicks reportedly approved this proposal.  These actions were addressed in Ex parte Merryman, the famous case of Maryland militia Captain John Merryman who was arrested by Union forces.

After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union. But, writing to Lincoln on April 22, 1861, Hicks informed the new president that "I feel it my duty most respectfully to advise you that no more troops be ordered or allowed to pass through Maryland", requested that Lincoln obtain a truce with the South and suggested that Sir Richard Lyons mediate. Hicks worried about Maryland's position as a border state. In an address to the Maryland General Assembly on April 25, 1861, he stated that "The only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral position between our brethren of the North and of the South."

Subsequently, many prominent men lobbied Hicks to call the General Assembly into special session, purportedly for the mixed reason of opposing secession and opposing the Northern attitude towards the South.  The Assembly normally met in Annapolis, but that city was occupied by Union troops, so Hicks changed the location to Frederick, a generally pro-Union town. The Assembly convened in Frederick, and unanimously agreed that it did not have the power to commit the state to secession. On April 29, the Assembly voted 53–13 against calling a state convention which would have that power.

Late career and death
In December 1862, his successor as governor, Augustus W. Bradford (Union), appointed him to the U.S. Senate from Maryland following the death of his predecessor, James A. Pearce (D).  Although ill, he campaigned for election to finish the term, winning on January 11, 1864 while endorsing Lincoln's reelection in 1864.  He died at the Metropolitan Hotel in Washington, D.C., on February 14, 1865.  Abraham Lincoln attended his funeral in the U.S. Senate Chamber.

Hicks was originally buried at his family farm in Dorchester County.  He was later disinterred and moved to Cambridge Cemetery.  The state erected a monument over his grave in 1868.

See also
Henry Winter Davis   
Ex parte Merryman 
James Morrison Harris   
Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)  
John P. Kennedy  
Maryland in the American Civil War  
James Barroll Ricaud
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

Notes

References
White, Frank, The Governors of Maryland, 1777/1970, The Hall of Records of Maryland, 1970.
Baker, Jean H., Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland, Baltimore:  Johns Hopkins (1977). Describes Hicks's American Party.
Melton, Tracy Matthew, Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies from 1854 to 1860, Baltimore:  Maryland Historical Society (2005). Includes discussion of Hicks's election and his relationship to American Party politicians in Baltimore. Also describes his opinions on the question of pardoning several men, including Henry Gambrill, who were under a sentence of death by hanging.
 
 Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties. (1882) Retrieved November 2012

External links

1798 births
1865 deaths
People from Dorchester County, Maryland
Maryland Democrats
Maryland Whigs
Maryland Know Nothings
Maryland Constitutional Unionists
Maryland Unionists
Maryland Unconditional Unionists
Unconditional Union Party United States senators from Maryland
Governors of Maryland
Know-Nothing state governors of the United States
Republican Party governors of Maryland
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Maryland state senators
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African-American history of Maryland
History of slavery in Maryland
Maryland lawyers
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
Union (American Civil War) state governors
19th-century American lawyers