dˈʊɹɹɪŋ ðə nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd sˈɛvənti z ænd nˈaɪntiːnhˈʌndɹɪd nˈaɪnti z, ðɛɹwˌʌz ɐn ᵻpˌɪstɪməlˈɑːdʒɪkəl ʃˈɪft ɐwˈeɪ fɹʌmðə pˈɑːzɪtˌɪvɪst tɹɐdˈɪʃənz ðæt hæd lˈɑːɹdʒli ɪnfˈɔːɹmd ðə dˈɪsɪplˌɪn.
During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.