A 59-year-old teacher from London received £185,000 after she slipped a disc in her back after she was knocked to the ground by two unruly pupils.
A member of teaching staff in north Wales was given £100,000 compensation when the chair he sat on collapsed.
The NASUWTteaching union said it had won £16,077,328 for members last year.
A Department for Education spokesperson said:  "School employers are responsible for the health and safety of staff and pupils whether the local authority, governing body or academy trust, and they must adhere to the Health and Safety Act 1974."
Teachers also received smaller payouts over accidents in the workplace, including a £55,000 package for a female member of staff in north-west England who tripped on a tear in the lino surface of her science classroom.
She was later diagnosed with chronic back syndrome.
NASUWT general secretary Chris Keates said many of the injuries would be reduced if employers "took the welfare of staff seriously" and followed good health and safety practices.
She said: "The consequence of negligence is careers, lives and health blighted and millions of pounds of public money spent in compensation.
"Unfortunately, there is no incentive for employers to take health and welfare seriously when they witness the government cutting funding for inspection and failing to take steps to secure compliance with the law.
"Failure to respect the rights of employees and to comply with employment law is also prevalent.
"Employers flout the law, but it's the teachers and the taxpayers who pay the price.
"While compensation is important, it can never make up for the fact that teachers suffer permanent physical and mental injury and often cannot continue in their chosen career."
Separate data from the NUT, which keeps its overall compensation figures private, said there were two cases of personal injury compensation paid to its members last year.
One included a £46,000 payout to a teacher who suffered "severe psychological injury" following "a sustained campaign of bullying and harassment by senior leadership".
Another NUT member was awarded just under £4,500 after she fractured a finger on a defective doorknob, causing her long-term aches and a deformity.
The union said it offered legal help in 130 cases last year, including 71 involving criminal activity and 57 in employment cases.

Michael Robson, 44, who is serving a prison sentence for manslaughter, absconded from Hatfield Prison in Doncaster on Thursday.
Robson, from North Tyneside, was originally convicted of murder in 1996 but had his sentence reduced to manslaughter after an appeal in 2006.
He was arrested by officers in West Yorkshire on Sunday.

The 30-year-old defender has made 200 appearances for the Rams since joining from Coventry City in 2012.
A Republic of Ireland international, Keogh made two appearances at Euro 2016 as Ireland reached the knockout stages.
"He's an important player, on and off the pitch, so it's great news that he has committed his future for the next three years." boss Nigel Pearson said.

1 December 2016 Last updated at 00:23 GMT
The BBC News website asked the independent Money Advice Service to deliver a calendar of month-by-month tips for those trying to keep their personal finances in order.
In the final instalment, Nick Hill from the service says that now is the time to start thinking of money resolutions.
Video Journalist: Kevin Peachey
Teachers won millions of pounds in compensation last year after suffering discrimination and serious injuries in the line of work, a union said.
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A convicted killer who was on the run from an open prison in South Yorkshire has been recaptured, police said.
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Derby County captain Richard Keogh has signed a new three-year deal, keeping him with the club until summer 2019.
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Building up a savings buffer is one financial goal that should be considered as a new year approaches, an expert says.