The Labour leader said his party would invest in infrastructure but expected action on low wages and workers' rights in return, while there would also be an increase in corporation tax.
He told the CBI that Labour's planned "national investment bank" would boost lending to small and medium-size firms.
The Tories said Labour only offered "spending, borrowing and taxing".
Mr Corbyn told delegates at the CBI's conference he would not tell them how to run their organisations but would not "stand back when there is injustice in the workplace or the boardroom".
He warned of "real problems" in today's jobs market, citing low wages, insecure temporary contracts and the gender pay gap.
"For too many families in Britain increasingly insecure work means they cannot plan for their future, or how to pay the bills, mortgage or rent," he said.
"There are far, far too many people struggling to make ends meet".
Mr Corbyn joked he and the CBI would both have been "shocked" if they had been told two years ago he would be addressing the conference.
But he said Labour had "plenty of common ground" with the organisation.
He vowed Labour would be "on the side of the innovators, entrepreneurs and investors", saying its investment bank plans would "unleash the creativity and potential of entrepreneurial Britain".
He said both the Brexit vote and the election of Donald Trump in the United States represented "an unmistakable rejection of a political establishment and an economic system which hasn't been working for most people.
"It's a system that's delivered ballooning inequality along with falling or stagnating living standards for the majority."
Labour says it would increase borrowing to invest in infrastructure, and Mr Corbyn urged Chancellor Philip Hammond to "change course and take the bold action necessary to support our economy".
He said Labour would increase investment in green technology and boost house building.
Labour's "settlement for business", he said, "will mean some increase in corporation tax while maintaining one of the lowest rates in the world".
He added: "But see it as a sound investment not only in your own business's long-term future but for the common good of the country."
Mr Corbyn also warned of a "chaotic" Brexit and said Labour would campaign for Britain to "retain full access to the single market".
Conservative Party chairman Sir Patrick McLoughlin said: "Jeremy Corbyn has shown once again that all Labour offer is a recipe for economic ruin, while they're totally out of touch with the public's concerns on immigration as we leave the EU."
Prime Minister Theresa May addressed the CBI earlier, announcing Â£2bn of annual investment in research and development by 2020 and an industrial strategy aimed at spreading economic growth across the UK.

It means the comic will, in total, try to run more than 700 miles in temperatures of up to 30 C.
The significance of the number 27 comes from the number of years Nelson Mandela spent in prison.
The anti-apartheid campaigner was President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 before his death in 2013 aged 95.
Izzard said he was "delighted" to be taking on the challenge but added: "Of course, 27 marathons in 27 days is nothing compared to what Nelson Mandela did by serving 27 years in prison.
"He was a great soul and leaves a fantastic legacy for the world."
During his marathons, Izzard will explore the histories of South Africa and Nelson Mandela, as well as visiting communities, organisations and families that have all been helped by the work of Comic Relief and Sport Relief.
His journey is due to finish on 20 March when he arrives an the Union Buildings in Pretoria where Nelson Mandela gave his inaugural speech as the first democratically elected President of South Africa.
Izzard, 54, previously attempted a similar feat in South Africa in 2012, but had to pull out for health reasons.
He also completed 43 marathons in 51 days across the UK for Sport Relief in 2009, raising over Â£1.8m in the process.
Speaking about his past attempts, Izzard said: "I tried to do this four years ago and failed. This time I will succeed.
"But if I fail, I will come back again and again and again until I do succeed. Because that's what Nelson Mandela would have done."
The marathons will be covered on BBC Three, which is about to move from television to online.
Sport Relief raises money for disadvantaged people in some of the world's poorest communities.
It takes place every two years, alternating with Red Nose Day.
Jeremy Corbyn has promised Labour will work with business leaders if they "live up to their side of the deal".
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
Eddie Izzard will attempt to run 27 marathons in 27 days through South Africa for Sport Relief, the BBC has announced.