The 36-year-old former Watford and West Bromwich Albion defender was without a club when he joined Blues on a one-month trial deal in September 2012.
But this new contract, in a player-coach role, is his fourth for Blues as he continues to extend a career that now totals more than 700 appearances.
Robinson has not figured since being sent off at Bournemouth on 6 April.
But he has still clocked up 36 appearances this season, taking his total number of games in a royal blue shirt to 119.
"Robbo is an influential person around the dressing room and been a good help to me since I've come in," Rowett told BBC WM. "And I still think he can offer something on the pitch.
"There is an opportunity to become a squad defender and still be influential around the club and help some of the youngsters in a coaching capacity, maybe one or two days a week.
"Sometimes it's hard to find someone that can offer a multitude of things. They can help the young players with that game understanding and that knowledge of winning things and doing things properly in football, because that's something you don't often get in academies.
"Every time he pulled on the captain's armband he gave it everything he's got. He's a real winner and a real leader and sometimes I don't think there are enough of those around clubs in the game."

Paw Patrol's Skye and Marshall did not appear at a Christmas lights switch on in Londonderry on Thursday night.
Derry City and Strabane District Council has since apologised.
Broadcaster Nickelodeon said they had not "organised or authorised" the use of the characters at the event.
Nickleodeon's Paul Hamilton said there are no official PAW Patrol appearances anywhere in the UK or Ireland at present.
The character's appearance had featured prominently on pre-event promotion.
Derry City and Strabane District Council marketing officer Jacqueline Whoriskey said every effort was made to secure Skye and Marshall,  and that the council was " sorry to disappoint people".
She added: "We were contacted very late in the day by the official licensee in America to say that the company we were using did not have the appropriate licences.
"We tried our best to resolve it in time - unfortunately it didn't work out - and are really, really disappointed".
Strabane's Christmas lights will be switched on on Saturday but Skye and Marshall will not be there.
They had been due to share top billing with Santa Claus.
Despite the PAW Patrol no show, thousands gathered in Londonderry's Guildhall Square and Waterloo Street for Thursday night's switch on.
Birmingham City club captain Paul Robinson has signed a new one-year contract with the Championship club.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
Characters based on a Nickelodeon cartoon were dropped from a Northern Ireland council's Christmas celebrations - after it emerged they were unauthorised.