The chancellor did, however, confirm a Â£50m pot of money to support the expansion of grammar schools.
He said the government's education policies had "expanded opportunity".
But head teachers said capital investment in grammar schools was "the wrong priority".
Mr Hammond told MPs on Wednesday: "The government's education reforms have raised standards and expanded opportunity, with 1.4 million more children now in 'good' or 'outstanding' schools.
"And the new capital funding I have provided today for grammar schools will help to continue that trend."
Responding to the statement, Malcolm Trobe, interim general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said: "It is disappointing that the Autumn Statement failed to address the severe funding pressures in schools and colleges.
"The situation is so serious that some are struggling to deliver a full curriculum, courses are having to be cut and some sixth-forms are closing.
"Education is arguably the single most important investment we can make.
"It provides the country's intellectual infrastructure, the knowledge and skills which will enable us to remain competitive in a global market."
Russell Hobby, general secretary of the National Association of Head Teacher,  also expressed his disappointment the government had failed to use the Autumn Statement to invest in education.
"We know that school budgets are being pushed beyond breaking point," he said.
"Almost nine out of 10 school leaders are telling us that a rise in national insurance employer contributions and pension contributions are the key reasons behind financial pressures in their school.
"Freezing budgets at a time of rising costs is no protection at all.
"The government has the levers to address rising costs, but has again failed to pull them.
"Social mobility has rightly become a focus for the government.
"And yet, without investment in what works - quality early years education, high quality teachers and the right funding delivered directly to schools - it is hard to see how the rhetoric can match the reality.
"Capital investment in grammar schools is the wrong priority, and a distraction from the most important issues in education."
Last month, a group of head teachers wrote to Downing Street  to express concern about increased funding pressures.
Plans to allow grammar schools to expand were first announced in September by Prime Minister Theresa May, who said that selective schools could help the life chances of poor pupils.
Mrs May said that under the current system there was "selection by stealth", based on parents' wealth and ability to buy houses near the best schools.
A consultation on the proposals is due to close next month.

Officials say 80 asylum applications will be accepted each day, and a maximum of 3,200 people will be allowed to travel through Austria.
The measures will be introduced on Friday.
The country has become a major transit route for migrants seeking to claim asylum in Germany.
Interior Minister Johanna Mikl-Leitner said Austria had no choice but to act, as there was no European solution yet in place for the current migrant crisis.
"It is a matter of common sense to secure our borders as long as there is no European solution. I see it as our responsibility, to maintain security, order and the quality of life in Austria for our citizens," she said.
"We cannot cope with the number of asylum applications that we had last year. That is why we impose limits on the stream of refugees. Another step is the introduction of daily quotas."
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Austria took in about 90,000 asylum seekers in 2015, about 1% of its population, and officials expect to cut this number sharply this year, to about 37,500.
Observers say the influx has contributed to the rising popularity of the far right in Austria, sparking tensions in the governing coalition.
Neighbouring Slovenia and other countries in the Balkans - the main route for migrants bound for northern Europe - have also indicated that they will impose tougher measures against migrants.
Some EU states have already re-imposed border controls on a temporary basis.
The migrant flux is expected to intensify in coming months as weather conditions improve.
The crisis will be high on the EU's agenda at a Brussels summit on Thursday, and countries are expected to debate the future of the Schengen Agreement that creates a 26-nation passport-free zone.
Following the Austrian announcement, the Slovenian government said it had asked its parliament to approve the deployment of soldiers to its borders to help control the migrant flow.
Head teachers say it is "disappointing" that Chancellor Philip Hammond's Autumn Statement failed to address funding pressures faced by many schools and colleges across England.
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Austria will impose a daily quota on asylum claims and limit the flux of migrants travelling through the country.