Seam bowler Chapple, 40, has played for the Red Rose county for more than two decades and led the side throughout Moores's five-year reign.
He will be assisted by ex-Lancashire spinner Gary Yates, who was already on the club's coaching staff.
Lancashire return to Championship action at Northants on Sunday.
He's taught me a lot about the game, about what you see from the sidelines when you're not a player, and in that respect he's inspired me to want to stay in the game
Moores left his position as head coach following the Division One fixture with Warwickshire, which ended in a draw on Wednesday.
The 51-year-old will now begin his second spell with the national team, having been in charge for nearly two years before his dismissal in January 2009.
Speaking prior to Friday's announcement, Chapple told BBC Radio Manchester that working alongside Moores has increased his desire to stay in the game at the end of his playing career.
"I rate him very highly as a coach," Chapple said. "The lads are very pleased for him because he's been terrific for us as a coach. We wish him every success.
"He's taught me a lot about the game, about what you see from the sidelines when you're not a player, and in that respect he's inspired me to want to stay in the game.
"My role will inevitably be bigger because Peter's not here, but at the same time I've been involved in team selection for five years now.
"We've got a lot of resources at the club and a lot of highly qualified coaches, and we'll back ourselves to be great until the club tells us anything different."

The "flying medics" will be based at Caernarfon Airport, along with a new helicopter and rapid response vehicle.
South and mid Wales have had the Emergency Medical Retrieval and Transfer Service Cymru since 2015 and it will launch in the north on Monday.
The health secretary said it would bring critical care closer to people.
Vaughan Gething added that enhancing the existing service from Caernarfon would ensure the region had the same emergency cover as the rest of Wales.
The Wales Air Ambulance (WAA) helicopters were originally staffed by paramedics.
But two years ago, emergency department consultants were recruited to be on board.
It meant they were able to give casualties blood transfusions, administer anaesthetics, offer strong painkillers and conduct a range of medical procedures not normally performed outside of a hospital - all at the scene of an incident.
Two "flying medics" helicopters are already based at Dafen in Carmarthenshire and in Welshpool, Powys.
Dr Ami Jones, EMRTS Cymru interim national director, said the new service would improve cover for north Wales, as well as Powys and parts of Ceredigion.
"Wales can pride itself on having established platinum-standard critical care across all of the country, via the WAA's bases in north, mid and south Wales," she said.
An independent evaluation by the Farr Institute at Swansea University revealed the Welsh flying medics service has already had a positive impact on critical care in Wales.
Results indicated:
Captain Glen Chapple will take control of Lancashire for the rest of the 2014 season following the departure of Peter Moores to become England boss.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
Specialist doctors are to join Wales Air Ambulance crews in north Wales for the first time in a bid to treat seriously injured patients faster.