The Labour politicians, representing Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, Sheffield and Liverpool, say northern motorways are reaching "saturation point".
And they say train capacity in what has been dubbed the Northern Powerhouse economic region is "at the limit".
The Treasury says an extra Â£1.3bn will be spent UK-wide to tackle congestion.
The chancellor will give an update on a number of government spending projects during his Autumn Statement on Wednesday, including transport upgrades.
The Northern Powerhouse idea is aimed at ending the UK's economic reliance on London.
Earlier this year the Conservative government said it was spending Â£13bn on transport for the Northern Powerhouse over the course of this Parliament "including dramatic improvements to our roads and railways in the North".
But the Labour figures, who include Greater Manchester mayoral candidate Andy Burnham, say there is now an added need, following the "wake up" call of the Brexit vote, which will see changes to the economy once the UK leaves the EU.
They say investors could lose confidence in the region - and the concept of a "Northern Powerhouse" - if there is not a realignment of how money is invested in regional transport.
"Decades of unfair allocations from the transport budget have left the North with an inadequate rail system and motorways that are at saturation point," said Mr Burnham.
"If people in London and the South East had to put up with the North's transport system, there would be protests in the streets. It is our turn to come to the front of the queue for transport investment and that must start this week."
In the 2016 Budget, the-then chancellor, George Osborne, announced Â£60m would be allocated to develop plans to cut journey times to around 30 minutes between Leeds and Manchester, as well as improving transport connections between other cities in the north.
It was Mr Osborne, in a speech in 2014, who said: "I'm here to talk to you today about what we can do to make the cities of the north a powerhouse for our economy."

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Asked if Saturday's opponents have scrummaged illegally during the tournament, England head coach Eddie Jones said: "100%. Terribly illegally."
Jones says his side have a stronger scrum, adding if the laws are enforced England "will get an advantage".
Wales forwards coach Robin McBryde highlighted England's Joe Marler is a frequent infringer at the scrum.
"He definitely needs to scrummage legally otherwise we will be pointing our finger," said McBryde.
Wales, who are one point behind Six Nations leaders England with two games remaining, felt harshly done by at the scrum in their 28-25 win over England in the pool stage of last year's World Cup.
And McBryde said loose-head Marler had been "found out" when England lost to Australia in their next World Cup game.
"There was a big focus on the loose-heads' angles, particularly with [Wales prop] Gethin Jenkins being highlighted," said McBryde.
"So we were very disappointed in that England game to fall on the wrong side of decisions and we felt the problem lay elsewhere."
However, Jones says he is "quite upset" by Wales' approach to the set-piece.
"They play the laws very well," the Australian told BBC Radio 5 live. "They pre-engage all the time, which is against the laws of the game.
"And then they get penalised one or two times at the start of the game, but the referee gets sick of penalising it.
"Because if the referee keeps penalising it, you know what happens? The referee gets criticised.
"We really want to have a scrum contest on Saturday - it's an important part of the game - so we are really hopeful the referee enforces the law in that area."
Jones added: "If you are the referee and you keep penalising Wales for pre-engaging, then all the smart guys in the commentators' box say 'this referee is ruining the game'.
"But they are not ruining the game, it's the team that is scrummaging illegally which is ruining the game.
"So we want the referee to be really hard, and if he has to ruin the game, he has to ruin the game."
Politicians in northern England want Chancellor Philip Hammond to prioritise transport links in the region to make it more attractive to investors.
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England and Wales have accused each other of illegal scrummaging before the Six Nations showdown at Twickenham.