Randomized controlled trials  such as ASTRAL<unk>  and<unk>  for Renal Artery Lesions) and CORAL have not demonstrated a benefit of percutaneous revascularization over medical therapy among patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS).  These trials have been criticized, however, because they did not enroll those patients who in observational data derived the greatest benefit, namely those patients who have a short duration of hypertension, patients who are resistant to medical therapy for hypertension, and patients who have recurrent flash pulmonary edema. For instance, in the ASTRAL trial, patients had hypertension for 5 years.  Likewise, the mean number of antihypertensive agents was only 2.1 in the CORAL trial, and patients who were recently hospitalized with congestive heart failure were excluded from the CORAL trial.
Renal artery stenosis angioplasty and stenting
Renal artery stenosis surgery
Renal amyloidosis surgery
Renal artery stenosis medical therapy
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis surgery
Membranous glomerulonephritis surgery
Contrast induced nephropathy medical therapy
Primary hyperaldosteronism surgery