In neurotechnology,<unk>  <unk>  is a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a<unk>  pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the<unk> .<unk>  in select<unk>  regions has provided remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders such as chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, tremor and dystonia . Yet, despite the long history of<unk>  , its underlying principles and mechanisms are still not clear.<unk>  directly changes<unk>  activity in a controlled manner, its effects are reversible (unlike those of lesioning techniques) and is one of only a few neurosurgical methods that allows blinded studies.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved<unk>  as a treatment for essential tremor in 1997, for Parkinson's disease in 2002 , and dystonia in 2003 .<unk>  is also routinely used to treat chronic pain and has been used to treat various affective disorders, including clinical depression. While<unk>  has proven helpful for some patients (e.g., see videos 
), there is potential for serious complications and side effects.
Deep brain stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Cranial electrical stimulation
NeuroElectric Therapy
Corpus callosotomy
Tremor surgery
Posterior fossa surgery
Confusion surgery