The pathogenesis of HFrEF is related largely to cellular proliferation and metabolism. Pathological processes that result in progression of HF and are common to both HFrEF and HFpEF are altered excitation-contraction coupling, epigenetic modifications, changes in sarcomeric coupling proteins, increased adrenergic drive, increased activity of renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis, nitric oxide insensitivity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, reactive oxygen species production and an elevated cell death rate.
Congestive heart failure with reduced EF
Congestive heart failure with preserved EF
Radiation induced pericarditis
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cholesterol pericarditis
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Tuberculous pericarditis