<unk>  brings the posterior pharyngeal wall forward, making it similar to an adenoid pad. Several techniques have been used including: rearranging the soft tissue, implanting cartilage and injection or implanting different types of synthetic materials. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Soft Tissue Advancement: Passavant (1862), attempted to advance the soft tissue of the posterior pharyngeal wall by suturing two palatopharyngeal muscles in the middle to exemplify Passavant’s ridge. Later, he tried to create this ridge by folding a flap of pharyngeal mucosa upon itself. This type of surgery is best for patients with
velopharyngeal defects. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Cartilage implants: material, (usually from the patient’s rib), is implanted to create an anterior projection on the pharyngeal wall. Most of the time, the success rate is low because the surgeons could not get a large enough sample from the ribs to stay in place in the pharyngeal wall. Later, several surgeons only performed this surgery on patients with openings 5 mm wide or less. The ten patients in this study no longer experience hypernasality or audible nasal emissions. Another study was done under the same circumstances (20 patients with gaps 1-3 mm), and had a much lower success rate. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Pg 320-321
Synthetic materials: synthetic materials used to augment the posterior pharyngeal wall include: silicone (Silastic) (Blocksma, 1963), Teflon (Ward et al. 1966, Smith & McCabe, 1977), Proplast (Wolford et al. 1989), and collagen.
Many of these procedures were abandoned because results were unpredictable, there were post operative complications or the Food and Drug Administration imposed restrictions. Overall these procedures were deemed undesirable in the long term. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Augmentation pharyngoplasty
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Phalloplasty
Palatal expander
Tonsillectomy
Crown lengthening
Rhytidectomy
Turbinectomy