The decision to operate a<unk><unk><unk>  should be made based on the<unk> to benefits ratio
Three<unk>  exist:
Endocarditis
Deposition of calcium in the walls of the<unk>  which can compromise surgical results
Heart failure with a medium-sized<unk> .
Because of these<unk> , the mere presence of a<unk>  in childhood is an indication for operation at age 1 to 2 years.
If the pulmonary vascular resistance is > 10 units/m2 then this contraindicates closure. The<unk> of death from repair at all ages is < 2%, and is under 1% when<unk> s with pulmonary hypertension and small infants are excluded. LVH regresses, but if there is pulmonary hypertension, RVH does not regress. The<unk> of endocarditis disappears. The lesion can also be closed using a Rashkind device. There may be a 1 in 5 times<unk> of embolization of the occluder.
Risks associated with patent ductus arteriosus surgery
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia causes
Dextro-transposition of the great arteries causes
Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva complications
Left atrial enlargement causes
Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva pathophysiology
Atrial septal defect complications