In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.The prevalence of nephrolithiasis  is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has<unk><unk> s. According to American Journal of<unk>  disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years. According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic. Patients of all age groups may develop nephrolithiasis. The incidence of nephrolithiasis  increases with age.  At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 44.8 years in men and 40.9 years in women. Nephrolithiasis  usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity. Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1. The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract<unk> s has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3. Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like obesity. The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States. The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east. The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the<unk>  belt.” The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for<unk> s and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.
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