Hypoparathyroidism is a decrease in serum parathyroid hormone. Normally, parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium and magnesium concentration, and decreases serum phosphate concentration. Secretion of parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland is stimulated by low serum calcium. Parathyroid glands have calcium-sensing receptors responsible for sensing extracellular ionized calcium. Calcium and magnesium provides a negative feedback for secretion of parathyroid hormone. Deficiency of parathyroid hormone causes body to decrease reabsorption of calcium from bone, excretion of phosphate, reabsorbtion of calcium from distal tubules, and vitamin D mediated absorption of calcium from intestine leading to hypocalcemia. Many genetic conditions are associated with hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism associated with genetic defects may be either autoimmune hypoparathyroidism, isolated hypoparathyroidism, associated with congenital multisystem syndromes, or a part of metabolic disorders.
Hypoparathyroidism pathophysiology
Pseudohypoparathyroidism pathophysiology
Hyperparathyroidism pathophysiology
Hypoparathyroidism risk factors
Hypoparathyroidism causes
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia pathophysiology
Parathyroid cancer risk factors
21-hydroxylase deficiency risk factors