<unk>  is the rate at which blood<unk> s empty<unk> es.<unk>  time (CRT) is defined as the time taken for colour to return to an external<unk>  bed after pressure is applied to cause blanching.  It can be measured by holding a hand higher than heart-level, pressing the soft pad of a finger until it turns white, and taking note of the time needed for the color to return once pressure is released. Normal<unk>  time is usually less than 2 seconds.
In newborn infants,<unk>  time can be measured by pressing on the sternum for five seconds with a finger or thumb, and noting the time needed for the colour to return once the pressure is released. The upper normal limit for<unk>  in newborns is 2 seconds.<unk>  time can also be assessed in animals by pressing on their gums as opposed to the sternum which is generally covered with fur or inaccessible.
Capillary refill
Pulse
Ankle reflex
Pulse pressure
Muscle tone
Baroreflex
Intracranial pressure
Hemodynamic response