<unk>  once was one of the leading cause of cancer-related death in the US and worldwide before the introduction of Pap smear and screening, now ranked 14th in terms of frequency in US.<unk>  is malignant cancer of cervix. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until cancer is in its advanced stages. Treatment consists of surgery in the early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease. An effective HPV vaccine against the two most common cancer-causing strains of HPV has recently been licensed in the US. These two HPV strains together are responsible for approximately 70% of all<unk> s. The high risk HPV E6 and E7 gene products which are involved in viral replication and oncogenesis bind to p53 and prevents its normal activities which is G1 arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair.The USPSTF recommends screening for<unk>  every 3 years with<unk>  cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years and for women aged 30 to 65 years, every 3 years with<unk>  cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting). The most important risk factors associated with the infection by HPV are sexual intercourse at early age at the start of the first sexual relationships, having high number of sexual partners throughout life, or women being with men having multiple sexual partners. Male circumcision and use of condoms are factors that can reduce, but not preventing the transmission of human papilloma virus.Treatment of<unk>  neoplasia depends upon stage of cancer at the time of presentation, it is consisit of surgical procedure like hysterectomy, or/and radiation and chemotherapy.
Cervical cancer
Vaginal cancer
Endometrial cancer
Uterine cancer
Breast-ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer
Breast cancer
Ovarian disease