<unk>  was first discovered by Küttner, a German physician, in 1896 during investigation of chronically swollen submandibular gland. Sialadenoscope were used for the first time in 1991.<unk>  is the presence of stones within the salivary glands or the salivary gland ducts.The exact pathogenesis of<unk>  is not fully understood, but the relative stagnation of salivary flow and calcium concentration may be important. Almost 75 percent of<unk>  cases are single. 3 percent of stones are bilateral and most of them are located in parotid glands. Stone formation is 80 to 90 percent in the submandibular gland, 6 to 20 percent in the parotid glands and 1 to 2 percent in the sublingual or minor salivary glands. The exact etiology of<unk>  is not well understood, but the relative stagnation of salivary flow, and calcium concentration may be important.<unk>  should be differentiated from other diseases that cause swelling in salivary glands, such as acute bacterial sialadenitis, chronic bacterial sialadenitis, viral sialadenitis, human immunodeficiency virus, radiation, and systemic diseases such as, sarcoidosis, and sjögren's syndrome. Common risk factors in the development of<unk>  include dehydration, duiretics, local trauma, sjögrens.<unk>  is mainly diagnosed by history and physical examination. Diagnosis can be confirmed by computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance sialography, conventional sialography. High resolution noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scanning is the study of choice for the diagnosis of<unk> . Conservative treatment is the first line of therapy in the most patients. The most commonly used treatment options are hydration, moist heat, gland massage, and pain control. Antibiotics can be used in the case of superimposed infection. Many cases of<unk>  may not be cured by using medical therapy alone; invasive, or open surgery methods can be used for the salivary gland stones.  Most commonly used methods are sialoendoscopy, laser lithotripsy, and stone removal with wire basket. If all of above methods fail, open surgical intervention should be used.
Sialolithiasis
Gallbladder sludge
Hepatolithiasis
Gallstone disease
Gallbladder volvulus
Chronic cholecystitis
Choledocholithiasis
Choledocholithiiasis