<unk>  are caused by an ncrease in blood flow and vascular resistance in portal vein known as portal hypertension. Common symptoms of portal hypertension include bloody vomiting, tarry stools, abdominal distention, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Patients who are at high risk for portal hypertension include intravenous drug use (IVDU), tattooing or piercing in unhygienic condition, needlestick injury, blood transfusion before 1992, viral hepatitis, unprotected sexual intercourse, schistosomiasis in childhood, and family history of hereditary liver disease. The mainstay of treatment in portal hypertension is surgery. The medical therapy for decreasing the tone of liver veins and decreasing the pressure is suggested. Common complications of portal hypertension include peritoneum infection, renal insufficiency, severe confusion, spleen enlargement, abdominal distension, bloody vomiting, renal failure, and pulmonary failure.
Gastrointestinal varices
Oral ulcer
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Esophageal varices
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Nosebleed
Stomach cancer
Bleeding esophageal varices