The<unk>  (columnae<unk>  or fleshy beams) are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the whole of the inner surface of the ventricle, with the exception of the conus arteriosus.
They are of three kinds:
some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,
others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle,
while a third set (musculi papillares) are continuous by their bases with the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of the tricuspid valve.
The purpose of the<unk>  is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently.
The<unk>  also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendinae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves. This prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atriums.
Trabeculae carneae
Cornea verticillata
Tracheomalacia
Laryngomalacia
Perforated eardrum
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Cleft lip and palate
Catamenial pneumothorax