<unk>  today comprises several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind; the term also refers to a specific type of treatment where the analyst, upon hearing the thoughts of the analysand (analytic<unk> tient), formulates and then explains the unconscious bases for the<unk> tient's symptoms and character problems.  Unconscious functioning was first described by Sigmund Freud, who modified his theories several times over a period of almost 50 years of attempting to treat<unk> tients who suffered with mental problems. During psychoanalytic treatment, the<unk> tient tells the analyst various thoughts and feelings.  The analyst listens carefully, formulates, then intervenes to attempt to help the<unk> tient develop insight into unconscious factors causing the problems.  The specifics of the analyst's interventions typically include confronting and clarifying the<unk> tient's<unk> thological defenses, wishes and guilt.  Through the analysis of resistance (unconscious barriers to treatment), and transference to the analyst of expectations,<unk>  aims to unearth wishes and emotions from prior unresolved conflicts, in order to help the<unk> tient perceive and resolve lingering problems.
Although recently the subject of widespread criticism,<unk>  has been thriving as a research tool into childhood development (cf. the journal The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child), and has developed into a flexible, effective treatment for certain mental disturbances (see Wallerstein's (2000)Forty-Two Lives in Treatment: A Study of<unk>  and Psychotherapy).  In the 1960s, Freud's early (1905) thoughts on the childhood development of female sexuality were challenged; this challenge led to the development of a variety of alternative models of<unk> , many of which challenged Freud's thinking about female sexual development,  and other fundamental questions.  Most contemporary<unk>  employ theories that, while based on those of Sigmund Freud, also differ from his in significant respects.
Today, there are approximately 45 accredited training institutes for<unk>  in the United States (see www.apsa.org), and there are over 3,000 graduated<unk>  practicing in the United States.  The International Psychoanalytical Association accredits psychoanalytic training centers throughout the world, including countries such as Serbia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, and many others, and is a fast-growing organization.
Psychoanalysis
Applied behavior analysis
Optometry
Sleep log
Cognitive neuropsychology
Nursing assessment
Grief therapy
Cognitive test