<unk>  is defined as the joint tendency towards negative affectivity (worry, irritability, gloom) and social inhibition (reticence and a lack of self-assurance). The letter 'D' stands for 'distressed'. Johan Denollet (1), a Dutch professor of medical psychology, is the founder of this concept. Research has shown that CHD patients with a<unk>  have a worse prognosis after a myocardial infarction (MI) as compared to patients without a<unk> . Type-D is associated with a 4- to 8-times increased risk of mortality, recurrent MI, or sudden death. The effect of type-D is independent from traditional risk factors in CHD (2,3,4).<unk>  can be assessed by means of a valid and reliable 14-item questionnaire, the DS14 (5). One half of the items refer to negative affectivity, and the other half of the items refer to social inhibition. People who score 10 points or more on both dimensions are classified as type-D. The DS14 can be applied in clinical practice for risk stratification in post-MI patients.
Type D personality
Type A personality
Dependent personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Sadistic personality disorder
Apophenia
Avoidant personality disorder