<unk>  is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (also called the vitelline duct) and is the most frequent malformation of the gastrointestinal tract.<unk>  was first described by Fabricius Hildanus in the sixteenth century. In 1809, Johann Friedrich<unk>  threw light on the embryological origin of<unk> . The vitelline duct or the omphalomesenteric duct is the connection between the midgut and the yolk sac responsible for providing nutrition to the midgut, during fetal development. The vitelline duct subsequently undergoes involution, in the period between the fifth and the sixth weeks of gestation while the intestinal loop is rapidly pulled into the abdominal cavity. Failure of duct involution may lead to persistence of the proximal portion of omphalomesenteric duct, which may be referred to as the<unk> . The "Rule of 2s" applies to patients with<unk>  and states that it affects approximately 2 percent of the population with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. It is mostly located about two feet proximal to the ileocecal valve, is approximately two inches in length, and in majority of cases, affects age group <2yrs. In addition, the two most common types of ectopic mucosa found within the diverticulum are the gastric and pancreatic types. Increased prevalence of<unk>  is seen in children with umbilical malformations, gastrointestinal tract, neurological and cardiovascular defects. The presentation of<unk>  is usually asymptomatic .The hallmark feature in symptomatic patients is the occurrence of painless lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Other symptoms of<unk>  arise in complicated cases with features of intestinal obstruction, intussusception, volvulus and perforation. Abdominal examination of patients with<unk>  is usually normal, even in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Patient develop signs of acute abdomen due to diverticular inflammation or perforation in complicated cases. Laboratory findings are non specific and patients may show volume depletion, features of anemia (such as decreased hematocrit, decreased hemoglobin levels and positive stool guaiac test). A technetium-99m (99mTc) pertechnetate scan is the investigation of choice for the diagnosis of<unk> . This scan detects gastric mucosa; since approximately 50% of symptomatic<unk> 's diverticula have ectopic gastric (stomach) cells contained within them. A<unk>  containing gastric mucosa manifests as a small rounded area of increased activity in the right lower quadrant, while normal activity simultaneously appears in the stomach. Initially, the medical management of a symptomatic case of<unk>  is directed toward management of clinical manifestations of complications. Intravenous lines for fluid and electrolyte therapy, nasogastric decompression for patients with symptoms and signs of intestinal obstruction, proton-pump inhibitors and Aluminum hydroxide for patients with gastrointestinal bleeding are preferred. Surgery is the primary treatment modality in patients with<unk> 's diverticula. Absolute indications for resection of a symptomatic<unk>  include complications such as hemorrhage, umbilicoileal fistulas, diverticulitis and bowel obstruction. Fibrous band division, diverticulectomy, segmental resection of the diverticulum with end-to-end intestinal anastomosis and wedge resection are the various surgical procedures performed, whenever indicated.
Meckel's diverticulum
Duodenal diverticulum
Intussusception
Mirizzi's syndrome
Hartnup Disease
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
Hirschsprung's disease
Vesicointestinal fistula