<unk>  is a severe condition often caused by<unk>  instrumentation, including endoscopy. It also occurs from forceful vomiting, retching and swallowing of a foreign body resulting in leakage of air, stomach acid and food content into the mediastinum. Such spontaneous<unk>  is also known as Boerhaave syndrome. This leakage leads to severe inflammation of mediastinum called mediastinitis and pleural effusion. Symptoms can range from chest pain, dyspnea, hematemesis to hypotension and shock. Time is crucial when diagnosing the<unk>  of the esophagus since it impacts the complication that emerges from it. The reason for this is the specific position of the esophagus, resulting in severe mediastinitis, empyema, and septic shock during leakage of bacteria and digestive enzymes.<unk>  injuries arising from penetrating trauma are frequently associated with injuries to other organs such as the liver, spleen, aorta, vena cava, diaphragm and lungs. Diagnostic modalities include CT Scan, esophagography with water-based contrast and flexible esophagoscopy. Treatment requires surgical reconstruction of perforation, and the procedure is highly dependent on the location of the injury. (i.e. cervical, thoracic, etc.) However, endoscopic stent or placement of internal or external drains is considered when the clinical situation allows for a less invasive approach.
Esophageal rupture
Esophageal stricture
Urinothorax
Tracheal fracture
Chylothorax
Mediastinal hematoma
Hemothorax
Pulmonary hematoma