When a healthy<unk>  allograft is used in place of damaged<unk>  tissue, it is termed as<unk> . Thomas Starzl used dogs as the first animals for research on<unk>  in the 1960s. In 1963, the first<unk>  transplant in humans was attempted by Dr. Thomas Starzl of Colorado, United States. The most common indications for<unk>  in the United States are hepatitis C virus, alcoholic<unk>  disease, autoimmune<unk>  disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatitis B virus,<unk>  disease due to inborn errors of metabolism, cancer, biliary atresia and acute<unk>  failure. On the other hand, absolute contraindications to<unk>  include hepatocellular carcinoma with metastasis, acute<unk>  failure with persistently elevated intracranial pressure ICP >50mmHg, hemangiosarcoma, hilar cholangiocarcinoma, sepsis, and active alcohol or drug abuse. Pretransplant measures such as cardiopulmonary evaluation, screening for occult cancer, infection, and psychosocial evaluation must be performed prior to surgery. The most commonly used technique employed in patients is orthotopic transplantation. This involves removal of the native<unk>  and placement of the donor organ in the same anatomic location as the original<unk> . Immunosuppressive agents used after transplantation include cyclosporine, everolimus, mycophenolate, corticosteroids, azathioprine, and tacrolimus in different combinations. The most common causes of death in<unk>  transplant patients are infection, malignancy, and rejection. It is necessary to monitor patients for signs of complications and treat them effectively.
Liver transplantation
Bioartificial liver device
Artificial extracorporeal liver support
Pancreas transplantation
Liver dialysis
Percutaneous hepatic perfusion
Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
Hepatic encephalopathy surgery