The word “Choana” is derivative of a greek word “Xovan” which states the funnel and hence, the term “Posterior<unk>  is known as posterior nasal aperture or posterior funnel.<unk>  <unk>  is the most common form of congenital nasal airway abnormality presenting with variable clinical features ranging from acute airway obstruction to chronic recurrent sinusitis depending upon the degree of obstruction. It is<unk> used by the abnormal rupturing of the buccopharyngeal or nasobuccal membrane which results in the failed recanalization of the nasal fossae during the embryological period and hence, occluding the posterior nasal<unk> vity from communicating with the nasopharynx.<unk>  presents with severe respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, and failure to thrive when the obstruction is bilateral or total; and chronic persistent nasal discharge in partial or unilateral<unk> ses. Establishing a secure airway is an acute otolaryngological emergency because newborns are obligate nasal breathers and experiences the paradoxical cyanosis episodes while feeding. The diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion which is done by an introduction of a six or eight Fr suction<unk> theter via the nostrils, methylene blue dye test, cotton wisp test, and laryngeal mirror test. The obstruction may be further visualized with a narrow flexible nasopharyngoscope after the nasal<unk> vity has been suctioned of mucosal secretions and the nasal mucosa is constricted with a nasal decongestant (e.g., oxymetazoline). However, the final confirmatory diagnosis is done by CT scan of the nasal<unk> vity which will demonstrate the<unk> , define the tissue type (bony or membranous), and show the configuration of the entire nasal<unk> vity. The treatment is essentially surgical which<unk> n be divided into emergent and elective approaches. It may be successfully treated by removing the obstructing tissue and reconstrucitng the posterior<unk>   by using the preferable transnasal endoscopic route.  However,in<unk> ses where, the thick bony plate extremely narrows the posterior nasal<unk> vity, a transpalatal repair technique is more approachable. An intraoperative topical application of Mitomycin-C to inhibit fibroblast proliferation has shown to be an effective adjunct to its surgical repair. Stents created from endotracheal tubes are placed and secured alongwith sutures to the septum in order to prevent postoperative re-stenosis incidence and are usually removed probably after 6 weeks of duration. The stents must be moistened with saline and suctioned several times daily to prevent mucus plugging and acute respiratory distress.
Choanal atresia
Hypospadias
Duodenal atresia
Intestinal atresia
Omphalocele
Bladder exstrophy
Persistent cloaca
Situs inversus