In severe cases, cases not responsive to either endoscopic or medical treatment or recurrent symptoms, surgery may be necessary to arrest the bleeding. Endoscopic methods are preferred over surgical ones.
Angiodysplasia surgery
Gastrointestinal varices surgery
Portal hypertension surgery
Portal vein thrombosis surgery
Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding surgery
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding surgery
Carcinoid syndrome surgery