<unk>  is defined as fluid accumulation of more than 25 mL in the peritoneal cavity.<unk>  may be classified according to etiology into four groups include portal hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, peritoneal disease, and other diseases.<unk>  is also classified based on the Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) as two subtypes include transudate - SAAG > 1.1 g/dL and exudate - SAAG < 1.1 g/dL.<unk>  is excess accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The fluid can be defined as a transudate or an exudate. Amounts of up to 25 liters are fully possible. Roughly, transudates are a result of increased pressure in the portal vein (> 8 mmHg), such as cirrhosis; while exudates are actively secreted fluid due to inflammation or malignancy. The most useful measure is the difference between ascitic and serum albumin concentrations. A difference of less than 1.1 g/dl (10 g/L) implies an exudate. There is no genetic background for<unk> . On gross pathology, clear to pale yellow fluid accumulation in peritoneal space are characteristic findings of<unk>  under normal condition, but it may be chylous, psudochylous, or bloody. Paracentesis is sampling<unk>  fluid through abdominal wall with overall complication rate of not more than 1%. The sampled fluid will be surveyed upon total protein concentration, neutrophil count, and inoculation into blood culture bottles. The mainstays of first-line treatment of patients with cirrhosis and<unk>  include (1) education regarding dietary sodium restriction (2000 mg per day [88 mmol per day]) and (2) oral diuretics. Medical therapy is based on different grades of<unk> . Medical therapy would inhibit different processes in pathophysiology of<unk> . First-line treatment of patients with cirrhosis and<unk>  consists of sodium restriction (88 mmol per day [2000 mg per day], diet education), and diuretics (oral spironolactone with or without oral furosemide).
Ascites
Gallbladder sludge
Hepatolithiasis
Liver abscess
Perihepatitis
Posthepatic jaundice
Haemobilia
Chronic cholecystitis