<unk>  of<unk>  regurgitation (PR) may be divided into medical and surgical<unk> . Medical management of PR may include use of diuretics among patients with RV dysfunction. ACE inhibitors and beta blockers may be used to reverse neurohormonal activation and improve symptoms. Antibiotic prophylaxis may be indicated in certain conditions such as patients with cyanotic heart disease, prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, and previously sustained bacterial endocarditis. Surgical management of PR may include pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). The major indications for PVR may include symptomatic patients with arrythmias or NYHA class higher than II, an ejection fraction of less than 40% when assessed with CMR, patients with progressive right ventricular regurgitation(right ventricular end-diastolic volume ≥160 mL/m2 or end-systolic volume ≥82 mL/m2 on CMR), moderate to severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, resulting from annular dilatation, patients at risk of developing arrythmias and with prolonged QRS duration (total QRS duration ≥180 msec, or QRS duration increase >3.5 msec per year and severe PR among patients with another cardiac lesion that requires operative intervention. Timing of pulmonary valve replacement is not well defined. However timely intervention is advised before the onset of RV dysfunction. Among patients with arrhythmias, intraoperative electrophysiological mapping with cryoablation during pulmonary valve replacement has demonstrated promising results.
Pulmonic regurgitation treatment
Mitral regurgitation treatment
Bicuspid aortic stenosis treatment
Pulmonary regurgitation medical therapy
Chronic mitral regurgitation treatment
Pulmonary regurgitation surgical therapy
Mitral stenosis treatment
Mitral regurgitation surgery procedure