<unk>  is a chronic infection caused by the larval stage of several animal cestodes (tapeworms) of the genus Echinococcus. There are two predominant forms of<unk> , cystic<unk>  caused primarily by E. granulosus and alveolar<unk>  caused by E. multilocularis. The disease is transmitted to humans by infected domestic or wild dogs, which are the definitive hosts, and is seen most commonly in livestock-producing areas of the Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the Americas, including the southwestern U.S. Uncomplicated cystic<unk>  is generally asymptomatic but may cause mass effect with signs of an enlarging mass lesion in a visceral site such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, bone, or CNS. Occasional cyst rupture may cause allergic manifestations such as urticaria, angioedema, or anaphylaxis that bring the patient to medical attention. Additionally, in the case of rupture, secondary bacterial infection may occur, or fistulas may develop (for example, cystobiliary). In the patients suspected of<unk> , enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination test are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening of serum for cystic<unk> . Treatment modalities for<unk>  include percutaneous intervention, surgery, chemotherapy, and observation.
Echinococcosis
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cryptococcosis
Alveolar hydatid disease
Amoebic liver abscess
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatic hemangioma
Urogential tuberculosis