It is thought that<unk><unk>  is mediated by activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway as a critical step in tumorigenesis. Malignant<unk><unk>  (MSO) are rare tumors which arise from ectopic thyroid tissue in the ovary which is benign. The genes involved in the pathogenesis of malignant<unk><unk>  include BRAF (35% to 69%), RAS (10%), and RET (5% to 30%).  On gross pathological examination,<unk><unk>  may be present as: Solid and cystic tumor, tumor with several nodules partially separated by gray whitish fibrous tissue, nodules appear tan-brown in color with small dark red areas, Cystic spaces filled with yellow-brown or straw-colored fluid, and focal areas of calcification. Microscopic pathology of<unk><unk>  is similar to the thyroid tissue with cellular solid or cystic cluster of variable size with cuboidal or columnar morphology and eosinophilic cytoplasm, round nuclei with finely granular chromatin, and Colloid presentation.
Struma ovarii pathophysiology
Prolactinoma pathophysiology
Polycystic ovary syndrome pathophysiology
Seminoma risk factors
Postpartum thyroiditis pathophysiology
Delayed puberty pathophysiology
Struma ovarii risk factors
Seminoma pathophysiology