VSMOW, or<unk> , is an isotopic<unk> <unk>  defined in 1968 by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Despite the somewhat misleading phrase<unk><unk> ", VSMOW refers to pure<unk>  (H2O) and does not include any salt or other substances in seawater. VSMOW serves as a reference<unk>  for comparing hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, mostly in<unk>  samples.  Very pure, distilled VSMOW<unk>  is also used for making high accuracy measurement of<unk> ’s physical properties and for defining laboratory<unk> s since it is considered to be representative of “average<unk><unk> ”, in effect representing the<unk>  content of Earth.
Previously average<unk><unk>  and melted snow were used as reference points.  These were further refined in the 1960s by the<unk> ized definition of<unk> <unk><unk><unk>  (SMOW). The U.S. National Bureau of<unk> s (now the NIST) created physical<unk> <unk> s for global use.  However, the physical integrity of the U.S.<unk> s soon came into question.
VSMOW is a recalibration of the original SMOW definition and was created in 1967 by Harmon Craig and other researchers from Scripps Institution of<unk> ography who mixed distilled<unk><unk> s collected from different spots around the globe. VSMOW remains one of the major isotopic<unk>  benchmarks in use today.
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
Molar 
Ionic liquid
Aqueous humour
Gas constant
Aqueous solution
Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate
Trifoliate orange