<unk>  <unk>  is an abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into ureters or kidneys.  Urine normally travels from the kidneys via the ureters to the bladder. In<unk>  the direction of urine flow is reversed (retrograde). In the majority of cases, it occurs as a result of a primary maturation abnormality of the<unk>  junction or a short distal ureteric submucosal tunnel in the bladder that alters the function of the valve mechanism.<unk>  may be an isolated anomaly or associated with other congenital anomalies such as posterior urethral valves or complete  duplication of the urinary tract.
Vesicoureteral reflux
Obstructive uropathy
Glomerulonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Urethral stricture
Pyelonephritis
Pyonephrosis
Urethral syndrome