<unk>  (DSC) are a relatively new class of low-cost<unk><unk> . They are based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. These<unk>  were invented by Michael Grätzel and Brian O'Regan at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in 1991 and are also known as Grätzel<unk> .
These<unk>  are extremely promising because they are made of low-cost materials and do not need elaborate apparatus to manufacture. In bulk they should be significantly less expensive than older solid-state<unk> designs. Although their conversion efficiency is less than the best thin-film<unk> , their price/performance ratio should be high enough to allow them to compete with fossil fuel electrical generation in Europe. Commercial applications, which were held up due to chemical stability problems, are now forecast in the European Union Photovoltaic Roadmap to be a potentially significant contributor to renewable electricity generation by 2020.
Dye-sensitized solar cells
Electrode
High energy visible light
High-energy visible light
Contact lens
Chemical peel
Germicidal lamp
Myopia surgery