<unk>  <unk>  is the pathological defect affecting one of the four valves of the heart: aortic valve, mitral valve, pulmonic valve, or tricuspid valve.<unk>  may be congenital or acquired. Congenital causes of<unk>  include tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, Noonan syndrome, congenital rubella syndrome, and bicuspid valve among others. Acquired causes of<unk>  include rheumatic heart<unk> , infective endocarditis, senile calcification of valves, or valve deformities secondary to structural changes of the myocardium (e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy). Regardless of the underlying cause,<unk>  may result in valve stenosis, valve regurgitation or , in some cases, valve prolapse.<unk>  can often be asymptomatic and may go undiagnosed. In patients who develop symptoms suggestive of<unk> , cardiac auscultation for heart murmurs is often the first step of a focused physical examination to rule out<unk> . Echocardiography is the gold standard diagnostic modality for<unk> .  In addition to a thorough and focused physical examination, a well-performed echocardiogram aids the clinician in determining the severity of the<unk> , the prognosis, and the need for surgical intervention.
Valvular heart disease
Cardiac tumors
Structural heart disease
Heart valve dysplasia
Congenital heart disease
Conduction system disease
Coronary heart disease
Cardiomyopathy