<unk> <unk>  is a very rare and yet the most commonly described thoracic venous anomaly in medical literature. Some patient may be associated with other congenital heart disease, such as ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect. Symptoms depend on where<unk><unk>  vena cava flows to. If if flows to right atria, many patients of<unk>  appear without symptoms. Otherwise, patients may appear anoxemia. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI can tell the diagnosis of<unk> . The mai treatment of<unk>  is surgery. Prognosis of<unk>  depends on where<unk><unk>  vena cava flows to.
Persistent left superior vena cava
Persistent left inferior vena cava
Double inferior vena cava
Congenital stenosis of vena cava
Pruned pulmonary vasculature
Aberrant subclavian artery
Persistent thyroglossal duct
Interrupted aortic arch