<unk>  <unk>  is a separation process  that is used to remove<unk>  or semi-solid compounds from a mixture of impurities based on their physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use<unk>  to concentrate and purify samples for analysis.<unk>  can be used to isolate analytes of interest from a wide variety of matrices, including urine, blood, water samples, beverages, soil, animal tissue, and consumer products.
The separation ability of<unk>  is based on the preferential affinity of desired or undesired solutes in a liquid, mobile<unk>  for a<unk> , stationary<unk>  through which the sample is passed. Impurities in the sample are either washed away while the analyte of interest is retained on the stationary<unk> , or vice-versa. Analytes that are retained on the stationary<unk>  can then be eluted from the<unk>  cartridge with the appropriate solvent.
The stationary<unk>  comes in the form of a packed syringe-shaped cartridge, a 96 well plate or a 47- or 90-mm flat disk, which can be mounted on a commercially available extraction manifold. The manifold allows many samples to be processed simultaneously. A typical cartridge<unk>  manifold can accommodate up to 24 cartridges, while a typical disk<unk>  manifold can accommodate 6 disks. Most<unk>  manifolds are equipped with a vacuum port.  Application of vacuum<unk> eds up the extraction process by pulling the liquid sample through the stationary<unk> . The analytes are collected in sample tubes inside or below the manifold after they pass through the stationary<unk> .<unk>  cartridges and disks are available with a variety of stationary<unk> s, each of which can separate analytes according to different chemical properties. Most stationary<unk> s are based on silica that has been bonded to a<unk> cific functional group. Some of these functional groups include hydrocarbon chains of variable length (for reversed<unk> <unk> , quaternary ammonium or amino groups (for anion exchange),  and sulfonic acid or carboxyl groups (for cation exchange).
Solid phase extraction
Liquid-liquid extraction
Fractional distillation
Ion chromatography
Quantization 
Kick chart
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature
Freeze drying