<unk>  complications are potential risks of<unk><unk> <unk> es and interventions.<unk><unk><unk>  is associated with a 7% to 11%  overall complication rate, approximately half of which are<unk>  in nature. The risk of peri-operative complications is dependent on both the patient's co-morbidities and the type of<unk> /intervention. The goal of pre-operative<unk><unk>  is to identify patients with ischemic heart diseases, valvulopathies, left ventricular dysfunction, or arrhythmias, all of which might are associated with hemodynamic instability and<unk>  stress and may affect the metabolic supply-demand balance during and following the<unk> .
Cardiac risk assessment prior to non-cardiac surgery
Cardiac catheterization pre-procedure evaluation
Chronic stable angina patient follow-up
Perioperative β-blockers
PCI in the patient at risk of bleeding
ST elevation myocardial infarction inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system at discharge
Intervention in left main coronary artery disease
Preparation of the patient for diagnostic catheterization