<unk>  or pseudobulbar affect refers to the pathological expression of laughter, crying, or smiling. It is also known as emotional<unk> ty, pathological laughter and crying, emotional incontinence, or, more recently, involuntary emotional expression disorder (IEED). Patients may find themselves laughing uncontrollably at something that is only moderately funny, being unable to stop themselves for several minutes. Episodes may also be mood-incongruent: a patient might laugh uncontrollably when angry or frustrated, for example.<unk>  is most commonly observed after brain injury or degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig disease), a form of motor neuron disease.  It affects up to 50% of patients or up to 17,000 people, particularly those with pseudobulbar palsy.It also sometimes occurs in multiple sclerosis upon cognitive impairment.
While not as profoundly disabling as the physical symptoms of these diseases,<unk>  can have a significant impact on individuals' social functioning and their relationships with others. In motor neuron disease, the majority of patients are cognitively normal; however, the appearance of uncontrollable emotions is commonly associated with learning disabilities. This may lead to severe embarrassment and avoidance of social interactions for the patient, which in turn has an impact on their coping mechanisms and their careers.
Treatment for<unk>  is usually pharmacological, using antidepressants such as fluoxetine, citalopram, or amitriptyline in low to moderate doses.  In the USA, a combination of dextromethorphan and a subtherapeutic dose of quinidine has been submitted to the FDA for approval to treat emotional<unk> ty.
Labile affect
Blunted affect
Homicidal ideation
Emotional detachment
Euphoria
Aversion to happiness
Jealousy
Intrusive thoughts