<unk><unk> s are suspected to be the major cause of death in the previous influenza virus pandemic of 1918, H5N1 epidemic of 1991 and SARS epidemic of 2003. A<unk><unk>  is an immune reaction that is characterized by dysregulated and excessive release of pro-inflammatory<unk> s.<unk><unk> s (dysregulated and excessive release of<unk> s) have been<unk>  with ARDS in SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. The characteristic of this phenomenon could be considered as an indicator of adverse clinical outcomes such as ARDS, shock, and ARF. It has been reported that in patients with<unk> -19 there is increase in IL-1B, IFN-γ, IP-10, and monocyte hemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and<unk> -19  patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have increased levels of granulocyte  colony-stimulating factor, IP-10, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1A, and TNF-α compared to those in general wards. However, in contrast to SARS infection, patients with<unk> -19 infection have high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 (secreted by Th2 cells), which are anti-inflammatory<unk> s. Potential therapies suggested for<unk><unk>  include: Corticosteroids, tocilizumab, etoposide and ruxolitinib.
COVID-19-associated cytokine storm
COVID-19-associated heart failure
COVID-19-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome
COVID-19-associated respiratory failure
COVID-19-associated neutrophilia
COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome
COVID-19-associated hemodialysis
COVID-19-associated polyneuritis cranialis