<unk>  <unk>  refers to the retrograde or backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole.  The clinical presentation depends on the response and adaptability of the left ventricle to the increased left ventricular diastolic volume.  In chronic<unk> , the left ventricle has adapted by dilatation of its walls; however, in acute<unk>  a rapid increase in the diastolic volume is not tolerated by a normal-size ventricle which could lead to cardiogenic shock.  Acute<unk>  can be caused by either aortic dissection or infective endocarditis, and it requires immediate surgical intervention.  The most common causes of chronic<unk> <unk> e bicuspid aortic valve and calcific valve disease.  The treatment of chronic<unk>  depends on the stage of the disease.  Acute<unk>  is a life-threatening condition and must be recognized and treated promptly.
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis
Pulmonic regurgitation
Aortic insufficiency