<unk>  refers to the inflammation of the epididymis and/or testes, with or without infection. It is a major cause of acute scrotum and must be differentiated from other common causes, such as testicular torsion and torsion of the testicular appendage. While the pathogenesis is not fully understood, infectious<unk>  is thought to be due to retrograde reflux of infected urine into the epididymis, which then spreads to the testes. The causes of<unk>  can be divided into idiopathic, infectious and non-infectious causes. Most common cases are due to infectious causes, which are mostly due to N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis and E. Coli. Data on epidemiology of<unk>  is scarce, however,<unk>  is the 5th most common genitourinary diagnosis made and disease is more prevalent among U.S. military men. Peak incidence of the disease is in men between the ages of 20 to 29 years. The main symptoms of<unk>  are scrotal pain and swelling. Other symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting and lower UTI symptoms may be present. The main focus of physical examination in patients with<unk>  is scrotal and testicular examination. Signs that may be present include testicular swelling, tenderness on palpation, as well as erythema. Other signs include relief of pain upon elevation of the testis. Unlike patients with testicular torsion, patients with<unk>  have an intact cremasteric reflex. A color Doppler ultrasound is mainly done to rule out testicular torsion and is the diagnostic imaging of choice in evaluating cases of acute scrotum.<unk>  might show a thickened epididymis with normal to increased Doppler wave pulsations, consistent with normal to increased blood flow. Management of<unk>  consists mainly of conservative measures, including bed rest and limitation of physical activity, use of cold packs, analgesia and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition, appropriate antibiotic therapy should be initiated if the cause of<unk>  is bacterial.
Epididymoorchitis
Vaginitis
Dacryocystitis
Spermatocele
Pneumatocele
Oophoritis
Varicocele
Hydrocele