The pathophysiology of<unk>  depends on the failure of physiological defense mechanisms and hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine to correct<unk> . Most of these defense mechanisms are hormones that control glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Insulinoma is a rare benign pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that arises from β islet cells. It is mediated by a mutation in mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway. Non-islet-cell tumors (NICTH) are large tumors of mesenchymal or epithelial cell types originate from the pancreas.<unk>  due to NICTH appears to be related to increased glucose utilization and inhibition of glucose release from the liver. This happens as a result of tumor production of incompletely processed IGF-2. On gross pathology insulinomas have a gray to red-brown appearance, encapsulated and are usually small and solitary tumors. On microscopic histopathological analysis, patterns like trabecular, gyriform, lobular and solid structures, particularly with amyloid in a fibrovascular stroma, are characteristic findings of insulinoma. It is also evaluated for the mitotic index and immunohistochemistry staining by Chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and Ki-67 index.
Hypoglycemia pathophysiology
Glucagonoma risk factors
Diabetic ketoacidosis risk factors
Insulin resistance causes
Hypoglycemia causes
Gastric dumping syndrome risk factors
Insulinoma risk factors
Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology