<unk>  <unk>  or<unk> S for<unk>  syndrome", or<unk>  hyperpyrexia due to anaesthesia") is a rare life-threatening condition that is triggered by exposure to certain drugs used for general anesthesia (specifically all volatile anesthetics), nearly all gas anesthetics, and the neuromuscular blocking agent succinylcholine. <unk>  is an autosomal-dominant inherited disorder, children and young adults are most affected, with a significant male predilection. Mutations in the RYR1 gene on chromosome 19q13.1 have been associated with a predisposition to<unk> . When an<unk> -susceptible <unk> S) individual is exposed to a volatile anesthetic (eg, halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane) or succinylcholine, the triggering agent induces prolonged opening of functionally altered ryanodine receptors, causes an uncontrolled release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ongoing muscle rigidity. This may lead to a metabolic crisis which manifests clinically as tachycardia, hypercarbia, hyperpyrexia, kidney failure and eventually death may occur if left untreated. Management of<unk>  crisis includes administration of dantrolene sodium, which is a postsynaptic muscle relaxant that reduces excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells, and the avoidance of triggering anesthetic agents or succinylcholine, external and internal cooling until body temperature reaches 38.5°C, hemodynamic monitoring in Intensive care unit. This strategy has markedly reduced the mortality from this condition.
Malignant hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Hyperglycemic crises
Nitrogen narcosis
Spinal shock
Obstructive shock
Neurogenic shock