<unk>  mellitus (DM) is the metabolic homeostasis disorder regulated by insulin which causes abnormalities in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Type 1<unk>  (also called juvenile-onset<unk>  mellitus, DM1, T1DM, and insulin-dependent<unk>  mellitus) is considered an immuno-mediated disease that results in a gradual destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, and subsequently leads to their complete loss and total dependence on exogenous insulin. The etiology and natural history of T1DM are not yet completely known; however, the genetic and environmental factors are likely responsible for the underlying damage. The genetic effect probably contributes 70 to 75% in the susceptibility to T1DM; while, environmental factors possibly initiates or stimulates the process resulting in the destruction of the beta cells and the disease onset. The disease process begins months to years before the onset of clinical signs such as polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Clinical presentation usually begins at any age; however, most patients will be diagnosed before the age of 30 years. Type 2<unk>  mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by two underlying defects. The earliest abnormality being an insulin resistance which initially compensated with an increase in insulin secretion. Thereafter, T2DM develops due to a defect in insulin secretion that prevents such secretion from matching the increased requirements imposed by an initial insulin-resistant state. Therefore, T1DM results from an absolute insulin deficiency, and relative deficiency in T2DM. Although, the percentage of DM cases in children and adolescents caused by T2DM has risen in the past 1 to 2 decades; however, T1DM remains the most common form of DM in children. Acute and chronic complications including renal failure, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease are related to and likely caused by the hyperglycemic state. Recombinant insulin analogs, insulin pumps, and newer devices for home monitoring have drastically improved the ability to control glucose concentrations in patients with DM. However, the feedback control in the healthy state that allows minute-to-minute regulation of insulin secretion cannot be recapitulated with current<unk>  therapies; thereby achieving the full metabolic normalization not yet possible and making some degree of hyperglycemia persists in virtually all patients with<unk> .
Diabetes in children
HIV AIDS infection in infants
Choking in an infant under 1 year
Diarrhea in children
Cyanosis in newborns
Gestational diabetes
Hearing loss in infants
Infant of diabetic mother