The most common mode of transmission of<unk><unk>  is vectorborne via exposure to feces/urine of infected triatomine insects. Nonetheless, other modes of transmission, such as via blood transfusion, organ transplant, oral ingestion, breast milk, and vertical transmission, are possible. The hallmark of<unk><unk>  is inflammation. Acutely following transmission, a state of parasitemia, characterized by parasitic replication and host immune responses, is responsible for the development of clinical manifestations. Following the acute phase, it is thought that<unk><unk>  causes a state of low-grade persistent inflammation that eventually results in the development of chronic<unk> , manifested by multisystem involvement. The pathogenesis of chronic<unk><unk>  is poorly understood, but is thought to be caused by either persistent parasites that were not eliminated by the host during the acute phase or development of autoimmune destructive processes. On gross pathology, acute<unk><unk>  is characterized by inflammation, whereas chronic<unk>  often demonstrates tissue dilation and congestion, along with evidence of fibrosis and wall thickening. On microscopic histopathological analysis, acute<unk><unk>  demonstrates mononuclear and lymphocytic infiltration in infected tissue, which chronically result in tissue denervation and fibrous scar formation. The histologic diagnosis of Chronic<unk>  cardiomyopathy (CCM) consists of a diffuse and patchy chronic myocarditis, interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates, and myocardial fiber destruction with fibrotic replacement. Grossly enlarged hearts have been found in autopsy studies in subjects with end stage of<unk><unk> . Left ventricular apical aneurysms are also frequently found on autopsy.
Chagas disease pathophysiology
Tularemia pathophysiology
Ehrlichiosis pathophysiology
Roseola pathophysiology
Strep throat pathophysiology
Babesiosis pathophysiology
Silicosis pathophysiology
Herpes simplex pathophysiology