Chronic<unk><unk>  is associated with a hypercoagulable state secondary to increased blood viscosity and stasis, endothelial dysfunction and increased levels of biomarkers such as D-dimer, fibrinopeptide A and von-Willebrand factor.  This hypercoagulable state places<unk><unk>  patients at an elevated risk for development of thromboembolic events such as pulmonary embolism, acute MI, and stroke).  Atrial fibrillation is present in 10-30% of the patients with<unk><unk> , and this may require anticoagulation. This chapter will discuss the role of anti-coagulation in<unk><unk>  patients with atrial fibrillation and those in sinus rhythm, respectively.
Congestive heart failure anticoagulants
Disseminated intravascular coagulation medical therapy
Portal vein thrombosis medical therapy
Disseminated intravascular coagulation surgery
Thrombocytopenia medical therapy
Deep vein thrombosis medical therapy
Atherosclerosis medical therapy
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia medical therapy