<unk>  are unregulated growth of mucosal surface of the<unk> . The exact etiology is unclear. However, risk factors may contribute to the formation of<unk>  including age,family history, obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. There are four different types of<unk>  including inflammatory, hamartomatous, serrated, and adenomatous<unk> , which have different pathogenesis. Inflammatory<unk>  are non-neoplastic<unk>  that occur following intestinal inflammation, infections, or ischemia. Hamartomatous<unk> is an overgrowth of mature cells and connective tissue elements including smooth muscle, lamina propria, and cartilage, and fat which is covered by a hypertrophic epithelium. Serrated<unk>  include hyperplastic, sessile serrated and traditional serrated<unk> . Hyperplastic<unk>  are the most common<unk> . Hyperplastic<unk> is infolding of the cryptepithelium that forms serration or saw-toothed appearance. Sessile serrated<unk>  are flask-shaped crypts, with dilatation and branching but not pedunculated. Traditional serrated adenomas are serrated<unk>  that are protuberant and pedunculated, which are located in left<unk> . Traditional adenoma also known as conventional<unk> , are developed throughout the<unk> . They are the most prevalent<unk>  that have malignant potential.<unk>  are incidentally found in<unk> oscopies and sigmoidoscopies.<unk>  might grow gradually and cause symptoms including obstruction, bleeding, and changes in bowel habits. Some of them might progress to<unk> ectal cancer.<unk> oscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy are diagnostic studies of choice to diagnose<unk> . The mainstay of treatment for<unk>  is surgery. Aspirin is recommended to prevent recurrent<unk>  or conversion of<unk>  to<unk> ectal cancer. Surgery is indicated for all<unk>  that are detected during screening for<unk> ectal cancer. There are different surgical treatments for<unk>  including<unk> ctomy, laparoscopic surgery and total proctocolectomy. All<unk>  must be sent to pathology laboratory for the biopsy. Regular exercise, healthy diet, smoking cessation, and reduced alcohol consumption might be helpful for preventing<unk> . It is recommended to take aspirin, calcium and vitamin D to decrease the risk of<unk> . According to guidelines for<unk> oscopysurveillance after screening and<unk> ctomy by the US Multi-Society Task Force on<unk> ectal cancer, surveillance and screening are more frequent after first or second adenomatous<unk>  or serrated<unk> .
Colon polyps
Gastrointestinal varices
Genital ulcer disease
Stress ulcer
Anal dysplasia
Chronic colestites
Tropical ulcer
Platinosis