<unk>  is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear.<unk>  is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window  Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window,<unk>  can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci.<unk>  is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of<unk> . And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for<unk> . Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear<unk> . The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.
Otosclerosis
Band keratopathy
Corneal ulcer
Corneal neovascularization
Corneal dystrophy
Pitted keratolysis
Bowenoid papulosis
Basement membrane corneal dystrophy