<unk>  <unk>  is a condition where the pulmonary valve is not strong enough to<unk> event backflow into the right ventricle.  Nearly all individuals have physiologic (trace-to-mild)<unk>  and the incidence increases with advancing age.  Hence, there is a backward flow of blood from the pulmonary artery, through the pulmonary valve, and into the right ventricle of the heart during diastole.
PVR may be classified according to the pulmonary valve morphology and severity of the disease. However, in a small percentage of patients, it is a normal finding. PVR may share overlapping symptoms with certain other conditions such as aortic regurgitation, tricuspid re gurgitation, left to right shunting, right ventricular cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis, carcinoid heart disease, syphilis and Marfan syndrome.
The main pathophysiologic mechanism for pulmonary regurgitation includes the backflow of blood into the right ventricle resulting in ventricular overload and ventricular remodeling. Complications that may result from pulmonary regurgitation include<unk> ogressive right ventricular dilatation, heart failure, tricuspid regurgitation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.
The diagnosis of<unk>  may include detailed history, and physical examination. Certain diagnostic tests such as echocardiography and cardiac MRI may help confirm the diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment for<unk>  may include medical therapy for mild to moderate cases and pulmonary valve replacement in severe cases. Medical therapy may include use of diuretics and ACE inhibitors in patients with right ventricular dysfunction.
Lifelong follow up may be required among patients with<unk>  to monitor pulmonary valve morphology and to assess right ventricular function.
Pulmonic regurgitation
Tricuspid stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Pulmonary vein stenosis
Mitral stenosis
Dextrocardia