<unk>  is a tumor that arises from ganglion cells in the central nervous system. On gross pathology,<unk>  varies from partially cystic mass with a mural nodule to a solid mass expanding the overlying gyrus. On microscopic pathology,<unk>  is composed of ganglion cells and neoplastic glial cells with positive staining for synaptophysin, neuronal specific enolase, and GFAP.<unk>  must be differentiated from dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, desmoplastic infantile<unk> , astrocytoma, ependymoma, and transverse myelitis. Patients with<unk>  may progress to develop local recurrence. Complications that can develop as a result of<unk>  are metastasis and local recurrence. Prognosis is generally good with treatment. The hallmark of cerebral<unk>  is temporal lobe epilepsy. Common symptoms of spinal cord<unk>  include back pain, neck pain, radicular pain, weakness, paresthesia, gait disturbance, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Less common symptoms of spinal cord<unk>  include Brown-Sequard syndrome, acute headache due to subarachnoid hemmorhage, progressive scoliosis, loss of motor function, and frequent falls. Common physical examination findings of<unk>  include weak irregular pulse, hypertension, wide pulse pressure, unilateral pupillary dilatation, abnormal ophthalmic examination, and focal neurological deficits. On x-ray, spinal cord<unk>  is characterized by scoliosis, bony remodelling, posterior vertebral body scalloping, and remodelling of the pedicle or posterior arch. On CT scan of the head,<unk>  is characterized by iso- or hypodense, calcification, bone remodelling, and enhancement of solid non-calcified component. On MRI of the brain,<unk>  is characterized by iso- to hypointense solid component on T1, variable contrast enhancement of solid component on T1 C+ (Gd), hyperintense solid component and variable signal in cystic component on T2, and calcification on T2 (GE/SWI). On MRI scan of spinal cord,<unk>  is characterized by mixed signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high intensity on T2, patchy enhancement on T1 C+ (Gd), and calcification with low signal blooming on gradient echo. The mainstay of therapy for<unk>  is surgery. In the brain, a reasonable resection margin can be achieved with surgery.
Radiation therapy is usually reserved for patients when either incomplete resection is achievable or tumor recurrence occurs.
Ganglioglioma
Paraganglioma
Schwannoma
Gemistocytic astrocytoma
Astrocytoma
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
Ameloblastoma
Protoplasmic astrocytoma