The<unk>  are the noises <unk>  generated by the beating<unk>  and the resultant flow of blood through it. This is also called a<unk> beat. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner uses a stethoscope to listen for these<unk> , which provide important information about the condition of the<unk> .
In<unk> hy adults, there are two normal<unk>  often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur in sequence with each<unk>  beat. These are the first<unk> (S1) and second<unk> (S2), produced by the closure of the AV valves and semilunar valves respectively. In addition to these normal<unk> , a variety of other<unk>  may be present including<unk>  murmurs and adventitious<unk> .<unk>  murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood, which may occur inside or outside the<unk> . Murmurs may be physiological (benign) or pathological (abnormal). Abnormal murmurs can be caused by stenosis restricting the opening of a<unk>  valve, causing turbulence as blood flows through it.  Valve insufficiency (or regurgitation) allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve is supposed to be closed. Different murmurs are audible in different parts of the cardiac cycle, depending on the cause of the murmur.
Heart sounds
Heart rate
Breath sounds
Pulse
Breathing
Itch
Respiratory rate
Blood pressure