<unk>  can be divided into two broad groups, retrograde<unk>  and anterograde<unk> . Retrograde<unk>  is the loss of memory prior to the onset of<unk>  and anterograde<unk>  is the inability to form new memory. Memory can also be divided into two groups depending on the duration, short-term memory and long-term memory. Other types of<unk>  are Psychological including repressive<unk>  and dissociative fugue, infantile<unk> , neurological<unk>  (Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease), post-traumatic<unk> , drug-Induced<unk> , transient global<unk> ,<unk>  due to nutritional deficiency (thiamine, vitamin B12). Richard Semon in 1904 described that experiences cause some changes in the neurons and these changes are referred to as engram and they form memory of the particular experience in those neurons. Reactivation of these neurons occur when patient tries to recall those memories.<unk>  results from damage to different memory centers in the brain, such as the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus, which are involved in acquiring and restoring memory. Common causes of<unk>  include medications, head trauma, depression and aging. Less common cause of<unk>  are childhood sexual abuse, traumatic incident, hypoxia, psychological trauma, thiamine deficiency, alcohol abuse, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Parkinson's disease, benzodiazepines, hypoglycemia, stroke, electroconvulsive therapy. The underlying etiology of memory loss must be differentiated on the basis of duration of memory loss, presence of anterograde<unk>  or retrograde<unk> , associated features, and cognitive impairment. Memory impairment tends to increase with age. Forty percent of the population over age sixty have some degree of memory loss.<unk>  and mild cognitive impairment is more prevalent in middle-aged to older Non-Hispanic Black and older Latino as compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Aging, depression, chronic stress, head trauma, chronic sleep deprivation and medications are risk factors ​for<unk> .<unk>  may progress slowly or suddenly, and maybe transient or permanent. The natural history and prognosis depends upon the underlying etiology. Patients with memory loss could suffer from depression and grief long term. Quality of life and activities of daily living are difficult to maintain which causes decreased socialization and a decline in cognitive functions in the elderly.Amnesia is largely a clinical diagnosis, a detailed history of memory impairment and associated symptoms should be obtained. Focal examination including vital signs, altered mental status, mini mental status exam (MMSE), Glasgow Coma Scale, nystagmus, papilledema, gait, instruments of daily activities should be assessed. Head CT scan and MRI may be helpful in identifying structural and functional abnormalities including bleeding, stroke, tumor, atrophy or any changes suggestive of<unk> . Positron emission tomography PET may show hypometabolism in areas of brain associated with memory in patients with history of<unk>  but with no visible structural or functional brain damage on CT scan or MRI. Other diagnostic studies helpful in the diagnosis of the cause<unk>  are EEG for epilepsy, CSF fluid analysis for encephalitis.Treatment can be offered in cases of reversible conditions. If not, provision of supportive care can help to improve a patient's condition. Etiology specific treatment plan should be followed to improve memory and delay progression. Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of memory loss. Measures for the primary prevention of<unk>  include preventing brain trauma, managing stress, avoid alcohol abuse, manage stroke risk factors, good sleep habits, social integration, optimum nutrition and exercise routine. Effective measures for the secondary prevention of memory loss include, sustainable daily routine, healthy eating habits, social integration, exercise routine, reduce and manage stress, adequate sleep, reading and playing strategic games like puzzles and word games.
Amnesia
Sexual obsessions
Snatiation
Paranoia
Euphorbia
Satiety
Dyssomnia
Exophoria