Based on the etiology,<unk>  may be classified as pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic, and post-hepatic. Intra-hepatic<unk>  classified into pre-sinusoidal, sinusoidal, and post-sinusoidal disorders. Based on the function impairment in the liver,<unk>  may be classified as cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic. The exact pathogenesis in<unk>  is disturbance in normal<unk> ysiology of portocaval circulation. The main factors that affect the pressure gradient in blood vessels are blood flow (Q) and vessel radius (r) in a direct and inverse way, respectively.<unk>  is related to elevation of portal vasculature resistance. Peripheral vasodilatation is the basis for decreased systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure, plasma volume expansion, elevated splanchnic blood flow, and elevated cardiac index. Fourteen different genes are involved in the pathogenesis of<unk> . Homozygous missense mutation in DGUOK gene is found to be related with non-cirrhotic<unk> . On gross pathology, cirrhotic liver, splenomegaly, and esophageal varices are characteristic findings in<unk> . The main microscopic histopathological findings in<unk>  are related to cirrhosis, esophageal varices, hepatic amyloidosis, and congestive hepatopathy due to heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome.<unk> armacological medical therapy is recommended among patients with cirrhosis and<unk>  which are without esophageal varices, with esophageal varices but not yet bleeding, with esophageal varices that is bleeding, and with esophageal varices that has already bled.<unk> armacological medical therapies for<unk>  include non-selective beta blockers (NSBB), analogues of nitric oxide (NO), and vasoactive agents. Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with<unk> . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either severe cirrhosis, esophageal varices, splenomegaly, ascites, or liver failure. There are no established measures for the primary prevention of<unk> . Effective measures for the primary prevention of liver diseases, as the main causes of<unk> , include hepatitis B vaccination, avoiding unprotected sex relations, precise screening of the blood products before infusion, alcohol consumption reduction, overweight and obesity prevention, and diabetes mellitus prevention. There are also no established measures for the secondary prevention of<unk> . Effective measures for the secondary prevention of liver diseases, as the main causes of<unk> , include treatment of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections, alcohol abuse management, weight loss or management, and proper management of diabetes mellitus.
Portal hypertension
Hypertensive heart disease
Pulmonary hypertension risk factors
Gastrointestinal varices
Pulmonary hypertension
Portopulmonary hypertension
Portal vein thrombosis
Chronic hypertension