<unk>  arises from pre-follicular, center B cells, which are normally involved in the process of human immunoglobulins production. Development of<unk>  is the result of multiple genetic mutations that promote both malignant leukemic proliferation and apoptotic resistance of mature B cells. Structural genetic mutations involved in the pathogenesis of<unk>  include chromosome 13q deletion, chromosome 17p deletion, and chromosome 11q deletion. On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of<unk>  include small lymphoid cells, thin cytoplasmic border, lack of nucleolus, and the presence of smudge cells. The first comprehensive clinical report of<unk>  was published in 1924 by Dr. George Minot, an American physician.<unk>  must be differentiated from other diseases that cause weight loss,  night sweats, hepatosplenomegaly, and palpable lymph nodes, such as hairy cell leukaemia, prolymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma.  The most potent risk factor in the development of<unk>  is advanced age. Other risk factors include male gender, positive family history, and exposure to certain chemicals. The majority of patients with<unk>  are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. If left untreated, patients with<unk>  may progress to develop weight loss, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Common complications of<unk>  include immunodeficiency, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and Richter's transformation. Prognosis is generally good, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with<unk>  is approximately 81.7%. Physical examination of patients with<unk>  is usually remarkable for skin pallor, palpable cervical lymph nodes, and hepatomegaly. Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of<unk>  include abnormal complete blood count, immunohistochemistry, and electrophoresis. Monoclonality of kappa and lambda producing B cells is a key diagnostic feature among patients with<unk> . According to the Rai Staging System, there are five stages of<unk>  based on the degree of lymphocytosis, hemoglobin concentration, platelets concentration, presence of splenomegaly, and presence of lymphadenopathy. While according to the Binet Staging System, there are three stages of<unk>  based on the degree of lymphocytosis, the presence of anemia or thrombocytopenia, and the involvement of three or more lymph node regions. Bone marrow biopsy and lymph node biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of<unk> . Karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization detect any chromosomal mutations involved in the development of<unk> . The tumor stage is considered one of the important factors that determine the optimal management protocol of<unk>  patients. The mainstay of therapy for symptomatic<unk>  patients is immunochemotherapy.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
AIDS-related lymphoma
Prolymphocytic leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Lymphoid leukemia
Adult T-cell leukemia
Acute monocytic leukemia