The exact pathogenesis of<unk>  disorder is not fully understood.<unk>  disorders are related to multifactorial causes. Throughout time, a multitude of theories has been developed to explain the origin of these disorders. However still, the pathophysiology of PDs remains enigmatic. The five-factor model of<unk>  was developed in the 1980s and 1990s, which demonstrated that it comprises five distinct traits. PDs are primarily the result of positive correlation with Neuroticism and negative association with Agreeableness. Extraversion is associated in both ways. It is a well-known fact that<unk>  develops during childhood and interpersonal experiences and social interactions play a significant role in the development of PDs. Parental maltreatment, stress, and traumatic life events influence the<unk>  adversely. In addition, genetic and prenatal factors also constitute a major role. Genetic factors with mutations in genes involving dopamine and serotonin pathways such as DRD2, COMT, DTNBP1, DAAO, 5-HTTLPR, MAOA, DRD3,TPH1 and TPH2. Perinatal injuries like trauma, infections like encephalitis, and hemorrhage may also be contributing factors. Genetic factors interact with environmental stresses to result in PDs. Various parental behavior like excessive attachment, parental insensitivity or emotional neglect, physical and sexual abuse, and substance use disorders causes an essential impact on PDs development. Social bullying, racial discrimination, frequent dislocations during childhood, and lack of peer support are other risk factors.
Personality disorder pathophysiology
Anhedonia pathophysiology
Anxiety pathophysiology
Acute stress disorder pathophysiology
Delusional disorder pathophysiology
Amnesia pathophysiology
Generalized anxiety disorder pathophysiology
Schizophrenia pathophysiology