Diabetic<unk>  is an umbrella term for<unk>  problems in patients with diabetes mellitus. Neuropathy, ischemia and trauma are three main pathogenesis of diabetic<unk> . Neuropathy is the most common and is the responsible element in more than 60% of diabetic<unk>  cases. Factors such as high blood glucose, reactive oxygen species, insufficient oxygenation of the nerves, and inflammation leads to neuropathy development in diabetic patients and it gets worse with alcohol use and smoking. Neuropathy can involve motor, autonomic, or sensory nerves and is able to involve both large and small fibers. Motor nerve involvement can lead to some mechanical changes in the<unk>  of a diabetic patient, which causes more plantar pressure and higher risk of callus formation. Each and every factor leads to a higher rate of skin breakdown and ulceration. Autonomic neuropathy leads to anhidrosis and impaired function of oil glands, subsequent skin dryness, higher chance of skin breakdown, and ulcer formation. Diabetic patients with sensory neuropathy are more prone to ulcer formation and related complications, since they don't feel pain with ever-deepening ulcers. Ischemia is the second best known pathogenesis of diabetic<unk>  that could occur due to a higher rate of lower limb atherosclerosis in diabetic patients, compared to the normal population. Diabetes related complications such as micro and macrovascular complications further intensify ischemia. Ischemic changes can be discovered by an impaired ankle brachial index (ABI). Trauma to the<unk>  usually acts as a trigger for diabetic<unk> . A defective hypoxic response has been explained in diabetic<unk> , which is related to a transcription factor named hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1). Lower levels of HIF‐1 in biopsies of diabetic<unk>  could be related to its role in wound healing. Some genetic associations (such as MAPK14 gene located on chromosome 6, decreased expression of certain cytokines and growth factors, and the HSPA1B genotype) have been explained in diabetic<unk>  development. Charcot arthropathy, some psychosocial conditions, necrotizing fasciitis (NF), vitamin D deficiency, tinea pedis, onychomycosis, and diabetic retinopathy are associated conditions in diabetic<unk> . On gross pathology, the most common site of ulceration is on the soles of the feet, under the metatarsal head with various depths and possible anatomical deformities of the<unk> . In microscopic evaluations of the ulcers, evidence of necrosis, hyperkeratosis, fibrosis, inflammation, cellular debris, granulation tissue, and angiogenesis have been found.
Diabetic foot pathophysiology
Buerger's disease pathophysiology
Varicose veins pathophysiology
Diabetic nephropathy pathophysiology
Athlete's foot pathophysiology
Atherosclerosis pathophysiology
Retinitis pathophysiology
Diabetic retinopathy pathophysiology