The most common cause of<unk>  is a rapid correction(>48-hours duration) of hyponatremia in patients with the history of prolonged hyponatremia. Other causes of<unk>  may include: Lengthened orthotopic liver transplantation, hypophosphatemia secondary to refeeding syndrome, deficiencies in neuronal/glial cell energy supply and utilization which produce glial cell apoptosis and thus the clinical syndrome of<unk>  and prolonged ischemia. The most potent risk factor in the development of<unk>  is hyponatremia. Other risk factors include: Liver dysfunction and liver diseases, hypocholesterolemia, alcoholism, malnutrition, systemic medical disease and hemodialysis. Brain MRI is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of<unk> . The following findings on performing Brain MRI are confirmatory for<unk> : T2 hyperintensity in the<unk><unk>  region in the axial plane and hyperintense lesion in the midpons in the midsagittal T2-weighted MRI. Treatment of patients with<unk>  is mainly supportive because once the osmotic demyelination has begun, there is no cure or specific treatment. Alcoholic patients should receive vitamin supplementation including vitamin B6, B9 and B12 and evaluation of their nutritional status.
Central pontine myelinolysis
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
Acute flaccid myelitis
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Cerebellar stroke syndrome
Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy
Limbic encephalitis
Varicella zoster encephalitis