<unk>  is a very familiar finding and complaint amongst patients and their caregivers. The earliest documentation of urinary<unk>  dates back to 1550 BC in the Ebers papyrus. It is broadly classified into physiological and pathological with its various subdivisions, and nocturnal enuresis can be categorized into primary and secondary. The pathophysiology of<unk> , particularly enuresis, can be described as increased urine production at night, reduced bladder capacity at night, and awakening disorder. The causes of<unk>  are identified based on the sub-classification of pathological<unk> . Differentials include diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and urinary tract infection. Children achieve the ability to control their bladder between the ages of 3 and 6 years. This begins initially during the daytime and nighttime control is achieved much later. Nocturnal enuresis is seen more frequently in boys. There is no documented racial predisposition for enuresis. Some risk factors include, age less than 5 years, positive family history, family size, and birth order. Certain complications are poor self-esteem and inability to socialize with peers. Prognosis is generally good due to the high chances of spontaneous resolution at the rate of 15% per year. The focus is to eliminate any potential organic cause of<unk>  and to classify and identify the type of functional<unk>  using detailed history and non-invasive procedures. Identify any comorbidities which are mostly psychological occurring alongside<unk> . Fundamental diagnosis includes taking a detailed history using a standardized questionnaire. The primary aim of a physical examination is to look for possible organic causes of<unk>  and comorbidities. Urinalysis is essential to rule out urinary tract infections. Ultrasonography is a useful tool when further diagnostics is required especially in situations of a likely organic cause or a lack of response to therapy. Uroflowmetry and urodynamic studies are additional diagnostic studies that can be employed. Urotherapy encompasses all non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatment methods employed in the treatment of<unk> . Desmopressin and oxybutynin are common drugs used for the pharmacological management of<unk> . Surgery is not routinely employed as a form of treatment but it might be of importance in correcting some organic causes of<unk> . There are no documented primary preventive measures available for<unk> .
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