<unk>  (Waldmann's disease) was first discovered by Waldmann T.A. in 1961, when he reported 18 cases of patients having edema with low serum albumin, gammaglobulin, and protein levels and he called it ''idiopathic hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia". PIL develops as a result of enlargement or dilatation of<unk>  lymphatic vessels (lacteals) with leakage of their contents into the bowel lumen leading to hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and lymphopenia. The cause of PIL has not yet been identified. The prevalence of PIL is unknown. It can be asymptomatic. It<unk> ly affects children (generally diagnosed before the age of 3) and young adults but may be diagnosed later in adults. Symptoms include pitting edema, diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and malabsorption syndrome. PIL is diagnosed by biopsy revealing dilated<unk>  lymphatics. Video-capsule endoscopy may be helpful when endoscopic findings are not conclusive. Common complications of PIL include infections, malignant transformation (lymphoma), and skin warts. There is no definitive treatment for PIL; the mainstay of therapy is a low-fat, high protein diet with medium-chain triglyceride oral supplementation and supplemental calcium and vitamins. PIL is associated with significant morbidity and requires adherence to dietary modification and oral supplements; otherwise. it would be associated with poor outcomes and low quality of life. It can be fatal in some cases if anasarca or malignancy develops.
Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
Hartnup Disease
Duodenal diverticulum
Tropical sprue
Gastric diverticulum
Zenker's diverticulum
Vesicointestinal fistula
Meckel's diverticulum