Surgical closure and percutaneous closure may be used to treat<unk><unk><unk>  but percutaneous closure is preferred over surgical closure. Asymptomatic<unk> s do not require surgery. Percutaneous closure is associated with more decrease in recurrent stroke risk when compared with medical therapy although it is may be associated with vascular injury, atrial fibrillation, and device fracture. CardioSEAL septal occluder and Amplatzer PFO occluder are FDA approved devices used in the percutaneous closure of a<unk><unk><unk> . American Academy of Neurology recommend that clinicians must counsel<unk> s by informing them of how common the condition is and the effectiveness of percutaneous closure. American Heart Association recommends percutaneous closure may be considered in<unk> s with<unk><unk><unk>  and deep vein thrombosis, depending on the risk of recurrent of deep vein thrombosis.
Patent foramen ovale surgery
Aortic stenosis valvuloplasty
Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva surgery
Patent foramen ovale interventions
Left ventricular aneurysm surgery
Ventricular tachycardia surgery
Mitral stenosis surgery
Mitral regurgitation surgery