Isolated<unk>  is the most common hormone<unk>  of pituitary gland. There are three types of<unk> : congenital, acquired, and idiopathic. Congenital causes include genetic mutations in POU1F1, PROP-1, and GH-1 genes. Structural causes of<unk>  includes optic nerve hypoplasia, agenesis of corpus callosum, septo-optic dysplasia, empty sella syndrome, and holoprosencephaly. Acquired causes of<unk>  include brain surgery, radiation therapy for brain tumors, central nervous system infection, craniopharyngioma, and pituitary adenoma. The somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland produce growth hormone. During the development of the anterior pituitary gland, the temporal and spatial expression of early (Hesx1, Sox2, Sox3, Lhx3, Lhx4, Ptx1, Ptx2, and Otx2) and late (Prop1 and Pou1f1) transcription factors and signaling molecules has a major role in the pathogenesis of<unk> <unk> .<unk>  in children must be differentiated from other diseases that cause short stature in children such as Achondroplasia, constitutional growth delay, familial short stature, and growth hormone resistance. Prevalence and incidence data of<unk>  vary widely due to the lack of standard diagnostic criteria. Genetic screening of<unk>  is indicated for patients with early and severe symptoms. Common complications of<unk>  include osteopenia, dyslipidemia, delayed puberty, and higher mortality rates than normal subjects. Prognosis is generally good with treatment. Measurement of a random serum GH level alone is not helpful. Measurement of Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is more helpful than GH level alone. GH stimulation tests are indicated for most patients suspected to have<unk> . Growth hormone (GH) is indicated for children with<unk>  whose epiphyses are open. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) should be measured several weeks after beginning GH treatment or making a dose adjustment. GH side effects include headaches, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, worsening of existing scoliosis, Pancreatitis, and Gynecomastia.
Growth hormone deficiency
Congenital hypothyroidism
Constitutional growth delay
Gonadal dysgenesis
Iodine deficiency
Thyroid hormone resistance
Psychogenic dwarfism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia