<unk>  is the result of increased pressure of lower esophageal sphincter. It is associated with disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophageal motor disorders, inflammation and fibrosis in neoplasia. Common causes of<unk>  include gastroesophageal reflux disease and caustic ingestions. Overall incidence of<unk>  is approximately 11 per 100,000 individuals and the prevalence of<unk>  is approximately 70-120 per 100,000 individuals in united states.The most potent risk factor in the development of<unk>  is frequent acid reflux.<unk>  is diagnosed based on history of dysphagia and diagnostic studies such as barium esophagography, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and manometry. Pharmacologic medical therapy for<unk>  secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease includes proton pump inhibitors or H2 antagonists. The mainstay of treatment for<unk>  is dilation. Self-expandable plastic or metal stents placement is indicated for patients with refractory<unk> . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either inability to dilate the<unk> , frequent recurrence of dysphagia, extraesophageal manifestations and long term side effects of medical therapy.
Esophageal stricture
Nutcracker esophagus
Esophageal web
Esophageal cyst
Achalasia
Esophageal candidiasis
Esophageal varices
Diffuse esophageal spasm