<unk>  is defined as straining, hard stool, sensation of incomplete evacuation, sensation of obstruction, necessity of manual maneuvers, less than 3 bowel movements per week, lack of loose stool, and lack of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).<unk>  is classified according to etiology into seven subtypes including gastrointestinal, neurologic, metabolic, endocrine, psychiatric, drug-induced, and idiopathic The defecation process consist of three important stages, include filling of the rectum, sensation of rectum fullness, and relaxation of pelvic floor muscles in a coordinated fashion. Primary<unk>  is caused by anorectal and colonic problems, while secondary<unk>  is caused by organic and metabolic diseases or medications. Diseases that disturb the nervous system may lead to<unk> , such as diabetes mellitus, autonomic neuropathy, Chagas' disease, and Hirschsprung's disease. Chronic use of the laxative may lead to melanosis coli, which is identified by hyperpigmentation and brownish discoloration of colonic mucosa. The primary histopathological finding in melanosis coli is brown granular pigment in lamina propria. Diagnostic study of choice for<unk>  is ROME III criteria. Rome III criteria includes symptom onset for more than 6 months and two or more number of specific symptoms. Specific<unk>  symptoms include straining, hard stool, sensation of incomplete evacuation, sensation of obstruction, necessity of manual maneuvers, less than 3 bowel movements per week, lack of loose stool, and lack of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Chronic<unk>  treatment includes both behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Behavioral management mostly consists of life style and dietary modification, while pharmacological interventions are mostly based on laxatives. Increasing physical activity is postulated to improve<unk>  and colonic transit time in patients with<unk> . The most important behavioral treatment for<unk>  is biofeedback, consisting of teaching the patients how to use their abdominal and pelvic muscles during defecation. Probiotics are live microorganism spores that are given orally to improve the gastrointestinal tract function. Recently, using probiotics in food industry is growing. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are most evaluated organisms as probiotics.
Constipation
Steatorrhea
Drooling
Dysuria
Galactorrhea
Nocturia
Dysphagia
Polydipsia