<unk>  is a zoonotic disease transmitted by rodents and caused by<unk> es belonging to bunyaviridae family. The symptoms of<unk>  may include sudden fever, prostration, myalgias, and abdominal discomfort. Pulmonary and hemorrhagic symptoms may also arise in severe disease. The three major clinical entities caused by<unk> es include<unk>  cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and nephropathia epidemica (NE). Diagnosis of<unk>  is usually made by a positive serological test result.  Evidence of viral antigen in tissue by immunohistochemistry, or the presence of amplifiable viral RNA sequences in blood or tissue, with a compatible history of HPS, is considered diagnostic for HPS.<unk>  must be differentiated from other disease based on hemorrhagic fever such as dengue, malaria and Ebola and based on the cardiopulmonary involvement such as seen in histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis and aspergillosis. The most potent risk factor in the development of<unk>  is the exposure to rodent excreta and close contact with<unk> -infected humans. If left untreated<unk>  may cause multiple organ failure and death. The overall prognosis of<unk>  depends on the typer of clinical syndrome. The<unk>  cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) has 38% mortality rate. Depending upon which virus is causing the HFRS, death occurs in less than 1% to as many as 15% of the patients. There is no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine for<unk> . However infected individuals who are recognized early and receive medical care in an intensive care unit, may do better. Prevention of<unk>  includes indoor and outdoor measures.
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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection