Examples of the diversity of interests in the subject are: in neurobiology where it is understood that "experience can change the mature brain - but experience during the critical periods of early childhood organizes brain systems"; in psychoneuroendocrinology where there is evidence of an "umbilical affect exchange" which influences the immediate and long- term<unk>  of behavior  ; in bioengineering where the importance to development as well as growth of the fetomaternal system is increasingly understood ; and in clinical maternal-fetal medicine  where the unique symbiotic relationship between a mother and her fetus is explored, and where issues such as maternal stress and the development of later psychopathology  in the child are considered             through hormonal mechanisms particularly the HPA axis .
Although theoretical and psychotherapeutic approaches vary in their treatment of the topic, a common thread is the fundamental importance of<unk> - and<unk>  experiences in the shaping of the personality and in future<unk> cal development. Yet somewhat contrary to the evidence   , this assertion is not widely supported in<unk> . There are widespread doubts regarding the extent to which newborn infants are capable of forming memories, the effects of any such memories on their personality, and the possibility of recovering them from an unconscious mind, which itself is the subject of argument in the field. Only a minority of<unk> sts have had direct experience of the therapeutic modalities that explore these phenomena and many question the validity and even the existence of repressed memories. However, experience and memory are not synomous, and while a fetal infant may not be able to recall his or her experiences, he or she still lived in those moments and possibly had neurological,<unk> cal or physiological responses to them, which may influence the ongoing development of the mind and/or brain structures.
Pre- and perinatal psychology
Birth control
Neuroeconomics
Prenatal care
Peripartum mood disturbances interventions
Obstetrics
Incidentaloma physical examination
Autism physical examination