When the spinal vertebrae are articulated with each other the bodies form a strong pillar for the support of the head and trunk, and the vertebral<unk> e constitute a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis (spinal cord). Between every pair of vertebræ are two apertures, the<unk>  (singular: foramen; also called neural<unk> .  The foramen allows for the passage of the spinal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion, the spinal artery of the segmental artery, communicating veins between the internal and external plexuses, recurrent meningeal (sinu-vertebral) nerves, and transforaminal ligaments.
Their size is variable due to placement, pathology, spinal loading, and posture. They can be occluded by arthritic degenerative changes and space-occupying lesions like tumors, metastases and spinal disc herniations.
Intervertebral foramina
Intercalated disc
Spinous process
Lamina of the vertebral arch
Tendinous intersection
Cerebral crus
Ischial spine
Costovertebral angle