<unk>  is an infection commonly caused by Diphyllobothrium latum. Eggs of Diphyllobothrium that date back to 4000 BC have been found in France and Germany. In 1592 AD, T. Dunus gave the first recognizable description of the disease and the life cycle was fully elucidated at the end of the 19th century. D. latum has an aquatic life cycle and it is usually transmitted to humans by ingestion of the affected aquatic intermediate host (freshwater or marine fish).  It usually causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, and numbness of extremities.<unk>  is common in areas with lakes and rivers where humans consume raw or undercooked freshwater fish particularly Japan, Scandinavia, Siberia, and sporadic cases in North and South America. A common risk factor in the development of<unk>  is consumption of raw or poorly cooked fish meat.The symptoms of<unk>  usually develop after eating undercooked or raw infected fish meat and start with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and tiredness. If left untreated, patients with<unk>  may progress to develop complications such as megaloblastic anemia, cholecystitis/cholangitis, and intestinal obstruction. The prognosis of<unk>  is generally good. Patients with<unk>  are usually asymptomatic but may be irritated. Physical examination of patients with<unk>  is usually remarkable for abdominal tenderness, pale conjunctiva, pale skin, and decreased vibration and position senses. The diagnosis is made by identifying eggs of the parasite in stool. Blood tests may show megaloblastic anemia, eosinophilia, and a low vitamin B12 level.<unk>  is medically treated with a single dose of praziquantel. The transmission of<unk>  can be prevented by avoiding undercooked or raw fish meat.
Diphyllobothriasis
Onychomycosis
Linea negra
Tinea
Cat scratch fever
Herpes labialis
Tinea faciei
Scrofula