The<unk>  [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 years (doubled), Diabetes mellitus, Stroke (doubled),<unk> ular disease, Age 65–74 years, Sex category] predicts clinical risk of stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. The<unk>  has been recommended in the 2010 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines, which promotes a risk factor based approach to stroke prevention, and de-emphasises the artificial stratification into low/moderate/high risk, given the poor predictive value of these 3 categories. 
Indeed, the<unk>  is more inclusive of 'stroke risk modifier' risk factors and has been validated in several large independent cohorts. Of note, the most recent validation study used nationwide data on 73,538 hospitalized non-anticoagulated patients with AF, whereby in ‘low risk’ subjects (score=0), the rate of thromboembolism per 100 person-years was 1.67 (95%CI 1.47 to 1.89) with<unk>  and 0.78 (0.58 to 1.04) with the<unk> , at 1 year follow-up  . Thus, those categorised as ‘low risk’ using the<unk>  were ‘truly low risk’ for thromboembolism, and the<unk>  performed better than<unk>  in identifying these 'low risk' patients. The c-statistics at 10 years follow-up were 0.812 (0.796 to 0.827) with<unk>  and 0.888 (0.875 to 0.900) with the<unk> , respectively - thus, the<unk>  also performed better than<unk>  in predicting ‘high risk’ patients.
CHA2DS2-VASc Score
IMPROVE VTE risk score
IMPROVE bleeding risk score
Deep vein thrombosis marder score
IMPROVEDD VTE risk score
TIMI bleeding criteria
Fibrin degradation product
International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis bleeding scale