<unk>  refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it in vivo.<unk>  is frequently employed to amplify DNA fragments containing genes, but it can be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences, chemically synthesised oligonucleotides and randomly fragmented DNA.<unk>  is utilized in a wide array of biological experiments and technological applications such as large scale protein production.
In essence, in order to amplify any DNA sequence in vivo, the sequence in question must be linked to primary sequence elements capable of directing the replication and propagation of themselves and the linked sequence in the desired target host. The required sequence elements differ according to host, but invariably include an origin of replication, and a selectable marker. In practice, however, a number of other features are desired and a variety of specialized<unk>  vectors exist that allow protein expression, tagging, single stranded RNA and DNA production and a host of other manipulations that are useful in downstream applications.
Molecular cloning
DNA sequencing
Sequencing
Nucleic acid amplification technique
Nucleic acid hybridization
Southern blot
Shotgun sequencing
Site-directed mutagenesis