At the beginning of 20th century excellent work of Landsteiner and co-authors combine with significant progress in fields of heart and circulation physiology initiated development of modern transfusion medicine allowing that blood transfusion become a standard part of medical treatment.
Complexity of blood compatibility, lack of suitable anticoagulants, insufficient storage methods, and a disproportionate between demand and availability demonstrated in early the stages of transfusion medicine the need to find one universal blood substitute (red blood cells substitute or<unk> <unk> substitute).
Perfect "blood substitute" was defined as one which mimics the<unk> -carrying capacity of<unk> , which requires no cross-matching or compatibility testing, with a long shelf life, which exhibits a long intravascular half life (over days and weeks), and is free of side effects and pathogens. Two main types of blood substitutes are in development,<unk><unk><unk><unk>  and perfluorocarbon emulsions.
The search for a<unk><unk><unk> <unk> began during World War II, and stroma-free<unk>  has been investigated as an<unk> <unk> since the 1940s. Early attempts and optimism in developing<unk><unk><unk> <unk> were very quickly confronted with significant side effects which at the level of knowledge and technology of the time, could not be promptly eliminated. To overcome this problem, several types of Hb modification methods (purification, cross-linkage, polymerisation)  were developed in a last few decades. The appearance of HIV and AIDS in the 1980s, HCV in 1990s and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease with increasing sensationalism was the impulse necessary to improve blood safety but also renewed impetus for development of infection safe blood substitutes. Actually several<unk><unk><unk><unk>  were studied in a clinical trials. In general, the new generation of<unk>  have been shown to successfully reduce or eliminate the need for allogeneic blood transfusions in patients under various clinical conditions. Taking into consideration that the major limitation of<unk>  solutions is still the short intravascular half-life,<unk>  solutions could serve mainly as a bridge to transfusion, rather than as a definitive replacement for blood. Accordingly, significant progress in development as well as in registration affairs, commercialization, and routine applications could be expected in next few years. Possibility do decrease need of packed red blood cells through application of<unk><unk><unk><unk>  in a situation of continuos decline of blood donation combine with the increased demand for blood transfusion (increasing aging of population, increasing incidence of invasive diagnostic, etc) have to initiate strategy how to incorporate HBOCs in Blood Bank logistic and transfusion practice.
Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers
Blood substitutes
Machine perfusion
Xenon xe-133 gas
Oxygen concentrator
Medical ventilator
Congestive heart failure vasodilators
Artificial respiration