<unk> s are assessments of the<unk>  capabilities of humans and animals. <unk> s administered to humans include various forms of IQ<unk> s; those administered to animals include the mirror<unk>  (a<unk>  of self-awareness) and the T maze<unk>  (which<unk> s learning ability).  Such study is important to research concerning the philosophy of mind and psychology, as well as determination of human and animal intelligence.
Modern<unk> s originated through the work of Sir Francis Galton who coined the term "mental<unk> s". Consistent with views of the late nineteenth century, most of his measurements were physical and physiological, rather than "mental".  For instance he measured strength of grip and height and weight.  He established an "Anthropometric Laboratory" in the 1880's where patrons paid to have physical and physiological attributes measured to estimate their intelligence. So, his measures of mental or<unk>  components were not successful in modern terms, although his indirect effects were arguably enormous. His work influenced later researchers who developed better measures of intelligence using<unk> s (see Alfred Binet , Raymond Cattell and Lewis Terman).
Cognitive test
Mini mental state examination
Mental status examination
Cognitive neuropsychology
Abbreviated mental test score
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
Optometry
Sleep log