For symptomatic patients, diagnosis of<unk>  is confirmed following the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from a normally sterile site, such as blood, spinal fluid (in the setting of nervous system involvement), or amniotic fluid/placenta (in the setting of pregnancy). Cultures from non-sterile sites, such as stool samples, are not recommended (1-15% carriage rate) but may still be useful in gastroenteritis with high suspicion of<unk> . Listeria monocytogenes may be isolated readily on routine media. Since Listeria is an intracellular organism, only 1/3 of cultures yield positive Gram-stains. Selective enrichment media improve rates of isolation from contaminated specimens. The cultures typically require 1-2 days for growth. A negative culture does not rule out infection in the presence of strong clinical suspicion. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may confirm the diagnosis among patients with CNS<unk> . Serological tests (e.g. listeriolysin O titers) have been used, but their use remains controversial and are currently not recommended. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the HLY gene may be diagnostic, but it is not yet widely available for commercial use. Laboratory testing on asymptomatic patients (including high-risk asymptomatic patients) is not recommended.
Listeriosis laboratory tests
Salmonellosis laboratory tests
Psittacosis laboratory tests
Yellow fever physical examination
Listeriosis physical examination
Yellow fever laboratory tests
Typhoid fever physical examination
Legionellosis physical examination