In the United States, up to one million patients develop parapneumonic<unk> s annually, and approximately 100,000 patients undergo pleurodesis for recurrent pleural<unk> s per year. Pleural<unk>  is reported to have an incidence of 0.32% in a study among the general population in central Bohemia. Congestive heart failure accounts for nearly 50% of cases, with malignancy, pneumonia and pulmonary emboli as the next three leading causes. However, the distribution of causes is largely dependent on the population being studied. For example, the incidence of pleural<unk>  among ICU patients is estimated to be 22.19 ± 17%, whereas the prevalence of tuberculous pleural<unk>  remains steady with respect to the total number of TB cases (14.3%-19.3%). The incidence of parapneumonic<unk> s is constantly increasing, although, the microbial<unk>  of these<unk> s differs from pneumonia with a higher prevalence of anaerobic bacteria. The incidence of pediatric empyema increased from 1 per 100,000 children aged 0 to 14 years in 1998 to 10 per 100,000 in 2012, with a peak incidence of 13 per 100,000 in 2009 with Staphylococcus aureus as the most frequent cause followed by S. pneumoniae. The age predominace of pleural<unk>  varies depending on the underlying cause. Greater than 60% of tuberculous pleural<unk>  commonly affects individuals between 15-44 years. Pleural<unk> s are the most common thoracic involvement findings in patients with POEMS syndrome, affecting more than 40% of cases with median age at the time of diagnosis of POEMS syndrome as 45.1 years. HIV infection, pleural empyema, and complicated parapneumonic<unk>  is mostly seen in middle-aged patients (53 ± 17 years). Males are more commonly affected with tuberculous pleural<unk>  than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 3:2. Males are more commonly affected with pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic pleural<unk>  than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2:1. There is no racial predilection to pleural<unk> . Development of tuberculous pleural<unk>  is common on endemic developing countries with TB infection.
Pleural effusion epidemiology and demographics
Hemothorax epidemiology and demographics
Pneumomediastinum epidemiology and demographics
Pulmonary edema epidemiology and demographics
Pleural empyema classification
Eosinophilic pneumonia diagnostic criteria
Hemoptysis epidemiology and demographics
Lung abscess epidemiology and demographics