<unk>  is a vector-borne human filarial nematode, transmitted by tiny blood-sucking flies called midges.<unk>  is one of two filarial nematodes that causes serous cavity filariasis in humans.  The other filarial nematode is<unk>  ozzardi.  M.<unk>  is widespread in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Central and South America, and the Caribbean.
Compared to infections with other filarial parasites such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa,<unk>  infections are relatively mild.  However, the pathogenicity of M.<unk>  infection has been recently reconsidered in various studies.  These studies have demonstrated that M.<unk>  has the ability to induce a variety of clinical features, including angioedema Calabar-like swellings, pruritus, fever, headache, eosinophilia, and abdominal pain.  The overall disability among populations in regions where filariae are endemic has been difficult to determine because of high rates of coinfection with other filariae and the nonspecificity of M.<unk> infections.  Furthermore, treatment of M.<unk>  is challenging because the most antifilarial drugs, such as ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole are not effective. The optimal treatment for M.<unk>  infection remains unclear.  Most current studies are focused on coinfection of M.<unk>  with other filarial parasites, and the study of Wolbachia bacteria as endosymbionts in M.<unk>  and other filarial parasites.
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi
Mycobacterium xenopi
Cardiobacterium hominis
Sporothrix schenckii
Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Fonsecaea pedrosoi