<unk>  arises from post‐thymic lymphocytes, which are normally involved in the process of<unk> -mediated immune response. Development of<unk>  is the result of multiple genetic mutations, induced by an infection with human T‐cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV). On gross pathology, skin nodules, maculopapular eruption, and erythema are characteristic skin findings of<unk> . On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of<unk>  include pleomorphic, medium sized lymphocytes with a polylobulated nucleus and agranular cytoplasm. Based on both the clinical presentation and lab values,<unk>  may be classified into either an acute variant, chronic variant, smoldering variant, or an<unk>  T-cell lymphoma variant. The majority of<unk>  cases are reported in Japan, the Caribbean, South America, and Africa. The natural history of<unk>  varies between the different sub-types of the disease. Common complications of<unk>  include cardiac arrhythmias, opportunistic infections, and bone fractures. The prognosis varies between the sub-types of<unk> . Acute and lymphomatous sub-types have a poor prognosis; whereas chronic and smoldering sub-types have a good prognosis. The optimal therapy for<unk>  depends on the clinical variant of the disease. Chronic and smoldering<unk>  patients are usually managed by either observation, skin directed therapies, or a combination of zidovudine and interferon therapy. Acute<unk>  patients are usually managed by either chemotherapy, supportive care, allogeneic stem<unk>  transplant, or a combination of zidovudine and interferon therapy. The first line chemotherapeutic regimens used for the initial management of<unk>  include CHOP, CHOEP, or Dose-adjusted EPOCH. Second line chemotherapeutic agents might be DHAP, ESHAP, GDP, GemOx, or ICE. Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with<unk> . Splenectomy is usually reserved for certain cases of<unk> . No preventive vaccine against HTLV-1 is currently available.
Adult T-cell leukemia
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia electrocardiogram
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
Prolymphocytic leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia