<unk>  is a pathologic state induced by a lower than normal level of glucose in the blood. It happens usually when blood glucose level is less than 60 or 70 mg/dL, different values (typically below 40, 50, 60, or 70 mg/dL) have been defined as low. Patients with type 1 diabetes may suffer an average of two episodes of symptomatic<unk>  per week, thousands of such episodes over a lifetime of diabetes, and one episode of severe symptoms per year. Causes of<unk>  depend on age; neonatal causes are transient neonatal<unk> , prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, congenital hypopituitarism, congenital hyperinsulinism, infant of a diabetic mother, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism. Adult<unk>  caused mainly by insulin or insulin secretagogue drugs, alcohol, hepatic failure, renal failure, cardiac failure, sepsis, non-islet cell pancreatic tumors, insulinoma, and reactive<unk> . The pathophysiology of<unk>  depends on the failure of physiological defense mechanisms and hormones, such as insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine to correct<unk> . Most of these defense mechanisms are hormones that control glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. No single value alone serves to define the<unk> . Accordingly, diagnostic criteria (Whipple's triad) is needed to diagnose<unk> . Complications in adults include increased risk of dementia, cardiovascular complications and maybe death. Prognosis is generally good with prompt treatment. However, 4-10% of deaths of patients with type 1 diabetes are due to<unk> . Screening of<unk>  should be obtained in infants who are at risk for<unk> . Surveillance should be continued every three to six hours for the first 48 hours of life. Medical treatment of<unk>  depends on the severity of symptoms and etiology. If asymptomatic, repeating the measurement in short time and avoiding critical tasks. Twenty grams of glucose is usually sufficient to raise the blood glucose in a severe<unk>  and symptomatic patients. Glucose should be administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly or 25% of dextrose serum should be given intravenously. In case of postprandial<unk> , the patient should have frequent small meals or snacks and foods should be high in fiber, avoiding foods high in sugar. Surgery is the treatment of choice for insulinoma.
Hypoglycemia
Ketotic hypoglycemia
Hypothermia
Hyperglycemic crises
Hyperthermia
Hyperammonemia
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Hypoadrenia