<unk>  <unk>  occurs due to pathologies that cause intrinsic or extrinsic<unk>  of the pylorus and antrum. Infiltration, scar formation or inflammation of the gastric<unk>  leads to intrinsic<unk> , while malignancy of neighboring structures such as the pancreas, gallbladder, liver and duodenum may lead to extrinsic<unk>  of the gastric<unk> . Common causes of<unk>  include peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric polyps, caustic ingestion, duodenal stricture, systemic amyloidosis of the gastrointestinal tract, eosinophillic gastroenteritis and<unk>  by gallstones. Five percent of all cases of peptic ulcer disease (which is the most common benign cause of<unk>  worldwide, develop<unk> .<unk>  presents as nausea, vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, weight loss, malnutrition, fullness of epigastrium, early satiety and bloating. Laboratory studies of patients may show hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis  which is a characteristic feature due to vomiting. In case of of<unk>  due to suspected PUD, tests for H pylori should also be performed in patients. Barium upper GI studies help in the determination of site of<unk> , visualization of the gastric silhouette, presence of gastric dilation, pylorus narrowing, presence of ulcers, tumors and differentiation from gastroparesis. Upper endoscopy performed in patients may help with visualization of the gastric<unk> , biopsy sampling in case of intraluminal pathology and thereby helps rule out the presence of malignancy in patients with symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. Surgery is the primary modality of treatment for patients with<unk> . It is required for more than 75 percent of patients with scarring, fibrosis, and tumors. The aims of surgery in case of<unk>  include relief of<unk> , relief in patients with failure to respond to medical therapy or failure to improve even after 72 hours of therapy and correction of PUD symptoms. Various types of surgical procedures performed in cases of<unk>  are vagotomy and antrectomy, gastrojejunostomy (vagotomy and antrectomy with Billroth II reconstruction), balloon dilatation, pylorotomy, pyloroplasty and laparoscopic techniques. Care must be taken to look out for various complications arising after surgery such as perforation, anastomotic leak, dilation and dysmotility of stomach, edema of the gastric wall and postgastrectomy syndromes.
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric volvulus
Hypogastric pain
Esophageal motility disorder
Gastric dumping syndrome
Pyloric stenosis
Rectal foreign body
Acid indigestion