<unk>  (also called urothelial<unk>  carcinoma) is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system, the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. It is the most common type of bladder cancer and second most common type of kidney cancer.<unk>  arises from the<unk>  epithelium (also called urothelium), a tssue lining the inner surface of the urinary tract. Among<unk> s,  upper urinary tract<unk> s are rare cancers accounting for 5-7% of all<unk> <unk>  cancer cases<unk>  commonly affects individuals older than 60 years of age with the average age of presentation being 65. Males are more commonly affected than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1. Based on the growth pattern,<unk>  may be classified into either papillary urothelial carcinoma or non-papillary urothelial carcinoma.<unk>  may be classified according to World Health Organization in a collaborative effort conjointly with the International Society of Urological Pathologists (ISUP) into two groups infiltrating urothelial carcinomas and non-invasive urothelial carcinomas. Based on the degree of<unk> ular differentiation,<unk>  may be classified into two grades: low grade and high grade. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of<unk>  of bladder include HRAS, Rb1, PTEN/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1. On gross pathology, flat lesions or papillary lesions are characteristic findings of non-invasive<unk> s; a large infiltrative mass or a multifocal, flat to papillary lesion with delicate fronds are characteristic findings of invasive<unk> s. On microscopic histopathological analysis, loss of<unk>  polarity, nuclear crowding, and cytologic atypia are characteristic findings of flat lesion; fibrovascular stalks, umbrella<unk> s, and eosinophilic cytoplasm are characteristic findings of papillary lesion; invasion beyond the basement membrane is the characteristic finding of invasive<unk> s.<unk>  of bladder must be differentiated from squamous<unk>  carcinoma of the bladder, adenocarcinoma of the bladder, renal<unk>  carcinoma, renal calculi, prostate cancer, and cystitis.<unk>  of renal pelvis must be differentiated from renal<unk>  carcinoma, kidney metastasis, renal medullary carcinoma, renal lymphoma, renal abscess, renal tuberculosis, pyelitis cystica, and papillary necrosis. Common risk factors in the development of<unk>  are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids. Common complications of<unk>  include metastasis, anemia, hydronephrosis, urethral stricture, and urinary incontinence. Depending on the stage and grade of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of<unk>  may vary. However, the 5-year survival rate of patients with bladder<unk>  is approximately 77.5% and of patients with upper urinary tract<unk>  is approximately 75%. The staging of<unk>  is based on the TNM staging system. The most common symptoms of<unk>  of bladder include hematuria, urinary frequency,urinary urgency, and dysuria. The most common symptoms of<unk>  of upper urinary tract include hematuria and pain in the flank or abdomen. Less common symptoms of<unk>  include loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and fever. Abdominal and pelvic CT scans may be helpful in the diagnosis and staging of<unk> . On CT scan,<unk>  of bladder is characterized by either focal regions of thickening of the bladder wall, or as masses protruding into the bladder lumen, or in advanced cases, extending into adjacent tissues. On CT scan,<unk>  of upper urinary tract is characterized by homogenously enhancing mass that centered on the renal pelvis and extend towards pelviureteric junction, preserved renal contour, and focal pelvicalyceal filling defect. On ultrasound,<unk>  is characterized by solid, hypoechoic mass located within the renal pelvis or within a dilated calyx. CT urograohy may be diagnostic of<unk> . Findings on CT urography suggestive of upper urinary tract<unk>  include filling defect within the renal collecting system, distortion, obliteration, or amputation of calices, and stipple sign. The predominant therapy for<unk>  is surgical resection. MRI findings of<unk>  of renal pelvis include isointense to renal parenchyma on T1 and T2, moderate enhancement on T1 contrast. MRI findings of<unk>  of bladder and ureter include isotense to muscle on T1 signal, slightly hyperintense to muscle on T2 signal, and demonstrate enhancement on contrast MRI. Adjunctive chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy may be required. Patients with superficial tumors of bladder are treated with intravescical injection of BCG, whereas patients with local spread and distant metastasis are treated with systemic chemotherapy. External beam radiation therapy may be the treatment for people who can’t have surgery. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for<unk> . The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of<unk>  at diagnosis. Adjunctive chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy may be required. Primary prevention strategies of<unk>  include cessation of smoking, avoid exposure to industrial chemicals, avoid aristolochic acids, taking lots of fruits and vegetables, and drinking plenty of liquids.
Transitional cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney
Mesoblastic nephroma
Renal oncocytoma
Cystic nephroma
Angiomyolipoma
Glomerulonephrosis