The major cause of HUS in childhood is gastrointestinal infection with verocytotoxin (Shiga-like toxin)-producing bacteria, usually enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (VTEC/STEC), and in some tropical regions Shigella dysenteriae type I.Verocytotoxin-producing citrobacter freundii has also been reported. In America and the UK, most cases are associated with E. coli serotype O157:H7, while other serotypes such as O26, O111, O103, and O145 are increasingly reported in Europe and elsewhere.
VTEC strains produce various toxins, the major ones being verocytotoxin-1 (Stx1) and verocytotoxin-2 (Stx2). Verocytotoxin-1 differs by one amino acid from Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Verocytotoxin-2 has multiple variants that are closely related to each other but have 55–60% homology to verocytotoxin1. HUS is mostly caused by verocytotoxin-2-producing strains.HUS can occur in the course of systemic diseases or physiopathological conditions such as pregnancy, after transplantation or after drug assumption.
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome causes
Hemolytic anemia causes
Toxic shock syndrome causes
Acute tubular necrosis causes
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome other diagnostic studies
Leptospirosis causes
Meningococcemia causes
Henoch-Schönlein purpura causes