Adenosine 5'-triphosphate <unk>  is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer. In this role,<unk>  transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced as an energy source during the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and consumed by many enzymes and a multitude of cellular processes including biosynthetic reactions, motility and cell division. In signal transduction pathways,<unk>  is used as a substrate by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids, as well as by adenylate cyclase, which uses<unk>  to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP.
The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar.<unk>  is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. When<unk>  is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.<unk>  was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and was proposed to be the main energy-transfer molecule in the cell by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941.
Adenosine triphosphate
Inositol triphosphate
Calmodulin
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
Acetylcholine
Tropomyosin
Gamma-aminobutyric acid