<unk>  may be classified according to integrity of the posterior wall and the deep inguinal ring into 4 groups.<unk>  may be classified according to presence or absence of a peritoneal sac, size of the internal ring and integrity of the posterior wall of the canal into 5 groups. Directed<unk>  is caused by protrusion through Hesselbach's triangle, passes medial to inferior epigastric vessels. Indirected<unk>  is caused by passes through internal inguinal ring, traverses inguinal canal to external ring, and may extend into scrotum in males and labia major in females. Common causes of<unk>  include combination of increased pressure within the abdomen and a pre-existing weak spot in the abdominal wall, chronic coughing or sneezing, heavy lifting such as weightlifting, abdominal wall defects and advanced age.<unk>  must be differentiated testicular torsion, epididymitis, hydrocele, varicocele, spermatocele, epididymal cyst and testicular tumor. Male are more commonly affected by<unk>  than female. The male to female ratio is approximately 9 to 1. Common risk factors in the development of<unk>  include history of<unk>  or prior<unk>  repair, older age, male gender, obesity. The symptoms of<unk>  usually develop in the 4th decade of life. Prognosis is generally good, and mortalilty is very rare. Symptoms of<unk>  include nausea and vomiting, heaviness or dull discomfort in the groin, especially when straining, lifting, coughing, or exercising that improves when resting. Patients with<unk>  usually appear good. Physical examination of patients with<unk>  is usually remarkable for bulge in the groin, painless scrotal mass and palpable abdominal mass may be present. Pharmacologic medical therapies for<unk>  include pain reliever, antibiotics, topical medications. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for<unk>  and there are many types of surgical techniques.
Inguinal hernia
Varicocele
Hydrocele
Indirect inguinal hernia
Direct inguinal hernia
Varicoscele
Spermatocele
Hydrocele testis