The treatment of nephrolithiasis involves different measures e.g non pharmacological measures consisting of increased fluid intake, straining an dietary restrictions. Pharmacological measures include pain relief using NSAIDs and opioids., helping passage of<unk>  spontaneously with drugs like tamsulosin and nifedipine. The treatment of underlying cause and being specific to type of<unk> s is very important.It involves treating primary hyperparathyroidism and Renal tubular acidosis. For those having high urinary calcium, Hydrochlorothiazide or Chlorthalidone are used. For recurrent<unk> s and high urine uric acid, Allopurinol is used. For recurrent<unk> s and hypocitraturia, Potassium citrate is sued to alkalinize the urine. For uric acid<unk> s, alkalinizing urine with potassium citrate/potassium bicarbonate is done and if needed Allopurinol is also used. For struvite<unk> s, medical therapy is not of much help, although urease inhibitors such as  acetohydroxamic acid can be given in urease +ve etiology. For cysteine<unk> s, again alkalinizing urine helps along with Tiopronin. The Urological consult is needed when<unk>  >10 mm in diameter, uncontrolled pain, Anuria, or there is Acute<unk>  injury.
Kidney stone medical therapy
Kidney stone surgery
Pyelonephritis medical therapy
Analgesic nephropathy medical therapy
Hematuria medical therapy
Renal papillary necrosis medical therapy
Pyelonephritis interventions
Acute uric acid nephropathy medical therapy