<unk>  is the formation of thrombus in the<unk>  venous system of liver.<unk>  was first discovered by Balfour and Stewart in 1868.<unk>  may be classified according to the extension into 4 groups. It is thought that<unk>  is caused by Virchow's triad which includes reduced<unk>  blood flow, hypercoagulable state, vascular endothelial injury.<unk>  may be caused by inherited prothrombotic disorders and acquired thrombophilic disorders.<unk>  must be differentiated from other diseases that cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The prevalence of<unk>  is approximately 5000-10,000 per 100,000 in overall cases of<unk>  hypertension in developed counties and 40,000 per 100,000 in developing countries. Common risk factors in the development of<unk>  include cirrhosis, pancreatitis, duodenal ulcer, cholecystitis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and cholecystectomy, diverticulitis and appendicitis. If left untreated, patients with<unk>  may progress to develop<unk>  cavernoma, gastric or esophageal varices/bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, splenomegaly,<unk>  biliopathy or cholangiopathy. Common symptoms of<unk>  include abdominal pain or distention, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and anorexia. Less common symptoms of<unk>  include weight loss, fever, ascites, jaundice, and bloody stools. Common physical examination findings of<unk>  include abdominal pain or distention, splenomegaly and signs of ascites. Laboratory findings is usually normal among patients with<unk> . In patients with cirrhosis, laboratory findings may demonstrate an elevated bilirubin, low platelet count, prolonged international normalized ratio (INR), or renal insufficiency. Ultrasonography is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of<unk> . The following result of ultrasonography is confirmatory of<unk>  is<unk>  cavernoma (multiple tortuous small vessels replacing the<unk>  vein) and absence or reduced flow in<unk>  vein. Medical therapy for<unk>  include anticoagulation to maintain INR between 2 to 3. The goal of anticoagulation is to prevent extension of the clot and to allow for recanalization so that intestinal infarction and<unk>  hypertension do not develop. Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with<unk> . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either failed medical therapy, liver failure, and cirrhosis.
Portal vein thrombosis
Splenic vein thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis
Varicose veins
Blebitis
Superficial vein thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis
Lymphangitis