<unk>  is the most common testicular tumor and accounts for approximately 45% of all primary testicular tumors. However,<unk>  can arise outside of the testicle, most often within the anterior mediastinum, e.g. anterior mediastinal germ cell tumor.<unk>  is the most common germ cell tumor of the testis. It is the male counterpart of the dysgerminoma, which arise in the ovary. It should not be confused with the unrelated tumor called spermatocytic<unk> . Based on the histology, testicular<unk>  may be classified into three subtypes: classic, anaplastic, and spermatocytic. On gross pathology,<unk>  is characterized by pale gray to yellow nodules that are uniform or slightly lobulated and often bulge from the cut surface. On microscopic pathology,<unk>  is characterized by the cells with fried egg appearance with clear cytoplasm and central nucleus with prominent nucleolus, with interspersed lymphocytes and syncytiotrophoblasts. Approximately 24% of Stage I<unk> s have lymphovascular invasion for stage I (Tx, N0, M0). Intertubular<unk>  may not form a discrete mass and mimic a benign testis.<unk>   is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers, such as OCT4, CD117, D2-40, and CD117. There are no known direct causes for<unk> . To view a comprehensive list of risk factors that increase the risk of<unk> , click here. Testicular germ cell tumor accounts for around 1-2% of all malignancies in males up to the age of 65, but they are the most common nonhematologic malignancy in males 15-49 years old. Approximately 50% of germ cell tumours are<unk> s. The mean age at diagnosis of testicular<unk>  is between 15 and 35 years. This is about 5 to 10 years older than men with other germ cell tumors of the testis. Testicular<unk>  usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. African american individuals are less likely to develop testicular<unk> .<unk>  grows slower than non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. Common complications of<unk>  include recurrence, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and<unk> condary malignancies. Prognosis of<unk>  is good for all stages with greater than 90% cure rate. The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group divides<unk>  into two prognosis groups: good and intermediate. Symptoms of<unk>  include painless testicular mass with discomfort, back pain, abdominal discomfort, or abdominal mass. Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of<unk>  include abnormal<unk> rum tumor marker levels (LDH, HCG). Abdominal and pelvic CT scans may be diagnostic of<unk> . CT scan may detect metastases of<unk>  to the para-aortic, inguinal, or iliac lymph nodes. Visceral metastasis may also be<unk> en. Pelvic MRI may be diagnostic of testicular<unk> . On MRI,<unk>  is characterized by multinodular tumors of uniform signal intensity. Findings on MRI suggestive of<unk>  include hypo- to isointense on T2-weighted images and inhomogenous enhancement on contrast enhanced T1-weighted images. Other diagnostic studies for<unk>  include biopsy, FDG-PET scan, and bone scan. Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the first treatment for any stage of testicular<unk>  and it is usually done as part of diagnosis. Adjunctive radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be given.
Seminoma
Ovarian fibroma
Ovarian Sarcoma
Gonadoblastoma
Mixed mullerian tumor
Ovarian cyst
Epididymal cyst
Teratoma