<unk>  is a rare cancer arising from melanocytes of the eye involving the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. Iris<unk> s are less common than choroidal<unk> s.<unk>  may be classified according to cell type into 5 subtypes: Spindle A, spindle B, epitheliolid, mixed, and necrotic.<unk>  may also be classified according to its location into 2 types, anterior<unk>  which contain iris<unk> , and posterior<unk>  which contains ciliary body<unk>  and chroidal<unk> .Activating mutations in GNAQ or GNA11, genes encoding for G protein alpha subunits. These mutations lead to activation of downstream signaling pathways including the MAPK pathway in<unk> . Inactivating somatic mutations are present in the gene encoding BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) on chromosome 3p21.1. The mutations in the gene BAP1 are strongly linked to metastatic spread and patient survival. The incidence of<unk>  in the United States is approximately 0.43 per 100, 000 individuals. The incidence of<unk>  is approximately .53 to 1.09 cases per 100, 000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of<unk>  increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70 years. Males are more commonly affected with<unk>  than females. The incidence of<unk>  in males and females is approximately 0.49 and 0.37 per 100,000 individuals respectively.<unk>  usually affects individuals of the caucasians race. Common risk factors in the development of<unk>  include advanced age, male gender, white race, genetic, ocular nevi, pregnancy, impaired immune system, light colored iris, sunlight exposure, and trauma.If left untreated, 50% of patients with<unk>  may progress to develop metastasis. Common complications of<unk>  include glaucoma, vision loss, and metastasis. Prognosis is generally good for patients with iris<unk> , and the 10 year-survival for iris<unk>  is approximately 95 percent and for ciliochoroidal tumors is 77 percent respectively. A positive history of pre-existing iris nevus which increased in size, eye pain, visual loss, blurred vision, floaters, age between 50_70 years old, male gender, white race, pregnancy, impaired immune system, light colored-irides, sunlight exposure, trauma, and fluorescent lighting exposure is suggestive of<unk> . The most common symptoms of<unk>  include ,eye pain, blurred vision, eye redness, loss of peripheral vision, poor or blurry vision in one eye, a dark spot on the iris, seeing flashing lights, and floaters. The optimal therapy for<unk>  depends on the size of the tumor. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for<unk> . The following types of surgery may be used resection, enucleation, and exenteration. Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with metastatic disease and include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
Uveal melanoma
Diabetic retinopathy
Otosclerosis
Purtscher's retinopathy
Melanoma of the eye
Glaucoma
Central serous retinopathy
Birdshot chorioretinopathy