Chronic<unk>  virus <unk> V) is a major global health problem, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).<unk>  virus <unk> V) is a double-stranded DNA virus<unk> elonging to the family Hepadnaviridae. It is responsible for<unk>  virus infection in humans, which attacks the liver and causes<unk> oth acute and chronic disease.
During<unk> V infection, the host's immune response causes<unk> oth hepatocellular damage and viral clearance. The<unk> V virion<unk> inds to a receptor at the surface of the hepatocyte and enters the cell, where it uses the host's cell mechanisms to replicate its genome and proteins. Transmission occurs from exposure to infectious<unk> lood or<unk> ody fluids.<unk>  is often associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Immune complexes, such as surface antigen-antibody, are important in the pathogenesis of<unk> .<unk>  must<unk> e differentiated from other diseases that cause fever, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, hepatomegaly, icteric sclera, elevated ALT, and/or elevated AST, such as other viral<unk> trains, alcoholic hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis.
Generally, the highest risk for<unk> V infection is associated with certain lifestyles, occupations, or environments in which contact with<unk> lood from infected persons is frequent.
The diagnosis of<unk>  is made<unk> y<unk> iochemical assessment of liver function.
In the majority of patients with acute and chronic<unk>  <unk> V), symptoms may initially<unk> e non-specific and physical examination will<unk> e normal.
The diagnosis of<unk>  is made<unk> y<unk> iochemical assessment of liver function. Initial laboratory evaluation usually reveals increased<unk> ilirubin, ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as decreased protein. Prothrombin time may<unk> e prolonged in cases of hepatocellular necrosis. Serologic markers, such as<unk>  surface antigen <unk> sAg); anti-HBsAg; anti-HBc IgM and anti-HBc IgG;<unk> e antigen; and anti-HBeAg confirm the diagnosis of<unk> .
In the majority of adult patients, the<unk> ody is able to eliminate the virus without treatment.  Currently, there is no treatment available for acute<unk>  infection. Early antiviral treatment may only<unk> e required in fewer than 1% of patients with fulminant hepatitis. Treatment of chronic infection may<unk> e necessary to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Treatment lasts<unk> etween six months and a year, depending on the medication and genotype.  Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection, they can stop the virus from replicating, thus minimizing liver damage. These include the antiviral drugs Lamivudine, Adefovir, Tenofovir, Telbivudine, and Entecavir, as well as immune system modulators such as interferon alpha-2a and pegylated interferon-alpha-2a.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis A
AIDS
HIV
HIV AIDS