<unk>  was first discovered by John Hunter, British surgeon, in 1800's.<unk>  may be classified as primary or secondary, based on etiology; while, it is divided in to osteopenia,<unk> , and severe<unk> , based on disease severity.<unk>  occurs as result of an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Major contributing factors to the development of<unk>  include estrogen deficiency and aging. These factors might lead to<unk>  by reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated damage to osteocytes. Decrease in the capability of autophagy in osteocytes is another important factor which makes them vulnerable to oxidative stress. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of<unk>  can be categorized in four main groups which include the osteoblast regulatory genes, osteoclast regulatory genes, bone matrix elements genes, and hormone/receptor genes.<unk>  must be differentiated from other diseases associated with a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) such as idiopathic transient<unk>  of hip, osteomalacia, scurvy, osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple myeloma, homocystinuria, and hypermetabolic resorptive<unk> .<unk>  is a major health problem involving 43.9% (43.4 million) of male and female population in the United States. Risk of<unk>  increases with age.<unk>  usually involves individuals of age 80 years and older. White females and African-American males have the highest incidence among other races. Risk factors for<unk>  are of two types, non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, menopause, and family history. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, immobility, glucocorticoid abuse, and use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Risk of fracture due to<unk>  threatens every second postmenopausal women and every fifth old man. The 10-year risk for any<unk> -related fracture in 65-year-old white woman with no other risk factor is 9.3%. According to USPSTF guidelines, all women ≥ 65 years along with women < 65 years old with high risk of fracture must be screened for<unk> . There is no recommendation to screen men for<unk> . Screening for<unk>  can be done by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of both hips and lumbar spine, and quantitative ultrasonography of the calcaneus. If left untreated, most of the patients with<unk>  may develop fractures. With appropriate and timely usage of medications along with calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation, the outcome of<unk>  is usually good. Apart from risk of death and other complications, osteoporotic fractures are associated with a decreased quality of life secondary to immobility and emotional disturbances. The impact of<unk>  and osteoporotic fractures on human life becomes intense with aging. There are various lifestyle modifications that can prevent the development of<unk> , these include calcium and vitamin D supplementation, diet, exercise, smoking cessation, minimizing alcohol consumption, and fall prevention. The mainstay of treatment in primary<unk>  is lifestyle modifications. High risk patients and patients with past history of osteoporotic fracture, require medical therapy. Bisphosphonates are the first line treatment for<unk> . Raloxifene is the second line treatment for<unk>  in postmenopausal women and is also used for prevention. Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit RANKL (RANK ligand), a protein that acts as the primary signal for bone removal. Denosumab is used to treat<unk>  in elder men and postmenopausal women. Teriparatide and abaloparatide are human recombinant parathyroid hormones used to treat postmenopausal woman with<unk>  at high risk of fracture or to increase bone mass in men with<unk> .
Osteoporosis
Osteodystrophy
Osteopoikilosis
Osteolysis
Hyperostosis
Xerosis
Hair loss
Lipodystrophy