<unk>  is the throbbing of the arteries as an effect of the heart beat. It can be felt in any<unk> lace that allows for an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee <unk> opliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), and near the ankle joint <unk> osterior tibial artery). The<unk>  rate can also be measured by measuring the heart beats directly (the apical<unk> .<unk> ressure waves move the artery walls, which are<unk> liable; these waves are not caused by the forward movement of the blood. When the heart contracts, blood is ejected into the aorta and the aorta stretches. At this<unk> oint, the wave of distention<unk>  wave) is<unk> ronounced but relatively slow-moving (3–6 m/s). As it travels towards the<unk> eripheral blood vessels, it gradually diminishes and becomes faster. In the large arterial branches, its velocity is 7–10 m/s; in the small arteries, it is 15–35 m/s. The<unk> ressure<unk>  is transmitted fifteen or more times more rapidly than the blood flow.<unk>  is also used, although incorrectly, to denote the frequency of the heart beat, usually measured in beats<unk> er minute. In most<unk> eople, the<unk>  is an accurate measure of heart rate. Under certain circumstances, including arrhythmias, some of the heart beats are ineffective, and the aorta is not stretched enough to create a<unk> alpable<unk> ressure wave. The<unk>  is too irregular and the heart rate can be (much) higher than the<unk>  rate. In this case, the heart rate should be determined by auscultation of the heart apex, in which case it is not the<unk> . The<unk>  deficit (difference between heart beats and<unk> tions at the<unk> eriphery) should be determined by simultaneous<unk> alpation at the radial artery and auscultation at the heart apex.
A normal<unk>  rate for a healthy adult, while resting, can range from 60 to 100 beats<unk> er minute (BPM), although well conditioned athletes may have a healthy<unk>  rate lower than 60 BPM. Bradycardia occurs when the<unk>  rate is below 60<unk> er minute, whereas tachycardia occurs when the rate is above 100 BPM. During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM; during strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 150–200 BPM. Generally,<unk>  rates are higher in infants and young children. The resting heart rate for an infant is usually close to an adult's<unk>  rate during strenuous exercise (average 110 BPM for an infant).
A collapsing<unk>  is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation.
Pulse
Torque
Capillary refill
Pump
Itch
Muscle tone
Heart sounds
Ankle reflex