<unk>  is defined as serum sodium less than 135 mEq/L (mmol/L). Sodium is the major electrolyte which determines serum osmolality.<unk>  is a water balance disorder in which the ratio between sodium and water is disturbed. Water homeostasis is regulated mainly by two organs: hypothalamus by ADH secretion or thirst, kidney by water reabsorption or excretion. ADH is secreted due to alteration in serum osmolality or intravascular volume. Mechanisms in which different disorders cause<unk>  involve ADH (secretion or action) and kidney function ( absorption or excretion). ADH secretion is increased by increased osmolality of serum or decreased effective intravascular volume.
Hyponatremia pathophysiology
Hypernatremia pathophysiology
Hypokalemia pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia risk factors
Hypernatremia risk factors
Metabolic alkalosis pathophysiology
Hyperchloremia causes