The coronary angiogram is fairly insensitive to the presence of lesion<unk> , particularly the presence of deep vessel wall<unk> .  Intravascular ultrasound is much more sensitive in the assessment of vessel wall<unk> .  Conventional coronary angiography has limited sensitivity for the detection of smaller amounts of calcium, and has moderate sensitivity for the detection of extensive lesion calcium (sensitivity 60% and 85% for three- and four-quadrant calcium, respectively).<unk>  is often associated with older saphenous vein graft age, insulin–dependent diabetics, and smoking. Calcified lesions pose several challenges to the interventional cardiologists as they are sometimes difficult to cross with the angioplasty equipment, they are less likely to fully dilate, they are prone to recoil, and they often do not allow for full expansion of the stent. Failure to fully expand the stent may result in restenosis. Stents should be deployed only after ensuring that the lesion can be fully expanded by a conventional balloon angioplasty.
Coronary artery calcification
Coronary artery irregularity
Coronary artery tortuosity
Multivessel coronary artery disease
Cardiac fibrosis
Coronary artery ulceration
Coronary artery aneurysm
Mitral valve sclerosis