<unk> , recombinant DNA technology,<unk>  modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that  apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes.  Engineering is different than traditional breeding, where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly;<unk>  uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly.<unk>  endeavors have
found some success in improving crop technology, the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse (cancer mouse) for research.
Since a protein sequence is specified by a segment of DNA called a gene, novel versions of that protein can be produced by changing the DNA sequence of the gene.
Genetic engineering
Chemical engineering
Biological engineering
Gene knockdown
Assisted reproductive technology
Chemical synthesis
HYPER-CVAD regimen
Chemical modification