<unk> -exchange<unk>  (or<unk>  is a process that allows the separation of<unk> s and polar molecules based on the charge properties of the molecules. It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids. The solution to be injected is usually called a sample, and the individually separated components are called analytes. It is often used in protein purification, water analysis, and quality control.
Ion chromatography
Gas diffusion method
Spectroscopy
Biological small-angle X-ray scattering
Enzyme assay
Fiber diffraction
Fourier transform spectroscopy
Absorption spectrum