The<unk> s was first described in 1900 by Leube.<unk> s may be classified into several subtypes based on the French-American-British (FAB) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification methods. Cytogenetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of<unk>  include isolated deletion of 5q, monosomy 7, and monosomy 8.<unk>  is associated with Fanconi<unk> , Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Shwachman-Diamond<unk> . There are no characteristic findings of<unk>  on gross pathology. On microscopic histopathological analysis, dyserythropoiesis, dysgranulopoiesis, and dysmegakaryocytopoiesis are findings of<unk> . There are no known direct causes for primary<unk> . Common risk factors for secondary<unk>  can be found here.<unk>  must be differentiated from other diseases that cause anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, such as: aplastic anemia, fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, Shwachman-Diamond<unk> , paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, parovirus B19 infection, and vitamin B12 defeciency. The incidence of<unk>  is approximately 4.4 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<unk>  commonly affects older patients. Males are more commonly affected with<unk>  than females.<unk>  usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. Common risk factors in the development of<unk>  are past treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, past exposure to tobacco smoke, ionizing radiation, organic chemicals, and heavy metals. If left untreated, a high percentage of patients with<unk>  may progress to develop acute myeloid leukemia or die due to bone marrow failure. Common complications of myelodysplasia include progression to acute myeloid leukemia, bone marrow failure, infection, hemorrhage, and iron overload. Prognosis is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with high IPSS score<unk>  is approximately 55%. Symptoms of<unk>  include bleeding, easy bruising, shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue. Common physical examination findings of<unk>  include pallor, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, fever, and petechiae. Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of<unk>  include abnormal complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, cytogenetic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and bone marrow biopsy. Chemotherapy is recommended among all patients who develop<unk> . Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with<unk> . Stem cell transplantation is usually reserved for patients who are either young or those with high-risk<unk> .
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Acute myeloid leukemia
Myeloid leukemia
B-cell leukemia
Leukemoid reaction
Myelofibrosis
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia
Prolymphocytic leukemia