A<unk>  is a benign tumor consisting of thyroid follicular cells, which produce excessive amounts of T3 and/or T4.  In<unk> , the excessive thyroid hormone autonomously produced can suppress the function of remaining thyroid tissue. Thus thyroid hormone production is no longer controlled by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroid axis, leading to thyroid hormone excess and the resulting clinical symptoms, signs, and potential complications. The most common cause of<unk>  is iodine deficiency.  Alteration of the thyroid stimulation pathways by activation of germline or somatic mutations in the TSH receptor or cAMP signal transduction system is believed to be responsible for the development of autonomous thyroid gland growth and hormonogenesis. Patients with<unk> s typically present with signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. If left untreated, thyrotoxicosis increases the risks of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and decreased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Measurement of serum TSH is considered as the best initial test in the evaluation of thyroid disorders. The serum free T4 and free or total T3 levels are elevated or in the upper part of the normal range. The mainstay of treatment for most patients with<unk>  includes radioiodine, anti thyroid drugs.
Toxic Adenoma
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Adenocarcinoma
Occupational asthma
Lymphoepithelioma
Acinic cell carcinoma
Silicosis
Asbestosis