<unk>  was first described in literature in the 19th century. It was often misdiagnosed as either narcolepsy or skepticism. There are three types of<unk> : obstructive, central, and mixed. The pathogenesis of obstructive<unk>  includes upper airway anatomy defects, the inability of the upper airway dilator muscles to respond to respiratory challenge during sleep, inadequate arousal threshold, loop gain, and potential for state-related changes in lung volume. The pathogenesis of central<unk>  involves chemoreceptors that modulate ventilation.<unk>  may be commonly caused by a large neck/abodminal circumference, administration of medications, diseases that narrow the respiratory airways, diseases that affect the central nervous system, or infectious diseases. The diagnosis of<unk>  is listed in the DSM-V guidelines using either either the<unk>  Hyponea Index (AHI) or the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). Common symptoms in patients with<unk>  include loud, chronic snoring, interruptions in breathing while sleeping, and somnolence. Generally, the most common signs of<unk>  are a large waist/neck circumference and facial deformities. Polysomnography is diagnostic of<unk>  and is recommended among all patients who are suspected to have<unk>  during history-taking. Treatment often starts with behavioral therapy. The most effective treatments help open the airway such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oral appliances. Primary prevention of<unk>  involves lifestyle changes such as weight loss and smoking cessation, reconstruction of facial anomalies, and treatment of underlying medical causes. Secondary prevention of<unk>  involves lifestyle changes. These methods reduce the severity of<unk>  on the patient.
Sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea
Hyperventilation syndrome
Sleep Apnea
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Nocturnal asthma
Asthma
Shift work sleep disorder