<unk> s are a common clinical problem, and differentiated<unk>  cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. The American<unk>  Association has published guidelines for the management of<unk> s, which were updated in 2015. The major causes of<unk>  development include, multinodular (sporadic) goiter, Hashimoto's<unk> itis, cysts, macrofollicular/microfollicular adenomas, childhood radioiodine exposure, familial history, and gene mutations. Neck masses can be mistaken for<unk> s. The most important neck masses that can be mistaken with<unk> s include, thyroglossal duct cyst, parathyroid cancer, parathyroid cyst, and branchial cleft cyst. While the diagnosis of a<unk>  is established,<unk>  should be differentiated based on benign or malignant features and the type of<unk> . Common risk factors associated with<unk> s include, older age, iodine deficiency, previous history of iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism, living in iodine deficient areas, family history of autoimmune diseases, multiparity, and smoking. A solitary<unk>  may become symptomatic if it grows rapidly due to hemorrhage or malignancies, invades laryngeal nerves, compressing nearby structures, and secretory<unk> s that produce TSH.<unk> s may be a manifestation of<unk>  cancer, that usually develops in the 6th decade of life, and start with symptoms such as weight loss, fatigue, and hoarseness. Without treatment, the patient with benign<unk> s may remain asymptomatic, while the patients with<unk>  neoplasm may develop distant metastasis, which may eventually lead to death. The most common complications of<unk> s are hoarseness, horner's syndrome,<unk>  rupture, needle track seeding, hemorrhage/hematoma, dysphagia, upper airway obstruction, pain, skin burn, vasovagal reaction, hypothyroidism, transient thyrotoxicosis, anaphylactic reaction, thromboembolism, and pneumothorax. Physical examination should focus on the<unk>  gland and the lateral and central neck and should assess for supraclavicular and submandibular adenopathy. In case of active hot<unk> s that produce<unk>  hormones, antithyroid drugs should be administered, that include beta-blockers, antithyroid drugs (methimazole,carbimazole,propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine, and<unk> ectomy. If the<unk>  excision treatment (lobectomy, isthmectomy, and total<unk> ectomy) is not curative, then treatment with postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) remnant ablation and recombinant human TSH–mediated therapy is recommended. Surgical management of<unk>  is performed in case of non-diagnostic or suspicious biopsy, for removal of primary<unk>  cancer or for<unk>  cancer staging for radioactive ablation and serum thyroglobulin monitoring. Primary prevention of<unk>  is aimed at prevention of<unk>  cancer. Avoidance of exposure to radiation and monitoring the population with an increased risk of development of a malignant<unk>  play major roles in primary prevention. Secondary prevention of<unk> s focuses on prevention of recurrence of<unk> s. Different prevention strategies may be used depending upon whether the<unk>  is benign or malignant. In case of  a malignant<unk> , the major focus is on the prevention of recurrence after removal of a primary<unk> . Post-operative periodic monitoring with serum thyroglobulin levels, radioactive iodine scanning, neck ultrasound and<unk>  stimulating hormone (TSH) may decrease the chances of recurrence.
Thyroid nodule
Thyroid adenoma
Parathyroid cancer
Nodular thyroid disease
Thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer
Thymoma
Primary thyroid lymphoma