<unk> , also called obstructive<unk> , is caused by an interruption to the drainage of bile in the biliary system. The most common causes are gallstones in the common bile duct, and pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas.  Also, a group of parasites known as "liver flukes" can live in the common bile duct, causing obstructive<unk> .  Other causes include strictures of the common bile duct, biliary atresia, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts. A rare cause of obstructive<unk>  is Mirizzi's syndrome.
In complete obstruction of the bile duct, no urobilinogen is found in the urine, since bilirubin has no access to the intestine  and it is in the intestine that bilirubin gets converted to urobilinogen to be later released into the general circulation. In this case, presence of bilirubin (conjugated) in the urine without urine-urobilinogen suggests obstructive<unk> , either intra-hepatic or<unk> .
The presence of pale stools and dark urine suggests an obstructive or<unk>  cause as normal feces get their color from bile pigments. However, although pale stools and dark urine are a feature of biliary obstruction, they can occur in many intra-hepatic illnesses and are therefore not a reliable clinical feature to distinguish obstruction from hepatic causes of<unk> .
Patients also can present with elevated serum cholesterol, and often complain of severe itching or "pruritus" because of the deposition of bile salts.
Posthepatic jaundice
Fatty liver
Ischemic hepatitis
Hepatolithiasis
Hepatic jaundice
Hepatic encephalopathy
Alcoholic hepatitis
Perihepatitis