The<unk>  cord extends from the foramen magnum down to the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The cord is protected by the vertebral column, which is mobile and allows for movement of the spine. It is enclosed by the dura mater and the vessels supplying it. The<unk>  cord and nerve roots depend on a constant blood supply to perform axonal signaling. Conditions that interfere, either directly or indirectly with the blood supply will cause malfunction of the transmission pathway. Injury to the<unk>  cord or nerve roots arises from direct trauma, compression by bone fragments, hematoma, or disk herniation or ischemia. The tissue responses by gliosis, demyelination, and axonal loss. This results in injury to the white matter (myelinated tracts) and the gray matter (cell bodies) in the cord with loss of sensory reflexes (pinprick, joint position sense, vibration, hot/cold, pressure) and motor function.
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