Select the appropriately-sized mask.
Secure it in place by fastening the Velcro straps.
Note: Some experts recommend allowing the patient to get used to the mask first, PRIOR TO starting the positive airway pressures.
Patients will often require frequent coaching throughout this process.
In moderately anxious patients, consider low-dose fentanyl, a benzodiazepine or ketamine to assist with patient-ventilator synchrony.
For BPAP, begin with an IPAP of 8-10 cm H2O and an EPAP of 2-4 cm H2O.
Gradually titrate upward IPAP and EPAP 1-2 cm every 5-15 minutes with a goal IPAP 10-16 cm H2O and EPAP of 8-10 cm H2O depending upon patient response.
A doctor, nurse, or respiratory therapist should be with the patient at all times during BPAP/CPAP use.
Noninvasive ventilation
Mechanical ventilation 
Bag valve mask ventilation
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
High frequency oscillation ventilation
Lung recruitment maneuver
Needle cricothyrotomy
Surgical cricothyrotomy