and Y.L. wrote the article and made the figures. Y.Y. and Y.D. contributed to the data collection. Z.D., L.Y., Y.S. and H.X. designed and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to researching the article and to the review and editing of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2023YFC3405200) , Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (No. 2023NSFSC1903 and No. 2023NSFSC1845), 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (No. ZYYC23025 and No. ZYYC23013). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Schumacher, T.N.; Schreiber, R.D. Neoantigens in Cancer Immunotherapy. Science 2015 ,348, 69–74. [CrossRef] 2. Jiang, T.; Shi, T.; Zhang, H.; Hu, J.; Song, Y.; Wei, J.; Ren, S.; Zhou, C. Tumor Neoantigens: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2019 ,12, 93. [CrossRef] 3. Ott, P .A.; Hu, Z.; Keskin, D.B.; Shukla, S.A.; Sun, J.; Bozym, D.J.; Zhang, W.; Luoma, A.; Giobbie-Hurder, A.; Peter, L.; et al. An Immunogenic Personal Neoantigen Vaccine for Patients with Melanoma. Nature 2017 ,547, 217–221.