Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2023 1Immuno-Oncology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 2Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 3David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 4Computational Oncology Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 5BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. 6Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA. 7Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 8Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 9Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 10Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 11Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 12Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 13Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 14Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 15Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. 16HI-TRON, Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology, Mainz, Germany. 17Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. 18These authors contributed equally: Luis A.