11, 12), further functional investigations using trial tissues are required. The high frequency of PsPD in NOA16 participants compared Transient53.3% PsPD 46.7% SD 33.3% PsPD 44.4% SD 22.2% PD 66.7% SD 33.3% PDn = 15 n = 9 n = 6–2000200400600ELISpot countP = 0.025 SD (n = 15)PsPD (n = 11)PD (n = 4)bID02 ID05 ID30 ID14 ID29 ID13 ID18 ID07 ID08 ID26 ID24 ID09 ID17 ID10 ID15 ID32 ID04 ID31 ID20 ID01 ID23 ID28 ID33 ID03 ID25 ID22 ID11 ID27 ID12 ID06050100150200250MSSMethylation class high gradeMethylation class low grade and ND Below medianCDKN2A/B homozygous deletion CDKN2A/B heterozygous deletion CDKN2A/B intact Above medianfDeathLost to FUSurgeryObservation period Premature EOS Stable disease PsPDVaccination Progressive diseasea dMedian, P = 0.0306 ID06 ID02ID04 ID01ID13 ID07 ID14ID20 ID27ID10 ID15ID23 ID29ID18 ID33ID17 ID08ID22 ID19ID32 ID26 ID11ID31 ID25ID28 ID24ID12 ID21 ID05ID03ID09 ID30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Months from /f_irst diagnosisSubjects received drug01 02 03 04 05 06 000.20.40.60.81.0Probability e P = 0.685c Screening PsPD V07 FLAIR T1w + CETime to progression (months) Time to death (months) Time to progression (months) Time to death (months)01 02 03 04 05 06 0 g 01 02 03 04 05 06 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 0 MSS median (58.89)00.20.40.60.81.0Probability ID01 Sustained None00.20.40.60.81.0Probability 00.20.40.60.81.0ProbabilityNo immune responseImmune response Below MSS medianAbove MSS median Fig. 3 | Efficacy of IDH1-vac, pseudoprogression and T cell response. a, Swimmer plot depicting disease progression and interventions for each patient in the SDS ( n = 32 patients). b , Simon and Makuch plot of overall and progression-free survival probabilities according to the time-dependent covariate IDH1-vac-induced immune response in the IDS ( n = 30 patients). x-axes show time since first diagnosis. c , Exemplary MRI fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted with contrast enhancement (CE) sequences of PsPD of patient ID01 at visit 12 compared to clinical screening MRI. d, Frequencies of PsPD, stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD) according to T cell response types for patients in the IDS. For definition of transient and sustained responses, see Methods. e, Magnitude of best T cell response defined by maximum specific ELISpot count with negative control subtracted according to disease progression. Individual values, median (solid lines), and quartiles (dotted lines) are shown in violin plots. SD, 95% CI 80–183; PsPD, 95% CI 103–228; PD, 95% CI 11–88. Two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn’s multiple comparison. f , Mutation-specificity scores and molecular profile of each patient in the IDS ( n = 30 patients). Methylation class low grade or ND, n = 20; methylation class high grade, n = 10, of which CDKN2A/B −/− n = 4, CDKN2A/B+/− n = 4, and CDKN2A/B+/+ n = 2 patients. g , Simon and Makuch plot of overall and progression-free survival probabilities according to the time-dependent covariate MSS in molecularly defined methylation class high grade gliomas. n = 10 patients.