16, 278 (2015). Acknowledgements We are indebted to all patients and their relatives, and all trial sites. The NOA16 trial was funded by the German Ministry of Education and Science and the National Center for Tumor Diseases (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02454634). We acknowledge the support of the DKFZ Light Microscopy Facility and the DKFZ Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility. We thank S. Bauer, M. Bucur, E. Hallauer, G. Haltenhof, K. Jähne, A. Siebenmorgen, S. Jünger, S. Sachse, and L. Umansky for technical support; N. Kehl for visualization of longitudinal peripheral TCR repertoires; and S. Uhlig (FlowCore Mannheim and Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology) for technical FACS support. This work was supported by the German Ministry of Education and Science (National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg NCT 3.0 program ‘Precision immunotherapy of brain tumors’ and the DKTK program), the DKFZ-MOST program (project number 2526) and the Helmholtz Program Future Topic Immunology and Inflammation (ZT-0027, WP3), the Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Foundation and the German Research Foundation (DFG) (FOR2289: PL315/3-1), the Sonderförderlinie ‘Neuroinflammation’ of the Ministry of Science of Baden Württemberg, the Joint Funding Program MGH-Heidelberg Alliance in Neuro-Oncology, the Wilhelm Sander Foundation (2012.118.1), the NCT 3.0 program “Cancer immunotherapy program” program “genetically modified cells for cancer immune therapy”, the Baden-Württemberg Stiftung (BWST_ISF2018- 046), German Cancer Aid (70112399) to M.P., the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project-ID 404521405, SFB 1389 - UNITE Glioblastoma, Work Package B01 to M.P. and T.B., the epigenetics@dkfz program, the Swiss Cancer Foundation, the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, the University Heidelberg Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project-ID 404521405, SFB 1389 - UNITE Glioblastoma, Work Package B03 to L.B., and German Cancer Aid (110624) to W.W. L.B. was funded by Heidelberg Medical Faculty and the Heidelberg University (Hella Bühler Award). T.B. and K.S. are supported by the Medical Faculty and University Hospital Mannheim and the University Heidelberg. K.S. was supported by a doctoral fellowship of the DKFZ. F.S. is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the University Hospital Heidelberg. E.G. was supported by a Marie-Curie fellowship.Author contributions M.P. conceptualized and designed the trial, interpreted data, and wrote the paper. L.B. designed and performed translational analyses, analysed and interpreted data, and wrote the paper. A.W., O.S., J.H., M.M., D.K., G.T. and J.P.S. treated patients and interpreted data. T.B. performed and analysed translational analyses. L.L.C., A.F. and L.-M.R. performed primary endpoint statistical analyses. I.H., M.O.B. and M.B. performed disease assessment and analysed PsPD. F.S. and A.v.D. performed and interpreted molecular screening of tumour material and 850k arrays. K.S. performed single-cell sequencing and TCR testing, and designed the NFAT reporter assay. C.L.T. and E.G. analysed single-cell sequencing data. I.P. performed and analysed immune monitoring of primary immunogenicity endpoints and translational analyses. E.G. designed and cloned TCR vectors. S.J. performed in vitro HLA affinity analyses. G.A.B. performed HLA typing. A.S.