Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. Ethics statement The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board and Independent Ethics Committee of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital af ﬁliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The patients/ participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The animal study was reviewed and approved by Laboratory Animal Management and Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. Writteninformed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identi ﬁable images or data included in this article. Author contributions Conception and design: YF, FM, SZ, JS, HP, and SC. Collection and assembly of data: SZ, LLiu, DM, XG, QH, QG,Shou et al. 10.3389/ ﬁmmu.2022.1000681 Frontiers in Immunology frontiersin.org 14 HL, and WH. Data analysis and interpretation: FM, YF, SZ, MQ, LLu, LLiu, SY, and NH. Manuscript writing: LLu, NH, and FM. Data presentation and graphics: LLu, MQ, LLiu, SZ, and XZ. Final approval of manuscript: all authors. Accountable for all aspects of the work: all authors. Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 81702809 and 81872238], the Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province [grant numbers 2016ZDB007 and 2017ZD021] and Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number U20A20409], and partly supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province [grant numbers LY13H160013 and LQ16H160003], Health Commission of Zhejiang Province [grant number 2016KYA115], Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province [grant number 2017197380], CSCO Health Project [grant numbers Y-QL2019-0316, Y-MSD2020- 0314 and XS022] and Zhejiang Medical Innovative Discipline Construction Project-2016. Acknowledgments We appreciate all authors for contributing to this paper.Conﬂict of interest FM, SZ, LLu, NH, LLiu, MQ, DM, XG, QH, XZ, and SC are employed by Hangzhou Neoantigen Therapeutics Co., Ltd. FM is employed by company Hangzhou AI-Force Therapeutics Co., Ltd. NH is employed by company Hangzhou AI-Nano Therapeutics Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare th at the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or ﬁnancial relationships that could be construed as a potential con ﬂict of interest. Publisher ’s note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their af ﬁliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin. org/articles/10.3389/ ﬁmmu.2022.1000681/full#supplementary-material References 1. Sun C, Xu S. Advances in personalized neoantigen vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. BioSci Trends (2020) 14(5):349 –53. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.03267 2. Kuai R, Ochyl LJ, Bahjat KS, Schwendeman A, Moon JJ. Designer vaccine nanodiscs for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Nat Mater (2017) 16(4):489 – 96.