His research has sparked criticism, in particular from French scholars who argue that the Vichy regime (1940–1944) was of a more traditional conservative persuasion, although belonging to the far-right, than it was counter-revolutionary, counter-revolutionary ideas being a main characteristic of fascism.
Cercetările sale au stârnit critici, în special din partea oamenilor de știință francezi care susțin că regimul de la Vichy (1940-1944) avea mai curând convingeri conservatoare, deși aparținând extremei-drepte, decât contrarevoluționare, ideile contrarevoluționare fiind o caracteristică principală a fascismului.