Under the supervision of James of Saint George, Edward's master-builder, a series of imposing castles was built, using a distinctive design and the most advanced defensive features of the day, to form a "ring of stone" around north Wales.
Under James of Saint George vejledning opførte Edvards bygmeste en serie af store borge ved brug af et karakteristisk design og de mest avancerede forsvarsfunktioner, der var kendt, for at danne en "ring af sten" rundt om North Wales.