In the late 1850s, German anatomical pathologist Rudolf Virchow, a former student of Müller, directed focus to the cell, establishing cytology as the focus of physiological research, while Julius Cohnheim pioneered experimental pathology in medical schools' scientific laboratories.
I slutningen af 1850'erne, rettede den tyske anatomiske patolog Rudolf Virchow, en tidligere elev af Müller, fokus mod cellen, og grundlage cytologi som fokus for fysiologiske forskning, mens Julius Cohnheims var banebrydende indenfor eksperimentel patologi i medicinskolernes videnskabelige laboratorier.