By the 20th century, this commercial ethos was so powerful, that any designers who deviated from it risked being seen as cranks or subversives.
20세기가 되어서는 상업적 목적이 너무나  강세를 띠었기 때문에 그로부터 벗어난 디자이너들은 괴짜 내지는 반역자로 여겨졌습니다.