People outside that circle are treated as sub-human, and can be exploited with impunity. But, over history, the circle has expanded. One can see, in historical record, it expanding from the village, to the clan, to the tribe, to the nation, to other races, to both sexes, and, in Singer's own arguments, something that we should extend to other sentient species. The question is, if this has happened, what has powered that expansion?
Inimesi väljaspool seda ringi koheldakse alaväärselt, ja neid tohib süüdimatult ära kasutada. Kuid ajaloo jooksul on ring laienenud. Ajaloolised andmed näitavad, kuidas see laieneb külale, klannile, hõimule, rahvusele, teistele rassidele, mõlemale soole, ja, Singeri väitel, peaksime me seda laiendama teistele teadlikele liikidele. Küsimus on, kui see tõesti juhtus, siis mille mõjul?