Utilizing a selection of pH-reactive organic compounds, we have synthesized tunable, material-based sensor-actuators that can output a spectrum of colors, degrees of shape deformation, and the switching of odorous to non-odorous based upon pH value; we call these base sensor-actuators Organic Primitives. In this paper, we present the approach of utilizing the pH-reactive organic molecules vanillin, anthocyanin and chitosan as mechanisms for odor, color and shape actuation. These primitive mechanisms can be used to create responsive, functionalized biopolymers across a variety of form factors, including fluids, fibers, films, sheets, gels and dimensional forms. These biopolymers can be used alone or in combination to form simple but highly functionalized systems. The materials are edible and enables fluid-based sensing-actuation near, on, or even within living systems. In this paper, we demonstrate a design space which can enable higher-order functions in the material system. The design space highlights a variety of techniques to control the material system through defining pH inputs, sequencing techniques, encoding hidden 2D and 3D forms, patterning, and compositing functionalized biopolymers. Through this molecular-scale approach of creating tunable sensors through material synthesis, we explore human-material interaction in four application contexts: edible, cosmetic, environmental, and interspecies. In order to evaluate the functional parameters of our material formulations, we evaluate the output properties of individual pH-reactive molecules in the form of films as a function of pH 2 - 10. Though this work only explores pH response, the methods here could potentially be used to create materials responsive to any number of environmental stimuli, expanding upon the library of input-output devices for HCI.
['Viirj Kan', 'Yasuaki Kakehi', 'Emma Vargo', 'Noa Machover', 'Serena Pan', 'Weixuan Chen', 'Hiroshi Ishii']
Organic Primitives: Synthesis & Design of pH-Reactive Material InterfacesMaterials with Organic Molecules for Biocompatible I/O