Datacenter workloads demand high computational capabilities, flexibility, power efficiency, and low cost. It is challenging to improve all of these factors simultaneously. To advance datacenter capabilities beyond what commodity server designs can provide, we designed and built a composable, reconfigurable hardware fabric based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). Each server in the fabric contains one FPGA, and all FPGAs within a 48-server rack are interconnected over a low-latency, high-bandwidth network.   We describe a medium-scale deployment of this fabric on a bed of 1632 servers, and measure its effectiveness in accelerating the ranking component of the Bing web search engine. We describe the requirements and architecture of the system, detail the critical engineering challenges and solutions needed to make the system robust in the presence of failures, and measure the performance, power, and resilience of the system. Under high load, the large-scale reconfigurable fabric improves the ranking throughput of each server by 95% at a desirable latency distribution or reduces tail latency by 29% at a fixed throughput. In other words, the reconfigurable fabric enables the same throughput using only half the number of servers.
['Andrew Putnam', 'Adrian M. Caulfield', 'Eric S. Chung', 'Derek Chiou', 'Kypros Constantinides', 'John Demme', 'Hadi Esmaeilzadeh', 'Jeremy Fowers', 'Gopi Prashanth Gopal', 'Jan Gray', 'Michael Haselman', 'Scott Hauck', 'Stephen F. Heil', 'Amir Hormati', 'Joo-Young Kim', 'Sitaram V. Lanka', 'James R. Larus', 'Eric Peterson', 'Simon Pope', 'Aaron Smith', 'Jason Thong', 'Phillip Yi Xiao', 'Doug Burger']
A reconfigurable fabric for accelerating large-scale datacenter services