This paper develops an Audio-Visual Speech Recognition (AVSR) method, by (1) exploring high-performance visual features, (2) applying audio and visual deep bottleneck features to improve AVSR performance, and (3) investigating effectiveness of voice activity detection in a visual modality. In our approach, many kinds of visual features are incorporated, subsequently converted into bottleneck features by deep learning technology. By using proposed features, we successfully achieved 73.66% lipreading accuracy in speaker-independent open condition, and about 90% AVSR accuracy on average in noisy environments. In addition, we extracted speech segments from visual features, resulting 77.80% lipreading accuracy. It is found VAD is useful in both audio and visual modalities, for better lipreading and AVSR.
['Satoshi Tamura', 'Hiroshi Ninomiya', 'Norihide Kitaoka', 'Shin Osuga', 'Yurie Iribe', 'Kazuya Takeda', 'Satoru Hayamizu']
Audio-visual speech recognition using deep bottleneck features and high-performance lipreading