This study tests the theory of vivid media violence, exploring whether the presence of blood in a violent game and the use of headphones impacts emotions (frustration, fear, anxiety) and the level of cognitive elaboration. Results of an experiment suggest participants felt stronger negative emotions when playing a bloody game with headphones off. When the video game was not bloody, headphones did not affect emotions. In addition, frustration was related to cognitive elaboration whereas fear and anxiety were not. Implications for research exploring discrete emotions, as well as the intersection between auditory and visual features in video games, are discussed.
['Karyn Riddle', 'Zhen Di', 'Sunghak Kim', 'Eunyoung Myung', 'Swee Kiat Tay', 'Fangxin Xu']
The unexpected comfort of wearing headphones: Emotional and cognitive effects of headphone use when playing a bloody video game