Modern energy grids introduce local energy producers into city networks. Whenever a city network is disconnected#R##N##R##N#from the distribution grid, a blackout occurs and local producers are disabled. Micro grids circumvent#R##N##R##N#blackouts by leveraging these local producers to power a fixed subset of consumers. In this paper, we evolve#R##N##R##N#micro grids to Holons, which overcome the need for fixed subsets and power as much of the city network as#R##N##R##N#possible. We contribute a formal model of Holons and investigate the impact of the Holon concept in a simulation#R##N##R##N#with 10,000 randomly generated city networks. These city networks are based on parameters obtained#R##N##R##N#from a real-world test site in a medium-sized German city. Our results show that the Holon approach can#R##N##R##N#supply an average fraction of 22.08% of any city network, even when fixed micro grids would fail to power#R##N##R##N#the city network as a whole.
['Siavash Valipour', 'Florian Volk', 'Tim Grube', 'Leon Bock', 'Ludwig Karg', 'Max Mühlhäuser']
A Formal Holon Model for Operating Future Energy Grids during Blackouts