A model is developed for deriving the backscattering properties of phytoplankton [   $b_{\mathrm{ bph}}(\boldsymbol {\lambda })$   ] and nonalgal particles [   $b_{\mathrm{ bNAP}}(\boldsymbol {\lambda })$   ] from the total particulate backscattering coefficient [   $b_{\mathrm{ bp}}(\boldsymbol {\lambda })$   ] in turbid and productive coastal and inland water environments.  In situ  spectral particulate backscattering data acquired from several field campaigns on the turbid and productive coastal regions of southern India are used to develop a partitioning method and establish robust relationships between the partitioned    $b_{\mathrm{ bph}}(\boldsymbol {\lambda })$    and    $b_{\mathrm{ bNAP}}(\boldsymbol {\lambda })$    versus chlorophyll and turbidity. The performance of this method is assessed using independent data sets from marine and inland productive waters. The    $b_{\mathrm{ bph}}(\boldsymbol {\lambda })$    and    $b_{\mathrm{ bNAP}}(\boldsymbol {\lambda })$    products derived from this method are found in good agreement with  in situ  data, with the overall percentile error of a few percent which is well within the benchmark for a validated uncertainty of ±35% endorsed for the chlorophyll-a retrieval in oceanic waters. Further comparison with other inversion methods demonstrated the relative performance of the new model, especially in productive and algal bloom-dominated waters. To illustrate the use of the new model for remote sensing applications, it was applied to both multispectral Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Aqua and hyperspectral (Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean) images from the algal bloom-dominated waters of the Arabian Sea and turbid productive lagoon waters on the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal. The results were interesting, i.e., the existence of strong spectral features and inflections in the phytoplankton backscattering spectra in bloom-dominated waters and the nearly featureless NAP backscattering spectra varying approximately according to a power law in sediment-laden waters. Corroborating the previous experimental and theoretical studies, our results for algal bloom waters show a steep slope in the blue region and enhanced backscattering in the green and near-infrared regions due to the influence of phytoplankton absorption and backscattering. These results further suggest that living algal matter in productive waters may be a source of significant backscattering. Under typical nonbloom conditions in turbid coastal waters, our analyses confirm that the minerogenic and detrital particles are likely the most important because of their high abundance relative to living organic particles and their spectral dependences have profound implications for our understanding of the relationship between the backscattering to scattering ratio and particle size distribution and related properties. The new model clearly represents as an important tool permitting the analysis of the spectral backscattering coefficients associated with phytoplankton and nonliving components in sediment-laden and algal-bloom-dominated productive waters within coastal environments.
['Sayoob Vadakke-Chanat', 'Palanisamy Shanmugam', 'Yu-Hwan Ahn']
A Model for Deriving the Spectral Backscattering Properties of Particles in Inland and Marine Waters From In Situ and Remote Sensing Data