In this paper, some novel watermarking approaches which are based on the vector quantization and provide ownership protections in gray-level images are proposed. The proposed approaches combine images, watermarks, and codebooks together. Then, key streams are generated to claim ownerships and guarantee the integrity of images. Non-embedded approaches by generating claimed key streams have the benefit of keeping images original. Compared to Lin et al.'s method, our approaches save both running time and running space. Moreover, in order to provide more wide applications of image protections, robust watermark and fragile watermark strategies are proposed. The experimental results show that these strategies are effective.
['Cheng-Hsing Yang', 'Shu-Chien Huang', 'Cheng-Ta Huang', 'Shiuh-Jeng Wang']
Non-embedded Image Protection Approaches Based on Vector Quantization