In this paper, we investigate the combination of hidden Markov models and convolutional neural networks for handwritten word recognition. The convolutional neural networks have been successfully applied to various computer vision tasks, including handwritten character recognition. In this work, we show that they can replace Gaussian mixtures to compute emission probabilities in hidden Markov models (hybrid combination), or serve as feature extractor for a standard Gaussian HMM system (tandem combination). The proposed systems outperform a basic HMM based on either decorrelated pixels or handcrafted features. We validated the approach on two publicly available databases, and we report up to 60% (Rimes) and 35% (IAM) relative improvement compared to a Gaussian HMM based on pixel values. The final systems give comparable results to recurrent neural networks, which are the best systems since 2009.
['Theodore Bluche', 'Hermann Ney', 'Christopher Kermorvant']
Tandem HMM with convolutional neural network for handwritten word recognition