We report on our studies of the evolving work practices of biologists and the role paper and electronic lab notebooks play in supporting their individual and collaborative activity. We describe the participatory design and longitudinal field testing of  Prism , a hybrid laboratory notebook that lets biologists capture, visualize and interact with cross-linked streams of physical and electronic data. We used Prism as a technology probe that users could adapt to integrate additional activity streams and share information from other biologists. Our key findings include the use of  master notebooks , whether paper or electronic, which act as a reference point for handling and organizing the diverse strands of personal activity, and the importance of  redundancy , which biologists use to make sense of their data. Prism provides a flexible, extensible tool that supports individual and collaborative reflection in creative work.
['Aurélien Tabard', 'Wendy E. Mackay', 'Evelyn Eastmond']
From individual to collaborative: the evolution of prism, a hybrid laboratory notebook