Objective  :  We present a benchmarking protocol for quantitatively comparing emerging on-scalp magnetoencephalography (MEG) sensor technologies to their counterparts in state-of-the-art MEG systems.  Methods:  As a means of validation, we compare a high-critical-temperature superconducting quantum interference device (high   $T_{{c}}$   SQUID) with the low-  $T_{{c}}$   SQUIDs of an Elekta Neuromag TRIUX system in MEG recordings of auditory and somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) on one human subject.  Results:  We measure the expected signal gain for the auditory-evoked fields (deeper sources) and notice some unfamiliar features in the on-scalp sensor-based recordings of SEFs (shallower sources).   Conclusion:  The experimental results serve as a proof of principle for the benchmarking protocol. This approach is straightforward, general to various on-scalp MEG sensors, and convenient to use on human subjects. The unexpected features in the SEFs suggest on-scalp MEG sensors may reveal information about neuromagnetic sources that is otherwise difficult to extract from state-of-the-art MEG recordings.  Significance:  As the first systematically established on-scalp MEG benchmarking protocol, magnetic sensor developers can employ this method to prove the utility of their technology in MEG recordings. Further exploration of the SEFs with on-scalp MEG sensors may reveal unique information about their sources.
['Minshu Xie', 'Justin F. Schneiderman', 'M. L. Chukharkin', 'Alexei Kalabukhov', 'Bushra Riaz', 'Daniel Lundqvist', 'Stephen Whitmarsh', 'Matti Hamalainen', 'Veikko Jousmaki', 'Robert Oostenveld', 'D. Winkler']
Benchmarking for On-Scalp MEG Sensors