opinion: CANNELTON INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED, a corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DISTRICT 17, UNITED MINE WORKERS OF AMERICA, Local Union 8843, United Mine Workers of America, unincorporated associations, Defendants-Appellants.
  No. 91-1535.
  United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
  Argued Oct. 28, 1991.
  Decided Dec. 6, 1991.
  As Amended Jan. 7, 1992.
  Charles F. Donnelly, Charleston, W.Va., argued (Kevin F. Fagan, on brief), for defendants-appellants.
  Gene Webster Bailey, II, Jackson & Kelly, Charleston, W.Va., argued (Daniel L. Stickler, David D. Johnson, on brief), for plaintiff-appellee.
  Before PHILLIPS and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges, and HEANEY, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
  OPINION
  PHILLIPS, Circuit Judge:
  The United Mine Workers (the Union) and employees of Cannelton Industries appeal the judgment of the district court vacating an arbitration award which found appellee Cannelton in violation of the National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement of 1988 (NBCWA) and ordered Cannelton to pay monetary damages to its aggrieved employees. The district court ruled that because the arbitrator failed to identify any cognizable loss suffered by the employees, the award was a purely punitive measure which is not authorized by the NBCWA. On appeal, we must determine the proper judicial response to an arbitration opinion that fails to expressly consider and resolve the determinative question presented to the arbitrator. Because we believe this type of critical ambiguity in the reasoning of an arbitration opinion requires clarification by the arbitrator, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand the cause with instructions.
  I
  The dispute concerns Cannelton’s use of outside contractors for renovations in its coal preparation plant. The union contends these jobs should have been performed by union employees in accordance with the NBCWA.
  Cannelton’s coal processing plant was built by outside contractors in 1952, and it was substantially rebuilt by outside contractors in 1966. At one time, the company employed its own construction crew, but the crew was abolished in 1982. In 1987, Cannelton hired an engineer from Bays, Inc., to evaluate the flooring system in the plant, and Cannelton contracted with Bays to construct “an entire new flooring system for the entire preparation plant.” An outside contractor replaced the plant’s magnetite floor in November and December of 1987. Cannelton maintained that this construction was merely the first phase of a complete reconstruction of the flooring system.
  Cannelton employees filed Grievance No. 88017-88-1146 protesting the use of outside contractors for the 1987 floor work and arguing that hiring outside contractors violated sections (g)(2) and (i) of Article IA of the NBCWA. Section (g)(2) prohibits contracting out of “[rjepair and maintenance work of the type customarily performed by classified Employees at the mine or central shop.” Section (i) provides:
  All construction of mine or mine related facilities ... customarily performed by classified Employees of the Employer normally performing construction work in or about the mine in accordance with prior practice and custom, shall not be contracted out at any time unless all such Employees with necessary skills to perform the work are working no less than 5 days per week.
  Article XXIII, section (c) of the NBCWA provides for the resolution of disputes through a four-step grievance procedure culminating in arbitration.
  This dispute was submitted to Arbitrator I.M. Lieberman, who found that the 1987 floor work was not repair and maintenance work under (g)(2) but was construction work under section (i). However, Lieberman ruled that Cannelton had not violated section (i) because the work was not “customarily performed by classified employees of the mine” (The Lieberman Award). This decision is not itself in controversy.
  Cannelton employees later filed Grievance No. 84-17-87-1057, challenging Can-nelton’s compliance with a 1978 voluntary grievance settlement that required Cannel-ton to give the union specific advance notice of its intention to hire outside contractors to perform work at the plant. In August of 1988, Arbitrator Martin M. Volz ruled that “prior to any contractor coming onto the property the company is to provide the Local Union with a ‘New Project Form’ or a written statement containing equivalent information regarding work being performed on the property by an outside contractor” (The Volz Award).
  When Cannelton hired outside contractors to complete further work in the plant in late 1988 and early 1989, it submitted a New Project Information Form describing the work as “Removing Old Steel and Equipment from Prep Plant.” On January 24, 1989, the union filed two grievances. Grievance No. 8843-989-017 complained of:
  Contractors replacing flooring and removing old flooring also hand rails on operators floor. Replaceing [sic] walk way in front of the coal filter. This is work that is customarily done by Cannel-ton’s employees. We are asking for the appropriate monetary remedy.
  Grievance No. 8843-989-017 maintained:
  Contractors removed tank and pipe lines in preparation plant. This is work that is customarily done by employees of Can-nelton. We are asking for appropriate monarity remenedy [sic]. Also the co. is failing to notify the Union when Contractors are coming on the job.
  These grievances were submitted to Arbitrator Patrick J. Basial, who found that Cannelton had not violated the NBCWA as alleged in Grievance No. 8843-989-020 because the removal of the tank and pipe lines was construction work of the type not customarily completed by union employees.
  With respect to Grievance No. 8843-989-017, Basial ruled that Cannelton violated the terms of the Volz arbitration award by failing to submit a sufficiently specific project information form. Neither party disputes this portion of Basial’s decision. Basial noted that he did not find it necessary "to reach and to resolve the underlying substantive issue as to whether this work was ‘repair and maintenance work’ or ‘construction work.’ ” Therefore, he made no determination on the issue of whether using outside contractors for work on the floors and handrails violated Article IA, section (g)(2) or (i) of the NBCWA. Basial also refrained from deciding whether the Lieberman Award sanctioning outside contracts for the 1987 floor work was res judicata. However, opining that Cannel-ton’s failure to give proper notice hindered labor relations and increased labor strife, Basial awarded the union money damages in an amount equal to 100 hours compensation under the labor contract. He determined that the work listed in both griev-anees required approximately 200 hours, and Basial estimated that the work on the flooring and hand rails was at least one-half of that total.
  Cannelton then brought this action in federal district court challenging the monetary award, and the district court vacated the award on the grounds that the damage award was a purely punitive measure that did not “draw its essence” from the bargaining agreement as required by United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel and Car Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 80 S.Ct. 1358, 4 L.Ed.2d 1424 (1960). The district court reasoned that although the agreement contemplates compensation only for lost work hours, not lost labor harmony, Basial expressly had declined to determine whether the work at issue was the type that the grievants would have been entitled under the NBCWA to perform had they been notified in advance. This appeal by the union followed. In it, the union seeks to have us reverse the district court’s judgment vacating Arbitrator Basial’s award and order the award reinstated.
  II
  Federal courts are authorized to review the decisions of labor arbitrators under § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185. However, this review is extremely limited. Enterprise Wheel, 363 U.S. 593, 80 S.Ct. 1358 (1960); United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 363 U.S. 574, 80 S.Ct. 1347, 4 L.Ed.2d 1409 (1960); United Steelworkers of America v. American Mfg. Co., 363 U.S. 564, 80 S.Ct. 1343, 4 L.Ed.2d 1403 (1960). Because the parties have bargained for the arbitrator’s interpretation of an agreement, “the courts have no business overruling [the arbitrator] because their interpretation of the contract is different from his.” Enterprise Wheel, 363 U.S. at 599, 80 S.Ct. at 1362. The selection of remedies is almost exclusively within the arbitrator's domain. United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 108 S.Ct. 364, 98 L.Ed.2d 286 (1987). There is, however, one general, but critical, limitation on arbitrators’ discretion:
  [A]n arbitrator is confined to interpretation and application of the collective bargaining agreement; he does not sit to dispense his own brand of industrial justice. He may of course look for guidance from many sources; yet his award is legitimate only so long as it draws its essence from the collective bargaining agreement. When the arbitrator’s words manifest an infidelity to this obligation, courts have no choice but to refuse enforcement of the award.
  Id. at 597, 80 S.Ct. at 1361. While arbitrators need not give their reasons for an award, Enterprise Wheel, 363 U.S. at 598, 80 S.Ct. at 1361, in some cases reviewing courts must rely on the arbitrator’s reasoning to determine whether he was applying contractual terms or “his own brand of industrial justice” to resolve disputes. When an arbitrator does provide reasons for a decision and when those reasons are so ambiguous as to make it impossible for a reviewing court to decide whether an award draws its essence from the agreement, the court may remand the case to the arbitrator for clarification. Young Radiator Co. v. Int’l Union, United Auto Workers, 734 F.2d 321 (7th Cir.1984); Grand Rapids Die Casting Corp. v. United Auto Workers, 684 F.2d 413 (6th Cir.1982); Randall v. Lodge No. 1076, Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 648 F.2d 462 (7th Cir.1981).
  We face this type of critical ambiguity in reviewing Basial’s award and the district court’s legal conclusion that the award did not draw its essence from the agreement. It is not clear from Basial’s opinion whether he awarded money damages because Cannelton violated the notice requirements and the Volz award or because Cannelton violated the NBCWA by contracting out work that union employees should have performed. If Basial ruled for the former reason, as Cannelton argues, the award is purely punitive and it does not draw its essence from the NBCWA. However, if Basial ordered monetary damages to compensate employees for work they were entitled to perform under the NBCWA, the award might reasonably be construed as compensatory damages for a cognizable loss of union work. The union contends that Basial necessarily implied that the work at issue was of the type that would customarily be performed by union employees. However, without an explicit finding on this point, we are left with a wholly ambiguous opinion which makes impossible any reasoned determination of whether the award draws its essence from the contract.
  We faced a similar difficulty in Clinchfield Coal Co. v. District 28, United Mine Workers, 720 F.2d 1365 (4th Cir.1983). In Clinchfield, the union maintained that the company’s use of outside contractors prompted layoffs of union employees. The arbitrator ruled in favor of the union, but he did not consider whether the outside contracts involved work on “coal mining operations” (prohibited under the agreement) or “coal lands” (permitted under the agreement). The arbitrator also declined to determine whether the layoffs resulted from the outside contracts or economic factors. We rejected the union’s argument that these issues were implicitly resolved in their favor and vacated the award, holding that:
  Where, as here, the arbitrator fails to discuss critical contract terminology, which terminology might reasonably require an opposite result, the award cannot be considered to draw its essence from the contract.
  Id. at 1369.
  The instant case presents a problem similar to the one we faced in Clinchfield. Basial failed to discuss whether the outside contracts violated the contract to the extent that the union employees should be compensated for lost work. A court’s power to vacate an award because of an arbitrator’s failure to address a crucial issue necessarily includes a lesser power to remand the case to the same arbitrator for a determination of that issue. See Grand Rapids Die Casting, 684 F.2d at 416 (remanding on this basis); Randall, 648 F.2d at 468 (same).
  We must be concerned not to broaden the scope of judicial review of arbitration decisions nor to lengthen a process that is intended to resolve labor disputes quickly. But in this case we are not in a position to determine whether Basial’s monetary award drew its essence from the agreement without an arbitral decision as to whether Cannelton’s outside contracts violated sections (g)(2) and (i) of Article 1A of the NBCWA.
  Ill
  For the above reasons, we vacate the judgment of the district court which vacated Arbitrator Basial’s award and remand the cause to the district court for further proceedings. On remand, the district court is instructed to reinstate the unchallenged portion of the arbitrator’s award which ruled that Cannelton had violated the prior notice obligation imposed by the Volz Award. In addition, the district court is instructed to remand the remainder of the grievance to the arbitrator for a determination whether the outside contract work, which is the subject of the grievance, violated the NBCWA in any way justifying a compensatory award.
  SO ORDERED.
  . The work consisted of removing the metal floor plate which had comprised the old floor surface, relocating heavy equipment, removing most of the existing structural steel, installing a redesigned steel skeleton for the floor, installing a drainage system for the floor, installing metal Q-decking and wire mesh for reinforcement purposes, and pouring a concrete floor.
  . Basial determined that the portion of the grievance involving walkways was untimely.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
  
  Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "private organization or association", specifically "business, trade, professional, or union (BTPU)". Your task is to determine what subcategory of private association best describes this litigant.
choices: Business or trade association utilities co-ops Professional association - other than law or medicine Legal professional association Medical professional association AFL-CIO union (private) Other private union Private Union - unable to determine whether in AFL-CIO Public employee union- in AFL-CIO (include groups called professional organizations if their role includes bargaining over wages and work conditions) Public Employee Union - not in AFL-CIO Public Employee Union - unable to determine if in AFL-CIO Union pension fund; other union funds (e.g., vacation funds) Other Unclear