opinion: UNITED STATES ex rel. NEW YORK WAREHOUSE, WHARF & TERMINAL ASS’N, Inc., et al. v. DERN, Secretary of War.
  No. 5987.
  Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia.
  Argued Dec. 4, 1933.
  Decided Jan. 2, 1934.
  John Philip Hill, Francis W. Hill, Jr., and Robert F. Cogswell, all of Washington, D. C., and Harper A. Holt, of New York City, for appellants.
  Leo A. Rober, U. S. Atty., and John J. Wilson, Asst. U. S. Atty., both of Washing-, ton, D. C., for appellee.
  Before MARTIN, Chief Justice, and ROBB, HITZ, and GRONER, Associate Justices.
  ROBB, Associate Justice.
  Appeal from a judgment in the Supreme Court of the District dismissing appellants’ petition for a writ of mandamus to eompel the Secretary of War (1) to cancel lease agreements made between the Secretary and the Mercur Trading Corporation, as lessee; (2) to eject the corporation from the leased property; and (3) to desist from the commercial operation of the premises.
  The material facts stated in the petition are as follows: In 1918 the United States purchased property (approximately 136 aeres) commonly called the Port Newark Army Supply Base, and constructed thereon extensive warehouses as a terminal storage space for the handling of large quantities of supplies in and around the port of New York en route overseas to the American Expeditionary Forees.
  Appellants are corporations organized under the laws of the state of Now York, and own and operate extensive warehouses and piers in the vicinity of the supply base, which was leased by the government to the Mercur Corporation. Appellants are engaged in the operation of docks, wharfs, and storehouses, the business in which the Mercur Corporation is engaged, and are therefore in direet competition. The Mercur Corporation, because of the advantageous provisions of the lease agreements, is able to underbid appellants, which agreements it is averred are not lawful, in that the same were not concluded by the President, through the Secretary of War; and for other reasons not necessary to be stated.
  The original lease to the Mercur Corporation, dated November 30, 1926, and covering a period of ten years, recites that “it is in the interest of the United States to lease the premises known as the Port Newark Army Supply Base,” and that the lease is made under the authority conferred by the act of July 11,1919 (chapter 8, 41 Stat. .104, 129, 10 USCA § 1263), which authorized the President “through the head of any executive department, upon terms and conditions considered advisable by him or such head of department, to sell or lease real property or any interest therein or appurtenant thereto acquired by the United States of America since April 6, 1917, for storage purposes for the use of the Army, which in the judgment of the President or the head of such department is no longer needed for use by the United States of America, and to execute and deliver in the name of the United States and in its behalf any and all contracts, conveyances, or other instruments necessary to effectuate any such sale or lease.” Five supplementary lease agreements were subsequently executed (three in 1927, one in 1928, and one in 1930). The Mercur Corporation was authorized to occupy the leased premises “for terminal, storage warehouse, and/or manufacturing purposes,” with the right to sublet such portion or portions of the property as the lessee might desire.
  The demurrer interposed to the petition was sustained, and, appellants electing to stand on the petition, final judgment was entered.
  The first question that arises is whether appellants have a sufficient legal interest in the subject-matter involved as to entitle them to maintain this proceeding. They do not claim to have any interest in the leased property. Their complaint is that the lessee, the Mercur Corporation, their competitor in business, has gained an undue advantage because of the challenged lease agreements.
  In United States ex rel. Alsop Process Co. v. Wilson, 33 App. D. C. 472, a mandamus proceeding, the relator was a manufacturer of flour bleaching machinery, and sought to compel the Secretary of Agriculture to cancel'an alleged illegal decision to the effect that bleached flour was an adulterated product under the Food and Drug Act. We said (page 478 of 33 App. D. C.) : “Neither the relator' nor its process is mentioned in this decision. The relator is neither the owner nor .the manufacturer of bleached flour. Its sole exeuse for attempting to stay the hand of the Secretary is that, since the promulgation of this decision by the Secretary, it has been unable to sell its patented process and apparatus, owing to the fear of prospective purchasers that, upon the recommendation of the Secretary, they will be prosecuted for manufacturing or selling an adulterated food product.” We further pointed out that the relator as a corporate entity had no interest in the enforcement of duties owing by the Secretary to the publie; that it sought to arrest the operations of an executive department solely because the indirect effect of the promulgation of an opinion by the head of that department had been to cause millers to cease purchasing relator’s machinery; that, relator being neither an owner nor a manufacturer of bleached flour, its legal rights were not involved nor invaded by the action of the Secretary; and that it was a mere volunteer in the proceeding and, as such, without standing. Union Pacific R. R. Co. v. Hall, 91 U. S. 343, 354, 23 L. Ed. 428, and Board of Liquidation v. McComb, 92 U. S. 531, 23 L. Ed. 623, were relied upon by the relator, as they are in the present case. We pointed out that in the Hall Case it was held that merchants in Iowa, having frequent occasion to receive and ship goods over the' Union Pacific Eailroad, might, without the intervention of the Attorney General of the United States, institute a proceeding under an act of Congress which conferred upon the proper circuit court of the United States jurisdiction to hear and determine all eases of mandamus to compel the railroad company to operate its road as required by law. Failure of the railroad company in that regard brought a direct injury to the merchants who were permitted to institute the proceeding. The court went no further than to hold that the writ of mandamus may be issued at the instance of a private relator in all eases “where the defendant owes a duty, in the performance of which the prosecutor has a peculiar interest.” In the MeComb Case the relator -was a holder of bonds direetly affected by the funding act, the carrying out of which he sought to have restrained.
  In United States ex rel. American Silver Producers’ Ass’n v. Mellon, 59 App. D. C. 24, 32 F.(2d) 415, we again ruled that a corporation or an individual to maintain a mandamus action must have a personal and direct interest in the subject-matter of the litigation, and not merely an indirect or remote interest.
  In Massachusetts v. Mellon, 262 U. S. 447, 43 S. Ct. 597, 67 L. Ed. 1078, the court ruled that, to invoke the judicial power to disregard a statute as unconstitutional, the party who assails it must show not only that the statute is invalid, but that he has sustained, or is immediately in danger of sustaining, some direct injury as a result of its enforcement.
  Tested by the rule dedueible from the authorities to which we have alluded, appellants are without standing in this proceeding. Their interest is not personal and direct, but indirect and remote. The act of July 11, 1919 (10 USCA § 1263), authorized the President, “through the head of any executive department, npon terms and conditions considered advisable by him or such 'head of department, to sell or lease real property or any interest therein or appurtenant thereto acquired by the United States of America since April 6, 1917. * * “* ” This statute, therefore, authorized the selling or leasing of the real property within its scope. If appellants’ contention as to interest is sound, it necessarily would follow'that any and all rival manufacturers, in the event of sale or lease to a manufacturer, would have such an interest as to entitle them through mandamus proceedings to challenge the validity of the sale or lease. Sueh a result is not to bo seriously entertained.
  Without considering other questions suggested by appellee, we affirm the judgment.
  Affirmed.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
  
  Your task concerns the first listed appellant. The nature of this litigant falls into the category "private organization or association", specifically "business, trade, professional, or union (BTPU)". Your task is to determine what subcategory of private association best describes this litigant.
choices: Business or trade association utilities co-ops Professional association - other than law or medicine Legal professional association Medical professional association AFL-CIO union (private) Other private union Private Union - unable to determine whether in AFL-CIO Public employee union- in AFL-CIO (include groups called professional organizations if their role includes bargaining over wages and work conditions) Public Employee Union - not in AFL-CIO Public Employee Union - unable to determine if in AFL-CIO Union pension fund; other union funds (e.g., vacation funds) Other Unclear