opinion: Lynn MARTIN, Secretary of Labor, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. COVENTRY FIRE DISTRICT, Defendant, Appellee.
  No. 92-1750.
  United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
  Heard Nov. 6, 1992.
  Decided Dec. 29, 1992.
  Paul L. Frieden, Atty., with whom Marshall J. Breger, Sol. of Labor, Monica Gallagher, Associate Sol., and William J. Stone, Counsel for Appellate Litigation, were on brief for plaintiff, appellant.
  Gregory P. Piccirilli with whom Vincent J. Piccirilli and Piccirilli & Sciacca were on brief for defendant, appellee.
  Before BREYER, Chief Judge, HIGGINBOTHAM, Senior Circuit Judge, and BOUDIN, Circuit Judge.
  Of the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
  BREYER, Chief Judge.
  The Coventry Fire District failed to pay some of its employees overtime pay as mandated by the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 207. The Secretary of Labor sued the Fire District. The district court awarded damages but denied the Secretary’s request for an injunction prohibiting future violations. The Secretary appeals. She points out that the Act calculates ordinary employee overtime as time and one half for hours worked in a week in excess of 40. It calculates “public fire fighter” overtime specially, however, (reflecting their special working conditions) as time and one half for hours worked in excess of 212 hours in a consecutive 28-day period. 28 U.S.C. § 207(k). She says the district court, when calculating damages, wrongly used the special “fire fighter” rule. In her view, it should have used the ordinary employee rule instead. She adds that the court should have issued an injunction. We find her appeal without merit and affirm the district court.
  1. Damages. The district court calculated the amount of “unpaid overtime compensation,” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), by subtracting what the statute defines as a fire fighter’s normal working hours (212 hours per 28 days, which we simplify as 53 hours per week), see 29 U.S.C. § 207(k); 29 C.F.R. §§ 553.201(a), 553.230, from the total time each employee actually worked. The result (when multiplied by the overtime pay rate) was a total deficiency of about $10,000. The court doubled this amount in light of the statutory double damage requirement for all but “reasonable,” “good faith” mistakes. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 216(b), 260.
  The Secretary argues that the court erred in subtracting (from total hours each employee worked) what the statute defines as a fire fighter’s normal working hours (53 hours per week). See 29 U.S.C. § 207(k); 29 C.F.R. §§ 553.201(a), 553.230. Rather, she says, the court should have subtracted what the statute defines as an ordinary employee’s normal working hours (40 hours per week). See 29 U.S.C. § 207(a). The result would have been far more “overtime” hours, a total deficiency of $63,000, and a total “doubled” deficiency of about $126,000, not $20,000.
  The Secretary concedes that Coventry is a fire department and that the law applicable to fire departments initially required it to pay $10,000 (based on 53 hour weeks), not $63,000 (based on 40 hour weeks), in overtime payments. But, she argues, the special provision for fire departments is written literally as an exemption from the general overtime rule. And, the Secretary adds, we must read this statutory exemption literally. Thus, although a fire department should generally pay overtime by following the special fire department “53 hour” rule, if it fails to pay overtime and violates the special fire department rule, this special fire department rule no longer applies; the general “40 hour” rule instead applies; and we must calculate damages on the basis of the general “40 hour” rule, not the special fire department “53 hour” rule.
  It is easier to understand the Secretary’s argument if one examines the language of the statute itself. The general rule, contained in section 207(a), provides:
  Except as otherwise provided in this section, no employer shall employ any of his employees ... for a workweek longer than forty hours unless such employee receives compensation [for the extra hours] ... at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate_
  29 U.S.C. § 207(a). The special “fire department” rule, contained in section 207(k), provides:
  No public agency shall be deemed to have violated subsection (a) of this section with respect to the employment of any employee in fire protection activities ... if... in a work period of 28 consecutive days the employee receives for tours of duty which in the aggregate exceed .. [212] hours [i.e., an average of 53 hours per week] ... compensation at the rate not less than one and one-halftimes the regular rate....
  29 U.S.C. § 207(k) (emphasis added); see also 29 C.F.R. §§ 553.201(a), 553.230. The Secretary argues that, since the Fire District’s employees did not receive the time and a half that subsection (k) requires, subsection (k) is inapplicable; hence subsection (a) applies; and subsection (a) requires time and a half after 40 hours, not after (roughly speaking) 53 hours.
  Like the district court, we find this argument unconvincing. For one thing, it produces an odd result. The statute’s damages provisions make clear that an employer who fails to pay statutorily required overtime 1) must simply pay the overtime owed (if the violation is merely technical and in good faith), or 2) must pay twice that amount (where the violation is not in good faith), or 3) must suffer more serious penalties (where the violation is wilful). See 29 U.S.C. §§ 216, 260. The Secretary’s interpretation would make special industry employers such as fire departments (whose normal work week is defined as, say, 53, rather than 40, hours) pay more than the overtime owed (in the case of technical “good faith” violations) and more than twice the overtime owed (in the case of other violations). There is no obvious explanation for assessing a kind of penalty against special industry employers where there is no particular reason for any penalty (in the case, say, of a technical “good faith” violation), or for assessing an especially heavy penalty where there is no reason to make the penalty especially severe.
  For another thing, we have found no indication in the legislative history of the Fair Labor Standards Act that Congress intended to impose any such special damages or special penalty rules. To the contrary, that history shows only that Congress intended to distinguish fire fighters from other employees in respect to the number of hours that constitute the normal working week. The Senate Report on the bill, states, for example,
  Congress established ... special provisions in recognition of the special needs of governments in the area of public safety and the unusually long hours that public safety employees must spend on duty. Section 7(k) was intended to alleviate the impact of the FLSA on the fire protection and law enforcement activities of state and local government by providing for work periods of up to 28 days (instead of the usual seven-day workweek) [and] establishing somewhat higher ceilings on the maximum number of hours which could be worked before overtime compensation had to be paid....
  S.Rep. No. 99-159, 99th Cong., 1st Sess. 5 (1985), reprinted in 1985 U.S.C.C.A.N. 651, 653.
  Further, despite the fact that the language at issue here has been operative since 1985, see Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 555-56, 105 S.Ct. 1005, 1019-1020, 83 L.Ed.2d 1016 (1985) (applying FLSA to local government employees), in none of the cases we encountered has a court ever adopted the linguistic interpretation the Secretary of Labor here seeks. See Atlanta Professional Firefighters Union, Local 134 v. Atlanta, 920 F.2d 800, 802-03, 806 (11th Cir.1991); Kohlheim v. Glynn County, 915 F.2d 1473, 1476-77, 1481 (11th Cir.1990); Craven v. City of Minot, 730 F.Supp. 1511, 1513 (D.N.D.1989); International Ass’n. of Firefighters, Local 349 v. City of Rome, 682 F.Supp. 522, 526, 531 (N.D.Ga.1988); Jacksonville Professional Fire Fighters Ass’n, Local 2961 v. City of Jacksonville, 685 F.Supp. 513, 527 (E.D.N.C.1987).
  Finally, the language of the statute, taken literally, does not require the result for which the government argues. The damages provision of the statute says:
  Any employer who violates the provisions of ... section 207 [i.e., the “overtime” section, parts of which we have quoted above] ... shall be liable to the ... employees affected in the amount of their ... unpaid overtime compensation [doubled to include “liquidated damages”]....
  29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (emphasis added). One can easily read the underlined words (“the amount of their ... unpaid overtime compensation”) to refer, in the case of fire department employees, to the amount of overtime compensation as effectively defined by section 207(k), the special fire department overtime subsection, not the general section 207(a). Nor does subsection (k)’s own language stand in the way of this result, for one can read the condition “if ... the employee receives ... compensation” to mean that “insofar as” the Fire District pays the “unpaid overtime compensation” awarded by the district court, its employees will have “received” their time and a half, and it will no longer be deemed to have violated subsection (a).
  Interestingly enough, the Secretary of Labor’s reading of the language of subsection (k) is, in a sense, not totally literal. A totally literal reading of subsection (k) would require that the employee actually “receive ” his overtime pay during the period he works the overtime (for it says that the employer does not violate subsection (a) if the employee “in a work period of 28 consecutive days receives” the overtime payment as defined). The Secretary quite properly understands, however, that statutory language, like all language, derives its meaning from context. A sign that says “no animals in the park” does not mean “no picnic oysters,” nor does it mean “no children,” nor is it “ambiguous” in this respect. Similarly, the words “in a work period of 28 consecutive days the employee receives” do not mean that the employee must receive his paycheck the same month. And, in our view, the words “unpaid overtime compensation” refer, in the case of fire department employees, not to payment for every hour over 40, but to the compensation as calculated in accordance with the special subsection (k) fire department overtime definition. To hold otherwise would not represent a literal reading of language, but, rather, by ignoring context and purpose, would distort the statute’s plain meaning.
  Using “traditional tools of statutory construction,” Dole v. United Steelworkers of America, 494 U.S. 26, 35, 110 S.Ct. 929, 934, 108 L.Ed.2d 23 (1990); INS v. Cardozo-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 446-48, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 1220-21, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987); Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 n. 9, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2782 n. 9, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984), we find the statute clear. And, we find the calculation of the district court correct.
  2. The Injunction. The Secretary asked the court for additional relief, namely, to enjoin the Fire District permanently from violating the overtime provisions in the future. The district court found that the Fire District’s violations arose out of its failure to understand the Act’s requirements. The court found that this failure was careless, but inadvertent. The Fire District, in the court’s view, had not intended to violate the Act and had complied with the Act from the time that it learned about the Act’s requirements. The court concluded that there was “no evidence of any threatened future violation.” The record supports all these findings. We therefore find no abuse of the district court’s legal authority to determine whether or not a permanent injunction is needed. See Brock v. Big Bear Market No. 3, 825 F.2d 1381, 1383 (9th Cir.1987) (holding that a district court’s discretion is not “unbridled” and that it must weigh finding of violation against factors indicating reasonable likelihood that violations will not recur, such as intent to comply, extraordinary efforts to prevent recurrence, absence of repetitive violations, and absence of bad faith).
  The judgment of the district court is
  Affirmed.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
  To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
  United States of America,
  Plaintiff, Appellant
  v
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendant, Appellee.
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendants, Cross-appellants
  v
  United States of America.
  Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
  of the Board
  Plaintiff, Appellants,
  v
  United States of America,
  Defendant, Appellee.
  This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
  Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
  If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
  Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.