opinion: George I. NORMAN, Jr. and Frances M. Norman, his wife, Appellants, v. Llewellyn P. YOUNG, a partner, for and on behalf of Francis duPont & Company, a partnership, Appellee.
  No. 265-69.
  United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
  March 5, 1970.
  Francis R. Salazar, Denver, Colo., for appellants. ^
  Roger H. Thompson, Salt Lake City, Utah (Dennis McCarthy and C. Keith Rooker, Salt Lake City, Utah, on the brief) for appellee.
  Before LEWIS, HILL and HOLLOWAY, Circuit Judges.
  HILL, Circuit Judge.
  Appellants Norman have perfected this appeal after having a default judgment taken against them for failure to produce documents, etc., as the District Court ordered. They herein challenge, inter alia, the right of the Court to enter a default judgment pursuant to Rule 37(b) (2) (iii), F.R.Civ.P., 28 U.S.C.A., on the grounds that the documents requested were not in existence and that a capricious order was entered because of the Court’s dissatisfaction with the papers ultimately tendered.
  The chronicle of events leading to this appeal is not disputed and appears as follows. Appellee Young is a New York citizen and partner in the brokerage house of Francis I. duPont & Company, and was authorized to bring the suit in duPont’s behalf. Appellants are Utah citizens. The dispute over which the action' was brought concerned certain agreements which the parties entered into giving duPont authority to act as the Normans’ broker in the purchase and sale of securities. Apparently, payment for securities purchased for appellants was never tendered and appellee sued for $10,151.33. The action was commenced June 23, 1968. On December 2, 1968, Young moved for production of documents under Rule 34, F.R.Civ.P., 28 U.S.C.A. and specifically requested statements from financial institutions with whom the Normans had accounts; federal and state income tax returns for 1967; quarterly estimates of income for 1968; any documents upon which the Normans would rely at trial to demonstrate their ability to meet the alleged debt; financial statements from enterprises which would furnish funds to enable defendants to meet the alleged obligation; and records from the Normans’ accountant dealing with the duPont transactions.
  On January 8, 1969, Young’s Rule 34 motion came on for hearing. In response to the Court’s inquiry on the reluctance to produce, counsel for the Normans stated that the 1968 quarterly estimates had neither been made nor filed and the 1967 income tax returns had not been filed. Appellee’s attorney requested an affidavit stating their nonexistence and defendants’ counsel agreed to furnish same. The Court then ordered: “Now I am going to order you to produce the documents, all of the documents. If you have anything of substance that prevents you from doing so, why make the proper representations in writing to the Court.” The trial judge concluded by asking when discovery would be complete so a trial date could be set. Defense counsel explicitly stated that he would be prepared to proceed upon receipt of interrogatories due within that week. A hearing to consider Young’s objections to defendants’ interrogatories was set for January 31, 1969, but since defendants’ counsel was involved in other litigation the parties agreed to postpone the hearing. The date was next set for March 3, but was again delayed due to defense counsel’s presence elsewhere. The matter was continued until March 7, at which time the Court was to consider the January 8 motion for production and defendants’ failure to comply therewith. However it was March 10, before Young’s lawyer and an associate of defendant’s retained counsel appeared before the court. At this date everyone but the defendants and their counsel were anxious to get the case to a jury. The Court was, however, met with continued opposition from the associate attorney who represented that defendant’s counsel would be busy with a criminal trial for two weeks in March and also had a state court matter, five times continued, coming later in the month. Plaintiff’s counsel then informed the Court that on four or five occasions he had produced witnesses for deposition only to have defendants’ lawyer make last minute changes in plans. Furthermore, related counsel for the plaintiff, since the January 8 order to produce was made, the only documents supplied were the statements from financial institutions, and defendants had proffered no other written statements saying they could not produce the others. The Court then further ordered: “All right, I am going to tell you what I am going to do. I am going to make a very specific order about that, and that order will be that within seven days, that is, on or before the close of business March 17, 1969, that the documents demanded be furnished; and by ‘furnished’ I mean delivered into the hands of counsel for the plaintiff. If that be not done, I am going to give plaintiff the full judgment and I am going to hold counsel in contempt of the court’s order.”
  At approximately 4:50 P.M. on March 17, 1969, the defendants served certain documents on plaintiff’s lawyer. On the 21st the parties appeared before the court to hear counsel for Young present his motion to strike defendants’ answer and counterclaim, and for a default judgment against defendants. The motion was granted, and the Court orally stated that the Normans and their attorney failed to make good faith efforts to comply with the order and instead of executing written statements denying their existence, they contrived wholly worthless documents. The trial judge noted the deficiencies or irregularities. The purported 1967 income tax returns were in longhand. No deductions were claimed. No expenses were claimed. The total income was derived from two stock sales, totalling $175,000 in round figures. There were no indications of the taxpayers’ basis for the securities, when they were acquired or sold. The return designated no income from stock dividends, interest, wages, salaries, etc. And written across the face of each return and estimate were notices that they were prepared under protest. The joint tax returns were not signed by Mrs. Norman. And the accountant’s records, admitted to be in a certain accountant’s possession by Mr. Norman during his depositions, were denied to even exist.
  On April 11, defendants sought without success to amend the findings of the Court. The parties agreed to appear a week later for supplemental proceedings in aid of plaintiff’s execution. On April 18 all persons were present except defendants. Thus, again the proceedings were frustrated by defendants’ acts. Their absence was explained by their counsel by saying that the understanding was that the supplemental proceedings would be continued. The stipulation read into the record is contrary. During the noon recess the Normans filed a notice of appeal and thereafter, on the same day, when defendants’ attorney sought to raise a Rule 60(b) matter the trial judge advised that he had lost jurisdiction because of the notice of appeal, and refused to hear the argument.
  Initially we pause to note that the order of January 8 was upon firm ground. The motion sufficiently designated the desired documents; illustrated good cause for the request; and demonstrated sufficiently that they were in defendants’ . “possession, custody, or control.” There is no doubt that the moving party is charged with establishing possession, custody or control and that a “party may not be compelled to produce papers or things which are not in his possession, custody, or control, or the possession, control, or existence of which the party denies under oath.” But records which are normally kept in the business of the party, as these were, are presumed to exist, absent a sworn denial, and a prima facie case of control is all that must be established to justify issuance of the order. By the nature of the documents requested, plaintiff provided a prima facie case of existence and control by the motion for production. Oral excuses were legion but never did defendants deny in writing (until after default) that the documents existed. Having failed to properly deny that which was presumed to exist, defendants failed to establish their inability to comply with the order. And, thereby, the Court could presume existence in a concealed state and/or that the evidence they would provide would show the untruth or unmeritorious nature of the defense.
  Appellants argue that on the basis of Societe Internationale Pour Participationes Industrielles et Commerciales, S. A. v. Rogers, 357 U.S. 197, 78 S.Ct. 1087, 2 L.Ed.2d 1255 (1958), the entry of default judgment was, as a matter of law, erroneous. On the facts the cases are distinguishable. In Rogers, although there was a failure to produce documents, there was an obvious good faith attempt to comply with the court order; with the Normans no such finding is permissible. Notwithstanding the presence of bona fides, the Rogers court held relief under Rule 37 to be proper and further stated that “refuses to obey” simply means “failing to comply with an order.” Thus, Rule 37 relief was clearly permissible in the Norman case. However, as Rogers held, Rule 37(b) (2) (iii) remedies are to be used only where there appears “willfulness, bad faith, or any fault of petitioner.” In this regard, Hammond Packing Co. v. Arkansas, 212 U.S. 322, 29 S.Ct. 370 (1909) and Hovey v. Elliott 167 U.S. 409, 17 S.Ct. 841, 42 L.Ed. 215 (1897) must be considered. Briefly, the latter case held that an answer could not be stricken out and all right to defend could not be denied as a mere punishment for failing to comply with a court order. Hammond pared the Hovey decision by holding that a court could properly strike an answer and enter default judgment under circumstances where a party fails to produce documents as ordered. The court stated that trial courts have inherent power to presume the bad faith and untruth of an answer where the proof was suppressed provided it was essential to the disposition of the case.
  Undoubtedly this default judgment includes an element of punishment, as the Rule intended. But here, as in Hammoiid, the element of punishment does not rise to the level of reprisal as in Hovey. It is mirrored in the record that the Normans’ failure to produce the requested papers was willful. It was more than intentional; it was a direct flaunting of the Court’s authority. The entry of default judgment was not vindictive but was compelled by defendant’s conduct, in order to protect the statutorily-created right of discovery and the constitutionally-guarded due process rights of plaintiff. The court was left no alternative, for, as we said in Robison v. Transamerica Insurance Company, 368 F.2d 37, 39 (10th Cir. 1966), “The administration of the rules lies necessarily within the province of the trial court with power to fashion such orders as may be deemed proper to vouchsafe full discovery for the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of the lawsuit.”
  Other cases cited in support of appellants’ position are also distinguishable. In B. F. Goodrich Tire Company v. Lyster, 328 F.2d 411 (5th Cir. 1964), defense counsel had acted in good faith and there was fault with plaintiff’s attorney. In Read v. Ulmer, 308 F.2d 915 (5th Cir. 1962), the party’s failure to produce resulted from a de facto inability to recover the articles.
  The trial court, after reviewing its findings, denied defendants’ Rule 52(b), F.R.Civ.P., 28 U.S.C.A., motion. The statutory language is couched in terms of “may” and not “shall” and after reading the entire record and reviewing the findings, we are unable to find manifest error. Appellants also claim that there was no evidence which sustained the default judgment and that the Court abused its discretion in failing to require plaintiff to produce evidence. As appellants’ brief candidly admits, there is no requirement as to production of evidence in Rule 37(b) (2) (iii) cases, and, agreeing with appellants, we find the argument without merit. It is next argued that the Court erred in failing to hear the Rule 60(b) motion prior to commencement of the supplemental proceedings. The record reflects that on April 11, 1969, all parties stipulated at defendants’ request that the supplemental proceedings be continued over and set for hearing at the Court’s convenience. April 18 was the date set and on that day, before arguing his 60(b) motion, defendants’ lawyer filed a notice of appeal, taking the case out of the trial court’s jurisdiction. There was no fault here with the trial judge.
  One final point commands consideration. The default judgment awarded plaintiff $10,151.33 plus $630.-79 interest computed at 6% from March 15, 1968, to and including entry of that judgment, and 8% per annum until satisfied. In computing interest this way the trial court erred. The complaint shows that the $10,151.33 included interest from February 15 to May 15. Thus, the 6% interest running from March 15, 1968, should have been computed on $10,031.58. Then, in keeping with Woodmont, Inc. v. Daniels, 290 F.2d 186 (10th Cir. 1961), interest must be computed as provided in Utah Statutes Annotated 15-1-4 at 8% per annum until payment or tender thereof.
  The decision is accordingly affirmed in all particulars except that regarding computation of interest and on that point the case is remanded for disposition consistent with this decision.
  . Wharton v. Lybrand, Ross Bros. & Montgomery, 41 F.R.D. 177 (E.D.N.Y.1966).
  . 4 Moore’s Fed.Pract. ¶ 34.17 at 2524-25.
  . See Goldman v. Checker Taxi Co., 325 F.2d 853 (7th Cir. 1963); McDowell Associates, Inc. v. Pennsylvania Railroad. 20 F.R.D. 219 (S.D.N.Y.1957); United Mercantile Agencies v. Silver Fleet Motor Express, Inc., 1 F.R.D. 709 (W.D.Ky. 1941); see also Jensen v. Boston Ins. Co., 20 F.R.D. 619 (N.D.Cal.1957).
  . 4 Moore’s Fed.Pract. ¶ 34.17 at 2528.
  . See Hammond Packing Co. v. Arkansas, 212 U.S. 322, 29 S.Ct. 370, 53 L.Ed. 530 (1909).
  . Societe Internationale Pour Participationes, etc. v. Rogers, 357 U.S. 197, 208, 78 S.Ct. 1087, 1094 (1958).
  . Id. 357 U.S. at 212, 78 S.Ct. at 1096. For cases disposed of on the basis of wilfulness or bad faith, see Diapulse Corp. of America v. Curtis Pub. Co., 374 F.2d 442 (2d Cir. 1967); Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hughes, 332 F.2d 602 (2d Cir. 1964); Hendricks v. Alcoa Steamship Co., 32 F.R.D. 169 (E.D.Pa.1962); Textile Products v. Formax Mfg. Co., 13 F.R.D. 302 (E.D.Mich.1952); cf. Link v. Wabash R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 82 S.Ct. 1386, 8 L.Ed.2d 734 (1962); Pioche Mines Consolidated, Inc. v. Dolman, 333 F.2d 257 (9th Cir. 1964).
  . Although both Hovey and Hammond were decided prior to the enactment of the Federal Rules in 1937, the original Advisory Committee Note of 1937 makes mention of the Hovey-Hammond distinction, noting that the Rule “authorizing orders establishing facts or * * * striking pleadings, or authorizing judgments of dismissal or default, for refusal to answer questions or permit inspection or otherwise make discovery, are in accord with Hammond * * * which distinguishes between the justifiable use of such measures as a means of compelling the production of evidence, and their unjustifiable use as in Hovey * * * for the mere purpose of punishing for contempt.” F.R.Civ.P., rule 37, 28 U.S.C.A.
  . See Glens Falls Ins. Co. v. Newton Lmbr. & Mfg. Co., 388 F.2d 66 (10th Cir. 1967); United States v. Goldfield Corp., 384 F.2d 669 (10th Cir. 1967); Wilsey-Bennett Trucking Co. v. Frost, 275 F.2d 144 (10th Cir. 1960).
  . The complaint states: “The above sum of $10,151.33 * * * includes interest at 7% percent on margin account debit balance from February 15 to March 15, 1968, amounting to $4.52; interest at 7% percent on margin account debit balance from March 15 to April 15, 1968, amounting to $43.44 ;• and interest at 8 percent on margin account debit balance from April 15 to May 15, 1968, amounting to $71.79.”
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
  To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
  United States of America,
  Plaintiff, Appellant
  v
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendant, Appellee.
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendants, Cross-appellants
  v
  United States of America.
  Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
  of the Board
  Plaintiff, Appellants,
  v
  United States of America,
  Defendant, Appellee.
  This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
  Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
  If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
  Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.