opinion: CROTY v. PULLMAN CO.
  Circuit Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
  April 19, 1928.
  No. 3863.
  I. Carriers <§=>413(4) — Passenger, injured in descending from upper berth, held contributorily negligence as matter of law for holding clothes and grip fn one hand.
  In action against Pullman Company for injuries in fall from upper berth, when porter failed to bring ladder, passenger, who attempted to descend while holding clothes and grip in one hand, held, guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law, barring recovery.
  2. Appeal and error <§=>927(7) — Court, reviewing directed verdict for defendant, views evidence most favorably to plaintiff.
  In reviewing directed verdict for defendant, Circuit Court of Appeals must view evidence most favorably to plaintiff.
  In Error to the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
  Action by C. W. Croty against the Pullman Company. Judgment for defendant, and plaintiff brings error.
  Affirmed.
  George B. Hudnall, of Milwaukee, Wis., for plaintiff in error.
  J. G. Hardgrove, of Milwaukee, Wis., for defendant in error.
  Before EVANS, PAGE, add ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
  EVAN A. EVANS, Circuit Judge.
  Plaintiff sued to recover damages for injuries received due to the alleged negligence of the defendant. At the close of the trial, the court directed a verdict in favor of defendant. From the judgment which followed, plaintiff prosecuted this writ of error.
  Plaintiff, a lawful passenger on a Washington to Chicago train, occupied an upper berth in one of defendant’s sleeping cars. In the morning about 6 a. m. central time, when approaching Ft. Wayne, Ind., he concluded to arise and rang for the porter. He received no response and, after waiting a minute or two, rang again. There was no response and, after another short wait, he rang a third time. No porter appeared. Plaintiff then partially dressed, looked out to call the porter. The porter had gone to the dining car for his breakfast. Whereupon plaintiff attempted to descend from his berth without the aid of a ladder and fell, dislocating his left shoulder.
  Plaintiff was 56 years of age, weighed about 175 pounds, and was 5 feet 8 inches tall. He testified:
  “I have ridden in Pullman cars for years and frequently in upper berths. To my recollection I have never gotten out of an upper berth without a ladder. * * * When I undertook to get out of the upper berth, the man below me was already up. * * * I took hold of the rod and grabbed my grip, and then swung around and took hold of the curtain rod with my left hand and with my knuckles toward the aisle. In my other hand, I had a shirt, a coat, and a grip. I took hold of the rod with my left hand and swung down there — let myself out and swung into the aisle. The grip was a 16-ineh bag. There was not much in it. In getting down I faced the berth; swung my feet off the top berth, and let myself down. I had hold of the bar this way, picked up my shirt and grip, and sat on the edge, and just let my feet drop off right down in front of me. I was facing the berth this way and sliding down on that berth. I was facing the berth when I went down. I was trying to catch the arm of the lower berth with my toe.”
  Repeating the story, he said:
  “I had hold of the rod like this; the rod was overhead. My right hand was to the aisle. When I got ready to get out, I placed my grip and other belongings near the edge of the berth on the aisle side. I then clasped the curtain rod with my 'left hand, the back of my hand being towards the aisle. * * * Then I picked up my grip and other belongings with my right hand and swung myself out over the edge of the berth, * * * supporting myself with my left arm entirely. It was my expectation that I would catch the arm at the head of the lower berth with my toes of one or both of my feet; with my left probably. I had never gotten -out of an upper berth without a ladder to my recollection. I did not use my right hand at all in helping me to get out. I. depended entirely on my left hand. I picked up my belongings with my right hand. I could not swear positively how I missed my footing on the arm of the berth below, whether it was the lurch of the train or not. I should judge it was the lurch of the train; I was sliding right straight down. * * * I do not think it was an extraordinary lurch. * * * As I missed my footing on the arm of the lower berth, it left me suspended with my feet some distance above the floor, and broke my hold, and I fell to the floor right against the grip, and the upper front part of my left hip fell against the edge of the lower berth.”
  The judgment must be sustained if, from this testimony, we must say plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law.
  Defendant does not, and we presume could not successfully, argue that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence because he descended from an upper berth without a ladder. Plaintiff fairly argues that, after numerous calls for the porter, he was justified in descending without the assistance of a porter or of a ladder.
  But obviously that operation could not be undertaken without regard to his personal safety. Por instance, had he rolled out, or leaped out head foremost, he could hardly contend that he was free from contributory negligence. On the other hand, had he, being in normal health, strength, and weight, taken both his hands and seized the rod available, a jury would have doubtless found that he was in the exercise of ordinary care. At least, it would have been for the jury, not the court, to determine whether he was guilty of any contributory negligence.
  But the facts in the instant case narrow the issue decidedly. We must consider the effect of plaintiff’s taking his grip and clothes in one hand and using only the other, the left hand, to hold his weight when he swung out of the berth. There was nothing to prevent his using both hands. Nor can we find any reason why he should add to his own weight the poundage of the grip and clothes.
  Decisions which deal with the eontribu-' tory negligence of a pássenger on a train, who handicaps himself by carrying in one hand a grip or other article, which makes it impossible for him to use both hands, while not directly in point, are somewhat enlightening. See Murray v. Southern Pac. Co., 236 F. 704, 150 C. C. A. 36; Hunter v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., 150 Ala. 594, 43 So. 802, 9 L. R. A. (N. S.) 848; Cosgrove v. Consolidated Ry. Co., 80 Conn. 717, 68 A. 249; Dunning v. Lake Erie & W. R. Co., 38 Ind. App. 91, 77 N. E. 1049.
  Viewing the evidence most favorably to the plaintiff, as we should upon a motion of this kind (N. Y., Chicago, & St. Louis R. R. Co. v. Slater, 23 F.[2d] 777), we think, nevertheless, he must be chargeable as a matter of law with a want of ordinary care, which contributed to produce the injury of which he complains.
  The judgment is affirmed.
instruction: What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
  Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
  In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
  To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
  United States of America,
  Plaintiff, Appellant
  v
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendant, Appellee.
  International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
  Defendants, Cross-appellants
  v
  United States of America.
  Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
  of the Board
  Plaintiff, Appellants,
  v
  United States of America,
  Defendant, Appellee.
  This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
  Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
  If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
  Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.