WATERMAN, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner Robert M. Diggs seeks review of a decision of the Tax Court denying his claims for deduction under Section 23(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, 26 U.S.C.A. § 23(b) for payments he made in 1952 and 1953 to the Standard Insurance Company of Indiana. These payments purported to be payments of interest upon a debt created when Standard loaned petitioner an amount necessary to prepay premiums on two annuity contracts Standard had issued to petitioner. The Tax Court’s approval of the Commissioner’s disallowance of petitioner’s claimed interest deductions was based upon its decisions in W. Stuart Emmons, 1958, 31 T.C. 26 and Carl E. Weller, 1958, 31 T.C. 33, decisions affirmed by the Third Circuit in a single opinion, Weller v. C. I. R., 3 Cir., 1959, 270 F.2d 294. In Weller, 270 F.2d at page 299, the Third Circuit rejected the majority reasoning of the Fifth Circuit in the earlier case of United States v. Bond, 5 Cir., 1958, 258 F.2d 577, wherein arguments fpr deductibility similar to petiti,oner’s contentions here were sustained by a divided court. More recently, in Knetsch v. United States, 9 Cir., 1959, 272 F.2d 200, certiorari granted 1960, 361 U.S. 958, 80 S.Ct. 589, 4 L.Ed.2d 541 the Ninth Circuit followed the Third Circuit in Weller, and expressly rejected the Fifth Circuit’s position in Bond. We agree with the results reached by our colleagues of the Third and Ninth Circuits.
The Tax Court’s findings of fact in the present case have not been challenged and are detailed below. Petitioner, at some time immediately prior to December 12, 1951, purchased two 41-year deferred annuity contracts. Each contract called for a $5,000 annual premium, and each entitled the annuitant to monthly payments of $3,113.18 commencing on December 12, 1992. Petitioner paid the initial premiums. Then, on December 24, 1951, he borrowed from the Girard Trust Corn Exchange Bank of Philadelphia a sum of $236,856.72, representing a discounted prepayment of the remaining premiums which would otherwise have been payable $10,000 a year for 40 years, on the two contracts, which contracts were used as security for the loan. The bank then credited the loan proceeds to the account of Standard. As a result of the payment of the initial premiums and of this 40-year prepayment of premiums the total present cash value of the two contracts became $244,606. Two days later, on December 26, 1951, at petitioner’s request, Standard sent the bank two checks of Standard equal to the amount of the bank loan and in full payment thereof. Also, at petitioner’s request, and pursuant to an option in the contract permitting the annuitant to borrow up to the cash value of the contract, Standard issued to petitioner its checks totaling $7,749.28, thereby increasing Standard’s loan to petitioner from the $236,856.72 Standard .paid the bank to the full cash value of the contract, $244,606. This loan, pursuant to the terms of the annuity contract, was to be without recourse, the contracts themselves constituting the sole security, and was to require an annual interest charge of four per cent. On the same day, December 26, 1951, petitioner paid Standard $9,596.08 as a prepayment of this 4% interest on the $244,606 loan for one year, or until December 12, 1952. In December 1952, petitioner paid Standard $9,-784.24 as prepayment of interest for the year, or until December 12, 1953. On September 1, 1953, the present cash value of the contracts having increased, petitioner notified Standard of his intention to increase his loan up to the increased cash value as of December 12, 1953, or $253,464; and he enclosed a check for $88.60 as prepayment of interest on the increase of the face of the loan, $8,858, for the period from September 1, 1953 to the premium payment date of December 12, 1953. Standard complied with the request, and sent petitioner checks totaling $8,858. On December 9, 1953 petitioner paid Standard $32,814.48, an amount representing a three-year prepayment of interest for the period December 12, 1953-December 12, 1956, upon a loan equal to the cash value the contracts would have on December 12, 1956. Thereupon Standard sent petitioner checks totaling $19,990, thus increasing petitioner’s loan from $253,464, the cash value of the contracts on December 12, 1953, to $273,454, the cash value they would have on December 12, 1956. Similarly, on December 10, 1956, petitioner sent Standard checks totaling. $11,204.64, a prepayment of interest upon a loan equal to the cash value, $280,117, the contracts would have as of December 12, 1957. Standard again complied, and, accordingly, sent petitioner checks totaling $6,663 representing this cash value increase. On or about December 12, 1957 the cash valúe of the contracts was set off against the principal amount of the loan, the contracts were canceled, and Standard and petitioner each went their separate ways. Three tables setting forth petitioner’s transactions with Standard in the five-year period between December 1951 and the end of December 1956 appear in a footnote. The amounts involved in the present controversy are the $9,784.24 petitioner paid Standard in 1952, and the $32,903.28 he paid Standard in 1953 by his checks of September 1 and December 9 of that year. These sums were deducted by taxpayer as “interest paid” on his returns for those years. The Commissioner disallowed the deductions.
These transactions have been recited here, with perhaps wearying detail, in order to clearly set forth the overall arrangement petitioner entered into with Standard in order to obtain deductions from gross income for the purported payment of interest, thereby to reduce his net income and his tax liability. A strong argument based upon Sections 23 (b) and 24(a) (6) of the 1939 Code, 26 U.S.C.A. § 24(a)(6) and supported by Section 264(a) (2) of the 1954 Code, 26 U.S.C.A. § 264(a) (2) can be advanced for the proposition that interest paid on loans used to purchase single-premium annuity contracts is deductible from gross income as “interest paid on indebtedness” if the annuity contracts were purchased prior to March 2, 1954. See majority opinion in United States v. Bond, 5 Cir., 1958, 258 F.2d 577, 582-584.
Petitioner concedes that one purpose, the primary purpose, of his transactions with Standard was to reduce his income taxes, but he also earnestly contends that these transactions had purposes in addition to the conceded objective. Petitioner has prepared a table demonstrating that if he had confined his “borrowing” to the initial $7,749.28 he borrowed on December 26,1951 he would have realized a profit of $56,640.16 when the contracts became payable at the end of the forty-first year. But even if this argument is to be taken seriously in view of the length of time involved, the short answer to it is that petitioner in fact did not so limit his borrowing. The effect of his borrowing in 1953 was to reduce this prospective profit to $12,791.20. And his additional borrowing in 1956 reduced an already somewhat ethereal profit down to a meagre $3,463 to be enjoyed thirty-six years hence. Petitioner labors hard to persuade us that there is economic substance, or business purpose, here, but we can discern in the overall transaction no possible motive other than one of tax avoidance and no graspable realistic financial benefit other than that.
As indicated in the first paragraph of this opinion, the Tax Court’s decision below was based upon its prior decisions in W. Stuart Emmons and Carl E. Weller. These decisions rest upon Gregory v. Helvering, 1935, 293 U.S. 465, 55 S.Ct. 266, 79 L.Ed. 596. While Gregory has been most frequently applied in cases where the parties have dealt at less than arm’s length, as a general principle for construing revenue statutes, see Fair-field S. S. Corp. v. C I. R., 2 Cir, 1946, 157 F.2d 321, 323, certiorari denied 329 U.S. 774, 67 S.Ct. 193, 91 L.Ed. 665, we see no obstacle to applying it in the present case. Cf. Lynch v. C. I. R., 2 Cir., 1959, 273 F.2d 867, 870-871. Precise formulation of the Gregory principle has proved somewhat difficult. There is language in some of our opinions, see Kocin v. United States, 2 Cir., 1951, 187 F.2d 707; Slifka v. C. I. R., 2 Cir., 1950, 182 F.2d 345; C. I. R. v. Transport Trading & Terminal Corp., 2 Cir., 1949, 176 F.2d 570, 572, certiorari denied 338 U.S. 955, 70 S.Ct. 493, 94 L.Ed. 589, rehearing denied 339 U.S. 916, 70 S.Ct. 566, 94 L.Ed. 1341, suggesting that Gregory v. Helvering applies to preclude tax relief as to any transaction the taxpayer entered into solely for the purpose of avoiding taxes. Such an application of the holding in that case would be, however, a mistaken oversimplification. The opinion in Gregory v. Helvering permits proper tax avoidance. There it is stated, supra at page 469 of 293 U.S., at page 267 of 55 S.Ct., “[T]he legal right of a taxpayer to decrease the amount of what otherwise would be his taxes, or altogether avoid them, by means which the law permits, cannot be doubted.” And as Judge Hand has pointed out in his dissent in Gilbert v. C. I. R., 2 Cir., 1957, 248 F.2d 399, 410, 411, as to many transactions Congress has clearly intended tax relief irrespective of the parties’ motives. After surveying our more recent cases the majority stated in Gilbert, supra, at pages 403-406, that the principle of Gregory v. Helvering would operate to deny tax relief whenever a transaction was without economic substance or whenever the taxpayer’s characterization of the transaction was economically unrealistic. We concluded, supra, 248 F.2d at page 406, “[I]n either case the taxpayer must show that his treatment of the transaction does not conflict with the meaning the Congress had in mind when it formulated the section sub judice.” Consistent with the principle we thus set forth in Gilbert, we are of the belief that at the least Gregory v. Helvering requires that a taxpayer carry an unusually heavy burden when he attempts to demonstrate that Congress intended to give favorable tax treatment to the kind of transaction that would never occur absent the motive of tax avoidance. Here it is obvious that petitioner has failed to sustain such a burden.
We have examined petitioner’s other Contentions which relate to the tax incidents of his payments to Standard; and also his contentions relative to alleged casualty losses. We have found all these contentions to be without merit.
The decision of the Tax Court is affirmed.
. Petitioner Clara C. Diggs is a party to this litigation solely because, having married petitioner Robert M. Diggs on February 19, 1952; the tax returns for the years in controversy, 1952 and 1953, were joint returns.
. This amount, together with $182.20 petitioner paid to the bank, was deducted by the taxpayer on his 1951 return and was allowed by the Commissioner as an interest deduction, under Section 23(b). It is not hére in issue.
. The 1956 prepayment of interest is not here in issue. It is unclear whether pe,'titioner claimed a deduction for this pre-payment on his return for that-year.
. I. Petitioner’s Payments to Standard.
Payment Date Amount Nature of Payment
On or before
Dec. 26, 1951 $10,000 Initial annual premium
Dec. 26, 1951 9,596.08 Prepayment of interest on loan for period Dec. 19, 1951 to Dec. 12, 1952
Dec. 1952 9,784.24 Prepayment of interest on loan for period Dec. 12, 1952 to Dec. 12, 1953
Sept. 1, 1953 88.60 Prepayment of interest on loan for period Sept. 1, 1953 to Dec. 12, 1953
Dec. 9, 1953 32,814.48 Prepayment of interest on loan for period Dec. 12, 1953 to Dec. 12, 1956
Dec. 10, 1956 11,204.64 Prepayment of interest on loan for period Dec. 12, 1956 to Dec. 12, 1957
II. Standard’s Payments to Petitioner (in form of increases in Standard’s loan to Petitioner).
Payment Date Date on lohich cash value Amount of contracts equal to loan
December 26, 1951 $ 7,749.28 December 24, 1951
September 10, 1953 8.858.00 December 12, 1953
December 11, 1953 19,990.00 December 12, 1956
December 12, 1956 6.663.00 December 12, 1957
III. Petitioner’s Claimed Deductions Expressed as a Percentage of his Out-of-Pocket Costs.*
(a) Taxable Year Ending (1>) Claimed Deduction ** (o) Out-of-Pocket Cost * (d) (b) as Percentage of (c)
Dec. 31, 1951 $ 9,596.08 $11,846.80 81%
Dee. 31, 1952 9,784.24 9,784.24 100
Dec. 31, 1953 32,903.08 4,055.08 802
Dec. 31, 1956 11,204.64** 4,541.64 248
Summary over two-year period, 1951-1953 52,283.40 25,686.12 204
Summary over five-year period, .1951-1956 63,488.04** 30,227.76 210
“Out-of-pocket cost” is here defined as the total payments to Standard minus the total payments by Standard in the form of additional loans to petitioner.
** But see note 3, supra.
. The Government further points ont that, even conceding petitioner’s assumption of no further borrowing, it would not be until the nineteenth year of the transaction that the annual increase in cash value would exceed the annual interest charge, and it would not be until the thirty-fifth year that surrender values would exceed the total cost.