PER CURIAM.
The respondent appeals from a judgment of the district court granting a writ of habeas corpus to petitioner, Charles Cunningham. The writ was granted by the district court, which adopted the magistrate’s finding that comments made by the prosecutor in Cunningham’s state trial for first degree murder referred to petitioner’s failure to testify on his own behalf. Thus, according to the magistrate, these comments were violative of Cunningham’s rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, as articulated in Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965).
The improper prosecutorial statement occurred during the government’s rebuttal argument before the jury. It referred to the defendant’s demeanor at the counsel table while he observed a principal witness, one Paulette Hardge, testify against him:
MR. SPERLI: As this man sat in this courtroom put yourselves in his position. Can you imagine yourself an innocent man sitting in this chair as you saw Paulette Hardge testify? Was there any indignation manifested here or did he just sit there and stare?
MR. FLEMING: Objection.
MR. TOLLIVER: Objection. That’s all he has to do.
THE COURT: Objection overruled. MR. SPERLI: When you looked at him what impression did he give you?
A contemporaneous objection to the comments was overruled in the presence of the jury. The state trial court, however, in its regular instructions, later advised the jury of the defendant’s right to remain silent. The court also gave the usual precautionary instruction that no adverse inference should be drawn from the defendant’s failure to testify. The same point had been clearly argued by Cunningham’s counsel during his own closing argument.
Whether prosecutorial comments are to be construed as relating to the defendant’s exercise of his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent has recently been carefully articulated for our circuit by Circuit Judge Nathaniel R. Jones in United States v. Robinson, 651 F.2d 1188, at 1197 (6th Cir. 1981):
To reverse a conviction for improper comment on the criminal defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, “we must find one of two things: that ‘the prosecutor’s manifest intention was to comment upon the accused’s failure to testify or that the remark was ‘of such a character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the failure of the accused to testify.’ ” United States v. Rochan, 563 F.2d 1246, 1249 (5th Cir. 1977); United States v. Wells, 431 F.2d 434, 435 (6th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 997, [91 S.Ct. 475, 27 L.Ed.2d 448] (1971). “We cannot find that the prosecutor manifestly intended to comment on the defendant’s failure to testify if some other explanation for his remark is equally plausible.” Rochan, supra, at 1249. Whether the jury “necessarily construes” a prosecutor’s remark as a comment on a defendant’s failure to testify requires a probing analysis of the context of the comment, and the likely effect of the district court’s curative instruction, if any.
Applying the guidelines set forth by Judge Jones in Robinson, the court is of the opinion that the remarks to which Cunningham objects do not amount to a comment on the failure of the accused to testify. Instead, they were directly related to the conduct of the defendant while another witness was on the stand. Even the magistrate appears to have recognized at least in part that the comments related to the defendant’s demeanor in court, although he found that such comments were within the “spirit of the self-incrimination clause of the Fifth Amendment,” as reflected in Griffin v. California, supra. Therefore, the court is of the opinion that the petitioner’s reliance upon Griffin v. California, supra, is misplaced.
Under other circumstances, a prosecutor’s comment upon a defendant’s demeanor might be scrutinized under the Due Process Clause. Until a defendant has placed his own demeanor in evidence by taking the stand to testify, his personal appearance at the trial is irrelevant to the question of his guilt or innocence. If the defendant remains impassive during the testimony of his accuser, he is only conforming to that standard of deportment which the courts have a right to expect from all participants in the trial process, including the parties. That issue was not raised in this appeal, however, and does not appear to be appropriate here given the isolated nature of the prosecutor’s comments in the overall context of the trial. Any error that might have occurred here which was not fully corrected by the curative instruction of the state trial judge does not rise to constitutional proportions. See Borodine v. Douzanis, 592 F.2d 1202, 1209-12 (1st Cir. 1979); Bishop v. Wainwright, 511 F.2d 664, 668 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 980, 96 S.Ct. 2186, 48 L.Ed.2d 806 (1976). This is not to say, of course, that the prosecutor’s commentary on the petitioner’s demeanor, if made in a federal court, might not be subject to correction by an appellate court in the exercise of its supervisory powers. See United States v. Wright, 489 F.2d 1181 (D.C.Cir.1973). Accordingly,
The judgment of the district court, granting the writ of habeas corpus, is reversed.
What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Your task is to identify the state of the first listed state or local government agency that is an appellant.