WOOLLEY, Circuit Judge.
The judgment which is brought here for review by this writ of error is perhaps the last step in protracted litigation which the Board of Education of the City of Asbury Park began by an action against the Maryland Casualty Company, surety on a building contract, to recover for the contractor’s default. The main facts were stated in the opinion of this court when it disposed of another phase of the controversy. Maryland Casualty Company v. Board of Education (C. C. A.) 20 F.(2d) 799.
A jury was waived and the ease tried to the judge. As his findings on questions of fact are conclusive (though of course open to inquiry as to whether there was evidence that sustains them, Ward v. Joslin, 186 U. S. 142, 147, 22 S. Ct. 807, 46 L. Ed. 1093), we shall confine our review to questions of law of which the thirty assignments of error, when compressed, raise three.
The first question concerns the measure of damages. This turns on another, namely, whether the measure is that prescribed by general law or by the terms of the contract itself.
We first look to general law applicable to the facts of the case which, on this point, are these: Burke Brothers Construction Company entered into a contract with- the plaintiff municipal corporation for the erection of a school building and gave bond for performance with the defendant as surety. Burke Brothers Company defaulted rather promptly. The plaintiff took possession and after advertising for bids let the completion of the work to the MeClary Corporation under a contract in terms identical with that of Burke Brothers Company except at an increased cost of about $30,000. Looking upon this difference in cost as its main damage the plaintiff brought this suit against the surety on the first contract before the building had been completed under the second, asserting the difference in cost between the two contracts as the proper measure of damages. The defendant, however, regarding the suit as prematurely brought, maintained at the trial, and still maintains, that the proper measure of damages is the difference between the price of construction under the Burke Brothers’ contract and the actual cost of the building when completed under the MeClary contract. Whether the building has in fact been completed is a subsidiary question between the plaintiff and the second contractor, still open and having a bearing on the matter under discussion only in the event the defendant should prevail on the law.
Burke Brothers Company engaged to erect for the plaintiff a building of a certain kind at a named cost. By that contract, the duty of the company to erect and the right of the plaintiff to obtain a building of that kind at that cost became fixed. The bond which the defendant gave to assure performance was tied to the contract and its condition was as broad as its terms. Breach of the contract faithfully to perform was likewise a breach of the bond and on that breach the rights of the plaintiff municipal corporation and the liability of the defendant surety company became fixed. United States v. U. S. Fidelity Company, 236 U. S. 512, 524, 35 S. Ct. 298, 59 L. Ed. 696. Failing, because of the breach, to obtain the building contracted for, the plaintiff next had a right to damages. When and in what amount? Clearly the plaintiff was entitled to the damages it had sustained at the time of the breach. Such being its right, when could the plaintiff assert it by suit? That depends^ on the character of the defendant’s bond. If it is a bond of indemnity, suit of course must await the completion of the building, for until then no one can determine its cost and the consequent loss in order to determine the amount of indemnity. But the bond in suit is not one of indemnity. National Surety Co. v. City of Huntsville, 192 Ala. 82, 68 So. 373. It is a bond to assure performance of a contract or else respond in damages. As the contractor failed to perform, its surety may be called upon at once to pay the damages without waiting for the completion of the budding by the owner or another party. Indeed the building may never be completed, for, unless otherwise provided by the contract, the owner is not required to complete the work abandoned by the contractor as a condition precedent to recovery on a bond of assurance, Wills v. Peace Creek Drainage District (C. C. A.) 4 F.(2d) 519; National Surety Co. v. City of Huntsville, 192 Ala. 82, 68 So. 373; Newton v. Consolidated Constr. Co., 184 Mich. 63, 150 N. W. 348; King v. Nichols, 53 Minn. 453, 55 N. W. 604; Simons v. Wittmann, 113 Mo. App. 357, 88 S. W. 791; Cinn. Ry. v. Carthage, 36 Ohio St. 631, yet the surety will be liable for damages occasioned, by the breach.
In what amount? That depends on the plaintiff’s ability to prove damages — a matter of proofs. If the owner does not go on with the building, either by himself or through another, proof of what its completion would reasonably cost has been accepted as a factor in estimating damages. But where after breach a contract for completion has been let on terms identical with those of the first contract except as to price, as in this case, eourts have pronounced that the measure of damages is the difference between the defaulter’s price and the price of the subsequent letting. City of Goldsboro v. Moffett (C. C.) 49 F. 213, 216; Schuyler County v. Missouri Bridge & Iron Co., 173 Ill. App, 435, Id., 256 Ill. 348, 100 N. E. 239. This rule is applied in such eases because ,of the positive proof of damages made available by the cost price named in the second contract into which the owner had been forced to enter by the breach of the first contract, and this proof of damages being at hand may at once be used in a suit to recover.
Against this rule of measure of damages the defendant cites and earnestly relies on the decision in American Surety Company v. Woods (C. C. A.) 105 F. 741, which on its face is seemingly opposed to the rule, yet the court which rendered that decision later distinguished it in Wills v. Peace Creek Drainage District, supra, by pointing out (first holding to the general rule that the right of an owner to sue for breach of a building contract is not dependent on his completing the abandoned work) that the contract in that ease contained a provision that on default by the contractor the owner should complete the work and that as a matter oi fact the work had been abandoned by both parties.
Finding that the true measure of damages is the difference between the defaulter’s price and- the cost price of re-letting when the contract contains no provision which requires the owner to complete the work upon breach by the contractor, the rule applies in this ease if the contract contains no such provision. But the defendant says, and on this it mainly rests its case, that the' contract does contain just such a provision. Its relevant parts are as follows:
“Should the contractor * * * fail to comply with the terms of the contract, the owner * * * may and shall have the right and power to enter upon and taire possession of the premises and all materials thereon, and * * * to employ workmen by day’s work or otherwise, and to provide materials sufficient to finish the work, * * *. The finishing of the various works will be deducted from the amount of- the contract, or from any payments due or to be due said contractor. In such an event the payments herein agreed upon shall not he due until the entire work shall be completed. Any balance due the contractor when the work is completed shall be paid to the contractor by the owner,” and for expenditures in excess of the balance due the contractor it shall reimburse the owner.
The defendant insists that this provision puts the case outside the general rule of law (which it recognizes) and specifies a procedure binding upon -the plaintiff which is the only one it may follow in the event of the contractor’s default. We do not so construe the provision. The owner bad under general law the right to go on with the work without the authority seemingly conferred by the provision, National Surety Co. v. City of Huntsville, supra, either by doing the work itself or re-letting, and by none of its terms was that right surrendered or abrogated or the contractor’s liability waived or suspended. The cited provision is essentially for the owner’s benefit by which it protected itself from ill-timed demands of the contractor for balances which it might claim were due, and by which, through caution perhaps, it asserted or reserved rights which the law already gave it. Closely analogous provisions appeared in United States v. Fidelity Company, supra, and National Surety Company v. City of Huntsville, supra, and were not construed to restrict the owner to the remedy therein indicated in the event of default by the contractor or to exclude recovery for damages directly attributable to the default if in the reasonable exercise of its rights the owner determines to re-let the work, or, indeed, determines not to complete it at all. In the language of the provision here in question it is said: “The owner * “ * may and shall have the right and power to enter upon” the premises and complete the building. The provision did no more than recognize the owner’s “right” and “power” to complete the work, which the law had already given it. But even if the provision should be construed as giving the owner the right to complete the work, it did not impose on it an, obligation to do so. The liability of the contractor, and its surety, whieh became fixed upon the occurrence of the default, was not released when the plaintiff owner re-let the work to another contractor instead of completing the work itself with its own workmen and its own materials under the cited provision, for as the court said in United States v. U. S. Fidelity Company, supra, speaking of the parties: “Their rights and liabilities between themselves, being already fixed by the completed breach of the * * *“ agreement were not to be affected by any subsequent and independent transaction between the [owner] and third parties.”
During the progress of construction under the Me Clary contract certain work called for by the Burke Brothers contract was omitted, amounting to a disputed sum of $10,000 or $16,000. Extra work not named in the Burke Brothers contract, exceeding the cost of that omitted, was performed under the MeClary contract. The defendant claimed a credit for the former; the plaintiff conceded that the defendant could -not be held for the latter. The judge disallowed the claimed credit and the defendant assigned error.
The judge was right for he was consistent in applying the rule as to the measure of damages which we have stated and approved, that rule covering the damages whieh the plaintiff had suffered because of the breach, and at the time of the breach, without regard to whether work was resumed and, if resumed, without regard to whether the structure was completed as specified. The plaintiff had by force of the contract a right to havet the precise building which the contractor promised to erect. When the contractor failed to erect and deliver, the plaintiff then had, by force of the law applicable to the contract, the right to have his injury wholly redressed by the defendant which had assured performance. Cases, supra.
Aside from the difference between the cost figures of the two contracts, amounting to $28,767, ,the plaintiff claimed as damages various sums of money which it was forced to expend directly in consequence of the defendant’s breach of its contract, such as watchman’s wages, attorneys’ fees, costs of inventory and advertising for new bids, etc. The court allowed all except its claim for attorneys’ fees. Among those allowed was one for architect’s fee whieh, under a contract entered into between the plaintiff owner and its architect, not in evidence but testified as calling for “a fee of five per cent, on the total cost of the building,” was reckoned on the difference between the cost figures of the two contracts as above stated and amounted to the sum of $1,438.35.
We entertain no doubt of the validity of all claims allowed except that for the architect’s fee. They flowed directly from the defendant’s breach, were definitely ascertained and rightly proved and should be recovered. But the architect’s fee is on a different plane. His fee, being based “on the total cost of the building” and not being capable of determination until the building shall have been completed, and the fact of its completion being still in dispute, may not yet be wholly due and payable and in consequence the plaintiff’s damage in respect thereto may not yet have been fully sustained.
While the plaintiff’s liability for architect’s fee based on the total cost of the building arose at the time of the breach and perhaps continued into and through the MeClary construction, and while the defendant is liable to the plaintiff for any increase in that fee whieh it was required to pay as a direct consequence of the breach, it clearly was not a damage determinable at the time of the breach and was a damage entirely different from that which the plaintiff sustained at the time of the breach in not obtaining a building of the kind and cost the plaintiff had promised to erect. So far as the record discloses the plaintiff’s liability to the architect is a fee of five per cent, on actual cost, not on cost figures in contracts. That also is the limit of its damage. Such damage when sustained it is possible the plaintiff may recover. But to be recovered, it must first be ^proved. We find proofs of this claim lacking. Therefore we affirm the judgment if the plaintiff will enter into- a remittitur as to its claim for architect’s fee amounting to $1,438.35 and interest, if interest thereon was added, without prejudice to the right of the plaintiff later to recover for the architect’s fee in a properly proven amount; otherwise the judgment is reversed.
What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Your task is to identify the state of the first listed state or local government agency that is an appellant.