BINGHAM, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from a final decree of the District Court for Massachusetts of August 20, 1930; on a petition and motion to show cause why the Krentler-Amold Hinge Last Company should not be held in contempt for the violation of a permanent injunction issued against it by the District Court November 26, 1926, in an equity- suit there brought by the Krentler-Amold Company against J. Howard Leman, administrator, and the George E. Belcher Company, defendants-eounterelaimants, in which injunction it was provided that the Krentler-Amold Hinge Last Company “shall not, directly or indirectly, make, or cause to be made, use or cause to be used,- sell or cause to be sold lasts embodying or containing the invention covered by claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of Letters Patent of the United States No. 1;195,266, issued August 22,1916, to Otto A. Peterson, and any substantial or material part thereof, or any substantial equivalent or colorable imitation thereof.” The Peterson patent is the property of the complainants in the contempt proceedings, who are the counterelaimants in the equity suit.
In these contempt proceedings, by interlocutory decree of September 23, 1929, the Krentler-Amold Company was found guilty of civil contempt; that the complainants were entitled to equitable relief and should recover, by way of an award, the profits made by the Krentler-Arnold Company in violating the injunction; and that the respondent also should pay the complainants a further sum sufficient to compensate them for their expenses in these contempt proceedings, including the complainants’ counsel fees, and the usual costs; and a reference to a master for the purpose of determining these matters was ordered.
In the final decree, the master having reported, after repeating the findings made in the interlocutory decree, it was decreed that the complainants recover for infringement of the Peterson patent the sum of $39;-576.26, being the profits made by the Krent-ler-Arnold Company from the sale of its infringing deviee; also $6,102.72 as counsel fees for services rendered from October, 1928, to the end of April, 1930, in the prosecution of the contempt proceedings; also $389'.15 for expenses; amounting in all to $46,068.13, with interest thereon from June 4,1929 (the date of the filing the contempt proceedings) to the date of the entry of final decree (August 20, 1930) at the rate of 6 per centum per annum, amounting to $3,224.76, and making the total sum payable $49,292.89.
The Krentler-Amold Company is a Michigan corporation, having its place of business at Detroit, Mich. It manufactures hinges for shoe lasts and sells them to the manufacturers of shoe lasts, who sell the lasts to the shoe manufacturers. It has no place of business in Massachusetts; it manufactures its hinges or links in Detroit, and, so far as appears in these contempt proceedings, has committed no acts of infringement in Massachusetts.
The Belcher Company is a Massachusetts corporation and Leman, administrator, is a citizen of that state. The Belcher Company is a manufacturer of shoe lasts, and makes and uses its own hinges under the Peterson patent No. 1,195,266. There is no direct competition between the two companies.
The final decree in the equity suit was entered March 1, 1928. The term of court at which this decree was entered ended later in the same month. The petition and motion for order to show cause in the contempt proceedings were filed in the equity suit June 4, 1929, and the order to show cause was entered on the same day. The service directed and the only service that could be had in the Massachusetts district was by sending copies of the petition, the motion to show cause, and the order to show cause, together with the supporting affidavits of one Smith and one Soutkworth, by registered mail to the Krentler-Amold Company at Detroit, and by serving the same papers upon James R. Hodder at Boston, who had been the attorney for the Krentler-Amold Company in the equity suit. At the time of the service on Mr. Hodder his name appeared on the record in the equity suit as counsel and at that time had not been withdrawn, if that was necessary to render the purported service upon him of no avail.
On or before the 15th day of July, 1929, the date set for the hearing on the petition for contempt, Mr. Cushman entered a special appearance for the Krentler-Amold Company for the sole purpose of objecting to the jurisdiction of the court, and filed a motion to dismiss the contempt proceedings for lack of jurisdiction. This motion was overruled, subject to exception. Without waiving the objection to the jurisdiction, the petition for contempt was then heard on the supporting affidavits of the complainants, counter affidavits of the Krentler-Amold Company, and reply affidavits of the complainants, resulting in the decree of August 20, 1930, above spoken of.
The contempt proceedings, filed in the equity case, were entitled as of that case, and, while they asked for punitive as well as remedial relief, the proceedings were treated by counsel for the respective parties and by the court as only asking for remedial relief. In other words, the allegations and prayer for punitive relief were disregarded and treated as surplusage. And the court, in its final decree, awarded nothing in the way of a penalty, but only by way of remedial relief. The contempt proceedings, therefore, are to be regarded and treated as proceedings in civil contempt, for such was the mutual understanding of the parties throughout the trial. Kreplik v. Couch Patents Co. (C. C. A.) 190 F. 565; Mitchell v. Dexter (C. C. A.) 244 F. 926.
Although the proceedings for contempt were civil in nature and were entitled and filed in the equity suit, the Krentler-Amold Company contends: (1) That inasmuch as the infringing device here complained of is not the same article held to have infringed the Peterson patent in the equity suit, and the term had expired at which the decree in that suit was entered, and the damages and profits awarded by that decree had been satisfied, an independent suit in equity and a reinvestigation and consideration of the scope and vitality of the claims of the Peterson patent were necessary to determine whether the present device, a so-called sliding hinge, infringed; and that this properly could not be done in a proceeding for civil contempt. The reason underlying this contention apparently is that, if a new and independent suit in equity were necessary, it would have to be brought in the District of Michigan, where the Krentler-Amold Company is incorporated and does business, for there alone could personal service be had upon that company.
Its second contention is that, if proceedings for civil contempt are, under the circumstances of this case, proper, the District Court was without jurisdiction to entertain the same, as no personal service thereof was had on the Krentler-Amold Company in the District of Massachusetts; that, the term of court at which the final decree in the equity suit was entered having expired, and the decree, so far as it awarded compensation, having been satisfied, the power of the District Court over that decree had ceased, the parties had been discharged, and the court had no jurisdiction over the Krentler-Ar-nold Company, in the absence of personal service upon it within the District of Massachusetts.
As to the first contention, it seems to be fairly clear from the decided cases that “whether or not the different structure made by the defendant [the Krentler-Amold Company] after being enjoined according to said final decree also infringed said patent [the Peterson patent] was a question with which the District Court might deal according to various methods, either of which it was at liberty to select in its discretion” (National Metal Molding Co. v. Tubular Woven Fabric Co. [C. C. A.] 239 F. 907, 908); and that, if the court below regarded it as “really a doubtful question” whether the new device or structure was an infringement or not of the claims of the Peterson patent, the infringement of which was enjoined in the equity suit, it could, in its discretion, have directed that the complainants bring a new suit in equity against the Krentler-Amold Company for •the alleged infringement (California Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor, 113 U. S. 609, 618, 5 S. Ct. 618, 28 L. Ed. 1106). On the other hand, if it regarded the new structure as a clear infringement of the claims of the Peterson patent, the infringement of which was enjoined, or merely a colorable departure therefrom, it could, in its discretion, direct the parties to proceed in the contempt proceedings already brought. Krep-lik v. Couch Patents Co. (C. C. A.) 190 F. 565.
In this case the District Court adopted the latter alternative. The hearing was had, as above pointed out, on affidavits. But before the trial began the Krentler-Arnold Company, in addition to presenting its ease on affidavits, was given the opportunity “to put in expert evidence,” but declined to do so, stating that “it preferred to proceed on the present contempt record if we proceed on the contempt order,” meaning on the affidavits filed in the contempt proceedings.
In its affidavits the Krentler-Amold Company set up a number of patents as anticipations of the Peterson patent, including therein patent No. 1,094,153, issued April 21, 1914, to W. A. Krentler, which it had previously set up as an anticipation of the Peterson patent in the original equity suit; it also set up a number of other patents not previously set up as anticipations in the original equity suit, and undertook to try anew the scope and validity of the claims of the Peterson patent. The District Court, however, had before jt the record and proceedings in the original equity suit, including the decree in that suit. The proceedings in that suit disclosed that the scope and validity of the claims here in question were put in issue in the original equity suit and actually tried; and that they were held not to be anticipated, but valid as drawn. In other words, that they were not too broad in view of the prior art as presented and litigated in that ease. The parties to that suit were the same as in the present proceedings, and, as the scope and validity of the Peterson claims here in issue were put in issue and actually tried and determined in that suit, the decree in that suit determining those issues is as evidence conclusive in these proceedings as to the scope and validity of the claims. Walter J. Rancourt v. Panco Rubber Co., 46 F.(2d) 625, decided February 11, 1931, and cases there cited.
As the decree in the original suit, as between these parties, conclusively established the validity and scope of the Peterson claims,, nothing remained for the District Court to determine but the question whether the new device (the sliding link) of the Krentler-Ar-nold Company read upon and infringed any of the claims of the Peterson patent, the scope and validity of which were determined in the original equity suit, and the infringement of which, by any substantial equivalent or colorable imitation thereof, was there enjoined.
It is clear that the new, device answers in every respect the provisions of claims 2, 4, 6, and 7 of the Peterson patent; and that the question of infringement is not doubtful or even merely colorable, but certain.' We are therefore of the opinion that the- District Court did not err or abuse its discretion in entertaining the contempt proceedings and ordering the parties to trial thereon.
The second contention presents a question of first impression in this court, and the briefs and arguments of counsel have lent little or no aid to its solution. However, after a careful examination, the logic and reason of the situation seems to warrant no other answer than that the court had jurisdiction of the parties in the contempt proceedings.
It is undoubtedly true that in the federal courts the power of the court, on motion, to alter, modify, amend, or revoke its judgments, except as to clerical errors, ends with the term at which the judgment is entered, although it retains power later to see that its judgment is executed. Schell v. Dodge, 107 U. S. 629; 2 S. Ct. 830, 27 L. Ed. 601; Casey v. Sterling Cider Co. (C. C. A.) 15 F.(2d) 52; Bronson v. Schulten, 104 U. S. 410, 26 L. Ed. 797; Brooks v. Railroad, 102 U. S. 107, 26 L. Ed. 91. It is also true that, while the federal courts of equity are for certain purposes always open (Equity Rule 1 [28 USCA § 723]), the same rule as to the power of the court over its decrees is applied as in the case of judgments in a court of law, viz., that, after the term at which the decree is entered, the power of the court, on motion, to alter, amend, or revoke it, except as to clerical errors, has ceased. McGregor v. Vermont Loan & Trust Co. (C. C. A.) 104 F. 709; E. G. Staude Mfg. Co. v. Labombarde (C. C. A.) 247 F. 879; Hart v. Wiltsee (C. C. A.) 25 F.(2d) 863, and cases there cited; United States v. Trogler (C. C. A.) 237 F. 181.
Under the English practice the power of the court ceased when the final decree was enrolled, irrespective of the terms of court. Until the decree was enrolled and thereby became a record, it could be altered by the court that made it upon motion or petition, but not after enrollment. In a great majority of the states and, it would seem from the decisions of the Supreme Court, in the federal courts, the doctrine of enrollment is worked out by treating decrees as enrolled at the end of the term. Wetmore v. Karrick, 205 U. S. 141, 150, 27 S. Ct. 434, 51 L. Ed. 745; Goddard v. Ordway, 101 U. S. 745, 750, 751, 25 L. Ed. 1040; 21 C. J. p. 706, § 874.
But in this proceeding no attempt is being made to alter, amend, or vacate the decree in the original equity suit, after the term at which it was entered. It is a proceeding to enforce the execution of that decree in so far as it granted a permanent injunction. It may be conceded that, as to the balance of the decree, execution has been had; but, so far as the question concerns the execution of the permanent injunction, the decree has not been satisfied or the parties dismissed from the control and jurisdiction of the court. If this were not so, the injunction granted against the Krentler-Arnold Company, a nonresident corporation, would at the end of the term at which the decree was entered become an empty thing. On the contrary, logic and reason lead to the conclusion that, as to the enforcement of the decree and so long as any part of it remains open for enforcement, the parties are before the court and subject to its jurisdiction; and we think the decided cases, where this matter has been considered, lead to this result.
Pitt v. Davison, 37 N. Y. 235, was a civil contempt proceeding. An action (bill in equity) had been brought by the plaintiff against Joseph Davison for specific performance of a contract by which he agreed to convey certain premises to the plaintiff. A judgment or decree was rendered adjudging the plaintiff entitled to specific performance of the contract and directing another Davison (the defendant in the contempt proceeding and to whom Joseph Davison had fraudulently, as against the plaintiff, conveyed said premises) to convey them free from any incumbrance which he had put upon them.
The Davison to whom the land had been transferred was personally served in the equity suit or action with a copy of the judgment and required to appear before a referee appointed by the court to make the conveyance under the direction of the referee. He did not appear, but his counsel appeared and offered to read an affidavit excusing his noncompliance with that part of the judgment which required him to convey, setting out that subsequent to the contract of sale to the plaintiff, but prior to the commencement of the suit for specific performance, he had mortgaged the property for $5,000, that the mortgage had been foreclosed, the premises sold, and he was unable to convey the premises to che plaintiff. The referee refused to receive the affidavit as an excuse and demanded compliance with the judgment, which was refused, and he reported the refusal to the court and the reason therefor. The final judgment or decree in the equity action was entered in May, 1856. On December 9, 1857, the plaintiff obtained from a judge of the court, in which the equity action was brought, an order requiring Davison to show cause why an attachment should not be issued against him and he be punished for his alleged contempt in not having conveyed the property. This order to show cause was founded on the judgment in the equity action *and the'proceedings had thereon, and contained a direction that it be served on the defendant’s attorney. It was so served, but no service was made on the defendant personally. At the return term named in the order, the court adjudged the defendant guilty of contempt of court in willfully neglecting and refusing to comply with the terms of the judgment or decree and ordered him committed to jail until he should comply with it. A precept issued, and Davison was arrested and committed to jail.
He then made a motion to set aside the order under which he was committed and to be discharged from imprisonment on the ground that he had no personal knowledge of the order to show cause until after the granting of the order directing him imprisoned. Counter affidavits were introduced, one showing that a similar order to show cause had been previously issued, and that after diligent search the officer was unable to make personal service thereof, and also controverting the facts stated in the defendant’s affidavit bearing on his want of knowledge of the order to show cause. This motion was denied at a special term of the court, and at a general term, on appeal, the order denying the motion was reversed and the defendant discharged from imprisonment. Prom that order an appeal was taken to the Court of Appeals. The question was whether personal service upon the defendant of the order to show cause, with the affidavits upon which it was granted, was necessary. The court below at the general term had held that personal service was indispensable.
The Court of Appeals pointed out, however, that this was not a proceeding to punish for criminal contempt, but was a proceeding for contempt to enforce a civil remedy; that, where the proceeding is for civil contempt, “the party in default has already had the opportunity of contesting his liability to perform what the proceeding seeks to compel him to perform, and such proceeding is, in effect, but an execution of the judgment or order against him.”
The court further said: “In the ease.at bar it is correct, I think, to say that the proceeding was one taken in the action. The judgment remained unexecuted, and the court was proceeding, in the mode prescribed by the statute, to execute its judgment. The order to show cause provided for by the statute, in the absence of any statutory provision to the contrary, was, then, governed by the practice of the court in regard to orders to show cause, both in respect to its service and the' further proceedings upon it. That,’ according, to such practice, an order to show cause may be served upon the attorney of the party, will not be denied. Indeed, that is the mode of service of all papers in the action prescribed by the Code, except the summons or other process, or any paper to bring a party into contempt. Code, §§ 417, 418. The papers in this case which brought the party into contempt, were the certified copy of the judgment and the summons and underwriting of the referee, requiring the defendant to appear before him and make the conveyance. These were personally served, and the defendant; by his refusal to comply with them, was brought into contempt.”
As to the service of the order to show cause, the court said: “The order to show cause is, in effect; but a notice of motion, and according to the practice of the court may ordinarily be served upon the attorney of the adverse party. Although in this ease the judgment was entered in May, 1856, and the order to show cause was made and served on the defendant’s attorney on the 9th of December, 1857, yet, inasmuch as it appears that the defendant had avoided the service of a prior order to show cause, and that, after service of the second order by the direction of the court upon the attorney, and before the granting of the order on which the defendant was arrested and imprisoned, he consulted with his said attorney, and has not denied that the attorney was authorized to appear for him and oppose the granting of the order for his arrest and imprisonment, as he did appear, it must be clear that the attorney is to be regarded as the defendant’s attorney, when the service was made, and that the service of the' order to show cause was in all respects sufficient.”
And, continuing, the court said: “A further ground for the decision of the General Term, put forth in the opinion, is, that inasmuch as the defendant was never personally before the court in this matter, the court had no jurisdiction of his person, and therefore the order for his arrest and imprisonment was unauthorized and void. If the proceeding is to be regarded as one in the action, as I have endeavored to show it is, then clearly this ground is not well taken. The court having obtained jurisdiction of the person of the defendant in the action, retains that jurisdiction for all purposes of enforcing the judgment, until its requirements are fully performed and executed.”
In Merrimack River Savings Bank v. Clay Center, 219 U. S. 527, 31 S. Ct. 295, 296, 55 L. Ed. 320, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 513, the plaintiff brought a bill in equity in the federal Circuit Court for the District of Kansas claiming to be a creditor of the Clay Center Light & Power Company by bonds secured by a mortgage on the light and power company’s plant, etc., against the city of Clay Center, the light and power company, and certain individuals. It was alleged that the light and power company owned and conducted a light and power plant at Clay Center under a perpetual franchise authorizing it to place and maintain a line of poles and wires upon the streets of the city;, that the city, claiming that the franchise had expired, had, through its council, of which the individual defendants were members, required the light and power company to remove the poles and wires, and that the officials named as individual defendants were threatening to cut down and destroy its poles and wires, etc., to its irreparable damage in the loss of its security. A temporary injunction issued retraining the destruction of the poles and wires. The bill was dismissed for want of federal jurisdiction and an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court, but the injunction was continued pending the appeal.
In the Supreme Court the appeal was dismissed for want of jurisdiction,,but before its mandate issued or could issue, and pending an application for rehearing, certain of the defendants to the appeal cut down and destroyed the poles and wires. The plaintiff then petitioned the Supreme Court, and, after setting out the above facts, alleged that thé defendants destroyed the poles and wires knowing that the appeal was pending, and that the Supreme Court had not lost control of the controversy, and that no mandate had issued. The prayer was that the defendants be cited and required to appear and show cause why they should not be proceeded against for contempt. Such a rule was made, and the defendants appeared and answered. They also moved to discharge the rule because the petition failed to allege that the defendants had violated any injunction or mandate of the Supreme Court, on the ground that the injunction issued pending the appeal was the injunction of the Circuit Court, and that its violation was only cognizable in that court; and, second, if that be so, the petition failed to show facts constituting contempt of the Supreme Court.
It was held (1) that the Circuit Court had power to' continue the injunction in force pending appeal; (2) that “plainly, the effect of continuing the injunction operated to continue in the circuit court such jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the litigation and of the parties as to enable it to preserve the status quo pending the appeal, including power to take cognizance of a violation of its injunction”; anfl (3) the court expressed the opinion, although it did not decide the question, that a violation of the injunction was also a contempt of the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
In this ease, not only had the term of the Circuit Court ended at which the decree granting the injunction was made, but, at the time the alleged contempt took place and the contempt proceedings were brought, the case was in the Supreme Court on appeal, and it was held that the Circuit Court in which the injunction was pending had “such jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the litigation and of the parties as to enable it to preserve the status quo pending the appeal, including power to take cognizance of a violation of its injunction.”
In Gompers v. Buck’s Stove & Range Co., 221 U. S. 418, 31 S. Ct. 492, 55 L. Ed. 797, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, the range company had brought a suit in equity against Gompers, Mitchell, and Morrison in the Supreme Court for the District of Columbia, and, on March 23, 1908, obtained a permanent injunction restraining them from conspiring, agreeing, or combining in any manner to restrain, obstruct, or destroy the business of the complainant, etc. Erom this final decree the respondents appealed to the Court of Appeals for the District, and, while the ease was pending there, but before a decision had been reached, the Buck Stove & Range Company began contempt proceedings in the Supreme Court for the District by filing a petition therefor in the equity suit. All of the record in the original cause, including the testimony, was made a part of the petition. The petition set out publications charged to be violations of the temporary injunction of December 23, 1907, and other publications alleged to be violations of the final deeree and injunction of March 23, 1908.
The Supreme Court of the District, on December 23, 1908, found the respondents guilty of contempt, they having disobeyed the plain mandates of the injunctions, and ordered them imprisoned in jail. Erom that deeree the respondents appealed to the Court of Appeals for the District. On March 26, 1909, the Court of Appeals rendered a decision in favor of the Buck Stove & Range Company on the appeal from the deeree of March 23, 1908, in the equity ease, and entered a deeree in its favor, modified somewhat from that of the Supreme Court. Erom the decree of the Court of Appeals in the equity case, both parties appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
When the deeree of the Supreme Court of the District in the contempt proceeding came on for hearing in the Court of Appeals, the Buck Stove &' Range Company moved to dismiss the appeal, claiming that it was a criminal proceeding and should have been brought up by writ of error. The respondents, however, contended that it was a part of the equity ease and properly removable on appeal. The Court of Appeals held that the proceeding was for criminal contempt, and affirmed the judgment or deeree of the Supreme Court of the District. Erom that judgment or. decree the respondents applied for and obtained a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States.
In the Supreme Court of the United States it was held that the contempt proceedings were for civil contempt in the original equity proceeding. Having so held, that court must have been of the opinion, although the term at which the final deeree in the equity case was entered had ended and an appeal had been taken therefrom to the Court of Appeals for the District when the contempt proceedings were filed in the Supreme Court for the District, that the original equity suit was still pending in that court so far as the power of the court over the execution of the permanent injunction and the punishment of any infraction of it were concerned, for otherwise it could not have regarded the contempt proceedings for a violation of that injunction as being in the original equity proceeding, if 'the equity suit had ceased to exist after the term at which the final decree in it was entered had ended.
It seems clear that the Supreme Court of the United States must have regarded the permanent injunction issued in the Supreme Court of the District as operating to continue in that court “such jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the litigation and of the parties as to enable it to preserve the status quo pending the appeal, including power to take cognizance of a violation of its injunction,” as it held in Merrimack River Savings Bank v. Clay Center, supra. See, also, Wilson v. Caleulagraph Co., 153 F. 961 (1st Cir.).
So, in the instant case, the permanent injunction made a part of the final decree in the original equity suit in the District Court for Massachusetts, operated, even after the close of the term at which it was entered, to continue in that court such jurisdiction over the shbjeet-matter of the litigation and of the parties as was necessary for it to retain power over and take cognizance of a violation of its injunction; which ineludes power to cause notice to be given the defendant such as the District Court should consider reasonable and necessary to notify and apprise it of the filing of the petition for contempt in the original equity proceeding.
Inasmuch as the District Court had jurisdiction over the subject-matter and the parties to the equity suit, in which the contempt proceedings were filed, for the purpose of protecting and enforcing its injunction, the only thing Requisite to its proceeding to a hearing and judgment in the contempt proceedings was notice to the defendant of the petition and motion to show eaüse, so that it might be present at the hearing and take such action with reference thereto as it deemed proper. Notice in this ease was brought to the attention of the Krentler-Arnold Company in two ways: One, by serving the requisite papers upon Mr. Hodder, then counsel of record in the equity suit; and, second, by mailing such papers to the Krentler-Arnold Company at Detroit. There is no question but that Mr. Hodder notified the Krentler-Arnold Company of the receipt of the papers served upon him, and no question about the receipt by the Krentler-Arnold Company of the papers that were mailed to it, and that it had full notice of the petition and motion for contempt in the equity suit. In fact it appeared and contested the matter. It is true that its appearance was special, but the court had jurisdiction over the subject-matter and the parties, and, the defendant having received actual notice, there was no basis for a special appearance.
If nothing further appeared than that the papers were served upon Mr. Hodder, it might be regarded as a close question whether the District Court would have had authority to proceed to judgment in the contempt proceeding; that is, whether by reason of the final decree and the close of the term at which it was entered the authority of the attorney of record had terminated, so that notice could not properly be served upon him for the defendant. It would seem, however, that his authority as attorney of record did not then terminate, for the protection and enforcement of the permanent injunction, embodied in that deeree, still vested the court with jurisdiction over the subject-matter and the parties in the equity suit, and that his authority continued, so far as the service of notice of a violation of the injunction was concerned, the same as it would have had the de-eree in the equity suit been interlocutory, not final, granting an injunction. .But we do not find it necessary to decide that question in view of the fact that the defendant otherwise had actual notice of the petition and the motion to show cause, filed in the equity suit.
The Krentler-Arnold Company also contends that the District Court was without authority to deeree remedial relief except as a fine; ánd that, when imposed as a fine, the only remedy for the enforcement of its payment is by committing the defendant to jail until it is paid. The defendant is a corporation. If the payment of money awarded as remedial relief in the character of a fine can only be enforced against it by imprisonment, the power of the court in the execution of such a deeree would be practically helpless. In such a situation we think the court .may properly issue an execution for the collection of the fine as in the case of a money judgment or decree. See Equity Rule 8 (28 USCA § 723), first sentence.
It may not be amiss ,to say that the injunction was not simply against the manufacture, use, or sale of the old infringing device complained of in the equity suit, or one colorably like it, as the Krentler-Arnold Company contends and would seem to think, but against the manufacture, use, or sale of an article “embodying or containing the invention covered by claims 1, .2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 * * * and any substantial or material part thereof, or any substantial equivalent or col-orable imitation thereof.”
But we are of the opinion that the District Court went far afield and exceeded its authority in decreeing that the complainants recover profits made by the respondent by the infringement of the letters patent. In Gompers v. Buck’s Stove & Range Co., supra, and Kreplik v. Couch Patents Co., supra, 190 F. at page 569, it was pointed out that the proper remedial relief for the disobedience of an injunction in an equity case is to impose a “fine for the use of the complainant, measured in some degree by the pecuniary injury caused by the act of disobedience.” In other words, that the amount of the fine or remedial relief is to be governed largely by the pecuniary damage or injury which the aot of disobedience caused the complainant. This pecuniary damage surely does not include profits which the defendant made by reason of the infringement. The item of profits should not have been allowed or taken into consideration in determining the remedial relief to which the complainants were entitled by way of fine or otherwise.
We also think that the court below erred in allowing the account of the complainants for fees for- legal services, to the extent that there was included therein charges for investigation of law and facts in regard to Mr. Drew’s liability, charges as to' matters affecting the licensees of the Krentler-Amold Company, and for the investigation of law and facts with reference to the bringing of a supplemental bill, and charges for services in regard to a contemplated contempt proceeding against Krentler, other than the one before the court. In other words the charges should be confined to the expenses incurred and the legal services rendered in these contempt proceedings, and to such as were reasonably necessary.
The deeree of the District Court is affirmed, except so far as it relates to the amount of the fine. In that respect it is vacated and the ease is remanded to the District Court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. No costs.
What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Your task is to identify the state of the first listed state or local government agency that is an appellant.