Justice Marshall
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this case, we are asked to decide whether a state court has jurisdiction to hold a disabled veteran in contempt for failing to pay child support, where the veteran’s only means of satisfying this obligation is to utilize benefits received from the Veterans’ Administration under 38 U. S. C. § 314 as compensation for a service-connected disability.
HH
Appellant Charlie Wayne Rose is a totally disabled veteran of the Vietnam war. He married appellee Barbara Ann McNeil Rose in 1973, and the couple had two children before their marriage ended in October 1983, with a divorce decree from the Circuit Court for Washington County, Tennessee. In setting appellant’s financial responsibility for child support, the Circuit Court considered along with other factors identified by a Tennessee statute the “earning capacity, obligations and needs, and financial resources of each parent.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(3) (1984) (formerly Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-820 (1977)). Appellant’s income was then, and is now, composed entirely of benefits received from the Veterans’ and Social Security Administrations. Appellant received monthly: $1,211 in veterans’ disability benefits; $1,806 in veterans’ aid and attendance benefits; $90 in veterans’ dependents’ benefits; and $281 in Social Security disability benefits. The children received an additional $94 a month in Social Security children’s insurance benefits.
The Circuit Court ordered appellant to pay $800 per month as child support, and he did not appeal. From the record it appears that he initially paid appellee $706 monthly, contending that the remaining $94 was satisfied by the children’s insurance benefits appellee had received directly from the Social Security Administration. However, on appellee’s first petition for contempt, the Circuit Court clarified its order in March 1984 to require appellant to pay $800 per month in addition to the Social Security insurance benefits. Record 19.
The following month appellant paid for the support of his children only the $90 in dependents’ benefits he had received from the Veterans’ Administration. Appellee filed a second petition for contempt, seeking the remaining $710. Appellant responded with the assertion that only the Veterans’ Administration or Social Security Administration could order him to contribute additional sums for child support. Invoking the Supremacy Clause, U. S. Const., Art. VI, cl. 2, he sought a ruling from the Circuit Court that it lacked jurisdiction over the disability benefits he received from these federal agencies and that §36-820, pursuant to which the court had considered these benefits in setting the amount of child support, was null and void. Record 28-29.
The Circuit Court, after a hearing, found appellant in willful contempt for failing to pay child support. The court acknowledged that appellant could challenge the constitutionality of § 36-820, and could make the State of Tennessee a party to the action for such purposes, but it held that in the meantime he would have to comply with the order of child support. The court then ordered appellant incarcerated until he satisfied this obligation. App. to Juris. Statement 11a. Ten days later, appellant was released pursuant to an agreement between the parties that he would pay appellee moneys past due and, pending disposition of appeals, would each month pay $400 to appellee and deposit $400 into the registry of the Circuit Court. Record 39-40.
After becoming a party to this action, the State of Tennessee moved for summary judgment, arguing that § 36-820 was constitutional and thus the Circuit Court had properly asserted jurisdiction over appellant’s disability benefits in setting and enforcing his child support obligation. The court agreed. In a two-page order, it upheld the statute and concluded that it had validly exercised “jurisdiction to order support payments to be made from Federal Disability Income Benefits.” App. to Juris. Statement 14a.
The Tennessee Court of Appeals affirmed, rejecting appellant’s contention that the Veterans’ and Social Security Administrations have exclusive jurisdiction to specify payment of child support from the disability benefits they provide. The appellate court first invoked precedent from this Court for the general rule that “state family law must not do major damage to clear and substantial federal interest[s],” id., at 3a, citing McCarty v. McCarty, 453 U. S. 210, 220 (1981), or else “the Supremacy Clause will demand that state law be overridden.” Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U. S. 572, 581 (1979). It then determined that Congress had intended disability benefits to support the beneficiary and his dependents, and thus the Circuit Court’s order directing appellant to pay a portion of these benefits for the support of his children, or be held in contempt, did not undermine a substantial federal interest.
When the Supreme Court of Tennessee denied appellant’s application for permission to appeal, App. to Juris. Statement 22a, he filed a jurisdictional statement in this Court. He expressly abandoned his challenge to the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court over the $281 in Social Security disability benefits he receives each month, Juris. Statement 16, leaving only his claim that jurisdiction to award as child support a portion of his monthly veterans’ disability benefits and veterans’ aid and attendance benefits rests exclusively in the Veterans’ Administration. We noted probable jurisdiction, 478 U. S. 1003 (1986), and now affirm.
I — I HH
The Court of Appeals correctly identified the constitutional standard for determining whether § 36-820, as construed by the Tennessee courts to authorize an award of a veteran’s disability benefits as child support, conflicts with federal law and is therefore pre-empted under the Supremacy Clause. We have consistently recognized that “[t]he whole subject of the domestic relations of husband and wife, parent and child, belongs to the laws of the States and not to the laws of the United States.” In re Burrus, 136 U. S. 586, 593-594 (1890); see Hisquierdo, supra, at 581; McCarty, supra, at 220. “On the rare occasion when state family law has come into conflict with a federal statute, this Court has limited review under the Supremacy Clause to a determination whether Congress has ‘positively required by direct enactment’ that state law be pre-empted.” Hisquierdo, supra, at 581, quoting Wetmore v. Markoe, 196 U. S. 68, 77 (1904). Before a state law governing domestic relations will be overridden, it “must do ‘major damage’ to ‘clear and substantial’ federal interests.” Hisquierdo, supra, at 581, quoting United States v. Yazell, 382 U. S. 341, 352 (1966).
Appellant claims that three provisions from Title 38 of the United States Code governing veterans’ benefits, and a combination of provisions from the Child Support Enforcement Act, 42 U. S. C. §651 et seq., conflict with, and evidence Congress’ intent to pre-empt, state statutes that are construed to give state courts jurisdiction over veterans’ disability benefits. We consider each in turn.
A
First, appellant relies on 38 U. S. C. § 3107(a)(2) (1982 ed., Supp. Ill), a provision that gives the Administrator of Veterans’ Affairs discretionary authority to apportion disability compensation on behalf of a veteran’s children. Section 3107(a)(2) provides: “All or any part of the compensation . . . payable on account of any Veteran may ... if the veteran’s children are not in the custody of the veteran be apportioned as may be prescribed by the Administrator.” Appellant contends that this grant of authority is exclusive, and thus only the Administrator may issue an order directing him to pay appellee a portion of his disability benefits as child support. In the eyes of appellee and the State of Tennessee, § 3107 (a)(2) was intended simply to facilitate separate payment of benefits directly to a veteran’s children in amounts that may have previously been set by a state court, and does not displace the state court’s traditional enforcement remedies.
The parties cite no legislative history on the meaning of § 3107(a)(2), and our search has uncovered nothing of a dis-positive nature. Nor are the Administrator’s regulations for apportionment decisive. See 38 CFR §§3.450-3.461 (1986). Nowhere do the regulations specify that only the Administrator may define the child support obligation of a disabled veteran in the first instance. To the contrary, appellant, joined by the United States as amicus curiae, concedes that a state court may consider disability benefits as part of the veteran’s income in setting the amount of child support to be paid. However, the carefully constructed argument continues, the state court’s power to enforce its support order extends solely to income not derived from veterans’ disability benefits. To collect child support in cases where it can only be paid from disability benefits, a claim for apportionment must first be filed with the Administrator on behalf of the children. See § 3.452(a). The Administrator may then consider the state-court order in deciding how much, if any, of appellant’s disability benefits should be apportioned to the children. Reply Brief for Appellant 2; Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12, n. 13.
This jurisdictional framework finds little support in the statute and implementing regulations. Neither mentions the limited role appellant assigns the state court’s child support order or the restrictions appellant seeks to impose on that court’s ability to enforce such an order. The statute simply provides that disability benefits “may ... be apportioned as may be prescribed by the Administrator.” 38 U. S: C. § 3107(a)(2). The regulations broadly authorize apportionment if “the veteran is not reasonably discharging his or her responsibility for the . . . children’s support.” 38 CFR §3.450(a)(l)(ii) (1986). In none of these provisions is there an express indication that the Administrator possesses exclusive authority to order payment of disability benefits as child support. Nor is it clear that Congress envisioned the Administrator making independent child support determinations in conflict with existing state-court orders. The statute gives no hint that exercise of the Administrator’s discretion may have this effect. The regulations contain few guidelines for apportionment and no specific procedures for bringing apportionment claims.
Apart from these inadequacies, to construe § 3107(a)(2) as appellant suggests could open for reconsideration a vast number of existing divorce decrees affecting disabled veterans and lead in future cases to piecemeal litigation before the state courts and the Administrator. Given the traditional authority of state courts over the issue of child support, their unparalleled familiarity with local economic factors affecting divorced parents and children, and their experience in applying state statutes such as Tennessee’s former § 36-820 that do contain detailed support guidelines and established procedures for allocating resources following divorce, we conclude that Congress would surely have been more explicit had it intended the Administrator’s apportionment power to displace a state court’s power to enforce an order of child support. Thus, we do not agree that the implicit pre-emption appellant finds in § 3107(a)(2). is “positively required by direct enactment,” or that the state court’s award of child support from appellant’s disability benefits does “major damage” to any “clear and substantial” federal interest created by this statute. Hisquierdo, 439 U. S., at 581.
B
To support his contention that exclusive jurisdiction over veterans’ disability benefits is vested in the Administrator, appellant next cites 38 U. S. C. § 211(a). This statute provides:
“[Decisions of the Administrator on any question of law or fact under any law administered by the Veterans’ Administration providing benefits for veterans and their dependents . . . shall be final and conclusive and no other official or any court of the United States shall have power or jurisdiction to review any such decision . . . Ibid.
Though § 211(a) makes no reference to state-court jurisdiction, appellant and the Solicitor General argue that its underlying purposes should nevertheless be deemed controlling here. These purposes, identified in Johnson v. Robison, 415 U. S. 361, 370 (1974), are to achieve uniformity in the administration of veterans’ benefits and protect the Administrator from expensive and time-consuming litigation.
As already noted, however, we can find no clear indication that Congress intended the Administrator to make child support determinations contrary to the determinations of state courts. The interest in uniform administration of veterans’ benefits focuses, instead, on the technical interpretations of the statutes granting entitlements, particularly on the definitions and degrees of recognized disabilities and the application of the graduated benefit schedules. See id., at 370, n. 12; Hearing on H. R. 360 et al. before a Subcommittee of the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 1962-1963 (1952). These are the issues Congress deemed especially well suited for administrative determination insulated from judicial review. Thus, even assuming that § 211(a) covers a contempt proceeding brought in state court against a disabled veteran to enforce an order of child support, that court is not reviewing the Administrator’s decision finding the veteran eligible for specific disability benefits. The uniformity of the Administrator’s decision is therefore not endangered. And since the Administrator is not a party in a contempt proceeding, no additional litigation burden is created. There being no “major damage” to the federal interests underlying § 211(a), we conclude that it does not pre-empt exercise of state-court jurisdiction to enforce a veteran’s child support obligation.
C
Appellant next claims that state-court jurisdiction is preempted by 38 U. S. C. § 3101(a), which provides that “[payments of benefits . . . under any law administered by the Veterans’ Administration . . . made to, or on account of, a beneficiary . . . shall not be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary.” Though the legislative history for this provision is also sparse, it recognizes two purposes: to “avoid the possibility of the Veterans’ Administration . . . being placed in the position of a collection agency” and to “prevent the deprivation and depletion of the means of subsistence of veterans dependent upon these benefits as the main source of their income.” S. Rep. No. 94-1243, pp. 147-148 (1976). Neither purpose is constrained by allowing the state court in the present case to hold appellant in contempt for failing to pay child support. The contempt proceeding did not turn the Administrator into a collection agency; the Administrator was not obliged to participate in the proceeding or to pay benefits directly to appel-lee.' Nor did the exercise of state-court jurisdiction over appellant’s disability benefits deprive appellant of his means of subsistence contrary to Congress’ intent, for these benefits are not provided to support appellant alone.
Veterans’ disability benefits compensate for impaired earning capacity, H. R. Rep. No. 96-1155, p. 4 (1980), and are intended to “provide reasonable and adequate compensation for disabled veterans and their families.” S. Rep. No. 98-604, p. 24 (1984) (emphasis added). Additional compensation for dependents of disabled veterans is available under 38 U. S. C. §315, and in this case totaled $90 per month for appellant’s two children. But the paucity of the benefits available under §315 belies any contention that Congress intended these amounts alone to provide for the support of the children of disabled veterans. Moreover, as evidenced by § 3107(a)(2), the provision for apportionment we have already discussed, Congress clearly intended veterans’ disability benefits to be used, in part, for the support of veterans’ dependents. On this basis we may distinguish several of the Court’s prior decisions which held that state law governing domestic relations was pre-empted by federal statutes containing prohibitions similar to § 3101(a) against attachment, levy, or seizure of federal benefits.
In Wissner v. Wissner, 338 U. S. 655 (1950), this Court rejected a widow’s community property claim to one-half the proceeds of a life insurance policy her husband, a deceased Army officer, had purchased during their marriage under a federally assisted program for members of the military. Because the federal statute creating the program gave the insured an express right to designate the beneficiary, this Court held that the entire proceeds must be paid to the husband’s mother as he had directed. Otherwise, state community property principles would have frustrated Congress’ unequivocal intent that the insured decide who should receive the policy proceeds. Id., at 658-659.
As we have noted in the present case, by contrast, state contempt proceedings to enforce a valid child support order coincide with Congress’ intent to provide veterans’ disability compensation for the benefit of both appellant and his dependents. Moreover, in reaching what was clearly an alternative holding in Wissner that a community property division of the insurance proceeds would constitute a “seizure” in violation of a provision against “attachment, levy, or seizure,” the Court was careful to identify a possible exception for alimony and child support cases. ' Id., at 659-660. The suggested basis for this exception was that family support obligations are deeply rooted moral responsibilities, while the community property concept is more akin to an amoral business relationship. Id., at 660.
The principles announced in Wissner were later applied in a case involving a conflict between state community property law and a federal statute providing retirement benefits for railroad employees. Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U. S. 572 (1979). There, we rejected a wife’s community property claim to a portion of her husband’s retirement annuity following their divorce, even though his entitlement to the benefits had accrued, in large part, during their married years. Congress, we held, had determined that the husband, as the retired railroad employee, should be the exclusive beneficiary. Id., at 583. And this right was protected by a statutory prohibition against “garnishment, attachment, or other legal process under any circumstances whatsoever.” Id., at 576, quoting § 14 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, 88 Stat. 1345. As in Wissner, Congress’ precise specification of the intended beneficiary drew a direct conflict with the state community property law. We concluded that to divide the annuity proceeds would have frustrated the federal objective, and, therefore, the state law was pre-empted. 439 U. S., at 585. And again we discussed an exception to the antigarnishment statute for alimony and child support in non-community property cases. Id., at 587.
We visited Wissner once again in Ridgway v. Ridgway, 454 U. S. 46 (1981), where a state court had ordered an Army officer, as part of a divorce decree, to keep in force a life insurance policy he had purchased under a federally assisted program for military members, and to specify that the proceeds be paid in the event of his death to his former wife for the benefit of their children. Before his death, the husband had remarried and changed the policy’s beneficiary designation so that the proceeds would go to his new wife. We held that the state court’s divorce decree conflicted with and was therefore pre-empted by the express provision of the federal statute giving the husband an unqualified right to designate the policy beneficiary. Id., at 56-57. We also held that imposing a constructive trust on the policy proceeds for the benefit of the children would violate a statutory prohibition against “attachment, levy, or seizure,” 38 U. S. C. § 770(g), a prohibition identical in all pertinent respects to § 3101(a) in the present case. 454 U. S., at 60.
Admittedly, in Ridgway we rejected a proposed construction of § 770(g) that would have barred its application to the children’s equitable claim, 454 U. S., at 60-61, and we were unable to agree that the distinction between family support obligations and community property divisions would sustain an exception to the statute’s operation. Id., at 61-62, n. 11; see also id., at 68, 70 (Powell, J., dissenting). But the critical difference between Ridgway and the present case is that Congress has not made appellant the exclusive beneficiary of the disability benefits. As we have demonstrated, these benefits are intended to support not only the veteran, but the veteran’s family as well. Recognizing an exception to the application of § 3101(a)’s prohibition against attachment, levy, or seizure in this context would further, not undermine, the federal purpose in providing these benefits. Therefore, regardless of the merit of the distinction between the moral imperative of family support obligations and the businesslike justifications for community property division, we conclude that § 3101(a) does not extend to protect a veteran’s disability benefits from seizure where the veteran invokes that provision to avoid an otherwise valid order of child support.
D
Finally, appellant cites two provisions from the Child Support Enforcement Act that were designed to facilitate garnishment of federal funds where the intended recipient has failed to satisfy a legal obligation of child support. The first provision declares:
“[M]oneys (the entitlement to which is based upon remuneration for employment) due from, or payable by, the United States ... to any individual, including members of the armed services, shall be subject, in like manner and to the same extent as if the United States . . . were a private person, to legal process brought for the enforcement, against such individual of his legal obligations to provide child support. . . .” 42 U. S. C. § 659(a) (1982 ed., Supp. III).
Appellant, however, also points to the statutory definition of an entitlement “based upon remuneration for employment,” which specifically excludes “any payments by the Veterans’ Administration as compensation for a service-connected disability....” § 662(f)(2). This exclusion, argues appellant, embodies Congress’ intent that veterans’ disability benefits not be subject to any legal process aimed at diverting funds for child support, including a state-court contempt proceeding of the sort invoked in this case.
But § 659(a) does not refer to any legal process. The provision was intended to create a limited waiver of sovereign immunity so that state courts could issue valid orders directed against agencies of the United States Government attaching funds in the possession of those agencies:
“The term ‘legal process’ means any writ, order, summons, or other similar process in the nature of garnishment . . . issued by [a state court]. . . and . . . directed to, and the purpose of which is to compel, a governmental entity, which holds moneys which are otherwise payable to an individual, to make a payment from such moneys to another party in order to satisfy a legal obligation of such individual to provide child support. . . .” § 662(e) (emphasis added).
See also 5 CFR §581.102(f) (1986); S. Rep. No. 93-1356, pp. 53-54 (1974). Waivers of sovereign immunity are strictly construed, and we find no indication in the statute that a state-court order of contempt issued against an individual is precluded where the individual’s income happens to be composed of veterans’ disability benefits. In this context, the Veterans’ Administration is not made a party to the action, and the state court issues no order directing the Administrator to pay benefits to anyone other than the veteran. Thus, while it may be true that these funds are exempt from garnishment or attachment while in the hands of the Administrator, we are not persuaded that once these funds are delivered to the veteran a state court cannot require that veteran to use them to satisfy an order of child support.
I — ( h-1 hH
We fully appreciate the physical sacrifice appellant made while in the military service of his country, and we acknowledge his needs as a totally disabled veteran for medical assistance and financial support. But we also recognize that pursuant to former Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-820 the Tennessee Circuit Court has properly taken into account appellant’s needs, along with the needs of his children, in setting his child support obligation. Neither the Veterans’ Benefits provisions of Title 38 nor the garnishment provisions of the Child Support Enforcement Act of Title 42 indicate unequivocally that a veteran’s disability benefits are provided solely for that veteran’s support. We hold, therefore, that as enacted these federal statutes were not in conflict with, and thus did not pre-empt § 36-820. Nor did the Circuit Court’s efforts to enforce its order of child support by holding appellant in contempt transgress the congressional intent behind the federal statutes. The judgment of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee is
Affirmed.
These figures first appear in the record in May 1984, in pleadings filed by appellant as part of the contempt proceeding from which the present appeal is taken. Record 28. We presume that appellant received equal or comparable benefits at the time of the divorce. Congress has since increased slightly certain of the benefits, but for purposes of this appeal we use the figures provided at the time of the contempt proceeding.
Joined by the United States as amicus curiae, appellant contends that the lower courts are divided on the issue whether state courts may award alimony or child support out of benefits paid to a disabled veteran. Compare, e. g., Parker v. Parker, 335 Pa. Super. 348, 350-354, 484 A. 2d 168, 169-170 (1984); In re Gardner, 220 Wis. 493, 499-500, 264 N. W. 643, 646 (1936); Pishue v. Pishue, 32 Wash. 2d 750, 754-756, 203 P. 2d 1070, 1072-1073 (1949); Gaskins v. Security-First National Bank of Los Angeles, 30 Cal. App. 2d 409, 416-418, 86 P. 2d 681, 684-685 (1939), with, e. g., Ex parte Burson, 615 S. W. 2d 192, 193 (Tex. 1981).
Construing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-820 (1977) (now codified as Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101 (1984)) to authorize an award of a portion of appellant’s veterans’ disability benefits and veterans’ aid and attendance benefits as child support, the courts below have rejected appellant’s contention that this statute conflicts with the federal disability benefits scheme administered by the Veterans’ Administration and is therefore pre-empted under the Supremacy Clause, U. S. Const., Art VI, cl. 2. Because the state statute has been applied over objection that its application was unconstitutional, we conclude that this case is properly before us as an appeal. See 28 U. S. C. § 1257(2); McCarty v. McCarty, 453 U. S. 210, 219-220, n. 12 (1981); R. Stern, E. Gressman, & S. Shapiro, Supreme Court Practice 112-113 (6th ed. 1986).
One regulation forbids apportionment “[w]here the total benefit payable to the disabled person does not permit payment of a reasonable amount to any apportionee.” 38 CFR §3.458 (1986). But there are no guidelines defining the reasonableness of a requested apportionment.
By contrast, supplementing the apportionment regulation upon which appellant relies, § 3.450, is a provision that allows disability benefits to be “specially apportioned” between the veteran and his or her dependents “where hardship is shown to exist.” § 3.451. A special apportionment is made “on the basis of the facts in the individual case as long as it does not cause undue hardship to the other persons in interest.” Ibid. This “hardship” regulation does specify certain factors for the Administrator to consider in making an apportionment: the “[a]mount of Veterans Administration benefits payable; other resources and income of the veteran and those dependents in whose behalf apportionment is claimed; and special needs of the veteran, his or her dependents, and the apportionment claimants.” Ibid. It also provides that “[o]rdinarily apportionment of more than 50 percent of the veteran’s benefits would constitute undue hardship on him or her while apportionment of less than 20 percent of his or her benefits would not provide a reasonable amount for any apportionee.” Ibid. The fact that similar factors and quantitative guidelines are not listed in the provision for general apportionment suggests that not even the Administrator has interpreted 38 U. S. C. § 3107(a)(2) (1982 ed., Supp. Ill) to authorize routine child support determinations.
That children may rightfully expect to derive support from a portion of their veteran parent’s disability benefits is further evident in the regulation prohibiting apportionment once a child has been legally adopted by another person who, as a result of the adoption, assumes the support obligation. See 38 CFR § 3.458(d) (1986).
Consistent with the distinction suggested in Wissner v. Wissner, 338 U. S. 665 (1950), Congress had amended the Social Security Act to authorize garnishment of certain federal benefits, including railroad retirement annuities, for spousal and child support but not for community property divisions. 42 U. S. C. §§ 659 and 662. We construed these amendments to “expressly override” the anti-attachment provision for support claims, finding it “logical to conclude that Congress . . . thought that a family’s need for support could justify garnishment, even though it deflected other federal benefit programs from their intended goals, but that community property claims, which are not based on need, could not do so.” His- quierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U. S., at 587; see also McCarty v. McCarty, 453 U. S., at 230.
After our decision in Hisquierdo, supra, Congress amended the Railroad Retirement Act’s prohibition against garnishment and attachment so that retirement annuities could be characterized as community property. See 45 U. S. C. §231m(b)(2) (1982 ed., Supp. III) (enacted in 1983). A comparable congressional response followed our holding in McCarty, swpra, that military retirement benefits were the express personal entitlement of the retired military member and therefore could not, consistent with the intent of Congress, be divided as community property. See 10 U. S. C. § 1408(c)(1) (allowing treatment of retirement benefits as sole property of military member or as property shared with the member’s spouse “in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction of [the state] court”); S. Rep. No. 97-502, p. 1 (1982).