Hematology and Characteristics of Blood Cells Outline
Human Physiology
I. Blood (5 liters)A. Definition1. Opaque red liquid connective tissue consisting of microscopically visible, formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) suspended in an fluid called plasma.B. Composition1. 55% plasma
2. 45% formed elementsC. Functions1. Transporta. Nutrients
b. Respiratory gases
c. Wastes
d. Hormones2. Regulatorya. Body temperature
b. pH3. Protectivea. Clot formation
b. Nonspecific immunity
c. Specific immunityII. Blood CellsA. Erythrocytes (RBCs)1. Physical characteristicsa. Biconcave disc
b. 7.2 um diameter and anucleatei. Squeezes through capillaries


c. Stimulators of RBC productioni. Occurs in bone marrow
ii. Stimulated by:(a) Testosterone
d. Dietary factors for RBC productioni. Folic acid
ii. Vitamin B12
iii. Iron for hemoglobin
iv. Protein for globin subunits
e. RBC destruction (pg ________ in Lec notebook)i. Spleen and liver remove dead RBCs
ii. Salvage iron and protein
iii. Remainder becomes bilirubin
iv. Liver incorporates it into bile
v. Secreted into intestine
vi. Some lost with feces
2. Count and hematocrita. Count: # RBCs/ul blood
b. Hematocrit
3. Hemoglobin (Hb) and irona. Hb structure
b. Hb content of blood (gm/dl)
4. Oxygen-carrying capacity of whole blooda. Def: amount of oxygen transported in 100 ml of blood
b. O2-carrying capacity(15 gm Hb/dl) x (1.34 ml oxygen/gm Hb)= 20.1 ml O2/dl
c. Normal: 16-25 ml O2/dl

5. Anemia1) Due to:a) Decrease in RBC #
b) Decrease in Hb content
c) Decrease in both
2) Changes in RBCsa) Microcytic
b) Macrocytic
c) Hypochromic
d) Hyperchromic
e) Poiklocytosis
b. Symptoms and types of anemia1) Symptoms
2) Typesa) Iron-deficiency anemia1) What is it?
2) RBCs shape
b) Pernicious anemia1) Intrinsic Factor
2) Maturation
3) RBCs shape


c) Aplastic anemia
d) Hemolytic anemia
e) Thalassemia
f) Hemorrhagic anemia


6. Polycythemiaa. Definitiona) Erythrocytosis
b. Relative polycythemia
c. Polycythemia vera
d. Physiological polycythemiaB. Leukocytes (WBCs)1. General Leukocyte functiona. Diapedesis:
c. Phagocytosis:
d. Secretion:1) monocytes or macrophages
2) helper T cells
2. Major Types and Countsa. Neutrophils (50-70%)1) Functions
2) Characteristics:a) Phagocytosis
b) Chemotaxic
c) Diepidesis

b. Eosinophils (1-5%)1) Antigen Presentation
2) Attack mechanisms
3) Eosinophilia


c. Basophil (Less than 1%)1) Produce heparin
2) Produce histamine


d. Monocyte (1-6%)1) Antigen Presentation
2) Secretion


e. Lymphocytes (20-40%)1) B cells: Antibody-Mediated Immune Responseb. plasma cell (2000/sec 4-5 days)
c. Antibodies tags
2) T cells: Evidence for 3 typesa) Cytotoxic T cells
b) Helper T cells1. HIV


c) Suppressor T cells


f. Leukocytosisa. Physiological
b. Pathological1) Leukemia
2) Leukopeniaa. Immune responsesNonspecific:1. Neutrophils
2. Natural killer cells
3. Local inflammatory response
SpecificC. PlateletsIII. Plasma (55%)A. Plasma vs. serum1. Plasma
2. SerumB. Physical characteristics
C. Chemical composition1. H2O
2. Solutesa. Electrolytes:
b. Plasma proteins1)Functions
c. Hormones
d. Amino acids
e. Blood coagulation
2) Specific proteinsa) Albumin (60%)
b) Globulins (36%)
c) Fibrinogen (4%)
c. Nutrients3. Respiratory gases
4. HormonesIV. HemostasisA. Definition:
B. Coagulation
***Note: all stages require calcium***1. Stage I1) Extrinsic
2) Intrinsic

2. Stage II:
3. Stage III:C. Anti-coagulants and Clot Busters1. Clots
2. Anti-coagulants3. ThrombocytopeniaV. Blood GroupsA. Antigen vs. Antibody1. Antigena. RBC marker


2. Antibodya. Preformed antibodies
3. Agglutinationa. May cause the foreign RBCs to clump


B. ABO Blood GroupsD. Major vs. Minor agglutination1. Major
2. MinorE. Erythroblastosis Foetalis1. Mom has Rh- blood but has not been exposed to Rh+ blooda. Her blood contains RBCs with no D marker no and anti-D antibodies
2. During her first pregnancy, the fetus has Rh+ blood so the RBCs have a D marker
3. During the delivery, the mom is exposed to the fetal blood (D markers), so the mom's body makes anti-D antibodies.
4. During the second pregnancey, if this fetus has Rh+ blood, the anti-D antibodies from the mom can cross the placenta and bind to the D marker on the RBCs of the fetus causing RBC agglutination (clumping).
5. Avoid: mom receives RhoGam twice during each pregnancy and within 72 hours after deliverya. RhoGam interferes with the ability of the mom's body to make anti-D antibodies
Write the lyrics for a misc song made in 2013, titled "Hematology and Characteristics of Blood Cells Outline", by artist "Human Physiology".