Pulmonary Function I Outline
Human Physiology
I. Blood CirculationA. Physical Requirements1. PumpsLeft ventricle
Right ventricle


2. Vasculature: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins3. Blood Volume4. Unidirectional FlowB. Outline of the Human System1. 4 chambered hearta. Atria
b. Ventricles


2. Systemic circuit
3. Pulmonary circuitC. Flow = Pressure / Resistance1. Generala. Flow Definitionb. Pressure: direct relationship to flow1. Applies to arteries(a) Analogy


c. Resistance: indirect relationship to flow1. Applies to arterioles
2. Analogy


d. Calculating flow throughout the bodyFlow through the systemic and pulmonary systems1. Systemic circulation: pressures
2. Pulmonary circulation: pressures


D. Flow: Velocity and Cross-Sectional AreaE. Poiseuille’s LawF. Flow and Pressure: Vascular Elasticity vs. Vascular distensibilityII. The HeartA. Functional Gross anatomy1. LayersEpicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

2. Valvesa. Atrioventricular (mitral)
b. Semilunar


3. Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae:4. Venous returna. Vena cavae: deoxygenated
b. Pulmonary veins: oxygenated5. Arterial outflowa. Aorta
b. Pulmonary trunkC. Cardiac Cycle1. General definitionsa. Systole
b. Diastole2. Definitions in terms of the cardiac cyclea. Systole
b. Diastole3. Components of the cardiac cycle, pressure and volume changesa. Diastisis
b. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
c. Atrial diastole and ventricular systoleTypes of Cardiac tissueType 1: Spreads the signal and contracts
Type 2: Starts the signal, spreads the signal but does not contract
Type 3: Endocrine: dumps ANP: Atrial natriuretic proteinB. Type I tissue: spreads the signal and contracts1. Spreads the signal via gap junctionsa. Ephatic synapses
b. Signal moves almost simultaneously
c. Cells respond as 12. Contracts in response to the signala. Myofilaments are arranged into sarcomere
b. Signal sets into motion calcium release and cross bridge cycling
c. Implications1. Time delay
2. Increase calcium availability, increased cycling, increased strengthD. Type I Ventricular Myocardium1. Review absolute refractory period in neuron
2. Absolute refractory period in vent myocardium
3. Significance: avoid tetanyDiagram of key events in the cardiac cycleE. The pacemaker system and Electrocardiography1. Electrical conducting system of the heart: autortyhmic cellsa. SA node: sets the pace for the heart
b. AV node
c. Bundle of HIS
d. Lt and rt bundle branches
e. Purkinje fibers
f. Ventricular muscle2. EKG tracing: Lead IIa. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. PR segment
d. T wave
e. PR intervalF. Neurochemical control of heart rate1. Normal rangea. Bradycardia
b. Tachycardia2. Medullary centers: part of ANS which is regulating the rate at which the SA node firesa. Cardioinhibitory center
b. Cardioacceleratory center3. Baroreceptor reflexesa. General: baroreceptors
b. Carotid sinus reflex: Decrease pressure, increase heart rate and cardiac output
increase pressure, decrease heart rate and cardiac output
c. Bainbridge reflex: increase venous return and increased pressure in the vena cavae, heart rate increases
d. Effect of the respiratory cycle on heart rate
Inspiration: decreased thoracic pressure, decrease venous return, decrease CO, decrease pressure at carotid sinus, reflexively HR increasesEarly expiration
Late expiration
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