Blandt disse er jern -, folat - eller B12- vitaminmangel; aluminiumintoksikation; interkurrente infektioner, inflammatoriske eller traumatiske episoder; okkult blodtab; hæmolyse samt knoglemarvsfibrose af enhver oprindelse.
These include: iron, folate, or Vitamin B12 deficiency; aluminium intoxication; intercurrent infections; inflammatory or traumatic episodes; occult blood loss; haemolysis, and bone marrow fibrosis of any origin.