Croatian Spring
Maspok (after Masovni pokret (Croatian), i. e. Mass movement) or the Croatian spring was a nationalist and secessionist rebel movement in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, Yugoslavia during the year of 1971. The movement' s demands were initially around the exclusion of the use of the Serbian language and the exclusive use of the Croatian language in Croatia (even though Serbian and Croatian are considered dialects of the same language), declaration of Croatia as a national state of Croats and Croatia as a successor to the medieval Croatian kingdom. Maspok' s ultimate goal was an independent Croatian state. The Maspok movement was supported by a lot of Croatian Communists and the Ustase emigration in the West.
Movement political demands
There were three basic points the Maspok used to attack the federal government of Yugoslavia: distribution of Croatia' s tourism revenue in other parts of Yugoslavia, the amount of money Croatia contributed to the underdeveloped Yugoslav republics, and the question of the official Croatian language in Croatia. Maspok demanded recognition of the Croatian language as the official language in Croatia, its exclusive use in education, media, and the state affairs, which meant the expulsion of the Serbian language from Croatia. Maspok insisted on the specific nature of the Croats and their culture and civilization, as well as cultural differences between Croats and other ethnic groups and ethnic minorities in Yugoslavia. The movement, broadly supported by Croats, demanded a separate national Croatian bank, Croatian army, and Croatian representative in the United Nations separate from the Yugoslav representation. Matica hrvatska (a Croatian cultural organization) and Hrvatski tjednik (Croatian Weekly newspaper) went so far to publish a constitution draft for the new Croatian state. Matica hrvatska published (November 1971) a full list of the Maspok' s demands: Croatia defined as the state of Croatian people only, Croatian representative in the United Nations, Croatian national bank and national currency, Croatian army and Croat conscripts serving only Croatian army, Croatian language used in the army, Croatian state affairs, education, and media. Matica hrvatska, at the time the Maspok movement culmination, cancelled the work on the Serbo-Croatian dictionary and rejected the Novi Sad Agreement (about the common Serbo-Croatian language). The Novi Sad Agreement based Serbo-Croatian language orthography was replaced by the Croatian language orthography written by S. Babic, B. Finka, and M. Mogus and printed by the Matica hrvatska the same 1971. year. Zagreb University provided a broad and a public support to the Maspok political demands. The Zagreb University students staged mass demonstrations in Croatia in order to express their support to Maspok.
Maspok development and demise
According to some historians, Maspok was an Ustase insurgency in Yugoslavia mentored, guarded and supported by Savka Dabcevic-Kucar, Miko Tripalo and Pero Pirker, the political leadership of the Croatian Communist League. That time the Croatian Communist League general secretary, Milos Zanko, publicly denounced the destructive nationalism of Matica hrvatska, Dabcevic-Kucar, Tripalo, and Pirker. Zanko, on the Tenth plenum of the Croatian Communists (January 1970) accused Dabcevic-Kucar, Tripalo, and Piker claiming that these three worked along with Matica hrvatska against the Yugoslav socialism and on the destabilization of Yugoslavia. By the Josip Broz approval and the Bakaric' s help, Zanko was excommunicated from the Croatian Communist League on the same plenum. Another strong opposition to Maspok came from the members of the Zagreb Praxis group (Rudi Supek, Milan Kangrga, most notably).
Some minor actions against Serbs in Croatia were demonstrated by defacing or destroying Cyrillic signs and by outbreaks of violence at soccer matches. The Croatian leadership persuaded Broz that they had the situation under control. When Broz visited Croatia in July 1971 the Croatian anthem was played after the Yugoslav one.
Josip Broz suppressed Maspok and, at the same time, made a great concession to the Croatian nationalism. Broz allowed use of the Croatian language in Croatia and confederalized Yugoslav Constitution in 1974, giving a veto rights to the Yugoslav republics when eventually attempting to change the Constitution. The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution was a source of a great dissatisfaction and concern of the Serbs in Yugoslavia. The Croatian Communist League leadership, Dabcevic-Kucar, Tripalo, and Pirker were forced to resign from their state and the Communist League positions and some of the Maspok leaders were arrested and imprisoned. Among the arrested Maspok leaders were Franjo Tudman and Bruno Busic.
Broz' s persecution of Serbian academia and liberals in other Yugoslav republics
During the year of 1972. Broz removed from the politics and state affairs Serbian Communists Marko Nikezic and Latinka Perovic, Slovene Stane Kavcic, and Macedonian Krste Crvenkovski. According to historians, the rule of the for-life Yugoslav President were more dangerous Yugoslav liberals than the Croatian Maspok.
In order to consolate Croatian nationalists, Broz persecuted Serbian academics who pointed at subordinated position of the Serbian people in Yugoslavia. The two leading Serbian intellectuals, Dobrica Cosic (prominent Serbian writer) and Mihailo Duric (Belgrade University Law School professor) questioned justification of the Albanian autonomy on the historic Serbian province Kosovo and asked why the Serbs in Croatia did not have any autonomous status, and why Vojvodina had the autonomous status despite the fact that the majority of her inhabitants were the Serbs. These two intellectuals were publicly denounced by the Broz' s regime and persecuted. Professor Duric, seeing the escalation of the Maspok nationalism and secessionism in Croatia, warned that at that time Serbia' s status in Yugoslavia was highly discriminatory and that Serbia was mercilessly and unjustly accused for advocating centralism and unitarianism. Duric warned further that it was forbidden to raise questions about responsibility of those who committed the genocide of Serbian people in the Independent State of Croatia during the WWII. He said that the borders of the Socialist Republic of Serbia are not national nor historic borders of the Serbs in Yugoslavia. The Prof. Duric trial and verdict were the part of the Broz' s regime political equilibrium in the time of the Maspok activity culmination in Croatia and the time of the Maspok' s leadership trial and imprisonment.
Croatian Spring and dissolution of Yugoslavia
Croatian Spring played a significant role in the drafting Yugoslav Constitution of 1974. The Constitution paralyzed the federal power of Yugoslavia by shifting the state administrative power to the Yugoslav republics. The Constitution, being insufficiently unclear and already the result of compromises with various nationalist groups in the republics and provinces, was a blueprint for secession.
References
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Other websites
Croatian Spring and Dissolution of Yugoslavia
20th century in Croatia
1971 in Europe