"FILE - In this Friday, July 30, 2010 file photo, Dr. Paolo Macchiarini talks to journalists during a press conference, in Florence, Italy. An independent commission investigating Italian stem cell scientist Dr. Paolo Macchiarini, whose work was once considered revolutionary, says that there were numerous problems in how he treated patients and that the scientific basis for his work was ""inadequate, "" it was reported on Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2016. Macchiarini was part of the team that conducted the world's first transplant using a windpipe partly made from a patient's own stem cells. (AP Photo/Lorenzo Galassi, File)"