Effects of hesperidin on protein expression related to apoptosis in RGC-5 cells under high glucose conditions. The RGCs were cultured with normal (NG) or high glucose (HG) plus hesperidin at concentrations of 12.5 (Hesp 12.5), 25 (Hesp 25), or 50 μmol/L (Hesp 50) for 48 h. ( A ) Protein bands of cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 in RGC-5 cells detected by Western blotting; ( B ) Quantitative densitometric analysis of caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3; ( C ) Protein bands of Bax and Bcl-2 in RGC-5 cells detected by Western blotting; ( D ) Changes of the ratios of Bax/Bcl-2 are displayed in the bottom panel. The results are presented as the mean ± SD of five independent experiments ( n = 5), each of which was performed in triplicate. a p