Type I (cont'd) (from Alexander study)  Other relevant studies Patients with frontal operculum lesion but with primary motor cortex spared Symptoms like those usually called TCMA Speech output  Terse, laconic  Grammatical, sentence-length  Semantic paraphasias  Normal articulation Evidently, damage to subjacent white matter is essential for lasting aphasia after lesions in the frontal operculum (Alexander et al.