Therapeutic Roles of Curcumin: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials.  a Serum PSA levels at the baseline (pre) and after administration of isoflavones (40 mg/day) and curcumin (100 mg/day) supplements or placebo (post) for 6 months in participants with PSA < 10 or PSA ≥10 [reprinted with permission from Ide et al., (2010), Prostate, John Wiley and Sons ()]. b Effects of turmeric extract, turmeric oil, and turmeric oleoresin on micronuclei formation in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells of patients with oral submucous fibrosis [reprinted from Cancer Letters, vol 116, Hastak et al., Effect of turmeric oil and turmeric oleoresin on cytogenetic damage in patients suffering from oral submucous fibrosis, pages 265–269, copyright (1997), with permission from Elsevier ()]. PSA, prostate-specific antigen Subash C. Gupta, et al. AAPS J. 2013 Jan;15(1):195-218