BMDScs can enhance IDO and regulatory T cells while reducing inflammatory cytokines in the hind limb IR injury. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin embedded tissues from murine model with IRI of hind limb showed that treating the animals with BMDSCs in an IDO sufficient microenvironment first: increased IDO and FOXP3 expression (panels A and B, red arrows), while decreased the inflammatory cytokines, IL-17 and IL-23 (panels C and D). Anti inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was increased as demonstrated in panel E. All together, these analysis suggest a potential therapeutic role for BMDSCs, re-enforced by possible IDO dependent mechanisms. All pictures are 400X magnification