David Koch, executive vice president of chemical technology for Koch Industries Inc., center, listens as Ben S. Bernanke, chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, unseen, speaks to the Economic Club of New York in New York, U.S., on Tuesday, Nov. 20, 2012. Bernanke said that an agreement on ways to reduce long-term federal budget deficits could remove an impediment to growth, while failure to avoid the so-called fiscal cliff would pose a 'substantial threat' to the recovery. Photographer: Scott Eells/Bloomberg via Getty Images