( A ) BDNPP hydrolytic cleavage mechanism in the presence of Cu 2 TPNap; ( B ) Lineweaver–Burk plot; ( C ) rate-pH profile for the cleavage of BDNPP in the presence of Cu 2 TPNap at 40°C; ( D ) DNA cleavage reactions by Cu 2 TPNap on pUC19 plasmid DNA over 1 h at 37°C in the absence of added reductant; and ( E ) T4 DNA ligase experiments with Cu 2 TPNap and restriction enzymes EcoRI and Nt.BspQI.