[
    {
        "text": "[MUSIC]",
        "start": 0.0,
        "duration": 17.0
    },
    {
        "text": "BRIAN YU: All right, welcome,\neveryone, to Web Programming",
        "start": 17.31,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "with Python and JavaScript.",
        "start": 19.73,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "My name is Brian Yu.",
        "start": 21.11,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "And in this course, we'll dive\ninto the design and implementation",
        "start": 22.28,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "of web applications.",
        "start": 25.03,
        "duration": 1.48
    },
    {
        "text": "In lectures, we'll have an\nopportunity to discuss and explore",
        "start": 26.51,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "many of the ideas and\ntools and languages",
        "start": 29.45,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "that are central to\nmodern web programming.",
        "start": 31.7,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And through hands-on projects, you'll\nhave an opportunity to take those ideas",
        "start": 33.86,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "and put them into practice, designing\nmultiple web applications of your own,",
        "start": 37.7,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "culminating in a final\nproject of your own choosing.",
        "start": 41.27,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Throughout the term, we'll\ncover a number of topics",
        "start": 44.3,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "in this world of web\nprogramming, beginning",
        "start": 46.43,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "with HTML5 and CSS3,\ntwo of the languages",
        "start": 48.74,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "that are central to the\nunderstanding of web pages.",
        "start": 52.28,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "HTML is a language we'll use to\ndescribe the structure of a web page.",
        "start": 55.07,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "And CSS is the language\nwe'll use to describe",
        "start": 58.85,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "the style of a web page,\nthe colors and the fonts",
        "start": 61.16,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "and the layouts and the spacing\nthat make the web page look",
        "start": 63.77,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "exactly the way we want it to look.",
        "start": 66.47,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "After that, we'll turn\nour attention to Git,",
        "start": 68.87,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "a tool not specific to\nweb programming per se,",
        "start": 71.21,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "but that we can use in order to\nversion control our programs,",
        "start": 73.85,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "to keep track of the different\nchanges we make to our web programs,",
        "start": 77.12,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "and to allow us to be able to work\non various different parts of the web",
        "start": 80.03,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "application at the same time before\nmerging those pieces back together.",
        "start": 83.03,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "After that, we'll take a look at\nPython, one of the first main languages",
        "start": 87.08,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "that we're going to be\nexploring in the course, which",
        "start": 90.08,
        "duration": 2.2
    },
    {
        "text": "is the language that we are going to use\nin order to build our web applications.",
        "start": 92.28,
        "duration": 3.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Specifically, we'll use Python\nusing a framework called Django.",
        "start": 95.78,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "Django is a web programming framework\nwritten in the Python programming",
        "start": 99.44,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "language that we're going to use to make\nit easy to design and develop our web",
        "start": 102.59,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "applications Django in particular makes\nit easy to design web applications",
        "start": 106.79,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "that interact with data.",
        "start": 111.02,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So after that, we'll turn our\nattention to SQL, a language",
        "start": 112.56,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can use to interact with\ndatabases, in particular looking",
        "start": 115.4,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "at how Django allows us to use models\nand migrations to interact with data",
        "start": 118.79,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "and allow users to interact\nwith data all the more easily.",
        "start": 122.9,
        "duration": 3.94
    },
    {
        "text": "Next, we'll turn our attention to\nthe second of the main programming",
        "start": 126.84,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "languages that we'll be exploring\nin this class, JavaScript,",
        "start": 129.68,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "and looking at how we can use\nJavaScript to run in users' web browsers",
        "start": 132.83,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "to make web pages just a\nlittle bit more interactive.",
        "start": 136.31,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular, we'll use JavaScript\nin the context of user interfaces,",
        "start": 139.25,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "looking at modern user\ninterfaces and exploring",
        "start": 142.91,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "how it is that those\ninterfaces work and how",
        "start": 145.22,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "we can develop those user interfaces\nwith a combination of Python",
        "start": 147.68,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "and JavaScript.",
        "start": 151.28,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Next, we'll turn our\nattention to testing",
        "start": 152.93,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "and CI/CD, or Continuous\nIntegration and Continuous Delivery,",
        "start": 155.03,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "which are tools that we can use and\nsoftware best practices to make sure",
        "start": 159.68,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "that we're able to design and\ndevelop code more efficiently.",
        "start": 163.07,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And testing in particular makes sure\nthat as we make changes to our code,",
        "start": 166.19,
        "duration": 3.76
    },
    {
        "text": "we're not breaking existing\nparts of our web application",
        "start": 169.95,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "by making sure that we\nhave a whole suite of tests",
        "start": 172.59,
        "duration": 2.09
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can use to ensure that\nour web application is always",
        "start": 174.68,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "behaving as it should.",
        "start": 177.68,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "And finally, we'll turn our\nattention to scalability and security",
        "start": 179.63,
        "duration": 3.47
    },
    {
        "text": "on the internet, thinking\nabout what happens",
        "start": 183.1,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "as our web application grows larger.",
        "start": 184.94,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "As more and more different users\nstart to use our web application,",
        "start": 186.74,
        "duration": 3.49
    },
    {
        "text": "how do we load balance\nbetween those people?",
        "start": 190.23,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "And what do we need to change about\nour database to make sure lots of users",
        "start": 192.08,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "are able to connect to our web\napplication at the same time?",
        "start": 195.5,
        "duration": 3.02
    },
    {
        "text": "Moreover, we'll look at\nthe security implications",
        "start": 198.52,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "behind designing our web applications.",
        "start": 200.57,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "What might an adversary\ndo if we're not careful?",
        "start": 202.46,
        "duration": 2.68
    },
    {
        "text": "And how should we proactively\nbe designing our web application",
        "start": 205.14,
        "duration": 3.02
    },
    {
        "text": "to make sure that it's secure?",
        "start": 208.16,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "But today, we begin our\nconversation with HTML and CSS,",
        "start": 210.56,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "two of the languages that are\nfoundational to understanding web pages",
        "start": 214.25,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "and how web browsers are able\nto display those web pages.",
        "start": 217.58,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll start with each HTML,\nor HyperText Markup Language,",
        "start": 221.0,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "which is a language that we can use to\ndescribe the structure of the web page,",
        "start": 224.84,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "all of the buttons and the text and the\nforms and other parts of the web page",
        "start": 228.32,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "that the user ultimately\nsees and interacts with.",
        "start": 232.22,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "Our very first HTML page is going to\nlook a little something like this.",
        "start": 235.73,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "It's going to be text-based code that\nwe write that a web browser, like Safari",
        "start": 239.24,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "or Chrome or Firefox, is then able\nto look at, parse, understand,",
        "start": 243.11,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "and display to the user.",
        "start": 247.22,
        "duration": 2.11
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look at\nthis page one line at a time",
        "start": 249.33,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "and get an understanding\nfor how it works.",
        "start": 251.57,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "Even if you don't quite understand\nall the nuances of the syntax,",
        "start": 253.67,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "there are probably a couple of\nthings that stand out to you.",
        "start": 256.61,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "You might notice the word\ntitle, which probably",
        "start": 259.19,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "reflects the title of the web page,\nfor example, which in this case",
        "start": 261.35,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "appears to be the word hello.",
        "start": 264.65,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And then down further below, we see\nthat we have the body of the web page",
        "start": 266.54,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "that seems to contain\nthe words hello world.",
        "start": 270.11,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "So what is this web page\nactually going to look like?",
        "start": 273.06,
        "duration": 2.39
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's take a look at it.",
        "start": 275.45,
        "duration": 2.11
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll go ahead and\nopen up a text editor.",
        "start": 277.56,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "You can use any text editor you want.",
        "start": 279.41,
        "duration": 1.73
    },
    {
        "text": "But for this course, I'm going to\nuse Microsoft's Visual Studio Code.",
        "start": 281.14,
        "duration": 3.46
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'm going to open up a new file\nthat I'm just going to call hello.html.",
        "start": 284.6,
        "duration": 6.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Inside of hello.html I'm going to\nwrite the same HTML that we just",
        "start": 290.69,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "saw a moment ago.",
        "start": 294.71,
        "duration": 0.9
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll explain each of\nthese lines in due time.",
        "start": 295.61,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "But recall that we had a title of the\npage that said something like hello",
        "start": 298.34,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "and then a body of the page where\nwe said something like hello world,",
        "start": 304.04,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "for example.",
        "start": 308.06,
        "duration": 1.51
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is our very first HTML page.",
        "start": 309.57,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I go ahead and open that HTML\npage as my opening hello.html HTML,",
        "start": 312.16,
        "duration": 4.21
    },
    {
        "text": "for example, inside of a web browser,\nwhat I'll see is something like this.",
        "start": 316.37,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "In the body of the page, I\nsee the words hello world.",
        "start": 320.99,
        "duration": 3.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And if you notice up here at\nthe top of my web browser,",
        "start": 324.33,
        "duration": 2.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I see the title bar, where I have the\ntitle for this page, which in this case",
        "start": 327.02,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "is just the word hello.",
        "start": 331.19,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is our very first\nweb program that we've",
        "start": 333.11,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "been able to develop just using HTML.",
        "start": 336.02,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And now let's explore in more detail\nhow exactly this program works.",
        "start": 338.27,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "So here again was the web page\nthat we were just looking at.",
        "start": 342.86,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "And this very first\nline here, DOCTYPE html",
        "start": 346.01,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "is what we might call\na DOCTYPE declaration.",
        "start": 349.43,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "It's a way of telling the web\nbrowser what version of HTML",
        "start": 352.34,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "we're using in this particular\nweb page, because depending",
        "start": 355.91,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "on the version of HTML,\nthe web browser might",
        "start": 359.0,
        "duration": 2.2
    },
    {
        "text": "want to display different\ninformation or it might need to parse",
        "start": 361.2,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "the page a little bit differently.",
        "start": 363.83,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Each version of HTML has\nhad a slightly different way",
        "start": 365.66,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "of indicating that version.",
        "start": 368.42,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "But this line here,\nDOCTYPE html is our way",
        "start": 369.89,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "of saying that this HTML\npage is written using",
        "start": 373.04,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "HTML5, the latest version of HTML.",
        "start": 375.89,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "After that our HTML page is structured\nas a series of nested HTML elements,",
        "start": 379.76,
        "duration": 6.15
    },
    {
        "text": "where an HTML element describes\nsomething on the page.",
        "start": 385.91,
        "duration": 3.46
    },
    {
        "text": "And we might have elements that\nare inside of other elements.",
        "start": 389.37,
        "duration": 3.71
    },
    {
        "text": "Each of those elements\nis indicated by what",
        "start": 393.08,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "we're going to call an HTML tag,\nenclosed using those angled brackets.",
        "start": 395.3,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "And right here, we'll see the\nbeginning of the HTML tag, which",
        "start": 399.53,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "means that this is the beginning\nof the HTML content of our page.",
        "start": 403.34,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "Down below this slash\nHTML means that this",
        "start": 407.66,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "is the end of the HTML\ncontent of the page.",
        "start": 411.17,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "And in between is the actual\nHTML content of the page,",
        "start": 414.05,
        "duration": 3.52
    },
    {
        "text": "which might include other HTML elements.",
        "start": 417.57,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "You might also notice\nthat in this HTML tag",
        "start": 420.93,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "we've specified what we're\ngoing to call an HTML attribute,",
        "start": 423.6,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "some additional information that\nwe're giving about this tag.",
        "start": 426.99,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular, we're giving it\na lang, or language, attribute,",
        "start": 430.44,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "which is equal to en, or English.",
        "start": 434.25,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "This just tells the web browser or\nanyone looking at the HTML of this page",
        "start": 437.55,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "that this page is written in a language,\nand the language it's written in",
        "start": 441.42,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "is English.",
        "start": 444.52,
        "duration": 1.07
    },
    {
        "text": "And this is helpful for\nsearch engines, for example.",
        "start": 445.59,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "When they're looking through\nmany different web pages trying",
        "start": 447.81,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "to figure out what language\neach web page is in we",
        "start": 450.0,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "can just tell the search engine or\nanyone else who's looking at the page",
        "start": 452.22,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "that this page is written in English.",
        "start": 455.37,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, inside of the\nHTML body of the page,",
        "start": 458.56,
        "duration": 2.56
    },
    {
        "text": "we have a number of\ndifferent elements that",
        "start": 461.12,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "are going to describe\nwhat we want on this page,",
        "start": 463.03,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "starting with the head section of\nthe web page, which describes stuff",
        "start": 465.85,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "not in the main body of the web\npage, the part of the web page",
        "start": 469.84,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "the user sees, but other\ninformation about the web",
        "start": 472.45,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "page that's going to be helpful or\nuseful for web browsers to know about.",
        "start": 475.33,
        "duration": 3.79
    },
    {
        "text": "For example, one important thing\nthat a web browser needs to know",
        "start": 479.12,
        "duration": 2.9
    },
    {
        "text": "is, what is the title of the web page?",
        "start": 482.02,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "And here, we see a title tag,\nagain, indicated by the word title",
        "start": 485.05,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "in those angled brackets, followed\nby the end of the title tag,",
        "start": 488.86,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "indicated by a slash before the title.",
        "start": 492.46,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And in between the two title\ntags is the word hello,",
        "start": 495.13,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "which means the title of this\npage should be the word hello.",
        "start": 498.28,
        "duration": 3.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's all the information\nwe'll have in the head of the page.",
        "start": 502.02,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll add more information\nthere later, but for now",
        "start": 504.93,
        "duration": 2.12
    },
    {
        "text": "all the web page needs to\nknow is that it has a title",
        "start": 507.05,
        "duration": 2.86
    },
    {
        "text": "and the title is the word hello.",
        "start": 509.91,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Next up comes the body of the page,\nagain, indicated by a body tag",
        "start": 512.44,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "and that ends with a\ntag with slash body,",
        "start": 516.43,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "meaning this is the end\nof the body of the page.",
        "start": 519.04,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And the body of the page, again, is\njust the visible part of the page",
        "start": 521.47,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "that the user can see.",
        "start": 524.38,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "And what do we want inside\nthe body of the page?",
        "start": 525.94,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "For now, we just want\nthe text, hello world.",
        "start": 528.37,
        "duration": 2.47
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's the information\nthat's going to be displayed",
        "start": 530.84,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "when someone visits this web page.",
        "start": 533.14,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "And so that's all there\nreally is to this HTML page.",
        "start": 535.52,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "We specified in the header that there's\na title of the page called hello.",
        "start": 538.17,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside the body, we're saying the\npage should say the words hello world.",
        "start": 541.78,
        "duration": 4.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And if you want to visually\nthink about the way",
        "start": 546.32,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "that all these HTML\nelements are structured,",
        "start": 548.62,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "it can sometimes be helpful\nto think about an HTML page",
        "start": 551.08,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "in terms of a tree-like\nstructure that we",
        "start": 553.96,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "call the document object model, or DOM.",
        "start": 556.24,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And so, here, for example, is\nwhat the DOM for this web page",
        "start": 559.36,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "might actually look like.",
        "start": 563.05,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Here on the left is the HTML content\nthat we just saw a moment ago.",
        "start": 564.34,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "And over here on the right is the\nDOM, the document object model,",
        "start": 567.73,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "the tree-like structure that describes\nhow all of these HTML elements",
        "start": 571.57,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "are related to each other.",
        "start": 575.89,
        "duration": 1.6
    },
    {
        "text": "So we start up here\nwith the HTML element.",
        "start": 577.49,
        "duration": 2.48
    },
    {
        "text": "And this parent element, so to\nspeak, has two child elements",
        "start": 579.97,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "within it, a head element\nand a body element.",
        "start": 584.02,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "As we can see here,\nwe're inside of HTML.",
        "start": 587.08,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "We have a head section\nand a body section.",
        "start": 589.72,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And the indentation here that\nwe're including in the HTML text,",
        "start": 592.15,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "it's not strictly necessary.",
        "start": 595.69,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "The web browser doesn't care\nwhat the indentation is.",
        "start": 597.22,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "But it can be helpful for someone\nwho's reading the page just",
        "start": 599.86,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "to see the indentation to understand\nvisually that the head is inside",
        "start": 602.68,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "of the HTML element and the body\nis inside of the HTML element too.",
        "start": 606.58,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "So inside of the head element,\nwe have a title element.",
        "start": 611.44,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside of the title element\nis just the text, the word hello.",
        "start": 614.02,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "And likewise, inside\nof the body element,",
        "start": 617.8,
        "duration": 2.14
    },
    {
        "text": "we also have some text,\nthe text hello world.",
        "start": 619.94,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "So thinking about HTML and HTML\ndocuments in terms of this structure",
        "start": 623.05,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "can be helpful for understanding which\nHTML elements are inside of which",
        "start": 627.31,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "other HTML elements.",
        "start": 631.36,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's going to make it easier\nfor us to reason about these pages",
        "start": 632.89,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "later on.",
        "start": 635.89,
        "duration": 0.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And especially as we later transition\ninto the world of JavaScript,",
        "start": 636.7,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "JavaScript is going to make\nit all the more powerful",
        "start": 639.97,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "and give us the ability to actually\nmodify parts of this DOM as well.",
        "start": 642.34,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "But we'll certainly get\nto that in due time.",
        "start": 646.12,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, let's take a look at some of\nthe other common HTML tags and HTML",
        "start": 649.04,
        "duration": 4.28
    },
    {
        "text": "elements that we might be\ninteracting with in our web page.",
        "start": 653.32,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll start by thinking about\nHTML headings, so big banners",
        "start": 656.65,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "at the top of the page, for\nexample, some headline that",
        "start": 660.46,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "describes what a page is about.",
        "start": 662.8,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead into my text\neditor and create a new file",
        "start": 665.3,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "that I'll call headings.html.",
        "start": 668.35,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And the structure of this page is\ngoing to be pretty similar to the pages",
        "start": 671.54,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "that we've seen before already.",
        "start": 674.59,
        "duration": 1.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm going to start by just using the\nhello.html text and paste it in here.",
        "start": 676.22,
        "duration": 5.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll change the title of the page.",
        "start": 681.39,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "Instead of hello, we'll go\nahead and call it headings.",
        "start": 682.81,
        "duration": 3.79
    },
    {
        "text": "But inside the body of this page now, I\nwant something a little bit different.",
        "start": 686.6,
        "duration": 4.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to, inside the body\nthe page, use an h1 element",
        "start": 691.15,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "and say this is a heading, for example.",
        "start": 694.95,
        "duration": 5.2
    },
    {
        "text": "So h1 is a tag that I can use to create\na large heading at the top of my page,",
        "start": 700.15,
        "duration": 4.55
    },
    {
        "text": "like for the title of\nthe page, for example.",
        "start": 704.7,
        "duration": 2.89
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I open up headings.html.",
        "start": 707.59,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "I might see something\nthat looks like this,",
        "start": 711.21,
        "duration": 2.51
    },
    {
        "text": "a big heading at the top of my\npage that says, this is a heading.",
        "start": 713.72,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "h1, where the h stands for heading\nand the 1 stands for the largest",
        "start": 717.33,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "possible heading.",
        "start": 721.56,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And in fact, HTML gives us\na number of different tags",
        "start": 722.52,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can use in order to\ncreate headings of various sizes.",
        "start": 725.19,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, I could also\nsay h2 inside of which I say,",
        "start": 728.97,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "this is a smaller heading.",
        "start": 733.89,
        "duration": 2.74
    },
    {
        "text": "If h1 is the largest heading, h2\nis the second largest heading.",
        "start": 736.63,
        "duration": 4.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I load this page, for example,\nI now see the h1 at the very top.",
        "start": 740.94,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "This is the big heading.",
        "start": 744.72,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "And then beneath that, I see this\nis a smaller heading, the h2.",
        "start": 746.19,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And it turns out there's\nalso h3, h4, h5, all the way",
        "start": 750.15,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "down to h6, which is\nthe smallest heading,",
        "start": 753.48,
        "duration": 4.54
    },
    {
        "text": "such that if I load this page now,\nI have a big heading, a smaller one,",
        "start": 758.02,
        "duration": 3.74
    },
    {
        "text": "and then here's the smallest.",
        "start": 761.76,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So we can often use\nthese h1, h2, h3 tags",
        "start": 763.26,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "just for visually organizing\ntext inside of a page.",
        "start": 766.62,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "If I want the title of\nthe page, but also I",
        "start": 769.23,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "want titles for each of the various\ndifferent sections and subsections",
        "start": 772.35,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "that might be contained\nwithin that page as well.",
        "start": 776.13,
        "duration": 4.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So those are headings.",
        "start": 780.34,
        "duration": 1.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, let's also take a\nlook at some other elements",
        "start": 781.38,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "that we might want to add.",
        "start": 783.36,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "On web pages, we see not just\ntitles and not just text,",
        "start": 784.44,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "but we might also see\nlists, for example.",
        "start": 787.23,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "Like if you've ever used a to\ndo list program on a web page,",
        "start": 789.54,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "for example, you might see a list\nof things that you need to do",
        "start": 792.34,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "or other web pages might\ndisplay lists of information.",
        "start": 794.97,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "And it turns out that HTML\nhas two basic types of lists.",
        "start": 798.27,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "We have ordered lists for things\nthat are in a particular order,",
        "start": 801.99,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "like item number 1, item\nnumber 2, item number 3.",
        "start": 805.02,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And we have unordered lists for lists\nthat don't have any particular order.",
        "start": 808.21,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "So just bullet point, bullet\npoint, bullet point, for example.",
        "start": 811.6,
        "duration": 2.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And both are quite easy to use.",
        "start": 814.53,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go ahead and create a new file.",
        "start": 816.9,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll call this lists.html.",
        "start": 819.33,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, in list.html, I'll copy\nthe same structure from hello.html.",
        "start": 822.27,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "We're again going to have DOCTYPE html\njust to indicate the version of HTML.",
        "start": 826.78,
        "duration": 4.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Most of the heading is the same.",
        "start": 831.24,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm just going to change the\ntitle from Hello to Lists.",
        "start": 832.59,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "And then we're going to\nreplace the body of this page",
        "start": 835.89,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "to show some different information here.",
        "start": 838.17,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me first show what an\nordered list might look like,",
        "start": 841.2,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "something that has numbers, 1, 2, 3.",
        "start": 845.01,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "An ordered as an HTML tag is\njust ol, ol for ordered list.",
        "start": 847.41,
        "duration": 5.79
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can add a tag that says ol.",
        "start": 853.2,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And now inside of my ol element,\nmy ordered list element,",
        "start": 856.26,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I need a new element\nfor every list item.",
        "start": 859.98,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "List item we're going to\nabbreviate to just li.",
        "start": 863.25,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "So the li tag in HTML\nis what we're going",
        "start": 866.16,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "to use to designate an item\ninside of an HTML list.",
        "start": 868.65,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, for example, I could\nsay li and then first item.",
        "start": 872.55,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Then I could do the same\nthing, li second item",
        "start": 877.08,
        "duration": 3.55
    },
    {
        "text": "and then again li third item.",
        "start": 880.63,
        "duration": 3.32
    },
    {
        "text": "So what I have here are some\nelements and then elements",
        "start": 883.95,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "nested within other elements.",
        "start": 886.31,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "I have an ordered list\nelement inside of which",
        "start": 888.35,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "are three other HTML elements,\nthree list items that",
        "start": 890.72,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "are each indicating each of the\nindividual items that are inside",
        "start": 894.17,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "of my HTML list.",
        "start": 898.25,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I can now open this up\nby opening lists.html.",
        "start": 900.7,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And this is what I see.",
        "start": 905.35,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "I see an ordered list,\nwhere I have item number 1,",
        "start": 906.79,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "first item, second item, third item.",
        "start": 909.28,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "Note that I didn't actually\nneed to in the HTML anywhere",
        "start": 911.98,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "specify the number 1, the\nnumber 2, and the number 3.",
        "start": 915.04,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "When my web browser reads\nthis should be an order list,",
        "start": 918.01,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "my web browser, Chrome in this case,\njust adds those numbers in for me",
        "start": 920.71,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "because it knows what\nan ordered list means",
        "start": 924.22,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "and it knows how to take the HTML that\nI've written and display it in the way",
        "start": 926.38,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "that I intend to the user.",
        "start": 930.34,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, in addition to ordered list\nthat all have numbers, 1, 2, 3,",
        "start": 933.58,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "we also have unordered\nlists that are just bullet",
        "start": 937.39,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "points, bullet points of information.",
        "start": 939.67,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could, up above, add some\nmore content to this HTML page.",
        "start": 941.68,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "I can say here is an unordered list.",
        "start": 946.0,
        "duration": 3.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And just as an ordered\nlist we represented",
        "start": 949.82,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "using the ol tag in HTML, ol\nstanding for ordered list,",
        "start": 952.18,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "likewise we can use the\nul tag in HTML to create",
        "start": 956.98,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "an unordered list, u for unordered.",
        "start": 961.09,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, we're going to add a ul tag.",
        "start": 964.33,
        "duration": 1.79
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, my text editor\nhere is automatically",
        "start": 966.12,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "adding the closing tag\nhere, this slash ul,",
        "start": 968.08,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "meaning the end of the unordered list.",
        "start": 970.6,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And many text editors will do this\nnow just so you, the programmer,",
        "start": 972.49,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "don't forget to add that.",
        "start": 975.46,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And now inside of this\nunordered list, we're",
        "start": 977.74,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "again going to have some list items.",
        "start": 979.72,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "Also, using the li\ntag, here is one item.",
        "start": 981.7,
        "duration": 3.55
    },
    {
        "text": "And here is another item.",
        "start": 985.25,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And here is yet another item.",
        "start": 987.59,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "If I go ahead and refresh the\npage now, I'm still on list.html,",
        "start": 991.75,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "I now see that on top\nof my ordered list,",
        "start": 995.14,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I have an unordered list, where\neach item instead of being numbered",
        "start": 997.39,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "1, 2, 3, is instead labeled with just\nbullet point, bullet point, bullet",
        "start": 1000.45,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "point, where each of these bullet\npoints and each of these numbered items",
        "start": 1004.44,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "is a list item element, or an li.",
        "start": 1007.8,
        "duration": 3.65
    },
    {
        "text": "So hopefully now we can\nsee that as we start",
        "start": 1011.45,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "to explore these various different\nHTML tags and nesting HTML tags inside",
        "start": 1013.29,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "of one another, we're able to\ncreate more and more interesting",
        "start": 1018.15,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "web pages as a result.",
        "start": 1021.57,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's explore now what\nother types of web pages",
        "start": 1023.95,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "we can create using other\ntypes of HTML elements.",
        "start": 1026.59,
        "duration": 3.47
    },
    {
        "text": "In addition to lists, one\nthing you might imagine",
        "start": 1030.06,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "is that one of the\nimportant things on the web",
        "start": 1032.43,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "is not just displaying text, but\nalso displaying other types of media,",
        "start": 1034.35,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "like images, for example.",
        "start": 1037.78,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "So how might we go about doing that?",
        "start": 1039.25,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I can, for example--",
        "start": 1041.78,
        "duration": 1.52
    },
    {
        "text": "let's go back into my text editor.",
        "start": 1043.3,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me create a new file\nthat I'm going to call",
        "start": 1046.24,
        "duration": 2.12
    },
    {
        "text": "image.html, which is going to contain\nsome code for displaying some images.",
        "start": 1048.36,
        "duration": 5.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go ahead and go into hello.html\nand copy this text into the page,",
        "start": 1053.71,
        "duration": 4.24
    },
    {
        "text": "again, change the title to Image.",
        "start": 1057.95,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, inside of the body, I'm\ngoing to add a new tag called image.",
        "start": 1060.05,
        "duration": 5.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And the image tag has a\ncouple of required attributes.",
        "start": 1065.34,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Remember that attributes are what\nwe saw before things, like adding",
        "start": 1068.31,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "a lang equals en to the top of my\npage to indicate that this web page is",
        "start": 1071.11,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "written in English, for example.",
        "start": 1076.0,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And the image tag has a couple of\nrequired attributes that I need to add.",
        "start": 1078.34,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular, when I\ndisplay an image on the page,",
        "start": 1082.93,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "I need to specify what image I\nactually want displayed, for example.",
        "start": 1085.72,
        "duration": 4.19
    },
    {
        "text": "So I might specify image\nsrc, short for source,",
        "start": 1089.91,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to be equal to what image do I\nactually want to display on this page.",
        "start": 1094.71,
        "duration": 5.2
    },
    {
        "text": "And it just so happens that inside\nof my folder where I have image.html,",
        "start": 1099.91,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "I have an image called cat.jpeg.",
        "start": 1103.78,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm just going to specify cat.jpeg\nas the file name of the image",
        "start": 1106.74,
        "duration": 4.24
    },
    {
        "text": "that I want to display.",
        "start": 1110.98,
        "duration": 2.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And it turns out that images also\nhave a second required attribute.",
        "start": 1113.04,
        "duration": 3.94
    },
    {
        "text": "In addition to the file name or the link\nto whatever image I want to display,",
        "start": 1116.98,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "I also need to provide some alternative\ntext, a text-based representation",
        "start": 1121.39,
        "duration": 4.9
    },
    {
        "text": "of what you're going to see on\nthe image because in some cases,",
        "start": 1126.29,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "some web browser might not be able\nto render the image correctly.",
        "start": 1128.92,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "You might imagine if there's\nsome error rendering the image,",
        "start": 1132.13,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "or if someone's on a\nslow internet connection,",
        "start": 1134.68,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "or if someone's using a screen\nreader and therefore can't actually",
        "start": 1136.59,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "see the image.",
        "start": 1139.34,
        "duration": 0.71
    },
    {
        "text": "We want some text-based\nrepresentation of that image as well.",
        "start": 1140.05,
        "duration": 3.94
    },
    {
        "text": "And so I'll provide some Alt\ntext, some alternative text, that",
        "start": 1143.99,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "can be used to substitute the\nimage in case for some reason",
        "start": 1147.22,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "we can't display the image.",
        "start": 1150.01,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "And the Alt text that\nI'll use in this case",
        "start": 1151.57,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "is just going to be the\nword cat, for example.",
        "start": 1153.97,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's all I need.",
        "start": 1157.42,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, notice in particular\nthere's something a little bit",
        "start": 1158.47,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "different about this image\ntag compared to other tags",
        "start": 1160.81,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "that we've seen before in the sense\nthat it doesn't have a closing",
        "start": 1163.75,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "tag in the sense that the body had\na beginning of the body and an end",
        "start": 1167.11,
        "duration": 3.58
    },
    {
        "text": "to the body, our ordered list had\na beginning of the ordered list",
        "start": 1170.69,
        "duration": 2.9
    },
    {
        "text": "and the end of the unordered\nlist with list items in between.",
        "start": 1173.59,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "It doesn't really make\nsense for an image,",
        "start": 1176.41,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "for example, to have the\nbeginning of the image",
        "start": 1179.38,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "and the end of the\nimage and some content",
        "start": 1181.45,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "in between, because the image is just\na single HTML element that can't really",
        "start": 1183.25,
        "duration": 4.68
    },
    {
        "text": "have anything inside of it.",
        "start": 1187.93,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "So in that sense, we don't\nactually need a closing image tag.",
        "start": 1189.79,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "The image tag is self-closing.",
        "start": 1193.0,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "It is its own beginning and end.",
        "start": 1194.93,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "So we can just say we\nwant an image to be here",
        "start": 1196.81,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "that is cat.jpeg with an alternative\ntext of just the word cat, for example.",
        "start": 1199.6,
        "duration": 6.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, if I open up\nimage.html, we'll see",
        "start": 1205.7,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "that what gets loaded is quite\nlarge, a picture of a cat.",
        "start": 1209.11,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can scroll around\nand see this entire image.",
        "start": 1212.8,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Of course, this picture of a cat is\nprobably larger than I wanted it to be.",
        "start": 1215.77,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "I probably, when I my\nuser visits this web page,",
        "start": 1218.96,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't want them to have to\nscroll all the way to the right",
        "start": 1221.01,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to see the entire cat.",
        "start": 1223.51,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can actually add\nadditional HTML attributes",
        "start": 1225.28,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to modify the size of\nthe image that I'm displaying.",
        "start": 1228.43,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "And later we'll see we can use\nCSS to do a similar thing as well.",
        "start": 1231.46,
        "duration": 3.52
    },
    {
        "text": "But for now, what I can add\nis an additional attribute",
        "start": 1234.98,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "and say that let me give\ncat.jpeg, this image tag,",
        "start": 1238.21,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "another attribute that, in this\ncase, I'll just call width.",
        "start": 1241.51,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll say that width is\ngoing to be equal to 300,",
        "start": 1244.72,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "because I would like for this image\nto be 300 pixels wide, for example.",
        "start": 1247.87,
        "duration": 4.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, if I refresh\nthis page, I now see",
        "start": 1252.83,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "that the same cat image\nappears, except now it",
        "start": 1255.13,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "appears at 300 pixels wide exactly.",
        "start": 1257.53,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm able to add additional\nattributes, additional information",
        "start": 1260.26,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "to control how an HTML\nelement is going to appear.",
        "start": 1263.95,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, I want\nto control its width,",
        "start": 1267.12,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "and it automatically\nscales down the height",
        "start": 1268.87,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "to make sure that the image\nis proportional as well.",
        "start": 1270.79,
        "duration": 3.68
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, on the internet, in addition\nto just displaying information",
        "start": 1274.47,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "on a single page, it's also common\nfor a page to link to other pages.",
        "start": 1277.35,
        "duration": 4.21
    },
    {
        "text": "In fact, that's one of\nthe main important values",
        "start": 1281.56,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "of the internet is the\nability to go from one page",
        "start": 1283.56,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "to another via these links.",
        "start": 1285.9,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And so one thing we might\nreasonably want to do",
        "start": 1288.09,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "is add some links to our page,\nwhere if you click on something,",
        "start": 1290.37,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "you're taken to another page altogether.",
        "start": 1293.19,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look\nat an example of that.",
        "start": 1295.92,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll create a new file\nbased on hello.html.",
        "start": 1298.63,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll add lang equals\nEnglish for good measure.",
        "start": 1301.59,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll call this new file\nlink.html, where here, we're",
        "start": 1304.01,
        "duration": 4.24
    },
    {
        "text": "going to practice with building\nsome links into our HTML page.",
        "start": 1308.25,
        "duration": 4.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll copy the content of\nhello.html again, call this link.",
        "start": 1312.35,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "In order to create a link,\nI'm going to use a tag",
        "start": 1317.93,
        "duration": 2.48
    },
    {
        "text": "called the a tag, short\nfor the anchor tag.",
        "start": 1320.41,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "And the a tag takes one\nimportant attribute,",
        "start": 1323.98,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "which is called href, for\nhyperlink reference, which",
        "start": 1326.77,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to specify what\npage I would like to link to.",
        "start": 1330.46,
        "duration": 3.82
    },
    {
        "text": "So if, for example, I wanted\nwhen a user clicks on this link",
        "start": 1334.28,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "to go to google.com, then\nI'd set the href attribute",
        "start": 1337.09,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "of this tag equal to\nHTTPS://google.com, for example.",
        "start": 1340.78,
        "duration": 7.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Then inside of the a tag, I would\nspecify what text I want to display.",
        "start": 1347.82,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "What text should the user see such\nthat when the user clicks on that text",
        "start": 1352.65,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "they're taken to the web page?",
        "start": 1356.46,
        "duration": 1.6
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, I'm just going to\nsay something like, Click here,",
        "start": 1358.06,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "for instance.",
        "start": 1361.68,
        "duration": 2.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I open up a link.html,\nthis is what the user sees.",
        "start": 1363.71,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "They see a blue link\nthat says Click here.",
        "start": 1369.17,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And when the user does\nclick on that link,",
        "start": 1371.45,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "they're taken to HTTPS://google.com.",
        "start": 1374.0,
        "duration": 4.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And it turns out that we can\nuse this href attribute not only",
        "start": 1378.75,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "to link to different\nwebsites altogether,",
        "start": 1381.84,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "but we can link to different\npages on the same website.",
        "start": 1384.15,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, if I wanted\nto link to that cat page",
        "start": 1387.69,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "that I designed a moment ago,\ninstead of linking to google.com,",
        "start": 1390.42,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "I could instead just link to image.html.",
        "start": 1394.32,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, if I save that and refresh,\nor if I open up link.html again,",
        "start": 1398.85,
        "duration": 5.94
    },
    {
        "text": "now I see a click here link,\nwhere when I click on Click here,",
        "start": 1404.79,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "now I'm taken to that\npage, image.html, that",
        "start": 1408.0,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "happened to have that\npicture of a cat from before.",
        "start": 1411.63,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "So using these anchor\ntags and href attributes,",
        "start": 1414.63,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "we're able to link\ntogether multiple pages.",
        "start": 1417.66,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So that if we have a website that\nhas many different web pages,",
        "start": 1419.49,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "we can connect them all\ntogether by using a combination",
        "start": 1422.28,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "of these various different links.",
        "start": 1425.31,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "So now that we've seen images and links\nand lists, what other HTML elements",
        "start": 1427.89,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "might we add to our web page?",
        "start": 1432.33,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, one thing we might\nwant to add are things",
        "start": 1433.98,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "like tables, just other ways\nof displaying information.",
        "start": 1435.93,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's go ahead and create a\ntable and look at what HTML elements",
        "start": 1438.58,
        "duration": 3.47
    },
    {
        "text": "we can use in order to do so.",
        "start": 1442.05,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go back here to my text editor,\ncreate a new file called table.html.",
        "start": 1444.76,
        "duration": 4.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Using the same starting HTML,\nwe'll call this page Table.",
        "start": 1449.22,
        "duration": 4.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside the body of\nthis page now, there",
        "start": 1454.18,
        "duration": 2.33
    },
    {
        "text": "are a number of different\nHTML elements that we'll",
        "start": 1456.51,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "need in order to create a table,\nbecause as you might imagine,",
        "start": 1459.0,
        "duration": 3.07
    },
    {
        "text": "a table is really composed\nof multiple parts.",
        "start": 1462.07,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "We have our big table.",
        "start": 1464.49,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "But each table is really just a\nsequence of individual table rows.",
        "start": 1465.72,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "And each of those rows\nis really just a sequence",
        "start": 1470.04,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "of individual cells of\ndata within that table.",
        "start": 1472.38,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "And so that structure that we're\nimagining, a table that consists",
        "start": 1475.71,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "of individual rows, where each\nrow consists of individual cells,",
        "start": 1478.71,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "is exactly how we're going to\nrepresent this table in HTML.",
        "start": 1482.52,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "We're going to start\nwith just a table tag.",
        "start": 1486.48,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "That's going to represent\nthe entirety of this table.",
        "start": 1489.72,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "But inside of the table, we\nmight have different parts.",
        "start": 1493.05,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "We might have the heading of the table.",
        "start": 1495.87,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "We might have the body of the table.",
        "start": 1498.09,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "So in order to represent\nthat, I'll add thead.",
        "start": 1499.78,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "That's going to stand for\nthe heading of the table,",
        "start": 1502.92,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "the stuff at the top\nof the table that might",
        "start": 1505.05,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "indicate what each column of\nthe table means, for example.",
        "start": 1506.88,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's see, what columns do I want?",
        "start": 1510.09,
        "duration": 2.18
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's go ahead and\nadd some table headings,",
        "start": 1512.27,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "which I can represent using\nthe th tag, h for heading.",
        "start": 1514.32,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe I want in this web\npage to display information",
        "start": 1518.79,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "about various different\noceans, for example.",
        "start": 1521.7,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "So maybe I have one column for\nthe ocean and another column,",
        "start": 1523.98,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "another table heading, for the\naverage depth of that ocean,",
        "start": 1527.85,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "and another table heading for\nthe maximum depth of that ocean.",
        "start": 1532.2,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And that'll be the very first row of\nthat table, the heading of the table.",
        "start": 1537.87,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "But in addition to the\nheading of the table,",
        "start": 1541.11,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "we also have the body of the table.",
        "start": 1542.95,
        "duration": 1.94
    },
    {
        "text": "So underneath the thead,\nI'll go ahead and include",
        "start": 1544.89,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "tbody, body for the main part of the\ntable where all my data is going to be.",
        "start": 1547.7,
        "duration": 4.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And that body is going to consist\nof individual rows of a table.",
        "start": 1552.45,
        "duration": 3.91
    },
    {
        "text": "So I might have a tr, which\nhere stands for table row.",
        "start": 1556.36,
        "duration": 5.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside of this table row, we'll\ngo ahead and add some individual data",
        "start": 1562.17,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "points inside of the table.",
        "start": 1566.25,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "So inside of my table row, I'm going\nto have one table data point, or td,",
        "start": 1568.14,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "for table data, that says Pacific\nOcean, for example, then another table",
        "start": 1572.37,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "data that says 4,280\nmeters, and then another one",
        "start": 1577.38,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "for the maximum depth of the Pacific\nOcean, which is 10,911 meters.",
        "start": 1581.61,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And, in fact, these\nthree table heads as well",
        "start": 1586.32,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "at the top of the page, the ocean, the\naverage depth, and the maximum depth,",
        "start": 1589.71,
        "duration": 3.22
    },
    {
        "text": "those should actually probably\nbe in a row of their own",
        "start": 1592.93,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "as well, because the very first part\nof the table, that is also a row.",
        "start": 1595.23,
        "duration": 4.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead and add a tr, short\nfor table row and inside of that tr",
        "start": 1599.44,
        "duration": 5.27
    },
    {
        "text": "put these headings.",
        "start": 1604.71,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go ahead and add one more row just\nso we can see what this looks like.",
        "start": 1606.12,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And then, we'll take a look at the\npage and then go back to this code.",
        "start": 1609.25,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll add the Atlantic Ocean, too, which\nhas an average depth of 3,646 meters,",
        "start": 1612.16,
        "duration": 6.17
    },
    {
        "text": "as well as a maximum depth\nof 8,486 meters as well.",
        "start": 1618.33,
        "duration": 6.34
    },
    {
        "text": "So when I open up table.html now,\nhere's what I'm going to see.",
        "start": 1624.67,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to see a table-like\nrepresentation of the data.",
        "start": 1628.83,
        "duration": 3.46
    },
    {
        "text": "It's not just one thing after\nanother after another anymore.",
        "start": 1632.29,
        "duration": 2.69
    },
    {
        "text": "It's structured in a table.",
        "start": 1634.98,
        "duration": 1.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, granted, there aren't any borders.",
        "start": 1636.1,
        "duration": 1.63
    },
    {
        "text": "And I could probably add\nsome colors and spacing",
        "start": 1637.73,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "to make this look a little bit nicer.",
        "start": 1639.9,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "But I see three columns--",
        "start": 1641.65,
        "duration": 1.34
    },
    {
        "text": "ocean, average depth, and maximum\ndepth, where this very first row",
        "start": 1642.99,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "is what we might call the\ntable header, the very top",
        "start": 1647.64,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "of the table that's defining\nwhat all of the columns mean.",
        "start": 1649.95,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Inside of that table header\nis a single table row",
        "start": 1653.07,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "that has three table data cells--",
        "start": 1656.34,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "ocean, average depth, and maximum depth.",
        "start": 1658.68,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Then beneath this table\nheader, represented in bold,",
        "start": 1661.65,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "is the table's body, or\nthe tbody element, inside",
        "start": 1664.71,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "of which we had two rows, one for\nrepresenting the Pacific Ocean,",
        "start": 1667.95,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "one for representing the Atlantic Ocean.",
        "start": 1671.28,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And then we had data cells\nin each one of those rows",
        "start": 1673.53,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "for representing each of the individual\ncells that's located within this table.",
        "start": 1676.26,
        "duration": 5.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is what that page\nultimately looks like.",
        "start": 1681.56,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's take one more\nlook at the HTML just",
        "start": 1684.09,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "to get an understanding for how all of\nthese tags interact with one another.",
        "start": 1686.01,
        "duration": 4.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And no need to memorize all\nthese tags right now, slowly",
        "start": 1690.83,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "as you begin to design\nHTML pages, you'll",
        "start": 1693.67,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "start to get more familiar with\nwhat HTML tags are available to you.",
        "start": 1695.77,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "And certainly, all of\nthese HTML tags are",
        "start": 1699.37,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "things that are easy to reference\nif you need to look them up.",
        "start": 1701.37,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "It's very helpful to be\nable to look up something",
        "start": 1703.96,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "like, how do I create a table in HTML?",
        "start": 1706.0,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And then you'll be able to see what\nthe various different tags you'll",
        "start": 1708.13,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "need to add are in order to generate\nthe table that you're looking for.",
        "start": 1711.01,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "But, again, just to recap, here, we\nhave a table element, inside of which",
        "start": 1715.0,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "are two child elements, thead and tbody.",
        "start": 1718.84,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "Inside of each of those are one or\nmore table rows, representing using tr.",
        "start": 1722.2,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Inside of each of those are three table\ndata cells, representing using td.",
        "start": 1727.15,
        "duration": 6.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And so using these nested\ntags, elements inside",
        "start": 1733.27,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "of elements inside of\nother elements, we've",
        "start": 1735.58,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "been able to build something far more\ncomplex than just a bulleted list.",
        "start": 1737.62,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "We've been able to build an entire\ntable that has information as well.",
        "start": 1741.13,
        "duration": 5.24
    },
    {
        "text": "But ultimately, our web pages\nshould be web pages that don't just",
        "start": 1746.37,
        "duration": 2.87
    },
    {
        "text": "display information,\nbut that also let users",
        "start": 1749.24,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "interact with that\ninformation in some way.",
        "start": 1752.09,
        "duration": 2.68
    },
    {
        "text": "For example, you might imagine that\non Google's home page, for example,",
        "start": 1754.77,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "it's not just unchanging.",
        "start": 1757.88,
        "duration": 1.45
    },
    {
        "text": "There's a field where I\ncan type something in.",
        "start": 1759.33,
        "duration": 2.39
    },
    {
        "text": "And anytime users can\nprovide input to a web page,",
        "start": 1761.72,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "we generally call that\na form, or some place",
        "start": 1765.2,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "where a user can fill\nout a form in order",
        "start": 1767.75,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "to provide information to the web page.",
        "start": 1769.76,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And so now, let's take a\nlook at how we can use HTML",
        "start": 1772.67,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to create a form that's\ngoing to display some information.",
        "start": 1775.7,
        "duration": 4.42
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead and create\na new page called form.html,",
        "start": 1780.12,
        "duration": 4.19
    },
    {
        "text": "again using that same HTML as before.",
        "start": 1784.31,
        "duration": 2.29
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll call the page Form.",
        "start": 1786.6,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside of the body of\nthis page now, let's say",
        "start": 1789.25,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "that I want to create a form that gives\nthe user an opportunity to provide",
        "start": 1791.98,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "their full name, for example.",
        "start": 1795.79,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "How do I do that?",
        "start": 1797.89,
        "duration": 1.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, the first thing, I need is a\nform element, some way of saying,",
        "start": 1799.01,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "here is going to be a form.",
        "start": 1802.04,
        "duration": 2.39
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, inside of that form, what\nare the various different parts",
        "start": 1804.43,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "of the form?",
        "start": 1807.58,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, there's really two parts that\nyou might imagine to this form.",
        "start": 1808.6,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "One is a place for the user to\nactually type in their name.",
        "start": 1811.78,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "And they probably also need some way\nto submit the form, some button that",
        "start": 1814.96,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "just says submit, such that\nthey can click on that button",
        "start": 1818.23,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to submit the form.",
        "start": 1820.99,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "So how would we do that?",
        "start": 1822.85,
        "duration": 1.48
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, in order to create\nan input field, we're",
        "start": 1824.33,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "going to use an input tag, who's type\nin this case is going to be text.",
        "start": 1826.57,
        "duration": 6.86
    },
    {
        "text": "There are a number of\ndifferent ways that users",
        "start": 1833.43,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "might provide input to a form.",
        "start": 1835.39,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "They might type in text.",
        "start": 1836.83,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "They might choose from a dropdown menu.",
        "start": 1838.0,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "They might choose from\na radio button option.",
        "start": 1840.04,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "Or they might provide input as by\nclicking on a button, for example.",
        "start": 1842.68,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, we're specifically\nusing the type attribute",
        "start": 1845.74,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "to say that when the user is\nproviding input in this way,",
        "start": 1848.62,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "the type of input that they're providing\nis going to be some kind of text.",
        "start": 1851.32,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Then, we might provide a\nplaceholder, some default text that's",
        "start": 1855.85,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "going to be inside of that\ninput field the first time",
        "start": 1860.08,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "the user looks at the page.",
        "start": 1862.63,
        "duration": 1.57
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, the\nplaceholder might be Full Name.",
        "start": 1864.2,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "That way the user knows that what\nthey should type into this placeholder",
        "start": 1866.95,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "is their own full name.",
        "start": 1871.72,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And then finally, we're going to go\nahead and give a name to this input",
        "start": 1873.91,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "field.",
        "start": 1877.6,
        "duration": 0.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, this isn't going to be\nsomething that the user sees",
        "start": 1878.1,
        "duration": 2.33
    },
    {
        "text": "when they visit the page.",
        "start": 1880.43,
        "duration": 1.07
    },
    {
        "text": "But anytime you submit a form, when\nwe receive that forum in our web",
        "start": 1881.5,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "application-- something\nwe'll explore later on--",
        "start": 1885.49,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "we need some way of knowing which input\nfield corresponded to which value.",
        "start": 1887.8,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "And so we're going to name\neach of the input fields",
        "start": 1892.72,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "just so that later on we'll\nbe able to reference them.",
        "start": 1895.18,
        "duration": 2.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And, for now, since the user\nis typing their full name here,",
        "start": 1898.17,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "we could just name this full name.",
        "start": 1901.12,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Or we could more succinctly just say\nname as the Name of this input field.",
        "start": 1902.86,
        "duration": 5.39
    },
    {
        "text": "After that, we have an input field\nwhere the user can type in their name.",
        "start": 1908.25,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, we need some way for the\nuser to be able to submit this form.",
        "start": 1911.7,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "So we might say something\nlike input type equals",
        "start": 1915.3,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "submit to say, here's a way for\nthe user to submit the form,",
        "start": 1918.96,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "type equals submit means.",
        "start": 1923.43,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "This is how they're going to submit the\nform when they're done completing it.",
        "start": 1924.81,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I open up\nform.html, this is the page",
        "start": 1929.32,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "that we're ultimately going\nto see when we load this HTML.",
        "start": 1933.1,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "This entire page just\ncontains a single HTML form.",
        "start": 1936.16,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "But that HTML form contains two parts.",
        "start": 1939.33,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "The first part was\nthis input element here",
        "start": 1942.38,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "that allowed an opportunity for the\nuser to type in their full name.",
        "start": 1944.83,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "They type in their full\nname into this input field.",
        "start": 1947.89,
        "duration": 2.26
    },
    {
        "text": "And when they're done, they\ncan click this Submit button",
        "start": 1950.15,
        "duration": 2.48
    },
    {
        "text": "to indicate that they would\nlike to now submit this form.",
        "start": 1952.63,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Of course, right now, this form isn't\ngoing to do anything when we type",
        "start": 1956.32,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "in our name and click Submit, because\nwe have an added and a logic in order",
        "start": 1959.32,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "to handle this form.",
        "start": 1962.47,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "But later on, as we transition into\nthe world of building web applications",
        "start": 1964.0,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "using Python, we'll see\nhow we can design a form,",
        "start": 1967.12,
        "duration": 3.16
    },
    {
        "text": "such that after the user submits it,\nwe save information to a database",
        "start": 1970.28,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "or display some sort of\nresults back to the user,",
        "start": 1973.81,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "all by using the power of\nbuilding these web applications",
        "start": 1976.48,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "and connecting them to\nthese sorts of HTML forms.",
        "start": 1979.36,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And HTML forms can actually\nget quite a bit more complex.",
        "start": 1982.78,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll take a look at another example.",
        "start": 1985.91,
        "duration": 1.55
    },
    {
        "text": "For instance, let me\nopen up form1.html, which",
        "start": 1987.46,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "is a form that I built in advance,\nwhich shows a number of other ways",
        "start": 1992.29,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "that users can provide information\nas input to an HTML form.",
        "start": 1996.19,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, we see an input\nwhose type is text,",
        "start": 2000.21,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "meaning we want the user to\ntype in their name as text.",
        "start": 2003.21,
        "duration": 3.08
    },
    {
        "text": "But you might also imagine that if\na user is logging into a website,",
        "start": 2006.29,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "for example, they might in addition to\ntyping in a text-based name or username",
        "start": 2009.42,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "or email, also provide a password.",
        "start": 2013.26,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And generally, if you've been on a\nwebsite and you've typed in a password,",
        "start": 2015.6,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "the password characters don't all\nshow up as the actual characters.",
        "start": 2018.69,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "For security reasons, they generally\nshow up as just little dots",
        "start": 2022.41,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "on the screen hiding the actual\ncharacters that they're representing.",
        "start": 2025.53,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "And in HTML, we can do\nthat very easily by just",
        "start": 2029.14,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "saying that the type of\nthis input is password.",
        "start": 2032.1,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "If they're typing in a\npassword, our web browser",
        "start": 2035.52,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "will know not to actually display\nthose individual characters.",
        "start": 2037.53,
        "duration": 4.63
    },
    {
        "text": "In addition to just text-based input,\nwe also have radio button input,",
        "start": 2042.16,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "as I alluded to a moment ago.",
        "start": 2045.64,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, we have a number\nof different radio inputs,",
        "start": 2047.48,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "where the user might be able to\nselect from a number of options,",
        "start": 2050.65,
        "duration": 2.74
    },
    {
        "text": "choosing their favorite\ncolor, for example,",
        "start": 2053.39,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "from a number of these options.",
        "start": 2055.58,
        "duration": 1.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And finally, just to take a look at\none other additional feature of HTML5,",
        "start": 2057.25,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "in fact, a new feature\nof HTML5, is something",
        "start": 2061.72,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "we might call a data\nlist, where we might",
        "start": 2064.39,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "have the user choose in a dropdown\nfrom a number of different options.",
        "start": 2066.82,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "But we want to very quickly filter down\nor autocomplete based on those options.",
        "start": 2070.57,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So if the user needs to select what\ncountry they're from, for example,",
        "start": 2074.87,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "we might have an input\nfield and specify that it's",
        "start": 2078.17,
        "duration": 3.38
    },
    {
        "text": "going to be associated with\na list called countries.",
        "start": 2081.55,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "Then immediately below that I\nhave a data list element whose",
        "start": 2085.87,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "ID is countries, where here,\nI'm going to specify these",
        "start": 2089.4,
        "duration": 3.25
    },
    {
        "text": "are all of the options for\nwhat country we could have.",
        "start": 2092.65,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "Each one is inside of an\noption element whose value",
        "start": 2095.8,
        "duration": 2.87
    },
    {
        "text": "is whatever country they could select.",
        "start": 2098.67,
        "duration": 2.35
    },
    {
        "text": "And we have all of the countries of the\nworld listed in these option elements.",
        "start": 2101.02,
        "duration": 5.11
    },
    {
        "text": "So this input here is going to allow me\nto select one option from a list of all",
        "start": 2106.13,
        "duration": 4.79
    },
    {
        "text": "of these possible options.",
        "start": 2110.92,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, if I open up form1.html.",
        "start": 2112.88,
        "duration": 4.21
    },
    {
        "text": "Here's what that form\nultimately looks like.",
        "start": 2117.09,
        "duration": 2.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I can, here, inside of the name field--",
        "start": 2119.78,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "again, that word name shows up,\nbecause it's the placeholder--",
        "start": 2121.73,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "I can type in my name here.",
        "start": 2124.76,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside of the password\nfield anything I type",
        "start": 2126.59,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to show up as\njust little dots instead",
        "start": 2129.26,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "of the actual characters, because the\ntype of that input field was password,",
        "start": 2131.66,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "instead of the type being text.",
        "start": 2135.89,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "In favorite color, I\nnow have the ability",
        "start": 2138.44,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "to choose between various\ndifferent favorite color options.",
        "start": 2140.42,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "In a radio button format, I choose\nfrom one of a number of options.",
        "start": 2143.39,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "And finally, inside\nthis country dropdown,",
        "start": 2146.72,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "I have the ability now when I click\non it to see all of the countries,",
        "start": 2149.54,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "but as I start to type\nletters, like u-n-i-t,",
        "start": 2153.15,
        "duration": 3.32
    },
    {
        "text": "it filters down to only the\noptions that I actually care about.",
        "start": 2156.47,
        "duration": 3.76
    },
    {
        "text": "So here if I type in enough letters,\neventually I see United States.",
        "start": 2160.23,
        "duration": 3.86
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can click on that option as well.",
        "start": 2164.09,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "So HTML5 builds in these\nadditional features",
        "start": 2166.74,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "to make it easy to implement something\nlike a text field, where it will auto",
        "start": 2169.88,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "complete based on the\ntext that you provide.",
        "start": 2173.3,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "You can just specify that it\nis inside of this data list",
        "start": 2175.52,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "and then provide a list of\nall the possible values.",
        "start": 2179.72,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And then HTML and your\nweb browser in turn",
        "start": 2182.15,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "will take care of the process of\nrendering that information in the way",
        "start": 2184.73,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "that you expect it to be displayed.",
        "start": 2187.88,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So those are just some of\nthe possible HTML elements",
        "start": 2191.66,
        "duration": 2.6
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can ultimately create by\nusing these various different elements",
        "start": 2194.26,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "that we nest within each other.",
        "start": 2197.95,
        "duration": 1.52
    },
    {
        "text": "And there are definitely\nother HTML elements",
        "start": 2199.47,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "that exist as well that\nyou can begin to explore.",
        "start": 2201.49,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "But all of them follow\na very similar pattern",
        "start": 2204.1,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "that we're going to have\nsome tag, that might require",
        "start": 2206.27,
        "duration": 2.21
    },
    {
        "text": "some attributes, additional\ninformation about the HTML,",
        "start": 2208.48,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "to give context to the web browser for\nhow that element should be displayed.",
        "start": 2211.78,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe that element needs to have\na particular source for an image.",
        "start": 2215.71,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe it needs a link in order to link\nto somewhere, or other information",
        "start": 2218.83,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 2221.98,
        "duration": 0.78
    },
    {
        "text": "And then inside of that element,\nyou might nest other elements.",
        "start": 2222.76,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "So that your table has rows.",
        "start": 2225.46,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside of those rows,\nwe have other cells.",
        "start": 2227.32,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And you might imagine\nnesting elements inside",
        "start": 2229.48,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "of other elements inside\nof other elements.",
        "start": 2232.03,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "But right now so far, all of our\nweb pages have been rather simple.",
        "start": 2234.86,
        "duration": 3.7
    },
    {
        "text": "They've just been-- we've described\nthe structure of the page,",
        "start": 2238.56,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "and we've described we want a\nlist here, we want to form there.",
        "start": 2241.15,
        "duration": 3.02
    },
    {
        "text": "What we might really like is\nsome way of specifying that we",
        "start": 2244.17,
        "duration": 2.89
    },
    {
        "text": "want to style our web page in some way.",
        "start": 2247.06,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "We want to add color.",
        "start": 2249.34,
        "duration": 0.93
    },
    {
        "text": "We want add spacing.",
        "start": 2250.27,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "We want to add some sort of\nother layout to our page as well.",
        "start": 2251.53,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "And in order to do that, we're\ngoing to use a second language",
        "start": 2255.01,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "that we're going to call CSS,\nshort for Cascading Style Sheets.",
        "start": 2257.98,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular, we'll\nuse the latest version",
        "start": 2261.46,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "of CSS, CSS3, which gives us\nthe ability to take an HTML page",
        "start": 2263.26,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "and tell the web browser how\nwe would like it to be styled.",
        "start": 2268.36,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "Instead of just black text in the\nsame font on a white background,",
        "start": 2271.42,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "we can begin to specify\nparticular CSS properties of how",
        "start": 2274.9,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "we would like this page to look\nto make sure that the page looks",
        "start": 2279.1,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "the way we want it to.",
        "start": 2282.25,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look at a\nsimple example now of CSS",
        "start": 2283.96,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "to take a look at how we can\nadd some CSS code to our page.",
        "start": 2287.53,
        "duration": 5.27
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead and create a new\nfile that I'll call style.html,",
        "start": 2292.8,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "just to demonstrate some basic ideas\nof adding some style to our page.",
        "start": 2298.38,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll go ahead and copy the\nsame hello.html from before.",
        "start": 2302.37,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe in addition to hello world,\nI display in h1 some big heading",
        "start": 2306.33,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "at the top that says like, Welcome\nto my web page, for example.",
        "start": 2310.35,
        "duration": 5.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, if I open up,\nstyle.html, this is what I see.",
        "start": 2315.79,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "I see a big heading at the top\nthat says welcome to my web page,",
        "start": 2320.17,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "beneath which is just\nthe text, hello world.",
        "start": 2323.02,
        "duration": 3.32
    },
    {
        "text": "And now imagine that I\nwant to add some style",
        "start": 2326.34,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "to this heading at the top of the page.",
        "start": 2328.71,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe instead of being left\naligned, I want it to be centered.",
        "start": 2330.87,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe instead of just being black\ntext, I'd like to change the color.",
        "start": 2333.51,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "In order to do that, just\nas we've used attributes",
        "start": 2336.78,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "in the past to add additional\ninformation to this particular HTML",
        "start": 2340.02,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "page, we can do a very\nsimilar thing with CSS.",
        "start": 2344.28,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "We can specify that we're going to\ngive this h1 element a style attribute.",
        "start": 2347.7,
        "duration": 5.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And that is going to be equal to.",
        "start": 2352.94,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And then in quotation marks, we're going\nto provide all of the CSS properties",
        "start": 2354.48,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "that we would like to add\nto this particular element.",
        "start": 2359.07,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "So the way that CSS styling works\nis that we can give elements",
        "start": 2362.04,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "individual CSS properties,\nwhere a property is",
        "start": 2365.82,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "something like the color of the element\nor the alignment of the element.",
        "start": 2368.79,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "And each of those properties\nhas a default value.",
        "start": 2372.59,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "But we can change its\nvalue to something else.",
        "start": 2375.12,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So if, for example, I wanted to\nchange the color of this heading,",
        "start": 2377.85,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "so that instead of a black heading,\nit displayed as the blue heading,",
        "start": 2381.63,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say for this h1, I would\nlike to give it a color property.",
        "start": 2385.05,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "And then to give the\ncolor property of value,",
        "start": 2389.64,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I say color colon and then the value\nthat I would like to give to it.",
        "start": 2391.89,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So color colon blue, for\nexample, followed by a semicolon",
        "start": 2395.67,
        "duration": 4.42
    },
    {
        "text": "will change the color of\nthis h1 element to blue.",
        "start": 2400.09,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And my text editor is\nautomatically showing me",
        "start": 2403.2,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "a little square that shows me\nwhat this color blue is actually",
        "start": 2405.12,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "going to look like.",
        "start": 2408.15,
        "duration": 0.87
    },
    {
        "text": "This isn't part of the text.",
        "start": 2409.02,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "It's just my text\neditor being helpful so",
        "start": 2410.19,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "that I can see in advance as I'm writing\nthis code what the color is actually",
        "start": 2412.26,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "going to look like.",
        "start": 2416.01,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So now if I open up\nstyle.html, here's what I see.",
        "start": 2418.03,
        "duration": 4.64
    },
    {
        "text": "Instead of a black heading at the\ntop, we've changed the color to blue.",
        "start": 2422.67,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "And there are many other\nbuilt-in colors that",
        "start": 2426.51,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "exist within HTML that we\ncan use in order to change",
        "start": 2428.67,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "the color to whatever we want.",
        "start": 2431.46,
        "duration": 1.46
    },
    {
        "text": "If instead of blue, I said\nI want the color to be red,",
        "start": 2432.92,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "for instance, I can refresh the page.",
        "start": 2435.34,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, the heading is red.",
        "start": 2437.68,
        "duration": 1.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And there are many other colors.",
        "start": 2438.87,
        "duration": 1.33
    },
    {
        "text": "I can change the color to like\nspring green, for instance.",
        "start": 2440.2,
        "duration": 2.69
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's going to\nbe a particular shade",
        "start": 2442.89,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "of green that displays just like this.",
        "start": 2444.6,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "And so now, we have the ability\nto add various different style",
        "start": 2447.63,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "properties to individual elements.",
        "start": 2450.9,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "I can say take this heading\nand change its style",
        "start": 2453.06,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "so that the color instead of being black\nis going to show up as blue instead.",
        "start": 2455.79,
        "duration": 4.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I want to add multiple CSS\nproperties to the same HTML element,",
        "start": 2460.72,
        "duration": 4.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I can do that as well.",
        "start": 2464.73,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Here in the style attribute,\nI can say that in addition",
        "start": 2466.26,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "to saying that the color is blue,\nI'd like to give a second CSS",
        "start": 2468.78,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "property to this element.",
        "start": 2472.44,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "I'd like to say that the text align\nproperty should be center, for example.",
        "start": 2473.97,
        "duration": 7.29
    },
    {
        "text": "The text align property\ncontrols, as you might imagine,",
        "start": 2481.26,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "how a particular HTML\nelement has its text aligned.",
        "start": 2484.56,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "Is it all the way on the left, all\nthe way on the right, or centered?",
        "start": 2487.38,
        "duration": 3.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I change the text align\nproperty to have a value of center,",
        "start": 2490.4,
        "duration": 4.39
    },
    {
        "text": "well, then now, when I refresh this\npage, I see that Welcome to my web page",
        "start": 2494.79,
        "duration": 4.7
    },
    {
        "text": "is now both blue, and it's centered.",
        "start": 2499.49,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "I've changed the color, and\nI've changed the alignment",
        "start": 2501.87,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "of this particular element.",
        "start": 2504.99,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "And HTML elements don't need\nto just be styled directly.",
        "start": 2507.36,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "They can also get their style\ninformation from parent elements.",
        "start": 2510.84,
        "duration": 4.66
    },
    {
        "text": "So if you recall again\nthat DOM structure, where",
        "start": 2515.5,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "we have an HTML element inside\nof which is this body element",
        "start": 2518.25,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "and inside of the body element\nis this h1 element and this text,",
        "start": 2522.27,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "you can imagine if we\nwanted this styling",
        "start": 2526.65,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "to apply not just to this heading,\nbut also to the Hello World text,",
        "start": 2528.87,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "I could move the styling information,\nmove this style attribute,",
        "start": 2533.34,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "change it from the h1 and\nescalating it to this body.",
        "start": 2537.0,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I move the style to the body,\nthen everything inside of the body",
        "start": 2541.11,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to be styled in that way.",
        "start": 2545.16,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's now take a look at an\nexample of that to see how that works.",
        "start": 2547.54,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "If I take this style\ninformation, and I move",
        "start": 2551.02,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "it so that instead of\nassociating it with the h1,",
        "start": 2553.59,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "I instead associate it with the body,\nthen now, when I refresh the page,",
        "start": 2556.95,
        "duration": 5.27
    },
    {
        "text": "I see that both parts of the\nbody, both the big heading",
        "start": 2562.22,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "at the top that says,\nWelcome to my web page,",
        "start": 2564.85,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "as well as the text, Hello World, both\nhave those CSS properties applied.",
        "start": 2567.01,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I've changed their color to blue.",
        "start": 2571.18,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "And I've also changed\ntheir text alignment",
        "start": 2573.13,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "to be centered instead\nof just left aligned.",
        "start": 2575.26,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I do want it to\njust be that heading,",
        "start": 2578.86,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "then I can move it out\nand say that I just",
        "start": 2581.05,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "want to apply the style to\nthat one individual heading.",
        "start": 2583.99,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, one thing that we might imagine\nmight become a problem over time",
        "start": 2588.64,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "is that imagine if I had\nmultiple headings that I wanted",
        "start": 2592.17,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "to style in the same way, for example.",
        "start": 2595.32,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I have a second heading that--",
        "start": 2597.6,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "this is a second heading--",
        "start": 2600.09,
        "duration": 1.51
    },
    {
        "text": "that I also want to be styled\nas blue and centered as well,",
        "start": 2601.6,
        "duration": 4.28
    },
    {
        "text": "I can refresh this page and see\nthat right now that is not the case.",
        "start": 2605.88,
        "duration": 3.01
    },
    {
        "text": "And I don't want to make the\nentire page blue and centered.",
        "start": 2608.89,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "I only want these two headings\nto be blue and centered.",
        "start": 2611.53,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "So what I could do is I could just\ntake this style code from the h1",
        "start": 2615.12,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "and apply it to this h1 as well,\nso that both of my h1 elements",
        "start": 2619.53,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "now have the exact same style code.",
        "start": 2623.67,
        "duration": 2.47
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll go ahead and refresh this.",
        "start": 2626.14,
        "duration": 1.46
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, we see this is\nthe intended behavior.",
        "start": 2627.6,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I have two headings, both of which are\ncentered and both of which are blue.",
        "start": 2630.15,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "But what we want to start to think about\nas we start to build web applications,",
        "start": 2634.38,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "and especially as our web applications\nstart to get a little bit more",
        "start": 2637.89,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "sophisticated, is to\nthink about the design",
        "start": 2640.89,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "of how we're building\nour web pages and how",
        "start": 2643.59,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "we're building our web applications.",
        "start": 2645.63,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And in particular,\nanytime we find ourselves",
        "start": 2647.35,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "copying a lot of the same\ninformation from one place",
        "start": 2649.59,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "to another, that's probably\nnot the best design.",
        "start": 2652.59,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "And you should start to\nthink about how might you",
        "start": 2655.16,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "design this a little bit better.",
        "start": 2657.21,
        "duration": 1.9
    },
    {
        "text": "It's not great design,\none, just because there's",
        "start": 2659.11,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "some redundancy that probably\ndoesn't need to be there,",
        "start": 2661.11,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "but also because it makes\nthe page a little bit more",
        "start": 2663.78,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "difficult to change and add a\nlittle more difficult to update.",
        "start": 2666.21,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "If I instead want to change\nboth of these headings",
        "start": 2668.94,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "to be red instead of blue,\nthen all of a sudden,",
        "start": 2671.25,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "I need to change my code in two places.",
        "start": 2673.98,
        "duration": 2.89
    },
    {
        "text": "I need to change the style attribute\non this first heading up here.",
        "start": 2676.87,
        "duration": 3.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And I also need to change\nthe style attribute",
        "start": 2680.7,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "on the second heading down there.",
        "start": 2683.1,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "What I'd like to do\nis to somehow just be",
        "start": 2685.77,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "able to write the style\ncode once and then have",
        "start": 2687.81,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "it apply to both of these headings.",
        "start": 2690.63,
        "duration": 2.44
    },
    {
        "text": "And, in fact, there is a way to do that.",
        "start": 2693.07,
        "duration": 1.67
    },
    {
        "text": "What we can do is instead of doing\nwhat we might call inline styling,",
        "start": 2694.74,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "where we take the CSS\ncode and place it directly",
        "start": 2698.94,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "as an attribute of an HTML\nelement, we can move our style code",
        "start": 2702.57,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "to an entirely different\npart of the web page.",
        "start": 2707.16,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Recall again that at the\ntop of our HTML page,",
        "start": 2710.72,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "we have this head section\nthat just includes",
        "start": 2713.39,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "information that's useful\nto know about the web page,",
        "start": 2716.06,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "but isn't actually part of the\nbody of the web page, the content",
        "start": 2718.88,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "that the user sees.",
        "start": 2722.06,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "This head section is\na great place where we",
        "start": 2723.17,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "can begin to put some style information,\ninformation about how we would",
        "start": 2724.97,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "like for this web page to be styled.",
        "start": 2728.93,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "So what I can do here is\ninstead of putting these style",
        "start": 2731.9,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "attributes inside inline\nwith these HTML elements,",
        "start": 2735.44,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I can inside of the head\nsection of my web page",
        "start": 2740.15,
        "duration": 3.04
    },
    {
        "text": "add a style element, where in between\nthe opening style tag and the closing",
        "start": 2743.19,
        "duration": 6.17
    },
    {
        "text": "style tag, I can add any of the\nstyle information that I want.",
        "start": 2749.36,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And here's the way that\nsyntax is going to look.",
        "start": 2754.4,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "I first need to specify, what types\nof elements am I going to style?",
        "start": 2756.62,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "And in this case, I want\nto style all of the h1s.",
        "start": 2761.06,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can just say h1.",
        "start": 2764.09,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And then all of the style\ncode is going to go inside",
        "start": 2767.15,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "of a pair of curly braces, where I can\nsay I would like the color to be blue",
        "start": 2771.11,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "and I would like the text\nalign property to be centered.",
        "start": 2775.67,
        "duration": 4.37
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, here's what I've done.",
        "start": 2780.04,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "I've taken the CSS code that used to be\ndown here inside the body of the page",
        "start": 2781.9,
        "duration": 4.7
    },
    {
        "text": "actually as an attribute\nof these h1 elements.",
        "start": 2786.6,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And I've moved the style-related code to\na different part of my page altogether.",
        "start": 2789.51,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, the style information is\ninside the header of my page,",
        "start": 2794.67,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "inside of the style element, where\nI've said for every h1 element,",
        "start": 2797.73,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "here's how you should style it.",
        "start": 2802.24,
        "duration": 1.4
    },
    {
        "text": "The styling is in between the opening\nand curly closing braces here.",
        "start": 2803.64,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And I've said that every h1\nshould have a color of blue.",
        "start": 2807.09,
        "duration": 3.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And every h1 should have a\ntext a line property of center.",
        "start": 2810.83,
        "duration": 4.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And that is then going to\napply to all of the h1 elements",
        "start": 2815.28,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "that my web page happens to find\ninside the body of my web page.",
        "start": 2818.61,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "So there's a couple of advantages here.",
        "start": 2822.69,
        "duration": 1.63
    },
    {
        "text": "Advantage number one is what\nwe talked about a moment ago.",
        "start": 2824.32,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't need to duplicate the same\ncode in both of these h1 elements.",
        "start": 2826.77,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I can write at once and\nsay, apply this styling",
        "start": 2830.94,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "to all of the h1s that\nshow up in the page.",
        "start": 2833.49,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "An advantage number two is we've\nbeen able to factor out the style",
        "start": 2836.3,
        "duration": 4.0
    },
    {
        "text": "code to somewhere else, just to\nmake it a little bit cleaner.",
        "start": 2840.3,
        "duration": 3.01
    },
    {
        "text": "So that instead of having a really\nlong line, you might imagine,",
        "start": 2843.31,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "if we had not just two, but maybe\nfive or six or seven different CSS",
        "start": 2846.09,
        "duration": 3.28
    },
    {
        "text": "properties, that would have taken\nup a lot of space on one line.",
        "start": 2849.37,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I can instead in a more\nreadable, more organized way,",
        "start": 2852.82,
        "duration": 3.26
    },
    {
        "text": "move that style-related\ncode to the style element",
        "start": 2856.08,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "at the beginning of the page\njust to make it easier to read,",
        "start": 2858.99,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "easier to visually understand, and just\nto clean up the body of the web page",
        "start": 2862.09,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 2865.86,
        "duration": 0.9
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's going to be another\nof the key themes that's",
        "start": 2866.76,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "going to come up again and again in this\nclass, this idea of separating things",
        "start": 2868.47,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "out so that every piece can sort\nof be independent of one another.",
        "start": 2871.77,
        "duration": 3.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Our structure of the web page inside\nthe body is separate from the style.",
        "start": 2875.27,
        "duration": 3.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll see the same sort of idea\nappear again and again, as we begin",
        "start": 2879.18,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "to try to design web applications well.",
        "start": 2882.51,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So now if I take this exact same page\nand go ahead and refresh style.html,",
        "start": 2886.29,
        "duration": 6.36
    },
    {
        "text": "we'll see that we see\nthe exact same thing.",
        "start": 2892.65,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Both of the headings\nstill show up as centered.",
        "start": 2895.74,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "Both of them still show up as blue.",
        "start": 2897.87,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "But now we have the\nadvantage of having only",
        "start": 2899.82,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "written the style code once instead of\nneeding to write the exact same style",
        "start": 2901.68,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "code multiple times in the same way.",
        "start": 2905.85,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "But it turns out that we can\neven do a little bit better",
        "start": 2909.46,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "than this, because one\nthing you might imagine",
        "start": 2912.1,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "is that if I have a web application or a\nwebsite that has multiple different web",
        "start": 2914.8,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "pages, it's probably going to be\nlikely that each of those web pages",
        "start": 2918.7,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "might need to be styled in similar ways.",
        "start": 2922.9,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "If I have a big banner at\nthe top of one web page,",
        "start": 2925.33,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "then in other pages\nrelated to that page,",
        "start": 2927.88,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "I might want the same banner,\nstyled in the same way,",
        "start": 2930.4,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "using similar style information.",
        "start": 2933.19,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And right now, our CSS code is\nspecific to one particular page.",
        "start": 2935.47,
        "duration": 5.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And it's not going to be easy\nto then take that same styling",
        "start": 2940.9,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "and apply it to another page.",
        "start": 2943.84,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "If I wanted to, I'd need to\ncopy the exact same CSS code,",
        "start": 2945.37,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "put it inside of another page.",
        "start": 2948.88,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "But then we run into the\nsame problem of duplication,",
        "start": 2950.42,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "where I've now had to repeat myself\nacross multiple different pages,",
        "start": 2952.99,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "putting the exact same CSS code\nacross all those different pages.",
        "start": 2955.99,
        "duration": 4.15
    },
    {
        "text": "So there is an improvement we can make.",
        "start": 2960.14,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And the improvement we can\nmake is to take that CSS code",
        "start": 2962.05,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "and just move it to an\nentirely different file.",
        "start": 2965.98,
        "duration": 3.25
    },
    {
        "text": "So instead of putting this style\ncode inside of a style element",
        "start": 2969.23,
        "duration": 3.65
    },
    {
        "text": "inside of this HTML page,\nI'll just create a new file",
        "start": 2972.88,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "that I'll call styles.css, inside of\nwhich is going to be all of the CSS",
        "start": 2976.75,
        "duration": 5.52
    },
    {
        "text": "that I care about.",
        "start": 2982.27,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to take every h1, I want\nto change its color to blue.",
        "start": 2983.35,
        "duration": 3.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I want to change its\ntext align property to center.",
        "start": 2986.84,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, inside of my HTML page, I no\nlonger need to include any CSS at all.",
        "start": 2991.35,
        "duration": 5.91
    },
    {
        "text": "Instead of this style\nelement altogether,",
        "start": 2997.26,
        "duration": 2.27
    },
    {
        "text": "I can just link my CSS code in\nthat CSS file, called styles.css,",
        "start": 2999.53,
        "duration": 5.55
    },
    {
        "text": "to this particular HTML page.",
        "start": 3005.08,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And how do I link the styles.css file?",
        "start": 3008.14,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I can do so again in the\nhead section of my web page",
        "start": 3010.51,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "using a link tag, where I\ncan say I'd like this link",
        "start": 3013.69,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "to be the relationship is it's\ngoing to be a style sheet,",
        "start": 3017.89,
        "duration": 3.85
    },
    {
        "text": "meaning what I'm about to link is going\nto be a style sheet for this page.",
        "start": 3021.74,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "It's going to describe how I want for\nthe elements on this page to be styled.",
        "start": 3025.28,
        "duration": 4.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And then, just as in the case\nof a link to another page,",
        "start": 3029.68,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "I use href to specify a hyperlink\nreference, what I want to link to,",
        "start": 3032.53,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm now going to specify\nusing an href attribute what",
        "start": 3037.54,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "CSS file I would like to know link.",
        "start": 3040.93,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And in this case the CSS file that\nI'm going to link is styles.css.",
        "start": 3043.12,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "That is the file that just so\nhappens to contain all of the CSS",
        "start": 3048.16,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "that I would like to apply\nto this particular file.",
        "start": 3051.79,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I refresh the page, I\nsee again nothing has changed.",
        "start": 3055.39,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "In the last two revisions, the\npage has stayed exactly the same",
        "start": 3059.38,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "as far as the user is concerned.",
        "start": 3062.2,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "They still see two headings.",
        "start": 3063.67,
        "duration": 1.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Both of them are centered.",
        "start": 3064.87,
        "duration": 1.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Both of them are blue.",
        "start": 3065.96,
        "duration": 1.22
    },
    {
        "text": "But now, the advantage\nis that here is my HTML.",
        "start": 3067.18,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "It's shorter than it was before.",
        "start": 3070.48,
        "duration": 1.87
    },
    {
        "text": "And in particular, there's no CSS that's\nbaked in to this HTML file at all.",
        "start": 3072.35,
        "duration": 4.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I factored it all out into\nthe separate styles.css file.",
        "start": 3077.11,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "And now if I have multiple HTML files\nthat are all using the same styling,",
        "start": 3081.49,
        "duration": 4.68
    },
    {
        "text": "I can just link them all\nto the same styles.css",
        "start": 3086.17,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "file, such that they're all\nusing the same style information.",
        "start": 3089.53,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't need to repeat myself.",
        "start": 3093.25,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "And if ever I need to make a\nchange across all of those pages,",
        "start": 3094.81,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "I just change the styling once.",
        "start": 3098.23,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "I change the styles.css file.",
        "start": 3100.18,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "And then all of the web pages that\nare linked to that style sheet",
        "start": 3102.55,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "will update as well in order\nto reflect those changes.",
        "start": 3106.21,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "So again, we've been able to factor\nout some of this style information",
        "start": 3109.41,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "to a separate file just to make\nour lives a little bit easier.",
        "start": 3113.08,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "All right, so so far\nwe've now seen how we",
        "start": 3117.33,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "can CSS in a number of different ways\nto add some basic styles to our page.",
        "start": 3119.08,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen that we can take an\nelement and change its color.",
        "start": 3123.37,
        "duration": 2.86
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen how we can take an\nelement and change its alignment,",
        "start": 3126.23,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "move it from left aligned to right\naligned to centered, for example.",
        "start": 3128.86,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "As it turns out, there are a\nlot of different CSS properties",
        "start": 3131.98,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can add to our\nHTML elements in order",
        "start": 3134.86,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "to style them in various different\nways, more than we'll have time",
        "start": 3137.8,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "to talk about in this lecture.",
        "start": 3141.34,
        "duration": 1.6
    },
    {
        "text": "But now, let's just\ntake a look at a couple",
        "start": 3142.94,
        "duration": 1.82
    },
    {
        "text": "of the most popular, most\ncommon CSS properties",
        "start": 3144.76,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can add in order to make our\nweb pages look the way we wanted to.",
        "start": 3147.57,
        "duration": 4.84
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of the most\npowerful tools for CSS",
        "start": 3152.41,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "is controlling the size of\nvarious different elements.",
        "start": 3154.72,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "By default, HTML just used a default\nsize for everything on the page.",
        "start": 3157.57,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I want to more precisely control\nhow big any particular element is I",
        "start": 3161.71,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "can use CSS in order to do so.",
        "start": 3166.33,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me now create a new file\nthat I will call a size.html.",
        "start": 3169.43,
        "duration": 4.31
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll start with the same HTML\ncode and call the page Size.",
        "start": 3173.74,
        "duration": 5.48
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, inside the body\nof my page, let me just",
        "start": 3179.22,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "have a vertical section of my\npage, just some section of my page",
        "start": 3182.16,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "that's going to have some content.",
        "start": 3185.4,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'm going to put\nthis inside of a div tag.",
        "start": 3187.12,
        "duration": 3.38
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, this is the first time\nthat we've seen a div in HTML.",
        "start": 3190.5,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "You can think of a\ndiv as just a division",
        "start": 3193.2,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "of the page, some section\nof the page that's going",
        "start": 3195.72,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "to have some content inside of it.",
        "start": 3198.27,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And we use divs because it makes it easy\nto reference a particular div or nest",
        "start": 3200.01,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "information inside of other pieces\nof information, or just to divide",
        "start": 3204.75,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "and break up our page into\nmultiple different sections.",
        "start": 3208.29,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, inside of the body,\nI'm just going to have",
        "start": 3211.11,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "a single div that is going to\nsay something like hello world.",
        "start": 3213.11,
        "duration": 3.97
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I'm going to add\nsome style to this page",
        "start": 3217.08,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to control\nthe size of this div,",
        "start": 3220.02,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "to control the size of this\nsection of my web page.",
        "start": 3222.24,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "I could use inline styling.",
        "start": 3225.48,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I could factor things\nout into another file.",
        "start": 3226.83,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "But since I'm only dealing\nwith one file for now,",
        "start": 3228.78,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm just going to add a style\nsection to the top of my web page",
        "start": 3231.27,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "just so you can more clearly\nsee how the style of this page",
        "start": 3234.15,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to map on to the way that\nwe're modifying these HTML elements.",
        "start": 3237.03,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And I would like to style\nthis div in a couple of ways.",
        "start": 3242.28,
        "duration": 3.7
    },
    {
        "text": "One thing I can do is give\nthe div a background color.",
        "start": 3245.98,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me change its background\ncolor to blue, for example.",
        "start": 3248.23,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "And then I can say, all right,\nI'd like to give this div a width",
        "start": 3252.0,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "and a height, some size information.",
        "start": 3254.94,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "I can say, go ahead and give\nthis div a width of 100 pixels",
        "start": 3257.31,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "and maybe a height of 400 pixels.",
        "start": 3261.09,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, when I go ahead and open\nup size.html, this is what I see.",
        "start": 3265.59,
        "duration": 5.99
    },
    {
        "text": "I see in a 100 by 400 pixel\nwide vertical, or rectangular,",
        "start": 3271.58,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "section of my page, I see\nthe words Hello World.",
        "start": 3276.11,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And so you might imagine if you\nhave multiple different elements",
        "start": 3279.56,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "on your page, as your web pages start\nto get a little bit more complex,",
        "start": 3282.23,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "you probably want to have some\nmore precise control over how wide",
        "start": 3285.29,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "or how tall any particular element is.",
        "start": 3288.59,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And these width and height\nattributes can be very helpful",
        "start": 3290.99,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "because I can very easily change\nthe width to say like 500 pixels,",
        "start": 3293.6,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "for example.",
        "start": 3296.81,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And now when I refresh the page, now\nI see that the width of this page,",
        "start": 3297.83,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "or this div, the section of the page,\nhas actually now gotten a lot wider.",
        "start": 3301.12,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "And so we have the ability\nto control size using CSS.",
        "start": 3306.07,
        "duration": 4.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Go ahead and can close some of\nthese pages that I no longer need.",
        "start": 3310.52,
        "duration": 3.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And now take a look at some\nother things that we can do.",
        "start": 3313.56,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "In addition to controlling\nthe size-- and let",
        "start": 3316.1,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "me change this color to\nsomething a little bit lighter,",
        "start": 3317.69,
        "duration": 2.29
    },
    {
        "text": "something like orange, such that now\nif I open up size, it looks like this.",
        "start": 3319.98,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll make this a little bit smaller.",
        "start": 3325.14,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try 200 by 200 pixels.",
        "start": 3326.76,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "It looks now like this.",
        "start": 3329.71,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "You might imagine there are some other\nchanges that I might like to make.",
        "start": 3331.12,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Like this Hello World, for\nexample, is very close to the edge",
        "start": 3334.21,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "of this particular div.",
        "start": 3338.5,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "It's right up against the\nupper left corner of that div.",
        "start": 3339.73,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "I might want to change\nthat by adding what",
        "start": 3342.51,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "we might call some padding to this\nparticular HTML element, some space,",
        "start": 3344.26,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "just so that the content\nof the element isn't",
        "start": 3348.43,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "so close to the border\nof the element itself.",
        "start": 3350.71,
        "duration": 3.7
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, one thing I can do\nis inside this div add some padding.",
        "start": 3354.41,
        "duration": 4.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Say maybe I want 20 pixels worth of\npadding on the inside of the element,",
        "start": 3358.6,
        "duration": 4.9
    },
    {
        "text": "such that now when I\nrefresh the page, we",
        "start": 3363.5,
        "duration": 2.72
    },
    {
        "text": "see that we have some padding\nalong the outside of the element.",
        "start": 3366.22,
        "duration": 3.22
    },
    {
        "text": "So that Hello World now\nshows up not right up",
        "start": 3369.44,
        "duration": 2.33
    },
    {
        "text": "against the edge of the element,\nbut inside a little bit as well.",
        "start": 3371.77,
        "duration": 4.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And if we have a particular\nHTML element that",
        "start": 3376.19,
        "duration": 1.94
    },
    {
        "text": "maybe is too close to\nthe edge of the screen,",
        "start": 3378.13,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "maybe it's too close to\nthe top of the screen,",
        "start": 3380.26,
        "duration": 2.23
    },
    {
        "text": "we can also add space around\noutside of the element",
        "start": 3382.49,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "by adding what we call margin\nto the element as well.",
        "start": 3385.66,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can say let's give it 20\npixels of margin inside of this div.",
        "start": 3388.58,
        "duration": 4.31
    },
    {
        "text": "And then refresh.",
        "start": 3392.89,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And now we see that whereas\nbefore this div was very close",
        "start": 3394.0,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "to the upper left edge\nof the screen, now",
        "start": 3397.84,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "we've moved it 20 pixels\naway from everything.",
        "start": 3399.94,
        "duration": 2.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So it's got some space\non all four sides of it.",
        "start": 3402.38,
        "duration": 3.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So that's how we can now\nuse margin and padding just",
        "start": 3406.09,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "to make the page look a\nlittle bit nicer to the user.",
        "start": 3409.04,
        "duration": 2.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So objects are not too close\ntogether or too far apart.",
        "start": 3411.25,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "Padding, again, is on the inside\nof the border of the element.",
        "start": 3414.49,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I can add 20 pixels of\npadding, for example,",
        "start": 3418.06,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "to make sure that the content\ninside of the element,",
        "start": 3420.71,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "in this case, the words Hello World,\njust have a little bit of space",
        "start": 3423.11,
        "duration": 3.35
    },
    {
        "text": "from the border.",
        "start": 3426.46,
        "duration": 0.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's padding on the\ninside of the element.",
        "start": 3427.39,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "Margin, meanwhile, is on\nthe outside of the element.",
        "start": 3429.61,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "We add some margin along the\noutside of the border to space",
        "start": 3432.37,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "the element out from\nother elements that might",
        "start": 3435.43,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "be nearby it to make sure that there's\nenough space between the border",
        "start": 3437.62,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "of the element from the top of\nthe screen and also from the left",
        "start": 3440.68,
        "duration": 2.74
    },
    {
        "text": "and also the bottom and the right,\nthough there's no objects there",
        "start": 3443.42,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "that we're currently\ncreating space from.",
        "start": 3446.17,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "So by combining width and\nheight and margin and padding,",
        "start": 3448.84,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "we now have the ability,\nusing CSS, to make sure",
        "start": 3452.5,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "that we're able to layout our page\nthe way we want to lay out the page,",
        "start": 3455.56,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "so that elements have the right\namount of spacing from each other",
        "start": 3458.61,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "and are the correct size.",
        "start": 3461.32,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, let's take a look at some other\nfeatures that CSS is going to give us.",
        "start": 3463.48,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "In addition to just changing\nwhere particular elements are,",
        "start": 3467.41,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "like centering text or adding\nsize and margin and padding,",
        "start": 3470.35,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "we can also use CSS to change\nhow elements actually look.",
        "start": 3473.59,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen it to change the color\nof text, changing it from one color,",
        "start": 3477.25,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "like black, to another color, like blue.",
        "start": 3480.25,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "But we can also use CSS to be able\nto change something like the font",
        "start": 3482.74,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "that we use in order to display text.",
        "start": 3487.03,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Modern web pages don't show\neverything in the exact same font.",
        "start": 3489.22,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Usually, some designer\nis choosing what font",
        "start": 3492.19,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "they want for any particular web page.",
        "start": 3494.59,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's experiment with\nthose possibilities.",
        "start": 3497.77,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll now create a new file\nthat I'll call font.html,",
        "start": 3499.82,
        "duration": 4.4
    },
    {
        "text": "inside of which will be\nan HTML page called font.",
        "start": 3504.22,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside the body, I'll\nagain just have a div",
        "start": 3509.45,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "that says Hello World, same as before.",
        "start": 3511.47,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "But now, inside of the style tag here,\nup in the head section of my web page,",
        "start": 3514.74,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like to add some\nfont information to this div.",
        "start": 3519.72,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And in particular, there are a number\nof different font-related CSS properties",
        "start": 3523.74,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "that I can add to control the font\nof any particular HTML element.",
        "start": 3527.4,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "One thing I can specify\nis the font family,",
        "start": 3531.93,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "specifying what font would I like to\nuse in order to display this text.",
        "start": 3535.11,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe I want to display\nit in Arial, for example,",
        "start": 3540.0,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "which is a common font\nused on the internet, such",
        "start": 3542.63,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "that now if I open up font.html, I now\nsee in Arial the words Hello World,",
        "start": 3545.55,
        "duration": 6.84
    },
    {
        "text": "different from the text\nthat I was using before.",
        "start": 3552.39,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "You can also specify\nmultiple different fonts.",
        "start": 3555.48,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Not all computers support all fonts.",
        "start": 3558.24,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could specify that just\nin case Arial isn't supported,",
        "start": 3560.16,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "fall back to any sans serif\nfont, any of the fonts that",
        "start": 3563.79,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "don't have the little glyphs at\nthe edge of each of the characters.",
        "start": 3567.36,
        "duration": 3.34
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, if I refresh the page,\nbecause my web browser supports Arial,",
        "start": 3570.7,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't notice anything different.",
        "start": 3573.9,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "But you might imagine if you're using\nmore complex fonts that not all web",
        "start": 3575.34,
        "duration": 3.04
    },
    {
        "text": "browsers have or support, you\nmight add some backups just",
        "start": 3578.38,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "in case the font you want\nisn't actually available.",
        "start": 3581.16,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "In addition to a font\nfamily, I might also",
        "start": 3584.97,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "specify a font size, how big I want\nthe font to be inside of this div.",
        "start": 3586.98,
        "duration": 4.33
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can specify that I'd like the\nfont size of this give to be, you know,",
        "start": 3591.31,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "28 pixels, for example,\nsuch that now I refresh it.",
        "start": 3594.91,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, this div appears\nusing larger text.",
        "start": 3598.14,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can also, just\nas like text editors",
        "start": 3601.62,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "let you specify whether you want it\nto be normal text or bolded text,",
        "start": 3603.84,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "I can specify a font\nweight for this div and say",
        "start": 3607.65,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "that in addition to being\nin font Arial in size 28,",
        "start": 3611.16,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "I would also like for the font to\nbe bold, such that now I refresh it,",
        "start": 3614.13,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "and now, the font shows up as bold.",
        "start": 3618.09,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "And using these CSS style sheets,\nwe're able to selectively apply",
        "start": 3620.82,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "the styling to only particular\nparts of the web page.",
        "start": 3624.39,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "If I have another underneath this div\nsome more text down here, for example,",
        "start": 3627.87,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "that additional text\nthat's outside of the div",
        "start": 3633.03,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "isn't going to be affected\nby the CSS styling, such",
        "start": 3635.76,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "that now if I refresh this\npage or some more text",
        "start": 3638.88,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "shows up in that same standard default\nfont provided by my web browser and not",
        "start": 3641.52,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "the custom font that I have\nspecified to apply to only",
        "start": 3646.44,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "this particular part of the HTML page.",
        "start": 3649.5,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So that now is the ability\nto add fonts to our page too.",
        "start": 3653.22,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "Another thing that we\nmight want to do is",
        "start": 3657.99,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "to be able to add some sort of\nborder around our HTML elements.",
        "start": 3659.79,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "So maybe I want a line to be able to\nseparate this entire part of the page",
        "start": 3663.66,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "from another part of the page.",
        "start": 3667.77,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could add a border by\ngoing to this div and saying,",
        "start": 3669.3,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "let me give this div a border.",
        "start": 3672.25,
        "duration": 1.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe I want the border to be\nlike a 3 pixel solid black border,",
        "start": 3673.74,
        "duration": 5.94
    },
    {
        "text": "for instance.",
        "start": 3679.68,
        "duration": 0.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I can specify how big I\nwant the border to be.",
        "start": 3680.61,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I can specify whether I want\nthe border to be a solid line",
        "start": 3683.37,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "or a dashed or dotted line.",
        "start": 3685.95,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can specify what color I would\nlike that border to be as well.",
        "start": 3687.63,
        "duration": 4.48
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, when I refresh\nthis, I now see I have",
        "start": 3692.11,
        "duration": 2.18
    },
    {
        "text": "a border around this\nentire section, around",
        "start": 3694.29,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "this entire div, inside of my web page.",
        "start": 3696.45,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And you can imagine these\nborders being helpful for styling",
        "start": 3700.17,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "various different parts of my page.",
        "start": 3703.14,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, if we\ngo back to that table",
        "start": 3705.19,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "that we were looking at a moment ago\nwhen we were dealing with oceans, where",
        "start": 3707.23,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I had Ocean and Pacific\nOcean and Atlantic Ocean,",
        "start": 3710.4,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "this is structured in\nthe format of a table.",
        "start": 3713.4,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "We have rows and columns.",
        "start": 3715.62,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "But it doesn't look great right now.",
        "start": 3717.33,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "I might like to add\nsome styling in order",
        "start": 3719.22,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "to improve the way that this\ntable looks, for example.",
        "start": 3721.62,
        "duration": 3.55
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's give that a try.",
        "start": 3725.17,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go ahead and go\nback into table.html,",
        "start": 3727.02,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "that HTML file I was using\nbefore where I had this table.",
        "start": 3729.75,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me now add some style\ninformation to this table.",
        "start": 3732.96,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I might say that for\nthis table I would like",
        "start": 3737.13,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "to give it a border that is maybe\na 1 pixel solid black border,",
        "start": 3739.23,
        "duration": 6.11
    },
    {
        "text": "such that now when I refresh the page,\nI have a 1 pixel solid black border",
        "start": 3745.34,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "around the entirety of the table.",
        "start": 3749.72,
        "duration": 2.21
    },
    {
        "text": "All right, that's great.",
        "start": 3751.93,
        "duration": 1.0
    },
    {
        "text": "But I also really wanted a border\nin between the rows and the columns",
        "start": 3752.93,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 3756.41,
        "duration": 0.69
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular, every\ntable data item, I might",
        "start": 3757.1,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "like to have some additional\nCSS supplied to those too.",
        "start": 3759.86,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "So I might say for\nevery table data cell--",
        "start": 3764.42,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "again td stood for table\ndata, and those were",
        "start": 3766.88,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "the individual cells within my table--",
        "start": 3769.58,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I might specify that I\nwould like those to also",
        "start": 3772.13,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "have a border that is 1 pixel\nsolid black, such that now I",
        "start": 3774.29,
        "duration": 5.68
    },
    {
        "text": "refresh the page.",
        "start": 3779.97,
        "duration": 1.27
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, each of my table data\ncells also has a border around it.",
        "start": 3781.24,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, this applied to the table\ndata cells in the body of my page,",
        "start": 3785.28,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "but it didn't yet apply to\nthese cells up in the heading.",
        "start": 3788.7,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's because those were\nth elements, table headers.",
        "start": 3791.79,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And so here, we have\na couple of options.",
        "start": 3797.37,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I could specify, once\nmore, table headers",
        "start": 3799.54,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like to give a border\nof 1 pixel solid black.",
        "start": 3802.32,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "But when I do so, you'll see that it\ndoes create a border around those table",
        "start": 3806.76,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "headers.",
        "start": 3810.27,
        "duration": 0.93
    },
    {
        "text": "But again, one thing that\nshould be crossing your mind now",
        "start": 3811.2,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "is that there's a fair amount of\nredundancy here, some repeated style",
        "start": 3813.63,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "code that shows up in\nmultiple different places.",
        "start": 3816.78,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "Table data cells in the\nbody of my page, I really",
        "start": 3819.06,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "want to be styled in a very\nsimilar way to table header cells.",
        "start": 3822.51,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "And so it'd be nice if I could somehow\nconsolidate these two different CSS",
        "start": 3826.1,
        "duration": 5.05
    },
    {
        "text": "selectors, these ways of me saying,\nstyle table data, style table headers.",
        "start": 3831.15,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "I'd like to combine them into one.",
        "start": 3835.62,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And you can, in fact, do this in CSS.",
        "start": 3838.2,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "There are a number of different CSS\nselectors, ways of choosing elements.",
        "start": 3840.09,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of them is just called\nthe multiple element selector,",
        "start": 3844.56,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "that if I want to select both\ntable data cells and table headers,",
        "start": 3848.22,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "then I can do so by saying td comma\nth and delete these three lines",
        "start": 3852.45,
        "duration": 6.78
    },
    {
        "text": "down there.",
        "start": 3859.23,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "What these three lines\nare now saying are",
        "start": 3860.7,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "that I would like to style\nall table data cells and table",
        "start": 3862.77,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "headers in the same way.",
        "start": 3866.37,
        "duration": 1.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And I could even combine table\nif I wanted to for good measure.",
        "start": 3867.82,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "But I'd like to give all of them a\nborder of 1 pixel solid black, such",
        "start": 3870.46,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "that now I refresh it and now I see that\nthey all have this border around them.",
        "start": 3875.02,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, most tables you see on the internet\ndon't have both a table or a border",
        "start": 3879.46,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "around everything on the\ntable and also a border",
        "start": 3883.08,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "around each of the individual cells.",
        "start": 3885.78,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Usually, those are collapsed\njust into a single line.",
        "start": 3887.82,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "And it turns out that CSS has an\neasy way for you to do this as well.",
        "start": 3890.74,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "I can add a CSS property to the table\ncalled border collapse and just say,",
        "start": 3894.28,
        "duration": 5.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like to collapse all\nof the borders in the table.",
        "start": 3899.73,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Just going to show you there are many,\nmany different CSS properties, far more",
        "start": 3903.18,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "than we'll be looking at today.",
        "start": 3906.48,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "But they're easy things to\nreference, that you can easily",
        "start": 3907.92,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "look up how to collapse\nborders in a table",
        "start": 3910.29,
        "duration": 2.29
    },
    {
        "text": "and then find a CSS property like\nthis that you can then use and apply",
        "start": 3912.58,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "to your web page.",
        "start": 3916.2,
        "duration": 1.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So now I refresh that.",
        "start": 3917.98,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I see that I have a border,\njust a single border, around all",
        "start": 3919.33,
        "duration": 3.71
    },
    {
        "text": "of the cells in this particular page.",
        "start": 3923.04,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "Next, what I might like to do, though,\nis like add some space around here.",
        "start": 3926.88,
        "duration": 3.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Like it seems like this text is very\ntight against the border of this table.",
        "start": 3930.04,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "So in order to do so, I\nwant to add some spacing.",
        "start": 3934.78,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "And recall again, do I\nwant margin or padding?",
        "start": 3937.56,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "Margin is spacing around side of the\nborder of a particular HTML element,",
        "start": 3940.08,
        "duration": 5.28
    },
    {
        "text": "whereas padding is inside of the border.",
        "start": 3945.36,
        "duration": 2.56
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I want some space\ninside of the border,",
        "start": 3947.92,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "just to space out the text from\nthe border itself, then what I want",
        "start": 3950.22,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "is padding inside of\nall of my table cells.",
        "start": 3953.37,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can say let me add\n5 pixels worth of padding",
        "start": 3956.73,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "inside of all of my table data\ncells and table header cells.",
        "start": 3960.21,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Refresh the page.",
        "start": 3964.26,
        "duration": 1.27
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, here's what the\nresulting table looks like.",
        "start": 3965.53,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Just by adding a little\nbit of CSS specifying what",
        "start": 3968.64,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "border I want around\nthe edge of the page,",
        "start": 3971.43,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "specifying a little bit of padding\ninside of each of the cells,",
        "start": 3973.65,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "my table now looks a whole lot nicer\nthan it did just a few lines of code",
        "start": 3976.95,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "ago when I just had the HTML\nstructure of the page and not the CSS",
        "start": 3980.59,
        "duration": 4.34
    },
    {
        "text": "to describe how I actually\nwanted that page to be styled.",
        "start": 3984.93,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice again that\nin doing so, we were",
        "start": 3989.91,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "able to use one of these CSS selectors.",
        "start": 3991.98,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I was able to say that I wanted to use\nthe multiple element selector, which",
        "start": 3995.19,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "is just this comma here, to specify\nthat I would like to apply this styling,",
        "start": 3999.33,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "not just to td's but\nalso to th's as well.",
        "start": 4003.59,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll take a look at some\nadditional examples of CSS selectors",
        "start": 4008.48,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "in just a moment.",
        "start": 4012.08,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "But next, let's turn our attention\nto some more tricky instances",
        "start": 4014.09,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "where we might want to apply styling\nto multiple elements at the same time.",
        "start": 4017.81,
        "duration": 4.72
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's imagine-- and let's go back to\nstyle.html, where we had some style",
        "start": 4022.53,
        "duration": 4.85
    },
    {
        "text": "code, where I had one heading.",
        "start": 4027.38,
        "duration": 3.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll call this Heading 1.",
        "start": 4030.39,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's get myself to other\nheadings, Heading 2 and Heading 3.",
        "start": 4033.21,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "All of these now are h1 elements that\nare going to show up the same way,",
        "start": 4037.8,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "such that now if I style and say, I\nwould like all h1s to show up with",
        "start": 4042.51,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "a color of blue, then when I open\nthis page where I have three h1 tags,",
        "start": 4047.46,
        "duration": 5.43
    },
    {
        "text": "each of which has a color of\nblue, when I open up style.html,",
        "start": 4052.89,
        "duration": 5.37
    },
    {
        "text": "what I'm going to see\nis something like this--",
        "start": 4058.26,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "three headings, each of which\nhappens to have a color of blue.",
        "start": 4060.56,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "But what would happen now if I wanted\nto style only the first heading.",
        "start": 4064.2,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "I want Heading 1 to be blue.",
        "start": 4068.43,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "But I don't want to style\nHeading 2 and Heading 3.",
        "start": 4070.27,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "How do I do that?",
        "start": 4074.52,
        "duration": 1.66
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, one thing we could do is\ngo back to the inline styling",
        "start": 4076.18,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "we did a moment ago, where inside\nof h1, I said style color is blue.",
        "start": 4079.77,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And that would say for just\nthis very first heading,",
        "start": 4085.44,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like that to be blue, but\nnot the other elements at all.",
        "start": 4088.2,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "But this again we decided\nwas not the best design.",
        "start": 4092.28,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "This inline styling, commingling of HTML\nand CSS just gets a little bit messy.",
        "start": 4094.98,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And it would be nice to be able\nto factor all of our style code",
        "start": 4100.14,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "to a separate part of\nthe page altogether.",
        "start": 4103.08,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So how do we do this?",
        "start": 4106.11,
        "duration": 1.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, we need some way to uniquely\nreference this particular HTML element.",
        "start": 4107.38,
        "duration": 5.41
    },
    {
        "text": "And in order to do so, we\ncan given HTML element an ID.",
        "start": 4112.79,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "An ID is just some unique name\nwe give to an HTML element,",
        "start": 4117.35,
        "duration": 4.75
    },
    {
        "text": "so that we can reference\nit more easily later on.",
        "start": 4122.1,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me just go ahead and\ngive this an ID of Foo.",
        "start": 4125.06,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "It could be any idea you want.",
        "start": 4127.6,
        "duration": 1.25
    },
    {
        "text": "But Foo is just a generic name here.",
        "start": 4128.85,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, we've given this heading a name\nsuch that in other parts of our page",
        "start": 4131.04,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "or in other code, we can reference\nand find this particular HTML element.",
        "start": 4135.21,
        "duration": 5.17
    },
    {
        "text": "And in particular now, in the\nstyle section of my web page,",
        "start": 4140.38,
        "duration": 3.26
    },
    {
        "text": "instead of styling all h1\nelements, I only want to style",
        "start": 4143.64,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "the element that has an ID of Foo.",
        "start": 4147.96,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "IDs are by definition unique.",
        "start": 4150.63,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "There can only be one element in\nthis page that has an ID of Foo,",
        "start": 4152.25,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "otherwise it's not valid HTML.",
        "start": 4155.81,
        "duration": 2.35
    },
    {
        "text": "And so in order to do so,\nwe're going to use #Foo.",
        "start": 4158.16,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "The hash mark symbol is just CSS's\nway of selecting just something",
        "start": 4163.43,
        "duration": 4.06
    },
    {
        "text": "with a particular ID.",
        "start": 4167.49,
        "duration": 1.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So instead of just h1 for\nselecting all of the h1 tags,",
        "start": 4169.22,
        "duration": 4.24
    },
    {
        "text": "if I want to select\nsomething by its ID, I",
        "start": 4173.46,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "say #Foo to say only style the\nelement that has an ID of Foo",
        "start": 4175.62,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "and give it a color\nof blue, for example.",
        "start": 4181.26,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "So this style code now will find\nsomething with a particular ID",
        "start": 4185.52,
        "duration": 3.16
    },
    {
        "text": "and give it a style\nto correspond with it,",
        "start": 4188.68,
        "duration": 3.28
    },
    {
        "text": "such that now if I reload this\npage, only Heading 1 is styled.",
        "start": 4191.96,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Heading 2 and Heading 3 are not.",
        "start": 4196.49,
        "duration": 1.94
    },
    {
        "text": "I've been able to name Heading 1,\ngive it a name of Foo, an ID of Foo,",
        "start": 4198.43,
        "duration": 4.03
    },
    {
        "text": "and then in my style code, just style\nthat particular part of my HTML page.",
        "start": 4202.46,
        "duration": 6.91
    },
    {
        "text": "Of course, what if I wanted to style\nmultiple, but not all of the headings?",
        "start": 4209.37,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "Like maybe I want to style\nboth Heading 1 and Heading 2.",
        "start": 4213.63,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I could use a second ID.",
        "start": 4217.47,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe give us an ID of Bar, for example.",
        "start": 4219.01,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "And then style both the element with\nID Foo and the element with ID Bar.",
        "start": 4221.64,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "But now we're starting\nto add IDs unnecessarily.",
        "start": 4226.17,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "I have too many different names.",
        "start": 4229.29,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Things can start to\nget messy, especially",
        "start": 4230.91,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "as my web pages start to get bigger.",
        "start": 4232.62,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "So while IDs are a way of giving a\nname to an HTML element that is unique,",
        "start": 4234.99,
        "duration": 5.43
    },
    {
        "text": "sometimes I want to give a name to\nan HTML element that is not unique,",
        "start": 4240.42,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "some name that can apply to\nmultiple different HTML elements.",
        "start": 4244.59,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "And when we do that,\nwe call that a class.",
        "start": 4248.43,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "An ID is a way of giving a\nunique name to an HTML element,",
        "start": 4251.31,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "while a class is a way of giving\na name to an HTML element that",
        "start": 4254.85,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "might not be unique.",
        "start": 4258.12,
        "duration": 0.9
    },
    {
        "text": "It might apply it to zero or one or\ntwo or more different HTML elements.",
        "start": 4259.02,
        "duration": 5.76
    },
    {
        "text": "So here's what that might look like.",
        "start": 4264.78,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Instead of giving each of these\nh1s an ID that's different,",
        "start": 4266.52,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "I can give each one a class.",
        "start": 4270.06,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll give this a class of Baz,\nagain, just another arbitrary name",
        "start": 4271.8,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "that we've chosen.",
        "start": 4274.74,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll give this each\none a class of Baz as well.",
        "start": 4276.28,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "They both belong to the same\nclass called Baz, in this case.",
        "start": 4280.21,
        "duration": 4.76
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, inside of my style code,\nI would like to say just the style",
        "start": 4284.97,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "the elements that are of class Baz.",
        "start": 4288.93,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And just as we have a\nspecial symbol, the hashtag,",
        "start": 4291.98,
        "duration": 2.09
    },
    {
        "text": "for styling definitely\nsomething with a particular ID,",
        "start": 4294.07,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "to style everything with a\nparticular class, I can use a dot.",
        "start": 4297.79,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "So dot Baz, in this case, is going\nto style only the elements that",
        "start": 4301.69,
        "duration": 4.64
    },
    {
        "text": "have a class of Baz.",
        "start": 4306.33,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, I can now say, take all\nof the elements with a class of Baz",
        "start": 4309.04,
        "duration": 3.83
    },
    {
        "text": "and go ahead and give\nthose a color of blue.",
        "start": 4312.87,
        "duration": 5.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I have two h1s\nthat belong to class Baz.",
        "start": 4317.9,
        "duration": 3.65
    },
    {
        "text": "The other h1 does not.",
        "start": 4321.55,
        "duration": 1.78
    },
    {
        "text": "And I've styled only the\nthings that are of class Baz,",
        "start": 4323.33,
        "duration": 3.32
    },
    {
        "text": "such that now when I go back to the\npage and refresh the page, my first two",
        "start": 4326.65,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "headings, those do get styled as blue.",
        "start": 4330.25,
        "duration": 2.48
    },
    {
        "text": "But the third heading\ndoes not, because I've",
        "start": 4332.73,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "applied a class to these two\nelements that does not get",
        "start": 4334.57,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "applied to this third element there.",
        "start": 4337.27,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "So oftentimes, it can\nbe very helpful if you",
        "start": 4340.22,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "have to start to design\nlarger web pages where",
        "start": 4342.19,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "you have multiple different\nelements, some of which",
        "start": 4344.2,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "might be styled in some ways and other\nelements that might be styled similarly",
        "start": 4346.51,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "to one another, you can add IDs\nand classes to your HTML elements",
        "start": 4350.08,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "just to clean up the way\nthat you write your CSS,",
        "start": 4354.79,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "to be able to very specifically\npinpoint one element that you",
        "start": 4357.13,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "want to apply a style to or to apply\nstyling to the entire class of elements",
        "start": 4360.1,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 4365.26,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, one tricky thing\nyou might imagine now",
        "start": 4366.85,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "is that now we have multiple ways of\nreferencing the exact same element.",
        "start": 4369.31,
        "duration": 6.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, if\nyou imagine that I just",
        "start": 4375.34,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "had a single h1, which had an ID\nof Foo, for example, that I've",
        "start": 4377.47,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "named Foo, what would happen if, for\ninstance, I said all of the h1s I",
        "start": 4382.42,
        "duration": 5.27
    },
    {
        "text": "will like those to be colored red, and\nall of the elements with an ID of Foo,",
        "start": 4387.69,
        "duration": 4.72
    },
    {
        "text": "or the only element with an ID of Foo,\nI would like that to be colored blue?",
        "start": 4392.41,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "What might happen then?",
        "start": 4397.21,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "These would seem to be\nconflicting, where now suddenly we",
        "start": 4398.17,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "have an h1 style tag that is saying\nI should style h1s in this way,",
        "start": 4401.02,
        "duration": 6.09
    },
    {
        "text": "but I should style element\nFoo in another way.",
        "start": 4407.11,
        "duration": 2.74
    },
    {
        "text": "So what happens if I have an h1 whose ID\nis Foo, how do I choose to style that?",
        "start": 4409.85,
        "duration": 5.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And in order to deal with\nthat we have to start",
        "start": 4415.27,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "to deal with the CSS problem of\nspecificity, of what happens when",
        "start": 4417.34,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "I have multiple different CSS selectors\nthat could apply to the exact same HTML",
        "start": 4421.18,
        "duration": 5.82
    },
    {
        "text": "element?",
        "start": 4427.0,
        "duration": 0.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And this often happens when we start\nto add IDs and classes to our elements",
        "start": 4427.99,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 4433.66,
        "duration": 1.24
    },
    {
        "text": "So when we deal with specificity,\nspecificity goes in a particular order.",
        "start": 4434.9,
        "duration": 3.97
    },
    {
        "text": "There's an order of\nprecedence that we can",
        "start": 4438.87,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "follow for determining what\nstyle should ultimately",
        "start": 4440.8,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "be applied to any particular element.",
        "start": 4443.92,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "The first, most powerful--",
        "start": 4446.75,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "most specific way of referencing an\nelement is inline styling, literally",
        "start": 4448.6,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "adding a style equals\nattribute to our HTML elements",
        "start": 4452.8,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "in the way we did way\nat the beginning when",
        "start": 4456.4,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "we were first taking a look at CSS.",
        "start": 4458.2,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "If we associate inline styling\nwith an HTML element, that's",
        "start": 4460.51,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "going to take precedence over any\nstyling that's inside the style",
        "start": 4464.2,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "section of our head of the web page\nor inside of a separate dot CSS file,",
        "start": 4467.83,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "because the reasoning goes, if you\nare literally putting the style",
        "start": 4472.15,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "code attached to the element\nitself, then we probably",
        "start": 4476.53,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "want to apply it to that element.",
        "start": 4479.8,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "After that, specificity goes\nin order of how precisely we",
        "start": 4482.35,
        "duration": 5.37
    },
    {
        "text": "are identifying an element.",
        "start": 4487.72,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "An ID is a unique way\nto identify an element.",
        "start": 4489.19,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "There is only one element\nwith that particular ID.",
        "start": 4491.68,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I've added style\nto a particular ID,",
        "start": 4494.48,
        "duration": 3.08
    },
    {
        "text": "that is going to be pretty highly\nvalued in terms of how specific it is.",
        "start": 4497.56,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "Next, we look at classes.",
        "start": 4501.7,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "So if there's no ID\nselector, we look for,",
        "start": 4503.12,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "did we reference the\nelement by its class?",
        "start": 4505.75,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And if so, then that\ntakes next precedence.",
        "start": 4508.15,
        "duration": 3.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And otherwise, then we fall back\nto what type of HTML element it is.",
        "start": 4511.31,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Is it an h1?",
        "start": 4515.47,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Is it an ordered list?",
        "start": 4516.55,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "Is it a table?",
        "start": 4517.9,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "So in short, the type\nis the least specific.",
        "start": 4518.98,
        "duration": 2.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Class is slightly more specific.",
        "start": 4521.27,
        "duration": 1.82
    },
    {
        "text": "ID is more than that.",
        "start": 4523.09,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And the most specificity we can provide\nis by literally putting the CSS inline",
        "start": 4524.51,
        "duration": 4.82
    },
    {
        "text": "with the HTML element itself.",
        "start": 4529.33,
        "duration": 2.56
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look\nat an example of this.",
        "start": 4531.89,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's look at this code, for\nexample, where, for instance, I",
        "start": 4533.93,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "have a div, whose ID is Foo, inside of\nwhich I'm just saying the word hello.",
        "start": 4537.55,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And the CSS code that I've included\nhere is I've said for all div,",
        "start": 4542.38,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like to give\nthose a color of blue.",
        "start": 4546.01,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "Obviously, in that case,\nthere's nothing conflicting.",
        "start": 4548.32,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "What we're going to see is we're\ngoing to see the word Hello.",
        "start": 4550.72,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "And we're going to see\nthe word Hello in blue.",
        "start": 4553.27,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "But what happens now if we add anything\nwith ID Foo should be colored red?",
        "start": 4556.57,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, because ID has higher specificity\nthan just an individual tag,",
        "start": 4561.67,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "well, then next, what we're going to say\nis that this Hello is going to show up",
        "start": 4566.41,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "is red.",
        "start": 4569.71,
        "duration": 0.87
    },
    {
        "text": "The ID is more specific.",
        "start": 4570.58,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "And so this element is going\nto show up red instead.",
        "start": 4572.38,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And it doesn't matter\nwhat order these are in.",
        "start": 4575.92,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "It's not that the later\none takes precedence.",
        "start": 4577.84,
        "duration": 1.9
    },
    {
        "text": "If I were to flip these around, where\nID of Foo, color red, div color blue",
        "start": 4579.74,
        "duration": 4.67
    },
    {
        "text": "is in that order, it's still going\nto show up as red, because this ID",
        "start": 4584.41,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "selector is more specific than just the\nname div, which is the name of the HTML",
        "start": 4588.34,
        "duration": 6.66
    },
    {
        "text": "element that happens to be there.",
        "start": 4595.0,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "And so as you start to develop\nmore sophisticated style sheets,",
        "start": 4597.38,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "you might find that\nsome of your CSS code",
        "start": 4600.22,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to conflict with each other.",
        "start": 4602.11,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's where it's important to\nbear in mind how these specificity",
        "start": 4603.67,
        "duration": 2.87
    },
    {
        "text": "rules work to know as you\nadd style to your elements",
        "start": 4606.54,
        "duration": 3.4
    },
    {
        "text": "how are they actually\ngoing to end up showing up.",
        "start": 4609.94,
        "duration": 4.06
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, we've seen a\ncouple of CSS selectors",
        "start": 4614.0,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "now in terms of selecting a\nsingle element, selecting an ID,",
        "start": 4615.83,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "selecting a class, selecting\nmultiple elements as well.",
        "start": 4619.37,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "It turns out, there are a\nnumber of other CSS selectors",
        "start": 4622.67,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can use too.",
        "start": 4625.22,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "So we saw, for example, the\nmultiple element selector,",
        "start": 4626.51,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "like td comma th for selecting\ntable data but also table headers.",
        "start": 4629.66,
        "duration": 5.26
    },
    {
        "text": "But there's a number of other selectors.",
        "start": 4634.92,
        "duration": 1.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Here is just a sampling of ones.",
        "start": 4636.59,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "You can specify like\ndescendants or children.",
        "start": 4638.48,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I only want to style\ndivs that are inside of tables,",
        "start": 4641.21,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "or I only want the style lists\nthat are inside of certain classes,",
        "start": 4644.99,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I can use these defendant\nand child selectors",
        "start": 4649.16,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "to add styling and\nthose particular ways.",
        "start": 4651.41,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "And there are a number of other\nCSS selectors we can add as well.",
        "start": 4654.2,
        "duration": 3.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll go ahead and\nexplore a couple of these,",
        "start": 4658.09,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "just to give you a sample of how some\nof the CSS selectors can actually work.",
        "start": 4660.14,
        "duration": 5.14
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll start by taking a look\nat the descendent selector, which",
        "start": 4665.28,
        "duration": 3.98
    },
    {
        "text": "is used to select all of the\nelements that are descendants",
        "start": 4669.26,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "of some other element, for example.",
        "start": 4672.44,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's go ahead and create a new\nfile, that I'll call descendant.html,",
        "start": 4675.36,
        "duration": 7.07
    },
    {
        "text": "that again, we'll start\nwith the same code.",
        "start": 4682.43,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "And inside the body of this\npage, I want an ordered list",
        "start": 4685.58,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "that maybe has a list item\n1 and maybe a list item 2.",
        "start": 4688.94,
        "duration": 5.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And it turns out with lists in HTML, you\ncan nest lists inside of other lists.",
        "start": 4694.37,
        "duration": 5.55
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe you've seen bullet points where\nthere's like nested bullets inside",
        "start": 4699.92,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "of other bullet points.",
        "start": 4703.01,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I can do that here.",
        "start": 4704.18,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "I can add an unordered list and\ncreate a sublist, like sublist item 1",
        "start": 4705.29,
        "duration": 6.06
    },
    {
        "text": "and sublist item 2.",
        "start": 4711.35,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe down here,\nhere's another list item,",
        "start": 4714.47,
        "duration": 4.13
    },
    {
        "text": "such as that now I\nhave a couple of items,",
        "start": 4718.6,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "but some that are inside\nof an unordered sub list.",
        "start": 4720.65,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go ahead and\nopen up descendent.html",
        "start": 4724.4,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "and see what that looks like.",
        "start": 4727.58,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So here's what we have.",
        "start": 4729.6,
        "duration": 1.01
    },
    {
        "text": "We have a list item 1, list\nitem 2, another list item",
        "start": 4730.61,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "that is probably actually list item 3.",
        "start": 4733.7,
        "duration": 5.0
    },
    {
        "text": "So we have three items.",
        "start": 4738.7,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "But inside of list item 2,\nI have an unordered list.",
        "start": 4739.72,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's imagine, for example,\nthat I wanted to only style",
        "start": 4743.53,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "these sublist items\nas a particular color.",
        "start": 4748.12,
        "duration": 2.93
    },
    {
        "text": "That maybe I want those\nto be blue, for example.",
        "start": 4751.05,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "If in the style section\nof my web page, I",
        "start": 4754.1,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "say that I would like for all list\nitems to be styled blue, well then--",
        "start": 4756.91,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "not styled, colored blue rather--",
        "start": 4762.64,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "then what I'm going\nto see when I refresh",
        "start": 4765.16,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "the page is that all of the\nitems are going to be blue",
        "start": 4767.11,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "instead of just the two sublist items.",
        "start": 4770.86,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "But I could instead say that, you\nknow what, I only want list items that",
        "start": 4773.86,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "are children of unordered lists.",
        "start": 4778.51,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can do direct children\nusing this greater than symbol",
        "start": 4781.0,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "to say that only if there is a ul that\nimmediately contains an li within it,",
        "start": 4783.46,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "then I would like for\nthat to be colored blue.",
        "start": 4788.69,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, if I refresh that, now you'll\nsee that the ordered items, list item",
        "start": 4791.81,
        "duration": 4.19
    },
    {
        "text": "1, 2, 3, those do not get\ncolored, but only the list items",
        "start": 4796.0,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "that are inside of the\nunordered list that",
        "start": 4800.14,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "are directly children\nof that unordered list",
        "start": 4802.09,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "actually get the CSS styling applied.",
        "start": 4804.97,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "This greater than symbol here is\nspecifying immediate children.",
        "start": 4807.91,
        "duration": 4.37
    },
    {
        "text": "I could get rid of it, ul li, like\nthis, and this would also work.",
        "start": 4812.28,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "You still see sublist item 1 and 2.",
        "start": 4816.01,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "But this is a more general selector\ncalled the descendent selector",
        "start": 4818.25,
        "duration": 3.55
    },
    {
        "text": "that selects all descendant elements.",
        "start": 4821.8,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "So they might not be\nthe children elements.",
        "start": 4823.69,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "They might be grandchildren\nelement, so to speak,",
        "start": 4825.49,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "if those children elements\nhave other children that",
        "start": 4827.83,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "are attached to them as well.",
        "start": 4830.59,
        "duration": 1.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Again, for all of this,\nit's helpful to begin",
        "start": 4831.89,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "to think about things in terms of\nthat Document Object Model, that DOM",
        "start": 4833.77,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "structure, that tree that represented\nhow all of our various different HTML",
        "start": 4837.67,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "elements are related to one another.",
        "start": 4842.44,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "So next up, we can begin to take a\nlook at some of the other selectors",
        "start": 4846.21,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "that we have access to.",
        "start": 4849.13,
        "duration": 1.48
    },
    {
        "text": "So one of the selectors\nmight be something",
        "start": 4850.61,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "like modifying only on a specific\nattribute of a particular HTML element.",
        "start": 4852.85,
        "duration": 5.91
    },
    {
        "text": "So we can use the attribute\nselector for that.",
        "start": 4858.76,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll create a new file called\nattribute.html, where here,",
        "start": 4861.68,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "let's go ahead and\ncreate a unordered list.",
        "start": 4866.72,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "That's going to have a\nnumber of different links",
        "start": 4871.82,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "to various different websites.",
        "start": 4873.82,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "So here's a list item that is\ngoing to be a link to Google.",
        "start": 4875.44,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll link to google.com\nand say, Google.",
        "start": 4879.37,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll go ahead and add\na link to facebook.com.",
        "start": 4883.36,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "Call that Facebook.",
        "start": 4887.2,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll go ahead and add a link\nto amazon.com and call that Amazon.",
        "start": 4889.24,
        "duration": 6.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's imagine for a moment that I\nonly wanted to style the Facebook link,",
        "start": 4895.3,
        "duration": 4.09
    },
    {
        "text": "like I want to really\nhighlight the Facebook link,",
        "start": 4899.39,
        "duration": 2.09
    },
    {
        "text": "tell people to click on\nthat one as by coloring it",
        "start": 4901.48,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "in entirely different color.",
        "start": 4904.07,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, to style things\nnormally, I would say something",
        "start": 4906.37,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "like links should be colored,\nyou know, blue, for example.",
        "start": 4909.52,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "They're colored blue by default,\nbut I could be explicit about it",
        "start": 4913.77,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "and say, links should\nbe color blue like,",
        "start": 4916.48,
        "duration": 1.7
    },
    {
        "text": "such that now when I\nopen up attribute.html",
        "start": 4918.18,
        "duration": 3.95
    },
    {
        "text": "all the links are colored blue.",
        "start": 4922.13,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "But I could also say,\nI would like links that",
        "start": 4925.09,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "have an href attribute of\nfacebook.com, I would like",
        "start": 4927.82,
        "duration": 5.55
    },
    {
        "text": "those links to be colored red instead.",
        "start": 4933.37,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "So this square bracket\nnotation I can use",
        "start": 4938.23,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "to specify a particular\nattribute of an HTML element.",
        "start": 4940.3,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "Only anchor tags, a tags, who's\nhref is equal to facebook.com,",
        "start": 4943.87,
        "duration": 3.89
    },
    {
        "text": "those should be the\nonly ones colored red.",
        "start": 4947.76,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, when I refresh this,\nI now see that Facebook",
        "start": 4951.17,
        "duration": 2.72
    },
    {
        "text": "is a link that is now colored red,\ninstead of colored blue, because I've",
        "start": 4953.89,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "been very specific about\npicking an attribute",
        "start": 4957.61,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "that I would like to use in order to\nreference that particular HTML element.",
        "start": 4959.98,
        "duration": 5.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And we can use CSS selectors in more\npowerful ways too, maybe not just",
        "start": 4965.69,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "to style a particular\nelement always, but to style",
        "start": 4969.73,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "an element only under certain\nconditions or only when",
        "start": 4972.61,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "an element is in a particular state.",
        "start": 4975.82,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And this is very often\ndone for something",
        "start": 4978.25,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "like when you hover over something, when\nyou hover over a button and something",
        "start": 4979.96,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "pops out, or you hover over something\nand it changes color slightly.",
        "start": 4984.1,
        "duration": 3.49
    },
    {
        "text": "We can begin to do this by adding\nwhat we call a pseudo class to a CSS",
        "start": 4987.59,
        "duration": 4.7
    },
    {
        "text": "selector.",
        "start": 4992.29,
        "duration": 0.87
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look\nat an example of that",
        "start": 4993.16,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "to see how we can modify an element\nwhen a user hovers their cursor",
        "start": 4995.17,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "over that element, for example.",
        "start": 4999.61,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead and open up a new file,\nhover.html, where here, I'll go ahead",
        "start": 5001.89,
        "duration": 5.49
    },
    {
        "text": "and inside the body of the\npage just give myself a button.",
        "start": 5007.38,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "This button is going to say, Click Me.",
        "start": 5011.37,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's add some style to the button.",
        "start": 5014.91,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "By default, buttons show\nup as fairly simple buttons",
        "start": 5016.9,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "that just look something like this.",
        "start": 5019.33,
        "duration": 1.58
    },
    {
        "text": "I might like to add a little bit more\nto this button and say, you know what,",
        "start": 5020.91,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "let's add some style to the button,\nand give it a width of 200 pixels,",
        "start": 5024.21,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "a height of 50 pixels, a\nfont size of 24 pixels,",
        "start": 5029.01,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "and maybe a background\ncolor of green, for example.",
        "start": 5033.96,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "So I've specified some size information,\nhow big I'd like the font to be,",
        "start": 5038.07,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "and also a background color for\nthe button, such that now here's",
        "start": 5041.94,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "what that button looks like.",
        "start": 5045.27,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "Shrink it down a little bit.",
        "start": 5046.44,
        "duration": 1.16
    },
    {
        "text": "It says, Click Me.",
        "start": 5047.6,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "But many buttons, especially nowadays,\nthey give you a little bit of feedback.",
        "start": 5049.29,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "You hover over them, and they\nchange their color slightly.",
        "start": 5053.25,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "How do they do that?",
        "start": 5056.34,
        "duration": 1.18
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, often it's using\na CSS pseudo class,",
        "start": 5057.52,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "where I can say button\ncolon hover, meaning",
        "start": 5060.72,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "when I am hovering\nover a button, then I'd",
        "start": 5064.71,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "like you to change the\nbackground color to orange,",
        "start": 5068.28,
        "duration": 3.91
    },
    {
        "text": "for example, some other color.",
        "start": 5072.19,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I specified that by\ndefault normally for a button,",
        "start": 5074.62,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "your background color\nshould be green, but when",
        "start": 5078.07,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "the button is being\nhovered over instead,",
        "start": 5080.44,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "now change the background\ncolor to orange,",
        "start": 5082.72,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "such that now when I open up\nthis page and go to Click Me,",
        "start": 5085.48,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "if I hover over the button, the\ncolor of the button changes.",
        "start": 5088.48,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Normally green changes to orange.",
        "start": 5092.17,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And so that is a very powerful feature\nthat we have access to as well.",
        "start": 5094.51,
        "duration": 4.72
    },
    {
        "text": "All right, so now we've seen how\nwe can use various different CSS",
        "start": 5099.23,
        "duration": 3.08
    },
    {
        "text": "selectors to very precisely define how\nwe want our web pages to be styled.",
        "start": 5102.31,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "But one other thing we can use\nCSS for that's quite powerful",
        "start": 5107.02,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "is responsive design.",
        "start": 5109.84,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "And responsive design\nis all about making sure",
        "start": 5111.7,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "that our web pages look good, no matter\nhow you're looking at the web page.",
        "start": 5114.13,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "Nowadays, people aren't always looking\nat web pages on their computers.",
        "start": 5117.7,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "But they're looking at web pages on\ntheir mobile phones or on their tablets",
        "start": 5120.81,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "as well.",
        "start": 5123.94,
        "duration": 0.85
    },
    {
        "text": "And it's important as we begin to\ndesign web pages that we design our web",
        "start": 5124.79,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "pages in a responsive way.",
        "start": 5127.99,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll look at a\nnumber of different ways",
        "start": 5129.97,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "we can implement responsive\ndesign in our web pages,",
        "start": 5131.77,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "starting with the\ndiscussion of the viewport.",
        "start": 5135.01,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And what the viewport is is the viewport\nis the visual part of the screen",
        "start": 5138.22,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "that the user can actually see.",
        "start": 5142.63,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "So the viewport is this\nentire area of the web page",
        "start": 5144.54,
        "duration": 3.22
    },
    {
        "text": "that displays content to the user.",
        "start": 5147.76,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "So one question you might ask is, what's\ngoing to happen when you take this page",
        "start": 5150.16,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "and translate it onto a mobile screen?",
        "start": 5153.64,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, one thing that many\nmobile devices do by default",
        "start": 5156.91,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "is treat their viewport as though it\nis the same width as a computer screen.",
        "start": 5159.76,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Because not all web pages are optimized\nfrom all device mobile devices,",
        "start": 5164.41,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "you want to make sure that on a\nmobile device you can see everything.",
        "start": 5168.07,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "And so many phones will\ntake a web page like this",
        "start": 5170.95,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "and just shrink it down to\nfit onto a mobile screen that",
        "start": 5174.07,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "looks a little something like that.",
        "start": 5177.94,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, of course, that's probably not\nreally what we want it to look like.",
        "start": 5179.8,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Ideally, we want our page to\nadapt to different sized screens.",
        "start": 5182.8,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe we want the heading\nand the image and the text,",
        "start": 5186.49,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "if that's what these are, to grow a\nlittle bit to fill that entire screen.",
        "start": 5188.89,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "And so one simple thing we can do\nis just to add a little line of code",
        "start": 5193.06,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "to our HTML inside the head section of\nour page that controls the viewport.",
        "start": 5197.38,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "This line of code here is providing some\nmetadata to our HTML page and saying,",
        "start": 5202.54,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like you to\nchange the viewport to be",
        "start": 5207.46,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "specifically the width of the device.",
        "start": 5209.98,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "By default, many phones will\nuse a viewport that's actually",
        "start": 5213.07,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "wider than the width\nof the device, treat",
        "start": 5215.62,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "it as if they're loading\na page in a computer,",
        "start": 5217.61,
        "duration": 2.09
    },
    {
        "text": "and then shrinking it down to\nthe size of a mobile device.",
        "start": 5219.7,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "If you and your web\npage specify, though,",
        "start": 5222.82,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "that you want the viewport\nto be just the device width,",
        "start": 5224.89,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "oftentimes a page is going to look a\nwhole lot better on a mobile device.",
        "start": 5227.8,
        "duration": 5.05
    },
    {
        "text": "But in addition to just\nadding a line like this,",
        "start": 5232.85,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "there are other actual\nchanges we can make",
        "start": 5234.85,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "to our page to make it look a\nlittle better on different screens.",
        "start": 5236.68,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of those has to\ndo with media queries.",
        "start": 5240.19,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And media queries are\nall about controlling",
        "start": 5242.86,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "how our page is going to look depending\non how we render that particular page,",
        "start": 5245.23,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "or what size screen we're\nrendering that page on.",
        "start": 5250.06,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look\nat an example of how",
        "start": 5252.82,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "we might go about using\nmedia queries in order",
        "start": 5254.95,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "to control what a page actually looks\nlike depending on what type of page",
        "start": 5258.01,
        "duration": 5.52
    },
    {
        "text": "or what type of browser\nwe're using to view it.",
        "start": 5263.53,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead and open a new\nfile that I'll call responsive.html,",
        "start": 5266.58,
        "duration": 3.76
    },
    {
        "text": "because we're going to try and\nbuild a responsive web page now.",
        "start": 5270.34,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I'll go ahead and\ninside the body of my page",
        "start": 5273.58,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "just include a big heading that says\nWelcome to My Web Page, for example.",
        "start": 5276.79,
        "duration": 5.86
    },
    {
        "text": "And just to demonstrate what you\ncan do now with responsive design",
        "start": 5282.65,
        "duration": 3.68
    },
    {
        "text": "is I could say something like,\nlet me add a style tag here,",
        "start": 5286.33,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "where I want to say that if the size\nof the screen is a certain width,",
        "start": 5290.53,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "then I want to style\nthe page in one way.",
        "start": 5295.27,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And if the size of the\npage is a different width,",
        "start": 5297.43,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "then I might want to style\nthe page in a different way.",
        "start": 5299.93,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "You might imagine that\nas you shrink the screen",
        "start": 5302.23,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "you want to move\nelements around in order",
        "start": 5303.88,
        "duration": 1.7
    },
    {
        "text": "to rearrange them to make the\npage just look a little bit nicer",
        "start": 5305.58,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "on a mobile screen.",
        "start": 5308.5,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll do a very simple example\nof just changing the color depending",
        "start": 5309.76,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "on the size of the screen.",
        "start": 5313.78,
        "duration": 1.81
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me specify now in a media query.",
        "start": 5315.59,
        "duration": 2.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And the syntax for media\nquery looks like this.",
        "start": 5318.31,
        "duration": 2.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to use the @\nsymbol and say media and then",
        "start": 5320.66,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "specify for what type of media I\nwould like to apply this query.",
        "start": 5323.83,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I can say something like, if\nthe minimum width of the page",
        "start": 5328.34,
        "duration": 3.68
    },
    {
        "text": "is 600 pixels, in other words,\nif the width of the page",
        "start": 5332.02,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "is 600 pixels or anything\nlarger than 600 pixels, well,",
        "start": 5334.93,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "then go ahead and take the body and\ngive it a background color of red.",
        "start": 5339.31,
        "duration": 7.54
    },
    {
        "text": "But then I could also add\nanother media query and say,",
        "start": 5346.85,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "you know what, for this media query let\nme give it a max width of 599 pixels,",
        "start": 5349.46,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "meaning if the size of the\nscreen is 599 pixels or fewer,",
        "start": 5354.92,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "then maybe I'd like to take the body\nand give it a background color of blue,",
        "start": 5359.57,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "for example.",
        "start": 5364.7,
        "duration": 1.76
    },
    {
        "text": "So now let's take a look at what\nhappens when I take this page",
        "start": 5366.46,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "and actually open it\nand see what's going on.",
        "start": 5369.05,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll open up responsive.html.",
        "start": 5371.7,
        "duration": 2.66
    },
    {
        "text": "And here's what I see normally.",
        "start": 5374.36,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "I see a red web page, because my\nscreen is longer than 600 pixels wide.",
        "start": 5375.8,
        "duration": 4.42
    },
    {
        "text": "But notice what happens\nas a shrink this web page.",
        "start": 5380.22,
        "duration": 2.27
    },
    {
        "text": "If I go ahead and shrink it,\nlooking at it on a smaller screen,",
        "start": 5382.49,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "eventually it turns to blue.",
        "start": 5386.09,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "If it's above 600 pixels\nwide, it's going to be red.",
        "start": 5388.7,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "If it's below 600 pixels wide,\nthe color changes to blue.",
        "start": 5391.67,
        "duration": 4.45
    },
    {
        "text": "So we're able to now use these media\nqueries to really fine tune control",
        "start": 5396.12,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "how our page is going to look on\nvarious different types of devices.",
        "start": 5399.68,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "If it's on a big screen, maybe you want\nthe elements to look a certain way.",
        "start": 5403.91,
        "duration": 3.16
    },
    {
        "text": "If it's a smaller screen,\nmaybe they'll look differently.",
        "start": 5407.07,
        "duration": 2.38
    },
    {
        "text": "And you don't just need to\ncontrol a background color.",
        "start": 5409.45,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "You can control any CSS property you\nwant just by using these media queries.",
        "start": 5411.7,
        "duration": 4.48
    },
    {
        "text": "You can say on a big screen, you want\ncertain amounts of spacing or padding.",
        "start": 5416.18,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "You can even hide elements\non smaller screens",
        "start": 5419.85,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "if you want to by using a particular CSS\nproperty called the display property.",
        "start": 5421.82,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "That controls whether or not\nan element is even visible.",
        "start": 5426.26,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And ultimately put together, this can\nhelp to make your pages a little bit",
        "start": 5429.5,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "more responsive.",
        "start": 5432.98,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And there are a number\nof different media",
        "start": 5434.03,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "queries that we can apply\nto our page as well.",
        "start": 5435.74,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "We can check to see whether a mobile\ndevice is vertical or landscape.",
        "start": 5437.84,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "We can check to see whether the user\nis viewing the page on their computer",
        "start": 5441.65,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "screen or if they've tried to print\nout the contents of the page as well.",
        "start": 5444.77,
        "duration": 3.58
    },
    {
        "text": "So there are a number\nof different options",
        "start": 5448.35,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "that we have to really control\nhow a page is going to look.",
        "start": 5450.1,
        "duration": 4.0
    },
    {
        "text": "There are some other tools we have\nin our toolbox as well, though,",
        "start": 5454.1,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "for dealing with mobile responsiveness.",
        "start": 5456.98,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of the tools built\ninto the latest version of CSS",
        "start": 5459.02,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "is something called flexbox.",
        "start": 5462.08,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "And flexbox is quite helpful if we\nhave multiple elements that we're all",
        "start": 5464.05,
        "duration": 3.88
    },
    {
        "text": "trying to display on the same\npage at the same time that",
        "start": 5467.93,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "might overflow if we're not careful\nabout how we do responsive design.",
        "start": 5471.86,
        "duration": 3.44
    },
    {
        "text": "If we're really not\ncareful-- let's imagine",
        "start": 5475.3,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "I have six elements that show\nup on my computer's monitor.",
        "start": 5477.1,
        "duration": 2.86
    },
    {
        "text": "When you translate that\nto a mobile screen,",
        "start": 5479.96,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "you can imagine they might all\nshrink down so that they're",
        "start": 5481.88,
        "duration": 2.41
    },
    {
        "text": "barely visible, something like this.",
        "start": 5484.29,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "This is probably not\nwhat we want if we're",
        "start": 5486.29,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "trying to design a mobile\nresponsive page, for example.",
        "start": 5488.06,
        "duration": 3.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So you might imagine, how can\nwe do a little bit better?",
        "start": 5491.5,
        "duration": 2.98
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, another thing we could\ndo is take these elements",
        "start": 5494.48,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "and go ahead and keep\nthem the same size,",
        "start": 5497.24,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "but make you have to\nscroll through them.",
        "start": 5499.4,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "This is now slightly better.",
        "start": 5501.5,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "The elements that are\nat least still visible.",
        "start": 5502.73,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "And they're large enough\non the screen, but it",
        "start": 5504.35,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "would be nice not to have\nto scroll through them.",
        "start": 5506.12,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "What would be really nice is given\nthat we have all this extra space,",
        "start": 5508.16,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like to be able\nto wrap around elements",
        "start": 5511.34,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "if I don't have enough\nspace for them, such",
        "start": 5514.01,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "that if I'm translating these\nsix elements to a mobile screen,",
        "start": 5516.02,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "they translate, but I get\nthem in like two rows,",
        "start": 5518.99,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "for example, three on\nthe top and three below.",
        "start": 5521.54,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And flexbox is an easy way to\nbe able to implement something",
        "start": 5524.21,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "like this inside of our web pages.",
        "start": 5527.48,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look at\nwhat that might actually",
        "start": 5530.19,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "look like to add flexbox to our page.",
        "start": 5532.19,
        "duration": 3.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go ahead and create a\nnew file called flexbox.html.",
        "start": 5535.5,
        "duration": 3.98
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll start with the same HTML code.",
        "start": 5539.48,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, inside of the body, I'm\ngoing to create first a div that",
        "start": 5541.61,
        "duration": 6.78
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to be called the container.",
        "start": 5548.39,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And we're creating a\ncontainer, because we're",
        "start": 5551.04,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "going to specifically say that\neverything inside the container,",
        "start": 5552.92,
        "duration": 3.52
    },
    {
        "text": "I would like to add flexbox\nto, to be able to wrap it",
        "start": 5556.44,
        "duration": 2.39
    },
    {
        "text": "around so that things can go onto\nmultiple lines if I ever need to.",
        "start": 5558.83,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, let me just\nadd some sample text.",
        "start": 5562.88,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is some sample text\ninside of a div to demo flexbox.",
        "start": 5564.65,
        "duration": 6.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll go ahead and repeat\nthis may maybe like 12 times.",
        "start": 5570.86,
        "duration": 2.56
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll number each one.",
        "start": 5573.42,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Here's 1, 2, 3, 4, and\nI'll number all the rest.",
        "start": 5574.47,
        "duration": 5.15
    },
    {
        "text": "This is just to give a demonstration\nof what these elements could actually",
        "start": 5579.62,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "look like.",
        "start": 5583.49,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Ideally, these would be different\npieces of content, though.",
        "start": 5585.32,
        "duration": 3.88
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, inside of my\nstyle tag, here's what",
        "start": 5589.2,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to say, just to demonstrate.",
        "start": 5592.68,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say, take the ID container--\nagain the hashtag specifies get me",
        "start": 5594.78,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "something with a particular ID.",
        "start": 5598.56,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And I want to display it using flexbox.",
        "start": 5600.69,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And in particular, I would\nlike to use the flex wrap",
        "start": 5604.5,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "property to say if there's not enough\nroom at the end of a line for all",
        "start": 5606.84,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "of the elements, go ahead and\nwrap around those elements",
        "start": 5610.65,
        "duration": 2.98
    },
    {
        "text": "onto the next line instead.",
        "start": 5613.63,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I can specify some\nadditional CSS properties",
        "start": 5617.04,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "for the divs inside of the container.",
        "start": 5620.52,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can say, for the container all\nof the div inside of that container,",
        "start": 5623.58,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "again using this child\nselector to get all",
        "start": 5628.14,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "of the divs that are\ninside of the container,",
        "start": 5630.45,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "I can add some CSS to that too.",
        "start": 5633.36,
        "duration": 2.08
    },
    {
        "text": "I can say, let's give these a background\ncolor of like a shade of green.",
        "start": 5635.44,
        "duration": 3.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I can give them a particular\nfont, maybe 20 pixel font.",
        "start": 5639.36,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "Give them some margin and\npadding, just to add some space.",
        "start": 5643.02,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe each one is going\nto be 200 pixels wide.",
        "start": 5646.47,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "So just adding some spacing\nto those individual divs,",
        "start": 5649.92,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "the important part is\nthis right here, where",
        "start": 5652.8,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "I've said that this whole container\nis going to be a flexbox container.",
        "start": 5655.29,
        "duration": 3.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'd like to wrap around\nelements if you ever reach the end.",
        "start": 5659.2,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I'll open up flexbox.html.",
        "start": 5663.31,
        "duration": 3.37
    },
    {
        "text": "And so here, I now see 12 elements\nthat are on multiple lines.",
        "start": 5666.68,
        "duration": 4.52
    },
    {
        "text": "But notice what happens\nas I shrink the page.",
        "start": 5671.2,
        "duration": 2.51
    },
    {
        "text": "If there isn't room for all of them,\nelements move onto other lines.",
        "start": 5673.71,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, there's only three\nelements in any particular row.",
        "start": 5677.67,
        "duration": 2.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, there's only two elements\non any particular row.",
        "start": 5680.23,
        "duration": 2.35
    },
    {
        "text": "And so I can use flexbox\nto very well adapt myself",
        "start": 5682.58,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "to different sized screens.",
        "start": 5686.21,
        "duration": 1.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And no matter whether you're looking at\nthis on a big screen or a small screen,",
        "start": 5687.33,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "the content is still going to look good,\nbecause I'm able to adapt responsively",
        "start": 5690.84,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "to whatever might be happening.",
        "start": 5695.34,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is one layout paradigm that\nexists within CSS, this flexbox layout.",
        "start": 5697.36,
        "duration": 4.61
    },
    {
        "text": "There are other layouts\nthat exist as well.",
        "start": 5701.97,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "One common one is the\ngrid layout for anytime",
        "start": 5704.01,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "you want to arrange things\nin a particular grid, where",
        "start": 5706.44,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "maybe certain columns\nneed to be certain widths,",
        "start": 5709.26,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "but others can maybe be a\nlittle bit more flexible.",
        "start": 5711.33,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll show one example of that too, just\nto give you a demonstration of what",
        "start": 5714.33,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "that grid layout might look like.",
        "start": 5717.57,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So here's grid.html, where I'll go\nahead and inside the body of this page,",
        "start": 5720.07,
        "duration": 5.69
    },
    {
        "text": "give myself a div.",
        "start": 5725.76,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll give it an ID of grid.",
        "start": 5727.86,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "And then let me just add\ndiv class equals grid item.",
        "start": 5731.37,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "Again, a class, because there\nmight be multiple items,",
        "start": 5736.17,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "but I'll go ahead and just create\na whole bunch of grid items",
        "start": 5739.32,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "and number each one, so 2, 3,\n4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.",
        "start": 5742.13,
        "duration": 7.24
    },
    {
        "text": "So I have a whole bunch of grid items\ninside of a div whose ID is grid.",
        "start": 5749.37,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I'd like to\nadd some style here.",
        "start": 5754.56,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say for the grid, let's\ngive it a background color.",
        "start": 5758.4,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe the background\ncolor should be green.",
        "start": 5762.01,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Display is going to be grid.",
        "start": 5764.89,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "I want this to show up as a grid.",
        "start": 5766.75,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, there are a couple\nof attributes or properties",
        "start": 5768.49,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "that I'm going to specify here.",
        "start": 5771.58,
        "duration": 1.48
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe I want some padding\naround the grid first.",
        "start": 5773.06,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "But the important grid\nproperties are grid column gap.",
        "start": 5775.06,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "How much space goes between\neach of the columns?",
        "start": 5779.65,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe I'll say like 20 pixels.",
        "start": 5782.95,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Likewise there is also a grid row gap.",
        "start": 5785.11,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "How much space goes between\neach of the rows of the grid?",
        "start": 5787.18,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe I'll say 10 pixels here.",
        "start": 5790.12,
        "duration": 2.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And then finally, grid template\ncolumns is a way for me",
        "start": 5792.23,
        "duration": 4.19
    },
    {
        "text": "to specify how many columns\nthere are going to be",
        "start": 5796.42,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "and how wide should each\nof those columns be.",
        "start": 5799.51,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I want maybe three columns,\nI can specify that the first column",
        "start": 5802.06,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "should be 200 pixels.",
        "start": 5806.29,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "The second column should\nalso be 200 pixels.",
        "start": 5808.22,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And the third column can\nbe automatically sized,",
        "start": 5811.03,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "just grow or shrink to fill the screen.",
        "start": 5813.91,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll say auto.",
        "start": 5816.36,
        "duration": 1.52
    },
    {
        "text": "So first column 200 pixels,\nsecond column 200 pixels,",
        "start": 5817.88,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "third column just do it automatically.",
        "start": 5821.5,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, for all of the\ngrid items, well, those I",
        "start": 5824.68,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "can add some styling to as well.",
        "start": 5828.34,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll give them a\nbackground color of white,",
        "start": 5830.26,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "just to distinguish them, and also give\nthem some font size and some padding",
        "start": 5832.06,
        "duration": 5.66
    },
    {
        "text": "and maybe center them as well.",
        "start": 5837.72,
        "duration": 1.66
    },
    {
        "text": "So just adding some additional\nCSS properties in order",
        "start": 5839.38,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "to make it display the way I want to.",
        "start": 5842.35,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "But the important ones to care\nabout here are display is grid.",
        "start": 5843.97,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And then I'm specifying,\nhere is how the grid",
        "start": 5847.9,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "should be laid out, how\nmuch space between columns,",
        "start": 5850.48,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "how much space between rows, and how\nwide are each of those rows going",
        "start": 5852.76,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "to be.",
        "start": 5856.81,
        "duration": 1.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I open up, grid.html,\nhere's what that grid looks like.",
        "start": 5858.01,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I now have a first\ncolumn 200 pixels wide,",
        "start": 5862.93,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "a second column also 200\npixels wide, and a third column",
        "start": 5865.77,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "that's going to resize\ndynamically based on how wide",
        "start": 5869.38,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "or how narrow my screen happens to be.",
        "start": 5872.23,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So as I shrink the screen, the\nthird column shrinks with it.",
        "start": 5874.33,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "As I grow the screen, it also\ngrows alongside with how big",
        "start": 5877.48,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "this window happens to be.",
        "start": 5882.1,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And so flexbox and grid are\nsome very powerful tools",
        "start": 5885.23,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can use and\njust to make it easier",
        "start": 5888.02,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "for us to be able to use\nmobile responsive design,",
        "start": 5890.09,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "to be able to make sure\nthat our pages look good",
        "start": 5893.3,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "no matter what kind of\nbrowser or what kind of device",
        "start": 5895.76,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "the user is using in\norder to look at our page.",
        "start": 5899.03,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "But it turns out that\nexists a lot of libraries",
        "start": 5901.76,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "out there that do a lot of this for us,\nsome people that have already written",
        "start": 5904.19,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "CSS code to make our text look\ngood, to make our buttons look good,",
        "start": 5907.61,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to make sure that\nthings are mobile responsive.",
        "start": 5911.09,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of those is called Bootstrap.",
        "start": 5913.43,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Bootstrap was a very\npopular CSS library that we",
        "start": 5915.89,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "can use in order to use\nsome styling that they",
        "start": 5918.23,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "have written, such that we don't need\nto write all the styling from scratch.",
        "start": 5921.35,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is what Bootstrap's\nwebsite looks like.",
        "start": 5925.31,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go ahead and show\nit to you now just",
        "start": 5927.27,
        "duration": 1.7
    },
    {
        "text": "to give you a sampling for\nwhat's available inside",
        "start": 5928.97,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "of a library like Bootstrap.",
        "start": 5931.1,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "If I go to getbootstrap.com,\nhere's Bootstrap's website.",
        "start": 5933.53,
        "duration": 5.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I go to their documentation\non this first link here,",
        "start": 5939.07,
        "duration": 3.4
    },
    {
        "text": "I can look at all of the Bootstrap\ncomponents that I'm given access to.",
        "start": 5942.47,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "These are things like\nalerts, for example.",
        "start": 5946.09,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "That here's an alert that's\nstyled in a very particular way.",
        "start": 5948.52,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "It's in a specific font.",
        "start": 5951.16,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "It's got a certain amount of\npadding and certain colors.",
        "start": 5952.33,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I want to just copy this alert,\nonce I've used Bootstrap's code,",
        "start": 5954.94,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "I can just apply\ncertain classes to a div",
        "start": 5958.99,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "and Bootstrap will handle the process\nof applying the right styles for me.",
        "start": 5962.53,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't need to write all of these\nstyles by myself from scratch.",
        "start": 5965.89,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "Bootstrap's written a lot\nof the styling already.",
        "start": 5969.06,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "So how do you actually\ngo about using Bootstrap?",
        "start": 5972.73,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, to get started\nwith Bootstrap, all you",
        "start": 5975.15,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "need to do is copy the CSS\nlink that Bootstrap gives you",
        "start": 5976.99,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "to the top of your file.",
        "start": 5980.71,
        "duration": 1.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I take the CSS link and then\ngo back to something like hello.html,",
        "start": 5982.34,
        "duration": 4.73
    },
    {
        "text": "which you'll recall originally looked\nsomething like this, just Hello World,",
        "start": 5987.07,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "I can add some Bootstrap\nto it to say, all",
        "start": 5992.23,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "right, I would like\nto take this HTML file",
        "start": 5994.81,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "and apply Bootstrap styling to it\nto make it look a little bit nicer.",
        "start": 5999.22,
        "duration": 4.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So I refreshed the page.",
        "start": 6003.28,
        "duration": 1.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, you'll notice Bootstrap's\nchosen a custom font for me",
        "start": 6004.44,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "just to make things look a little\nnicer in Bootstrap's own eyes.",
        "start": 6007.26,
        "duration": 3.64
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, if I want to\nadd Bootstrap elements,",
        "start": 6010.9,
        "duration": 2.39
    },
    {
        "text": "I can say, all right, let\nme go to their components.",
        "start": 6013.29,
        "duration": 3.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And I want to add an alert.",
        "start": 6016.57,
        "duration": 1.31
    },
    {
        "text": "I can just copy their alert code.",
        "start": 6017.88,
        "duration": 2.33
    },
    {
        "text": "Here's their alert code for a primary\nalert, an alert that looks blue.",
        "start": 6020.21,
        "duration": 4.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can just inside the body of\nmy page go ahead and add an alert,",
        "start": 6024.66,
        "duration": 4.85
    },
    {
        "text": "and maybe change the text to\nhere is my alert, for example.",
        "start": 6029.51,
        "duration": 5.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, when I reload hello.html, I\nnow see an alert that shows up,",
        "start": 6035.16,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "styled according to Bootstrap styling.",
        "start": 6039.66,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, I can change that styling\njust by changing these classes.",
        "start": 6042.48,
        "duration": 4.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So a primary alert shows up as blue.",
        "start": 6047.02,
        "duration": 2.0
    },
    {
        "text": "A success alert shows up as green.",
        "start": 6049.02,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "A danger alert is red.",
        "start": 6050.64,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I want to give a danger alert--\nthe user is doing something wrong",
        "start": 6052.06,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "on the web page, for example--",
        "start": 6055.02,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "I can change alert primary here inside\nmy HTML to something like alert danger",
        "start": 6056.58,
        "duration": 5.22
    },
    {
        "text": "instead.",
        "start": 6061.8,
        "duration": 1.08
    },
    {
        "text": "And now when I refresh this\npage, I now see the alert",
        "start": 6062.88,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "shows up as red instead of blue.",
        "start": 6065.61,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "So Bootstrap gives us access to a\nlot of these various different types",
        "start": 6068.52,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "of components, different ways of adding\nbreadcrumbs and alerts and carousels",
        "start": 6072.0,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "and other elements to our page just to\nmake it easy to make our page look good",
        "start": 6076.29,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "very, very quickly without having\nto worry too much about writing",
        "start": 6080.07,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "our own CSS, because Bootstrap's\nwritten a lot of that for us.",
        "start": 6082.95,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "Bootstrap even includes\na way to make sure",
        "start": 6086.75,
        "duration": 2.44
    },
    {
        "text": "that web pages are mobile\nresponsive using something",
        "start": 6089.19,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "called Bootstrap's column model.",
        "start": 6091.8,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll show you an example of that now.",
        "start": 6094.74,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "Bootstrap divides its page\ninto 12 distinct columns.",
        "start": 6096.58,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "So one thing I can do\nis I've pulled this up",
        "start": 6101.65,
        "duration": 2.09
    },
    {
        "text": "in an example I have in advanced\ncalled column zero.html.",
        "start": 6103.74,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice that inside of\nthe body of my page now,",
        "start": 6107.61,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "I have a div whose class is container\nand then a div whose class is row.",
        "start": 6110.34,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And Bootstrap divides every\nrow into a 12-unit column.",
        "start": 6115.47,
        "duration": 4.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, for example,\nI have a whole bunch",
        "start": 6120.31,
        "duration": 1.79
    },
    {
        "text": "of divs that are each 3-unit columns.",
        "start": 6122.1,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I have four 3-unit\ncolumns, that will take up",
        "start": 6125.16,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "a total amount of space\nequal to 12, meaning",
        "start": 6128.25,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "filling up the entirety of the screen.",
        "start": 6131.13,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I now open up source column\nzero.html, here's what that looks like.",
        "start": 6133.96,
        "duration": 6.14
    },
    {
        "text": "I have four columns, each\nof which is of width 3.",
        "start": 6140.1,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "And as a result, as I\nshrink it, those columns",
        "start": 6143.7,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "will automatically resize to\nmake sure that they're always",
        "start": 6146.46,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "the appropriate size.",
        "start": 6149.25,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, as long as they add up to 12,\nthey don't only to be the same size.",
        "start": 6150.75,
        "duration": 4.09
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, if I only wanted\nthree columns, instead of four,",
        "start": 6154.84,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "I could get rid of the fourth\ncolumn by deleting those rows.",
        "start": 6158.64,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe change the second column\ninstead of being a column of size 3,",
        "start": 6162.37,
        "duration": 4.34
    },
    {
        "text": "let's make it a column of size 6.",
        "start": 6166.71,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So that's a length 6 column instead.",
        "start": 6168.54,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "And now if I refresh\nthe page, now suddenly I",
        "start": 6171.57,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "see three columns where\nthe middle one is twice",
        "start": 6174.18,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "as large as the ones on either end.",
        "start": 6177.21,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And as I shrink this down, I can\nsee that it shrinks down as well.",
        "start": 6179.34,
        "duration": 4.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of the advantages\nof using Bootstrap columns",
        "start": 6184.25,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "is that they too can\nbe mobile responsive.",
        "start": 6186.82,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "They too can wrap around other\nlines if they ever need to.",
        "start": 6189.22,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, let me\npull up columns one.html.",
        "start": 6193.03,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, for example, I have a row.",
        "start": 6198.53,
        "duration": 2.27
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's take a look at\nwhat's going on in here.",
        "start": 6200.8,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Recall that every row in Bootstrap\nis divided up into 12-column units.",
        "start": 6202.85,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "But Bootstrap, in addition to letting\nme specify how many units a column",
        "start": 6207.89,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "should take up, also lets me\nspecify how many units that column",
        "start": 6211.4,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "should take up depending\non the size of the screen.",
        "start": 6214.85,
        "duration": 3.25
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I'm on a large\nscreen, as indicated by LG,",
        "start": 6218.1,
        "duration": 3.95
    },
    {
        "text": "this is saying that on\na large screen, this div",
        "start": 6222.05,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "should take up 3 units of space.",
        "start": 6225.02,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And this div should also\ntake up 3 units of space.",
        "start": 6227.36,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And for each of these four\ndivs, on a large screen,",
        "start": 6229.78,
        "duration": 2.98
    },
    {
        "text": "each will take up 3 of the\ntotal 12 units of space.",
        "start": 6232.76,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "So they'll all show up on one row.",
        "start": 6236.42,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "What happens on a small screen, though?",
        "start": 6239.33,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, here col sm, for\ncolumn on a small screen,",
        "start": 6241.73,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I've said on a small screen\neach column should only",
        "start": 6245.45,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "take up 6 units of space, 6, or half,\nof the total 12 that I have in the row.",
        "start": 6247.94,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "And so I use up 6 here,\n6 here for a total",
        "start": 6253.64,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "of 12 in one row, which means\nthe next two, also a size 6,",
        "start": 6255.8,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "need to go on to a second row.",
        "start": 6260.09,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And Bootstrap is smart\nenough to do this math for me",
        "start": 6262.22,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "and figure out how exactly these\nelements should ultimately be laid out.",
        "start": 6264.77,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So now if I open up columns 1.html and\nsee what's there, on a large screen,",
        "start": 6269.21,
        "duration": 8.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I see four columns, all in the same row.",
        "start": 6277.42,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "But as I shrink down\nto a smaller screen,",
        "start": 6280.33,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "eventually we'll see that things change.",
        "start": 6282.25,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "I now see the third and fourth\nsections move down onto the second row,",
        "start": 6285.4,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "because on a smaller screen\nnow, when the window is smaller,",
        "start": 6289.54,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "now I only have the ability to show\ntwo elements in any particular row.",
        "start": 6293.44,
        "duration": 3.91
    },
    {
        "text": "So I get to on the first row and\nthen two on the row underneath that.",
        "start": 6297.35,
        "duration": 5.14
    },
    {
        "text": "So all in all, there are\na lot of different ways",
        "start": 6302.49,
        "duration": 2.32
    },
    {
        "text": "now that we can use CSS in order to make\nsure our pages are mobile responsive.",
        "start": 6304.81,
        "duration": 4.07
    },
    {
        "text": "We can use Bootstrap\ncolumn model to make",
        "start": 6308.88,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "sure the columns move around whenever\na size of the window shrinks or grows.",
        "start": 6311.13,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "We can also use things like\nflexbox and the grid model,",
        "start": 6315.48,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "writing our own CSS to make sure\nthat our page is responsive depending",
        "start": 6317.97,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "on the size of the screen that the\nuser happens to be using in order",
        "start": 6322.26,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "to visit our website page.",
        "start": 6325.56,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "So these are some of the very powerful\nfeatures that we get using just CSS.",
        "start": 6327.25,
        "duration": 5.06
    },
    {
        "text": "But one thing you might imagine is that\nas we begin to write more and more CSS,",
        "start": 6332.31,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "there's going to be more and more\nrepetition, things that appear again",
        "start": 6336.15,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "and again and again.",
        "start": 6339.96,
        "duration": 1.55
    },
    {
        "text": "And we've already seen some ways that\nwe can minimize redundancy in CSS.",
        "start": 6341.51,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen how we can move CSS into\nthe style section of our web page.",
        "start": 6344.94,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "We've even seen how we can move\nCSS to an entirely different file.",
        "start": 6349.32,
        "duration": 4.15
    },
    {
        "text": "However, what we haven't yet seen is how\nto deal with other types of redundancy.",
        "start": 6353.47,
        "duration": 5.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And so let's take a look\nat an example of that now.",
        "start": 6358.59,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's imagine, for example,\nthat I want to style",
        "start": 6361.59,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "multiple different elements in different\nways, but using some common properties.",
        "start": 6363.9,
        "duration": 6.28
    },
    {
        "text": "So, for example, let me create a\nnew file that I'll, in this case,",
        "start": 6370.18,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "call variables.html.",
        "start": 6372.93,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And you'll see why in a moment.",
        "start": 6375.42,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go ahead and copy\nhello.html, but I'll get rid",
        "start": 6377.28,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "of all this Bootstrap inside of it.",
        "start": 6379.86,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's imagine that here I have in\nmaybe two list, an ordered list",
        "start": 6382.67,
        "duration": 4.67
    },
    {
        "text": "and an unordered list,\nwhere my unordered list has",
        "start": 6387.34,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "an ordered item, maybe\nthree unordered items,",
        "start": 6392.41,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "and my ordered list also\nhas three ordered items.",
        "start": 6396.52,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Again, just for sake\nof demonstration, I'm",
        "start": 6401.77,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "showing that we have\nthese two lists now.",
        "start": 6403.63,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll open up\nvariables.html just to give you",
        "start": 6405.76,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "a sense for what that could look like.",
        "start": 6409.18,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "We have three unordered\nitems in an unordered list,",
        "start": 6412.27,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "three ordered items in our ordered list.",
        "start": 6415.09,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's imagine I wanted to style\nthese a little bit differently.",
        "start": 6418.18,
        "duration": 3.28
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe inside the style\nsection of my page",
        "start": 6421.46,
        "duration": 2.33
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to style the unordered list\nto have a font size of 14 pixels",
        "start": 6423.79,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "and maybe a color of red.",
        "start": 6428.92,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And my ordered list, I would like that\nto have a font size of maybe larger, 18",
        "start": 6431.26,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "pixels, but also a color of red.",
        "start": 6435.73,
        "duration": 2.2
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to keep the same\ncolor for all the text,",
        "start": 6437.93,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "but I want the font\nsizes to be different.",
        "start": 6440.23,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I refresh this\npage, here's what I see.",
        "start": 6443.2,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "They are indeed of different sizes.",
        "start": 6445.39,
        "duration": 1.6
    },
    {
        "text": "The ordered list items are larger\nthan the unordered list items.",
        "start": 6446.99,
        "duration": 3.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And they're all red.",
        "start": 6450.7,
        "duration": 1.66
    },
    {
        "text": "But there was some\nredundancy, some repetition",
        "start": 6452.36,
        "duration": 2.15
    },
    {
        "text": "that was introduced when\nI was writing my CSS code.",
        "start": 6454.51,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular when I\nwas writing my CSS code,",
        "start": 6457.51,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I've repeated this\nusage of the color red.",
        "start": 6461.02,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "If I ever want to change the color\nfrom red to blue, for example,",
        "start": 6463.72,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to have to change my\ncode in two different places.",
        "start": 6466.6,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "Ultimately, I'd just like for my CSS\nto be a little bit more powerful.",
        "start": 6470.26,
        "duration": 4.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And so that brings us to our last topic\ntoday, which is a language called Sass.",
        "start": 6474.54,
        "duration": 4.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And Sass is a language that is\nessentially an extension to CSS.",
        "start": 6479.08,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "It adds additional\nfeatures to what CSS has",
        "start": 6482.86,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "to offer, just to make\nit a little bit more",
        "start": 6485.32,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "powerful for us to be able to use\nand manipulate CSS in a way that's",
        "start": 6487.3,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "going to be faster and\nremove some of the repetition",
        "start": 6491.02,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "that we might have\nhad in CSS previously.",
        "start": 6494.35,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of the key features of Sass\nis the ability to have variables.",
        "start": 6496.93,
        "duration": 5.26
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's take a look at\nan example of this now.",
        "start": 6502.19,
        "duration": 2.6
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to create a new file,\nnormally when we created our CSS files,",
        "start": 6504.79,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "we called them like\nvariables.css, something",
        "start": 6508.39,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "dot CSS to stand for a CSS file.",
        "start": 6511.39,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Sass is a different language, though.",
        "start": 6514.51,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "So it's going to require\na different extension.",
        "start": 6516.55,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "We're going to conventionally use dot\nscss to stand for this is a Sass file.",
        "start": 6518.77,
        "duration": 6.55
    },
    {
        "text": "So here is now variables.scss.",
        "start": 6525.32,
        "duration": 3.26
    },
    {
        "text": "And now what I can do in Sass is\nI can actually create variables",
        "start": 6528.58,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "in the same way that we could create\nvariables in a programming language,",
        "start": 6531.68,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "like Python, which we'll soon see.",
        "start": 6534.73,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "CSS normally doesn't\nsupport variables, but Sass",
        "start": 6536.74,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "is going to give us that power.",
        "start": 6539.29,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "In Sass, all variables\nbegin with a dollar sign.",
        "start": 6541.15,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So I can create a variable $color\nto create a variable called color.",
        "start": 6544.25,
        "duration": 5.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can say the variable called\ncolor is going to be equal to red.",
        "start": 6549.27,
        "duration": 4.33
    },
    {
        "text": "So this line here, line\n1, is my way of telling",
        "start": 6553.6,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "Sass I'd like to create\na variable called color",
        "start": 6556.12,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "and I'd like for its value to be red.",
        "start": 6558.58,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I can add the\nsame styling I had before.",
        "start": 6562.03,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "I can just use normal CSS\nand say for an unordered list",
        "start": 6564.22,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "I'd like the font size to be 14 pixels.",
        "start": 6567.37,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "But the color, instead of saying red\nhere, I can use the name of a variable.",
        "start": 6569.98,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I can say $color to mean go ahead and\nuse the value of the variable color",
        "start": 6575.23,
        "duration": 6.15
    },
    {
        "text": "as the color for this unordered list.",
        "start": 6581.38,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Then for an ordered list, I'll\nalso say font size 18 pixels",
        "start": 6584.35,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "and say color should also be\nthis variable called color.",
        "start": 6588.91,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "By using a variable, I've\nremoved the repetition.",
        "start": 6593.68,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "Rather than having the word red show\nup in multiple places in my code",
        "start": 6596.53,
        "duration": 3.31
    },
    {
        "text": "where I would need to change it\ntwice if I ever needed to change it,",
        "start": 6599.84,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "now I have defined the variable once.",
        "start": 6602.68,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And I only ever need to\nchange it in one place",
        "start": 6604.93,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "if I ever need to make modifications\nto this particular file.",
        "start": 6607.24,
        "duration": 4.09
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, let's try and link this file.",
        "start": 6611.33,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll go back to variables.html.",
        "start": 6614.74,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "Instead of putting the style code here,\nI'll go ahead and link a style sheet",
        "start": 6617.32,
        "duration": 7.21
    },
    {
        "text": "and say, the href should\nbe variables.scss,",
        "start": 6624.53,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "because that's the file\nwhere my styling exists.",
        "start": 6628.19,
        "duration": 3.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So now let me try and open up\nvariables.html after I've linked",
        "start": 6631.5,
        "duration": 4.1
    },
    {
        "text": "the CSS.",
        "start": 6635.6,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And, all right, something\nseems not quite right.",
        "start": 6637.35,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "I specified font sizes.",
        "start": 6639.69,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "I specified that\neverything should be red.",
        "start": 6641.13,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "But it's not showing up.",
        "start": 6643.08,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Everything is showing up black.",
        "start": 6644.13,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "And I don't see any of\nthe differences in sizing.",
        "start": 6645.82,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "And the reason for this is while the web\nbrowser, things like Chrome and Safari",
        "start": 6649.23,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "and Firefox can understand CSS,\nthey can't by default understand",
        "start": 6653.64,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "SCSS, or Sass.",
        "start": 6658.35,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Sass is an extension to CSS that\nweb browsers don't understand out",
        "start": 6659.91,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "of the box.",
        "start": 6663.87,
        "duration": 1.48
    },
    {
        "text": "So in order to solve this problem,\nonce we've written our Sass file,",
        "start": 6665.35,
        "duration": 3.62
    },
    {
        "text": "we need to compile it, convert\nit, translate it, so to speak,",
        "start": 6668.97,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "from Sass into plain old CSS so that\nour browser is able to understand it.",
        "start": 6672.42,
        "duration": 5.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And in order to do this,\nyou'll need to install",
        "start": 6678.25,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "a program called Sass on your computer.",
        "start": 6680.55,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "And you can install it\non Mac or PC or Linux.",
        "start": 6682.52,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, in the terminal, in\norder to do this compilation,",
        "start": 6685.05,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to say Sass variables.scss,\nthe file I'd like to compile,",
        "start": 6687.96,
        "duration": 7.44
    },
    {
        "text": "colon variables.css.",
        "start": 6695.4,
        "duration": 2.99
    },
    {
        "text": "So variables.scss is the file\nthat I would like to compile.",
        "start": 6698.39,
        "duration": 4.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And the file I'd like to\ngenerate is variables.css.",
        "start": 6702.58,
        "duration": 3.44
    },
    {
        "text": "I'd like to turn my Sass file\ninto a plain old CSS file.",
        "start": 6706.02,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go ahead and press Return.",
        "start": 6710.79,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And all right, that compilation\nprocess is now done.",
        "start": 6712.5,
        "duration": 3.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And so now, inside of variables.html,\ninstead of referencing the SCSS file,",
        "start": 6715.52,
        "duration": 6.94
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm going to reference the\nCSS file as the style sheet,",
        "start": 6722.46,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "because my web browser only understands\nCSS, it doesn't understand Sass.",
        "start": 6725.82,
        "duration": 5.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, when I load the page,\nnow I see the result I expect.",
        "start": 6731.51,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "Everything shows up as red and\nthe font sizes are different.",
        "start": 6734.9,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "So ultimately, this\nwas a 2-step process.",
        "start": 6738.17,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "I first needed to take my Sass\ncode, compile it into CSS.",
        "start": 6740.57,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And then I could link the\nCSS to this particular page.",
        "start": 6744.86,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "But the advantage now is that if ever\nI want to make some sort of change,",
        "start": 6748.61,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to change the color, rather\nthan change it in two places,",
        "start": 6751.91,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "or you might imagine in a more complex\npage, like tens or dozens of places,",
        "start": 6755.04,
        "duration": 4.13
    },
    {
        "text": "I just go to the SCSS file, and I\nchange the color from red to blue.",
        "start": 6759.17,
        "duration": 6.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I refresh the page, all\nright everything is still red.",
        "start": 6765.62,
        "duration": 3.35
    },
    {
        "text": "And that's because I forgot a step.",
        "start": 6768.97,
        "duration": 1.7
    },
    {
        "text": "I changed the Sass file.",
        "start": 6770.67,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "But that doesn't automatically\nchange the CSS file.",
        "start": 6772.51,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "I need to now recompile the CSS\nfile by saying Sass variables.scss",
        "start": 6775.42,
        "duration": 5.76
    },
    {
        "text": "variables.css, to compile the file\nagain using the updated Sass file.",
        "start": 6781.18,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I see the updated changes.",
        "start": 6786.76,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "And if you're curious as to what\nthe updated file looks like,",
        "start": 6789.85,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm actually look at variables.css\nto see what code happens to be there,",
        "start": 6792.4,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "and, though, it's styled\na little bit strangely.",
        "start": 6796.87,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "You can see that I have a UL with a\nfont size a 14 and a color of blue.",
        "start": 6798.91,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "So they've substituted the\nword blue for this variable.",
        "start": 6803.08,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "And they've done the same thing\nfor ordered lists as well.",
        "start": 6806.05,
        "duration": 4.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, in practice, it's\ngoing to be pretty annoying",
        "start": 6810.12,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "if I'm building a web\npage, building using Sass,",
        "start": 6812.43,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "if I constantly need to go back\nand recompile my Sass into CSS",
        "start": 6815.13,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "every single time.",
        "start": 6819.0,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "What I'd like to do is\njust automate that process.",
        "start": 6820.14,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And Sass makes it easy to do this.",
        "start": 6822.57,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I can just say, Sass dash dash\nwatch variables.scss variables.css.",
        "start": 6824.58,
        "duration": 7.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And what that's going to do is now\nyou see Sass is watching for changes.",
        "start": 6831.77,
        "duration": 3.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Sass is going to monitor\nthe variables.scss file.",
        "start": 6835.65,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "And if ever I change my Sass file,\nSass is going to know about it.",
        "start": 6839.55,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And it's automatically going to\nrecompile the corresponding CSS file.",
        "start": 6843.3,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And you can do this not just with\nsingle files, but entire directories",
        "start": 6847.46,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "as well if you have multiple\ndifferent Sass files.",
        "start": 6850.38,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, what I can do is if in\nthe variables.scss file I change",
        "start": 6853.11,
        "duration": 5.82
    },
    {
        "text": "the color--",
        "start": 6858.93,
        "duration": 0.81
    },
    {
        "text": "instead of blue, I now want\nit to be green, for example--",
        "start": 6859.74,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I now save the variables.scss file.",
        "start": 6862.7,
        "duration": 3.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, without doing anything--\ntake a look at my terminal--",
        "start": 6865.74,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Sass detected a change\nto variables.scss,",
        "start": 6869.04,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "so it gave me a new version\nof my original CSS file.",
        "start": 6872.65,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "If I go back to my web browser now,\nrefresh the page, now, all of the text",
        "start": 6877.03,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "is green, as I would expect it to be.",
        "start": 6881.54,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "So that's one of the very powerful\nfeatures that Sass gives us.",
        "start": 6885.13,
        "duration": 3.5
    },
    {
        "text": "It gives us the ability to add\nvariables to our CSS code just",
        "start": 6888.63,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "to factor out commonalities.",
        "start": 6892.17,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "If there are common fonts, common\ncolors, common borders, common styling,",
        "start": 6893.76,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "that I want to apply to a\nlot of different things,",
        "start": 6897.72,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "it becomes much easier just\nto use Sass in order to do so.",
        "start": 6900.0,
        "duration": 4.31
    },
    {
        "text": "And finally, we'll take a look\nat a couple of other features",
        "start": 6904.31,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "that Sass gives us the\nability to do, one of them",
        "start": 6907.23,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "is the ability to nest CSS selectors\ninside of other CSS selectors.",
        "start": 6910.41,
        "duration": 5.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So one thing you've seen\nso far, for example,",
        "start": 6915.91,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "is that in CSS, if I wanted to style all\nof the unordered lists that are inside",
        "start": 6918.1,
        "duration": 5.93
    },
    {
        "text": "of divs, for example, I could say\nlike, div arrow unordered list,",
        "start": 6924.03,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to style unordered\nlists that are inside of divs.",
        "start": 6929.7,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "What Sass will do is that will give\nus a bit of a nicer syntax for doing",
        "start": 6934.44,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "this type of thing, in particular,\nby allowing us to nest CSS inside",
        "start": 6938.64,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "of other pieces of CSS.",
        "start": 6943.62,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "So just as an example\nof this, I'll go ahead",
        "start": 6946.07,
        "duration": 2.11
    },
    {
        "text": "and open up a file I already\nbrought, called nesting.html.",
        "start": 6948.18,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And so here is what we might\nsee inside of nesting.html.",
        "start": 6952.92,
        "duration": 2.63
    },
    {
        "text": "Here is the body of the page.",
        "start": 6955.55,
        "duration": 2.44
    },
    {
        "text": "Inside the body of the page,\nI have a div, inside of which",
        "start": 6957.99,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "is a paragraph inside the div and\nalso a list, an unordered list,",
        "start": 6961.89,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "or ul, that's inside\nof this div as well.",
        "start": 6965.61,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And then we also have a paragraph\nthat's outside of the div.",
        "start": 6969.28,
        "duration": 2.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And a list that's outside of\nthe div in addition to that.",
        "start": 6972.21,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "So a number of different elements,\nsome of which are located inside",
        "start": 6975.41,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "of other elements.",
        "start": 6978.21,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And what I'd like to do is be very\nprecise about how I style these pages.",
        "start": 6979.26,
        "duration": 5.39
    },
    {
        "text": "What Sass is going to\nallow us to do is it",
        "start": 6984.65,
        "duration": 2.41
    },
    {
        "text": "lets us write a Sass file that\nlooks a little something like this.",
        "start": 6987.06,
        "duration": 4.39
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's take a look at what it's doing.",
        "start": 6991.45,
        "duration": 1.55
    },
    {
        "text": "It's saying, for the\nentire div, I would like",
        "start": 6993.0,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "to give that div a\nfont size of 18 pixels.",
        "start": 6995.97,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "And then, what CSS normally\ndoesn't allow us to do,",
        "start": 6999.15,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "but we can do now using\nthe power of Sass,",
        "start": 7002.21,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "is say, for any paragraphs\nthat are inside of that div,",
        "start": 7004.61,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "go ahead and give those\nparagraphs the color of blue.",
        "start": 7008.51,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "And for any unordered lists\nthat are inside of the div,",
        "start": 7011.24,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "give those unordered\nlists a color of green.",
        "start": 7014.33,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "By nesting these CSS\nselectors inside of others,",
        "start": 7017.27,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "we've been able to get\nacross the idea that I only",
        "start": 7020.45,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "want to style the paragraph\nif it is inside of a div.",
        "start": 7023.36,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And this is just a little bit\nof a nicer, cleaner syntax",
        "start": 7026.78,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "for doing some of these more complex\nstyling tasks that might come up.",
        "start": 7029.9,
        "duration": 4.57
    },
    {
        "text": "So what does this actually look like?",
        "start": 7034.47,
        "duration": 1.55
    },
    {
        "text": "If I like take this SCSS file\nand turn it into normal CSS,",
        "start": 7036.02,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "what is the result going to be?",
        "start": 7040.19,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's take a look.",
        "start": 7042.02,
        "duration": 1.36
    },
    {
        "text": "We can try it out by let me\ngo into my nesting folder",
        "start": 7043.38,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "where all these files are located.",
        "start": 7047.15,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I run Sass nesting.scss,\nturn it into nesting.css,",
        "start": 7049.04,
        "duration": 7.93
    },
    {
        "text": "now let's open up nesting.css\nand see what it looks like.",
        "start": 7056.97,
        "duration": 3.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, it's turned into\na take all of the divs,",
        "start": 7060.71,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "give them a font size of 18 pixels.",
        "start": 7063.44,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And then, we're using the same\ndescendant selector notation",
        "start": 7065.68,
        "duration": 3.97
    },
    {
        "text": "that we saw before, where all\nthe paragraphs inside of divs",
        "start": 7069.65,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "should be colored blue, all the\nunordered lists inside of a div",
        "start": 7072.92,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "should be colored green.",
        "start": 7076.13,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And this certainly works.",
        "start": 7077.42,
        "duration": 1.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And we could have just written\nthis CSS from the beginning,",
        "start": 7078.63,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "but it can be a little bit cleaner, a\nlittle bit easier to read to use Sass",
        "start": 7081.38,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "in order to really say,\nparagraphs inside of divs",
        "start": 7085.73,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "should be structured this way, unordered\nlists are styled in some other way.",
        "start": 7088.93,
        "duration": 3.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And using this nothing approach\njust makes it often easier",
        "start": 7092.76,
        "duration": 2.84
    },
    {
        "text": "to take a look at this SCSS\npage and really understand",
        "start": 7095.6,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "how all of the different style\ncode interacts with each other.",
        "start": 7099.56,
        "duration": 3.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So after all of this now,\nif I open up nesting.html,",
        "start": 7103.39,
        "duration": 5.2
    },
    {
        "text": "we might see something that looks\na little something like this.",
        "start": 7108.59,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "The paragraph inside the div and\nthe list inside of the div, those",
        "start": 7111.59,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "both get changes to the way\nthat they've been styled.",
        "start": 7115.31,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "But unlike them, these\nparagraphs outside of the div",
        "start": 7118.49,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "and the list that is\nalso outside of the div,",
        "start": 7121.73,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "those get styled a\nlittle bit differently.",
        "start": 7123.86,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "So two features now we've\nseen inside of Sass.",
        "start": 7127.29,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "We've first seen the\nability to have variables",
        "start": 7129.74,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "to make sure we're not\nrepeating ourselves",
        "start": 7132.31,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "in many places throughout the code.",
        "start": 7134.06,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, we've seen the ability to\nnest CSS selectors inside of each other",
        "start": 7135.74,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "by taking advantage of Sass.",
        "start": 7140.36,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "And finally, we'll take a\nlook at one last feature",
        "start": 7142.88,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "that Sass is going to give us.",
        "start": 7145.34,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "And that is something\ncalled inheritance.",
        "start": 7146.78,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "If we have certain CSS selectors that\nare related to other CSS selectors,",
        "start": 7149.06,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "but they're may be adding\nsome additional information.",
        "start": 7153.71,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "And in this case, I'm actually going\nto show you the finished product first.",
        "start": 7156.89,
        "duration": 3.46
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's go into inheritance and\nlet me open up inheritance.html.",
        "start": 7160.35,
        "duration": 5.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And here, you see I've\ntried to almost implement",
        "start": 7166.1,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "Bootstrap-style alert messages in HTML.",
        "start": 7168.89,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "I have a success message up at the\ntop, a warning message, and then",
        "start": 7172.37,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "an error message.",
        "start": 7175.28,
        "duration": 1.2
    },
    {
        "text": "And each of these messages you'll\nnotice are styled differently.",
        "start": 7176.48,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular they're\neach a different color.",
        "start": 7179.36,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "But despite that, they\nshare a lot in common.",
        "start": 7181.49,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "They share a common border.",
        "start": 7184.01,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "They share a common font.",
        "start": 7185.27,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "They share a common size\nand many other properties",
        "start": 7186.59,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "are all shared between these elements.",
        "start": 7189.29,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "There are just some things that are\na little bit different about them.",
        "start": 7191.09,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "I could have written three\ndifferent CSS selectors",
        "start": 7194.84,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "to deal with all of these cases, but\nthere might be some repetition there.",
        "start": 7197.3,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So here's what I can do by\ntaking advantage of the features",
        "start": 7201.03,
        "duration": 2.93
    },
    {
        "text": "that Sass gives me.",
        "start": 7203.96,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go ahead and look at\ninheritance.scss to look at the code",
        "start": 7205.61,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "for doing this.",
        "start": 7210.56,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "And it looks a little\nbit cryptic at first.",
        "start": 7212.53,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "But here's what I've defined.",
        "start": 7215.65,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I've here defined using a percent sign\nthat this is what a generic message is",
        "start": 7217.36,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "going to be, something that I can extend\nlater to add additional information to.",
        "start": 7221.8,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "All of the messages, whether they be\nsuccess messages or danger messages",
        "start": 7226.21,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "or warning messages, they're\nall going to have the same font.",
        "start": 7229.39,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "They're all going to\nhave the same border.",
        "start": 7232.2,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "They're all going to have the\nsame padding and margin, spacing",
        "start": 7233.95,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "around and outside of it.",
        "start": 7236.53,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "But each of the specific messages\nare going to be slightly different.",
        "start": 7238.09,
        "duration": 4.86
    },
    {
        "text": "How are they different?",
        "start": 7242.95,
        "duration": 1.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's take a look down here.",
        "start": 7244.04,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "Anything with a class of success, I'm\ngoing to say extends this message.",
        "start": 7245.95,
        "duration": 6.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And by extends this message what I\nmean is that anything with a class",
        "start": 7252.07,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "of success is going to inherit all\nof these CSS properties-- the font,",
        "start": 7255.49,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "the border, the padding in the margin--",
        "start": 7260.26,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "but it's going to add\nadditional information to it.",
        "start": 7262.66,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "In particular, we're\ngoing to add a color.",
        "start": 7264.79,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "We're going to say that\nfor success messages,",
        "start": 7267.13,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "the background color\nis going to be green.",
        "start": 7269.02,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I've extended the basics of\nwhat a message is, but said",
        "start": 7271.73,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "that this message in particular has\nsome additional style that we're",
        "start": 7274.51,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "going to assign to it as well.",
        "start": 7278.11,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "And the other two messages\nbehave in very similar ways.",
        "start": 7280.33,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "My warning message extends\nthe message, but instead",
        "start": 7283.0,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "says the background\ncolor should be orange.",
        "start": 7286.18,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "And finally, the error message\nalso extends the message.",
        "start": 7288.4,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "But this time, it gives us the\nbackground color of red instead.",
        "start": 7291.22,
        "duration": 4.51
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, when you compile\nthis all together",
        "start": 7295.73,
        "duration": 2.3
    },
    {
        "text": "into inheritance.css, which\nI compiled it in advance,",
        "start": 7298.03,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "this is what this is\nultimately going to look like.",
        "start": 7302.33,
        "duration": 2.18
    },
    {
        "text": "It translates what I've\nwritten into saying,",
        "start": 7304.51,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "all right, success\nand warning and errors",
        "start": 7306.85,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "should have all of these properties.",
        "start": 7309.67,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "But success should also\nhave this background color,",
        "start": 7311.86,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "warning should have\nthis background color,",
        "start": 7314.22,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "error should have this background color.",
        "start": 7315.97,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So again, we could\nhave written this CSS.",
        "start": 7317.93,
        "duration": 2.18
    },
    {
        "text": "There is nothing that\nSass does that we couldn't",
        "start": 7320.11,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "have written ourselves using CSS.",
        "start": 7322.87,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "Sass we'll just make it a little bit\neasier to do many of the same thing.",
        "start": 7325.45,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "So we can write things in a\nlittle bit of a nicer syntax",
        "start": 7329.12,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "by saying the success message\ninherits from the message",
        "start": 7331.69,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "but adds a background color.",
        "start": 7334.84,
        "duration": 1.6
    },
    {
        "text": "And likewise, the warning and\nerror messages do the same thing,",
        "start": 7336.44,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "but in a simpler syntax and a bit\nof a nicer syntax, such that later",
        "start": 7339.8,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "we can let the computer take the Sass\ncode and compile it into CSS instead.",
        "start": 7343.6,
        "duration": 6.0
    },
    {
        "text": "And so those now are\nsome of the fundamentals",
        "start": 7349.6,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "of what we've seen in building\nweb programs using HTML and CSS.",
        "start": 7352.06,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen how we can use HTML to\ndescribe the structure of our web page,",
        "start": 7356.05,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "deciding what's going to show up where\non the page, and then we looked at CSS",
        "start": 7359.95,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "and how CSS can then be used to style\nour web page in various different ways,",
        "start": 7363.52,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "adding custom styling\nlike colors and layouts,",
        "start": 7367.57,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "but also thinking about\nthings like responsive design,",
        "start": 7370.06,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "like what happens on a\nmobile screen or on a tablet,",
        "start": 7373.09,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "and making sure that our web pages\nlook good on those screens too.",
        "start": 7375.61,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And then finally, we took a look\nat Sass, an extension to CSS,",
        "start": 7379.28,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "that adds a number of\nadditional features,",
        "start": 7382.71,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "features like variables and\nnesting and inheritance,",
        "start": 7384.46,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "that make it even easier for\nus to be able to write style",
        "start": 7387.6,
        "duration": 2.77
    },
    {
        "text": "that we can apply to our web pages.",
        "start": 7390.37,
        "duration": 2.09
    },
    {
        "text": "From there, we're going\nto be transitioning now",
        "start": 7392.46,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "to looking at how we can use HTML\nand CSS in larger web applications",
        "start": 7394.42,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "as we begin to incorporate other\ntools, tools like Python and JavaScript",
        "start": 7398.56,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "and other languages and\nframeworks altogether.",
        "start": 7402.67,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is Web Programming\nwith Python and JavaScript.",
        "start": 7404.92,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll see you next time.",
        "start": 7408.01,
        "duration": 2.09
    }
]