[
    {
        "text": "[MUSIC PLAYING]",
        "start": 0.0,
        "duration": 4.9
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Well, hello, one and all,\nand welcome to CS50's Introduction to",
        "start": 17.65,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Databases with SQL.",
        "start": 21.73,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "My name is Carter Zenke.",
        "start": 23.53,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "And in this course, you'll learn how to\nrepresent, how to organize and manage,",
        "start": 25.15,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "and how to ask questions of\nthe data that's around you",
        "start": 29.92,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "in your everyday life.",
        "start": 32.17,
        "duration": 2.2
    },
    {
        "text": "But why learn those skills?",
        "start": 34.37,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, you may have heard we're living in\nthe information age, where we generate",
        "start": 36.61,
        "duration": 3.91
    },
    {
        "text": "so much information, so much\ndata by virtue of interaction",
        "start": 40.52,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "with computers and with each\nother over the internet.",
        "start": 43.66,
        "duration": 3.07
    },
    {
        "text": "You might think of, let's say, Google\nkeeping track of the sites you click on",
        "start": 46.73,
        "duration": 3.89
    },
    {
        "text": "or the sites you search for.",
        "start": 50.62,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "You could think of maybe the smartphone\nin your pocket or the smartwatch",
        "start": 52.27,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "on your wrist keeping track\nof health information, emails,",
        "start": 55.63,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "text messages, and so on.",
        "start": 58.76,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "You might even think\nof YouTube, where you",
        "start": 60.74,
        "duration": 2.15
    },
    {
        "text": "might be watching this same\nvideo keeping track of all",
        "start": 62.89,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "the videos on their platform,\nthe creators of those videos,",
        "start": 65.53,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "and even the comment you\nmight leave on this video.",
        "start": 68.47,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So although, we're living in\nthis information age, where",
        "start": 72.19,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "there is so much data,\nso much information,",
        "start": 75.13,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "we can use these new tools,\nlike database and SQL,",
        "start": 77.77,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "to interact with that information\nto store it and manage it.",
        "start": 80.2,
        "duration": 3.718
    },
    {
        "text": "And although we're using\nsome of these new tools,",
        "start": 83.918,
        "duration": 2.042
    },
    {
        "text": "some of the other concepts we'll\nlearn aren't actually so new.",
        "start": 85.96,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "So here is a diagram from\nliterally a few thousand years ago.",
        "start": 89.56,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how this diagram\nhas rows and columns.",
        "start": 94.69,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And this seems to store the\nstipends for workers at a temple",
        "start": 99.4,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "some few thousand years ago.",
        "start": 103.27,
        "duration": 1.9
    },
    {
        "text": "So given what you know based on your\nprior knowledge, what kind of name",
        "start": 105.17,
        "duration": 5.03
    },
    {
        "text": "might you give this diagram\nwith rows and with columns?",
        "start": 110.2,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "What can we give a name to for this?",
        "start": 115.03,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm seeing some ideas of a table,\nperhaps a spreadsheet as well.",
        "start": 118.12,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "For our purposes, we'll\ncall this a table, where",
        "start": 122.53,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "a table stores some set of information.",
        "start": 125.26,
        "duration": 2.999
    },
    {
        "text": "And every row in that\ntable stores one item",
        "start": 128.259,
        "duration": 4.111
    },
    {
        "text": "in that set, where every column\nhas some piece of information",
        "start": 132.37,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "about that item, some\nattribute of that item.",
        "start": 135.76,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, for example, we do have\na table of workers at a temple.",
        "start": 138.59,
        "duration": 3.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Every row is one worker.",
        "start": 142.54,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And every column is their\nstipend for a particular month.",
        "start": 144.79,
        "duration": 4.42
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could take this idea of a\ntable, this very ancient idea,",
        "start": 149.21,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "and apply it to a more modern context.",
        "start": 153.01,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's say I'm a\nlibrarian, for instance.",
        "start": 155.66,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to organize my library.",
        "start": 158.81,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, here I have book\ntitles and authors.",
        "start": 161.23,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "And I could certainly use a\ntable to store this information.",
        "start": 164.53,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "But how might you propose\nI store this information?",
        "start": 167.41,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "What could I do with my\nrows and with my columns",
        "start": 171.37,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "if I have book titles and book authors?",
        "start": 174.64,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "I see one thing I could do is probably\norganize my titles and my authors",
        "start": 178.3,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "next to each other like this.",
        "start": 183.4,
        "duration": 1.778
    },
    {
        "text": "I could take my titles to my authors,\nput them right next together.",
        "start": 185.178,
        "duration": 2.792
    },
    {
        "text": "So I have Song of\nSolomon by Toni Morrison,",
        "start": 187.97,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Goodnight Moon by Margaret Wise Brown.",
        "start": 190.42,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice hear how\neach book is one row.",
        "start": 192.31,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "But every row has two columns worth two\npieces of information for each book.",
        "start": 195.98,
        "duration": 5.66
    },
    {
        "text": "I have a title for one column\nand an author for the other.",
        "start": 201.64,
        "duration": 4.33
    },
    {
        "text": "And so together, I have a table of\nbooks where every column tells me",
        "start": 205.97,
        "duration": 3.98
    },
    {
        "text": "one piece of information.",
        "start": 209.95,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "And every row tells me\none book in this data set.",
        "start": 211.21,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So thankfully, now that we're\nliving in this information age,",
        "start": 216.44,
        "duration": 4.01
    },
    {
        "text": "we no longer have to use stone\ntablets or perhaps pencil and paper",
        "start": 220.45,
        "duration": 5.31
    },
    {
        "text": "to store our tables.",
        "start": 225.76,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "We have software now like Apple Numbers,\nGoogle Sheets, and Microsoft Excel.",
        "start": 227.11,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "But this isn't a course on Apple\nNumbers or Microsoft Excel or so on.",
        "start": 231.55,
        "duration": 5.5
    },
    {
        "text": "It's actually a course\non databases and on SQL.",
        "start": 237.05,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "So feel free to raise your\nhand if you'd like, but why",
        "start": 240.34,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "would we decide to move\nalong from these spreadsheet",
        "start": 243.97,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "softwares towards a database?",
        "start": 247.36,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "What might that database give us\nthat a spreadsheet might not give us?",
        "start": 250.42,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm seeing a few ideas here and\namong them are some simplicity,",
        "start": 254.62,
        "duration": 3.719
    },
    {
        "text": "some ability to organize some data.",
        "start": 258.339,
        "duration": 2.506
    },
    {
        "text": "But there are a few\nother ideas which I think",
        "start": 260.845,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "about too for why we might move beyond\nspreadsheets and go towards databases.",
        "start": 262.72,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "Now one of these is this idea of scale.",
        "start": 266.74,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's say you are a\nGoogle or an Instagram.",
        "start": 269.53,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "You're trying to store\nnot just tens of thousands",
        "start": 272.83,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "of users or hundreds of\nthousands but literally",
        "start": 275.11,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "millions of users or billions of users.",
        "start": 277.15,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "And with that kind of scale may\nbe better served by a database",
        "start": 279.85,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "to store that much information.",
        "start": 283.45,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "Another reason to move from\nspreadsheets to databases",
        "start": 286.25,
        "duration": 3.65
    },
    {
        "text": "is the idea of being able to\nupdate data more frequently.",
        "start": 289.9,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe you're a Twitter\nof the world, and you're",
        "start": 293.17,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "trying to have others tweet\nmultiple times per second.",
        "start": 295.18,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, a database can handle\nthat kind of capacity",
        "start": 298.06,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "much better than a\nspreadsheet could alone.",
        "start": 300.91,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "And a third reason to move\nbeyond this might be speed.",
        "start": 304.06,
        "duration": 4.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I'm trying to look up some\npiece of information in my database.",
        "start": 308.18,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could do that much\nfaster with a database",
        "start": 311.81,
        "duration": 2.51
    },
    {
        "text": "than I could with a spreadsheet.",
        "start": 314.32,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "You could think of yourself using\nCommand-F or Control-F to find",
        "start": 315.67,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "a piece of information\nin your spreadsheet,",
        "start": 318.4,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "going one by one through the rows.",
        "start": 320.26,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "A database gives you\naccess to more kinds",
        "start": 322.33,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "of algorithms you could use to search\nthis data much faster, ultimately.",
        "start": 324.55,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "So these three reasons,\namong others, are",
        "start": 328.54,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "those might want to move beyond\nspreadsheets and start using databases.",
        "start": 331.27,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, it's worth thinking\nfirst, what is a database?",
        "start": 336.22,
        "duration": 4.217
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll be talking about databases\nthroughout this course.",
        "start": 340.437,
        "duration": 2.333
    },
    {
        "text": "So what is a database?",
        "start": 342.77,
        "duration": 1.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, a database is simply some\nway to organize your data such",
        "start": 344.53,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "that you can actually create data,\nupdate data, read data, and delete",
        "start": 348.43,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "data.",
        "start": 354.07,
        "duration": 0.51
    },
    {
        "text": "And often these our for interactions\nthat we'll do with a database--",
        "start": 354.58,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "like adding some data, looking at data,\ndeleting data, and even updating it",
        "start": 357.76,
        "duration": 4.41
    },
    {
        "text": "along the way.",
        "start": 362.17,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "But the database isn't the\nonly thing in our picture here.",
        "start": 363.55,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "We also have a database\nmanagement system,",
        "start": 366.64,
        "duration": 3.075
    },
    {
        "text": "a way to interact with our database.",
        "start": 369.715,
        "duration": 3.465
    },
    {
        "text": "So you might think of perhaps\nwriting a program on your computer.",
        "start": 373.18,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "You have some interface\nwith to write that program,",
        "start": 377.35,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "like VS Code for instance.",
        "start": 379.51,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Or you might think of your own\ndesktop on your own computer.",
        "start": 381.25,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "You have icons that you interact\nwith the underlying operating system.",
        "start": 383.86,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "In the same way, we can use this\nsoftware called a database management",
        "start": 387.34,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "system, or a DBMS for short, to\ninteract with a database perhaps",
        "start": 391.66,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "using a graphical interface or\nusing a textual language too.",
        "start": 395.44,
        "duration": 5.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, there are a few varieties\nof database management softwares.",
        "start": 400.47,
        "duration": 5.555
    },
    {
        "text": "And these are a few of them here.",
        "start": 406.025,
        "duration": 1.375
    },
    {
        "text": "MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQLite.",
        "start": 407.4,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "But this is a non-exhaustive list.",
        "start": 411.24,
        "duration": 2.2
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me also ask again, what kinds\nof other database management systems",
        "start": 413.44,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "have you perhaps heard of in this case?",
        "start": 417.69,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm seeing one for Microsoft\nAccess, perhaps, MongoDB.",
        "start": 421.12,
        "duration": 4.52
    },
    {
        "text": "There are other kinds of softwares,\nother companies out there that make",
        "start": 425.64,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "these ways to interact with a database.",
        "start": 428.79,
        "duration": 2.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And this is, again,\na nonexhaustive list.",
        "start": 430.9,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if you are a\ndatabase administrator,",
        "start": 433.44,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "or maybe you're somebody who's making\na choice of which software to use,",
        "start": 436.26,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "you have a few trade-offs to consider.",
        "start": 439.41,
        "duration": 2.14
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say you might think of one being\nproprietary, for instance, costing",
        "start": 441.55,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "money to work with.",
        "start": 445.32,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "What you get for that\nmoney is additional support",
        "start": 446.73,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "to actually implement your own database.",
        "start": 449.25,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "On the other hand, you might have\nopen source software or free software",
        "start": 451.95,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "to use, stuff like\nPostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.",
        "start": 455.61,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "But the downside is you are then\nresponsible for actually implementing",
        "start": 459.21,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "that database.",
        "start": 463.5,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "Another thing to consider\ntoo is that maybe some",
        "start": 465.67,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "are going to be heavier weight\nthan others, more fully featured",
        "start": 468.96,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "as a consequence but perhaps\nheavier weight requiring",
        "start": 472.35,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "more computation to run.",
        "start": 474.69,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "You can think of those\nlike MySQL or PostgreSQL",
        "start": 476.52,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "being a little bit heavier weight\nbut being more fully featured,",
        "start": 478.83,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "whereas SQLite down below will be a\nlittle lighter weight, as the name",
        "start": 482.61,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "might imply, but allow you\nto do most of the same work",
        "start": 486.24,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "that these other softwares\ncould allow you to do as well.",
        "start": 489.78,
        "duration": 3.55
    },
    {
        "text": "And in this course, we'll\nactually be using SQLite for you",
        "start": 493.33,
        "duration": 3.08
    },
    {
        "text": "to work with your own databases.",
        "start": 496.41,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "But gradually, we'll move on\nto MySQL and PostgreSQL too.",
        "start": 498.15,
        "duration": 6.25
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me go ahead and talk\nabout then SQL in this case.",
        "start": 504.4,
        "duration": 4.78
    },
    {
        "text": "You might notice that in each of\nthese, MySQL and PostgreSQL and SQLite,",
        "start": 509.18,
        "duration": 4.85
    },
    {
        "text": "each of them have this\nidea of SQL in them.",
        "start": 514.03,
        "duration": 2.759
    },
    {
        "text": "And SQL is that language that we'll\nuse to interact with our database.",
        "start": 516.789,
        "duration": 3.961
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let me ask, what does\nSQL stand for, perhaps?",
        "start": 520.75,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "We talk about S-Q-L or SQL,\nbut what might SQL stand for?",
        "start": 525.13,
        "duration": 6.13
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm saying it stands for\nStructured Query Language,",
        "start": 531.26,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "which is good if you already know\nthis, but not to worry if you don't.",
        "start": 533.87,
        "duration": 2.917
    },
    {
        "text": "So SQL does stand for\nStructured Query Language.",
        "start": 536.787,
        "duration": 3.413
    },
    {
        "text": "As we'll see in this\ncourse, it is structured.",
        "start": 540.2,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "It does have some keywords you can\nuse to interact with the database.",
        "start": 542.79,
        "duration": 2.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And it is a query language--\nit can be used to ask",
        "start": 545.72,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "questions of data inside a database.",
        "start": 548.81,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll see that this is the language we\ncan use to create data, to read data,",
        "start": 553.11,
        "duration": 5.33
    },
    {
        "text": "to update data, and delete\ndata all with SQL in this case.",
        "start": 558.44,
        "duration": 5.92
    },
    {
        "text": "And our next thing will be to\ntalk about this idea of querying.",
        "start": 564.36,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "So SQL is a query language,\nbut what can we do with SQL?",
        "start": 568.35,
        "duration": 4.48
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, the first thing we\ncan do, we'll focus on first",
        "start": 572.83,
        "duration": 2.32
    },
    {
        "text": "in this course is writing queries--",
        "start": 575.15,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "trying to ask questions\nof data using SQL.",
        "start": 577.31,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, what kinds of\nquestions could we ask?",
        "start": 581.27,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, you might imagine perhaps working\nat an Instagram or a Facebook trying",
        "start": 583.73,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "to work as an engineer to\nfigure out what kinds of posts",
        "start": 588.32,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "are the most liked on your platform.",
        "start": 591.29,
        "duration": 1.99
    },
    {
        "text": "That's a question you can answer\nwith databases and with SQL.",
        "start": 593.28,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "You might also think of whether\nyour numbers of daily users",
        "start": 597.05,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "are growing or shrinking if you\nwork at a startup for instance.",
        "start": 600.5,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Even maybe you might be working for some\na company like Spotify that could ask,",
        "start": 603.59,
        "duration": 3.94
    },
    {
        "text": "how could we play songs that are\nlike those a user just played?",
        "start": 607.53,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "This too is a question you can\nanswer with databases and with SQL.",
        "start": 611.57,
        "duration": 6.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Now today, we'll be focusing\non this database of books.",
        "start": 617.69,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And in particular, books\nthat have been longlisted,",
        "start": 621.44,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "quote, unquote, \"for the\nInternational Booker Prize.\"",
        "start": 624.5,
        "duration": 3.028
    },
    {
        "text": "The International Booker\nPrize, if you're not familiar,",
        "start": 627.528,
        "duration": 2.292
    },
    {
        "text": "is an award given to books\nwritten around the world",
        "start": 629.82,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "by authors from many countries.",
        "start": 632.57,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "And it's designed to award books\nof fiction particularly good",
        "start": 634.25,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "in some cases.",
        "start": 638.6,
        "duration": 0.9
    },
    {
        "text": "And every year, the\ncommittee selects 13 books",
        "start": 639.5,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "to include on a longlist for\nconsideration for this prize.",
        "start": 643.04,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "And our database then has\nfive years worth of longlists",
        "start": 647.36,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "for the International\nBooker Prize inside of it.",
        "start": 650.96,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "We could use this\ndatabase, perhaps, if we",
        "start": 653.87,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "were a librarian trying to find books\nfor our library or even as a book",
        "start": 655.73,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "reader, an avid reader myself\ntrying to find books to read that I",
        "start": 660.68,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "could put on my own shelf overall.",
        "start": 663.62,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll look at this database.",
        "start": 666.42,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "But we'll need a few\ntools in our toolkit,",
        "start": 668.55,
        "duration": 2.03
    },
    {
        "text": "metaphorically, to actually\ninteract with this database.",
        "start": 670.58,
        "duration": 3.07
    },
    {
        "text": "And one of them is going\nto be Visual Studio Code.",
        "start": 673.65,
        "duration": 3.86
    },
    {
        "text": "Visual Studio code is an IDE, integrated\ndevelopment environment, to write code",
        "start": 677.51,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "and to edit files with.",
        "start": 682.46,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "It's also often called VS Code.",
        "start": 684.02,
        "duration": 3.35
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, in VS Code, we'll also be able to\nuse SQLite, this database management",
        "start": 687.37,
        "duration": 5.33
    },
    {
        "text": "system, or a DBMS for short, to\nactually interact with that database.",
        "start": 692.7,
        "duration": 4.9
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll be using these\ntwo tools combined",
        "start": 697.6,
        "duration": 2.18
    },
    {
        "text": "to work with the database of longlisted\nbooks for the International Booker",
        "start": 699.78,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "Prize.",
        "start": 704.1,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "And although we'll be using it here,\nSQLite is not just used in this course.",
        "start": 705.52,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "It's used in a variety of applications.",
        "start": 709.54,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "You could think too\nof phone applications,",
        "start": 711.94,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "where SQLite is often used on those\ndevices have much lower memory.",
        "start": 714.1,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "You could think too of it being\nused on desktop applications",
        "start": 718.54,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "to simplify the process\nof storing data there too.",
        "start": 722.14,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "You could even think of\nit being used on websites",
        "start": 725.32,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "to help store information that user\nsubmits via a form, for example.",
        "start": 727.99,
        "duration": 4.9
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll jump into using\nSQLite, but keep in mind",
        "start": 732.89,
        "duration": 2.87
    },
    {
        "text": "that not just in this\ncourse you'll use it,",
        "start": 735.76,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "but also, it's used in a variety\nof applications here too.",
        "start": 738.34,
        "duration": 4.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So why don't we just jump right into\nthings and start using our environment",
        "start": 743.18,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "and start using SQLite?",
        "start": 747.53,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go over here to my computer\nand will open up, let's say, VS Code.",
        "start": 748.85,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "We're here.",
        "start": 754.49,
        "duration": 0.84
    },
    {
        "text": "You can see I have my\nterminal environment.",
        "start": 755.33,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And if you're familiar,\nyou can type things like ls",
        "start": 757.73,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "to see the files that are\nin your current folder.",
        "start": 760.19,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll type ls right here.",
        "start": 763.11,
        "duration": 1.7
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see this database\ncalled longlist.db.",
        "start": 764.81,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "Again, working with books that\nhave been longlisted or considered",
        "start": 768.8,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "for the International Booker Prize.",
        "start": 772.37,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I want to open up this\nfile, I can use this command.",
        "start": 774.92,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "Then this command is going\nto be called SQLite 3.",
        "start": 780.38,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "Or I can take some file that I\nhave, like longlist.db, and open",
        "start": 784.91,
        "duration": 4.68
    },
    {
        "text": "it using this program called SQLite 3.",
        "start": 789.59,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, it's called SQLite 3 because\nthis is the third version of the SQLite",
        "start": 792.68,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "software.",
        "start": 796.7,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this in our terminal.",
        "start": 797.87,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back over here, and\nI'll say sqlite3 longlist.db.",
        "start": 800.36,
        "duration": 6.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 807.11,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how my\nterminal prompt changes.",
        "start": 809.18,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "It's no longer dollar sign.",
        "start": 812.01,
        "duration": 1.46
    },
    {
        "text": "It now says sqlite in front.",
        "start": 813.47,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "This means I'm inside of\nmy SQLite environment.",
        "start": 815.96,
        "duration": 3.88
    },
    {
        "text": "So to clear things up, let\nme just clear my terminal.",
        "start": 819.84,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "I can use Control-L for this.",
        "start": 822.9,
        "duration": 1.88
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I have just that prompt up top.",
        "start": 824.78,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "And now a question I want to\nanswer in this case first is, what",
        "start": 828.05,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "data do I actually have in my database?",
        "start": 832.04,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "What data is actually here for me to\nlook at and to ask questions about?",
        "start": 835.52,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, for this question, I\ncan use my very first SQL",
        "start": 840.65,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "keyword, which will be called SELECT.",
        "start": 844.52,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "So SELECT is a way for me to select some\nrows in a table inside of my database.",
        "start": 847.1,
        "duration": 6.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Using SELECT, I can\nget back certain rows",
        "start": 853.37,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "or, in this case, perhaps all of them\njust to get a taste of what's inside.",
        "start": 855.89,
        "duration": 4.12
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try using SELECT on\nthis database to understand",
        "start": 860.01,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "what rows we have in our table here.",
        "start": 863.21,
        "duration": 3.34
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go back to my computer\nand to my SQLite environment.",
        "start": 866.55,
        "duration": 3.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And I will try this\nvery first SQL keyword.",
        "start": 870.44,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT.",
        "start": 873.92,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can use this star operator\nhere to say select everything.",
        "start": 875.69,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "I want every row and every\ncolumn from this table.",
        "start": 879.98,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, it's not enough for me to simply\nsay select star and end my query.",
        "start": 885.05,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "I had to tell SQL which table\ndo I want to select rows from.",
        "start": 889.94,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, I know I\ntable was called longlist.",
        "start": 894.14,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say SELECT star from\n\"longlist,\" quote, unquote.",
        "start": 897.26,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And to end my query, I'll say Semicolon.",
        "start": 902.51,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And then finally, I can hit Enter.",
        "start": 906.44,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how I get a lot of data back.",
        "start": 909.23,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "This is a lot of data all at once.",
        "start": 911.69,
        "duration": 1.595
    },
    {
        "text": "But it's because my terminal\nis a little bit small,",
        "start": 913.285,
        "duration": 2.125
    },
    {
        "text": "there's a lot of rows and columns here.",
        "start": 915.41,
        "duration": 1.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could probably simplify\nthis just a little bit.",
        "start": 917.25,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "And instead of saying SELECT star, I\ncould also select a particular column",
        "start": 920.42,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "from my table.",
        "start": 924.74,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say, for instance,\nSELECT, let's say,",
        "start": 926.39,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "just the title column from my\ndatabase for my table like this.",
        "start": 929.36,
        "duration": 5.74
    },
    {
        "text": "I just know already that there\nis a column called title.",
        "start": 935.1,
        "duration": 4.07
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I'll try this instead-- not\nselect star, but select title instead.",
        "start": 939.17,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 943.37,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, this looks a little bit better.",
        "start": 944.39,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I can see the titles inside of\nthis table from top to bottom.",
        "start": 946.64,
        "duration": 7.33
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, the neat thing here is I can\nselect more than one column too.",
        "start": 953.97,
        "duration": 4.215
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I don't want just the title--",
        "start": 958.185,
        "duration": 1.625
    },
    {
        "text": "I want titles and authors in my search.",
        "start": 959.81,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could do that as well.",
        "start": 962.36,
        "duration": 1.9
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try this.",
        "start": 964.26,
        "duration": 0.89
    },
    {
        "text": "SELECT not just \"title,\"\nquote, unquote, but then I'll",
        "start": 965.15,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "say comma and some new column to select.",
        "start": 969.02,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll select also the\nauthors from this table.",
        "start": 972.74,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll select them from\nthe longlist table like this.",
        "start": 976.7,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I'll hit Semicolon to end my query.",
        "start": 980.51,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 982.85,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see a\nvariety of columns here,",
        "start": 983.96,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "in particular the title\nand the author column.",
        "start": 987.26,
        "duration": 4.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, this is going to be like\nall of my columns so far.",
        "start": 991.45,
        "duration": 2.733
    },
    {
        "text": "And there is a way for me to\nget back just to some of them",
        "start": 994.183,
        "duration": 2.417
    },
    {
        "text": "later on that we'll see.",
        "start": 996.6,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "But for now, let's\nask, what questions do",
        "start": 997.92,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "you have on this SQL SELECT statement\nand how we're getting back these rows?",
        "start": 1000.56,
        "duration": 6.62
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Do I need to use the quotes\naround the words like you are?",
        "start": 1007.18,
        "duration": 3.532
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah, great question.",
        "start": 1010.712,
        "duration": 1.458
    },
    {
        "text": "Do I have to use quotes\naround the words like I am?",
        "start": 1012.17,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "In general, it's a good practice to use\nthese double quotes around your table",
        "start": 1015.13,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "names and your column names.",
        "start": 1019.57,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "These are called SQL identifiers.",
        "start": 1021.43,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "Later on, we'll see we'll also\nhave strings in SQL-- strings",
        "start": 1023.92,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "being collections of\ncharacters we can use.",
        "start": 1028.18,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "For those, we'll simply\nsingle-quote them",
        "start": 1030.04,
        "duration": 2.279
    },
    {
        "text": "to note the difference between a\nstring and an actual column name.",
        "start": 1032.319,
        "duration": 4.121
    },
    {
        "text": "So good style convention here to\nuse-- double quotes for column names",
        "start": 1036.44,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "and single quotes for string names.",
        "start": 1039.97,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "Other questions too?",
        "start": 1043.3,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: OK.",
        "start": 1045.19,
        "duration": 0.55
    },
    {
        "text": "I wanted to know, where did we\ntake all this information from.",
        "start": 1045.74,
        "duration": 4.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Like, this data, I don't\nknow this list of books,",
        "start": 1049.99,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "where did we take all\nthis information from?",
        "start": 1054.34,
        "duration": 2.298
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah, a great question.",
        "start": 1056.638,
        "duration": 1.542
    },
    {
        "text": "Where do we take this information from?",
        "start": 1058.18,
        "duration": 1.81
    },
    {
        "text": "So some of this data\nis publicly available.",
        "start": 1059.99,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "In fact, if you look at\nthe Booker Prize website,",
        "start": 1062.27,
        "duration": 2.42
    },
    {
        "text": "you can find a set of\nlonglisted books over the years.",
        "start": 1064.69,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "In this case, we have\nbooks from 2018 to 2023.",
        "start": 1067.78,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll also see later on this table\nhas data on the ratings of those books",
        "start": 1071.65,
        "duration": 5.238
    },
    {
        "text": "and the number of votes that\nwere given to those books.",
        "start": 1076.888,
        "duration": 2.292
    },
    {
        "text": "That data is from Goodreads,\nthe site that aggregates",
        "start": 1079.18,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "reviews from people like you, people\nlike me who rate books online.",
        "start": 1082.63,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So we've taken data from a variety of\nsources and combined it into one here.",
        "start": 1086.93,
        "duration": 4.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's take one more\nquestion to from Vinayak.",
        "start": 1091.38,
        "duration": 3.117
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Yeah.",
        "start": 1094.497,
        "duration": 0.583
    },
    {
        "text": "So I wanted to ask regarding the syntax\nof what you used in the terminal.",
        "start": 1095.08,
        "duration": 5.26
    },
    {
        "text": "So is the whole SQLite\n3 is case-sensitive",
        "start": 1100.34,
        "duration": 4.49
    },
    {
        "text": "because while using the syntax you\nused capital letters, whereas can we",
        "start": 1104.83,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "use small-case letters as well?",
        "start": 1110.02,
        "duration": 2.548
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: A great question.",
        "start": 1112.568,
        "duration": 1.292
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, I used capital\nletters for SQL keywords",
        "start": 1113.86,
        "duration": 2.72
    },
    {
        "text": "and lowercase, my table\nnames and column names.",
        "start": 1116.58,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "Do I have to do that?",
        "start": 1119.28,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "I, in some cases, do, some cases don't.",
        "start": 1120.81,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "I think I could use lowercase\nfor these SQL keywords,",
        "start": 1123.21,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "but it's not very good\nstyle, for instance.",
        "start": 1126.39,
        "duration": 2.47
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me just show you an example of\nthis while I go back to my computer.",
        "start": 1128.86,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "So the question again was, can I\nuse lowercase for SQL keywords?",
        "start": 1132.46,
        "duration": 5.09
    },
    {
        "text": "I think I could, but the\nquestion is, should I?",
        "start": 1137.55,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "And probably not.",
        "start": 1140.85,
        "duration": 0.768
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try this.",
        "start": 1141.618,
        "duration": 0.792
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say select, let's say, title from--",
        "start": 1142.41,
        "duration": 3.035
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm in the habit of uppercase it.",
        "start": 1145.445,
        "duration": 1.375
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say from in lowercase\nlonglist like this Semicolon.",
        "start": 1146.82,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 1151.65,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And that still works.",
        "start": 1152.61,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "But the problem you\nmight run into is someone",
        "start": 1154.47,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "who's reading your query particularly,\na long one, might want to know,",
        "start": 1157.11,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "what are the SQL keywords?",
        "start": 1161.16,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And what are your column names\nand other identifiers here?",
        "start": 1162.81,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "By capitalizing your SQL\nkeywords, you can make it clear",
        "start": 1166.38,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "that this is a SQL keyword and\nnot some other name overall.",
        "start": 1169.41,
        "duration": 5.87
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 1175.28,
        "duration": 0.6
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's keep going.",
        "start": 1175.88,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "And we saw just a little bit ago that\nwe could select \"title\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 1177.02,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "And we would get back a whole list of\ntitles, literally all the titles that",
        "start": 1181.79,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "are in this database.",
        "start": 1186.35,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "But it's often maybe good practice\nfor me to not look at all the data.",
        "start": 1188.4,
        "duration": 4.7
    },
    {
        "text": "Like, imagine if we had\nmillions of rows in this column,",
        "start": 1193.1,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "but only to give back some.",
        "start": 1196.43,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Take a peek of what's\ninside this database.",
        "start": 1197.99,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "And for that, I could use this other\nSQL keyword, this one called LIMIT.",
        "start": 1200.69,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "So LIMIT, as its name\nmight imply, limits",
        "start": 1205.82,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "the number of queries or the number\nof rows I get back from my query.",
        "start": 1209.12,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say LIMIT 3,\nfor instance, or LIMIT 5",
        "start": 1213.05,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "to get back only the top 3 or\nthe top 5 rows from my table.",
        "start": 1216.2,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me ask folks,\nif I wanted to peak",
        "start": 1220.13,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "in this data set, how many rows\nshould I try to limit it to?",
        "start": 1222.5,
        "duration": 5.39
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT\ntitle from, let's say,",
        "start": 1227.89,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "longlist, but limit to what number?",
        "start": 1230.2,
        "duration": 3.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm seeing 10.",
        "start": 1233.96,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try 10 first.",
        "start": 1235.1,
        "duration": 1.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my computer.",
        "start": 1236.35,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back over here,\nand I'll say, why don't I",
        "start": 1238.18,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "select \"title\" from \"longlist?\"",
        "start": 1240.61,
        "duration": 5.09
    },
    {
        "text": "But now, instead of hitting Semicolon,\nI will instead say LIMIT 10 Semicolon.",
        "start": 1245.7,
        "duration": 7.98
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 1253.68,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I see only the first\n10 rows in my data set.",
        "start": 1254.97,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Handy for peeking in at the\ntop of my data set here too.",
        "start": 1260.01,
        "duration": 3.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try not just 10 but 5.",
        "start": 1263.38,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say SELECT \"title\" from\n\"longlist\" LIMIT 5 Semicolon.",
        "start": 1265.21,
        "duration": 8.7
    },
    {
        "text": "This then gives me just the\ntop 5 titles in my database.",
        "start": 1273.91,
        "duration": 5.465
    },
    {
        "text": "Just in whatever order they\nwere added to my table,",
        "start": 1279.375,
        "duration": 2.125
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll see them in that order here too.",
        "start": 1281.5,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So using LIMIT, we can actually try\nto get back a certain number of rows.",
        "start": 1285.8,
        "duration": 5.32
    },
    {
        "text": "But this isn't quite that interesting.",
        "start": 1291.12,
        "duration": 2.625
    },
    {
        "text": "It's good for peaking in your data set.",
        "start": 1293.745,
        "duration": 1.625
    },
    {
        "text": "I think we've answered that\nquestion of, what data do we have?",
        "start": 1295.37,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's say we want to\nmake more advanced queries.",
        "start": 1298.2,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "We want to find the books that were\nnominated in 2023 or perhaps books",
        "start": 1300.95,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "by a certain author.",
        "start": 1304.58,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, for that, we could use this next\nSQL keyword, this one called WHERE.",
        "start": 1305.81,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So WHERE allows me to get\nback not all rows, but only",
        "start": 1310.73,
        "duration": 6.15
    },
    {
        "text": "some rows where some condition is true.",
        "start": 1316.88,
        "duration": 4.09
    },
    {
        "text": "So WHERE is often combined\nwith other conditions",
        "start": 1320.97,
        "duration": 3.53
    },
    {
        "text": "to make sure I only get back some\nrows, where that condition is true.",
        "start": 1324.5,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try looking at\nthat in SQLite to get",
        "start": 1329.73,
        "duration": 2.12
    },
    {
        "text": "a feel for what it can do for us here.",
        "start": 1331.85,
        "duration": 2.32
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go back to my WHERE.",
        "start": 1334.17,
        "duration": 3.38
    },
    {
        "text": "And I will then go back to SQLite here.",
        "start": 1337.55,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Control-L to clear my terminal.",
        "start": 1340.61,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll then try this query.",
        "start": 1343.49,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"title.\"",
        "start": 1345.53,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "SELECT \"title.\"",
        "start": 1348.8,
        "duration": 0.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And why don't we also\nselect author along the way?",
        "start": 1349.79,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Two columns here.",
        "start": 1352.46,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll select them\nfrom my longlist table.",
        "start": 1354.29,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "But I don't want all rows.",
        "start": 1357.38,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "I only want, let's say, those titles and\nauthors that were longlisted in 2023.",
        "start": 1359.45,
        "duration": 5.79
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll do this.",
        "start": 1365.24,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say WHERE the \"year\"\ncolumn is equal to 2023.",
        "start": 1366.26,
        "duration": 6.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice here how 2023\nis not in quotes because it",
        "start": 1373.07,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "is an actual number, an integer.",
        "start": 1376.88,
        "duration": 2.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So I don't need to quote it like I would\na string some collection of characters",
        "start": 1379.11,
        "duration": 3.5
    },
    {
        "text": "or a table or column name.",
        "start": 1382.61,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll hit Enter here.",
        "start": 1385.71,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "And what do I see?",
        "start": 1387.48,
        "duration": 0.89
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I see only those books\nthat were nominated in 2023.",
        "start": 1388.37,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try this again.",
        "start": 1392.87,
        "duration": 1.33
    },
    {
        "text": "I might try not just 2023--",
        "start": 1394.2,
        "duration": 2.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I might try 2022 like this.",
        "start": 1397.13,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 1400.52,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll see those\nbooks nominated in 2022.",
        "start": 1401.87,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I could keep going.",
        "start": 1405.38,
        "duration": 1.12
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say why not 2022?",
        "start": 1406.5,
        "duration": 1.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Why not 2021?",
        "start": 1408.26,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I have all those\nbooks nominated in 2021.",
        "start": 1409.82,
        "duration": 4.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So this is handy.",
        "start": 1414.45,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "We can set things equal to or not\nequal to make some condition here.",
        "start": 1417.04,
        "duration": 3.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And we also have others we could use.",
        "start": 1420.93,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "We saw equals just now.",
        "start": 1422.97,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "But we similarly have not equals.",
        "start": 1424.65,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "And we have this kind of\nobscure operator down here.",
        "start": 1426.96,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "This one being also equivalent to not\nequals as we'll see in just a minute.",
        "start": 1430.17,
        "duration": 5.68
    },
    {
        "text": "But let me first ask\nnow, what questions do",
        "start": 1435.85,
        "duration": 2.27
    },
    {
        "text": "we have on how to use WHERE\nor using SELECT so far?",
        "start": 1438.12,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Why are the subsets of SQL?",
        "start": 1442.17,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: A good question.",
        "start": 1444.76,
        "duration": 1.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Are there subsets of SQL?",
        "start": 1446.01,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So there are.",
        "start": 1447.73,
        "duration": 1.43
    },
    {
        "text": "In fact, S-Q-L or SQL\nwas defined by the,",
        "start": 1449.16,
        "duration": 3.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I believe it's the ANSI,\nlike standard corporation.",
        "start": 1452.87,
        "duration": 2.14
    },
    {
        "text": "They have a whole set\nof the SQL language",
        "start": 1455.01,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "that is like the official version of it.",
        "start": 1457.29,
        "duration": 2.08
    },
    {
        "text": "You might be able to use\nsome subset of that version",
        "start": 1459.37,
        "duration": 2.87
    },
    {
        "text": "with the database manager\nsystem that you actually use.",
        "start": 1462.24,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So for SQLite, we're using a subset\nof SQL that works with SQLite.",
        "start": 1464.74,
        "duration": 4.28
    },
    {
        "text": "Similarly, if you were using another\nsoftware like PostgreSQL or MySQL,",
        "start": 1469.02,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "you could use another subset there too.",
        "start": 1473.34,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's take another question\nfrom Tayas, perhaps.",
        "start": 1476.77,
        "duration": 3.58
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Then I want to know that, can\nwe add 2022 and 2021 in a terminal?",
        "start": 1480.35,
        "duration": 5.443
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah, good question.",
        "start": 1485.793,
        "duration": 1.417
    },
    {
        "text": "Could I, perhaps, try to\nfilter by 2021 and 2022?",
        "start": 1487.21,
        "duration": 5.67
    },
    {
        "text": "I could do that.",
        "start": 1492.88,
        "duration": 0.702
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll see that in\njust a moment here.",
        "start": 1493.582,
        "duration": 1.708
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's keep going and exploring\nsome other options with not equals.",
        "start": 1495.29,
        "duration": 2.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And then we'll see how we can\ncombine conditions using WHERE too.",
        "start": 1498.25,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's go back, and\nlet's focus first on trying",
        "start": 1502.09,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "to use these not equal operators.",
        "start": 1505.3,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "We saw the exclamation point equals and\nthis greater than, less than sign put",
        "start": 1507.73,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "together.",
        "start": 1512.38,
        "duration": 1.12
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try a few of those.",
        "start": 1513.5,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I want to find books that\nare written by a certain author.",
        "start": 1515.18,
        "duration": 4.89
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could use equals for that.",
        "start": 1520.07,
        "duration": 1.55
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's say I also want\nto find books that are not",
        "start": 1521.62,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "written in the hardcover\nformat, like they",
        "start": 1524.17,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "tend to be more expensive and so on.",
        "start": 1526.81,
        "duration": 1.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So I don't want hardcover books.",
        "start": 1528.44,
        "duration": 2.18
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could try a query like this.",
        "start": 1530.62,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT \"title\" and \"format,\"\nwhere format is either hardcover",
        "start": 1532.55,
        "duration": 5.54
    },
    {
        "text": "or paperback, FROM my \"longlist\" table.",
        "start": 1538.09,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll say, WHERE the \"format\"\nis not equal to hardcover Semicolon.",
        "start": 1542.05,
        "duration": 7.32
    },
    {
        "text": "So notice here I'm using\nsingle quotes for hardcover.",
        "start": 1549.37,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "This is a string.",
        "start": 1553.66,
        "duration": 1.3
    },
    {
        "text": "It's not a table name or a column name.",
        "start": 1554.96,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "It is just a string.",
        "start": 1557.53,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm using single quotes here.",
        "start": 1558.58,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Everything else, though, like\nformat, longlist, title, et cetera,",
        "start": 1560.77,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "those are all table\nnames or column names.",
        "start": 1565.0,
        "duration": 3.4
    },
    {
        "text": "So again, I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 1568.4,
        "duration": 1.46
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see that these are all\nin paperback according to my table.",
        "start": 1569.86,
        "duration": 5.23
    },
    {
        "text": "I've omitted those that are hardcover.",
        "start": 1575.09,
        "duration": 2.9
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could also use in this\ncase, the greater than or less",
        "start": 1577.99,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "than sign put together to\nsay not equals as well.",
        "start": 1581.98,
        "duration": 3.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me just hit the Up\nArrow on my computer",
        "start": 1585.23,
        "duration": 1.97
    },
    {
        "text": "to reveal what I just previously typed.",
        "start": 1587.2,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll then tab back over and say not\nexclamation point equals, but less than",
        "start": 1589.54,
        "duration": 6.87
    },
    {
        "text": "and then greater than.",
        "start": 1596.41,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter now.",
        "start": 1597.67,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "And I should see the very same results.",
        "start": 1598.84,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "But all I did was change this\noperator from exclamation point",
        "start": 1601.15,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "equals to less than and greater than.",
        "start": 1604.27,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "It tends to be that the\nexclamation point equals",
        "start": 1607.03,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "is the more common operator in this\ncase, but they do the very same thing.",
        "start": 1609.25,
        "duration": 6.18
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, one more keyword I could\nuse here that's worth mentioning",
        "start": 1615.43,
        "duration": 3.83
    },
    {
        "text": "is this keyword called NOT.",
        "start": 1619.26,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, I was able to use\nexclamation point equals or the less",
        "start": 1621.57,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "than or greater than\nsign to say not equals.",
        "start": 1625.95,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "But I could also negate\na condition using NOT.",
        "start": 1628.29,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try using this one\nin our SQLite terminal too.",
        "start": 1632.07,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back over here.",
        "start": 1636.15,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll bring back my SQLite terminal.",
        "start": 1637.5,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say let's do not this\noperator here, but instead use NOT.",
        "start": 1641.19,
        "duration": 6.33
    },
    {
        "text": "So I might, in front of WHERE, say\nWHERE NOT \"format\" equals \"hardcover.\"",
        "start": 1647.52,
        "duration": 8.22
    },
    {
        "text": "So I have a condition,\n\"format\" equals \"hardcover,\"",
        "start": 1655.74,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "but now I'm going to negate\nit, take the opposite of it",
        "start": 1658.5,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "and get back the very\nsame results here too.",
        "start": 1661.68,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 1666.6,
        "duration": 1.46
    },
    {
        "text": "So to the question earlier, how\nwe can combine these conditionals.",
        "start": 1668.06,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try that here in just a minute.",
        "start": 1672.05,
        "duration": 2.95
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's say I wanted\nto find the books that",
        "start": 1675.0,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "were not just written in 2022 or 2023\nalone, but all the books together.",
        "start": 1678.77,
        "duration": 6.6
    },
    {
        "text": "Well for this, I could use a\nfew other SQL keywords that",
        "start": 1685.37,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "might be a little familiar to you too.",
        "start": 1688.04,
        "duration": 3.49
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try looking at\nsome of these over here.",
        "start": 1691.53,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, we have these called AND,\nOR, and these parentheses here too.",
        "start": 1694.56,
        "duration": 6.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So using AND and OR, I\ncan change conditionals.",
        "start": 1700.58,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I can put them together to make a\nmore complex conditional, a compound",
        "start": 1705.23,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "condition.",
        "start": 1708.83,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And I could also use these\nparentheses to symbolize",
        "start": 1709.88,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "that this condition\nshould come first and then",
        "start": 1712.76,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "some condition should\ncome afterwards as well.",
        "start": 1715.19,
        "duration": 2.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try these in SQLite as well.",
        "start": 1717.69,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my computer.",
        "start": 1720.78,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, our goal is to find\nnot just books in 2022 or 2023,",
        "start": 1722.31,
        "duration": 4.91
    },
    {
        "text": "but books that work across\nthose years as well.",
        "start": 1727.22,
        "duration": 3.88
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll, in this case say, SELECT--",
        "start": 1731.1,
        "duration": 2.12
    },
    {
        "text": "let's go for a \"title\" and\n\"author\" from my \"longlist\" table.",
        "start": 1733.22,
        "duration": 6.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll say WHERE the\n\"year\" is 2022, as we did",
        "start": 1739.59,
        "duration": 5.52
    },
    {
        "text": "before, OR perhaps the \"year\" is 2023.",
        "start": 1745.11,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And notice how my query is kind\nof wrapping around my terminal.",
        "start": 1750.36,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "I could leave it like this, or\nif I backspace just a little bit,",
        "start": 1754.23,
        "duration": 4.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I could hit Enter.",
        "start": 1759.19,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'm on a new line\nto continue my query.",
        "start": 1761.32,
        "duration": 3.85
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, I'll say OR \"year\" is 2023.",
        "start": 1765.17,
        "duration": 5.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And now my query is done.",
        "start": 1770.38,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 1772.34,
        "duration": 1.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And I should see those books published\nin or nominated in 2022 or 2023.",
        "start": 1773.68,
        "duration": 8.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try a few more here.",
        "start": 1782.56,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try using our parentheses as well.",
        "start": 1784.58,
        "duration": 2.21
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe I want not just\nthese books but also",
        "start": 1786.79,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "those that are formatted\nin a hardcover format.",
        "start": 1789.58,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say--",
        "start": 1792.29,
        "duration": 1.31
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll clear my terminal, Control-L\nagain, and SELECT \"title\" as well as,",
        "start": 1793.6,
        "duration": 6.59
    },
    {
        "text": "let's say, \"format\" from\nmy \"longlist\" table.",
        "start": 1800.19,
        "duration": 5.52
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, I'll hit my new\nline to extend my query",
        "start": 1805.71,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "without wrapping it on my terminal.",
        "start": 1809.04,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 1810.99,
        "duration": 0.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll say WHERE the \"year\"\nis 2022 OR the \"year\" is 2023.",
        "start": 1811.98,
        "duration": 8.46
    },
    {
        "text": "That's one condition.",
        "start": 1820.44,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "And I can denote that with a\nsingle set of parentheses here.",
        "start": 1822.21,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "I also want it to be true that\nthe \"format\" is not \"hardcover.\"",
        "start": 1826.17,
        "duration": 7.48
    },
    {
        "text": "So now, I'm adding\nanother condition in here.",
        "start": 1833.65,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll say Semicolon, hit Enter.",
        "start": 1836.65,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll get back only those books\nthat are published in the paperback",
        "start": 1839.05,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "format in 2022 and 2023.",
        "start": 1843.1,
        "duration": 6.09
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 1849.19,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me pause again and ask if\nthere are any questions so far",
        "start": 1850.42,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "in how we've been using WHERE and\nSELECT and other conditions as well.",
        "start": 1853.84,
        "duration": 7.12
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: I would like\nto know about the--",
        "start": 1860.96,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "we can have a list of the top\ntitles available in the database.",
        "start": 1865.12,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "Like you have mentioned, the title,\nauthor, where we can know about that.",
        "start": 1870.04,
        "duration": 5.34
    },
    {
        "text": "What are the titles available in\nthe database using command below?",
        "start": 1875.38,
        "duration": 4.038
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah.",
        "start": 1879.418,
        "duration": 0.792
    },
    {
        "text": "So here I've been using these column\nnames called \"title\" and \"author.\"",
        "start": 1880.21,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And I think your question is, how\nwould I know that I have these columns?",
        "start": 1883.42,
        "duration": 3.25
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, as we'll see in\nfuture times together,",
        "start": 1886.67,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll be able to actually look at\nthe schema of my database, what",
        "start": 1889.52,
        "duration": 3.08
    },
    {
        "text": "columns are inside of it.",
        "start": 1892.6,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "For now, just take it\non my own word that I",
        "start": 1893.89,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "knew what was inside the database\nbefore I actually started querying it.",
        "start": 1897.28,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll see later on how\nyou can take a database",
        "start": 1900.43,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "and understand the columns\nyou have there too.",
        "start": 1902.38,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "A good question.",
        "start": 1904.63,
        "duration": 1.21
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's jump into some more queries then.",
        "start": 1905.84,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my computer.",
        "start": 1908.08,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's see what else we\ncould do with these conditions.",
        "start": 1909.61,
        "duration": 3.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, not only could I try\nto make compound conditions,",
        "start": 1913.58,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "I could also try to find, let's\nsay, which data is missing.",
        "start": 1917.38,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So I know in this table, I\nhave not just authors of books,",
        "start": 1922.48,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "but translators of those books.",
        "start": 1926.86,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "Often, books for the\nInternational Booker Prize",
        "start": 1929.62,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "were translated from some\nother language into English--",
        "start": 1931.66,
        "duration": 3.93
    },
    {
        "text": "but some weren't or at least\nthey didn't have a translator",
        "start": 1935.59,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "that was separate from the author.",
        "start": 1938.59,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "So to think about what data\nis missing from our table,",
        "start": 1940.48,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "we should introduce this new idea--",
        "start": 1943.57,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "this one called NULL.",
        "start": 1945.88,
        "duration": 2.56
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll walk over here.",
        "start": 1948.44,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll see that we have this\ntype called NULL, where this",
        "start": 1949.73,
        "duration": 3.92
    },
    {
        "text": "means that this value doesn't exist.",
        "start": 1953.65,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "It's not in our database.",
        "start": 1955.48,
        "duration": 2.29
    },
    {
        "text": "We can actually put together a condition\naround this idea of null, something",
        "start": 1957.77,
        "duration": 4.52
    },
    {
        "text": "not being there.",
        "start": 1962.29,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "We could use IS NULL to\nfigure out if a value is null.",
        "start": 1964.0,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "It's not there.",
        "start": 1967.57,
        "duration": 0.658
    },
    {
        "text": "It's missing from our database.",
        "start": 1968.228,
        "duration": 1.292
    },
    {
        "text": "Or IS IT NULL, meaning\nthat it actually is there.",
        "start": 1969.52,
        "duration": 4.763
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go back to SQLite\nand show you what we could",
        "start": 1974.283,
        "duration": 2.167
    },
    {
        "text": "do with some of these concepts here.",
        "start": 1976.45,
        "duration": 3.52
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go back to my terminal.",
        "start": 1979.97,
        "duration": 1.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's say I do want to\nfind those translators that",
        "start": 1981.4,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "don't exist in my database.",
        "start": 1984.52,
        "duration": 2.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could use SELECT, let's say,\n\"title\" and \"translator\" from my",
        "start": 1986.6,
        "duration": 6.8
    },
    {
        "text": "\"longlist.\"",
        "start": 1993.4,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And I want to make sure that\nthese translators are null--",
        "start": 1994.45,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "they don't exist.",
        "start": 1998.56,
        "duration": 1.36
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say WHERE \"translator\"\nIS NULL Semicolon.",
        "start": 1999.92,
        "duration": 5.33
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 2005.25,
        "duration": 1.53
    },
    {
        "text": "And I should see two books.",
        "start": 2006.78,
        "duration": 1.438
    },
    {
        "text": "Titles are The Perfect Nine and\nthe indictment of The Enlightenment",
        "start": 2008.218,
        "duration": 2.792
    },
    {
        "text": "of The Greengate Tree.",
        "start": 2011.01,
        "duration": 0.917
    },
    {
        "text": "But notice how over here,\nthis value is null--",
        "start": 2011.927,
        "duration": 3.403
    },
    {
        "text": "it doesn't exist in my table.",
        "start": 2015.33,
        "duration": 2.74
    },
    {
        "text": "I could conversely find those books that\ndo have translators using IS NOT NULL.",
        "start": 2018.07,
        "duration": 5.27
    },
    {
        "text": "And I will try this one again.",
        "start": 2023.34,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "But in this case, I'll say, WHERE\n\"translator\" IS NOT NULL Semicolon.",
        "start": 2026.05,
        "duration": 7.85
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 2033.9,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, let me just\nzoom out a little bit.",
        "start": 2035.67,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "I can see that I have both\ntitles on the left-hand side",
        "start": 2038.34,
        "duration": 5.13
    },
    {
        "text": "and translators on the right-hand side.",
        "start": 2043.47,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "All of these actually exists.",
        "start": 2045.78,
        "duration": 2.26
    },
    {
        "text": "These are books that did have\ntranslators in this case.",
        "start": 2048.04,
        "duration": 3.679
    },
    {
        "text": "So a good way to find data that's\nmissing in your table using",
        "start": 2051.719,
        "duration": 3.091
    },
    {
        "text": "NULL or IS NOT NULL.",
        "start": 2054.81,
        "duration": 2.822
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's come back over here\nand figure out what more",
        "start": 2057.632,
        "duration": 2.208
    },
    {
        "text": "we can do with some of these queries.",
        "start": 2059.84,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "We've kind of exhausted our work\nwith some of our conditions,",
        "start": 2062.51,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "like chaining them together\nand using NULL and so on.",
        "start": 2067.46,
        "duration": 2.35
    },
    {
        "text": "But one more thing we could do is\ntrying to use this idea of matching",
        "start": 2069.81,
        "duration": 4.73
    },
    {
        "text": "some kind of pattern in my database.",
        "start": 2074.54,
        "duration": 2.349
    },
    {
        "text": "So maybe I'm a book reader.",
        "start": 2076.889,
        "duration": 3.591
    },
    {
        "text": "And I want to find a book with the\nword \"love\" somewhere in the title.",
        "start": 2080.48,
        "duration": 3.989
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, for this, I could\nuse another keyword--",
        "start": 2084.469,
        "duration": 2.551
    },
    {
        "text": "this one called LIKE.",
        "start": 2087.02,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "So LIKE is a good keyword to\nuse when I want to roughly match",
        "start": 2089.27,
        "duration": 5.159
    },
    {
        "text": "some string in my database.",
        "start": 2094.429,
        "duration": 2.281
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I want to look\nat book titles and find",
        "start": 2096.71,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "if some word exists in that title.",
        "start": 2099.14,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "I could use LIKE for that.",
        "start": 2101.66,
        "duration": 2.41
    },
    {
        "text": "And LIKE becomes powerful\nwhen you combine it",
        "start": 2104.07,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "with these other operators, namely\nthis percent sign and this underscore.",
        "start": 2106.43,
        "duration": 4.4
    },
    {
        "text": "The percent sign can match any\ncharacter around a string I give it.",
        "start": 2110.83,
        "duration": 4.78
    },
    {
        "text": "And the underscore can\nmatch any single character",
        "start": 2115.61,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "that I pass in with my string.",
        "start": 2118.61,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "It's probably best\nshown with an example.",
        "start": 2120.98,
        "duration": 2.47
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me show you some\nin my terminal here.",
        "start": 2123.45,
        "duration": 2.81
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll walk back.",
        "start": 2126.26,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And, again, we'll try\nto find these books that",
        "start": 2127.31,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "have \"love\" somewhere in the title.",
        "start": 2129.38,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say in this case, SELECT,\nlet's say, \"title\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 2132.23,
        "duration": 5.97
    },
    {
        "text": "But I don't want all titles.",
        "start": 2138.2,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "I only want those that have\n\"love\" somewhere in this title.",
        "start": 2139.88,
        "duration": 4.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say WHERE \"title\" LIKE, let's\nsay, percent love percent Semicolon.",
        "start": 2143.94,
        "duration": 9.71
    },
    {
        "text": "Now before I run this, let me\nexplain what this is doing.",
        "start": 2153.65,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "I have here a SELECT query\nasking for the \"title\"",
        "start": 2157.64,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "column from my \"longlist\" table.",
        "start": 2161.6,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "But I'll only get back those rows where\n\"title\" is LIKE percent love percent.",
        "start": 2164.6,
        "duration": 6.51
    },
    {
        "text": "But what does that mean?",
        "start": 2171.11,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, the percent, remember,\nmatches any string of characters.",
        "start": 2172.53,
        "duration": 3.8
    },
    {
        "text": "It could match a, b, c, 1, 2, 3.",
        "start": 2176.33,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "As long as any string of characters\ncomes after and has \"love,\"",
        "start": 2178.58,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I could match that value here.",
        "start": 2182.27,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Similarly, the percent\nsign after says anything",
        "start": 2185.46,
        "duration": 2.585
    },
    {
        "text": "that comes after \"love,\" as long as\n\"love\" is somewhere in the middle.",
        "start": 2188.045,
        "duration": 4.585
    },
    {
        "text": "So anything before, anything\nafter, but so long as \"love\"",
        "start": 2192.63,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "is just somewhere in\nthere, I'll get it back.",
        "start": 2196.22,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try that running this\nquery then and come back over here.",
        "start": 2198.53,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "I will hit Enter on my query.",
        "start": 2202.28,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see I get back four books--",
        "start": 2204.53,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "Love in the Big City, More\nThan I Love My Life and so on.",
        "start": 2207.05,
        "duration": 4.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So notice how if I come back over\nhere that each of these titles",
        "start": 2211.11,
        "duration": 3.77
    },
    {
        "text": "has \"love\" somewhere in it.",
        "start": 2214.88,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "For this one, I match\nlove up front and then",
        "start": 2216.71,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "had any string of characters\ncoming after it like this.",
        "start": 2220.13,
        "duration": 2.8
    },
    {
        "text": "For this one, I had More\nThan I Love My Life.",
        "start": 2222.93,
        "duration": 2.75
    },
    {
        "text": "I got some string before it.",
        "start": 2225.68,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And then afterwards, any string after\nit, \"love\" is somewhere in the middle.",
        "start": 2227.39,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me show you another\nexample too, where",
        "start": 2232.58,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "we use percent in a different way.",
        "start": 2234.65,
        "duration": 2.71
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I want to find\nonly those books that",
        "start": 2237.36,
        "duration": 2.51
    },
    {
        "text": "have \"The\" at the very\nbeginning of the title.",
        "start": 2239.87,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try this.",
        "start": 2243.32,
        "duration": 1.09
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say a SELECT \"title\"\nfrom \"longlist\" then WHERE,",
        "start": 2244.41,
        "duration": 6.47
    },
    {
        "text": "let's say, the \"title\" is\nLIKE the percent Semicolon.",
        "start": 2250.88,
        "duration": 9.08
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I've changed something up.",
        "start": 2259.96,
        "duration": 1.9
    },
    {
        "text": "I have not percent in front and\nbehind, but only after the \"The.\"",
        "start": 2261.86,
        "duration": 5.9
    },
    {
        "text": "So in this case, I'll\nget back not anything",
        "start": 2267.76,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "that has \"The\" the\ntitle wherever, but now",
        "start": 2270.67,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "at the very beginning of this string.",
        "start": 2273.67,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "And I see perhaps a style mistake.",
        "start": 2276.61,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me ask the audience,\nwhat style mistake did",
        "start": 2279.64,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "I just make when I typed in this query?",
        "start": 2281.95,
        "duration": 3.73
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm seeing maybe I used double quotes\nwhen I should have used single quotes.",
        "start": 2285.68,
        "duration": 3.915
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me come back and fix that first.",
        "start": 2289.595,
        "duration": 1.625
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back over here.",
        "start": 2291.22,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "And, again, by convention, we tend\nto use single quotes for our strings.",
        "start": 2292.72,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me fix that right here.",
        "start": 2297.76,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And now let me run this query\nto see what we get back.",
        "start": 2299.8,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 2302.23,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see only those\nbooks that begin with \"The.\"",
        "start": 2303.28,
        "duration": 4.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, let me show this\nquery again, though.",
        "start": 2308.25,
        "duration": 4.55
    },
    {
        "text": "This was our query here.",
        "start": 2312.8,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "Knowing what we know\nabout the percent sign,",
        "start": 2314.9,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "what other titles might I accidentally\nget back by running this query?",
        "start": 2319.07,
        "duration": 5.94
    },
    {
        "text": "I have \"The\" percent.",
        "start": 2325.01,
        "duration": 2.295
    },
    {
        "text": "But what other words actually\nbegin these book titles",
        "start": 2327.305,
        "duration": 3.945
    },
    {
        "text": "if I were to run this query here?",
        "start": 2331.25,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "We saw only those with \"The,\" but if\nI had other book titles, what might",
        "start": 2333.77,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "I get back?",
        "start": 2337.1,
        "duration": 1.52
    },
    {
        "text": "So I might get back\nthose book titles that",
        "start": 2338.62,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "have not just \"The\" the\nbeginning but also, let's say,",
        "start": 2340.57,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "\"There\" or \"They\" or so on.",
        "start": 2344.02,
        "duration": 2.2
    },
    {
        "text": "There are many words\nbeginning with T-H-E.",
        "start": 2346.22,
        "duration": 2.585
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I had the percent\nsign right after it,",
        "start": 2348.805,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "I might match one of those\nwords like Y or R-E or so on.",
        "start": 2350.68,
        "duration": 4.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So I didn't have any of those\ntitles in this database.",
        "start": 2355.4,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "But you can imagine a different\ndatabase where I have that kind of data.",
        "start": 2357.65,
        "duration": 5.26
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's fix this then.",
        "start": 2362.91,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "I say, I want to match not just\n\"The\" but \"The\" and a space,",
        "start": 2364.26,
        "duration": 4.69
    },
    {
        "text": "and match any characters\nafter that to make this",
        "start": 2368.95,
        "duration": 2.15
    },
    {
        "text": "query better designed in this instance.",
        "start": 2371.1,
        "duration": 4.28
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 2375.38,
        "duration": 0.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me pause here then\nand ask what questions we",
        "start": 2376.21,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "have on using percent along with LIKE.",
        "start": 2378.94,
        "duration": 5.24
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Can we use two percent\nsigns between two words?",
        "start": 2384.18,
        "duration": 3.958
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah, I think so.",
        "start": 2388.138,
        "duration": 1.292
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me go back to my terminal here\nand let me try to answer this question.",
        "start": 2389.43,
        "duration": 3.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So can we use two percent signs to\nsay something's between two words?",
        "start": 2392.74,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me say this.",
        "start": 2396.79,
        "duration": 1.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go with SELECT, let's say,\n\"title\" from \"longlist\" WHERE maybe",
        "start": 2397.89,
        "duration": 8.82
    },
    {
        "text": "the \"title\" has something like--",
        "start": 2406.71,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "maybe it begins with \"The.\"",
        "start": 2410.22,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say WHERE \"title\" LIKE \"The.\"",
        "start": 2411.63,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And then I'll take any set\nof characters afterwards.",
        "start": 2417.21,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "But I want to have\n\"love\" also in here too.",
        "start": 2420.78,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say \"love.\"",
        "start": 2423.63,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "And then I'll take any other characters\nafter it, percent again, single quote,",
        "start": 2425.07,
        "duration": 6.43
    },
    {
        "text": "Semicolon.",
        "start": 2431.5,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I don't know if I have any\nbooks that actually fit this search.",
        "start": 2432.88,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "But I could say the percent\nlove percent to mean give me",
        "start": 2437.41,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "back any title that has\n\"The\" at the beginning",
        "start": 2441.76,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "then any words or characters then\n\"love\" then any words or characters",
        "start": 2444.73,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "after that.",
        "start": 2448.51,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 2449.68,
        "duration": 0.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And I see I don't have any books\nthat fit that kind of description.",
        "start": 2450.49,
        "duration": 3.82
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I did, I would see them here\nwith \"The\" at the beginning and \"love\"",
        "start": 2454.31,
        "duration": 4.1
    },
    {
        "text": "somewhere in the title.",
        "start": 2458.41,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "All right.",
        "start": 2461.7,
        "duration": 0.5
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's keep going.",
        "start": 2462.2,
        "duration": 0.833
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's focus not just on this percent\nsign, but also on this underscore.",
        "start": 2463.033,
        "duration": 4.977
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I want to find--",
        "start": 2468.01,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "let's say, I don't know what a\nparticular character is in my title.",
        "start": 2469.33,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "I could use this underscore to\nmatch any particular character.",
        "start": 2473.95,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "Not any string of characters,\nbut any single character too.",
        "start": 2477.58,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this in our terminal.",
        "start": 2480.82,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "And there is a book,\nthis one called a Pyre.",
        "start": 2483.25,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "And I actually keep\nforgetting how it's spelled.",
        "start": 2486.43,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't know whether it's P-I-R-E\nor P-Y-R-E. It could be either one,",
        "start": 2489.16,
        "duration": 5.53
    },
    {
        "text": "but I want to find it in my database.",
        "start": 2494.69,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try this.",
        "start": 2496.76,
        "duration": 1.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT, let's say, \"title\"\nFROM \"longlist,\" WHERE, in this case,",
        "start": 2497.77,
        "duration": 6.9
    },
    {
        "text": "\"title\" is LIKE--",
        "start": 2504.67,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "well, I know that it\nstarts with a P. And I",
        "start": 2506.8,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "don't know if this is an I or a Y. But\nI'll at least leave it as an underscore",
        "start": 2509.74,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "now to say it could\nbe any character here.",
        "start": 2514.0,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Then I'll say R-E\nsingle quote, Semicolon.",
        "start": 2516.88,
        "duration": 5.92
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I could try hitting Enter.",
        "start": 2522.8,
        "duration": 2.06
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see I get back\nthis title called Pyre.",
        "start": 2524.86,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So notice in this case that\nthe underscore is matching",
        "start": 2528.82,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "literally any single character.",
        "start": 2532.06,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "This could be a Y. It could be an I.\nBut in this case, I have this Y here.",
        "start": 2534.31,
        "duration": 5.92
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 2540.23,
        "duration": 0.605
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go back.",
        "start": 2540.835,
        "duration": 0.625
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's actually ask in\nthis case what questions we",
        "start": 2541.46,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "have on using LIKE with these\nsingle underscores if any.",
        "start": 2543.92,
        "duration": 4.157
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Yeah.",
        "start": 2548.077,
        "duration": 0.583
    },
    {
        "text": "So Carter, I wanted to ask you, that\nas you use the underscore sign here,",
        "start": 2548.66,
        "duration": 4.57
    },
    {
        "text": "so for multiple characters, can we\nuse multiple underscores in order",
        "start": 2553.23,
        "duration": 4.16
    },
    {
        "text": "to find something in the database?",
        "start": 2557.39,
        "duration": 2.308
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: A great question.",
        "start": 2559.698,
        "duration": 1.292
    },
    {
        "text": "Could we use more than one\nunderscore to try to find",
        "start": 2560.99,
        "duration": 2.777
    },
    {
        "text": "some characters in our database?",
        "start": 2563.767,
        "duration": 1.333
    },
    {
        "text": "You absolutely could.",
        "start": 2565.1,
        "duration": 0.875
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try that myself.",
        "start": 2565.975,
        "duration": 1.525
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my terminal.",
        "start": 2567.5,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me try to find a book\ntitle this could work with.",
        "start": 2569.63,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say maybe SELECT\n\"title\" from \"longlist\"",
        "start": 2572.51,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "to get back all the books in this table.",
        "start": 2576.38,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 2578.66,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe I will go with--",
        "start": 2579.98,
        "duration": 2.775
    },
    {
        "text": "let's try this one called Tyll.",
        "start": 2585.93,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, maybe I want to just find the\ntitles that have a Y or an I in here,",
        "start": 2588.72,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "but I also don't know if it's one\nL or maybe two L's, for instance.",
        "start": 2593.76,
        "duration": 3.933
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go back and try this.",
        "start": 2597.693,
        "duration": 1.167
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT, let's say, \"title\" FROM\n\"longlist\" WHERE my \"title\" is LIKE--",
        "start": 2598.86,
        "duration": 8.07
    },
    {
        "text": "I know it begins with a T. I\ndon't know if this is a Y or an I.",
        "start": 2606.93,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe I know that it has maybe\none or two characters after it.",
        "start": 2611.49,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll try this one.",
        "start": 2616.11,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I have three underscores,\nsingle underscore.",
        "start": 2617.61,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So match any book title that\nhas T and then any three",
        "start": 2620.82,
        "duration": 4.38
    },
    {
        "text": "individual characters after it.",
        "start": 2625.2,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 2627.0,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see I get back Tyll.",
        "start": 2628.29,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "This is the only title that has T\nand then three characters after it.",
        "start": 2630.3,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "I could try to get better with this.",
        "start": 2636.0,
        "duration": 1.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say maybe I'll accept\nfive or six characters like that.",
        "start": 2637.69,
        "duration": 3.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 2640.98,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see-- whoops, I\ndidn't compute my query here.",
        "start": 2642.03,
        "duration": 2.467
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me just try it from the top again.",
        "start": 2644.497,
        "duration": 1.583
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"title\"\nfrom \"longlist\" where",
        "start": 2646.08,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "title is like, let's say,\nT-Y underscore, underscore,",
        "start": 2648.87,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "underscore, underscore.",
        "start": 2652.77,
        "duration": 1.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 2653.97,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I get no matches.",
        "start": 2656.79,
        "duration": 1.46
    },
    {
        "text": "So there is no book in\nthe database that has T-Y",
        "start": 2658.25,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "and then, let's say, three or four\nunderscores for any character after it.",
        "start": 2662.09,
        "duration": 6.05
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 2668.14,
        "duration": 0.69
    },
    {
        "text": "So this covers our\nuse of LIKE, but let's",
        "start": 2668.83,
        "duration": 4.08
    },
    {
        "text": "keep going and building\nmore complex conditions",
        "start": 2672.91,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "to find even more answers to questions\nwe have about this data over here.",
        "start": 2675.13,
        "duration": 5.31
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me think what we should show next.",
        "start": 2680.44,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen LIKE.",
        "start": 2683.53,
        "duration": 1.26
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen some compound conditionals.",
        "start": 2684.79,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's go back to trying to find\nbooks that are in a certain year.",
        "start": 2686.86,
        "duration": 4.53
    },
    {
        "text": "So we saw earlier we\nhad this kind of query.",
        "start": 2691.39,
        "duration": 3.15
    },
    {
        "text": "We could say SELECT \"title\" and \"year\"\nFROM, let's say, our \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 2694.54,
        "duration": 6.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I can try to find those books\nthat are written or nominated",
        "start": 2700.81,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "in 2022 and 2023.",
        "start": 2704.38,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's say I want to go further.",
        "start": 2706.99,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "I want those from 2019 to 2022,\na span of multiple years here.",
        "start": 2708.88,
        "duration": 6.25
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could try it like\nthis, WHERE \"year\" equals--",
        "start": 2715.13,
        "duration": 3.86
    },
    {
        "text": "let's go ahead and say 2019--",
        "start": 2718.99,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "OR \"year\" is 2020 OR \"year\" is 2021.",
        "start": 2721.3,
        "duration": 6.86
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me make a new line again.",
        "start": 2728.16,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "OR \"year\" is 2022 Semicolon.",
        "start": 2730.38,
        "duration": 5.81
    },
    {
        "text": "And before I run this query,\nlet me ask our audience,",
        "start": 2736.19,
        "duration": 3.75
    },
    {
        "text": "what strikes you as being not very\nwell designed about this query?",
        "start": 2739.94,
        "duration": 4.97
    },
    {
        "text": "What could I be doing better here?",
        "start": 2744.91,
        "duration": 2.65
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm seeing maybe one improvement\nis that I don't need to write out",
        "start": 2747.56,
        "duration": 5.09
    },
    {
        "text": "OR \"year\" is this, OR \"year\" is that.",
        "start": 2752.65,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "I could probably do better with this.",
        "start": 2755.95,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's introduce some\nnew keywords for working",
        "start": 2757.9,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "with ranges in terms of our conditions.",
        "start": 2760.63,
        "duration": 3.61
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, we can see some\nnew operators to use.",
        "start": 2764.24,
        "duration": 4.22
    },
    {
        "text": "We have this greater than\nsign, this less than sign,",
        "start": 2768.46,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "greater than or equal to,\nand less than or equal to.",
        "start": 2772.45,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And we can use these to build\nranges inside of our queries to say,",
        "start": 2775.36,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "I want something to be greater than this\nnumber or less than this number too.",
        "start": 2779.8,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "And we can combine these\nwith AND and our OR",
        "start": 2784.63,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "we saw before to get back in\nthis case some set of rows",
        "start": 2787.18,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "that match what we intend to find.",
        "start": 2791.44,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me go back and\ntry some of these out.",
        "start": 2794.23,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll try to improve the\ndesign of this query.",
        "start": 2796.45,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me first run it, and we'll\nsee we do get back 2019 to 2022.",
        "start": 2799.84,
        "duration": 6.51
    },
    {
        "text": "But I could probably do better.",
        "start": 2806.35,
        "duration": 1.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try using\nour new operators here",
        "start": 2807.98,
        "duration": 2.78
    },
    {
        "text": "that can give us some\nrange capabilities.",
        "start": 2810.76,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"title\" and also\nSELECT \"year\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 2813.37,
        "duration": 6.42
    },
    {
        "text": "But now I want those rows where the\nyear is greater than or equal to 2019,",
        "start": 2819.79,
        "duration": 7.29
    },
    {
        "text": "and the year is less than\nor equal to 2022 Semicolon.",
        "start": 2827.08,
        "duration": 6.3
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 2833.38,
        "duration": 1.57
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice I'll get the very same results.",
        "start": 2834.95,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "So I get all those same rows.",
        "start": 2837.11,
        "duration": 1.91
    },
    {
        "text": "But now my query is much smaller.",
        "start": 2839.02,
        "duration": 2.68
    },
    {
        "text": "It's making use of these range\noperators I've seen so far.",
        "start": 2841.7,
        "duration": 4.64
    },
    {
        "text": "I could even further improve this.",
        "start": 2846.34,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "I could make this a\nlittle better designed to.",
        "start": 2848.93,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me go back to some slides and\nshow you we could use these keywords",
        "start": 2851.38,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "BETWEEN blank AND blank, where\nthis can be some condition",
        "start": 2854.59,
        "duration": 4.92
    },
    {
        "text": "or some number in this case.",
        "start": 2859.51,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say between,\nlet's say, 2019 AND 2022.",
        "start": 2861.23,
        "duration": 5.09
    },
    {
        "text": "This is inclusive.",
        "start": 2866.32,
        "duration": 1.42
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I say 2019 AND 2022, I'll get back\na query that includes 2019 and 2022.",
        "start": 2867.74,
        "duration": 8.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try this one.",
        "start": 2876.28,
        "duration": 1.62
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back over here.",
        "start": 2877.9,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "And I will now try\nSELECT \"title\" and \"year\"",
        "start": 2879.13,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "from \"longlist,\" WHERE the\n\"year\" is between 2019 AND 2022.",
        "start": 2884.17,
        "duration": 8.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Same results now, which is a different\nway of writing this same query.",
        "start": 2892.37,
        "duration": 5.62
    },
    {
        "text": "Now what else can we\ndo with these ranges?",
        "start": 2897.99,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, as we've said before, these books\nactually have some ratings involved.",
        "start": 2901.12,
        "duration": 5.36
    },
    {
        "text": "These ratings are\ncrowdsourced from Goodreads,",
        "start": 2906.48,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "a site you can review books online.",
        "start": 2909.03,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "And I want to find maybe the books\nthat have a rating of 4.0 or higher.",
        "start": 2911.4,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could do that now with my ranges\nI could say SELECT \"title\" and \"rating\"",
        "start": 2915.57,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "from my \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 2921.27,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And I could say WHERE the \"rating\"\nis greater than 4.0 Semicolon.",
        "start": 2923.01,
        "duration": 5.91
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 2928.92,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see now only those\nbooks that have a rating of 4.0",
        "start": 2929.94,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "or higher like this.",
        "start": 2935.1,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "I could even combine conditions.",
        "start": 2938.66,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "So I know that these books\nhave a certain rating,",
        "start": 2940.97,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "but how many votes do they really get?",
        "start": 2943.51,
        "duration": 2.22
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let's take a peek.",
        "start": 2945.73,
        "duration": 1.48
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back over here.",
        "start": 2947.21,
        "duration": 1.25
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me try this one.",
        "start": 2948.46,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT \"title.\"",
        "start": 2950.8,
        "duration": 2.98
    },
    {
        "text": "Oops, let me clear my terminal\nagain so it's back up top.",
        "start": 2953.78,
        "duration": 3.34
    },
    {
        "text": "SELECT \"title\" and\n\"rating\" and the number of",
        "start": 2957.12,
        "duration": 5.76
    },
    {
        "text": "votes that these books got from,\nlet's say, our \"longlist\" table.",
        "start": 2962.88,
        "duration": 5.16
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I want to find those that\nhave a rating of greater than 4.0,",
        "start": 2968.04,
        "duration": 6.36
    },
    {
        "text": "and, let's say, a number of votes--",
        "start": 2974.4,
        "duration": 4.28
    },
    {
        "text": "a number of votes which\nis greater than at least--",
        "start": 2978.68,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "let's go with 10,000.",
        "start": 2981.08,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "So at least we know a good number of\nfolks actually voted on these books",
        "start": 2983.33,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "to find the best among them.",
        "start": 2986.96,
        "duration": 2.01
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll Enter.",
        "start": 2988.97,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see we're\nonly down to a few books,",
        "start": 2989.99,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "four in fact, where each one\nhas a rating higher than 4.0.",
        "start": 2993.62,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And indeed, every vote row has a vote\ntotal greater than 10,000 in this case.",
        "start": 2998.27,
        "duration": 8.22
    },
    {
        "text": "So a good way to try to find the\ntop books in our data set here.",
        "start": 3006.49,
        "duration": 5.61
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's keep going with these ranges.",
        "start": 3012.1,
        "duration": 1.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's think about one\nmore thing we could do.",
        "start": 3013.92,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe I want to find books that\nare less than a certain length.",
        "start": 3017.19,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll try that as well.",
        "start": 3020.04,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT, let's say, \"title\"\nand \"pages\" from my \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3021.69,
        "duration": 5.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I can make a\ncondition based on pages.",
        "start": 3027.18,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say WHERE \"pages\" is less than 300.",
        "start": 3030.0,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 3033.69,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I should see that\nI have all these books that",
        "start": 3034.8,
        "duration": 3.0
    },
    {
        "text": "are less than 300 pages long\nwhen they were first published.",
        "start": 3037.8,
        "duration": 5.47
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's pause here\nand ask what questions",
        "start": 3043.27,
        "duration": 2.06
    },
    {
        "text": "we have on these range conditions.",
        "start": 3045.33,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: I just wanted to check\nif for a proper query in this case",
        "start": 3049.02,
        "duration": 6.21
    },
    {
        "text": "to be able to run operations, they\nhave to be integers in the database.",
        "start": 3055.23,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "And my second question is for\nwhen we're matching a string,",
        "start": 3060.24,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "is it case-sensitive or not?",
        "start": 3064.08,
        "duration": 2.123
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah, two great questions.",
        "start": 3066.203,
        "duration": 1.667
    },
    {
        "text": "So the first one here is going to be,\ndo I have to use integers in this case?",
        "start": 3067.87,
        "duration": 4.65
    },
    {
        "text": "And what types, maybe, should I use?",
        "start": 3072.52,
        "duration": 1.79
    },
    {
        "text": "And the second one being, could I\nmatch strings like case insensitively?",
        "start": 3074.31,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So for the first one,\nin this case, it'll",
        "start": 3077.85,
        "duration": 3.09
    },
    {
        "text": "depend on the design of your database.",
        "start": 3080.94,
        "duration": 2.17
    },
    {
        "text": "So we'll see later on\nin the course, how we",
        "start": 3083.11,
        "duration": 2.03
    },
    {
        "text": "can choose the types for our columns.",
        "start": 3085.14,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And how that might impact the types\nwe actually use in our queries.",
        "start": 3087.42,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "For now, I made this database.",
        "start": 3091.26,
        "duration": 2.14
    },
    {
        "text": "So I just know that my\nyear column is an integer,",
        "start": 3093.4,
        "duration": 3.35
    },
    {
        "text": "my ratings column is a real number\nor a float, if you're familiar,",
        "start": 3096.75,
        "duration": 3.27
    },
    {
        "text": "and my votes is an integer.",
        "start": 3100.02,
        "duration": 1.54
    },
    {
        "text": "So I just know to use\nthose numbers there.",
        "start": 3101.56,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "To the question of matching\nthings case-insensitively,",
        "start": 3103.8,
        "duration": 3.66
    },
    {
        "text": "let's actually revisit LIKE just briefly\nhere to show you what that can do.",
        "start": 3107.46,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "So I go back to my terminal, and let's\nsay I want to find just a book title.",
        "start": 3110.82,
        "duration": 7.34
    },
    {
        "text": "And I want to type it\nin kind of sloppily.",
        "start": 3118.16,
        "duration": 1.75
    },
    {
        "text": "I don't want to capitalize\nit like capital books are.",
        "start": 3119.91,
        "duration": 2.208
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say SELECT let's\nsay \"title\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3122.118,
        "duration": 4.632
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe, I'll want to\nfind that book Pyre again.",
        "start": 3126.75,
        "duration": 4.18
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could say WHERE \"title\" is\nLIKE 'pyre', but all in lowercase.",
        "start": 3130.93,
        "duration": 6.78
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 3137.71,
        "duration": 1.4
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see I do get back Pyre.",
        "start": 3139.11,
        "duration": 2.43
    },
    {
        "text": "So even though I said WHERE \"title\"\nis LIKE lowercase 'pyre', I got back",
        "start": 3141.54,
        "duration": 5.97
    },
    {
        "text": "capital Pyre.",
        "start": 3147.51,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Now this is in contrast to saying\nWHERE \"title\" equals lowercase 'pyre'.",
        "start": 3149.88,
        "duration": 5.22
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try that.",
        "start": 3155.1,
        "duration": 1.51
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back over here.",
        "start": 3156.61,
        "duration": 1.22
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll say again SELECT\n\"title\" from \"longlist,\"",
        "start": 3157.83,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "but now WHERE \"title\" equals,\nquote, unquote, 'pyre' Semicolon.",
        "start": 3163.56,
        "duration": 9.27
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 3172.83,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I see no results.",
        "start": 3173.79,
        "duration": 1.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So in this case, the equal is\ngoing to be case-sensitive.",
        "start": 3175.57,
        "duration": 3.44
    },
    {
        "text": "Case matters in this case,\nbut LIKE is case-insensitive.",
        "start": 3179.01,
        "duration": 6.31
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 3185.32,
        "duration": 1.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Why don't we keep going then?",
        "start": 3186.99,
        "duration": 2.858
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's take a look\nat a few other things",
        "start": 3189.848,
        "duration": 1.792
    },
    {
        "text": "we can do with these SQL\nkeywords for querying.",
        "start": 3191.64,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, earlier, we were\ntrying to find a way",
        "start": 3195.45,
        "duration": 2.79
    },
    {
        "text": "to find the best books in our data set.",
        "start": 3198.24,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And we did that by filtering\nthem based on some ranges.",
        "start": 3201.48,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "But we could probably do\nthat a little bit more",
        "start": 3204.81,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "methodically in this case using a new\nkeyword, this one called ORDER BY.",
        "start": 3207.21,
        "duration": 5.97
    },
    {
        "text": "So ORDER BY allows us to\ntake the results of our query",
        "start": 3213.18,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "and order them, as it suggests,\nby some column itself.",
        "start": 3217.98,
        "duration": 5.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So we could put them in alphabetical\norder or in order by a number of votes",
        "start": 3223.0,
        "duration": 4.67
    },
    {
        "text": "or in order by number of ratings.",
        "start": 3227.67,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's just try an example of this\nto see how ORDER BY works for us.",
        "start": 3230.34,
        "duration": 4.02
    },
    {
        "text": "But in the end, we'll see it can\narrange columns, arrange rows for us",
        "start": 3234.36,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "in our resulting query.",
        "start": 3238.71,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go back to my computer.",
        "start": 3240.43,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's try this question here.",
        "start": 3242.79,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to try to find the\ntop 10 books in my table.",
        "start": 3244.83,
        "duration": 4.57
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say SELECT \"title\"\nand \"rating\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3249.4,
        "duration": 7.48
    },
    {
        "text": "Enter.",
        "start": 3256.88,
        "duration": 1.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Not only query yet though.",
        "start": 3258.08,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I'll say ORDER BY the rating.",
        "start": 3259.82,
        "duration": 4.82
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's only take the top 10.",
        "start": 3264.64,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say limit 10 in\nthis instance Semicolon.",
        "start": 3266.8,
        "duration": 4.32
    },
    {
        "text": "So now I've combined some\nof my prior keywords.",
        "start": 3271.12,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm using SELECT.",
        "start": 3274.33,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm using ORDER BY.",
        "start": 3275.5,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'm still using\nour old friend LIMIT.",
        "start": 3276.79,
        "duration": 2.05
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me hit Enter here.",
        "start": 3278.84,
        "duration": 1.85
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll get back, well,\nnot quite the top 10.",
        "start": 3280.69,
        "duration": 5.36
    },
    {
        "text": "I see rating of 3.05 here\nand rating of 3.42 down here.",
        "start": 3286.05,
        "duration": 6.19
    },
    {
        "text": "So based on this, what do you think\nthe default ordering of ORDER BY is?",
        "start": 3292.24,
        "duration": 7.76
    },
    {
        "text": "So you might be from least to greatest.",
        "start": 3300.0,
        "duration": 2.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So we saw here that we have\nrating being pretty small,",
        "start": 3302.02,
        "duration": 3.41
    },
    {
        "text": "but we said ORDER BY our rating.",
        "start": 3305.43,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "So it starts from small\nand goes down to large.",
        "start": 3307.14,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So we need to fix this in some way.",
        "start": 3310.44,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's introduce a\nnew addition to ORDER BY",
        "start": 3312.42,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "to have us fix this query overall.",
        "start": 3315.24,
        "duration": 3.58
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me show you that ORDER BY does\nby default sort from least to greatest.",
        "start": 3318.82,
        "duration": 6.11
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's try some addition here.",
        "start": 3324.93,
        "duration": 2.64
    },
    {
        "text": "We have not just ORDER BY\nbut ORDER BY some column",
        "start": 3327.57,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "and then ascending or descending.",
        "start": 3331.83,
        "duration": 3.7
    },
    {
        "text": "So ascending is the default. It\nmeans from least to greatest.",
        "start": 3335.53,
        "duration": 3.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Descending, we can specify\nmeaning from greatest to smallest.",
        "start": 3339.48,
        "duration": 4.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try using ORDER BY\nbut now with this other keyword",
        "start": 3344.26,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "called DESC for descending here.",
        "start": 3347.31,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my terminal.",
        "start": 3350.52,
        "duration": 3.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's rewrite this\nquery to include DESC.",
        "start": 3353.76,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"title\" and\n\"rating\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3357.21,
        "duration": 5.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me-- before\nI run this query, let",
        "start": 3362.7,
        "duration": 1.932
    },
    {
        "text": "me just clear my terminal\nso it's back up at the top.",
        "start": 3364.632,
        "duration": 2.208
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll backspace this.",
        "start": 3366.84,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And then a moment here, I'll press\nControl-L. Now I'm back at the top.",
        "start": 3368.58,
        "duration": 4.47
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"title\", SELECT \"title\"\nand \"rating\" from \"longlist\" WHERE--",
        "start": 3373.05,
        "duration": 8.797
    },
    {
        "text": "actually, not WHERE.",
        "start": 3381.847,
        "duration": 0.833
    },
    {
        "text": "We're not filtering yet.",
        "start": 3382.68,
        "duration": 1.14
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say ORDER BY rating but\nnot by ascending by default--",
        "start": 3383.82,
        "duration": 6.262
    },
    {
        "text": "going from least to greatest.",
        "start": 3390.082,
        "duration": 1.208
    },
    {
        "text": "I want greatest to least.",
        "start": 3391.29,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say DESC here.",
        "start": 3393.01,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I can say LIMIT 10 Semicolon.",
        "start": 3395.37,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 3398.88,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see the top 10 books.",
        "start": 3399.84,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, I have The Eighth Life coming\nin at 4.52 and The Books of Jacob",
        "start": 3402.54,
        "duration": 4.62
    },
    {
        "text": "coming in at 4.06.",
        "start": 3407.16,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "So now we're going from\ngreatest to smallest.",
        "start": 3409.68,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I could order by\nnot just these ratings,",
        "start": 3413.46,
        "duration": 3.42
    },
    {
        "text": "but also by the number of votes.",
        "start": 3416.88,
        "duration": 2.34
    },
    {
        "text": "It seems there's a tie to break here.",
        "start": 3419.22,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "If I look at Still Born and When\nWe Cease to Understand the World,",
        "start": 3420.9,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "those both have a rating of 4.14.",
        "start": 3424.89,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "But presumably, one book has\nmaybe more votes than the other.",
        "start": 3427.8,
        "duration": 4.63
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could try to break this tie by\nordering not just by rating but also",
        "start": 3432.43,
        "duration": 5.93
    },
    {
        "text": "by votes, the number votes this book\nactually received on Good Reads.",
        "start": 3438.36,
        "duration": 4.17
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try that then\nto break this tie.",
        "start": 3442.53,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back over here.",
        "start": 3445.29,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll try this query now.",
        "start": 3446.73,
        "duration": 2.76
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say, again, SELECT \"title\"\nand \"rating\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3449.49,
        "duration": 6.3
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I'll order by, first, the\nrating column in descending order.",
        "start": 3455.79,
        "duration": 6.07
    },
    {
        "text": "But I also want to order by the number\nof votes after I order by rating.",
        "start": 3461.86,
        "duration": 5.24
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm saying first order\nby rating, but afterwards,",
        "start": 3467.1,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "followed by a comma, let's\norder by the number of votes",
        "start": 3470.73,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "also in descending order--\nfrom greatest to smallest.",
        "start": 3474.21,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I'll just continue my\nquery on the next line.",
        "start": 3478.5,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll say LIMIT 10 Semicolon.",
        "start": 3481.17,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "This then gives me, let's\nsee, the books but now",
        "start": 3484.08,
        "duration": 5.04
    },
    {
        "text": "they're going to be in the order that\nallows us to see the number of votes.",
        "start": 3489.12,
        "duration": 3.85
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me just actually refine this.",
        "start": 3492.97,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me say not just title\nand rating, let's make",
        "start": 3494.38,
        "duration": 2.732
    },
    {
        "text": "sure we can see the votes here too.",
        "start": 3497.112,
        "duration": 1.458
    },
    {
        "text": "So SELECT \"title\" and \"rating\"\nand \"votes\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3498.57,
        "duration": 5.01
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter on my query.",
        "start": 3503.58,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I'll say ORDER BY\n\"rating\" and \"votes.\"",
        "start": 3504.81,
        "duration": 2.94
    },
    {
        "text": "Then I'll say LIMIT 10.",
        "start": 3507.75,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "And here, I'm just getting\nthe Up Arrow on my computer.",
        "start": 3509.55,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 3512.16,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see the votes included.",
        "start": 3513.66,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me show you\nthis on the big screen.",
        "start": 3516.15,
        "duration": 1.92
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, we see that the tie is broken.",
        "start": 3518.07,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "So when we cease to\nunderstand the world,",
        "start": 3520.44,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "these both have 4.14\nalong with Still Born.",
        "start": 3522.6,
        "duration": 3.96
    },
    {
        "text": "But here, this book has more votes\nand so is higher in our order",
        "start": 3526.56,
        "duration": 4.98
    },
    {
        "text": "now that we've ordered\nby multiple columns.",
        "start": 3531.54,
        "duration": 4.37
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me pause here\nand ask what questions",
        "start": 3535.91,
        "duration": 2.33
    },
    {
        "text": "we have on ordering with data.",
        "start": 3538.24,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "Ordering by one column or multiple,\nand how we can sort data like this.",
        "start": 3541.63,
        "duration": 5.85
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Sir, I want to know that\ncan we write rating to 4.93 to 4.9?",
        "start": 3547.48,
        "duration": 6.875
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah good question.",
        "start": 3554.355,
        "duration": 1.375
    },
    {
        "text": "I think if I understand you\ncorrectly, how can we select a rating",
        "start": 3555.73,
        "duration": 2.85
    },
    {
        "text": "or try to find a rating that's like\nequal to 4.92 or things like that.",
        "start": 3558.58,
        "duration": 4.24
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try that here.",
        "start": 3562.82,
        "duration": 0.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I want to find\na particular rating,",
        "start": 3563.78,
        "duration": 2.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I could simply use my\nWHERE friend from before.",
        "start": 3566.35,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT, let's\nsay, \"title\" and \"rating.\"",
        "start": 3570.25,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "And maybe I could try to find\na particular rating for a book",
        "start": 3574.39,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "from longlist.",
        "start": 3577.75,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say then WHERE this rating is\nequal to, let's say, 4.932 Semicolon.",
        "start": 3579.4,
        "duration": 7.47
    },
    {
        "text": "If this book exists, it\nwill get it back here.",
        "start": 3586.87,
        "duration": 2.29
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 3589.16,
        "duration": 1.01
    },
    {
        "text": "And I see there's no book with\nthis particular rating, 4.392.",
        "start": 3590.17,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "But good question for how to find\nparticular ratings for our books here.",
        "start": 3595.81,
        "duration": 5.7
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 3601.51,
        "duration": 0.87
    },
    {
        "text": "Other questions too on how we've been\nable to sort our data and use ORDER BY?",
        "start": 3602.38,
        "duration": 6.75
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Will descend work on a\nstring on an alphabetic basis?",
        "start": 3609.13,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "Or do we need to have special\nconditions for alphabetic characters?",
        "start": 3613.0,
        "duration": 5.098
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah, a great question.",
        "start": 3618.098,
        "duration": 1.542
    },
    {
        "text": "So how could we use ORDER BY with some\ncharacters or strings or some text",
        "start": 3619.64,
        "duration": 4.1
    },
    {
        "text": "in our database?",
        "start": 3623.74,
        "duration": 0.85
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try that one out too and\nsee how that works with ASC",
        "start": 3624.59,
        "duration": 3.2
    },
    {
        "text": "for ascending and DESC for descending.",
        "start": 3627.79,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go back to my terminal.",
        "start": 3630.76,
        "duration": 1.59
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll demonstrate here how\nwe can use this for some text.",
        "start": 3632.35,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try to simply sorting our\nbooks alphabetically for, let's say,",
        "start": 3635.71,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "our library.",
        "start": 3640.78,
        "duration": 1.02
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT \"title\"\nfrom \"longlist,\" Enter.",
        "start": 3641.8,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "And I want to order by\ntitle, just plain and simple.",
        "start": 3646.9,
        "duration": 3.31
    },
    {
        "text": "And then hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 3650.21,
        "duration": 1.38
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's see what happens.",
        "start": 3651.59,
        "duration": 1.16
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 3652.75,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see that\nthese books are ordered.",
        "start": 3654.16,
        "duration": 3.54
    },
    {
        "text": "But they seem to be\nordered alphabetically.",
        "start": 3657.7,
        "duration": 2.28
    },
    {
        "text": "So here, we have some titles\nlower in the alphabet.",
        "start": 3659.98,
        "duration": 3.72
    },
    {
        "text": "And up here, we have titles\nearlier in the alphabet.",
        "start": 3663.7,
        "duration": 2.62
    },
    {
        "text": "So by default ORDER BY seems\nto order alphabetically.",
        "start": 3666.32,
        "duration": 4.46
    },
    {
        "text": "If I change that default, though,\nfrom ascending to descending,",
        "start": 3670.78,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "let's see what happens.",
        "start": 3675.07,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back over here.",
        "start": 3676.96,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll try the same\nquery but now using DESC.",
        "start": 3678.25,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "SELECT \"title\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3682.99,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "ORDER BY \"title\" now\nin descending order.",
        "start": 3684.76,
        "duration": 4.35
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 3689.11,
        "duration": 1.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see these titles\nin reverse alphabetical order.",
        "start": 3690.4,
        "duration": 4.23
    },
    {
        "text": "So notice how earlier on, we have\ntitles that are lower in the alphabet.",
        "start": 3694.63,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "But down below, we have titles that\nare earlier in the alphabet here.",
        "start": 3699.19,
        "duration": 3.55
    },
    {
        "text": "So you can use ORDER\nBY with these texts.",
        "start": 3702.74,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "But you then have to specify whether\nyou want it in alphabetical order",
        "start": 3706.33,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "or in reverse alphabetical order.",
        "start": 3709.69,
        "duration": 4.27
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so let's show a\nfew other concepts here",
        "start": 3713.96,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "we can use alongside of these orderings.",
        "start": 3718.7,
        "duration": 3.04
    },
    {
        "text": "One thing we could also do is\ntry to find more information",
        "start": 3721.74,
        "duration": 4.34
    },
    {
        "text": "about the ratings of these books.",
        "start": 3726.08,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's say I want not\njust to order these books",
        "start": 3727.85,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "but try to find the average rating,\nor to try to find the number of books,",
        "start": 3730.97,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "or try to find let's say maybe the sum\nof my total votes on each of my books.",
        "start": 3735.71,
        "duration": 5.37
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, for this, we could\nintroduce some new concepts,",
        "start": 3741.08,
        "duration": 3.78
    },
    {
        "text": "these ones called SQL's\naggregate functions.",
        "start": 3744.86,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "These allow us to take a whole set of\nrows and return not each of those rows",
        "start": 3749.06,
        "duration": 6.33
    },
    {
        "text": "individually.",
        "start": 3755.39,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "But instead, in this case, one number\nbased on the values in those rows.",
        "start": 3756.56,
        "duration": 5.73
    },
    {
        "text": "You could imagine trying to\ncount the number of rows you have",
        "start": 3762.29,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "or take the average\nof the number of rows,",
        "start": 3765.35,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "or take the average of let's\nsay a rating, for instance.",
        "start": 3767.96,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "Finding the minimum rating\nof the maximum rating",
        "start": 3770.63,
        "duration": 2.07
    },
    {
        "text": "or finding the sum of some votes.",
        "start": 3772.7,
        "duration": 2.49
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll see each of\nthese in action here.",
        "start": 3775.19,
        "duration": 3.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go back to our terminal,\ntry some of these out.",
        "start": 3778.23,
        "duration": 3.23
    },
    {
        "text": "I will try, in this case\nfirst trying to find",
        "start": 3781.46,
        "duration": 4.26
    },
    {
        "text": "the average rating from my longlist.",
        "start": 3785.72,
        "duration": 2.9
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I just from experience,\nand as you now know too,",
        "start": 3788.62,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "I can try to find the\naverage of some column",
        "start": 3792.05,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "by using the AVG aggregate function.",
        "start": 3794.87,
        "duration": 3.52
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say SELECT not\njust rating in this case",
        "start": 3798.39,
        "duration": 4.58
    },
    {
        "text": "but select the average\nrating FROM \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 3802.97,
        "duration": 4.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice how in this case, I'm using this\nkind of syntax, where I take rating,",
        "start": 3807.92,
        "duration": 5.64
    },
    {
        "text": "my column I want to aggregate or\nto sum up or to average like this.",
        "start": 3813.56,
        "duration": 4.77
    },
    {
        "text": "And I apply the function\nby saying its name",
        "start": 3818.33,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "followed by some parentheses\naround that column name.",
        "start": 3821.51,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "So this will return to\nme not all of the rating",
        "start": 3825.18,
        "duration": 2.45
    },
    {
        "text": "rows but the average of the\nrating rows in one single cell.",
        "start": 3827.63,
        "duration": 4.8
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me try this.",
        "start": 3832.43,
        "duration": 1.65
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back, and I\nwill then hit Enter.",
        "start": 3834.08,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see this is the average rating.",
        "start": 3836.99,
        "duration": 3.45
    },
    {
        "text": "We have 3.7537179471795 is our\naverage rating for all of these books.",
        "start": 3840.44,
        "duration": 8.28
    },
    {
        "text": "But of course, this isn't great.",
        "start": 3848.72,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "What might I want to do if I was\ngoing to show this to somebody else?",
        "start": 3851.78,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "I could probably improve the\npresentation of this in some way.",
        "start": 3855.92,
        "duration": 5.02
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could probably round\nthis result. I have 3.75371,",
        "start": 3860.94,
        "duration": 4.7
    },
    {
        "text": "we can probably stop after\ntwo decimal points, right?",
        "start": 3865.64,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "Just simply like 3.75.",
        "start": 3868.52,
        "duration": 2.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So I could introduce some new keyword\nhere, this one around the results.",
        "start": 3870.62,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me show you this one in action.",
        "start": 3875.33,
        "duration": 2.52
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back, and I'll try\nnot just select average rating",
        "start": 3877.85,
        "duration": 3.69
    },
    {
        "text": "but select the rounded average rating.",
        "start": 3881.54,
        "duration": 2.83
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say SELECT ROUND and then\ntake average of \"rating\" and round",
        "start": 3884.37,
        "duration": 7.55
    },
    {
        "text": "to 2 decimal points FROM\n\"longlist\" Semicolon.",
        "start": 3891.92,
        "duration": 6.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So now this query decides to first\nfind the average of the rating column.",
        "start": 3898.22,
        "duration": 6.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Then take the result and round\nit using two decimal points.",
        "start": 3904.91,
        "duration": 5.95
    },
    {
        "text": "Notice how round takes two inputs\nor two arguments, the first one",
        "start": 3910.86,
        "duration": 3.65
    },
    {
        "text": "being the rating, the average\nrating, the second one being number",
        "start": 3914.51,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "of decimal points to round, 2.",
        "start": 3918.5,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "And we complete our query in the way we\nusually do by saying FROM this table.",
        "start": 3920.3,
        "duration": 4.33
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this one\nto figure this out.",
        "start": 3924.63,
        "duration": 2.24
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back.",
        "start": 3926.87,
        "duration": 0.75
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll hit Enter.",
        "start": 3927.62,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see we do get back 3.75.",
        "start": 3929.12,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "But there is still one\nthing to improve here.",
        "start": 3933.11,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "When I write this query, I\nsee this ugly title name--",
        "start": 3935.72,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "ROUND average \"rating\" comma 2.",
        "start": 3939.59,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "I wouldn't send this to my\nboss or somebody else who I",
        "start": 3941.99,
        "duration": 2.785
    },
    {
        "text": "work for or maybe even a friend, right?",
        "start": 3944.775,
        "duration": 1.625
    },
    {
        "text": "I want to make sure it's pretty\nso they can read it correctly.",
        "start": 3946.4,
        "duration": 2.77
    },
    {
        "text": "So what could I do then to\ntry to make this prettier?",
        "start": 3949.17,
        "duration": 4.18
    },
    {
        "text": "I could maybe rename this column.",
        "start": 3953.35,
        "duration": 1.74
    },
    {
        "text": "I could try to take this and make\nit not just this ugly mess of SQL",
        "start": 3955.09,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "keyword but to give it some\nname I could use instead.",
        "start": 3959.68,
        "duration": 3.13
    },
    {
        "text": "So for this, we'll\nintroduce a brand new one--",
        "start": 3962.81,
        "duration": 2.36
    },
    {
        "text": "new brand new keyword called AS.",
        "start": 3965.17,
        "duration": 2.13
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's try this one too.",
        "start": 3967.3,
        "duration": 1.8
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back, and I'll say SELECT,\nagain, ROUND average \"rating\" comma 2.",
        "start": 3969.1,
        "duration": 10.02
    },
    {
        "text": "But now, I'll select it AS,\nlet's say, average rating.",
        "start": 3979.12,
        "duration": 6.14
    },
    {
        "text": "And now before I actually\nfinish this query,",
        "start": 3985.26,
        "duration": 1.833
    },
    {
        "text": "let me try to bring it up to the top\nmy terminal so we can see it all in one",
        "start": 3987.093,
        "duration": 3.167
    },
    {
        "text": "go.",
        "start": 3990.26,
        "duration": 0.57
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll backspace this.",
        "start": 3990.83,
        "duration": 1.32
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll say SELECT the rounded\nversion of the average rating rounded",
        "start": 3992.15,
        "duration": 8.3
    },
    {
        "text": "to 2 decimal points AS--",
        "start": 4000.45,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "let's call this one \"average rating.\"",
        "start": 4002.76,
        "duration": 2.91
    },
    {
        "text": "Now hit Enter.",
        "start": 4005.67,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll say FROM my\n\"longlist\" table Semicolon.",
        "start": 4006.78,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, I see it's much prettier overall.",
        "start": 4011.37,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "I have no longer these\nSQL keywords but instead",
        "start": 4013.83,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "just average rating as my column name.",
        "start": 4017.01,
        "duration": 4.11
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 4021.12,
        "duration": 1.44
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me pause here\nand ask questions then",
        "start": 4022.56,
        "duration": 2.4
    },
    {
        "text": "on using average or using ROUND\nor using AS in these cases.",
        "start": 4024.96,
        "duration": 7.53
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: I'm wondering, do these\nsorts of commands have a funct--",
        "start": 4032.49,
        "duration": 3.87
    },
    {
        "text": "are these commands encode something like\ndata types or just encode something?",
        "start": 4036.36,
        "duration": 5.4
    },
    {
        "text": "Do these commands also have a name?",
        "start": 4041.76,
        "duration": 2.238
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah.",
        "start": 4043.998,
        "duration": 0.792
    },
    {
        "text": "And can I ask are you referring\nto the AVG like COUNT like SUM",
        "start": 4044.79,
        "duration": 3.84
    },
    {
        "text": "those kinds of things, or?",
        "start": 4048.63,
        "duration": 1.23
    },
    {
        "text": "Yeah.",
        "start": 4049.86,
        "duration": 0.69
    },
    {
        "text": "So these functions do have a name.",
        "start": 4050.55,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "They are called aggregate functions.",
        "start": 4053.14,
        "duration": 1.61
    },
    {
        "text": "And aggregate means to\ncombine, to bring together.",
        "start": 4054.75,
        "duration": 3.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So they're called aggregate functions\nbecause they take some number of rows,",
        "start": 4057.85,
        "duration": 3.56
    },
    {
        "text": "like all my ratings for instance,\nand bring it down to one single cell,",
        "start": 4061.41,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "like the average or\nthe sum or the count.",
        "start": 4065.61,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "So if you look up or read more\nabout SQL aggregate functions,",
        "start": 4068.53,
        "duration": 3.5
    },
    {
        "text": "you'll see all of these\nand perhaps some more",
        "start": 4072.03,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "depending on the software you're using.",
        "start": 4074.07,
        "duration": 3.68
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 4077.75,
        "duration": 0.78
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's keep going then and try\nto start counting some other rows",
        "start": 4078.53,
        "duration": 4.44
    },
    {
        "text": "and use our other\naggregate functions here.",
        "start": 4082.97,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back to my terminal.",
        "start": 4084.95,
        "duration": 1.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And so far, we've seen average, as\nwell as we have seen ROUND and so on.",
        "start": 4086.84,
        "duration": 6.3
    },
    {
        "text": "But why don't I try to find the maximum\nor the minimum rating in my table?",
        "start": 4093.14,
        "duration": 5.46
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT, let's say, the MAX\n\"rating\" FROM my \"longlist\" Semicolon.",
        "start": 4098.6,
        "duration": 6.96
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 4105.56,
        "duration": 1.11
    },
    {
        "text": "Now I see the highest rated\nbook had a rating of 4.52.",
        "start": 4106.67,
        "duration": 4.859
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, what about the minimum rating?",
        "start": 4111.529,
        "duration": 1.5
    },
    {
        "text": "I could use MIN here too.",
        "start": 4113.029,
        "duration": 1.171
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT, let's say, MIN of\nmy \"rating\" column FROM my \"longlist\"",
        "start": 4114.2,
        "duration": 6.11
    },
    {
        "text": "table.",
        "start": 4120.31,
        "duration": 0.69
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 4121.0,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see it 3.05.",
        "start": 4122.71,
        "duration": 1.979
    },
    {
        "text": "It is the lowest-rated\nbook I have in this set.",
        "start": 4124.689,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, as we've seen, let me\ntry to view this for you all.",
        "start": 4128.979,
        "duration": 4.05
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT \"title\" and\n\"votes\" FROM my \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 4133.029,
        "duration": 6.361
    },
    {
        "text": "SELECT \"title\" and \"votes\"\nfrom my \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 4139.39,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Here, I have many books with\nmany user-generated votes.",
        "start": 4141.43,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Maybe people on the internet\ndecided to rate this book out of 5",
        "start": 4146.17,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "and maybe Go, Went, Gone got\nabout, let's say, 592 votes.",
        "start": 4149.74,
        "duration": 5.38
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'm curious then, how many total\nvotes do I have in my data set?",
        "start": 4155.12,
        "duration": 5.58
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, for that, I could use\nthe SUM aggregate function.",
        "start": 4160.7,
        "duration": 2.9
    },
    {
        "text": "Try to count up each one of these\nrows and/or turn it back to me",
        "start": 4163.6,
        "duration": 4.259
    },
    {
        "text": "in a single cell.",
        "start": 4167.859,
        "duration": 1.691
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll use SUM here.",
        "start": 4169.55,
        "duration": 1.429
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll come back and I'll say I want\nto find the sum of my votes column.",
        "start": 4170.979,
        "duration": 5.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT, let's say,\nthe SUM of my \"votes\" column",
        "start": 4176.229,
        "duration": 6.661
    },
    {
        "text": "FROM my \"longlist\" table.",
        "start": 4182.89,
        "duration": 2.62
    },
    {
        "text": "And then I'll just Enter--",
        "start": 4185.51,
        "duration": 1.219
    },
    {
        "text": "Semicolon Enter.",
        "start": 4186.729,
        "duration": 1.231
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see over 600,000\npeople offer to vote",
        "start": 4187.96,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "for each of these books that were\nlonglisted for the International Booker",
        "start": 4192.67,
        "duration": 4.14
    },
    {
        "text": "Prize.",
        "start": 4196.81,
        "duration": 1.81
    },
    {
        "text": "Now there'd be a few more here.",
        "start": 4198.62,
        "duration": 1.45
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's check out what else we have left\nto do and our aggregate functions.",
        "start": 4200.07,
        "duration": 3.17
    },
    {
        "text": "We could also try to count up just\nthe number of books in our data set.",
        "start": 4203.24,
        "duration": 4.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So why don't I try to find\nthe number of rows I have?",
        "start": 4208.2,
        "duration": 3.71
    },
    {
        "text": "For that, I could use count.",
        "start": 4211.91,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "And often to find the number\nof rows in your data set,",
        "start": 4214.07,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "you might use count and star\nas we saw a little earlier.",
        "start": 4217.1,
        "duration": 3.36
    },
    {
        "text": "I could say SELECT COUNT\nstar from \"longlist\"",
        "start": 4220.46,
        "duration": 4.74
    },
    {
        "text": "And this means, again star means\ngive me every row and every column.",
        "start": 4225.2,
        "duration": 5.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Give me basically my whole table, right?",
        "start": 4230.27,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And if I say COUNT star, that\nmeans count up the number of rows",
        "start": 4232.85,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "that I have in my database.",
        "start": 4236.75,
        "duration": 2.53
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say COUNT star from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 4239.28,
        "duration": 2.27
    },
    {
        "text": "And I get back 78\nbooks in this database.",
        "start": 4241.55,
        "duration": 4.2
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, let me try counting up\nthe number of translators here.",
        "start": 4245.75,
        "duration": 2.97
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT, let's say, COUNT\nof \"translators\" FROM \"longlist\"",
        "start": 4248.72,
        "duration": 6.12
    },
    {
        "text": "Semicolon.",
        "start": 4254.84,
        "duration": 1.05
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Enter.",
        "start": 4255.89,
        "duration": 1.41
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I see 76.",
        "start": 4257.3,
        "duration": 3.37
    },
    {
        "text": "So I have 78 books, but if I count\ntranslators, I have 76 of them.",
        "start": 4260.67,
        "duration": 8.01
    },
    {
        "text": "So why might that be?",
        "start": 4268.68,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "Free to raise your hand\nand try to guess at this.",
        "start": 4270.87,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "Why do I have 78 rows\nbut 76 translators?",
        "start": 4274.08,
        "duration": 4.973
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Hi.",
        "start": 4279.053,
        "duration": 0.947
    },
    {
        "text": "I actually had raised my\nhand for the question.",
        "start": 4280.0,
        "duration": 2.412
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah, go ahead.",
        "start": 4282.412,
        "duration": 1.208
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Also, I wanted\nto know whether the MAX",
        "start": 4283.62,
        "duration": 2.59
    },
    {
        "text": "and the MIN functions can be used for\nfinding the longest or the shortest",
        "start": 4286.21,
        "duration": 3.81
    },
    {
        "text": "string as well?",
        "start": 4290.02,
        "duration": 0.69
    },
    {
        "text": "Or do you have a different\ncommand for that?",
        "start": 4290.71,
        "duration": 1.833
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Good question.",
        "start": 4292.543,
        "duration": 1.167
    },
    {
        "text": "Could we use MAX and MIN to find\nthe longest or shortest string?",
        "start": 4293.71,
        "duration": 3.33
    },
    {
        "text": "That's a good question.",
        "start": 4297.04,
        "duration": 1.1
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's actually pause on this counting\nhere and try that out real quick.",
        "start": 4298.14,
        "duration": 3.43
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll come back to my terminal.",
        "start": 4301.57,
        "duration": 1.87
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me try to use MAX and\nMIN with some book titles.",
        "start": 4303.44,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll say Select--",
        "start": 4307.48,
        "duration": 2.61
    },
    {
        "text": "let's select the MAX title.",
        "start": 4310.09,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "And at the same time, why don't\nwe select the MIN title as well?",
        "start": 4312.79,
        "duration": 4.99
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll select these\nfrom my \"longlist\" table.",
        "start": 4317.78,
        "duration": 3.14
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 4320.92,
        "duration": 1.45
    },
    {
        "text": "And now, let me try this out.",
        "start": 4322.37,
        "duration": 2.74
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll get back Wretchedness\nand A New Name--",
        "start": 4325.11,
        "duration": 3.99
    },
    {
        "text": "Septology VI-VII.",
        "start": 4329.1,
        "duration": 3.47
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, there's a few hypotheses here.",
        "start": 4332.57,
        "duration": 2.37
    },
    {
        "text": "It does seem that our MAX \"title\"\nis shorter than our MIN \"title.\"",
        "start": 4334.94,
        "duration": 4.59
    },
    {
        "text": "So it's probably not that MAX\ngives us the length of the string,",
        "start": 4339.53,
        "duration": 4.33
    },
    {
        "text": "but what do you notice?",
        "start": 4343.86,
        "duration": 1.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, I see MIN is really\nearly on in the alphabet.",
        "start": 4345.42,
        "duration": 3.515
    },
    {
        "text": "It has an A here, whereas MAX has\na W, pretty low in the alphabet.",
        "start": 4348.935,
        "duration": 5.355
    },
    {
        "text": "And I would bet if we\nordered these book titles,",
        "start": 4354.29,
        "duration": 3.03
    },
    {
        "text": "we would see a new name up at the very\ntop and a Wretchedness, the book here,",
        "start": 4357.32,
        "duration": 5.82
    },
    {
        "text": "down at the bottom.",
        "start": 4363.14,
        "duration": 1.57
    },
    {
        "text": "So MAX seems to give us the\nlowest alphabetically, which",
        "start": 4364.71,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "is kind of contradictory\nwith titles here or strings.",
        "start": 4368.75,
        "duration": 2.88
    },
    {
        "text": "And MIN gives us the earliest in\nthe alphabet using this A as well.",
        "start": 4371.63,
        "duration": 6.56
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 4378.19,
        "duration": 0.75
    },
    {
        "text": "So a good question.",
        "start": 4378.94,
        "duration": 0.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's come back to our counting here.",
        "start": 4379.91,
        "duration": 1.93
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's go back to my terminal.",
        "start": 4381.84,
        "duration": 1.24
    },
    {
        "text": "And again, we had, in this case,\n78 rows, but only 76 translators.",
        "start": 4383.08,
        "duration": 6.06
    },
    {
        "text": "So, again, if I did SELECT\nCOUNT star from, let's say,",
        "start": 4389.14,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "\"longlist\" then\nSemicolon, I get back 78.",
        "start": 4392.71,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "But if I do SELECT COUNT of \"translator\"\nfrom \"longlist,\" I get back 76.",
        "start": 4397.0,
        "duration": 8.28
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me ask again, why do we\nhave 78 rows but 76 translators?",
        "start": 4405.28,
        "duration": 6.36
    },
    {
        "text": "Feel free to say it.",
        "start": 4411.64,
        "duration": 2.495
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, so I'm seeing maybe we\nhave some number of rows, 78.",
        "start": 4414.135,
        "duration": 5.215
    },
    {
        "text": "But for our translators, you remember,\ntwo of those were null values.",
        "start": 4419.35,
        "duration": 4.5
    },
    {
        "text": "They didn't exist in our table.",
        "start": 4423.85,
        "duration": 1.96
    },
    {
        "text": "So it seems like if we use COUNT\nstar, we're counting all the rows.",
        "start": 4425.81,
        "duration": 4.83
    },
    {
        "text": "But if we use COUNT \"translator,\"\nsome column that has null values,",
        "start": 4430.64,
        "duration": 4.07
    },
    {
        "text": "we're only getting back those rows\nor those values that aren't null.",
        "start": 4434.71,
        "duration": 4.3
    },
    {
        "text": "So COUNT, when given a\ncolumn, counts only those that",
        "start": 4439.01,
        "duration": 3.05
    },
    {
        "text": "are not null that exist in our table.",
        "start": 4442.06,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "OK, let's look at one more\nexample here for counting.",
        "start": 4446.62,
        "duration": 2.62
    },
    {
        "text": "And let's try this.",
        "start": 4449.24,
        "duration": 2.74
    },
    {
        "text": "Let's say I want to find all of\nthe publishers in this database.",
        "start": 4451.98,
        "duration": 4.1
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT COUNT of\n\"publisher\" from my \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 4456.08,
        "duration": 6.15
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 4462.23,
        "duration": 2.16
    },
    {
        "text": "So you might think that I have\n78 publishers in this long list.",
        "start": 4464.39,
        "duration": 5.94
    },
    {
        "text": "But would it be accurate\nif I were to say",
        "start": 4470.33,
        "duration": 1.86
    },
    {
        "text": "I have 78 different\npublishers in this longlist?",
        "start": 4472.19,
        "duration": 4.97
    },
    {
        "text": "Could I say that?",
        "start": 4477.16,
        "duration": 2.92
    },
    {
        "text": "I'm seeing no, right?",
        "start": 4480.08,
        "duration": 1.47
    },
    {
        "text": "I couldn't try to count\nup these publishers",
        "start": 4481.55,
        "duration": 2.73
    },
    {
        "text": "and then say I have 78 different ones.",
        "start": 4484.28,
        "duration": 1.98
    },
    {
        "text": "I might double count the\npublisher along the way.",
        "start": 4486.26,
        "duration": 3.12
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me show you what we mean here.",
        "start": 4489.38,
        "duration": 1.72
    },
    {
        "text": "So I'll go back to my table.",
        "start": 4491.1,
        "duration": 1.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And let me try to select from publishers\nor select the publisher column",
        "start": 4492.68,
        "duration": 4.68
    },
    {
        "text": "from longlist.",
        "start": 4497.36,
        "duration": 1.17
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll select \"publisher\" from \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 4498.53,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "Hit Semicolon.",
        "start": 4502.1,
        "duration": 1.77
    },
    {
        "text": "Oops, and now I see\nsomething a little odd.",
        "start": 4503.87,
        "duration": 2.82
    },
    {
        "text": "Let me scroll back up and maybe\nask for a raised hand here.",
        "start": 4506.69,
        "duration": 6.38
    },
    {
        "text": "Why might I get this odd result?",
        "start": 4513.07,
        "duration": 6.49
    },
    {
        "text": "SPEAKER: Because of the quotes?",
        "start": 4519.56,
        "duration": 1.758
    },
    {
        "text": "CARTER ZENKE: Yeah.",
        "start": 4521.318,
        "duration": 0.792
    },
    {
        "text": "So I think I mistyped\nsome of my query here.",
        "start": 4522.11,
        "duration": 2.25
    },
    {
        "text": "I said it looks like \"pubsliher\"\ninstead of \"publisher.\"",
        "start": 4524.36,
        "duration": 4.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And in this case, SQL will\ngive me what I asked for.",
        "start": 4528.65,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "I said SELECT \"pubsliher\"\nfrom \"longlist.\"",
        "start": 4531.86,
        "duration": 2.54
    },
    {
        "text": "And says, OK, here it is.",
        "start": 4534.4,
        "duration": 1.36
    },
    {
        "text": "But that column doesn't exist\nso it creates this data for me.",
        "start": 4535.76,
        "duration": 3.07
    },
    {
        "text": "So let me try this again.",
        "start": 4538.83,
        "duration": 2.03
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back.",
        "start": 4540.86,
        "duration": 0.66
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll hopefully type\nthis correctly now.",
        "start": 4541.52,
        "duration": 1.95
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT, let's say, \"publisher,\"\nthis one, FROM \"longlist\" Semicolon.",
        "start": 4543.47,
        "duration": 8.89
    },
    {
        "text": "And now I'll see all of the\npublishers that I have in my table.",
        "start": 4552.36,
        "duration": 4.91
    },
    {
        "text": "But what do you see?",
        "start": 4557.27,
        "duration": 0.848
    },
    {
        "text": "Well, some repeat, right?",
        "start": 4558.118,
        "duration": 1.042
    },
    {
        "text": "I have Harvill Secker\nmultiple times here.",
        "start": 4559.16,
        "duration": 3.18
    },
    {
        "text": "I have similarly MacLehose\nPress multiple times as well.",
        "start": 4562.34,
        "duration": 3.67
    },
    {
        "text": "So if I count it up,\nthese publishers, I would",
        "start": 4566.01,
        "duration": 3.11
    },
    {
        "text": "get each one counted one\ntime, which I want to find",
        "start": 4569.12,
        "duration": 3.6
    },
    {
        "text": "the distinct ones the different ones.",
        "start": 4572.72,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "I need a new keyword for this.",
        "start": 4574.76,
        "duration": 2.04
    },
    {
        "text": "And for this, we'll use this keyword\nindeed called DISTINCT, trying",
        "start": 4576.8,
        "duration": 3.39
    },
    {
        "text": "to find unique values from our column.",
        "start": 4580.19,
        "duration": 3.46
    },
    {
        "text": "So let's try this.",
        "start": 4583.65,
        "duration": 1.31
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll go back over here and I will\nnow select not just publishers,",
        "start": 4584.96,
        "duration": 5.4
    },
    {
        "text": "but distinct publishers.",
        "start": 4590.36,
        "duration": 1.71
    },
    {
        "text": "I'll say SELECT DISTINCT publisher\nfrom \"longlist\" Semicolon.",
        "start": 4592.07,
        "duration": 7.75
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, if I scroll through here, I\nshould see each publisher in here",
        "start": 4599.82,
        "duration": 5.1
    },
    {
        "text": "only one time.",
        "start": 4604.92,
        "duration": 1.83
    },
    {
        "text": "If they have the same name,\nthey've been filtered out.",
        "start": 4606.75,
        "duration": 2.58
    },
    {
        "text": "And now they're only the\nsame publisher here too.",
        "start": 4609.33,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "So I will then try to\nsay SELECT, let's say,",
        "start": 4612.54,
        "duration": 2.31
    },
    {
        "text": "COUNT of \"publisher,\" SELECT\nCOUNT of \"publisher\" from--",
        "start": 4614.85,
        "duration": 6.167
    },
    {
        "text": "COUNT of DISTINCT\n\"publisher,\" for instance.",
        "start": 4621.017,
        "duration": 1.833
    },
    {
        "text": "COUNT distinct publisher-- oh, typo,\n\"publisher\" FROM \"longlist\" Semicolon.",
        "start": 4622.85,
        "duration": 12.29
    },
    {
        "text": "And I'll see I have 33\ndistinct publishers.",
        "start": 4635.14,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "OK.",
        "start": 4639.7,
        "duration": 1.35
    },
    {
        "text": "So this just about brings\nus to the conclusion",
        "start": 4641.05,
        "duration": 3.57
    },
    {
        "text": "of all of these new SQL keywords here.",
        "start": 4644.62,
        "duration": 2.46
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen so far that we\nhave several here to use.",
        "start": 4647.08,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "But let's figure out how to\nactually exit this prompt.",
        "start": 4650.56,
        "duration": 2.615
    },
    {
        "text": "So you might it be in your\nSQLite prompt right now.",
        "start": 4653.175,
        "duration": 2.125
    },
    {
        "text": "If you want to leave it, you could\nalso use this command, dot quit.",
        "start": 4655.3,
        "duration": 4.56
    },
    {
        "text": "Dot quit is not a SQL keyword.",
        "start": 4659.86,
        "duration": 1.68
    },
    {
        "text": "It's a SQLite keyword\nto leave your terminal",
        "start": 4661.54,
        "duration": 2.7
    },
    {
        "text": "and go back to where you started.",
        "start": 4664.24,
        "duration": 2.98
    },
    {
        "text": "So just to review then,\nwhat we've seen so far",
        "start": 4667.22,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "is how to select data from our table.",
        "start": 4670.81,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "We can use select column to\ntake some column from our table",
        "start": 4673.36,
        "duration": 3.51
    },
    {
        "text": "and give us back all of those rows\nfrom that table for that column.",
        "start": 4676.87,
        "duration": 5.19
    },
    {
        "text": "We've seen we can apply some\naggregate functions to take",
        "start": 4682.06,
        "duration": 3.06
    },
    {
        "text": "maybe the count of our columns\nor the average or so on.",
        "start": 4685.12,
        "duration": 3.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And we can get back not\njust all of our rows,",
        "start": 4688.31,
        "duration": 2.55
    },
    {
        "text": "but only some of them using our WHERE\nclause here along with a condition.",
        "start": 4690.86,
        "duration": 5.37
    },
    {
        "text": "We could have multiple conditions,\nhaving not just one but perhaps two.",
        "start": 4696.23,
        "duration": 4.04
    },
    {
        "text": "Like, let's say, here,\ncondition 0 and condition 1.",
        "start": 4700.27,
        "duration": 3.21
    },
    {
        "text": "And we could also use, we saw\nbefore, this idea of equals and LIKE",
        "start": 4703.48,
        "duration": 3.63
    },
    {
        "text": "to match some pattern or to make\nsomething exactly equal over here.",
        "start": 4707.11,
        "duration": 3.9
    },
    {
        "text": "We could, again, use AND and OR.",
        "start": 4711.01,
        "duration": 2.19
    },
    {
        "text": "And we saw later on how\nwe could order our data",
        "start": 4713.2,
        "duration": 2.67
    },
    {
        "text": "and use our LIMIT function to get\nback only some number of rows.",
        "start": 4715.87,
        "duration": 6.07
    },
    {
        "text": "Now, this then is our\ninteraction to querying.",
        "start": 4721.94,
        "duration": 3.59
    },
    {
        "text": "And so far, we've seen\nthis world of books.",
        "start": 4725.53,
        "duration": 3.3
    },
    {
        "text": "And the table we've had so far\nreally just has books inside of it.",
        "start": 4728.83,
        "duration": 3.48
    },
    {
        "text": "But next time, what we'll see is how\nto take this world of books and split",
        "start": 4732.31,
        "duration": 4.71
    },
    {
        "text": "into multiple tables.",
        "start": 4737.02,
        "duration": 1.24
    },
    {
        "text": "How do we find information on\npublishers or books or authors too?",
        "start": 4738.26,
        "duration": 3.995
    },
    {
        "text": "And how do we try to\nput that in a table that",
        "start": 4742.255,
        "duration": 1.875
    },
    {
        "text": "can present the relationships among\nall of these different entities?",
        "start": 4744.13,
        "duration": 3.25
    },
    {
        "text": "We'll talk about all that and\nmore when we come back next time.",
        "start": 4747.38,
        "duration": 2.625
    },
    {
        "text": "And we'll see you there.",
        "start": 4750.005,
        "duration": 1.915
    }
]