endoscopic management of a posttraumatic biliary fistula a number of techniques of surgical endoscopy have been used in the management of a posttraumatic biliary fistula the endoscopic sphincterotomy with placement of a perfused nasobiliary catheter followed by the insertion of a biliary stent allowed the fistula to dry out a secondary stricture of the left hepatic duct was treated by endoscopic internal drainage after the insertion of a transhepatic guidewire by an epigastric route this kind of combined transhepatic and endoscopic procedure is useful in some difficult cases production of 4methylumbelliferyl heptanoate hydrolase by escherichia coli exposed to seawater the production of an enzyme 4methylumbelliferyl heptanoate hydrolase in escherichia coli exposed to enriched and nonenriched seawater was studied in all media except for seawater with no or very small amounts of organic material and seawater enriched with peptone 4methylumbelliferyl heptanoate hydrolase activity increased by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude within 2 days increased enzyme activity was assumed to be related to cells not undergoing lysis but adapting to conditions of nutrient limitation