population structure of the golden snubnosed monkey rhinopithecus roxellana in the qinling mountains central china environmental barriers and habitat fragmentation can restrict gene flow leading to genetic divergence among animal populations the golden snubnosed monkey rhinopithecus roxellana is endemic to china and ranges across 4 provinces however over the past 40 years its populations have become fragmented we investigated the genetic diversity demographic history and population structure of r roxellana in 5 reserves in one of its strongholds the qinling mountain forests of shaanxi we collected genetic material from 11 monkey bands a group of individuals containing multiple 1male units with a total of 428 samples genotyped at 20 microsatellite loci allelic richness and heterozygosity suggested a relatively high level of intraband genetic diversity we found no evidence of any genetic bottleneck in these r roxellana populations amova and bayesian cluster analysis revealed that r roxellana in the 5 reserves are highly structured and form at least 3 distinct subpopulations these subpopulations concur with major topographical features in the study area such as mountain ridges suggesting that dispersal of r roxellana may be restricted by geographical barriers