women is that their husband used physical force to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to 5 four percent reported that their husband forced them with threats or in other ways to perform sexual acts they did not want to and 3 percent reported that their husband forced them to perform any sexual acts they did not want towomen in rural areas are more likely 34 than women in urban areas 27 to experience one or more forms of spousal violencealthough all forms of spousal violence decline sharply with schooling and wealth 1 out of 5 women 20 with 12 or more years of schooling and 19 of women who are in the highest wealth quintile report having suffered physical sexual or emotional spousal violence intergenerational effects of spousal violence are also evident in india women who report that their father beat their mother are much more likely 57 to have themselves experienced spousal violence than women who report that their fathers did not beat their mother 25 based on the report husbands who have completed 12 or more years of schooling are half as likely 21 to commit physical sexual or emotional spousal violence as husbands with no schooling 43 notably the variation in spousal violence by womens own education is similar to the variation by the education of their husbandwomen with husbands having the same education level as them are less likely 26 to have experienced spousal violence than women in couples in which neither attended school 44 or one or the other has more schooling the likelihood of experiencing spousal violence increases sharply with the number of marital control behaviours displayed by husbands 76 of women whose husbands displayed 56 of the specified marital control behaviours have experienced spousal violence compared with 18 of women whose husbands did not display any specified behaviours experience of spousal physical or sexual violence varies greatly with the level of the husbands alcohol consumption seventy percent of women whose husbands often get drunk have experienced spousal physical or sexual violence compared with 23 of women whose husbands do not drink alcoholnearly half of married women in karnataka abusedwomens experience of any spousal physical sexual or emotional violence varies greatly across statesutsin karnataka a whopping 48 of women have suffered spousal violence 4041 of women in manipur tamil nadu and telanganaanother significant finding was that among currently married women age 1849 who have been married only once 11 reported their first ever experience of spousal violence within the first 2 years of marriage and 21 experienced such violence within 5 years this suggests that a large proportion of spousal violence begins early in marriage