reprogramming of somatic cells ips and in cells limited access to human neurons has posed a significant barrier to progress in biological and preclinical studies of the human nervous system the advent of cell reprogramming technologies has widely disclosed unprecedented opportunities to generate renewable sources of human neural cells for disease modeling drug discovery and cell therapeutics both somatic reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells ipscs and directly induced neurons ineurons rely on transcription factorbased cellular conversion processes nevertheless they rely on very distinct mechanisms biological barriers technical limitations different levels of efficiency and generate neural cells with distinctive properties human ipscs represent a longterm renewable source of neural cells but over time genomic aberrations might erode the quality of the cultures and the in vitro differentiation process requires extensive time conversely direct neuronal reprogramming ensures a fast and straightforward generation of ineurons endowed with functional properties however in this last case conversion efficiency is reduced when starting from adult human cells and the molecular and functional fidelity of ineurons with respect to their corresponding native neuronal subtype is yet to be fully ascertained in many cases for any biomedical research application it should be carefully pondered the reprogramming method to use for generating reprogrammed human neuronal subtypes that best fit with the following analysis considering the existing limitations and gap of knowledge still present in this young field of investigation