new delhi climate change is not yet sufficiently integrated into the education framework and only 50 of the countries emphasise on the subject in their nationallevel laws policies or teaching plans according to the global education monitoring gem report by unesco profiles enhancing education reviews peer released by the gem team in the backdrop of the un climate change conference underway in glasgow is aimed at describing laws and policies of countries on key themes in education so as to improve the evidence base on the implementation of national education strategies only 75 per cent countries cover climate change subject in their national curricula framework while only 40 per cent of them have education laws that cover climate change at least 45 per cent of the countries include the subject in their education sector plans and strategies according to the report references are mainly found at primary and secondary education levels 90 fewer countries have frameworks to support climate change education in technical and vocational education and training system tvet higher education 70 and teacher training education 55 it added the report mentions countries which stand out in the progress made in climate change education in italy climate change is included in the curriculum and students are encouraged to assume ecologically sustainable behaviours and personal choices as of 2020 climate change education became mandatory across italian schools as part of civics education indonesia updated its national curriculum framework in 2013 which includes climate as a core competence as part of the attitudes skills and knowledge that students should achieve the ministry of education and culture also organises climate change events such as the regular climate change education forum and expo which focuses on climate change education topics and provides networking spaces for schools and educators the report said it noted that colombia has assigned a key role to its ministry of education in climate change education cce and has adopted a strong legal and policy framework on the issue it adopted a national climate change policy in 2017 which sets out five strategies addressing information dissemination on science and technology education training and public awareness and climate change management planning and financing the policy includes objectives to mainstream climate change into the formal education system it said education is a critical tool to help populations understand and address the impacts of climate change and to encourage changes in attitudes and behaviour to support more sustainable lifestyles and develop new skills and knowledge climate change education can enhance the resilience of vulnerable groups and communities with mitigation and adaptation strategies especially in lowincome countries that risk being disproportionately affected by these changing conditions the report added