chronic electroconvulsive shock but not lithium reduces density of 3hpentazocine binding sites in rat hippocampus the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chronic treatment with electroconvulsive shock ecs or lithium on 3hpentazocine binding to sigma1 receptors in the rat hippocampus chronic ecs resulted in a reduction in the density with no change in affinity of 3hpentazocine binding to sigma1 receptors in the rat hippocampus chronic lithium administration however failed to affect this binding these data suggest that sigma1 receptors may be involved in the mechanism of antidepressive but not antimanic therapy echography of the oral phase of deglutition neither cineradiography nor videorecording are satisfactory techniques for the dynamic study of the oral phase of deglutition therefore oral swallowing was studied by means of realtime sonography us in 20 asymptomatic patients both anatomy and motility of the muscles of the mouth and tongue were clearly demonstrated realtime us proved thus to allow an accurate and dynamic visualization of the oral phase of deglutition