where E is the electric field and dA is a differential area on the surface formula_5 with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction.
w ɛ ɹ WORD_BOUNDARY iː WORD_BOUNDARY ɪ z WORD_BOUNDARY ð ɪ WORD_BOUNDARY ɪ l ɛ k t ɹ ɪ k WORD_BOUNDARY f iː l d WORD_BOUNDARY æ n d WORD_BOUNDARY d iː WORD_BOUNDARY ʌ WORD_BOUNDARY ɪ z WORD_BOUNDARY ʌ WORD_BOUNDARY d ɪ f ə ɹ ɹ ɛ n ʃ ə l WORD_BOUNDARY ɛ ɹ iə WORD_BOUNDARY ɔ n ð ə WORD_BOUNDARY s ɜː f ɪ s WORD_BOUNDARY f ɔ ɹ m j ʊ l ə WORD_BOUNDARY f aɪ v WORD_BOUNDARY w ɪ ð WORD_BOUNDARY ʌ n WORD_BOUNDARY aʊ t w ə ɹ d WORD_BOUNDARY f eɪ s ɪ ŋ WORD_BOUNDARY s ɜː f ɪ s WORD_BOUNDARY n ɔ ɹ m ə l WORD_BOUNDARY d ɪ f aɪ n ɪ ŋ WORD_BOUNDARY ɪ t s WORD_BOUNDARY d ɪ ɹ ɛ k ʃ ə n WORD_BOUNDARY