There are a few expressions in Japanese where particle で is used but I don't
really know which で that one is. それで (translated as _and then_ ; _after that_
; _due to that_ ) is one of those cases. I basically understand there are two
particle で; one used to indicate means of doing something, the use of a tool,
and the other で used to indicate a state, condition or form as in である.
Probably, most other uses stem from these two categories, so which of these
two で is the one used in それで?

> 朝寝坊した、 **それで** 仕事に遅れたんだ。

それで would be like saying " **being** that (the reason)"....? If so, in my mind
this で is the one used in である.
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question
particles particle-で
What で is the で in the expression 「朝寝坊した、それで仕事に遅れたんだ」?
The で in それで is **a marker for reason or cause**.

There is another usage of 「で」in addition to the usages you stated in your
question. This is 「で」as a marker for reason or cause.

> A(noun) **で** 、B。
>
> **Due to** A, B.

When [using で as a marker for reason or cause](https://www.learn-japanese-
adventure.com/japanese-particle-de-cause-reason.html), there is a constraint:
the result clause cannot be volitional, i.e. it has to be an action or event
the speaker does not have control over, or he/she is somehow required to do
regardless of his/her will. For this reason, this pattern is common when
explaining the results of an accident, a natural disaster or an illness.

> 事故 **で** 電車が止まりました。

So, the それ is a pronoun that refers to the cause or reason and the で indicates
that what comes after is the result of それ. You may think of it like this:

> 朝寝坊 **で** 仕事に遅れたんだ。
>
> 「朝寝坊した」→ それ → それ **で** 仕事に遅れたんだ。

IMHO, **the で in それで is neither of the usages you proposed in your question
but a third, different one**.

I do not know about the way the different usages of で came about. I just would
learn them as different usages anyway. Can you elaborate more on this or
provide a source?

> Probably, most other uses stem from these two categories

Thank you!
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answer