> すでに食事の準備はできている。

As per the title, I just wanted to confirm does the statement mean:

1 - The preparation of the food is already complete?

or

2 - The preparation of the meal has already started and is in the process of
being made. ( the ている at the end for me means it is in the process )
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2021-09-02T15:11:23.623
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question
meaning
すでに - Already completed or in the process of being completed?
From what I understand at an intermediate level and if you were to take me
only on trust and intuition, I would heavily wager that this means the food is
already being prepared, but is not yet prepared. This is because the verb at
the end would be conjugated in past tense if it had already been prepared.
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2021-09-02T20:13:40.423
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answer
The constuction て + いる has multiple meanings **depending on the context**. For
the sake of simplicity, we can boil it down to three meanings:

  1. Progressive state
  2. Habitual state
  3. Resulting state.

To exemplify, consider the sentence マイさんは飲んでいます. This has three possible
meanings:

  1. Mai-san is drinking (progessive state)
  2. Mai-san drinks (habitual state)
  3. Mai-san had some drinks and she is drunk now (resulting state).

In order to infer the meaning, we must pay attention to time expressions and
the like. For example, consider the sentence `私は今ピザを食べています`. This translates
to `I'm eating pizza now`, not `I eat pizza regularly` or `I have eaten pizza
and now I'm full` because of the adverb 今 (now). Similarly, `兄は毎朝一時間走っています`
translates as `My brother jogs one hour every morning`. Why? Simply because of
毎朝 (every morning). If we instead said `兄は今朝一時間走っています` it would translate as
`My brother was jogging for one hour this morning`. We cannot talk about
habitual states if we refer to small time frames such as 'this morning' or
'now'. This is why context is important, when did it happen?

With this in mind, the sentence you provided makes use of an adverb, namely,
すでに, which basically means 'already'. This adverb does not provide any time
frame and therefore we have to then focus on the clause, 食事の準備はできている. Now, we
focus on the verb, not all verbs can express habitual states or progressive
states (can be prolonged). できる is a verb which, in this case, expresses a
change-of-state action and as such we can't use it to refer to progressive
states. できる means, in this case, 'to be completed', 'to be made', 'to come
into being' and therefore the verb expresses a resulting state and not an
ongoing action.
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2021-09-02T22:33:29.150
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(It may be more or less the same as the discussion in the comments of
wanwandrew's answer.)

For the particular sentence of the question, you are right, the preparation is
completed. But this is mainly because of the meaning of できる as discussed in
the comments in wanwandrew's answer.

It will depend on the nature of the individual verbs whether a sentence
describes a completion of action/state change.

Examples:

  * すでに食事を準備している

This can mean (1) the preparation is completed like the sentence of the
question or (2) somebody already _started_ the preparation of food. It may or
may not be finished.

  * 彼はすでにラテン語を勉強している

This sound more like (1) He already _started_ to study Latin than (2) He
finished learning it. I guess this is partly due to the meaning of
勉強している="(still) studying" and due to the common sense (Learning Latin takes a
lot of time).

So in general, if you want to say something is finished, using すでに is not
enough and you need to choose a proper word (e.g. 習得している for the Latin example
above) or add something like し終わっている or を完了している.
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2021-09-03T11:15:10.323
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answer