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[This page](http://www.shiro.jp.net/2013/10/tono-deno-kakrano-madenoeno-
learning.html) explains that a noun with と, で, から, まで that modifies another
noun must have の attached to them as in:

> 日本 **での** 研究はいかがでしたか。

But it lists this example

> 大学院 **で** 医学の研究をするつもりです。

Both with で. What is the difference between them? Are there other rules about
の and と, で, から, まで, etc.?
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question
particles syntax particle-の particle-で
using の with と,で, から, まで
The difference is that での shows the relationship to a following noun, just as
the page says. 日本での研究 forms a single noun phrase ("research in Japan"), and
this noun phrase as a whole is marked as a topic with は.

In the other example, 大学院で isn't part of a noun phrase. Instead, it modifies
the following predicate, （医学の研究を）する ("do medical research").

So it's just as the web page says. If you see ～での, you should be figuring out
what noun it links to (研究), and if you see ～で, you should be figuring out what
verb (or other predicate) it links to (する).
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answer
In English, "in ～", "from ～" and so on modifies something both adverbially and
adjectivally. In Japanese, you have to distinguish. Since more and more
questions are being marked as a duplicate of this one, I'll add some examples
to illustrate when you need の with と/で/から/まで.

  * 昨日彼と話した。  
I talked with him yesterday.

  * 彼との話し合いは昨日行われた。  
The meeting with him was held yesterday.

  * 日本で生活している。  
I live in Japan.

  * 日本での生活は楽しい。  
Life in Japan is fun.

  * カナダから手紙が来た。  
A letter came from Canada.

  * カナダからの手紙を読んだ。  
I read a letter from Canada.

  * 朝まで待ちます。  
I'll wait until the morning.

  * 朝までの時間を過ごす場所を探そう。  
Let's find a place to spend the time until the morning.

And more complicated examples:

  * 先生から手紙を読めと言われた。  
I was told by my teacher to read the letter (from someone else).  
(先生から modifies 言われた.)

  * 先生からの手紙を読めと言われた。  
I was told (by someone else) to read the letter from my teacher.  
(先生からの modifies 手紙.)

  * 神戸で大阪から東京への切符を買った。  
I bought in Kobe a ticket from Osaka to Tokyo.  
(～から～へ and ～から～まで is a set phrase and only one の is necessary)

  * 彼とのインドへの旅行は楽しかった。  
The trip to India with him was fun.  
(Two の are necessary)
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answer