I have some troubles understanding those particles 【では】、【には】、【とは】 etc.

I completely understand and can use 【での】、【のに】 etc., but when 【は】 follows one
other, I can't figure out how to use it and how to fully understand it.

Just now, I heard in the anime called "Fate/stay night UBW":

> 俺の知ってるとは違う！

The context is : A fight between 2 people that have already fought in the
past, so they've already encountered each other's techniques and spells and
know most of them. There is a spell that "B" knows about and "A" uses an
updated version of it against "B", so he's like what the hell? And he says:

> 俺の知ってるとは違う！

At that moment, I didn't have any problem understanding the sentence, and I
felt like saying 【とは】 was like a shortcut, that it was like saying:

> 俺の知ってる魔法と違う！

So if I'm right, it's exactly the same for 【では】 and 【には】 right?

I have a Japanese friend who I often talk to, and I often use these double
particles but without really thinking, and here is an example conversation:

> 彼女 : このバンドは日本に人気だよ！  
>  彼女 : フランスには人気なの？  
>  俺 : フランスには超人気！

Seems to be a boring talk but whatever lol, she says that this band is popular
in Japan, then to avoid repeating herself, and add some contrast, she says:

> As for in France, are they popular

Is what I'm saying correct?

And also, I have another question, if for example I want to tell the state of
something, like "In France it's normal", what could I say? I would not be able
to choose between:

> フランスでは普通だ  
>  フランスには普通だ

I don't see the difference, can someone help me out please, thank you!
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particles
とは、では、には Understanding of double particles
は is a subject marker and emphasises what one is talking about. However, there
is no requirement that the subject that preceds the は need be noun. It can
also be a prepositional phrase.

```

    彼女 : フランスには人気なの？
    俺 : フランスには超人気！
    
```

Taking your example. フランスには、is marking the subject of the phrase. It would be
similar to the difference between these two phrases.

```

    In France, this is a very popular band. 
    This band is very popular in France.
    
```

In English (similar to Japanese) what comes first (or in Japanese before the
は) is given more focus to the reader/listener.

Hope this helps!
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answer
> 俺の知ってるとは違う！

Here, the particle と needs to follow a 体言, such as の (nominalizer), もの, 魔法,
etc., so you can say:

> 俺の知ってる **のと** 違う！  
>  俺の知ってる **のとは** 違う！  
>  俺の知ってる魔法 **と** 違う！  
>  or 俺の知ってる魔法 **とは** 違う！  
>  etc.

The は is the "contrastive は" (取り立て助詞), not the subject particle. The subject
for the 違う is not 俺の知ってる魔法(the spell that I know) but "the spell that you just
used", i.e. "an updated version of it". It's saying 「(その魔法が/は*)俺の知ってるものとは違う」,
"It (=the spell you just used) is different from the one I know." (*が = the
subject particle, は = the topic particle)

* * *

> 彼女 : このバンドは日本に人気だよ！  
>  彼女 : フランスには人気なの？  
>  俺 : フランスには超人気！

You would normally say them this way:

> 彼女 : このバンドは日本 **で** 人気だよ！(This band is popular in Japan.)  
>  彼女 : フランス **では** 人気なの？ (As for in France, it is popular?)  
>  俺 : フランス **では** / **でも** 超人気！(As for in France, / Also in France, ...)

「～ **で** 人気だ」「～ **で** 有名だ」「～ **で** 知られている」 can mean "is popular/famous/known
in (place)" (as in the conversation above) and "is popular/famous/known for
(reason)", e.g. 「浜名湖はウナギ **で** 有名だ」「カリフォルニアはフルーツの生産 **で** 知られている」

「～ **に** 人気だ」「～ **に** 知られている」 normally mean "is popular among (people)" "is
known to (people)", e.g. 「アニメは若者 **に** 人気だ」「その作品は世界中の人 **に** 知られている」

* * *

For "In France it's normal":

> フランスでは普通だ  
>  フランスには普通だ

I would say the former.

Roughly speaking, で indicates the location where an action takes place (eg.
フランスで勉強する) and に indicates the direction of an action (eg. フランスに行く), but there
are exceptions such as ～にある、～にいる、～に住む etc.
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answer