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**tl;dr** How do I say "You're hurting him"?

Suppose I'm teaching a child how to care for a small pet. If the child holds
the pet wrong, I can say "Stop that. You're hurting it". In English, this has
two possible meanings:

  1. "Your action is likely to injure the pet."
  2. "Your action causes the pet pain."

The first of these two meanings seems to be covered by the Japanese 怪我をさせる and
傷を負わせる. I could not find any way to express the second. How can I do that?
Similarly, how would I apologize for having hurt someone, that is for doing
something that physically hurt but did not injure?

Here are some possibilities that I have considered and rejected. If one of
these is actually correct, I would be grateful if you could correct my
understanding of it:

  1. **痛める** - This was my first guess, because of the obvious relation to 痛い. However, after checking several dozen example sentences it seems to only be used for self-inflicted injury, usually accidental ("I hurt my arm", "he broke his leg falling") and damage caused to inanimate objects.
  2. **傷つける** - Another good candidate, but explanations and usage examples indicate that it is limited to hurting someone's feelings, rather than for physical pain.
  3. **傷を負う** and **怪我をする** - As mentioned above, only refer to injuries, and not to the sensation of pain by itself.
  4. **〜すると痛い** - This means that an action causes pain to the actor ("It hurts when I do this", or "does it hurt when you do that?").
  5. **やめなさい、痛いんです** - Close to what I want, but only applies in the case where **you're** hurting **me**. This does not allow for an inversion of roles or a third party.
  6. **This cannot or will not be expressed in Japanese** - This seems unlikely, but consider the case in English. The example sentence "You're hurting it" is the natural way to express both possible meanings in common conversation. If I really want to clarify, I might say "You're injuring it" or "You could injure it", although that is not what one would normally say. However, "You're causing it pain" sounds to me so far removed from daily speech, that I would not expect to ever hear it, even when ambiguity is possible.
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word-choice spoken-language phrase-requests english-to-japanese
How to speak about causing pain
Hmmm. It sounds like you may be describing 2 situations:

  1. where a child is intentionally hurting the animal. In which case:

やめなさい！犬（or some 動物）がかわいそうだろう。or 犬が痛いだろう！

  2. where a child is clumsily or carelessly hurting the animal:

丁寧に（or やさしく）持ちなさい。痛くさせちゃだめよ。

(edited させじゃ to させちゃ）
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「そんなに強く抱くと、犬が痛がるよ。」  
「きつく掴む（つかむ）と、ワンちゃんが痛いでしょ。」

For a smaller child : 「ほら、ギューっと抱くから、ワンちゃんが『痛い、痛い』って （言ってるよ／鳴いてるよ）。」

「もっと ソフト にしないと、犬が怪我するよ。」  
「もっと やさしく しないと、怪我させちゃうでしょ。」

I'm sure there are many more variations.

* * *

This last example seemed a bit illogical (***) -- (I wondered if it's correct)
-- but it seems correct & ok & legit. -- there are many Web pages, e.g. :

> 賠償請求できる？遊びに来た子どもが犬に怪我をさせた - 弁護士ニュース ...  
>  <http://houritsu-madoguchi.com/bengoshi-news/437/>  
>  2015/03/11 - もしも、自宅へ遊びに来た子どもが自宅で飼っているペットの犬に乱暴してしまったら……。犬が怪我をして ...
> 一方、民事責任については、子どもが誤って犬を怪我させた場合にも民法上の規定にしたがって損害賠償請求を行うことができます。

子どもが犬に怪我をさせた  
子どもが誤って犬を怪我させた

(***) 「犬に怪我させちゃう」 -- Maybe it's just me, but this sounds like the dog is an
intelligent being with a mind similar to a human's.
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