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Saying "now" is easy, with 今, but in my experience that doesn't express so
much "right now, this instant" as it does "currently". I am looking for
structure that translates these examples well:

  * I have just now been thinking about that.
  * At that exact moment, X happened.

Edit: I also know that I have heard a grammatical structure for "I was in the
middle of something (watching TV) and then I was interrupted by X (the phone
ringing / an earthquake)". Anyone knows what I mean?
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2011-06-01T08:52:21.073
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grammar time
How can I say "Right now", or "At that exact moment"?
I would translate "Right Now" to "tadaima"「只今」 and "At that exact moment" to
"choudo sono toki"「ちょうどその時」

I would tranlste that two sentenses to

  * 只今、それを考えていました。

  * ちょうどその時、X がありました。
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2011-06-01T08:59:23.203
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2011-06-01T13:08:05.237
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If you are looking for the word for "moment", I think 瞬間 is the most
appropriate.

その瞬間に起こりました  
At that exact moment, it happened.

As for "I have just now been thinking about that", you can use ただ今.

ただ今考えてました  
I have just now been thinking about that.
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2011-06-01T09:01:29.113
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2011-06-01T13:29:27.880
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I would tranlste that two sentenses to

  * ちょうど、今、そのことを考えていました。

  * まさにその時、Ｘが[起こりました/ありました/発生しました]。
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2011-06-01T09:27:55.120
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Don't forget that 〜ているところ also means "starting something right now".

母；部屋の掃除した？ (Did you clean your room?)

子：片付けてるところなんだ！ (I'm starting to right now!)
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2011-06-01T14:10:47.887
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