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In English, we have prefixes, like "pre-"; suffixes, like "-ize"; and
arguably, expletives that function as infixes (one classic example is "abso-
fucking-lutely").

In Japanese, we also have prefixes, like 超～, 大～; and suffixes, like ～っぽい,
～化{か}. Does Japanese have any infixes, though? I'm interested both in any
modern, productive infixes that may exist that I'm not aware of, as well as
any historically-productive infixes that are now fossilized.
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etymology linguistics morphology
Does Japanese have any infixes?
To the best of my knowledge there are none. Infixes are really pretty rare
crosslinguistically, so it's not that surprising. English's expletive ones are
pretty unusual even by English's standards, and as far as I know they're not
particularly productive (I can't think of too many words you're actually
allowed to use them with).
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The only one I can think of, if it can be called an infix, is [兼]{けん} as in:

> [書斎兼応接間]{しょさいけんおうせつま} - a room used for both study and for receiving vistors

or

> [総理大臣兼外務大臣]{そうりだいじんけんがいむだいじん} - (be both) Prime Minister and Minister of
> Foreign Affairs

But as it has been pointed out, prefixes and suffixes are much more common in
Japanese.

One might ask whether の and つ count in phrases that have become one word, such
as [おの-づ-から]{自ずから}, [あき-つ-かた]{秋津方}, [あき-つ-しま]{秋津島}, [つち-の-え]{戊}.

Other than infixes (inside one morpheme), there are also interfixes (placed
between morphemes), and this describes 兼, の and つ much better.
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What about っ (the "little tsu") and ん?

For example:

  * やはり → やっぱり・やっぱし
  * よほど → よっぽど
  * あまり → あんまり・あんまし
  * みな → みんな

These seem, to me at least, to be similar to English colloquialisms (e.g.,
hizouse, saxomaphone).
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Not sure if it's quite the same thing linguistically, but you sometimes see
なんか used with negative forms of adjectives or in て form + negative.

> 欲しくない → 欲しくなんかない
>
> 待ってないんだから → 待ってなんかないんだから！
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From Natsuko Tsujimura's _An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics_ , page 148:

> Infixes are bound morphemes that are inserted in the middle of a word rather
> than being placed before or after it. **Japanese does not have any examples
> of infixes.** _(emphasis added)_
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