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While practicing for the upcoming JLPT exam, I came across this question

> 昨夜は風が強かった〇〇、庭の木の葉が全部落ちている。
>
> A. はずで B. たびに C. によって D. とみえて

For B. たびに, I understand that it should be used for something that happens
regularly, so it is unlikely to be this choice because of 昨夜.

For C. によって, though it can imply the cause/reason, I understand that it should
be used after a noun, so it is unlikely to be this choice as well.

Now as for D. とみえて, I found a [similar example](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-
japanese-
grammar/%e3%81%a8%e3%81%bf%e3%81%88%e3%81%a6-miete-%e3%81%a8%e3%81%bf%e3%81%88%e3%82%8b-to-
mieru/) as below making me to decide to go with this choice.

> 雨が降ったとみえて、道が濡れています。

However, after showing this question to my Japanese friend, she suggested that
among all these choices, she would pick A. はずで.

Now I started to get confuse of what should be an appropriate answer here. Is
it possible for someone to kindly elaborate on why one should be used here
instead of another?
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2019-11-20T16:48:57.403
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2019-11-21T03:58:31.570
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question
grammar jlpt
昨夜は風が強かった〇〇、庭の木の葉が全部落ちている。What should be included in 〇〇?
> 昨夜{さくや}は風{かぜ}が強{つよ}かった〇〇、庭{にわ}の木の葉{は}が全部[落]{お}ちている。
>
> A. はずで B. たびに C. によって D. とみえて

To me, the correct answer would be D. とみえて. 「～～と見{み}える」 is an expression of
conjecture based on a reason or grounds -- "it must ~~", "it must have been
~~", etc.

Conjecture: 昨夜は風が強かった "it was very windy last night"

Grounds: 庭の木の葉が全部落ちている "all the tree leaves have fallen in the yard"

There arises absolutely no unnaturalness if the sentence is formed using
「とみえて」.

B. たびに and C. によって are just impossible precisely for the reasons that you
yourself stated.

A. はずで is not nearly as natural-sounding as D. とみえて while I might not
necessarily call it 'incorrect'. Why not very natural?

「はず（だ）」 expresses conviction or firm belief and the **most common position it
takes in a sentence is at the very end**. Using it mid-sentence by turning it
into its continuative form 「はずで」 is not very common. Thus, if the sentence
were:

「庭の木の葉が全部落ちている。昨夜は（相当{そうとう}）風が強かった **はずだ** 。」

then, it would be much better.

In addition, IMHO, 「はずで」 would be too strong a word choice compared to 「とみえて」
in this particular sentence. The speaker is **not** conducting an
investigation here. S/he is merely stating his/her conjecture regarding last
night's weather that seems to have caused the leaves to fall.
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answer