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From a small
[discussion](http://chat.stackexchange.com/transcript/message/8865904#8865904)
on chat, I currently can think of three categories where the word is usually
written in:

  1. Hiragana but have kanji (成る, 有る, [炬燵]{こたつ}, etc)
  2. Katakana but have kanji ([頁]{ページ}, [米]{メートル}, 亜米利加, 亜細亜, etc)
  3. Katakana but have an alternate word that can be written with kanji (米国, etc)

I have a few questions about these:

  * How commonly are these kanji used instead of their kana?
  * In what situations are these kanji used instead of their kana?
  * I've seen some of the #1 types used in some doujinshi with some written using the kanji and others written with the kana. Is there some kind of difference between writing some in kanji and others in kana such as if using some feels like old writing?
  * I've seen some of the #2 types used on some websites, specifically 頁, such as [this one](http://www.bonjinsha.com/product/?item_id=5481) (「106頁」) but then they don't use it again elsewhere (「ページ数」). Why is this?

Also, assume I'm talking about jouyou or otherwise relatively simple kanji.
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usage kanji
Usage of kanji for words usually written in kana
From what I know, Katakana which is usually used to write words of foreign
origin is also often used to put emphasis on a word. I have also seen the use
of Hiragana instead of Kanji in children speech.

Hope this helps, there may be other usages which I am not yet familiar with.
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I'm no expert yet, but I'll try my best to answer your questions:

  1. If a word or concept can be expressed with a kanji then it usually is. Kana tends to be used for particles (の、は、etc) and verb/adjective inflections (to indicate tense, direction or action, etc). (<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana>)

  2. Whether kanji or kana are used usually depends on the complexity and sophistication of the media they're used in. Advanced sources, like newspapers and such, use kanji chiefly, whereas media aimed at children and younger audiences use kana (or furigana - kanji with kana written above, like in your example for your 2nd point).

  3. Without an example, it's difficult to say. However, sometimes whether kanji or kana is used is dependent on the character in manga using it - children's speech will often use kana even when a kanji could be used. This is just what I've noticed though, and may not be a strict rule - can't say for sure!

  4. The 頁 kanji you used is known as a "counter". Counters are used when counting a specified number of a particular item - in this case, pages. For instance, 三頁 would mean literally "Third Page", whereas "ページ数" means "Page Three". Both make sense, but are used in different 

Hope that helps!
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I think possible reasons are:

  1. Writer may be aiming for a particular kanji/kana balance.
  2. Use of a kanji version over hiragana may supply a particular nuance or reduce ambiguity.
  3. Use of the kanji form may reduce overall character count.
  4. Use of the kanji may just indicate personal preference on the part of the writer (particularly in non-official works like doujinshi).

For something like ある you would have to be careful as there are different
options with different nuances (在る for existence and 有る for possession). Using
成る for なる is not that uncommon when it is standing alone **but** should
generally not be used if it's a case like できなくなる, only for the verb standing
alone. There are cases like 居{い}る・要{い}る where you have completely different
words (there's a joke I know that relies on this particular ambiguity), and so
there may be occasions where the use of kanji makes the meaning clearer.

In some of the other examples, as pointed out on chat already, it's just a
matter of brevity. 米国 and 頁 are shorter than the alternatives. Traditionally
newspapers, and nowadays places like twitter, are very concerned about
character count, so tend to use a kanji-heavy, condensed style. In fact you
can use just 米 for "America/USA" (仏 for France, 露 for Russia etc). There is an
alternative condensed way to write メートル in kana： ㍍ and I think 米 for "meter"
is less common than 頁.

In addition, as kurosekai32 pointed out, 頁 is being used as a counter in your
linked example, and I have a feeling (which I can't substantiate), that it's
more likely to turn up as a counter than as a noun (e.g. in something like
ページを開く).

Since 亜米利加 and 亜細亜 don't have the advantage of reducing the character count,
they are not often used compared to something like 米国. (Although there is a
亜細亜大学 and other proper noun cases where using the katakana would be
incorrect).

When people are writing for themselves and therefore not constrained by a
style guide/publishers requirements (particularly given that computers make
writing in kanji much easier), you will see an increase in the use of non-
standard variants. It may be just author preference - I used to read a cooking
blog where the author continuously used words like 胡麻{ごま} (sesame) and
胡椒{こしょう} (pepper), and I don't think there was a deeper reason for it than
that she preferred the kanji versions. 炬燵{こたつ} will fall into this section.

There are particular examples like きれい・奇麗・綺麗 where the "official" version is
often avoided. 奇麗 is the "joyo" version, where 奇 is used for sound, replacing
綺 but has a different meaning which doesn't really fit with the word - so some
people will use きれい to avoid the use of 奇, and others will use 綺麗.
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