What's the difference between 分かる and 分かっている?

Based on my experience and [this](https://hinative.com/ja/questions/1589921)
answer on HiNative, I assume 分かっている means something more like "I already know
that (so you don't have to tell me)" and 分かる means that you understand it in a
general sense.

But I wonder if there are any times when those two are interchangeable. After
all, to me it seems that not only 分かっている suggests that you already understood
something, but [分かる as
well](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/21270/what-is-different-
between-%E5%88%86%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-and-%E5%88%86%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F/21273#21273).

For example, both 「もう分かる」 and 「もう分かっている」 can be said, right?
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question
word-choice て-form
分{わ}かる vs. 分{わ}かっている
分かる refers to the transformation from わかっていない to わかっている. So, even if you say
もう分かる, it's still not yet わかっている. It rather means `the transformation from
わかっていない to わかっている will already (succeed)`.

As an example:

```

    英語の基礎力はあるので、明日の新聞の内容はもう分かると思う
    英語の基礎力はあるので、明日の新聞の内容はもう分かっていると思う
    
```

The second sentence is strange because it implies you know the content of
tomorrows' news! The first sentence is fine because it merely means "when the
news comes out, the person will be able to understand it".

_Answer to follow up question_ :

> I don't understand then, why one can ask 「この言葉の意味はわかりますか？」. It doesn't mean
> "will you be able to understand the meaning of this word?", right? It means
> something more like "can you understand the meaning of this word?"

Whether you ask 「この言葉の意味はわかりますか？」 or 「この言葉の意味はわかっていますか？」 The answer to the
question will be the same (the former asks "Are you able to perform the act of
understanding this word? (transformation)" and the latter "Are you in the
state of understanding what this word means?(state)" . Even though the rough
meaning is the same, it can convey subtly different nuances.

For example, "この作業のやり方は分かりますか？" is the most neutral way to ask "Do you know
how to do this task? (can I help?)". If you ask "この作業のやり方は分かっていますか？", then it
may not have additional meanings, but it can also imply the speaker either
thinks you should already know this, and is accusing you, or that you have
already done the task and the speaker is unhappy with the result.

Here is another related example. When parents scold children, they will often
say 分かってるの？ but never 分かるの for that purpose:

```

    もう一回赤点とったらバスケ部辞めさせるからな！分かってるの？！
    
```

This sentence doesn't work if you say 分かるの？！ instead. The reason being that:  
In the speaker's opinion, the transformation from わかっていない to わかっている here is
obviously possible (because they are saying something completely reasonable,
from their perspective). The question is whether the listener has bothered to
perform this transformation so that they get in the state of having understood
the consequence.

Contrast this with the following example:

```

    これが餅職人の生き様だ！分かるか？
    
```

Here, the speaker thinks the transformation from わかっていない to わかっている is not
obvious. If they said これが餅職人の生き様だ！分かっているか？ it implies the listener already
knows something about 餅職人の生き様 and it's odd why the speaker bothered to explain
it immediately before. A more natural sentence in the second situation would
be 餅職人の生き様ってもんが分かってんのか！？ (probably scolding a beginner 餅職人).
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answer