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In English, to make a verb into "someone or something that does x" we add -er
to the verb. Examples:

  * crush → crusher
  * teach → teacher
  * run → runner
  * spin → spinner

Is there a similar rule or pattern in Japanese?
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grammar verbs suffixes nouns
What is the Equivalent of Adding -er to a verb to make it "One who does x"?
I can only think of verb + 人/する人.

Your examples could be:

> 潰す人、教える人、走る人、回す人

Although, there can be a specific word for certain cases such as 先生 for 教える人
in the above.

* * *

Another interesting example borrows from English's ["-er"
concept](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1041463510).

People who like the brand しまむら (shimamura) can be called しまラー (shima-er) and
in the same way:

シャネル (chanel) -> シャネラー

安室奈美恵 (Namie Amuro, a singer) -> アムラー

NOTE: None of these are grammatical and are just slang words.
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There is no strictly equivalent construct, although 〇〇する[者]{もの} (or 〇〇する人,
〇〇するの) will often serve.

Aside from that, especially when you have two-kanji Sino-japanese
△△するcompounds, a related word on the form of △△[者]{しゃ} or △△さん will sometimes
exist.
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Some kanji suffixes can be used for this.

Probably the most generic and closest to `-er` is `-者{しゃ}`：

  * 医{い}者{しゃ} (doctor, physician)
  * 歯{は}医{い}者{しゃ} (dentist)
  * 忍{にん}者{じゃ} (ninja) 
  * 責任者{せきにんしゃ} (person responsible/in charge) 
  * 関係者{かんけいしゃ} (authorized person, staff) 
  * 科学者{かがくしゃ} (scientist) 
  * 通訳者{つうやくしゃ} (interpreter) 

[More such
words](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_words_suffixed_with_%E8%80%85)
(Wiktionary link)

_NB_ : in some compounds `者` is read as `もの`, e.g. 若{わか}者{もの}, 馬鹿{ばか}者{もの},
愚{おろ}か者{もの}.

Other common suffixes:

-屋{や} (usually, but not always used for occupations with a [work]shop)

  * 八{や}百{お}屋{や} (greengrocer)
  * 肉{にく}屋{や} (butcher)
  * 床{とこ}屋{や} (barber)
  * 大{おお}屋{や} (landlord/landlady)
  * 酒屋{さかや} (sake dealer/brewer)
  * 質屋{しちや} (pawnbroker)
  * 殺{ころ}し屋{や} (professional killer/hitman)

-家{か} can be used for professions usually(but not always) related to creativity:

  * 漫画家【まんがか】 (mangaka, manga/comic writer)
  * 画家 【がか】 (painter)
  * 作家【さっか】 (writer/author)
  * 小説家【しょうせつか】 (novelist, fiction writer)
  * 作詞家【さくしか】 (lyricist, songwriter)
  * 芸術家【げいじゅつか】 (artist (in entertainment industry))
  * 評論家【ひょうろんか】 (critic)
  * 農家 【のうか】 (farmer/plant grower)
  * 実業家【じつぎょうか】 (businessman)

yet another suffix is -手{しゅ}:

  * 歌手{かしゅ} - singer
  * 選手{せんしゅ} - sportsman
  * 運転手{うんてんしゅ} - driver/chauffeur
  * 投手{とうしゅ} - baseball pitcher
  * 騎手{きしゅ} - horseman/rider

_NB_ : this suffix has been repurposed by Niconico Video users to refer to
amateur artists posting videos of their performances. They use the same 手
kanji but with the て (kun) reading:

-歌{うた}い手{て} ([ _utaite_](http://utaite.wikia.com/wiki/Utaite), amateur singer) from 歌手{かしゅ} (singer) -踊{おど}り手{て} ( _odorite_ , amateur dancer) from 踊{おど}る (dance)

in a few rare cases this suffix is also read -て in common words as well
(thanks to @EiríkrÚtlendi):

  * 買手【かいて】 (buyer/purchaser) 
  * 選【えら】び手【て】(selector/chooser) 
  * 使【つか】い手【て】(user of smth.)
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For sino-Japanese nouns that can also be used as verbs (aka suru-verbs),
adding 者 will work, as other answers explain.

For native Japanese verbs (aka _yamato kotoba_ verbs), using masu-stem alone
will often means "<verb> + er":

  * のぞき peeper
  * 酔っ払い drunkard
  * すり pickpocket (from [掏る](http://jisho.org/search/%E6%8E%8F%E3%82%8B))
  * 大食い big eater
  * 人殺し murderer
  * ピアノ弾き piano player
  * 魔法使い (lit. "magic user") wizard

However these are nouns which have been fossilized long ago, and coining a new
noun using this rule is generally not recommended.
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There are probably more, but these are two ways I could think of turning verbs
to nouns:

Some words are formed by adding 手:  
買い手  
売り手  
貸し手  
借り手  
聞き手  
送り手

Some words are formed by adding 主:  
買い主  
売り主  
飼い主
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