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> 見たところここは郊外。人の数もそう多くはない。だが、今は深夜。昼間よりも避難 **までに** 時間がかかるだろう。辺りから人がいなくなる **まで**
> 一体何分かかる？

I understand that まで in the sense of “until” is followed by a stative verb
while までに is followed by a punctual verb. So why is the first bold part までに
while the second bold part doesn’t have に? Is it because the first かかる is
punctual and the second かかる is stative? This seems weird. Please shed some
light on it.
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2021-07-19T15:02:32.057
87564
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36662
question
grammar
まで(に)+時間+かかる punctual or stative?
In the most prototypical usage, the verb かかる takes two arguments.

> [ _activity/goal_ ] に [ _time_ ]（が）かかる

As an example, 避難に時間がかかる matches this pattern. ［避難まで］に時間がかかる` is the result of
substituting the [ _activity/goal_ ] part with a specific point of time that
marks some event. In this particular example, it could be understood as either
the beginning or the completion of evacuation.

As a marker of a specific point of time, までに seems more suitable than まで.
However, the marked point is not a deadline by which some event has to happen
as in the normal usage of までに. After all, 時間がかかる refers to something that
naturally happens, not something you have to finish before some deadline. In
addition, the meaning of 時間がかかる makes one imagine a state in which something
is ongoing. Perhaps for these reasons, に is sometimes omitted as we can see in
辺りから人がいなくなる **まで** 一体何分かかる. To me, 辺りから人がいなくなる **までに** 一体何分かかる still sounds
more correct and natural, though the nuance is subtle. By the way, it could be
rephrased to ［辺りから人がいなくなる **の** ］に一体何分かかる, which matches the prototype better.

If the [ _time_ ] part is the concept of time itself, such as 時間, the subject
marker が is used. (It may be replaced with は or も, of course.) If it refers to
a duration of time, such as 何分, が is usually not used. (は or も may be added.)
And this duration may be represented by an end point marked with まで.
避難に［夜中まで］かかる is an example of that, and までに cannot be used in this position.

As for the question of how かかる should be grammatically categorized, I cannot
claim to have a definite answer. There is some “meta” property to this verb.
Should a passage of time be considered something that takes time? One thing I
can say is that 時間がかかっ **ている** is a valid expression to describe a state in
which some ongoing activity is taking more time than expected. However, this
doesn’t necessarily mean it goes better with まで than までに. It’s complicated.
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2021-07-21T02:54:09.113
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2021-12-30T02:15:28.330
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answer