I've read a post on this topic, but really not sure of the difference when
applied to something like this:

> 私は朝飯のみ **に** 茶を飲む  
>  私は朝飯のみ **で** 茶を飲む

From what I read, I'm guessing one of them is incorrect, as に is used for
specific times and で for ranges of time in which an action happened. So I'm
guessing に is the incorrect one. Could someone confirm me this please?
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word-choice に-and-で
に/で as time particles. What's the difference?
You say 「[朝]{あさ}ごはん _に_ 」「[朝食]{ちょうしょく} _に_ 」「[朝飯]{あさめし}に」 for " _for_
breakfast".

> 私は朝飯のみに茶を飲む

→ I would rather say it this way:

> 私は[朝食]{ちょうしょく}[時]{じ} _に_ のみお茶を飲む。  
>  私は朝ごはん(or朝食)の[時]{とき}( _に_ )だけお茶を飲む。  
>  私は朝ごはん(or朝食)の[時]{とき}( _に_ )しかお茶を飲まない。etc.  
>  ("I only drink tea at breakfast", or in other words, "The only time I drink
> tea is (at) breakfast").

You use に for [時]{とき} and [時]{じ}, too.

If you want to use [朝飯]{あさめし} (and probably if you're a guy) I think you'd say
it like this:

> [俺]{おれ}は[朝飯]{あさめし}の[時]{とき}(に)だけ[茶]{ちゃ}を飲む。  
>  俺は朝飯の時(に)しか茶を飲まない。

* * *

By the way, you'd say 私は朝食(or朝ごはん)にお茶 _しか_ 飲ま _ない_ to say "I have only tea for
breakfast", or "Tea is the only drink I have at breakfast."
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> 朝飯に茶を飲む drink tea _as_ breakfast  
>  朝飯で茶を飲む drink tea _at_ breakfast

In case my English is weird, the former sounds as if the tea was the main part
of the breakfast. Only drinking tea, eating nothing else, and calling it 朝飯 is
not usual, I think. 朝飯にトーストを食べる sounds good, though.

"朝飯のみで茶を飲む" means the speaker drinks tea while having breakfast but not during
the rest of the day. If that's what you want to say, it's correct. But it
still is a bit awkward and see @Choko's answer for better expressions.
朝飯【あさめし】 sounds a bit rough or old.

cf.

> 誕生日に指輪を買う buy a ring **on** someone's birthday (gramatically OK but the
> situation is unlikely)  
>  誕生日プレゼントに指輪を買う buy a ring **as** a birthday present  
>  * 誕生日で指輪を買う weird
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