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For verbs of group 2, whose ～ます form is formed by dropping the ending ～る from
the plain form, both the passive and potential forms have the same
conjugation: ～られる. Example:

> 食べられる  
>  1\. to be eaten  
>  2\. can eat / edible

Other than looking at the context, how do I differentiate between the two
meanings?
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verbs conjugations passive-voice potential-form
How to differentiate ～られる conjugation between passive form and potential form?
I don't think there is way to decide that without looking at context.

And there is another meaning for ～られる, which is used as polite form (keigo),
which means 食べられる can be used as similar meaning with 召し上がる (meshiagaru), but
of course special usage 召し上がる is more polite than 食べられる for this case.
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I don't think you can differentiate them without looking at the context.

>   * ハンバーガー が・を 食べられる → I can eat hamburgers
>
>   * ハンバーガーを食べられてしまった！ → Someone ate my hamburger!!
>
>

With the passive form, you'll usually see the doer/"culprit", indicated by
～に／～によって (there are some rules about which to use, but that's beyond the scope
of this topic):

>   * **父に** ハンバーガーを食べられることが多い → My hamburgers are often eaten by my father
> ("My father often eats my hamburgers")
>   * 「モナ・リザ」は **ダ・ヴィンチによって** 描かれた → The "Mona Lisa" was painted by DaVinci.
>

Don't forget that there is a third conjugation of this form that is a type of
keigo (somewhat between normal politeness and super politeness)

>   * 課長は明日会議に行かれる → The section chief is going to the meeting tomorrow.
>
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