I have been wondering about this, since every time I hand in a 作文 in a
Japanese class, I'm corrected on conjunctions. It seems to me that whenever I
use a てform as a conjunction, a response comes back that it has a cause-and-
effect feel. I thought that it was just neutral, since there are so many
different ways to express cause and effect, but it seems that might not
actually be the case. That being said, I thought that stem forms and なく might
be the actually neutral way to join two clauses. I just wanted to know if I'm
correct.
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2011-08-29T14:46:54.997
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2020-03-13T09:28:37.760
2020-03-13T09:28:37.760
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question
て-form conjunctions renyōkei
なく vs. なくて and stem form vs. てform as conjunctions
te-form is similar to the English participial construction, and has the
following restrictions as opposed to using the stem.

1) It implies temporal order

> 泣いて、笑った  
>  'having cried, laughed'
>
> 泣き、笑った  
>  'cried and laughed' [Without temporal implication]

2) Volitionality of what is connected must match

> 朝、起きて、歯を磨いた  
>  'In the morning, having gotten up (intentionally), I brushed my teeth
> (intentionally).'
>
> × 朝、目覚めて、歯を磨いた  
>  'In the morning, having woken up (subconsciously), I brushed my teeth
> (intentionally).'
>
> 朝、起き、歯を磨いた  
>  'In the morning, I got up, and brushed my teeth.'
>
> 朝、目覚め、歯を磨いた  
>  'In the morning, I woke up, and brushed my teeth.'

Note that this second restriction is reminiscent of, if not exactly the same
as, prohibition against dangling participle in English.

These two restrictions together may indirectly lead to the impression that
there is a cause-and-effect feel for te-form.
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2011-08-29T15:18:28.590
2935
2011-08-29T15:31:35.207
2011-08-29T15:31:35.207
2934
answer