90625
Let's say there are various fruits on a table and someone asks me which ones
I'd like to eat. I want to answer with something along the lines of : "I
**especially** want to eat the apples and bananas (but it would be nice to eat
some of the other ones too if there are any left over)". In other words, my
goals are :

  1. To make it clear that I want to eat the apples and bananas above all else
  2. To leave open the possibility of eating other fruits too

Which of the two particles would be better suited to connect the two nouns?

> 特にりんご **と** バナナを食べたいです。

Since と is used for exhaustive lists, wouldn't this wording imply that I don't
really care at all about any other fruits?

> 特にりんご **や** バナナを食べたいです。

Since や is usually used to give examples within a larger list, wouldn't this
suggest that I care about the apples and bananas just as much as any other
fruits (or is 特に enough to counteract this)?

In a similar way, if you wanted to suggest that someone focuses their Japanese
studies on grammar and kanji (without implying that the other aspects should
be ignored entirely), which wording would be more natural?

> 文法 **と** 漢字に集中したほうがいいよ。  
> 文法 **や** 漢字に集中したほうがいいよ。
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particles particle-と particle-や
と vs や when emphasizing specific elements within a larger list
I think that if you put 特に, then both reasonably satisfy your goals 1 and 2.

Generally, use of と sounds more of an exclusive choice. So comparing

  1. 文法と漢字に集中したほうがいいよ。
  2. 文法や漢字に集中したほうがいいよ。

1 sounds more urging to forget about things other than grammar and kanji than
2. But note that **without 特に** (like 文法と漢字 sentences), both do not sound
**particularly** "open to other possibilities". (I mean, logically, A{と,や}B do
not exclude other possibilities, but usually are interpreted as exclusive
listing, especially AとB.)

* * *

An alternative would be to use など, which can be used with or without 特に.

  1. **特に** りんご **と** バナナを食べたいです。
  2. **特に** りんご **や** バナナを食べたいです。
  3. りんご **と** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。
  4. りんご **や** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。
  5. **特に** りんご **と** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。
  6. **特に** りんご **や** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。

Of these, ～と～など(3,5) sound less natural (though still acceptable to me). 4 may
not satisfy your goal 1 (sounds like just listing some examples). 6 may sound
more explicitly open to other possibilities due to など than 1,2.
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I think the confusion comes from the function of the particles. It's a little
bit hard to grasp because it adds a dimension that we don't have in English.
Even if they function as exhaustive and non-exhaustive, it's **strictly for
what is mentioned, not the point you're making**. I think it's easier to
understand if we translate them:

  1. 文法と漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should focus on grammar and kanji.
  2. 文法や漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should focus on grammar and kanji (and others I didn't mention).
  3. 特に文法と漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should especially focus on grammar and kanji.
  4. 特に文法や漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should especially focus on grammar and kanji (and others I didn't mention).

As you can see, the や here simply add the meaning that you didn't mention
something else. Why you didn't mention them is not implied. It doesn't mean
you care or don't care about them. Now you might be wondering why else omit
it? We can be creative, maybe you forgot something and you know it so you use
や to not exclude it. Maybe you guess there's another one that correspond to
your statement but you can't quite identify it. Knowing all that, it's natural
to see that, just like in English, we add something like 特に to make our point
clear because that particle alone isn't enough to imply what you want.

_" Since と is used for exhaustive lists, wouldn't this wording imply that I
don't really care at all about any other fruits?"_

For the situation of the fruits yes, but in general it only means you listed
everything you wanted for your point instead of "caring". The 特に will add the
meaning "especially", so the whole point you're making is changing because
you're now saying "especially just those two, (implied) others also, just not
especially".

_" Since や is usually used to give examples within a larger list, wouldn't
this suggest that I care about the apples and bananas just as much as any
other fruits (or is 特に enough to counteract this)?"_

No, rather than implying that you care about _any_ other fruits, it implies
that you also care as much _only for the fruits you didn't mention._ Likewise,
with 特に, it becomes "especially focusing on grammar and kanji, plus the ones I
didn't mention, (implied) and the others too but not especially".

In other words, there is three categories instead of two. The words you
listed, the ones you didn't list and finally the ones that aren't related to
your statement.
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answer