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I have seen some sentences that are just a subject and are intended questions.
I know just saying "nani" still conveys the meaning of "what is this/that."
Can this apply to saying something like "Jin?" in response to mean "Him
[really]?"

For example, I came across this sentence: あれは誰 which was translated to "What
is that" without either a verb or ga at the end. Is this just a rare case or
is it done frequently when informal?
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questions
Does every question have to end in ga
## Short answer

The short answer is **no, not every question is required to end with か** , but
there are conditions.

## Clarifications

  1. The standard question marker is か (ka), not が (ga) as stated in your question.
  2. あれは誰 is semantically wrong, because あれ (that over there) is for **objects or things** , but 誰【だれ】 (who) is for **people**. So, other valid sentences similar to your example would be:

> あれは何【なに】？ What is that over there?

> あの人【ひと】は誰【だれ】？ Who is that person over there?

As you noticed, Japanese relies heavily on context for conveying information,
so there are times when you can ommit particles and such. This is also the
case with か. Also note that usually, the question marker ？ is used when
ommitting か in written questions in order to convey the appropriate
intonation.

That said, please note that **whether you can ommit か or not is highly
dependent on the level of speech.** I.e. it depends on whether you are talking
in a formal or polite way, or in an informal or familiar situation. Let's see
both cases.

## Formal or polite

In formal writing or when talking politely to someone at the workplace, it is
not correct to formulate a question without the か. So, in a formal context
such as the workplace:

Can we have a break?

> 〇 休憩【きゅうけい】をしてもいいです **か** 。

> ✕ 休憩【きゅうけい】してもいい？ (not appropriate in this context)

Who is that person over there?

> 〇 あの人【ひと】は誰【だれ】です **か** 。

> ✕ あの人【ひと】は誰【だれ】? Who is that person over there?

## Informal or familiar

When speaking familiarly to a relative or a close friend, you may omit the か
and just change the intonation of your question and it is still fine. You can
encounter this pretty frequently in informal speech.

Can we have a break?

> 〇 休憩【きゅうけい】してもいい？

Who is that person over there?

> 〇 あの人は誰【だれ】?

Also note that in many cases, you can use the particle の instead of the
particle か at the end of a question **in informal speech**. As far as I know,
the question marker is also present in such cases:

Do you know that person over there?

> 〇 あの人【ひと】を知【し】っているの?
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