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When browsing through journal entries by various people, I've recently been
noticing the words `述{の}べる` and `語{かた}る` used fairly frequently but I'm not
sure when they should be used over `話{はな}す` and `言{い}う` etc as I think there's
a lot of overlap.

Would it be possible for me to ask when the following words should be used?

  * `言{い}う`: to say
  * `述{の}べる`: to express/state/say
  * `表{あらわ}す`: to express (as per @yadokari's comment, I'm not sure how `表す` and `述べる` differ.)
  * `話{はな}す`: to speak/talk
  * `語{かた}る`: to talk/tell
  * `伝{つた}える`: to convey/tell
  * `告{つ}げる`: to inform/tell
  * `教{おし}える`: to inform
CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-11-30T10:03:35.247
3862
2012-02-14T23:43:59.587
2012-02-14T23:43:59.587
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question
word-choice
When to use: "say", "speak", "tell" or "express"
Let me try:

`言う`： The only thing on your list that I'd actually translate as "to say" or
"to tell". This is sort of "neutral" in that it really just means to say. For
example:

> 「彼女がいない」と言ったでしょう？ = He doesn't have a girlfriend, I told you so already!

Note that as I am not giving any context you could equivalently translate the
sentence as: He said he didn't have a girlfriend, or did he not!

`述べる`： Can mean "to express" or "to state":

> 英語で自分の考えを述べるのは難しい。= It is difficult to express one's thoughts in English.

(Example sentence taken from jisho.org)

`話す`："to talk", as you wrote above. For example:

> 今お母さんと話しています。= I'm talking to mum right now.
>
> おしゃべりな人と話したくない。= I don't want to talk to talkative people.

`伝える`： "to convey" as in "Say hello to X.":

> 田中さんにこの知らせを伝えて下さい。= Please pass these new onto Mr. Tanaka.

`告げる`： I've not heard this one before (which doesn't mean much) but it seems
to mean "to tell" or "to convey" again. Examples (again taken from
[jisho.org](http://jisho.org/sentences?jap=%E5%91%8A%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B&eng=)):

> もし私がそれを知っているなら、私はそれをあなたに告げるだろう。= If I knew it, I would tell you.

`教える`： Can mean "to teach" or "to tell". For example:

> あなたの電話番号を教えて下さい。= Can you give me your phone number?
>
> 彼は日本語学校で日本語を教えています。= He's teaching Japanese at a Japanese language school.

This answer is incomplete but I hope this helps.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2011-11-30T22:22:06.993
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2012-02-08T00:59:20.187
2020-06-17T08:18:27.500
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answer