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This would be probably more common when writing personal names, but can happen
in a regular writing as well. Is there a Japanese word or expression for a
kanji “typo” – a situation, when you use a wrong kanji character? Not
necessarily from a technical reason such as misspelling, but because of a
mistaken recall or bad guessing as well.
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kanji word-requests kanji-choice
Is there a word for “using a wrong kanji”?
If it's text on a computer, the most common term is 変換{へんかん}ミス, literally
"conversion mistake", in reference to the not-uncommon situation where someone
is typing in Japanese and doesn't notice that the input method editor (IME)
has offered up the wrong kanji for the context.

For handwriting or simply using the wrong kanji, I am less certain of any
fixed phrase. One might just say 間違{まちが}った漢字{かんじ}, "mistaken kanji".
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You can simply use [誤字]{ご・じ} to mean the wrong letter. I believe it's
applicable to both kanji and kana.

If you ever take the [漢検]{かん・けん}, starting in level 4 there is a section
called [誤字訂正]{ご・じ・てい・せい} where you have to read a sentence with a purposefully
misspelled word. You have to identify the word, which kanji is wrong, and then
figure out (and write) the correct kanji based on the sentence context. Here's
an example:

> 犯人は沈目を守っているが、確定的な科学的証拠の前に否認は無意味だ。

The answer is

> 沈目 contains the mistake. It should be 沈黙. The sentence would translate as
> "The criminal is remaining silent (沈黙), but denial is useless in the face of
> definite scientific proof".
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