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My teacher says that we should avoid `あなた`, like `わたし`, which could be taken
off. Following this, I try to refer to the second person by the name:
`加藤さんの趣味は何ですか`. But there are situations where we forget the name. How can we
say "You" without being rude, or using `あなた`? I give some examples, but they
could be wrong:

> A: 久しぶり。元気してた？  
>  B: 久しぶりだね～元気だよ。あなたは？ (is it better to say: そっちは？?)

> A: あなたの名前は？ (is it a little rude? should I hide あなたの?)

> A: あなたの作ったケーキがおいしかったよ。  
>  B: 本当？あなたのケーキのほうがおいしかったと思うけど。

> 店員：あなたは何を探しますか？

> A: あなたはむてき！
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usage politeness pronouns second-person-pronouns
Is it offensive to say あなた?
This is what [デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/5417/meaning/m0u/) says
about あなた:

>   1. 対等または目下の者に対して、丁寧に、または親しみをこめていう。
>   2. 妻が夫に対して、軽い敬意や親しみをこめてい。
>

In definition (1), it's said that あなた is used for second person who is
equivalent or subordinate/inferior/junior while being polite or
intimate/familiar. Definition (2) states that it can also be used between
spouses to intimately call each other.

So, あなた itself is not offensive if used appropriately while taking your
relationship with the other person into consideration. You have to be careful
if you want to use it with strangers because it would seem that you are
assuming the other parties as equivalent or inferior to you, or that you are
trying to be familiar with them. Since the Japanese culture encourages being
reserved towards outgroups and strangers, you better be sure if you really
want to use あなた, otherwise stick to using names (e.g. 田中さん), professions (e.g.
先生) and indirections (e.g. そちら) to refer to the other person.
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For your question of how to say "you" without being rude in a context where
you're not sure of the person's name or your status relationship, you can say
`「そちら」`.

As for when to use `あなた`, this might seem a little odd, but think of `あなた` as
like calling someone "dude". You use it between friends. You _can_ say it to
strangers, but only if you're trying to convey deliberate familiarity. It's
best not used in formal situations, but, again, you can get away with it if
handled right.

One difference is that I wouldn't say to my girlfriend "dude, I like you", but
I would say `「あなたが好き」`. So I'm not saying it's a translation.

The point is that in English, pronouns can be made appropriate or not by
context, and the same kind of thinking applies. "Dude" is not offensive or
not, it's just used at certain times. Same with `あなた`.
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I suggest you read this thread:

[In actual Japanese society, how often are second-person pronouns
used?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4040/in-actual-japanese-
society-how-often-are-second-person-pronouns-used)

As I replied there, I would suggest avoiding 2nd person pronouns (including
あなた) completely, unless you're absolutely sure what you're doing.

As you say yourself, it's common to use the name of title of the person you're
talking to, so the only trouble would be if you do not know these. Even in
these cases, often context will make it clear who you are talking about
without being explicit.

Also consider using keigo:

> あなたの名前は？<\- avoid  
>  お名前は？<\- keigo, safe
>
> あなたは何を探していますか？<\- avoid  
>  何をお探しですか <\- keigo, safe
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If you know the other party's name or title, by all means use it. Otherwise,
omitting the pronoun as @dainichi suggests is the best idea, if possible.

However, when you don't know the person you're talking to and you must use
something, `あなた` is perfectly acceptable. For example, it is commonly used to
refer to website visitors, or to the person filling out a form, in
advertisements and so on. Even in person you can use it if the situation is
somewhat formal (in informal one you could use words like
`お兄さん・お姉さん・おじさん・おばさん` or `きみ`).

[Wikipedia](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E)
has this to say:

>
> 相手の名前にさん付けするか、「あなた」と呼ぶのが日本語では最も無難な二人称である。ただし、両親や尊属、先生に対して使うのは失礼とされる。なお、地方によっては両親に対して方言で「あなた」に相当する語を使うことがある。
>
> Using either (name)-san, or "anata" is the most safe/inoffensive way of
> referring to second person in Japanese. However, it is considered rude if
> used to refer to parents, relatives, or teachers. But it may be acceptable
> for parents in some regions or dialects.

The article goes into more options you can use for the second person.

P.S. See also <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/4042/3295>
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