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From what I understand, っ is used to "double" the "t" sound, so in だった it
makes sense because it's pronounced "datta", but why is it used in the second
part of the phrase?

Full sentence: "今日一限から英語だったっけ"
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grammar sentence-final-particles gemination
In だったっけ, why is the second "っ"(tsu) used when it can't be connected to "け"(ke)?
Despite how it looks, っ doesn't only double the consonant "t" but is an all-
around geminator used with most of Japanese consonants. See [the Wikipedia
article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokuon).

And for the last part 「っけ」, [this
page](http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=kke) will be helpful.

* * *

ProTip™: Although Wikipedia says you can't use っ with some consonants, the
younger generation seems have acquired many untraditional geminations that
virtually you'd expect _any_ consonant after っ (especially in comics). The
most extreme usage is geminating any (two-syllable stem) adjective's second
syllable, when one gasps at the sight: つらい → つっら！, やばい → やっば！, こわい → こっわ！, はやい
→ はっや！ (even あまい → あっま！ [[ɐ | ʔ͡m | mɐ]], preferred to △ あんま！ [[ɐ | ɐ̃m |
mɐ]])
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Similar to what broccoli forest shared, "た-form + っけ" is a grammar structure
that is used for confirmation. In English, it is similar to "~, right?".

For example, you met a few people at a party but even after the introductions,
there was a name that was hard to catch. In that case, you can use
"お名前は何とおっしゃいまし **たっけ** 。" to prompt the person to tell you his/her name.
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「っ」 or 「小さい『つ』」 is used to geminate (or lengthen) the following consonant,
basically meaning it is pronounced about twice as long as normal. It's
traditionally only used before plosives and fricatives, and the use of 「っ」 for
this function evolved from the 「つ」 ending on many on'yomi (Chinese readings)
of kanji, since it frequently gets "eaten up" by the following sound:

> 決 ketsu ＋ して shite ＝ けっして kesshite ｜ 解 kai ＋ 決 ketsu ＝ かいけつ kaiketsu
>
> 発 hatsu ＋ 表 hyou ＝ はっぴょう happyou | 爆 baku + 発 hatu ＝ ばくはつ bakuhatsu

It's historically only allowed before /h/ /t/ /k/ and /s/, but has slowly
adopted new usages:

> 「やっほ～」 "Why, hello!" {Here it represents a long [h] or short glottal
> stricture}
>
> 「っぽいね」 "Seems that way, doesn't it!" {Here, a long initial /p/}
>
> 「からっ！」 "Spicy!" {Here, a glottal stop}
>
> 「あっま！」 "Yum!" {Here a long /m/}
>
> 「つっら！」 "Ouch!" {More glottal stricture}

Also, in songs it is often pronounced as a short lengthening of the previous
vowel, since pitch doesn't carry well into most geminate consonants.
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For a slightly less technical but infinitely more practical explanation, the
small form of つ、in modern, living Japanese can be used to affect any
combination of phonemes. Any.

The best way to think of っ is that whenever you see it, you make a slight
pause, then a more percussive following phoneme. This can even apply to a っ
found between two vowel sounds, as strange as it may sound. And lastly, you
may see this:

あっ!~ If you're unaware and curious how to read this its' as simple as making
the あ sound more percussive, almost as if you got punched in the stomach while
pronouncing the あ sound.
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