I read in some sentences やっと has several meanings like 'finally, & just'. I'm
curious about the differences between them. Because when I substitute the
sentence that have 'finally' meaning with 'just' meaning, it makes sense.

For example from the sentence that I found:

> その仕事はやっと手離れした。  
>  I just finished that work. (The meaning that I found in dictionary in
> weblio)

But when I translate it to: I finally finished that work.

It also makes sense.

Does anyone know the differences between this and how the Japanese language
learner can identify it?
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meaning nuances adverbs semantics
The meaning of やっと
やっと is an interesting word. It has elements of both finally and just in its
meaning. I think there is actually a better translation for it though. やっと
according to jisho.org is [translated
as](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8) `at last; at length.` I
like these translations better because it gives a sense that your task has
taken a lot of time, or that it has taken a significant amount of time longer
than you expected.

> リポートを書きました。(I wrote my paper)
>
> リポートをやっと書きました。(At last, I wrote my paper.)

Jisho.org also translates やっと as `barely; narrowly; just; by the skin of one's
teeth​.` In the example sentence above we could also apply that meaning as
well, and get something to the effect of:

> I was barely able to write my paper.

* * *

You will find that the translation will vary with context. I'll give an
example.

> A:リポート書いた？ (Did you write your report?)
>
> B:うん、先週書くつもりだったけど、昨日、 **やっと** 終わったよ。 (Yes, I was supposed to write it last
> week, but I was finally able to finish it yesterday.)

Person B in this case is using the first definition, `at length; at last.` We
can tell this because it took longer than he/she expected.

Lets continue this interaction between these two people, but two weeks down
the road.

**Two weeks later...**

> B: お前もリポート **やっと** 書き始めたんだ？ (#1) (Have you finally started writing your
> report?)
>
> A: いや、まだ。だって、このクラスあんまり好きじゃないし。(Nope. Actually, I really don't like this
> class.)
>
> B: でも、明日までには書かないと。宿題をやらないと、先生に… (But, you have until tomorrow to write it.
> If you don't do your homework the professor will...)
>
> A: 分かってるよ！今晩、書くつもり。(I know, stop reminding me! I'm planning on writing it
> tonight)

**The next day...**

> A: やばかったけど、おかげで **やっと** 書けた。(#2) (It was tight, but thanks to your help, I
> barely finished writing the report in the neck of time.)
>
> B: よかった。(Good for you.)

(#1) In the example above is still the first definition. `Have you *finally*
started writing your report?` I used finally here because it sounds more
natural in English than the direct translation, which is `Have you started
writing your report at last?` We use this translation because it has taken
person A a long time to get started writing his report.

(#2) In this example, we get the second definition. `I cut it close, but
thanks to you I was just barely able to finish the report in the neck of
time.`

* * *

To put it simply, you use やっと when something has taken a long time ( _finally_
), or when you were cutting things close ( _just barely_ ).
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answer
I'd like to add something to ajsmart's answer, but I haven't the reputation to
comment, and I find that I'm having trouble editing the answer without
rewriting the whole thing. This is my take on ajsmart's examples.

> A: Bさんは、もうレポートを終わらせましたか?  
>  B: うん、先週までに終わらせるつもりだったけど、（ちょっと長引いちゃって、）昨日やっと書き終わったんだ。
>
> A: Mr. B, have you finished your report yet?  
>  B: Yes, I was planning on having it done last week, (but it took a little
> longer than expected,) and I finally finished yesterday.

I feel like the portion in the parentheses was left out of ajsmart's example.
While potentially unnecessary, there's a bit of jump between "I planned on
finishing last week" and "I finally finished yesterday" that I feel should be
bridged.

**Later...**

> B: C君、やっとレポート書き始めたのか？  
>  C: いや、まだ。これは違うやつさ。
>
> B: C, you finally started writing your report?  
>  C: No, not yet. This is for something else.

Here, it's implied that B sees C doing something that makes B thinks C is
writing the paper, to which C responds that he isn't, but once again, I feel
like he should address what he is actually doing to fully answer B's question.

> C: やばかったけど、おかげでやっと書けた。  
>  B: おつかれさま。
>
> B: It was close, but I finally finished.  
>  C: Well done.

Also, I must say that here やっと still means finally. So then, where does it
mean "just barely"? Well, if we look on google jisho, they give this example:

> 家族を漸と養えるだけの給料  
>  かぞくをやっとやしなえるだけのきゅうりょう  
>  Just enough salary to feed his family

Used with the previous example, you'd have to have something along the lines
of:

> レポートをやっと終わらせられるだけの時間  
>  Just enough time to finish the report

Basically, the format here is "やっと (verb phrase with verb in potential form)
(some resource)",which comes to mean "Just enough (resource) to (verb
phrase)".  
This isn't something you'll hear or see all that often, though. As Takahiro
Waki points out in comments, ギリギリ is more oft-used in popular culture.
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answer