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I came across this sentence in my japanese practicing material (the point is I
didn't make up the sentence so I assume it's correct or at least commonly
used)

日本についてのアンケートを中国人100人に行った。

and It doesn't make sense to me. What I guess the sentence means (out of the
meaning of the used vocabulary) is something like: "according to a Japanese
survey, the population of China has grown to 100 people". However I would
phrase it as something along those lines:

日本のアンケートによると、中国人は100人に行った。

I do not understand the gramatical structure of the sentence, nor I'm sure if
I guessed the meaning correctly. How does を relate to the only verb appearing
in the sentence (行く)?

This is the sentence as it appears in my exercise sheet (number 6) as a
multiple choice exercise. Note that there are other possible choices rather
than アンケート, but they make no sense to me at all:

![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/B7mHM.jpg)

Thank you.
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question
grammar particle-を multiple-readings
How does the particle を relate to the verb 行く in the structure「A を + B に行く」?
The verb is 行{おこな}う not 行く。 They both conjugate to 行った in the past tense so it
can look confusing, but as you have just experienced, the context can make it
clear which one it is.

> 日本についてのアンケートを中国人100人に **行{おこな}った** 。  
>  **Carried out/Conducted** a survey about Japan on 100 Chinese people.
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answer
The sentence:

> 「日本についてのアンケートを中国人100人に行った。」

makes **_perfect_** sense.

The reason that it does not to you is that you are "misreading" 「行った」 as
「いった」.

This verb is 「行{おこな}う」 meaning "to perform", "to conduct", etc.

「アンケートを行{おこな}った」 is a perfectly natural phrase meaning "conducted a
survey/questionnair".

「中国人100人に」, of course, means the same thing as 「中国人100人に対して」.

Putting everything together, we have:

> "We/They conducted a survey with 100 Chinese people on the subject of
> Japan."

Finally, your sentence 「日本のアンケートによると、中国人は100人に行った。」 makes no sense regardless
of how you are reading the 「行った」, I am afraid.
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answer