I wasn't sure how to properly word the question, but I'm asking how to make
sentences such as:

  * "I have lived in America for 10 years."
  * "I will go to Japan for a month."
  * "I have had this job for a year." 
  * "I left for a few minutes."
  * "I will leave in an hour."

And so on. How do I structure it?
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2016-05-05T02:57:37.943
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2021-11-25T22:31:03.517
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question
time
Saying you'll do/have done something for a certain amount of time?
Although all sentences I can translate. 上の4つ for are ~間. Only the last
sentence is 一時間で.
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2016-05-05T15:55:57.433
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answer
For the first four of your sentences (or, for "for X years / months / days /
minutes / seconds"), I would use 「～[間]{かん}」, or just a counter such as 年, ヶ月,
日, 分 with no suffix (～間), or 「～の[間]{あいだ}」 depending on context, as in:

>   * アメリカに｛[１０年間]{じゅうねんかん} / １０年｝住んでいます。 I have lived in the US for 10 years.  
>  (or アメリカに｛[住]{す}んで / 住み[始]{はじ}めて｝１０年になります。 It's been 10 years since I
> started to live in the US.)
>   * 日本に｛[２ヶ月間]{にかげつかん} / ２ヶ月｝[滞在]{たいざい}します。 I'll stay in Japan for two
> months.
>   * この仕事を｛[３年間]{さんねんかん} / ３年｝しています。 I have had this job for 3 years.  
>  (or この仕事｛を始めて / に[就]{つ}いて｝３年になります。 It's been 3 years since I started this
> job.)
>   * ｛[数分間]{すうふんかん} / 数分 / 数分の[間]{あいだ}｝、[席]{せき}を[離]{はな}れました。 I left for a few
> minutes.
>   * ｛[２日間]{ふつかかん} / ２日｝[待]{ま}ってください。 Please wait for two days.*
>

*"For one day" is just [１日]{いちにち} and not [１日間]{いちにちかん}, although you can say [２日間]{ふつかかん}, [３日間]{みっかかん}..., and [１年間]{いちねんかん}, [１ヶ月間]{いっかげつかん}, [１分間]{いっぷんかん}, [１秒間]{いちびょうかん}. 

* * *

For "for X hours" and "for X weeks", you'd normally use 「X時間」「X週間」, as in:

>   * [８時間]{はちじかん}寝ました。 I slept for 8 hours. (not 「８時寝ました」 or 「８時間間寝ました」)
>   * [１週間]{いっしゅうかん}[留守]{るす}にします。 I'll be away from home for a week. (not
> 「１週留守にします」 or 「１週間間留守にします」)
>

* * *

For your last sentence, I would use 「～～で」 or 「～～[後]{ご}に」, as in:

>   * ｛[１時間]{いちじかん}[後]{ご}に / ([後]{あと})１時間で｝[出]{で}ます。/ [出発]{しゅっぱつ}します。 I'll
> leave in one hour.
>   * ｛[５分]{ごふん}[後]{ご}に / ([後]{あと})５分で｝出ます。/ 出発します。 I'll leave in 5 minutes.
>
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2016-09-02T03:39:46.513
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answer