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I've got a question regarding difference in usage of 辞書形+ように and 辞書形+ために with
verbs' dictionary forms, i.e.

  * 飛行機に乗り遅れないように、前日早寝したのです。
  * 彼は質問をするために手を上げました。

The notion I get is that the first is used with non-action verbs, while the
latter form is used with action verbs. Am I correct?
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2013-07-30T22:22:48.027
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2019-12-18T03:36:30.597
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grammar
Difference between ために and ように
ために is used with verbs that indicate volition in order to express an intention
to produce a desired result. ように does not use verbs of volition and simply
states a condition that is a desired result without implying direct
fulfillment of those conditions through a specific exerted effort.

There's an explanation [here](http://www.jp-
sji.org/jp/contents/opencourse/list-50gimon_03.php) that explains it pretty
well, so I'll translate some of what it says:

First they give some example sentences:

ａ．美しい自然を守るために、市民はダム建設反対運動を起こした。  
ｂ．世界一周旅行に行くために、500万円貯めました。  
ｃ．５時までに帰れるように、仕事を急いで片付けた。  
ｄ．クラスのみんながわかるように、先生はゆっくり話します。

Examples a and b both use verbs of volition as in "in order to protect nature"
or "in order to travel around the world." Examples c and d, on the other hand,
use verbs of possibility or intransitive verbs. It's stating a condition
rather than an intention as the goal. Note that in d the change in subject
does not affect the 'intentionality' of the verbs.

When creating these sentences we have to think about what the attitude is
toward the end result. For example in b the kind of thought process is "I want
to travel around the world. Therefore I saved 500 man yen." Compare this to
example d where the thought process is more like "It's nice if the whole class
understands what the teacher is saying. Therefore the teacher spoke slowly."

So it's about intentional actions versus desired conditions.

Now to offer my own two cents to this, your original instinct about action
verbs I think isn't wrong. I'm not sure if "action verb" and the Japanese term
意志動詞 overlap perfectly, but I'm assuming that most volitional verbs are indeed
action verbs. It's more important to think about the distinction between
conditions and volition, though.

So in your examples, the first one expresses that the condition brought about
by not being late for your plane is a good one, and you are taking that action
as a step toward fulfillment of that condition. "乗り遅れる" would not normally be
considered a volitional verb because the lateness kind of implies something
that you _don't_ want. It's a negative verb that is basically another way of
saying like, 間に合って指定された時間に乗れる, which ultimately is a condition. If you just
use 乗る then things are different. In the second, "answer a question" is not a
condition. It is an action that you are doing out of your own volition, a
desire to answer the question, and you are raising your hand as a direct means
to achieve that.
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2013-08-02T01:28:33.513
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I find SSB's explanation rather complicated. It sounds correct but the most
useful explanation I remember is that ために is used for situations where the
speaker/actor has control, or ability to make something happen ("in order
to"). ように is used when you cannot control the situation ("so that").
(分かるように勉強する: you cannot guarantee that you will come to understand but you
study so that you may understand)

In your examples, you go to bed early to ensure you do not oversleep, but you
cannot be sure it won't happen because you cannot wake your self up.

You raise your hand because that is the custom to ask a question. The teacher
will notice and respond.

(There is a better English explanation in "A students guide to Japanese
Grammar" by Naomi Hanaoka McGloin but this is how I remember it.)
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2013-08-03T03:28:58.560
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2013-08-03T06:19:14.940
2013-08-03T06:19:14.940
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I've checked the online grammar appendix to the widely known 初級日本語 book
published by 東京外国語大学 留学生日本語教育センター.

It states that for the 辞書形＋ように construction can be used with either verbs in
potential forms or something that we have no control over, for example drying
up clothes:

> ### 辞書形+ように
>
>   * 服が乾くように、火のそばに持って行きました。
>
>   * 帰ってすぐ寝られるように、部屋に布団を敷いておきました。
>
>

Meanwhile, the ない+ように construction can be used with both volitional and **non-
volitional** verbs.

辞書形+ために, on the other hand, is merely used to show the goal of actions stated
in a sentence.
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2013-08-04T21:36:35.403
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2018-05-19T01:37:04.900
2018-05-19T01:37:04.900
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Ok. I have read the explanation from some of the post I found and here's what
I got. I'll be talking about the usage as "In order to" only since ように・ために
have other meanings as well.

  1. ~ように is used when Verb in front of it is a potential dict form. e.g. いける, なれる
  2. ~ために is used when Verb in front of it is a dictionary form. e.g. いく, なる So in this case, ために sounds more of a serious intention of things to happen, instead of just "can, able to, could".
  3. Since ために is for something you can control, that means you cannot use it if the subjects are two different person/ things. e.g. 子供はいい学校に行ける ために, 彼女は一生懸命働きます。 You can't use ために since The mom and child are different subjects, which means her mom still have no control whether her child can go to good school or not regardless of how hard she work. 
  4. For Verb with ない form, it's USUALLY use with ように。

My Japanese is a beginner level, but hope this helps.
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2019-06-26T22:26:53.653
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