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After some research on my own (looking through the list of kun-readings for
more obscure kanji), I can more or less surely claim:

に is 于 (which is simultaneously many things, including ここに and を);

まで is 迄;

の, of course, is 之.

But what for the others? Are there specific kanji for は, for が, for で etc.?
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question
kanji
Are there official kanji attached to popular particles?
At one time, kanji used to be used to represent Japanese particles, but that
is no longer the case for the most part (in Modern Japanese).

Particles existed in Japanese long before there was a writing system. Kanji
were borrowed from Chinese but since there was no equivalent to post-
positional particles in Chinese, there were no kanji which could be assigned
to particles. In those days scholars attempted to represent particles by using
kanji phonetically (ignoring the character's meaning). For example, the
particle には was once written as 庭 because the word it represents in Japanese
is pronounced 'niwa'. However, ultimately this method proved unsuccessful,
probably because it was excessively complicated or confusing. It was only with
the evolution of the kana syllabaries that a standardized model of
representing particles in writing began to take root. Incidentally, Katakana
was originally used as 'furigana' in old kanbun texts as pronunciation
markers. The priests would do things like writing an ヲ above or between kanji
words to indicate to the reader that a particle should be inserted there.

It is possible that these older methods of representing particles could
theoretically still be used to write Japanese particles. As you mentioned you
could say that に can be written as 于. So while I wouldn't call it 'incorrect',
it wouldn't be natural to do so. These representations are quickly dying out
and it is overwhelmingly the case that standard Modern Japanese favors
Hiragana in writing particles.
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@kandyman's answer focuses on the official aspect of your question and
conclude that you should use hiragana. That is indeed what you should do.
However if you are instead interested by historic usage that is no longer in
use except for some occurrences of 迄 on placards, and some obscure books might
still use 乍らand 許り. You should remember that those are not official.

Here is a quick list of what I found:

  * 「之」（の）
  * 「于」（に）
  * 「自・由・従」（より）
  * 「与」（と）
  * 「者」（は）
  * 「乎・哉・邪・耶」（疑問の終助詞「や」・「か」）
  * 「耳」・「而已矣」・「已」（のみ）
  * 「乍ら」（ながら）
  * 「許り」（ばかり）
  * 「程」（ほど）
  * 「位」（くらい）
  * 「等・抔」（など）

助動詞

  * 「不・弗」（打消の助動詞「ず」）
  * 「可」（推量の助動詞「べし」）
  * 「使・令」（使役の助動詞「しむ」）
  * 「見・被」（受身の助動詞「る」・「らる」）
  * 「如・若」（比況の助動詞「ごとし」）
  * 「也」（断定の助動詞「なり」）

The part about 助動詞 is what you would expect to find in a 漢文 text.

There are some more weird kanji in 漢文 like 雖[いえど]も but those are neither
particles nor auxiliaries.

Refs: <https://kou.benesse.co.jp/nigate/japanese/a13j0305.html>
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