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I am studying some [nōgaku](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh). In particular,
the play
[卒都婆小町](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%92%E9%83%BD%E5%A9%86%E5%B0%8F%E7%94%BA),
which I find has some interesting, beautiful lines.

At the start of the play, a priest says:

これは[高野山]{こうやさん}より[出]{い}でたる[僧]{そう}にて[候]{そうろう}。[我]{われ}このたび都にのぼらばやと思ひ[候]{そうろう}。

which [Waley](http://etext.virginia.edu/japanese/noh/WalSoto.html) translates
as:

> I am a priest of the Koyasan. I am minded to go up to the Capital to visit
> the shrines and sanctuaries there.

But what is [候]{そうろう} doing? Its meaning does not seem clear at all.
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2012-02-12T14:02:08.657
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question
nuances
How is 候 used in this line of Nōgaku dialogue?
It's a sentence ending that makes the sentence formal or polite. These
sentences are called 候文. It does not have contentful meaning. It became pretty
much archaic.
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2012-02-12T15:54:36.357
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answer
候 is an antiquated predicate meaning “be, is, am, are” as Waley translated. It
was commonly used in literature and letters just up until the early part of
Showa Era. It is usually used in the statement addressed to your senior, like:

> …にて候、  
>  [御座]{ござ}候、  
>  …の[次第]{しだい}にて候、  
>  …[致]{いた}して候、  
>  …と[思案]{しあん}[仕]{つかまつ}り候、  
>  [之]{これ}あり候、  
>  [有間敷事而]{あるまじきことにて}候、  
>  思い[悩]{なや}み候、  
>  ..の[料簡]{りょうけん}にて候、  
>  [暇]{ひま}を取らせ候、  
>  [確]{しか}と[承]{うけたまわ}り候、  
>  [武士]{ぶし}の[一言]{いちごん}、[金丁]{きんちょう}にて[誓約]{せいやく}[申上]{もうしあ}げ候、  
>  [切腹]{せっぷく}申し[渡]{わた}し候,

and so on.

Actually I’ve written letters in 候文 (statements finishing the end of sentence
with 候) in my high teens in place of my father who didn’t like to write by
himself, in such a way as:

>
> "[拝啓]{はいけい}、[叔父上]{おじうえ}他御一統様[如何]{いかが}[被遊]{あそばされ}候や。[当方]{とうほう}一同[恙無]{つつがな}く[打越]{うちこし}[罷居]{まかりお}り候[間]{あいだ}[何卒]{なにとぞ}[御放念]{ごほうねん}[被遊]{あそばされ}[度]{たく}[願上]{ねがいあ}げ候"  
>  -- meaning “Hello my uncle. How well are you and all your family faring
> off? Our family are all doing well. So please feel at ease."

So I don’t find any difficulty in writing a letter in 候文 even today.

The use of 候 is completely obsolete today, but you may find it being used
ubiquitously in the literature and private letters written before the Showa-
Taisho era, and sometimes in the speeches of 能狂言 today.
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answer