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_Arawareru_ , あらわれる: "to appear, to come in sight, to become visible, to
materialize, to manifest."

It looks as if _arawareru_ can be written: 現れる, 現われる, 表れる, 表われる, 顕れる, 顕われる
(Readings: 現 = gen, ken, arawa, utsu; 顕 = ken, gen, ari, arawa; 表 = hyō,
arawa, ara, omote)

Question: Why is 現われる or 顕われる read/voiced/understood as _arawa-re-ru_ instead
of _arawa-wa-re-ru_?

I note that 19th century _ukiyo-e_ title cartouches are recorded as using
_arawaru_ 顕る and _arawaruru_ 顕るゝ (顕るる), e.g. _Picture of the Vengeful Spirits
of the Heike Appearing at Daimotsu-no-ura in Sesshū_ , Sesshū Daimotsu-no-ura
Heike no onryō arawaruru zu:

摂州大物浦平家怨霊顕るゝ圖

せっしゅうだいもつのうらへいけのおんりょうあらわるゝ[る]づ

Question: I assume that _arawaru_ and _arawaruru_ are simply more archaic ways
of writing _arawareru_ , presumably changing in the late 19th or early 20th
century. But was/is there any significant difference/implication/contextual or
formal reason for using _arawaru_ (現る, 顕る, 表る, あらわる) or _arawaruru_ (顕るゝ,
あらわるる)?
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meaning readings history classical-japanese okurigana
'to appear': arawareru, arawaruru, and arawaru
**Q1** : This is just a variation of okurigana. Okurigana was not very
standardized in the past, and people often used (and still occasionally use)
生れる【うまれる】, 明かるい【あかるい】, 聞える【きこえる】, 断わる【ことわる】, etc. 現われる is still あらわれる.

  * [What does "irregular" mean in a sense of a missing okurigana letter? (上【あ】がる・上【あが】る, 明【あか】るい・明【あかる】い)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18581/5010)

**Q2** : あらわる and あらわるる are the same verb in archaic/classical Japanese. あらわる
is the archaic equivalent of modern あらわれる, and あらわるる is the attributive form
(連体形) of あらわる. Historically, [辞書形/終止形 of a verb was different from
連体形](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42906/5010), and あらわる had to be
inflected to あらわるる to modify the following noun ("図"). See [this
chart](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E4%BA%8C%E6%AE%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8).
あらわる is a ラ行下二段活用 verb.
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> Question: I assume that _arawaru_ and _arawaruru_ are simply more archaic
> ways of writing _arawareru_ , presumably changing in the late 19th or early
> 20th century. But was/is there any significant
> difference/implication/contextual or formal reason for using _arawaru_ (現る,
> 顕る, 表る, あらわる) or _arawaruru_ (顕るゝ, あらわるる)?

Your question touches on a common phenomenon in Japanese: the shift from the
older 下【しも】二段【にだん】活用【かつよう】 or "lower bigrade conjugation" pattern to the
modern 下【しも】一段【いちだん】活用【かつよう】 or "lower monograde conjugation" pattern, also
described as "type 2" in English-language materials. The "lower" part refers
to the vowel -- "lower" verbs had stems ending in _-e_ , and 上【かみ】 or "upper"
verbs had stems ending in _-i_.

In a nutshell, all the modern type-2 verbs ending in _-eru_ used to end in
_-u_ in the 終止形【しゅうしけい】 or "terminal form" used to end a sentence, or used as
the headword in a dictionary. So modern 食【た】べる used to be 食【た】ぶ as the plain
form, and 顕【あらわ】れる in your example used to be 顕【あらわ】る.

But that's just for the 終止形【しゅうしけい】. The 連体形【れんたいけい】 or "attributive form" is
used when the verb modifies a noun. In modern Japanese, the 終止形【しゅうしけい】 and
the 連体形【れんたいけい】 are the same thing, but in Classical Japanese and older stages
of the language, the 連体形【れんたいけい】 was a separate conjugation, formed by adding
a る on the end of the 終止形【しゅうしけい】. So for 食【た】ぶ, the attributive was 食【た】ぶる,
and for 顕【あらわ】る, the attributive was 顕【あらわ】るる. In your sample text above,
顕【あらわ】る is used to modify 圖【ず】, so the verb is conjugated in the attributive,
as 顕【あらわ】るる.

Over time, the conjugation shifted, and various forms fused, so the _-e_ stem
ending came to be used as the basis for all forms: giving rise to modern stem
forms 食【た】べ and 現【あらわ】れ, and fused terminal / attributive forms 食【た】べる and
現【あらわ】れる.

For more on the conjugation pattern, see [the Japanese Wikipedia
article](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E4%BA%8C%E6%AE%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8).
The box at the upper right of that page has links to the other classical and
modern conjugation patterns, each with tables showing the different forms --
未然形【みぜんけい】 (incomplete), 連用形【れんようけい】 (continuative or stem), 終止形【しゅうしけい】
(terminal), etc.

> Question: Why is 現われる or 顕われる read/voiced/understood as _arawa-re-ru_
> instead of _arawa-wa-re-ru_?

This has to do with spelling conventions, and some looseness over time in what
sounds were regarded as 送【おく】り仮名【がな】, the kana that typically follow the kanji
to show inflectionary endings.

The verb _arawareru_ , as shown above, comes from older form _arawaru_. The
conjugating portion of the older form is clearly just the _-ru_ on the end,
which becomes _-reru_ in various conjugations, and the modern 送【おく】り仮名【がな】
convention is to spell the term as 現れる, with the _-wa-_ internal to the kanji
and the classically conjugating _-reru_ spelled out explicitly (even though,
in modern Japanese, again only the _-ru_ on the end changes at all; including
the れ in the kana might help avoid ambiguity). However, this is only a
convention, and not carved in stone, and older spelling conventions usually
spell out the _-wa-_ , as 現われる. My copies of Daijirin and the Kokugo Dai Jiten
both list both spellings, with the _-wa-_ either explicitly spelled out in
kana, or left implicit.

Consequently, both 現れる and 現われる are considered to be valid spellings of
_arawareru_. Don't add an extra _-wa-_. :)

**A little speculation:**

Monolingual dictionaries show that the older pre-20th-century-reform spelling
was あらはる. If you dig around in etymologies enough, you'll notice that the はる
ending here sometimes suggests a derivation from an older verb form ending in
ふ. We find that あらふ is the pre-reform kana spelling of modern 洗【あら】う, and sure
enough, one of the less-common senses of this verb is _"to bring something
hidden into clear view"_. The passive conjugation of 洗【あら】う is 洗【あら】われる, and
the meaning is _"to be brought into clear view [as of something hidden"_. This
is quite close to 現【あらわ】れる, _"to become evident, to be discovered"_. I suspect
that 洗【あら】う is the root of 現【あらわ】れる, and as such, the _-wa-_ would actually be
part of the conjugable portion -- which might explain why older spellings
explicitly spell out the わ in kana.

But again, this last part is only my own speculation, and is not listed as the
derivation in any of the dictionaries I have to hand.
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