everyone.

May I know why does different particle is used in the following examples?

>   1. 小林さん **は** 私にチョコをくれた。
>   2. 友達 **が** 私にチョコをくれた。
>   3. 姉 **が** 娘におもちゃをくれた。
>

Thanks.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-24T12:55:17.513
51700
2017-07-29T02:54:04.043
2017-07-24T13:17:36.377
5010
16067
question
particle-は particle-が giving-and-receiving
Usage of「が」and 「は」in ~くれる
> 小林さんは私にチョコをくれた。

は talks about a _general idea_. This sentence is saying 小林さん is someone who
has given 'me' a chocolate. This could sound like _comparing_ with someone
else; 田中さんはみかんをくれた。

> 友達が私にチョコをくれた。

が introduces a _happening_. This sentence is talking about the _incident_ that
a friend gave 'me' a chocolate.

> 姉が娘におもちゃをくれた。

It's talking about the _incident_ that your sister has given your daughter a
toy.

が could be rather forcibly explained as it's _excluding_ others when comparing
to は. We are not really always using が to exclude others, but sometimes the
feature becomes significant, for example, where 私は先生です talks about a general
idea talking about my occupation, and 私が先生です says not others but I am _the_
teacher here.

* * *

I've just found that in the top rated thread, [What's the difference between
wa (は) and ga (が)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/22/whats-the-
difference-between-wa-%E3%81%AF-and-ga-%E3%81%8C),  
@jkerian is saying the same thing:

> In Japanese, the thematic は is used with generic noun phrases ("the brits")
> or things that are already in the universe of discourse. It's sometimes
> tricky to nail down exactly what is there, but the general idea is that you
> don't introduce things to the conversation using thematic は。 This is why you
> cannot use question words with は, the non-specified referent cannot be in
> the universe of discourse. (だれは来ましたか?) <--- BAD! INVALID! DO NOT USE!

* * *

Another interesting example comes to me.

> くつ **が** 一足 **と** くつ下 **が** 四足 あります[ _or can be_ です]。

This と can be switched with a comma very well, but

> くつ **は** 一足、くつ下 **は** 四足です[ _or can be_ あります]。

When it's は, our native sense simply refuses to use と here, though **で** works
(あり for あります).

Why is that so?  
は seems wanting to be a clause while が is fine to be a phrase to modify a
verb.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-07-24T13:47:29.377
51704
2017-07-29T02:54:04.043
2017-07-29T02:54:04.043
22422
22422
51700
answer