A couple of weeks ago I learned in my course the usage of the て-Form which
were:

  * Chaining verbs together , all of which are written in the で-Form and the last one is written with the polite form. The last verb can indicate if the action happened in the past or present/future (ます／、ました)
  * Asking someone to do something, for example: **まって** ください
  * Saying that you are currently doing an action: アメリカに **すんで** います

I want to learn about the other usages of the た-Form since I know that both
forms are written very similarly. I tried to search online about the Usage and
no luck. All I know about it is that it's the plain past form.

So, in practice, all I know is the I can write in two ways something I did in
the past:

  * ビルを のみました.
  * ビルを のんだ.

My main question is what are the main usages of the た-Form? Is it like the
て-Form ? Is there a site that explains it more deeply ?
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usage て-form past
Main usages of the た-Form
Thanks to the comments a little research, I am able to assemble a humble
answer. These are the main usages of the た-Form:

  * 1st one is the obvious, which is the option to say a verb in it's past tense plainly. 

> this raises a personal question **(which I do not want to discuss here)**
> which is: can I chain multiple た-Forms like the て-Form?

  * 2nd is saying "probably did something" by doing this -> [た-Form + だろ／でしょう]. here's an example of a site I visit often to get a [verb's full conjugation(Drink Example)](http://www.japaneseverbconjugator.com/VerbDetails.asp?txtVerb=%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%80) -> 飲んだだろう ／ 飲んだでしょう
  * 3rd is taken from [user3856370's comment link page](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/40733/non-conventional-usage-of-the-past-tense/40888#40888); "Discovery and Recall". For a "Discovery Expression", we can conjugate ある／いる to the た-Form to add a "discovery" sound to it (Just as you hear in anime the verb 見つけ **た** ！).

Summary: I think that た-Form, as said by jarmanso7, is much less flexible
since "the た-Form is just the conjugation for a verb into its past form",
where's the て-Form is mainly used to chain various expressions [(This video,at
0:23, explains what the て-Form is)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsBeKXmS-
yc). It has no direct (what so ever) indication about the time the verb
occurred. Rather, the nonて-Form that is attached to it, indicates the time and
meaning.

  * 食べて ください ("Please eat" expression)
  * (私は) 食べて 飲みました ("I ate and drank", the last verb indicating that the "eating" was done in the past).

In short, the て-Form was meant for modification, where's the た-Form is mainly
used for past plain tense.
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answer
According to Kunihiro there are 9 usages for ーた form.

  1. A situation completed in the past or that lasted for a certain length of time in the past:

> `Haha ni tegami o kai-TA` ‘I WROTE a letter to my mother.’

  2. Habitual repetition in the past:

> `Ano koro wa yoku undoo si-TA` ‘I USED TO EXERCISE frequently in those
> days.’

  3. A situation that occurred under a certain circumstance in the past:

> `Kaeru to sugu ni te o arat-TA` ‘I WOULD WASH my hands immediately after I
> got home.’

  4. A situation that materialized in the past and still exists:

> `Ookiku nat-TA ne` ‘You’VE GROWN, haven’t you?’

  5. Sudden discovery that a certain state has continuously existed (the so-called TA form of discovery; a special case of (4):

> `A, soko ni i-TA no` ‘Oh, there you ARE!’

  6. Sudden recalling of a future event or plan that the speaker has known as definite:

> `A, asita siken ga at-TA` ‘Oh, I HAVE an exam tomorrow!’

  7. A request for hearer’s confirmation of a fact (normally only in questions):

> `Anata wa donata desi-TA ka` ‘Who ARE you?’

  8. Proclamation or assertion of the realization of a situation which has not been realized:

> `Yosi kat-TA` ‘All right, (I’m sold) I’LL BUY it!’

  9. A command:

> `Doi-TA, doi-TA` ‘STEP back! STEP back!’
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