A well-educated speaker of Hindi (a modern descendant of Sanskrit) who doesn't
have any special training in Buddhist (or Hindu) liturgy would probably be
able to more or less understand the following short mantra. (As far as I can
tell, this particular one isn't actually used outside of Shingon, but that
shouldn't matter for the purposes of this discussion.)

> Namah samanta-buddhanam bhah

The Japanese equivalent of this appears to be:

> ノウマク・サンマンダ・ボダナン・バク

Would an equally-educated speaker of Japanese without any special training in
Buddhist liturgy be able to understand that mantra (or any such mantra; no
need to focus on this particular one)? Or is all this Sanskrit-derived
Buddhist stuff more in the realm of a foreign language which one would need to
learn separately?
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culture religion
Would educated Japanese people without special training be able to understand Buddhist mantras/真言?
The average Japanese person you pull in off the street would not be able to
read a mantra or sutra without special training. Due to the way Buddhism came
to Japan, even though these texts are pali in origin, Buddhists texts brought
into Japan were written completely in Chinese characters. Many of these
characters are not common or part of the joyo. Graduate school in "Indian
philosophy" in Japan is largely about learning how to decipher this.

Some famous ones might have a katakana version that people would recognize due
to popularization, but the meaning is gibberish to them unless they've been
told it -- as Japanese is not anything like Pali.
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Thanks to the spread of Buddhism in Japan, there are certain mantras that are
well known, and their meanings are well known, too:

南無妙法蓮華経 [Na Mu Myou Hou Renge
Kyou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D)
(maybe something like "namo [praise be to the] cosmically resonant natural law
of the lotus .. sutra) wikipedia has "Devotion to the Mystic Law of the Lotus
Sutra"

So a statement that starts with "Namo" or "Nama" is probably pretty clear in
what it means.

It is pretty wild though! The earliest mantras that traveled to Japan are
written, as Kaji says, in Kanbun, so it's approximation of sound via chinese
"letters" .. mainly because the Chan/Zen masters that inseminated realization
for those periods were all Asia-based.

Although if you ever go to a temple service in Japan (early morning on
weekdays) there is chanting and Taiko drums and following there is usually a
small sermon/speech given by the residing master or whoever, so in a way,
meaning is imparted into the syllables, but not really through "training."
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