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> 「国籍はどこですか」ではなくて「何人ですか」と聞いたことや、名前がカタカナだったので外国人だと思って、在留カードを見せるように言ったことがありました。  
>  There were cases where [the police] asked people "what is your nationality"
> rather than "what is your nationality", and told people to show their
> identity card thinking that they were a foreigner because their name was in
> katakana.

What is the difference between 国籍はどこですか and 何人ですか? I'm guessing the former
sounds more polite, but is the latter actually offensive? The literal
translation of "what person are you" certainly sounds unpleasant in English
but I have no feel for whether this is bad in Japanese.
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meaning politeness
Is 何人ですか a rude question?
何人ですか is usually read as 何人{なんにん}ですか and means " **how many people?** "
instead of "what person are you?" aka "where are you from?" Besides its
rudeness, this is not the customary way of asking "what person are you?"

Yes, to say "what person are you" in itself is somehow rude in both Japanese
and English, and it's better to ask "which country are you from" which would
be どの国{くに}から来{き}ていましたか？ Or even どの国{くに}から来{き}ましたか？
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I assume you mean 何人{なにじん}ですか.

It does sound more rude than, for example,

  * どちらの国からいらっしゃいましたか
  * どちらの国のご出身ですか.

I suppose this is simply the lack of politeness, and 何人 per se is not
particularly rude. As such, if you are in casual conversations (without using
heavy keigo), you could use it.

To give some idea, it is like "If a shop clerk talks to a customer, s/he would
certainly need to use the above, but an immigration officer may use なにじん."

* * *

Just reminded me of [the following
episode](https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/okirakusho/diary/200810170000/) (which I
guess was invented):

> [Kakuzo Okakura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okakura_Kakuz%C5%8D) was
> walking in NY (late 19th century). And a man told him:
>

>> What sort of -nese are your people ? Are you Chinese, or Japanese, or
Javanese ?

>
> Okakura replied:
>

>> We are Japanese Gentlermen. But what kind of key are you ? Are you a
Yankee, or a donkey, or a monkey ?
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