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Using a dictionary to learn Japanese turned out to be more difficult than
expected.

I wanted to say "I offered him a haircut but he refused." and "I offered him a
beer." and "I offered him a ride."

Since I didn't know "to offer" in Japanese I tried to look it up but there
seem to be many different ways of saying it.

> Please could someone help me understand the correct usage of the following
> words and also tell me which to use in the above sentences?

So I got the following words which all seem to mean "to offer":

(1) オファーする

(2) 申し入れする

(3) 提供する

Personally, at a first attempt, I'd go for 提供する but I have a feeling the
correct translation might turn out to be something that's not even on the list
above.
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question
words usage
"to offer" in Japanese?
I would say

「彼に散髪{さんぱつ}しようと提案{ていあん}したが断{ことわ}られた」for "I offered him a haircut but he
refused."

「彼にビールを一杯{いっぱい}勧{すす}めた」for "I offered him a beer."

「車に同乗{どうじょう}するよう彼を誘{さそ}った」for "I offered him a ride."

Note that the above is just one of many possibilities.

> the correct usage of the following

I am not sure if I can offer (no pun intended) you "correct usage" of the
words. My impression is:

(1) オファーする sounds stilted, as "オファー" is a transliteration of "offer".

(2) 申し入れする sounds more of "claiming" and "requesting" than "offering".

(3) 提供する is a possible translation of "to offer". Usage examples coming into
my mind include

"情報を提供する" to offer (relevant) information

and

"資金を提供する" to offer a budgetary contribution

BTW

> Using a dictionary to learn Japanese turned out to be more difficult than
> expected.

is true, but I suspect that can be said for any languages.
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answer