I think when a lot of people first learn もう it's as "already', right? There's
also the meanings of "anymore", "soon", "now", "more', "another" and its use
as an interjection. That's a lot of meaning packed in one small word, I think,
and personally I get easily confused whenever I see it. In particular, the use
of もう to mean "already", and its use with certain verbs constantly confound
me.

My question concerns the use of もう with certain verbs and its meaning in those
contexts. I'm not sure if there's a specific term for the type I mean but two
examples are 止める and 諦める. (Edit:My reasoning is that these verbs are similar
to negative form verbs on their own. I'm wondering if due to that property I
should understand them the same way I understand もう我慢できない (can't take it
anymore) and もうするな (don't do that anymore).) Specifically when used with these
verbs in their present tense form how should I interpret もう? I'll give some
examples:

>   1. 日本語を学ぶのは難しすぎるよ。もうやめる！
>   2. 私はそれをもう諦める
>   3. もうこの男のことは諦めろ
>   4. もうほっといてくれ！
>

I hope that's enough examples. My question is how to interpret and translate
those usages of もう. Are these translations correct?

>   1. Learning Japanese is too hard. I quit already!
>   2. I'm going to give up on that already.
>   3. Give up on this man already
>   4. Leave me alone already!
>

None of those translations seem correct to me, but I'm not sure how else to
translate them. Wouldn't もう here rather be closer in meaning to "anymore"?
Like in example 1, doesn't this translation make more sense: "Learning
Japanese is too hard. I'm not gonna do it anymore!"? I just don't see how
"already" is what's intended, yet I'm also not sure that's it's not.

I apologize if my questions are unclear. I wasn't sure how to best word my
doubts about もう. I feel I lack a basic understanding of it, but dictionaries
and guides haven't proved sufficient for me. If I was unclear on anything or
my question is written poorly please feel free to ask for clarification.
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grammar translation meaning
Understanding the usage of もう with present tense verbs
I'm not sure about your first question. I'm not a native speaker. But my guess
is that you cannot use もう in that manner. I'll late a native speaker (or
someone else answer that portion).

Regarding your second question, consider the dictionary definition as given in
my print edition of 広辞林 where もう is defined as

  1. もはや。はや。すでに。 

> 例：もうだめだ。

  2. この上。更に。いま。

> 例：もう少し  
>  例：まじめな青年だが、もう一つ積極性がほしい。

  3. まもなく。やがて。

> 例：もう来るでしょう。
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2016-07-31T20:18:33.740
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According to 三省堂大辭林, the word もう could be used either as an adverb or as a
short term to express one's emotion.

Since the meanings when it is used as an adverb are already there, I would not
type in the same thing.

When it is used to express one's feeling, it has two meanings.

```

    (1)ある感情や感動が高まったときに用いられる語｡｢─,最高だわ｣｢─,悲しくて悲しくて｣
       ｢─,ほんとにすごいんだ｣
    
    (2)やや非難･叱責の気持ちをこめていう語｡｢─,何度言っても聞かないんだから｣
       ｢ひどいんだから,─｣
    
    (1) Be used to express feeling when one's emotion swells.
    (2) Be used by one who wants to blame/rebuke another person.
    
```

_I'm not a native English speaker so my translation could be incorrect
sometimes, please correct me when you see anything wrong here._
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Based on intuition and experience alone, I believe that もう is always pretty
consistent when it's used to mean 'already'. It's simple to understand it when
it's used for the past tense.

> もうやった
>
> I already did that

When it's in the present tense, though, I think it maintains that same meaning
but expresses one's desire to be done with a situation, like they'd like to
wash their hands of it for good.

>   * もういいや (Enough already)
>   * もうやめよう (Let's be done already)
>   * もう胸糞{むなくそ}が悪くなった (I'm so disgusted [at this situation that I would like
> to be done with])
>

Again, this is based on experience alone and I have no formal writings to
support this but I believe that your (the questioner's) original explanation
is correct. I think the hardest part of understanding this is that it doesn't
translate into a specific English grammar pattern but the emotion of wanting
to be done with something is clear and can be translated into English with
good word choice.
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If you put an exclamation mark on the end of the sentence, you have some will
to the future. So, I will use adverb indicate right now to future rather than
already.I assume using already in the present volition to the future is a
little bit strange.

So, My translation:

日本語を学ぶのは難しすぎるよ。もうやめる!

Learning Japanese is too hard! I will quit right now!

私はそれをもう諦める

I have given up on that already.

もうこの男のことは諦めろ

You had better give up this guy right now.

もうほっといてくれ！

Leave me alone immediately!
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2017-08-26T10:48:48.947
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As you were alluding to in one of your comments, もう when used in conjunction
with a present tense (I prefer the term "imperfective" as it's not really
present tense - there being another form for an action that is specifically
presently happening...) _does_ have that connotation in Japanese that the
action should not be continued anymore.

In my experience, it is best not to try and one-for-one words across
languages, as there's just really not a clean translation many times. It's
best to translate things in context, understanding what the speaker is
attempting to communicate.

I think where this gets tricky (as you mentioned) is when もう is used in the
negative, the word "already" just doesn't seem to fit so nicely as a one-for-
one replacement. If you'd like my best stab at how もう really works.. it's not
really modifying the verb.. it's more describing the situational/contextual
setup or "feeling" of the situation. And, when you look at it in this way, you
no longer are bound to the conjugation of the verb to explain why the
translation of もう changes from situation to situation.

I hope that makes sense/is helpful.
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