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From a newspaper:

> 16日の発表 **によると** 、ドイツ経済の今年の成長率は2.1％、来年が1.8％の見込み。

I think that means:

> According to the report of April 16th, it is expected that the growth of the
> German economy will be 2.1% this year and it will be 1.8% next year.

So, I am interested in to what degree, if any, the meaning of 〜によると overlaps
with the meaning of 〜によれば.

  1. 田中氏の発表 **によると** 、ドイツ経済の今年の成長率は2.1％、来年が1.8％の見込み。
  2. 田中氏の発表 **によれば** 、ドイツ経済の今年の成長率は2.1％、来年が1.8％の見込み。

Here is what I think the difference is:

  1. According to Tanaka's presentation, ... 
  2. If Tanaka's presentation were to be correct, ...

What I would like to know is:

  * Do 〜によると and 〜によれば have similar meanings at all?
  * Does Ｘによると create the feeling of `Ｘ` being (assumed) true?
  * Ｘによれば creates the feeling of subjunctive mood, ie. a feeling of possible doubt about `Ｘ`? It is not assumed to be true?

Does this sound natural and what a newspaper might write?

> 田中氏の発表 **によれば** 、ドイツ経済の今年の成長率は **2.1％** 、来年が1.8％の見込み。でも、松原氏の発表 **によれば**
> 、ドイツ経済の今年の成長率は **55.3％** の見込み。
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2015-04-16T15:38:26.553
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2015-04-16T20:17:31.760
2015-04-16T16:19:58.730
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question
grammar word-choice
Do 〜によれば and 〜によると differ regarding the speaker's opinion of the following statement being true?
> Do 〜によると and 〜によれば have similar meanings at all?

Yes, very much so. In fact, in informal speech between two individuals, the
two are largely, if not completely, interchangeable. We just do not hold each
other responsible for word choices like these.

In the media, however, the distinction is made more often and more strictly
than in people's daily life for obvious reasons.

> Does Ｘによると create the feeling of Ｘ being (assumed) true?

Yes, it does. It carries a little more of a resultative nuance than 「Xによれば」
does. "According to X, A would be B."

> Ｘによれば creates the feeling of subjunctive mood, ie. a feeling of possible
> doubt about Ｘ? It is not assumed to be true?

Yes, it carries a bit more of a hypothetical nuance than 「Xによると」 does.
"According to X, it seems possible that A might actually be B."

It seems to me that in the media, this distinction is made even more
"actively" in writing than in speaking.

> Does this sound natural and what a newspaper might write?

Looks good except for the use of 「でも」, which is way too conversational to use
in a newspaper. They would use 「しかし」.
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2015-04-16T20:08:15.897
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2015-04-16T20:17:31.760
2015-04-16T20:17:31.760
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answer