82708
The following sentence appears in [this
video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX0X4JZ7MHc&list=PLCJsqOnZYba7THbRVN518XifFurnwAUKr&index=3)
at around 7 min:

> 教科書の中でキツツキは木に穴をあける **とありました** が、一秒間のうちに何回どんどんどんどんってできるでしょうか？

The follwing sentence appears [in this
answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/9847/what-is-the-
function-of-%E3%81%A8-in-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B/9942#9942):

> "メニューには売り切れ **とある** " (menu says [it is] sold out.)

I want to know what do 「と」 and 「ある」 mean in these sentences?

In [this Japanese
dictionary](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B), 「とある」 got a
meaning:

```

    according to; reads; reading; is written; says; states. ​Abbreviation, See also と書いてある
    
```

but, how does it abbreviate from と書いてある?
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-19T17:04:10.180
82697
2020-11-20T05:28:19.433
2020-11-20T02:07:21.700
40606
40606
question
grammar meaning particle-と
What does 「とある」 mean in these sentences?
～とある can be reworded using ～と書いてある in most of the times, but it doesn't mean
that it is the abbreviation of the latter. "The sign reads 'STOP'." is a kind
of peculiar grammar too, so to speak, but not an abbreviation of "The sign can
be read 'STOP'."

This と is quotative. The so-called "quotative" と isn't just for closing
quotations; its real function is to convert an arbitrary language snippet into
an adverbial clause in a sentence. Thus the phrase ～と modifies the verb ある.

> 教科書の中でキツツキは木に穴をあけるとありました  
>  "in the textbook, there was literally 'woodpeckers make holes in trees'"  
>  = "the textbook had (a content) literally 'woodpeckers make holes in
> trees'"  
>  = "the textbook (we saw) says 'woodpeckers make holes in trees'"

Incidentally, the past tense ありました does not mean that it no longer _says_ in
this context, but they no longer _see_ the textbook, as you see in the
translation above.
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-20T05:28:19.433
82708
2020-11-20T05:28:19.433
7810
82697
answer