I've seen both of these used about equally, and they seem to have similar
meanings. Are they entirely interchangeable?
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word-choice
実名 vs 本名 connotation？
Both are translated as "real name" in English. According to
[類語例解辞典{るいごれいかいじてん}](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/5374/m0u/%E5%AE%9F%E5%90%8D/),
本名{ほんみょう} is used as opposed to the name that a person uses such as a stage
name or alias. 実名{じつめい} is used when one dares to disclose one’s name.

The sentences below are examples taken from 類語例解辞典{るいごれいかいじてん}:

>   1. 本名{ほんみょう}/実名{じつめい}を名乗{なの}れ。  
>  'Tell me your real name.'
>
>   2. 実名{じつめい}入{い}りで記事{きじ}を書{か}く。  
>  '(person) writes a [newspaper/magazine] article in her own name.'
>
>   3. 本名{ほんみょう}を偽{いつわ}る。  
>  '(a person) lies about their real name.'
>
>

Compared with 本名{ほんみょう}, 実名{じつめい} tends to be used in the sense of
revealing/hiding the real name. For instance, the police make 実名{じつめい} of the
suspect public or they hide 実名{じつめい} of the victim.
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Yes, I agree with nominozomy about 70%. For these kind of stuff, you need to
"feel" when it is used, when it should be used.

Although nominozomy quoted [実名]{じつめい}[入]{い}りで[記事]{きじ}を[書]{か}く。 '(person)
writes a [newspaper/magazine] article in her own name.'

Regarding this I never came across wherever it is at work, or municipal
registration stuff, or a conversation. And to me, personally, it sounds a bit
strange.

In terms of frequency, 本名 is far more often used than 実名, at the official
procedures, or in business, because as nominozomy said "Compared with
[本名]{ほんみょう}, [実名]{じつめい} tends to be used in the sense of revealing/hiding the
real name." And 実名 reminds me of some kind of criminal activities, though not
for all cases.
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