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I know plenty of Japanese words that came from English and a few from other
European languages (obviously tons from Chinese), but what about words from
Japan's indigenous languages such as Ainu? Also if there are any are they all
written in kana like the newer borrowed words?
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words etymology loanwords ryukyuan-languages ainu
Are there any common Japanese words which were borrowed from Ainu or other indigenous languages?
There are some words in Japanese which were borrowed from the Ainu language,
and mostly, they are written in katakana. However, they are mostly very
uncommon words. Likely one of the most common is ラッコ (sea otter) -- I don't
know that there is another word for it. Another which you have potentially
heard is カムイ, which is analogous to the Japanese 神（かみ）.

There may also be words borrowed from the language(s?) of the Ryukyu Islands
(e.g. Okinawa), but I am not aware of any specific examples. If there are,
they are also likely written (at least mostly) in katakana.
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2011-06-27T01:24:36.737
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What I think common from them is
[トナカイ](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4)、[ラッコ](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3)、シシャモ、ノンノ

ref:
[日本語に溶け込んだアイヌ語](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8C%E8%AA%9E#.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E8.AA.9E.E3.81.AB.E6.BA.B6.E3.81.91.E8.BE.BC.E3.82.93.E3.81.A0.E3.82.A2.E3.82.A4.E3.83.8C.E8.AA.9E)
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2011-06-27T01:26:37.173
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Japanese has also borrowed some words from Okinawan, generally relating to
Ryukyuan culture, including:

  * [ぐすく](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusuku), from /gusiku/
  * [おもろ](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omoro_S%C5%8Dshi&oldid=375576365#Etymology), from /umuru/
  * [キジムナー](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijimuna)
  * [シーサー](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisa), from /siisaa/
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2011-07-13T08:07:06.107
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I don't know this for sure, but I believe the word "Kanata" meaning roughly
"far away" in Japanese may have come from the Ainu, based on it's homonym by
Native Americans, who descended from the Ainu.
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2013-07-09T14:19:11.390
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Most Ainu loanwords in regular use are names for plants/animals indigenous to
northern Japan, such as reindeer (トナカイ) and sea otter (ラッコ). These loans are
old enough that there _are_ usually kanji that can be used for them:

  * 馴鹿 (トナカイ, also read じゅんろく)
  * 海獺 or 猟虎 (ラッコ)

However, many plant/animal names are usually written in katakana in everyday
use (e.g. カバ for "hippopotamus," though it can be written 河馬). Due to the Ainu
words being borrowed so long ago and the fact that many people don't realize
they aren't "native" Japanese words, I suspect they are usually written in
katakana because of this convention.

I've read in at least a few sources that the word さる "monkey" is from Ainu
_sar'ush_ , literally "having a tail." Can't promise it's not a false cognate
though. It's treated as a native Japanese word in writing.

Using katakana for loanwords was not common practice until after the Meiji
restoration (older loans like コーヒー and ガラス can actually be written in kanji,
although they generally aren't; たばこ is still written in hiragana).

Aside from that, many place names especially in northern Japan are derived
from Ainu. "Sapporo" from _Sat-poro-pet_ and "Shiretoko" from _Sir-etok_ are
two off the top of my head. These are generally written in kanji.
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Here is a list of all words of Ainu origin listed as such in 大辞林

  * アツシ 
  * イオマンテ
  * 生馬{いけま}
  * ウタリ
  * 蝦夷{えぞ}
  * エトピリカ
  * オヒョウ
  * カムイ
  * けいまふり
  * コタン
  * 柳葉魚{シシャモ}
  * トナカイ
  * ユーカラ
  * ラッコ
  * ルイベ
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Many of Hokkaido toponymos (and even some on Honshu) are coming from Ainu
language. It includes the such common ones like 札幌、 小樽 or 石狩.
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2016-09-09T04:37:06.963
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I've actually looked into this before. Some of these are actually phrases that
are not used in regular Japanese. Also this is by no means a complete list.

**Ainu**

  * アイヌラックル Okikurumi (Ainu founder god)
  * 昆布{こんぶ} Kombu
  * ユーカラ Yukar (Ainu oral saga)
  * シャモ non-ainu Japanese
  * 古潭 {コタン} Ainu village
  * 生馬 Swallowwort
  * 馴鹿 {トナカイ} Reindeer
  * 海獺 {ラッコ} Otter
  * ワンド Lagoon
  * エトピリカ Tufted Puffin
  * 柳葉魚 {シシャモ} Shishamo smelt
  * ウタリ Human
  * コロポックル Ainu dwarf god
  * オヒョウ Manchurian Elm
  * イオマンテ Ainu brown bear sacrificial ceremony
  * ハスカップ Blue Honeysuckle
  * ムックリ Mouth harp
  * カムイ Ainu god kamuy
  * ウネウ fur seal 
  * オショロコマ dolly varden trout
  * イナウ inau wooden sticks used for prayer
  * トンコリ plucked string instrument
  * 厚司 {アツシ} elm bark clothing
  * ウニウ Alaskan fur seal
  * オキクルミ Okikurumi founder god
  * ルイベ salmon cut thin while froze 
  * エカシ grandfather, old man
  * チセ traditional ainu house
  * ケイマフリ spectacled guillemot
  * チャランケ dispute settlement through discussion

**Ryuukyuu (Okinawan)**

  * 城 {ぐすく} Okinawan Fortress
  * まぶい spirit
  * ゆた shaman
  * 双節棍 {ヌンチャク} Nunchaku
  * サーターアンダギー Sata andagi doughnut
  * あんだーぎー deep fried
  * あんだ oil
  * チャンプルー stir fry dish
  * 沖縄口 {うちなあぐち} Ryuukyuu language
  * ゴーヤ Bitter melon
  * 旋棍 トンフア Tonfa baton
  * ウージ sugar cane
  * めんそーれ welcome
  * ちゅらさん beauty
  * 抱瓶 {ダチビン} Portable ceramic sake cup
  * 高麗胡椒 {コーレーグス} chili pepper
  * 伊集 {イジュ} Chinese guger tree
  * ハイサイ Hello
  * なんくるない Don't worry - be happy
  * ないちゃー Person from mainland Japan
  * 島人 {しまんちゅ} Islanders
  * 尾類 {ズリ} prostitute
  * ソーキ Okinawan skewered spare ribs
  * ラフテー skewered pork cubes
  * ゴーヤチャンプルー Goya champloo
  * 足てびち pig's feet
  * イリチー stir fry then boil in sauce
  * スクガラス salt pickled young mottled spinefood
  * さんぴん茶 Jasmine tea
  * スーチカー Salt pork
  * 人参しりしり carrot egg stir fry
  * 神人 かみんちゅ Shrine maiden
  * ウチナンチュー Okinawan person
  * ヤマトンチュー Japanese mainlander
  * 迎恩 {げいおん} welcoming reception
  * かりゆし happy
  * シーミー tomb sweeping festival
  * アカマチ Queen snapper
  * トントンミー Southern Japanese mudskipper
  * ピパーツ Javanese long pepper
  * ぐすーよー everybody
  * 海人 {ウミンチュ} fisherman
  * 海神祭 {うんじゃみまつり} Festival for the sea gods
  * ヒラヤーチー Okinawan pancake dish
  * 手瓜 {もううり} Yellow cucumber
  * 爬龍 {はありい} Dragon boat race
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In Lakota, "kana'" refers to "those over there" as a pronoun. In Old Japanese,
"kanata" has this meaning and usage, which is closer to Lakota than Ainu,
though there is no reason these peoples could not be related.
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