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I was wondering whether the differences in Japanese vocabulary between the
dialects extend even so far as particles.

Are there dialects that pronounce any of the standard particles differently?
Especially the grammatical (syntactic?) ones like は (wa), が (ga), and を (wo)?
Or do some dialects go so far as having extra particles or not using some of
the standard particles?

I'm expecting if it occurs at all it would be in Okinawan/Ryukyuan since the
speech there is classed as separate language(s) as often as dialect(s) of
Japanese. But I have been surprised before!
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2011-07-22T06:39:25.500
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particles pronunciation dialects
Do any of the Japanese particles have different pronunciations in any dialects? Or extra or missing particles?
Sure. Dialects can vary right down to the particles.

  * In Kansai-ben, there is a particle かて which does not appear in standard Japanese. It roughly means 〜ても, でも, さえ etc.
  * In Tohoku-ben, the particle さ is used instead of what in standard Japanese would be に or へ: 東京さ行ぐ, etc. 
  * In some Nagano dialects, を is pronounced /wo/, not /o/.
  * In many dialects, including Tokyo dialects, something like 僕は might be realized as /bokaa/ instead of /bokuwa/. I believe that this is more a case of phonetic rules causing this change even when particles are involved, rather than the particle itself having a "different pronunciation," though.
  * The sound /u/ in many Okinawan words corresponds to the sound /o/ in the equivalent ([cognate](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate)) Japanese words, and this applies to particles too: there is a particle /tu/ corresponding to standard Japanese と, etc.

**Important note:** None of these cases, as far as I know, are the result of
the "correct" standard Japanese form being transmitted to a dialect area and
then changing there. The dialects grew up alongside standard Japanese, and
happened to end up with different pronunciations for some corresponding
particles. The difference is subtle but important.

For example, if you were Italian, you might say as shorthand "in Spanish, the
word 'il' is pronounced 'el'" (and vice versa if you were Spanish), but it is
more accurate to say that a common ancestor word evolved into the words /il/
and /el/ in the two different languages. Neither language is the "correct" or
"original" form (if anything, that would be the Latin /ille/, but even this is
probably an oversimplification). They are different languages and therefore
different words. (They are, however,
[cognates](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate).)

The Okinawan /tu/ is a particularly good example of this because Okinawan is
so distinct from standard Japanese. It's misleading to say "In Okinawa they
pronounce と /tu/". It's more like "In Okinawan, there is a particle /tu/ which
shares the same proto-Japonic ancestor as (= is cognate to) the particle と in
Japanese." But you could say the same about Nagano /wo/, the usage of /sa/ up
north, etc. -- they don't derive from modern standard Japanese itself, they
come from an older language (or dialect family, if you like) from which modern
standard Japanese is _also_ derived.
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Matt's answer is great, and already accepted, but I add a few things about
Tohokuben in Miyagi prefecture. Please remember that the grammar is very
little formalized, and that the final particles may be used differenty
depending on what precedes them, or who talks.

  * 東京さ行ぐ -> 東京に行く
  * 〜だちゃ -> 〜ですよ(ね)
  * 〜だべ -> だろう
  * 〜だすっぺ -> でしょう
  * うまいさ -> 美味しいよ
  * 行ぐが？ -> 行くか？
  * パンば買ってけろ -> パンを買ってください
  * なじょすっぺが？ -> どうしようか？
  * これあげっから! -> これをあげるよ!

and the list continues…
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