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So, I'm quite a novice, and I'm having some difficulty parsing the sentence:

> 「 夏休{なつやす}みももう終{お}わりだ。」

I "understand" it means "Summer vacation's already over". I also understand
夏休み means summer vacation.

At this point, I am speculating, so please tell me if I make any errors:
もう終わりだ is equivalent to もう終わりです, which means, it's (already?) over. However, I
am confused at the use of も as the particle preceding もう終わりです. The only use I
know for も is when replacing を or は to signify "also".

Could someone please clarify the use of the particle も and the meaning of もう
in もう終わりだ.
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2016-12-27T20:46:52.573
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particles particle-も
Particle「も」in the sentence 「夏休みももう終わりだ」。
It seems to be a sentence used by natives without thinking too much. But if
you ask them to explain why it is used that way, you might get various
interesting answers.

> 1 - The summer(implied) **and** its vacation are both over.

or

> 2 - It was a nice summer but even such nice summers **too** come to an end.

or my favorite

> 3 - This summer vacation as all the ones before it has **also** come to an
> end.
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2016-12-28T02:04:06.633
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> 夏休み **も** もう終わりだ。

According to 明鏡国語辞典:

> も 副助  
>  ⓭ 軽い詠嘆を込めて物事をとりたてる。多く、人為を超えた物事の順当な推移についていう。  
>  「夜 **も** ふけた」「暮れ **も** おしつまった」「今や春 **も** たけなわ」「ついに夏休み[戦争] **も** 終わった」

So the も expresses 軽い詠嘆, light exclamation/admiration.

* * *

> もう終わりだ is equivalent to もう終わりです, which means, it's (already?) over.

You're right. だ/です is a copula. です is the polite version of だ.

もう has several meanings such as "already" "now" "soon" "shortly" "anymore"
etc., and I think the もう in your example can be "now" "already" or "soon":

> 夏休みも **もう** 終わりだ。  
>  Summer vacation is over now.  
>  Summer vacation is already over / has already ended / is already coming to
> an end.  
>  Summer vacation will be over soon.
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2016-12-28T02:40:44.557
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> ”夏休みも終わりだ”
>
> "ああ！夏休みも終わりだ"

The above two sentences are natural Japanese and have the same meaning.

> "ああ！夏休みも遂に終わりだ"

This one also have the same meaning. "遂に（ついに）" is "at last, or finally"

> "夏休みは終わりだ"

This sentence shows just the fact, but the sentences with "も" convey messages
containing unspoken meanings. It depends on the individuals to feel what kind
of unspoken meanings. I feel that the speaker fell in love during the summer
vacation but he (or she) lost it.

> "Mr. Trump will be the president of the US at last. The world will be
> brought to ruin."
>
> "遂にトランプが合衆国大統領になる。世界も終わりだ"

The usage "も" in this kind of situation is one of the most difficult Japanese
language usage. The clear explanation is difficult.

With the sentence "世界も終わりだ," I feel not just the world in general but various
aspects like economy, climate and race issue, etc. will be brought to ruin.
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