After hearing the pronunciation of the word _ブラジン_ , I'm very confused about
the sound for ジ, is it [d͡ʑ] or [ʑ] followed by [i]?

Also, I did some research and found this sentence on
[wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology):

> Before /i/, /s, t/ are alveolo-palatal [ɕ, t͡ɕ], and /z, d/ are either
> neutralized as free variation between [ʑ] and [d͡ʑ] or distinct as [ʑ, d͡ʑ].
> Before /u/, /t/ is [t͡s], and /d/ is either merged with /z/ as free
> variation between [z] and [d͡z] or always [d͡z] distinct from /z/. When
> geminated, however, /z/ is always [d͡z].[3]

But totally don't understand what it means here. Does "before" here mean _in
the past_ or it means to put [ɕ, t͡ɕ] **before** /i/, /s, t/. The later is
weird though. Also what's the point of grouping /s/ and /t/ inside a single
pair of slashes /s, t/.
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pronunciation
Pronunciation of [d͡ʑ] vs [ʑ]
Lets focus on "t". In Japanese, "t" is a phoneme. No matter what vowel you put
after it, Japanese speakers consider it the same "t". (Morphologically it is
as well.) Phonemes are written between slashes. However, when the vowel /i/ or
/u/ (also phonemes) comes before /t/ (hence, /ti/ or /tu/), the phonetic
realization of /t/ changes. Actual phonetic sounds are written in brackets [].
Multiple phonetic realizations of the same phoneme are called allophones. So
/ta/, /te/ and /to/ are [ta], [te], and [to] respectively. However, /ti/ is
[t͡ɕi] and /tu/ is [t͡sɯ], rather than [ti] and [tu]. If you do not have
phonetic training, then you can simply think of /ti/ as "chi" and /tu/ as
"tsu", which is the common romanization for these sounds. Similar things
happen for the voiced form of "t" /d/ before the vowels /i/ and /u/.
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I'm not an expert in Japanese, but I am familiar with phonology.

> Does "before" here mean in the past or it means to put [ɕ, t͡ɕ] before /i/,
> /s, t/.

It is definitely not referring to time here. It's the latter option, "put
[those sounds] before [the other sounds]".

> Also what's the point of grouping /s/ and /t/ inside a single pair of
> slashes /s, t/.

This is for the sake of convenience and brevity. In academic writing, if you
can save some ink in one place, you can use more elsewhere, I guess.

And for the main question:

> I'm very confused about the sound for ジ, is it [d͡ʑ] or [ʑ] followed by [i]?

The answer is in the Wikipedia article quotation, it seems. People will either
always randomly choose one or the other (called "free variation"), or they
always won't. That's not very helpful, unfortunately, because there is no way
to distinguish them in writing.

One potential solution to this problem is to not worry about it by declaring
yourself to be one of those "free variation" people. As a second language
learner, this is probably the most prudent way, as there are more important
questions to answer when it comes to your progress with the language. Time and
experience with the language will help you decide which words people tend to
use one or the other with, though.

The good news is that like Atsutane said, these sounds are allophones, so not
knowing which one to say yourself won't impact your understanding of others
because no words will be distinguished with just those sounds alone.

> > When geminated, however, /z/ is always [d͡z].

At least this is clear. If geminated ("making the consonant longer", as in
with little っ), there's only one choice.

## Note about phonemes and allophones

Phonemes are sound units that have meaning. That means if you have a word and
swap one of the phonemes for another one, it will change the meaning of the
word (or make a nonsense word). For example, in English, /b/ and /p/ are
phonemes (sounds that mean something in English), and we know this because if
we exchange them in a word, it changes the word, like this:

"Bat" /bæt/ becomes "pat" /pæt/

Note that phonemes are written between / / (forward slashes).

Likewise, if two sounds are allophones, they are two sounds that mean the same
thing. Think of them as variations of a sound. If you exchange allophones
within a word, it doesn't change the meaning. This is why we can have accents
and still understand each other — we say different sounds but they mean the
same thing. There are lots of examples, but take the word "butter" for
example. Some people say the /t/ very clearly, but others will say it almost
like a /d/, with a sound called a tap:

Butter /bʌtər/ and [bʌɾər]

Allophones are written between brackets [ ].

If I say both of these, an English speaker would only hear one word, "butter",
even though I said two different sounds. There are tons more examples,
especially with vowels, but in Japanese, there's one very famous example of
allophones: [l] and [r]. To them, if you switch them out in a word, it sounds
like the same word. This is why they have difficulty differentiating words
like "light" and "right" when they learn English.
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