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Is there a Japanese equivalent term(s) to describe a brain
fart/absentmindedness? I noticed the term karahenji in Jisho.
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meaning words
Japanese equivalent of a brain fart
According to Merriam Webster's dictionary, I use them for the explanation and
please look up the bold part of my interpretation for the reference.

The definition of [absentmindedness](https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/absentminded) is the following :

_Definition of absentminded_

  * **1** a : lost in thought and unaware of one's surroundings or actions :

`was too absentminded to notice what time it was`

> **ぼんやり** し過{す}ぎて、何時{なんじ}か気付{きづ}かなかった

  * **1** b : tending to forget or fail to notice things : given to absence of mind

`Her absentminded husband forgot their anniversary.`

> **うっかり** 屋{や}の旦那{だんな}は、記念日{きねんび}を忘{わす}れていた

I think this is what you are mentioning:

  * **2** indicative of or resulting from preoccupation or absence of mind

`gave an absentminded reply`

> **空返事** 【からへんじ】をした。

If your brain-fart's usage is similar, I guess the explanation above is good
enough.
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**ど忘{わす}れ** is a word that, like "brain fart," means roughly that you are
unable to recall something in the moment, but you would normally be able to
recall it easily.

It comes from **忘{わす}れる** (to forget) and [**ど** , a prefix that can be used
for emphasis or to add a derogatory tone to
something](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2267/78).

As noted by kimi Tanaka in a comment, it's possible that there is a difference
in register between the two terms across languages, since "fart" is not a
polite word, but in meaning they are very close to each other.
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If I'm not having a brain fart, that word can be used when wrong things come
out off your head, as well as when nothing comes out.

ど忘れ in @Leebo's answer serves well for the latter case that you can recall
nothing normally you should, but cannot cover the situation when you've said
something nonsensical because of mental glitch. In that case I think I'd use
ぼけて（い）る.

Explained with [this Urban Dictionary
example](https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Brain%20Fart&page=4):

> Person A: Hey, switch on the TV, this show is annoying.  
>  テレビつけて。この番組嫌だ。  
>  Person B: Switch it ON?  
>  つける？  
>  Person A: No, I meant off... I had a brainfart.  
>  違う、消して。ぼけてたわ…

[ぼける](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/203612/meaning/m0u/) is an informal word
to mean you have any kind of dementia, and also for thinko. If you blame for
low consciousness (e.g. tired, sleepy...) you can also use
[寝ぼける](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/170643/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%AD%E3%81%BC%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B/).
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