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I am familiar with:

> 明{あ}けましておめでとうございます

Usually I use it with family and friends, also I saw some tweets with this
phrase.

Today I found these two variations: [賀正{がしょう}](https://one-
piece.com/news/detail/20150101_1839) (noun) and
[謹賀新年{きんがしんねん}](http://onepiecetower.tokyo) (interjection), looking at
tangorin.com both means Happy New Year

賀正{がしょう} drawing looks like an interjection.

Where do I use these forms?
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usage
How to use "happy new year" expressions: 賀正{がしょう}, 謹賀新年{きんがしんねん}
Actually, you hardly have a chance to use them in conversation and everyday
writing. The only places for these words are billboards and greeting letters,
especially **New Year's Cards**
([年賀状](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E5%B9%B4%E8%B3%80%E7%8A%B6&tbm=isch)).

Both of them are ye olde bywords even Japanese rarely know what they mean, but
nevertheless used as convenient slogans roughly mean "Happy New Year". Yes,
they differ in meaning, as much as _Annum Faustum_ and _Felix Sit Annus Novus_
do, but usually you can freely pick either one, according to your artistic
sense :)

Grammatically, they are neither noun nor interjection, unless you say that
everything which doesn't belong with grammar is interjection. The true face of
them is formal Classical Chinese sentences, which can be paraphrased
([訓読](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E8%A8%93%E8%AA%AD))
into Japanese as:

> 正【しょう】を賀【が】す _(I) Celebrate the Primary (Month)_  
>  謹【つつし】んで新年【しんねん】を賀【が】す _(I) Respectfully Celebrate the New Year_

EDIT:  
You can find many other greeting cliches for your 年賀状 in [this
article](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1213961397),
though it's too late for this year's...

EDIT 2:  
A [new hypothesis](https://stan.hypotheses.org/2274) on why 正 means the first
(month):

> The corresponding Chinese root reconstructs as *tek ‘single, only, only
> one’. It includes these words:
```

>     隻 *tek > tsyek > zhī ‘single’ 1260c,
>  
>     適 *s-tek > syek > shì ‘only’ 0877s,
>  
>     啻 *s-tek-s > syeH > shì ‘only’ 0877k.
>  
```

>
> Root *tek and the root in 正 *teŋ-s differ only in the nasality of the coda.
> This suggests 正 writes 隻 *tek ‘1’ in a context where its ending had become
> nasalized. The onset of the following word: 月 *[ŋ]ʷat is likely where
> nasality comes from. 正月 was an appropriate way of putting *teŋ-ŋʷat < *tek-
> ŋʷat into readable form.
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answer
So let me explain something. As you might know, historically speaking, we owe
so much to Chinese and Korean cultures, thus, these 2 "賀正" and "謹賀新年" are
actually Japanese version of Chinese haha.

Now, as a starter, I think you need to know that we, Japanese, use different
manner to different person. ( Meaning if the recipient is higher in social
ranking ( such as your boss ) or even though I would not like to say, "equal"
or "lower" to you ).

Now, Chinese composure is SOV. Thus Both, 賀正, 謹賀新年, means respectively, "Wish(
=賀 ) a good ( inferred ) New Year ( 正 )", and "With a respect to you( = 謹 ), I
( inferred ) wish ( = 賀 ) good ( inferred ) New ( 新 ) Year ( 年 )"

So, as I said above, "formally" saying, you should avoid using 賀正 to your boss
because of that reason mentioned above, while 謹賀新年 can be more appropriate.

You might be able to use 賀正 to your friends or your relatives or a man working
under the command of you, but I recommend not to use to your boss ( I dare to
say, "formally" ).

And both these 賀正 and 謹賀新年 can or should be used only in New Year letters,
because long time ago people used Chinese origin often in letters. Not
verbally. Please be careful.

And let me add one more advice, 明あけましておめでとう is too frank in either verbal
manner or in letters. You can speak this to your close friend, but I think
personally you'd better avoid speaking to "anyone". 明けましておめでとう御座います, is a
phrase added with "politeness phrase" ( 御座います ) and I'm sure you can use this
word to anyone from your friend or relatives or even to your boss.

I wish this might helped you.
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answer