> A: その封筒を開けると、便箋一枚の手紙と一万円札２枚が出てきた。

My translation:

> A: If that envelop is opened, one sheet of letter paper and 2 sheets of 10
> thousand yen bills 出てきた.

In my understanding, ～てきた represents

  * action done in the past and it continues up to the present, "~started to, ~has begun to, etc". For example,

    * 雨が降ってきた。It started to rain.

    * 人口が増えてきた。The population has begun to grow.

  * after doing the ～て action, the speaker return to the place where she/he says the sentence.

    * 親を連れてきた。I brought my parents here.

    * 弁当を買ってきた。 I bought a meal and came here with that meal.

But in the sentence A, I think the usage of ～出てきた does not make sense so ～出た
should be used instead.

# Question

What is the meaning of ～てきた in the sentence A?
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meaning
What is the meaning of ～てきた in the following sentence?
I think that in this case it means came out of the envelope.

出る ＋ 来る

出て来る
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2016-06-28T00:18:52.767
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As already mentioned by itrasci、出てきた would mean "came out", from an already
understood location and towards the subject.

> その封筒を開けると、便箋一枚の手紙と一万円札２枚が出てきた。

  * "When (he) opened the envelope, there was a letter written on a single sheet of stationary and two ten-thousand yen bills."

If you use 出た instead... I think it might sound like the things just kind of
"appeared", and not necessarily from the envelope.

> その封筒を開けると、便箋一枚の手紙と一万円札２枚が出た。

  * "When (he) opened the envelope, a letter written on a single sheet of stationary and two ten-thousand yen bills appeared."

Begging the question, where from?
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answer