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I have been studying the causative, passive, causative-passive forms and found
that they are very confusing. I am not confused much about the conjugation
(される, etc), but in identifying the who/what the subject is and what he is
doing (or what is being done by who).

Anyone who also have this confusion? Please point me to resources where I can
practice (for a workbook/drill kind) or examples that can be of great
reference.

Thanks
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2017-08-09T05:41:08.267
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2017-08-09T15:59:09.863
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question
passive-voice causation
causative, passive, causative-passive
**_Genki II Textbook_** (Although not _technically_ free) is a great resource.

```

    I am not confused much about the conjugation (される, etc),
    
    but in identifying the who/what the subject is and what he is doing
    
    (or what is being done by who).
    
```

(Almost everything down below is from Genki II)

Here's a way to remember it.

* * *

**Causative**

> **先生** は **学生** に 会話を **覚えさせました** 。
>
> ( **"Director"** ) は ( **"Cast")** に ( **"Action"** ).
>
> _The professor made the students memorize the dialogue._

**The "director" decides what is allowed and what is to be done.** Marked with
は or が.

**The "cast" performs the action.** Usually goes with に.

**The "action"** is described with a causative form of the verb.

* * *

**Passive**

> **私** は **友達** に 車を使われました。
>
> ( **"Victim"** ) は ( **"Villain"** ) に ( **"Evil Act"** ).
>
> _I had my car used by my friend._

In _most_ passive sentences, the "victim" has been unfavorably affected by the
"villain's" act.

**The one doing the action is the "villain", and the "victim" is affected in
some way or another.**

Here is an example where I think it is "not unfavorable", however the "victim"
will still be affected.

> このパッケージ **に** は、あらゆるもの **が** 含まれている。
>
> Everything is included in this package. ("Everything" is "being included" by
> "the package".)

In this case, "Everything", or あらゆるもの, is the "victim", who is _being
affected_ by "being included".

"The package", or パッケージ, is the "villain" who is _including_ "everything."

The reason why I don't consider this an "unfavorable" situation is because the
sentence is about _inanimate objects_.

* * *

**Causative-Passive**

> **私** は **彼女** に **車を洗わされました** 。
>
> ( **"Puppet"** ) は ( **"Puppet Master"** ) に ( **"Action"** ).
>
> My girlfriend made me wash her car.

**The "puppet" (i.e. 私 or "me"）is forced into performing an action.** Marked
with は or が.

**The "puppet master" （i.e. 彼女 or "My girlfriend"）"wields power over, and
manipulates", the "puppet".** Uses に.

The **"action" forced upon the "puppet"** is described with a causative-
passive verb.
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2017-08-09T13:27:56.677
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2017-08-09T15:59:09.863
2017-08-09T15:59:09.863
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answer