If two twin brothers attended the same class, how would their teacher address
each of them to indicate to whom they were speaking to, since they shared the
same family name?

Would one be seen as the older brother, even though they were born only
minutes apart?
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politeness culture names
How are twins addressed by their teacher at school?
I think the teacher would generally just include their first names as part of
the address, e.g.

> …  
>  浅野さん  
>  東健太郎君  
>  東良一君  
>  藤田君  
>  …

(But sharing the same family name isn't just a problem for twins. If you're
called 木村, 田中, 山田, 佐藤, 斎藤, or similar, chances that someone in your class
shares your family name are higher than usual. My guess would be that two
people in the same class with the same family name are more likely to be
unrelated than likely to be twins...)

That said, some teachers may also use first names and/or nicknames to address
their students, depending on the age of the students (and usually also
depending on the age of the teacher).

As for your second question, the first born twin is treated as older sibling
and the second born twin as the younger sibling. This is also recorded as such
in the Japanese family register (戸籍). There is no common name for "[younger or
older] brother", only for "younger brother" or "older brother", so you would
talk about your twin brother as 双子の弟 or 双子のお兄ちゃん, etc., or even simply as 弟 or
お兄さん, etc.

For all practical purposes, there is little difference between twins and (non-
twin) brothers, except the fact that they share the same age and thus are in
the same class (although in bigger schools twins may also be separated into
different classes). In some families this will also mean that the first born
twin, if also the first born son, will be the heir.
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answer