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My best guess would be 「成人・成年として裁判にかける」, but neither seems to return many
results. Incidentally, what's the minimum age to be tried as an adult in
Japan?
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word-choice words
How does one say 'tried as an adult' in Japanese?
成人の法廷で裁かれる

As for your second question this article may be interesting:
<https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2015/05/28/editorials/juvenile-crime-
and-punishment/#.WiymVGJcWEc>
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How about...

> 成人として[裁]{さば}く -- to try as an adult (active)  
>  成人として裁かれる -- to be tried as an adult (passive)

* * *

I think the minimum age to be tried as an adult is 14 years old...

[https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/少年法#.E6.A6.82.E8.A6.81](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95#.E6.A6.82.E8.A6.81)
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We just say (刑事)裁判にかける if the suspect is an adult who is over twenty.

As opposed to adults, juvenile suspects who are between age of nineteen and
roughly twelve will take 少年審判 at 家庭裁判所 (Family court) first, where the judge
decide what punishment will be conducive to suspects’ reformation.

[![
少年審判の配置](https://i.stack.imgur.com/smLwD.jpg.)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/smLwD.jpg.)

As the image shows, there is no prosecutor at 少年審判 so the suspects won’t be
‘tried as an adult’ unless the judge decides to remand them. According to the
juvenile law, suspects under 13 shall not be prosecuted.

The press often use 家裁送致する(される) for the juvenile suspects and 児童相談所に通告 for
pupils.
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