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I am a newbie to this language. When I was trying a paper, I have found this
sentence.

> わたしの **あげた** ほん を よむ まえに こばやしさん は ユリンさんに **かりた** ほん を **よんだ** 。

If I take your attention to bold faced words, those are verbs in dictionary
form, which ends up with either た or だ.

The questions I have is whether this is a grammar pattern. If so, can anyone
please explain it briefly?

Would the following be accurate for a translation:

> Mr. Kobayashi read the book (that he borrowed from) Mr. Yurin, before he
> read the book I gave.
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2017-01-02T08:12:58.190
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2017-02-22T03:49:13.493
2017-01-02T09:12:25.797
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question
grammar verbs
Is 〜た / だ (where 〜 a verb) a grammar pattern?
I think the words 'あげた', 'かりた', and 'よんだ' are not in the dictionary form.
Those are conjugated forms of the verbs whose dictionary forms (i.e.,
[終止形]{しゅうしけい}, ending form) are 'あげる', 'かりる', and 'よむ', attached with the
conjugated auxiliary verbs whose 終止形 are 'た' and 'だ'.

It would be useful to remember that, in modern Japanese, the 終止形 of all verbs
ends with the '-u' sound. For example, ager'u', karir'u', and yom'u', in the
above verbs.

'あげた' is a combination of the verb 'あげる' and the auxiliary verb 'た', which
makes the tense of the preceding verb to the past. The verb 'あげる' in the
phrase 'あげた' is conjugated to [連用形]{れんようけい} (form to precede a verb, adverb,
or auxiliary verb) 'あげ' in order to attach to the auxiliary verb 'た'. Then,
'た' in 'あげたほん' is conjugated to the [連体形]{れんたいけい} (form to precede a noun)
'た', which happens to have the same pronunciation as the 終止形, in order to
attach to the noun 'ほん'.

Similar structure is also in 'かりた'.

'よんだ' is a combination of the verb 'よむ' and the auxiliary verb 'だ', which also
indicates the past tense. 'よむ' is conjugated to 連用形 'よみ' to connect to 'だ'.
Then, 'だ' is at the end of the sentence. So, it is in the 終止形 'だ'. In the
resulting phrase 'よみだ', the middle 'み' is modified to 'ん' for the sake of easy
pronunciation. (This is called [撥音便]{はつおんびん}.) This is how you get 'よんだ'.

That's a brief explanation. For more, learn Japanese conjugation ([活用]{かつよう})
system for verbs (as well as auxiliary verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and
others!) as macraf wrote. Have fun!
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2017-02-22T03:49:13.493
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2017-02-22T03:49:13.493
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answer