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I know we use に to indicate from whom we receive the favor/thing. I don't see
any common sense for that. Naturally, I would use から instead because に
expresses a direction "to/toward" not "from".

=> Could you explain to me the root cause?

>   * 友達 **に** お菓子をもらった。 => I received candies **from** my friend.
>   * 友達 **に** お菓子をあげた。 => I gave candies **to** my friend.
>
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particle-に
Could you explain why に is used with もらう?
It's basically a grammatical reason, not a meaning reason.

Japanese uses three markers for marking core arguments in a clause:

  * が marks the subject (or rather, a subject that isn't also a topic; but let's ignore that for this answer)

  * を marks the object

  * に marks _everything else_

For the most part, when you have three core arguments, the one that isn't a
subject or object is usually a recipient. Since に also (quite separately)
marks a destination or direction, that seems like a normal extension of
meaning - from 'direction of moving' to 'direction of giving'.

However, there are some clear cases where it marks things that aren't
recipients. Causatives are a good example: you end up with three core
arguments (subject, object and overall causer), and the leftover third one is
marked with に - even though that doesn't make sense if you're thinking of it
as a direction marker. 貰う is a similar case: it takes the recipient as subject
and the gift as object, and the leftover core argument - the giver - is marked
with に.

To summarise, because 貰う has three core arguments and already specifies that
the recipient is the subject, the leftover giver has to be marked with the
'leftover core argument marker', which is に.
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answer
Particle に indicates point where effect of action/deed reaches. It is not for
indicating direction. Particle へ is the one that indicates direction.

For example, 道路の向こう側に渡る is telling that 道路の向こう側 is the point where action/deed
of 渡る reaches at last. Action/deed of 渡る is intended to reach that point
instead of that direction.

Particle に is also used to indicate indirect object for transitive verb which
takes direct and indirect objects. It is because of the above said character
of に, i.e. indicating point where effect of action/deed reaches.

In the example sentence of 私は兄にボールを投げた, 兄 is indirect object and ボール is direct
object for verb 投げた. Particle に is telling that action of 投げた will bring ボール
to reach 兄.

When this active voice sentence is converted to passive voice, 兄は私にボールを投げられた
will come out. Verb 投げられた takes direct and indirect objects which are still
supported by same particles as before.

According to my opinion, 私 and 兄 are at terminal position for movement of ボール.
In case of active voice, ボール as effect of action 投げた moved to the position of
兄, and if we see that movement from opposite side, action 投げられた will take 私 as
reaching point.  
I know wording "reaching point" sounds funny but concept seems something like
this, if we watch movement of ボール between two terminal positions from opposite
view point.

Now, we try to apply above concept.

> A. 友達にお菓子をもらった。  
>  B. 友達にお菓子をあげた。

I believe that you understand action あげる and action もらう shows opposite
direction for transfer of お菓子.

> 私はあなたにお菓子をあげる。  
>  あなたは私にお菓子をもらう。

They are in the relation of active voice and passive voice essentially, even
though not in standard format. It is because あげる cannot be changed to passive
voice by adding れる／られる.

I hope you can accept 友達にお菓子をもらった finally by now.

Certainly you can use から which indicates starting point.  
Using から is for emphasizing starting point purpose instead of using に.

> あなたは私からお菓子をもらう。  
>  私からあなたにお菓子をあげる。
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