So I remember that back in the day I learnt that things in Japanese were
explained by using から or an explanatory particle の and then the more formal
version of から is ので.

Ever since then I've just ran with the fact that から says that you're going to
give a reason and の simply makes it sound like you're stating a fact or
explaining something but I'm curious if there are any specific grammatical
differences or nuances that specifically distinguish the two and how ので fits
into all of this. Is it merely a more polite から or is different from both of
them?
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word-choice nuances particle-から no-da
Difference between の and から for denoting a reason/explanation
So-called "explanatory の" has many functions and it's not a good idea to look
for a direct equivalent in English. See [this
answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3685/5010) and [this
one](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/5399/5010), and you can see that の
is used way more casually than "because". Using "because" to translate の is
sometimes okay, but unacceptable in many cases.

ので and から are both "because", which is something you use to explicitly denote
a reason. The difference between them is a frequently asked question on this
site. See the following questions.

  * [What are the differences between 〜ので and 〜から?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/411/5010)
  * [When to use ～ので vs ～から](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4715/5010)

ので and から are not interchangeable in many cases. When it's interchangeable, ので
may sound a bit milder and thus tends to be used in formal situations.
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「から」

> ex-1: 雨が降りそうだから、傘を持って行きます。  
>  It looks like rain. I'll take my umbrella. (I'll take my umbrella, because
> it looks like rain.)

「ので」

> ex-2: 雨が降りそうなので、傘を持って行きます。

These two have the same meaning and interchangeable as colloquial expression.

「から」と「ので」にあるわずかな違い There is slight difference between the two.

> ex-3: 君が『もういらない』って言ったから、あの本は捨てたよ。You said you no longer needed it. So I
> threw it out.  
>  ex-4: 君が『もういらない』って言ったので、あの本は捨てたよ。

I feel ex-3 is more argumentative style than ex-4.

> ex-5: そよ風が吹{ふ}いたから、心地よかった。A litte breeze made me feel good.  
>  ex-6: そよ風が吹いたので、心地よかった。

The difference is slight, but I like the expression ex-6, bcause a little
breeze always makes us feel good. Therer is no need to have an argumentative
expression.
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