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> 日本の学生の多くは、18歳になるとこれまでの環境と大きく変わります。

Eu percebi que tem alguns substantivos que precisam ser usados juntamente com
o の na frase, mas as vezes não sei se é preciso ser antes ou depois. Por
exemplo, 環境の ou の環境. E no caso do と, eu acho que está sendo usado por causa do
変わります.

**English** (courtesy of Google Translate)

I noticed that there are some nouns that need to be used together with the の
in the sentence, but sometimes I don't know if it needs to be before or after.
For example, 環境の or の環境. And in the case of と, I think it's being used because
of 変わります.
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question
particle-の
Alguém poderia me explicar o uso da partícula の e do と nessa frase?
> 日本の学生の多くは、18歳になるとこれまでの環境と大きく変わります。  
>  For most Japanese students, when they turn eighteen, the environment (they
> have lived in) up until now changes a lot

これまでの環境 means "the environment up until now". In XのY, X describes Y. The
sentence should still make sense if you remove Xの. For example, removing これまでの
gives: ...18歳になると環境と大きく変わります "... when they turn eighteen the environment
changes a lot", but removing の環境 gives a meaningless sentence: ".. when they
turn eighteen the up until now changes a lot".

I'm surprised you asked about これまでの環境. For me the more confusing part is
日本の学生の多く. I'm a little unsure here so some confirmation from a more
experienced speaker would be useful. I think 日本の学生の多く and 多くの日本の学生 are both
valid. 多くの日本の学生 Would mean "many Japanese students" and we can certainly
remove 多くの and leave a valid sentence: "Japanese students, when they turn 18
...". With 日本の学生の多く I think it better translates as "most Japanese students"
and again I could remove 日本の学生の to get "Most, when they turn 18 ...", though
there would have to be previous context for you to know who 'most' was
referring to.

Finally, the と in これまでの環境と大きく変わります. The stripped down sentence would be
環境と変わります. This と is a particle marking a comparison. It is comparing これまでの環境
(the environment up until now) with an inferred new environment and saying
that there is a change. Perhaps [this
post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/78819/7944) explains it better than
I can.

**Edit**

Note that the translations offered above are rather loose. As discussed in the
comments the subject of 変わります should be the environment of the student before
they turn 18, but this is omitted from the sentence. To be clear, the phrase
marked with と is the thing that is being compared against and not the thing
that changes. The full structure should be XがYと変わります -- X changes compared to
Y. But Xが (the previous environment) has been omitted. This makes the original
sentence rather clunky.
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answer