What does it mean to put で after a temporal expression? I was taught that only
に should be used for times but I still see sentences with で sometimes.

This is basically my current understanding:

  * Spatial: use に for existential verbs and で otherwise

  * Temporal: use に always

This is an example sentence that uses a time+で. How would it be different if
it used に?

> 日本では昼間でも夜でもタクシーを拾うことができる。
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2014-05-02T06:42:09.977
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grammar particles particle-に particle-で に-and-で
Particles に, で for temporal vs spatial location
I don't think this is で used as temporal particle. I would read it as でも
meaning "either or", "both..." as in ＡでもＢでも.

This applies to all nouns, for example:

> 英語でも日本語でもOKです。  
>  English or Japanese, both are OK.

So your sentence could be translated as:

> 日本では昼間でも夜でもタクシーを拾うことができる。  
>  Day or night, you can catch a taxi in Japan.
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2014-05-02T07:02:41.537
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As Szymon says, you have not given an appropriate example: In your sentence でも
is being used to give two options but で can be used to indicate when something
finishes or a duration:

_-> finishing time:_

> 仕事は５時で終わります。  
>  My work finishes at 5pm.

You could also use に but whereas に is a more general particle that gives the
time at which an event occurs (ie when work finishes) the で places more
emphasis on the time an activity lasts for.

_-> duration:_

> 無色受想行識さんは3日でこのレポートを書いた。  
>  無色受想行識 wrote this report in three days.

You have not asked about use of に so I assume you know it is not used with all
temporal expresssions but, for reference, the general rule is that if the time
can be specified with a digit then に is used (eg Xmas day is 25 Dec -> クリスマスに）

_Reference: Dictionary of Basic Jpse Grammar_
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