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According to what I read, となる is the written counterpart of になる. Nevertheless,
I stumbled upon some use of となる that seems not to fall under the typical usage
of になる (which, for me, means "to become" as in 講師になった).

Sometimes となる seems to be used in place of the copula です. (Ex:
[考{かんが}えを述{の}べる表現は「〜と思う。」となる](http://web.ydu.edu.tw/~uchiyama/conv/kaiwa2.html))

Another use that I do not understand can be found in this example:

> 動詞は、述語 **となる** 三つの品詞の中で最も変化に富むもので、その文型もさまざまな種類があり
> ますが、動詞文の最も基本的な型は、次のように表すことができます。

in paragraph 1.1.3 動詞文 of
[基本述語型と修飾語](http://www.geocities.jp/niwasaburoo/01koubun.html)

Thus, my question is what do mean those usages of となる? And is there any other
usage of となる?
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grammar
Some questions about the use of となる
Like your example 述語となる品詞 already suggests, I've always understood it like
this:

Whereas になる underlines a process of transformation from something to
something, となる is more used when expressing "make up, equal, take the position
of".

I.e. 教師になる means the end of the transformation "from student to teacher",
whereas 教師となる would mean "take the position of teacher".
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となる does sometimes mean である. But I cannot exactly answer your questions,
because I do not know how to use it, either.

If you search
“[となる](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/search_result?query_string=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B&lcontext_regex=&rcontext_regex=&media=%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D&media=%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C&media=%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&media=%E7%99%BD%E6%9B%B8&media=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&media=%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99&media=Yahoo%21%E7%9F%A5%E6%81%B5%E8%A2%8B&media=Yahoo%21%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0&media=%E9%9F%BB%E6%96%87&media=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&media=%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0%E9%8C%B2&entire_period=1)”
in [BCCWJ](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/), or
[weblio](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B/3)
you can find many examples.

* * *

なる is often used instead of ある in these cases:

> imperative: 強くあれ → 強くなれ  
>  hope: 勇者でありたい → 勇者になりたい  
>  potential: *勇者であれない → 勇者になれない; △勇者でありうる → 勇者になりうる  
>  future: △勇者である → 勇者になる  
>  (△ indicates the expression is grammatical, but probably means different
> things.)

I think the use of なる is explainable, and you can argue they all involve
changes, so _become_ is more appropriate than _be_. Nevertheless, the stative
nature of ある seems to make it unsuitable in many situations.

* * *

> 結果は次のようになります。  
>  お釣りは100円になります。  
>  したがって、秘密保持規定を就業規則に盛り込むことは、実務的にも重要なこととなる  
>  つまり，次の実行は条件式の判定となる

Perhaps なる is used to represent to the dynamic process of drawing a conclusion
from premises. Just like in English, you say “ **if** it is ..., **then**
something **will** be ...”. "Then" and "will" have no temporal connotation any
more.

* * *

> 原因となる力  
>  証拠となる事実  
>  原料となる麦  
>  基礎となる構造  
>  慰めとなる物  
>  中心となる星

Another reason to use なる seems that なる is the intransitive counterpart of する,
which also shares a similar function of passive and potential verbs. ある does
not have the same function.

It seems that なる and する tend to be used to represent **non-inherent**
qualities of something. So 中心となる星 does not mean 星 and 中心 are exactly the same
thing. It means “星 is/can be taken as 中心”.

You can also find とする used in a similar way.

> 金融を目的とする営業  
>  東京を中心とする地域

But I guess they might as well be viewed as idioms.
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