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I'll preface this with my understanding of particles that I think are relevant
in this context.

「 **を** 」 - point of departure, or movement through a location.

「 **に** 」 - specific point in time, or direction of motion.

「 **で** 」- point of action.

For the motion related verbs (e.g. run, walk). It's seems straightforward.

「雨の中 **を** 歩く」 ** _"Walk in (through) the rain."_**

For the verb 「出かける」. Normally it is used with 「 **に** 」 to indicate where a
person leaves to. e.g. 「買い物 **に** 出かける。」

However, the only instances of 出かける being used with 「 **を** 」 instead of the
usual **に** is in the phrase: [雨の中 **を**
出かける](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%82%92%E5%87%BA%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%20%23sentences)

Which usage of 「 **を** 」 is this? It certainly does not mark the point of
departure. Maybe it's the second usage? You leave and "go through" the rain?
I'm not too sure.

「彼は雨の中 **を** 出ていった。」

Similarly, 「 **を** 」 is not being used to mark the point of departure in this
sentence.

Lastly, the sentences that confused me the most.

「雨の中 **に** 長い間立たされた。」

「私は雨の中 **を** １０分も待たされた。」

「客たちは外の雨の中 **で** 、数時間待たされた。」

「気がつくと僕は雨の中 **を** 公園 **に** 立っていた。」

Not only are none of these motion verbs, all 3 particles seem interchangeable?
In particular the last one, which uses both 「 **を** 」 and 「 **に** 」 . I'm very
confused as to how these particles were chosen.

Evidently I seem to be ignorant of some grammar that would explain all this.
Would very much appreciate an explanation. Thanks!
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2020-03-12T23:17:13.520
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2020-03-14T05:22:12.817
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question
grammar particles
Can You Explain the Particle Usages For These Sentences Involving 雨の中＿?
I guess what you are confusing is interpreting this「を」as **_"only limited to
real/certain/substantial"_** 'point of departure'. The「を」can be **_"your
mental picture/your memory/your image"_** of 'point of departure'.

So, the sentence:「彼は雨の中を出ていった。」 simply tells the fact : "When it's
raining(outside), he left.". It can be "snapshot" and does not specifies that
he was actually moving through the boundary of the indoor and the outdoor
while it's raining.

Now, in most case「雨の中を出かける」should be interpreted as "they are going/want/need
to leave home for somewhere when it's raining." It depends on the verb if you
are describing what you are actually doing in the rain or not.

* * *

> 「気がつくと僕は雨の中 **を** 公園 **に** 立っていた。」

This「に」in the sentence probably used in the fiction since it sounds「僕」was left
alone in the park using「に」. If you replace「に」with「で」, you are reporting that
you were standing in the park while it's raining.

I think without「を」in the sentence sounds still good if you do not have to
emphasize「雨の中」and the fact:「公園に立っていた。」is more important.
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2020-03-14T02:45:50.940
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answer
> 「雨の中 **を** でかける」  
>  「私は雨の中 **を** １０分も待たされた。」  
>  「気がつくと僕は雨の中 **を** 公園に立っていた。」

In these examples, を is used in another sense:

> を〘格助詞〙  
>  ❸ **動作・作用が行われる周りの状況** を表す。  
>  「 **雨の中を** 横断歩道を駆け抜ける」  
>  「 **吹雪の中を** 捜索を続行する」*  
>  (from 『明鏡国語辞典』)

The を indicates **the surrounding situation/circumstance in which an action or
event takes place**.

* The second を in the first example 雨の中を **横断歩道を** 駆け抜ける indicates "movement through a location" (`❷ 移動にかかわる場所` in 明鏡). The second を in the second example 吹雪の中を **捜索を** 続行する indicates the object of a transitive verb (`❶ 動作・作用の対象`). 

* * *

> 「雨の中 **に** 長い間立たされた。」  
>  「私は雨の中 **を** １０分も待たされた。」  
>  「客たちは外の雨の中 **で** 、数時間待たされた。」  
>  「気がつくと僕は雨の中 **を** 公園に立っていた。」

Either で or を would be fine in your examples. So you could rewrite them as:

> 「雨の中 **を/で** 長い間立たされた。」  
>  「私は雨の中 **で** １０分も待たされた。」  
>  「客たちは外の雨の中 **を** 、数時間待たされた。」  
>  「気がつくと僕は雨の中 **で** 公園に立っていた。」

The を indicates 動作が行われる周りの状況 (surrounding situation where an action takes
place).  
The で indicates 動作の行われる場所や場面 (location or scene where an action takes place).

に is used in the first example since you can say [場所/場面]+に立たせる. In the fourth
example, 雨の中 **に** 公園 **に**... would sound a bit unnatural since you don't
really say [場所/場面]に+[場所]に立つ.
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2020-03-14T03:03:08.827
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answer