I hope this doesn't count as one of the は/が difference duplicates (that isn't
what I'm asking), but I'm slightly confused about how to think of the は
particle. I've heard it called the "topic marker", but I've also read a
separate explanation about it being an "emphasizer" that connects
subject/predicate: [An historical grammar of
Japanese](http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalgramma00sansuoft#page/258/mode/2up).

Is this a better way to think of it? Which is closer to how it's used in the
colloquial/modern grammar?
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grammar particles particle-は
Is "は" really a "topic marker"?
Yes, thinking of は as a topic marker is a good stepping stone to learning the
purpose that は really serves in the Japanese language. I have also heard that
が is an emphasizer. In truth, depending on the usage, they are both types of
emphasizers because they call attention to the sentence subject or
conversation topic. How you think about them depends on how far you are in
your study of the Japanese language. If you have not yet had an epiphany about
their meanings then I would say you should continue to think of は as a topic
marker. I will try to elaborate though.

When you use は, you are calling into existence the notion of something - it
may be a sentence subject or conversation topic - and subsequent statements
and perhaps even an entire conversation will revolve around that thing. In
this sense, は is both a sentence subject and conversation topic marker.
Getting more complex, as it tends to be in real Japanese conversations, you
can use multiple instances of は or start invoking が to add emphasis and
contrast.

This probably makes little-to-no sense without an example, so check this out
and assume this is a full conversation from start to end - if it helps, think
like two friends walked into a pet shop and started talking. I don't think you
would ever find this explanation in a book, and I am not going to explain
every bit of grammar in detail, but I think this should help.

> Person A: 犬は可愛いです。  
>  (ひらがな: いぬ は かわいい です。)  
>  (Romaji: inu ha kawaii desu.)  
>  (English: Dogs are cute.)
>
>   * Here, は is both a conversation topic and sentence subject marker. Dogs
> are the topic in the conversation, and dogs are also the subject in this
> sentence.
>

>
> Person B: いや、私は猫が可愛いと思います。  
>  (ひらがな: いや、わたし は ねこ が かわいい と おもいます。)  
>  (Romaji: iya, watashi ha neko ga kawaii to omoimasu.)  
>  (English: Nah, I think cats are cute.)
>
>   * Person B disagrees with Person A. To do this, they set the sentence
> subject to themselves (私は) and they are stating something that contrasts
> with Person A so they use が to do that (猫が). The topic of the conversation
> remains dogs, but with this sentence cats are also added to the list of
> conversation topics. If you didn't say it like this and randomly start
> talking about cats, then you would be considered rude for starting a
> different conversation.
>

>
> Person A: でも、私は、犬は一番可愛いと思います。猫が可愛いと感じたことはありません。  
>  (ひらがな: でも、わたし は、いぬ は いちばん かわいい と おもいます。 ねこ が かわいい と かんじた こと は ありません。)  
>  (Romaji: demo, watashi ha, inu ha ichiban kawaii to omoimasu. neko ga
> kawaii to kanjita koto ha arimasen.)  
>  (English: But I think dogs are the cutest. I never felt that cats were
> cute.)
>
>   * Person A is going to acknowledge Person B's opinion but be a little
> obstinate. To show that, they start by saying でも, then set the sentence
> subject back to themselves (私は) and then refer to the conversation topic of
> dogs again (犬は) and share the opinion that dogs are the cutest (一番可愛いと思います).
> They even go so far as to clearly state their opinion of cats (猫が) in
> contrast to their opinion of dogs by stating they never felt cats were cute
> (可愛いと感じたことはありません)
>

As a side note, in Japanese culture, in addition to it being rude to start new
conversations without continuing one started by someone else, Person A and
Person B would not outwardly disagree with each other this much unless they
were close friends. Otherwise they probably wouldn't become closer friends
after this exchange. We don't care about Person A and Person B's relationships
here, though. We just want to look at different usages of は and が as well as
the interplay between the two.

If I were to give some advice, it would be that in Japanese you have
"conversation topics" and "sentence subjects". は and が are used to identify
both, which is confusing. Try to identify and distinguish between the two. In
some cases は and が can even mark the sentence subject and conversation topic
at the same time, such as in the first sentence by Person A above.
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> Is “は” really a “topic marker”?

Yes, it is.  
_A Japanese subject_ (主語{しゅご}) _is not necessarily the action maker_ , but is
actually purely 'subject'; it's always the topic/theme to us, native Japanese
speakers.

_Cf:_ An English subject is also not an action maker when the verb is a link
verb like _is_ or _seem_. However, the grammar term 'subject' seems to have
been defined as the action maker of the verb.

は is considered as 係助詞{かかりじょし}; it determines the ending (main) verb (phrase).
Some linguists consider it as 副助詞{ふくじょし} from the perspective of its
complementing (adverbial function to) the verb.  
(が is considered as 格助詞{かくじょし}, the case marker, and is good for being used in
modifying clauses. が also makes a sentence without any は, but は is the one to
talk about _general ideas_ ; が introduces a happening, and sometimes it
doesn't make any difference whichever is used.)

> I've heard it called the "topic marker", but I've also read a separate
> explanation about it being an "emphasizer" that connects subject/predicate:

The particle は has a sense of _comparing_ , while が has a sense of exclusion,
but emphasis actually can be done by any particle.

I think, as a native speaker, I should confirm that the example sentences in
Japanese brought up by @Structure are all perfectly natural.
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