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1. Answer to the first question has been given by ナルトさん. But any new answers or thoughts or suggestions are really appreciated!!

  2. Answer to the second question can be extended, as only a touchstone was laid down by ナルトさん, and this is a limitless answer, so anyone is free to give their opinion.

  3. I have tried to give answer to question #3 based on ナルトさん's reasoning but I am not sure about it. So, this question requires more in-depth answers.

Using ている has been tricky for me. I have always stumbled upon, as when to use
ている form and when to use た/だ form (Past) in cases of Punctual Verbs. So, in
order to get a better understanding I revisited my English grammar book, to
see the difference between Simple Past and Present Perfect. Over there I found
a few rules that were to be followed, to distinguish, between Present Perfect
and Past. Following are the rules that were laid down:

> English Grammar Principles for usage of Present Perfect and Simple Past

(Please note I would be using only those verbs that are Punctual Verbs in
Japanese)

  1. Where time is used or the focus is on the time, use Simple Past E.g. I turned on the light at 8. Whereas, if time (whether known or not, is immaterial) is not used then we use Present Perfect. E.g. I have turned on the light. As Simple past (In English) focuses on the point of time a thing/act happened.

  2. When you tell about life experience and travelling experiences, use Present Perfect. E.g. I have graduated and I have been to NY 3 Times.([This part has already been answered by @The Japan Nomad Girl](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/78845/usage-of-%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B-in-cases-of-talking-about-experience))

  3. Time when in essence has not been completed, like this week, this year etc. (however usage of last week or likewise vocabulary would make time in essence complete and would make the sentence Simple Past). E.g. I have worn new shirts this week.

  4. When the Action has been performed in the Past, but the focus is in present, then we use Present Perfect E.g. I have lost my bag (Focus on Present). Whereas, when focus is in the past, use Past. E.g. I lost my bag (Focus on Past).

  5. When we talk about travelling/residing action. In case, if we imply that I am still there or still in the place of travel then we use Present Perfect. Whereas, we use Simple past, though it would state that I went/resided/etc. It won't mean that I am still there. This is same in Japanese as well, like 行っている and 住んでいる. This last point does not need an answer.

* * *

Q1. Do the Punctual Japanese Verb (Please note I am only concerned with
Punctual Japanese Verbs) also apply the above English Grammar principles for
differentiating the use between ている (present perfect) and た/だ(Past). That is
to say, whether the Punctual Japanese Verb are used identically in the above
referred cases.

E.gs. Point 1: Will 私は明かりをつけている (Present Perfect) be used as time has not been
mentioned and 私は8時に明かりをつけた (Past) be used as time has been mentioned

Point 3: Will 私は今週新しいシャツを3枚着ている (present perfect) be used as the week has not
ended, and 私は今週新しいシャツを3枚着た (Past) be used as week ended.

Point 4: Will 私はバッグを紛失している (Present perfect) be used when we Focus in the
present. Whereas, 私はバッグを紛失している (Past) be used when the focus is in Past.

Q2. Are there any other ways to differentiate between the ている (present
perfect) form and た (past) form when we talk about Japanese Punctual Verbs?

Q3. Could anyone highlight the difference (also the difference in nuance)
between ている (present perfect) form and た (past form) in cases of Punctual
Verb!? (I have been literally struggling to differentiate between Punctual
Verbs ている form (Present Perfect) and た (Past) for over 1 month and my Japanese
Language learning has come to a halt for past 1 month, as I am not able to
differentiate between the both)

Please Note:

There are other posts but the difference highlighted is mostly pertaining to
Durative Verbs and Not Punctual Verbs, and where the concept of Punctual Verb
is highlighted, it is not dealt thoroughly and it creates lot of confusion.
So, an answer to this question might give clarity upon the individual concept
of Punctual Verbs' ている and た forms, and would also highlight the difference in
Present Perfect form in Japanese and Present Perfect Form in English.
Following are some links which though has dealt this issue but has focused
more on Durative Verbs than Punctual Verbs:

  1. [Is 寝る a stative or active verb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/57193/is-%e5%af%9d%e3%82%8b-a-stative-or-active-verb)
  2. [Is there a distinction between ‘did" and "have done" in Japanese?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/63352/is-there-a-distinction-between-did-and-have-done-in-japanese/63358#63358)
  3. [When is Vている the continuation of action and when is it the continuation of state?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3122/when-is-v%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%82%8b-the-continuation-of-action-and-when-is-it-the-continuation-of-state?noredirect=1&lq=1)
  4. [Why is a verb in the past (た形) contradicted with ～ていない?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/42242/why-is-a-verb-in-the-past-%e3%81%9f%e5%bd%a2-contradicted-with-%ef%bd%9e%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84/42343#comment129100_42343)
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grammar comparative-constructions comparative-linguistics
Usage of ている in Punctual Verbs in Japanese and the Concept of Present Perfect in English
I understand this is difficult. As an English learner, I read the _English_
grammar rules you cited more than 20 years ago, and I still often wonder how
to correctly use the past tense and the present perfect in English :) This
takes a very long time, so don't let this halt your studying of Japanese. The
good news is た and ている are often interchangeable, as shown below.

English present perfect and Japanese ている are different in several ways.

> Where time is used or the focus is on the time, use Simple Past

This is not true in Japanese. We can safely say 昨日は23時に寝ているよ as a response to
"You look sleepy". This is related to the bullet 4; the action was performed
in the past, but the focus is in present (i.e., why I look sleepy _now_ ).

> When you tell about life experience and travelling experiences, use Present
> Perfect.

This is true in English, but Japanese has a dedicated construction for this
(～たことがある). For example "Have you (ever) seen fireworks?" is
(今までに)花火を見たことがありますか. ( **EDIT** : You can still say 今までに3回花火を見ている describing
your past experience, but ～たことがある is more common, and ～ている sounds like this
fact is relevant in the current situation.)

> 今週新しいシャツを3枚着ている vs 今週新しいシャツを3枚着た

The former is said in the following situations:

  1. when you're still in the middle of the week and you'll probably wear more shirts until the week ends
  2. when the week already ended but this fact is somehow closely related to something in present

The second one is tricky. Although you have said [this
question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42242/5010) is irrelevant, I
think this one is closely related to your concern. In particular, please read
the survey result in the PDF file I introduced (it's in Japanese, so please
read the survey on pages 4 and 5). ている/た are often interchangeable and the
distinction is closely related to the speaker's mood, or how much this fact is
related to the current situation. [This
question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11925/5010) about the "habitual
aspect" is closely related, too ("it's **how close you are feeling the action
is** on your mind.").
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Answer to the 3rd Ques, all thanks to firstly God and then
[@naruto](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/5010/naruto) さん. I was
stuck with it for 1 month (and only focused on how to use ている and nothing
else). So, I wrote it immediately (I.e. as soon as I comprehend naruto さん's
answer. So please don't mind grammatical errors and repetitions. I did not
fare it out, it is a raw thought only

Answer:

神様さまとナルトさん, 本当にありがとうございます!!!! I finally understood, the concept. You are
absolutely amazing !!! Let me explain, how I understood it. See, in case of
Punctual Verbs, it is obvious either the thing is done or not done. And as
once a thing is done, instantly no time exist between (so it can be either
will do (future) or done (past). This thing was clear till this moment. Now,
what you made me think , about the concept is the part of focus. Now, since
puntual verbs are either done or will do state, once they are done it means
that action is done (past) so it cannot be in present at all. So, if a ques
arises that makes a focuses on the present, about an act that is done in the
past, ている has to be used. Now one might ask why? The reason is since punctual
verbs are either done or will do state, as no present state exists i.e. even
in case an action is performed and if we aspectually do a punctual act in
present like turn on the light, it would technically be a past, as the turning
on the light is technically done (as there is no time gap between on and off).
So now to overcome with this difficulty, I assume Japanese came up with ている.
So as to focus on the present aspect of the aspectual punctual act which
technically was done in the past. That is to say, we use ている in case where we
want to focus not on the past, because たwould create a confusion, but on the
present aspect about it. I'll tell you an example, if one asks when did you
turn on the light? The answer would be in た form because the focus of the
question, if you think carefully, is on the past aspect (like when did he in
the past. Whereas, if one asks a question, why can I see the TV turned on, the
focus of the question when you think deeply on the present aspect of the thing
that was already completed, so here ている would be used (i.e. answer would be
because I have turned it on)

Further, there are different YouTube videos, pages, blogs etc etc. If you also
go through them, they will mostly tell you the secondary aspect about it (I.e.
ている is used when talking about the state of the object that hasn't been
changed, talking about what are you seeing right now etc.) All of these uses,
**as per me (i.e. I THINK and am not 100% sure)** is some sort of hint as to
when the focus is on the present and not the basis, and as per me (not 100%
sure) the grundnorm i.e. the focus of the question or statement on the present
aspect of a thing that has been done in the past.

I am really not 100% sure, I tried different books to check if my reasoning
works or not and it has worked.

Please correct me if I am wrong or lacking !!! I posted it to help beginners
like me to grasp the difference in nuance between ている and た.

Another example

Where did you put your bag, here since the focus of ques is on the past, た
would be used. e.g. I put it in the library (私は図書館の机に置いた). Where is your bag?,
in this ques, if we use similar circumstance that we put it somewhere, here we
would however use ている (私は図書館の机に置いている), as the focus of your ques is in present
(i.e. where is it?)
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This is a little hard to understand for beginners but ill try my best to
explain.

verb + ‐た-form @ JLPT N5 level. た‐from is considered past tense mostly, but
depending on the pattern and placement of た‐form in a sentence it may change.

毎日勉強した方がいい = You should(or its better to) study every day (‐た form + 方がいい is
N4 level pattern.)

if ‐た/‐なかった form is = Ⅴました/Ⅴませんでした form and placed at the end of a sentence,
it means the verb has already happened or didn't in the past.

食べましたか Have you eaten？

-はい、食べました Yes I already ate

-8時に食べました I ate at 8 o'clock

-今朝ごはんを食べました I had breakfast this morning

いいえ, まだ食べませんでした No, I haven't eaten yet. まだ changes the meaning from didn't
eat to haven't eaten yet.

**ている｜ています** - The meaning of this pattern is broader than (Present perfect
tense). you can say _present perfect tense_ is a subset of **ている｜ています** form
and is difficult for non-native speakers to understand(at first).

V + て form + いる/います. V + て form means **present form**. and **いる/います means
existence.**

**Vている｜Vています** means present (state/situation/condition) of something. Lets
see following examples.

雨が降っています: It's raining. (Lets's Learn it as the current state of rain is, that
it's falling.)

いまご飯を食べています：I am eating food/rice right now. (again lets Lets's Learn it as,
present situation of me is that I'm eating.)

Now let's raise the difficulty level and answer your first question. (Level
N4, you must know the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs and
their usage in the Japanese language.

窓が割れています: Window is broken. (Although the window was broken in the past at
some point. But the current (state/situation/condition) of the window is that
it is broken).

私は明かりをつけている (The current state of me is I am turning on the light) Transitive
verb.

私は8時に明かりをつけた. I turned on the light at 8. (past tense transitive verb.)

明かりがついている。（The current state of light is it is ON）. ついている is an intransitive
form of つけている.

We do not call "punctual verbs" in Japanese, but different time related
language patterns + different verb forms sentences that can make things clear
at a granular level.

Difficulty level N4 N3 ~ tokorodesu - Just

試合は始まるところです. The match is about to begin.

試合は終わったところです. (Just now)The match is over.

故障の原因が分かりましたか。Do you know the reason for the breakdown.

。。。。いいえ、今 _調べている_ **ところ** です。No, We are just checking right now.

**～あいだ ～あいだに (During, The whole time) ~ something happened/happening in a
continuous state. Parallel Actions**

Verbている or Nounの + ～あいだ ～あいだに, + another action in a continuous state.

**私は今週の間、新しいシャツを3枚着た。I wore 3 new shirts this whole week.**

**私は今週の間、新しいシャツを3枚着っている。I'm wearing three new shirts this whole week**

**Now Point 4**

私はバッグを紛失している (although grammatically correct but it means you are losing your
bag) transitive verb

私はバッグが紛失している (I just replace を with が now the focus is not me but the bag.
This sentence is now intransitive, which means the current
(state/situation/condition) of my bag is "lost".)

私はバッグを紛失した I lost my bag (at some point in the past at some place).

Following are more time related patterns that you can use at granular level.

**VときForm** When ～ Verb （N5 level）

**うちにForm** While （N3 Level. A little Similar to あいだ pattern.）

**Ⅴた＋らForm** If（Something happens/happened）(N5 Level)

**Vて＋もForm** Even if (This happens/happened) (N5 Level)
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