Japanese has lots of reduplication and some say it is a trademark of Japanese.
It occurs in all kinds of parts of speech, which in English it does not. It is
used for some plural, intensity, and more complicated stuff.  
But [one particular
usage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_focus_reduplication) exists
in English and some other languages, which uses reduplication to "emphasize"
that a (citing wikipedia) prototypical usage of the word is intended: To make
the true meaning of a used word clear after most likely a misunderstanding
happened.

> I didn't eat _egg salad_ , I ate _**salad salad**_.

"Contrastive" is related to both intonation of the first word, but also to
express that "salad salad" is in contrast to all other kinds of salad.

But is there such a usage of reduplication in Japanese? I could not find one.

UPDATE: This question has received multiple valuable answers that each
contribute some different aspect to answer the question. All answers answer
the question. Therefore, I will not pick a "most helpful" answer myself.
Please read all of them if you are interested in the answer.
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nuances reduplication
Is there contrastive reduplication in Japanese?
If you mean repeating a noun twice, it is not really possible (サラダサラダ won't
work).

But kind of similar to onomatopoeias/adjectives that contains reduplicates,
similar constructs do exist, at least in recent usage. One common enough
phrase is 肉肉しい which means _very meaty_. This does not extend a lot, but I
guess NN-しい is understood with enough contexts, as a kind of one-time word
(e.g. when talking about high cacao chocolate, チョコチョコしい. I don't mean this is
common).

More normal phrases would be something like 東京らしい東京 (referring to 新宿, say), or
N[然{ぜん}](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%84%B6_%28%E3%81%9C%E3%82%93%29/#jn-125592)とした.
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Besides the adjective form `NN-しい` in sundowner's answer, there is also a verb
form `NN-する`. It's often used in the form of `NN-している` or `NN-した` to modify
another noun which may be the same as the repeated one, as in:

> [女女]{おんなおんな}した女  
>  女の子女の子した女の子

These particular phrases tend to be used in a negative way, often by women to
describe other women they consider to be "too girly" in their choice of
clothes, their way of behaving, etc., especially when they are with men.
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In addition to the other fine answers already on this thread, I'd like to
point out a wrinkle in the English construction that might be confusing the
original poster somewhat.

The question post includes two examples of kinds of "salad" that I'd like to
point out:

  * _egg salad_
  * _salad salad_

What we have here in both cases is a first noun used attributively to indicate
a characteristic or quality of the second noun, the
[head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_\(linguistics\)) noun. In terms of
the syntactics at work here, that first noun functions more as an adjective.

English as a language is more towards the "analytic" end of the
"[synthetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language) ↔
[analytic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_language)" spectrum, and as
such, it plays pretty fast and loose with parts of speech.

Japanese is more "synthetic" than English, and as such, we cannot do some of
the same things as in English and still wind up with a grammatic and
intelligible utterance.

While both languages allow attributive use of nouns in certain cases, such as
"egg salad" / 玉子サラダ or "tomato salad" / トマトサラダ, reduplication as in "salad
salad" is not one of the allowed constructions for Japanese. I suspect this
comes down to usage patterns and expectations. This might be due to the
existence of reduplication in so many other aspects of Japanese, something
that doesn't happen quite so much in standard English.

The need to be more specific grammatically about the attributive nature of the
first noun in reduplicative constructions is what gives rise to the
suggestions in the other answers, such as 東京[ら]{●}[し]{●}[い]{●}東京 (probably the
most likely and commonly understood), サラダ[の]{●}サラダ, or possibly
`[NOUN]`[と]{●}[し]{●}[て]{●}[の]{●}`[NOUN]` or
`[NOUN]`[な]{●}[り]{●}[の]{●}`[NOUN]`.
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A similar pattern does exist. Here are some examples I found on the internet:

>   * 机をあまり **仕事仕事した** 空間にしたくなくて…  
>  I didn't want to make my desk look like a typical office-ish place...
>   * **学校学校している** カチッとしたところだと、ついていけるか不安でした。  
>  I was worried that I wouldn't be able to keep up at an ordinary strict
> school.
>   * もっと **筋肉筋肉した** 人が、ミューズの理想なのだ。  
>  Muse's ideal is a stereotypical macho / muscular muscular guy.
>   * すっぱいドレッシングとか **サラダサラダしたもの** が苦手な私  
>  I'm not good at things like sour dressing and typical (green) salad.
>   * **スマホスマホしたスマホ** が欲しいなら…  
>  If you want a smartphone smartphone...
>

Note that:

  * This pattern always requires [している/した](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/74972/5010), but you can use サラダサラダしたサラダ or サラダサラダしたもの to say _salad salad_ as a noun.
  * This pattern does not work with verbs. I can't think of an equivalent of "Do you like-like him?"
  * This pattern does not necessarily have to work contrastively. If I understand correctly, an expression like _salad salad_ normally works in English when it's clearly contrasted with some atypical salad (hence the name contrastive reduplication), but NNしたN can work on its own.

Also note that this is a fairly rare pattern. Whenever I encounter this
pattern (say, once in every three years), I recall a certain episode of
[_Nichijou_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichijou), which goes like this:

> **A** : このコーヒー、あんまりコーヒーコーヒーしてない。 Oh, this coffee isn't being very coffee
> coffee.  
>  **B** : え、コーヒーコーヒーしてない？ 何いってんの？ Not coffee coffee? What are you talking
> about?  
>  **A** : 自分でもよくわかんないんだけど、なんていうか、コーヒーコーヒーしてないんだよ。いいからちょっと飲んでみ、ほれほれ。 I don't
> really understand what I'm saying, but well, it's "not coffee coffee"! Just
> try it yourself, here you go.  
>  **B** : まったく、コーヒーコーヒーしてないってなんなのよ… (drinking) あ……コーヒーコーヒーしてない。 Come on, what
> the heck is not being coffee coffee! (drinking) Oh...this isn't coffee
> coffee.

The fact that this perfectly works as comedy to native Japanese speakers means
コーヒーコーヒーしてない lies on the narrow borderline between "funny but understandable"
and "almost incomprehensible".

There are a number of fixed expressions like 黒々とした, 寒々とした or みずみずしい, but these
are words with their own meanings (they do not mean "prototypical
black/coldness/water") and can be explained as ordinary examples of Japanese
reduplicated words and phrases.
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