In Spanish there is something called circumstantials which indicate time,
place, means, cause, etc where an action is done. For example, in English a
circumstancial of time could be translated as "in the summer".

Now I know Japanese is a language completely different to Spanish so calling a
construction which indicates the time when an action is done a
"circumstancial" is wrong, since a spanish circumstancial probably have other
grammatical consequences than a japanese construction which indicates time,
place, means, etc., that's why I used the "" to refere to the same in
japanese.

Anyway, the point of my question is to know **if there is any rule to know
when constructions which indicates the time an action is done are the "topic"
(marked with は) of the sentence**.

For example, in this sentence 春休み明けは皆ちょっと大人に見える the construction which
indicates time 春休み明け is the topic of the sentence.

**In which situations are constructions which indicates time the topic of the
sentence?**
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particle-は
Is there any rule to indicate when "circumstantials" of time can be the topic (marked with は) of the sentence?
I know nothing about Spanish, but in English, topic-like words can be pulled
at the beginning of the sentence (e.g., "In summer, ...", "In 2015, ...", "At
our company, ..."). If you think your sentence can naturally begin with such
an expression, it usually indicates it's a good candidate of には, では, etc. Of
course this is not a rule but a tendency.
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I'm taking my comment in stride to answer this in a way that might be the most
beneficial to you and Spanish-speaking Japanese learners everywhere.

A "circumstance complement" (lit. from Spanish "complemento circunstancial,"
it is in quotes because the concept does not exist in English), is a concept
in the Spanish language that can describe a circumstance under which an action
occurs. Because Spanish most naturally expresses these at the end of a
sentence, normally a complete statement can be had without one, and if a
question can lead to the inclusion of one, normally this can be called a
"circumstance complement."

An example of one of these is the following:

> Iré al supermercado.  
>  I will go to the supermarket.  
>  僕はスーパーに行きます。

A "circumstance complement of time" would then be identified by the leading
question "When?" The answer to this leading question then forms the
"complement", as such:

> Iré al supermercado **mañana**.  
>  I will go to the supermarket **tomorrow**.  
>  **明日** 僕はスーパーに行きます。

However, because Japanese doesn't work in this fashion, it is a bit of a red
herring to pursue the question "When is a circumstance complement of time
defined as the topic that is marked with は" because Japanese as a language has
no such concept.

The "simpler-than-expected" solution is in the inverse observation: That time,
among other things, can be a topic. Japanese expresses what phrase in a
sentence is the topic by using the particle は. When time is not expressed with
the particle は, it is not the topic, and has another function in the sentence.
Sometimes direct time is expressed without a particle, and a span of time can
be expressed with the particle に.

In the case of the example you've posed, here's a loose translation as it
relates to Spanish, with breakdowns:

> 春休み明けは皆ちょっと大人に見える  
>  (topic: **春休み明け** )は皆ちょっと(direction: 大人に(verb: 見える))
>
> _Just after Spring vacation_ is when everyone looks a little more like an
> adult.
>
> _Justo después de las vacaciones de primavera_ es cuando todos aparecen un
> poco más como adultos.

Therefore, I think you'd do best to focus on the Japanese in the terms of the
Japanese language, and not in the terms of the Spanish language, because they
work very differently.
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