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I can't resist trying to find patterns in words. These three words, for
example, seem to fit a similar pattern:

  * 頷{うなづ}く = [項]{うな} + 突{つ}く (source: [community wiki](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6581/kanji-for-native-japanese-concepts-kunyomi-spanning-multiple-morphemes/6632))
  * 躓{つまづ}く = [爪]{つま} + 突{つ}く (source: [community wiki](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6581/kanji-for-native-japanese-concepts-kunyomi-spanning-multiple-morphemes/6632))
  * 額{ぬか}づく = [額]{ぬか} + 突{つ}く (source: [gogen-allguide](http://gogen-allguide.com/nu/nukazuku.html))

However, I can't seem to find the etymology of 跪{ひざまづ}く anywhere. Since it
_appears_ to fit the pattern, I'd like to guess:

  * 跪{ひざまづ}く = [膝]{ひざ} + ま + 突{つ}く

But where does the ま come from? It doesn't seem to fit the pattern neatly like
the others.
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etymology
Etymology of ひざまずく
It would be nice to have some more authoritative sources on this topic (if
there are any), but I'm not convinced there is. A lot of the pages I could
find said they don't know where it comes from, and I'm not sure anybody really
does...

* * *

But one theory _may_ be, in the [Wikipedia article for
膝{ひざ}](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%9D), it says:

> ...つま先と膝をついて座る座り方は「跪く」と言い...

A rough translation of that might be:

> "...the way of sitting that is falling on your knees and toes and sitting
> down is called '跪く'..."

So I think it may be a combination of 膝{ひざ}, 爪{つま} and 突{つ}く.

* * *

I'm a bit sceptical of the "best answer" at this link (other pages say "つ" in
"つまづく" comes from "爪" rather than "蹴" for example), but this seems to be more-
or-less what one of the non-accepted answers at [this Chiebukuro
question](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1345302328)
says, saying that "〜まずく" is "つまづく" and that "つまづく" comes from "爪{つま}" and
"つく".
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Curiosity prompted some further searching. My findings to date, after trawling
through pages and pages of Google hits:

  * [This post](http://risty.net/2ch/kic/114/#a290) states that the interstitial `/‑ma‑/` may be a fancifier (honorific?) of some sort (emphasis mine):

    * ですから、akimotoさんが考えていらっしゃるように、「ひざがつく」のが「ひざまづく（旧仮名遣い）」→「ひざまずく」（※貴い人に対して行う動作であるため、 **「ま」が雅語** として挿入されたという説もありますが、 **未詳** ）となったと言えます。 
  * [This page](http://www.freeml.com/wefree/say/sit/) looks instead at the various terms for describing 正座{せいざ} in Zen practice in terms of geographical distribution. Interestingly, ひざまずき is only found in Okinawa.

  * [This page](http://www.okinawainfo.net/uchinaguci4.htm) seems to say that ひざまづく is 方言. 「沖縄の子供達の多くは、これを方言だという事に気がついていません。」 That said, Shogakukan gives a citation for this word from the 日本霊異記{にほんりょういき}, a Buddhist text written in 823.

  * [This other Chiebukuro post](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q117629326) quotes the _Shin Meikai Kokugo Dictionary_ to similarly state that the /-ma-/ is of unknown derivation. 「〔「ま」の意は未詳〕」

  * As cypher notes, [the "best answer" in the Chiebukuro post provided earlier](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1345302328#dtl_ans), while interesting, proposes an unlikely derivation for the `/‑ma‑/` portion, suggesting that it is a contraction of 曲{ま}げて, such that _mazuku_ would ultimately be from 曲{ま}げて突{つ}く. That poster also goes on to try to force this same etymology for 躓{つまづ}く, claiming it to be short for けつまづく with the けつ purportedly coming from 蹴{け}って and the まづく again coming from 曲{ま}げて突{つ}く. Given the contortions required, the unlikely phonological changes, and the fact that numerous other more-reputable sources derive 躓{つまづ}く from 爪{つま}突{つ}く, the proposed etymology for 躓{つまづ}く seems to be so flawed that it casts doubt on that poster's theories for ひざまづく.

  * [The non-"best answer" post that cypher mentions](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1345302328#115424165) suggests that the ひざま in ひざまづく is a contraction of 膝{ひざ}爪{つま}. However, this seems to be phonologically and semantically unlikely. The pitch accents of both words seem to preclude this, for one. If ひざ were _odaka_ , forcing a low tone immediately afterwards as in ひざは【LHL】, such that ひざ【LH】 + つま【LH】 would yield ひざつま【LHLH】, I could perhaps see the つ in つま being influenced by the preceding _odaka_ into being low tone and possibly elided that way. However, both ひざ and つま are _heiban_ pitch accent patterns, suggesting that ひざ【LH】 + つま【LH】 would yield ひざつま【LHHH】 for pitch, with no clear phonetic reason for eliding the つ.

  * Shogakukan defines 跪く as:

    * 両手を前につき、両膝をつけて、臀（しり）をあげてかがまる。膝を地につけてかしこまる。主に屈服または拝礼の意を表す。

In light of this word's meanings of supplication and the similarity to
kowtowing, I wonder if this might have originally meant something closer to
kowtowing in literal terms: 叩{kow} 頭{tow}, referring to the practice of
touching (or even striking) one's head on the ground as an extreme form of
bowing. With one's knees on the ground, touching one's head to the ground can
be almost between one's knees, making me wonder if the `/‑ma‑/` in question
isn't simply 間 "between": 膝{ひざ} (knees) 間{ま} (between) 突{づ}く (touching /
striking [the ground]).
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