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I already found '汚染除去' or '除染' for the English 'decontamination' but it seems,
both imply cleansing from radiation. Radiation can be, but is not
automatically implied in 'decontamination'. I'm looking for a word in Japanese
that doesn't automatically imply radiation. Specifically, I'm looking for a
medical term to decontaminate instruments, implants and such after usage in
surgery. Hope, someone can help!

Edit: A colleague of mine mentioned '蒸気滅菌', does anyone know whether that's
used for 'decontamination' when radiation is not involved?
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word-requests
'Decontamination' - word that doesn't imply radiation
Are you perhaps looking for the word 'disinfect'?

Antiseptic agent 消毒剤｛しょうどくざい｝

Antiseptic liquid 消毒液｛しょうどくえき｝

Antibacterial agent 殺菌剤｛さっきんざい｝

Antibacterial liquid 殺菌液｛さっきんえき｝

Antibacterial/Antiseptic 殺菌消毒剤｛さっきんしょうどくざい｝

* * *

Usually products are branded with the catch-all 消毒剤/消毒液, but when reading the
'type of product' definition, it will be listed as 殺菌消毒剤.

In verb form, the word for 'disinfect' is either 殺菌する or the more common 消毒する.
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The meaning of "decontamination" is written
[here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decontamination).  
According to the article, decontamination doesn't always mean to remove
radioactive substances. Neither does 汚染除去｛おせんじょきょ｝ or 除染｛じょせん｝. As for 汚染除去 or
除染, there may be a large proportion of meaning to remove radioactive
substances compared to decontamination, but as with 汚染除去 or 除染, they mean not
only to remove radioactive pollutants but also to remove various substances
harmful to human health. The harmful substance differs depending on the field,
but I think that it is germs or infectious diseases at the site of surgery.

In this sense, Japanese "滅菌｛めっきん｝", "殺菌｛さっきん｝" or "消毒｛しょうどく｝" written in
user27280's answer is more suitable than "除染" which has a broader meaning.

Medical or chemical liquid/agent that realizes 滅菌/殺菌/消毒 is called
消毒剤｛しょうどくざい｝/消毒液｛しょうどくえき｝/殺菌剤/殺菌液/殺菌消毒剤 written in user27280's answer and
instruments that realize 滅菌/殺菌/消毒 are called "滅菌器具｛めっきんきぐ｝/殺菌器具/消毒器具 including
"蒸気滅菌器/蒸気滅菌器具". The part of "蒸気" varies depending on the means by which "滅菌"
is carried out. If germs or bacteria can be killed with ultraviolet light
instead of steam, there is an instrument called 紫外線｛しがいせん｝滅菌器/紫外線滅菌器具.
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