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Apparently, the terms mean the same thing. They both refer to a teacher.
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2016-10-27T22:14:27.640
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word-choice kanji nouns
What is the difference in meaning between 先生 and 教師？
先生 can be used as a profession or as a title, and you can call a lawyer or a
doctor with sensei. But 教師 is the teacher profession.
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2016-10-27T22:50:47.853
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教師 means "a teacher".

先生 means "a teacher", too. But 先生 can be used for the title of teacher,
doctor, writer, politician, artist, and so on.

For example, when a student greets to the teacher in the morning, he can't say
"おはようございます、教師。". In this situation, he should say "おはようございます、先生".
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2016-10-28T05:28:08.740
40425
2016-10-28T05:28:08.740
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Like others said 先生 as a noun could be used for many titles like doctor,
teacher, professor etc, while 教師 strictly means "teacher".

However when 先生 is used as a honorific it could also mean "Mr." or "Mrs.",
like how you would call your teacher "Mr. Smith", but "Teacher Smith" would
sound extremely awkward, that is basically the same idea with 先生 vs 教師.
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2016-10-28T14:48:57.503
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2016-11-01T14:15:37.787
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Another thing to add is that since 先生 is an honorific term, it is quite
impolite to refer to yourself as 先生 even if you are a teacher.

I was instructed by a native teacher to introduce/refer to my parents (who are
university professors) as 教師. It is also more clarifying, as Japanese people
refer to many occupations with 先生: doctors, writers, lawyers...
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2016-10-28T16:31:03.143
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So 教師 means “teacher”(occupation), whereas 先生 is a honorific term. All 教師 can
be called “先生”, but not all 先生 are 教師。
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2018-01-19T22:27:18.333
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Teachers often refer to themselves as 先生 in front of their students. This
serves to enforce the formal teacher-student relationship and allows the
teacher to avoid using 私、僕、俺、all of which are words pregnant with meaning.
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2019-09-05T08:32:31.353
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2019-09-05T08:32:31.353
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教師 - teacher(profession/one`s job)

先生 - similar as miss/mam (while calling) It is not only used for teacher. It
can also used to call doctor, researchers etc,.

(私は先生です）これはだめです。

**私は教師です** 。 - I am a teacher.

**彼は私の先生です** 。- He is my teacher.
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2019-09-05T10:00:56.627
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