体面{たいめん} = honor; dignity; prestige; reputation; appearances  
面目{めんぼく} = face; countenance; honor; reputation; prestige; dignity

As individual words they seem to be almost the same, is there any difference I
need to be aware of? I'm especially curious how the phrases they are used in
distinguish their meanings.

For example, the construct `～を保つ` exists for both 体面 and 面目 but do the phrases  
`体面を保つ` and `面目を保つ`  
have meanings that are as similar as the words by themselves or do differences
in meaning and usage become apparent?

The reason I think differences may appear is because of the difference in the
verbs used with each of these words.

(All of the following are 体面を・面目を+VERB from the NINJAL corpus; excluded some
at my own discretion for brevity; attempted to group them by concept
仲間外れがあれば、自由に修正してください。)

> Same for both 体面 and 面目  
>  保つ  
>  守る  
>  重んじる  
>  損なう  
>  失う
>
> Unique to 体面  
>  気にする・思いやる  
>  汚す・捨てる  
>  維持する・繕う  
>  表す  
>  与える
>
> Unique to 面目  
>  施す  
>  一新する・改める・回復する・取り返す  
>  高める・立てる  
>  潰す・失わす・欠く  
>  示す・見せる  
>  発揮する・主張する・貫く  
>  うかがう

So what I noticed is that while both 体面 and 面目 are important, to be protected,
and can be lost, only 面目 has positive words like 一新する・改める・回復する・取り返す・高める・立てる
associated with it, while with 体面 the best you can do is 維持する・繕う。

With 体面, you 気にする・思いやる it, but with 面目, you 示す・見せる・発揮する・主張する・貫く it.

I'm not sure how clear this is, but there seems to be an intrinsic,
significant difference between these words that a dictionary can't express.
That's what I'm trying to get to the bottom of.
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question
meaning usage
What is the difference between 体面 and 面目？
体面 is what other people feel about person.  
面目 is what person feels about himself/herself.

体面 is what PR-activity creates. It is so called "personal brand".  
面目 is feeling yourself a human, not an animal.

体面 is respect and authoriy in eyes of other people.  
面目 is self-respect in person's own eyes.

体面 is public matter.  
面目 is private matter.

体面 can mean nothing to person's emotions.  
面目 is about emotional state of a person.

There are people for whom 体面 and 面目 are deeply connected. When there is some
damage to their public brand, that is to 体面, they feel, that it creates damage
to their 面目. These people are usually called honest or man of honor. For
example, samurais were men of honour, that means if they got damage to their
体面 they must kill themselves. In Russia and in Europe 150 years ago, if
somebody hurts your 体面, you have a right to challenge this person to a duel
and to kill him (or to be killed).

But there are also people for whom 体面 and 面目 are not connected at all or
slightly connected. When there is some damage to their public brand, that is
to 体面, they feel, that it creates no damage to their 面目.

Let's take stackexchange for example.  
When you post a question or an answer you might get minuses, many-many minuses
and your post gets red. That is damage to your 体面. For example, when I write
these words, I have 320 points of my public reputation on stackexchange. So 体面
can be mesured in points, in number of subscribers at your youtube channel or
in amount of money you earn.

But would you feel, that minuses on stackexchage hurt your feelings?  
If yes, then you have damage to 面目.  
If no, then you have no damage to 面目.

People, who can not get damage to their 面目 also can be called shameless.  
No matter what happens to them, they do not feel shame at all, but they can
get damage to their personal brand, that is to their 体面.

Damage to 体面 is when people hate you, when people around you decided that you
are a bad person and you should be punished/banned/forgotten/fired/etc.
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answer
As in the comment, 「体面を保つ」and 「面目ない」are common phrase. Let's analyze how it
works.

If CEO of the company does not wear suits and goes to an important meeting
wearing T-shirt, normally you "can not save your face" :「体面を保てない」 as CEO since
CEO has such a social status that they are expected to be seen as such. It is
talking about more of ambience. It's like face-value or a package of product.

If CEO of the company did the presentation of their product and could not
appeal to the market, they might feel「面目ない」to stakeholders such as employees
or shareholders. So the phrase is used when the reputation and expectation
actually really matters to the environment.

Thus,「面目」is used in a situation which is more sensible and to be bona-fide
than「体面」.
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answer