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I'm learning Japanese, N5 level. I wonder why Japanese verbs have so many
forms. For example, to say that we are doing something, we use "te" form
(which I am learning right now). To say we are able to do something, we use
another "potential" form. When we say somebody must do something, we use
another "imperative" form.

So, I guess for each meaning/variation of the verb, we need a new form. If the
pattern continues to grow, there must be hundreds of forms? But I read that
there are only about 10 forms(!?). I really don't understand. Can anyone
explain to me what a verb form is? What is its role in the sentence?

I will list some use cases. Please let me know which form I should use:

  * should do something 
  * need to do something 
  * want to do something 
  * hate to do something 
  * like to do something 
  * being told to do something 
  * afraid of doing something 
  * regret of having done something

Thanks.
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2018-10-01T15:13:14.250
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question
grammar
Why Japanese verb has so many forms?
Since you are a beginner, probably it's best to get used to the most useful
"forms" of Japanese, including the te-form, masu-form (aka polite form),
imperative form, etc. It's the fastest way to learn to communicate in
Japanese.

But if you keep studying Japanese systematically, you will encounter something
unusual like 食べさせられたくなかった, which roughly means "did not want to be forced to
eat". Do we really have to name this "form" as something like "the past-
negative-desire-causative-passive form" and learn it by rote? Certainly not.

Actually, there are only **five** (or six) basic verb conjugation patterns in
modern standard Japanese. Some of the "forms" you have learned are actually
combinations of one of the five patterns and "an auxiliary" (助動詞 in Japanese).
Auxiliaries works very similarly to English auxiliary verbs ("can", "should",
"may", etc.; also known as helping verbs) except that you don't need spaces
and that they come after verbs. You can attach more than one auxiliary to say
something complicated like "past + potential", "passive + causative", or even
"passive + causative + volitional + negative + past". The most common
auxiliaries you have probably learned already include ます (the polite marker),
た/だ (the past-tense marker), れる/られる (the potential marker), て/で (the
"continuation" marker of the te-form), etc. The part before た and て are
exactly the same for all types of verbs, and people call it 連用形 ("continuative
form"), which is one of the five basic patterns. So once you have mastered the
te-form (I know it's a bit hard at first), that means you have also mastered
the conjugation patterns of the ta-form (past tense), too.

So you don't have to worry too much; seemingly some textbooks for Japanese
learners like to introduce many "forms", including "tari-form" and "nagara-
form", but you can learn them quite easily once you have learned the basic
five patterns. (Another good news is that there are very few irregular verbs
in Japanese.)

For more details, please see the following (But don't worry if you cannot
understand them now):

  * [Does "te-form" of a verb always include て/で? Why?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36310/5010)
  * [Random Japanese - 活用](https://grapefruitcake.tumblr.com/post/145712193913/%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8-conjugation)
  * [Japanese with Anime - Verbs in Japanese - How do they work?](https://www.japanesewithanime.com/2017/07/verbs-japanese-grammar.html) (There is a great breakdown of how 食べさせられたくなかった works)
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answer