12888
As I read 「ノルウェイの森」 by 村上春樹, I noticed some words that are probably mistyped.  

```

    しかしそのおかけでクラスの中で僕の立場はもっと孤立したものになった。
    
```

Shouldn't it be そのおかげで?

A few more examples:

```

    「...」と彼は黒いボストン・バックに衣類やノートを詰めこみながら言った。
    
```

バッグ => バック (no dakuten)

```

    そしてそんなことを考えれば考えるほど僕の体は余計に飢え、そしで乾いた。
    
```

そして => そしで (extra dakuten)

```

    彼にとつてはそれはただのゲームにすぎないのだ。
    
```

とって => とつて (っ grows up to つ, this is another kind of transformation, but I'm
not sure if I should create a separate question for it)

Are these words just misprinted or they are used correctly?
CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-09-20T15:16:01.537
12886
2013-09-20T18:17:39.923
1640
question
kana-usage
Unusual dakutens and つ instead of っ
I think おかけで, かつと, and そしで are most plausibly explained as misprints. They
don't generally occur, and this novel is too recent (written in 1987) to make
comparisons to historical kana orthography.

Although it's possible that バック too is a misprint, another explanation seems
plausible to me in this case. In Japanese, a phenomenon called rendaku or
_sequential voicing_ occurs primarily in compounds such as ひとびと, in which ひと
is joined with another ひと, but the second /h/ is voiced to /b/. This is
limited (but not predicted) by Lyman's Law, a set of rules that explain when
sequential voicing should not happen.

Although バッグ is _not_ an example of sequential voicing, as it consists of a
single morpheme loaned from English, if you apply a similar set of rules to
loanwords in Japanese, you discover something interesting. If we applied
Lyman's law, we'd find that the /k/ in ばっく could not voice to /g/ because of
the voiced obstruent /b/ in the beginning of the word. And when Lyman's law
would prevent voicing in native compounding, it manifests as _optional
devoicing_ in loanwords. That is, the /g/ in バッグ optionally devoices to /k/,
giving us バック. Other examples include:

> ビッ **グ** → ビッ **ク**  
>  ベッ **ド** → ベッ **ト**

This is a native Japanese phonetic rule appearing as a _tendency_ in contexts
where it should not strictly apply. This was first pointed out by Kohei
Nishimura's thesis, _Lyman's Law in Loanwords_ (2003) and has been the subject
of some recent research. In particular, Shigeto Kawahara illustrates in
_Aspects of Japanese loanword devoicing_ (2011) that this devoicing is more
likely to happen in words that are used more frequently.

(Of course, I think in published material it would still be considered an
error, but I think there's at least a possibility that it's a more interesting
kind of error than a simple misprint.)
CC BY-SA 3.0
2013-09-20T17:53:45.507
12888
2013-09-20T18:17:39.923
2013-09-20T18:17:39.923
12886
answer