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> A : この音楽、ご存知でしょう。  
>  B : ええ、どこかで聞いた **ように思っ** たんですが。

I think the ように思う together with んですが implies uncertainty in the speaker's
thoughts, but I'm not sure whether I grasped the concept or not. It seems like
ように思う and と思う are the same grammatically but different in nuance or the like.

What does ように思う exactly mean?

> A : あれ、宿題を忘れたんですか。  
>  B : ええ、________ **ように思っ** たんですが。

I'm not sure which one is more appropriate to fill in the blank (my own
answers)

> かばんに入れた or 家に忘れた

Following the first example, the latter is more suitable? I think there are
better answers.

> A : 私のペンを知りませんか。  
>  B : さっき、________ **ように思い** ますが。

This one is in present tense, I hope there are no differences between 思った and
思う in this context.

Are there? Maybe like a realization that caused a change in mind?
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question
grammar word-choice
ように思う what is the exact meaning?
ように思った or と思った are synonymous (the former somehow feels more indirect, but
they are the same, after all) and, combined with のだが, mean that what you have
thought is paradoxical to the current situation.

When it comes to your example,

> A : あれ、宿題を忘れたんですか。  
>  B : ええ、かばんに入れたように思ったんですが

It expresses a paradoxical situation where you thought you put it into your
bag but it's not found there.

In present tense, you can interpret it as "it seems" or "I think". (As for the
last question, the one that works well with さっき (just before) is かばんに入れた.)
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answer
According to "A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar", page 547, ように is the
adverbial form of ようだ。 ようだ is "an auxiliary na-type adjective which expresses
the likelihood or the likeness of something or someone". It can be translated
as: look like, look as if, be like, appear, seem.

Examples:  
杉山{すぎやま}さんはアメリカへ行{い}くようだ。  
It appears that Mr. Sugiyama is going to America.

スミスさんは日本人{にほんじん}のように日本語{にほんご}を話{はな}します。  
Mr. Smith speaks Japanese like a Japanese.

Also, the site below lists several expressions to indicate likelihood:  
〜ようだ  
〜ように思う  
〜ものと思われる  
〜ような気がする  
〜ような感じがする  
<http://web.ydu.edu.tw/~uchiyama/1h93fy/omou.html>
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answer