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I have read several definitions (e.g.
[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E-488640)
and
[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%BA%96%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E-530025))
and explanations
([here](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10225227670)
for example), but I am not sure any real differences are drawn except one is
助詞, the other 名詞.

The list given for 形式名詞:

>
> 和語では「こと・もの・あいだ・うち・とおり・とき・せい・はず・かた・ほど・よし・ふし・ところ・ゆえ」など、漢語では「件・儀・体(てい)・方(ほう)・点・段・分」などがある。(精選版
> 日本国語大辞典)

The 準体助詞 list:

>
> 「の」（「弟からのは大きかった」）、「ぞ」（「どこぞが痛んだ」）、「から」（「三〇〇斤からの重さ」）、「ほど」（「三つほどがちょうどいい」）、「ばかり」（「一〇人ばかりがちょうどいる」）、「だけ」（「三つだけあまる」）(ibid.)

But there are cases where の can be used interchangeably with こと

> 絵を描く[こと/の]が好き

In cases like this, is の a 準体助詞? 形式名詞? If の is a 準体助詞 while こと a 形式名詞, and
they essentially serve the same grammatical purpose, doesn't that create some
sort of paradox?

What about の in:

> あれは彼のだよ

> 赤いのがいい

How exactly do 形式名詞 and 準体助詞 differ, given that both seem to refer to
nominalizers?
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question
grammar syntax nominalization terminology parts-of-speech
How exactly are 準体助詞 and 形式名詞 different? In what regard? And where does の stand?
Let me use these labels in this answer:

  * **A** : あれは彼 **の** だよ。(の as のもの)
  * **B** : 赤い **の** が欲しい。こんな **の** が欲しい。(の as もの)
  * **C** : 絵を描く **の** が好きだ。(の as a nominalizer)
  * **D** : 彼女は学生な **の** だ。彼は知っている **の** だ。(explanatory-の)

* * *

準体助詞 is not really a widely used term. According to the following links, 準体助詞
can be roughly summarized as "a word which was **originally a 助詞** but has
gained the role as a (形式)名詞". Some people believe it's still a special 助詞, and
some people believe it's effectively a (形式)名詞 (or a suffix) already.

  * [名詞](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E) on Wikipedia says **C** is 準体助詞, and says it's called so because it was originally a 助詞.

> 「彼に聞くのがいい」「あちらに着いてからが大事だ」などの「の」「から」も、機能は形式名詞に似るが、 **助詞に由来するので**
> 準体助詞（準体言助詞）と呼ばれる。

  * [助詞](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E#%E6%BA%96%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E) on Wikipedia says **C** is categorized as 格助詞 by some.

>
> 「彼に聞くのがいい」「あちらに着いてからが大事だ」というときの「の」「から」は、用言の後について体言相当の意味を表す。この機能は形式名詞（「こと」「もの」「ところ」など）と似ているので準体助詞と呼ばれる。
> **格助詞に含める説と、含めない説がある。**

  * [準体助詞](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%BA%96%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E/) on デジタル大辞泉 says **A** , **B** and **C** are 準体助詞. (But its definition contains ～とする, implying this is not a universally accepted concept.)

> ほとんどが格助詞からの転用。「私のがない」「きれいなのがほしい」「行くのをやめる」の「の」

  * [準体助詞](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%BA%96%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E-530025) on 精選版日本国語大辞典 says **A** is 準体助詞, but also says many believe it's just a noun.

> これらは、格助詞・係助詞・副助詞、あるいは接尾語としても扱われ、 **形式名詞、あるいは名詞とする説が多い** 。

  * [の](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AE/#jn-171157) and [のだ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A0/#jn-171961) on デジタル大辞泉 say **A** , **B** , **C** and **D** are all 準体助詞.

  * [の](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AE-596099) and [のだ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A0-596938) on 精選版日本国語大辞典 say **A** is "格助詞(準体助詞とする説もある)", B and C are just 名詞, and D is 格助詞.

  * の on 明鏡国語辞典第3版 explains **A** , **B** , **C** and **D** under 助詞, but without using the term 準体助詞 itself.

  * Many Wikipedia articles acknowledge **C** and **D** are 準体助詞. See [these search results](https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2&limit=500&offset=0&ns0=1&search=%22%E6%BA%96%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E%22).

  * Several websites for JSL learners I checked treat の simply as a 形式名詞.

So all of A, B, C and D might be called (準体)助詞 depending on the writer's
preference :)

I personally think の in B, C and D can be simply explained as a (形式)名詞. の in A
is somewhat grammatically special, but it can be explained as a noun-forming
suffix, too. Practically speaking, the etymology-based category, 準体助詞, seems
not very useful to me. From the standpoint of a modern Japanese speaker, I can
think of no practical merit in thiking 寝るのが好き and 寝ることが好き are syntactically
different, even if this の was etymologically a genitive particle.

(By the way, I personally didn't know の-as-a-nominalizer derived from the
genitive case particle の. It's semantically much closer to こと/もの now...)
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answer