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I lived in Japan for some time and can communicate quite well. However,
sometimes there are some constructs in Japanese which I know but can't explain
with grammatical rules.

最終 + noun is one of them. For example the last entry time to a restaurant
could be 最終入館：２２時.

Grammatically thinking it should be 最終の入館, but I've never heard that. Is there
a reason why the の is not present in these constructs or is there just some
irregular thing going on that you have to know?
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particle-の adjectives
Grammatical Correctness of 最終+noun
最終 is not a noun but a ~~suffix~~ prefix unless it means an abbreviation of
最終列車 (the last train). So, it doesn't need の.

According to [this
dictionary](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%80%E7%B5%82-507721#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88),
it shows an example in which it's used as a noun. So, I correct my idea. I
haven't seen it used that way, though I'm Japanese. I'm sorry. I have to
answer it as "最終 is usually a suffix, rather than a noun".
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Basically [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/48792/31243) from
[Dim](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/19441/dim), if you like this
answer go upvote where it counts please.

Bottom line is 最終 is not used as a noun, but as an adjective (I'd say 連体詞,
_rentaishi_ , same as e.g. 大きな, but I can't guarantee it). Jisho.org just
might be wrong (actually JMdict from which it takes the data).

最後 is used as a noun or a の-adjective. (e.g. 列の最後, 最後の晩餐).

最終 is used as an adjective right before noun. (e.g. 最終列車, 最終的)

When they are adjectives, they are usually interchangeable, e.g. 最後のバス is
interchangeable with 最終バス. Again notice the の with 最後 and the lack thereof
with 最終.
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The book _A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar_ by Makino & Tsutsui
has a section on "Newspaper Grammar" that states:

"Japanese newspapers use certain sentence forms, phrases, and words which are
not common in other writing"

One of the forms that it lists is "Ellipsis of _no_ [: ] The noun contractor
_no_ is often dropped in long noun compounds (particularly, in those that
contain more than one _no_ ) "

That's probably the best way to understand a phrase like 最終入館: as a noun
compound 最終の入館 where the の has been omitted for the sake of brevity.
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最終入館 is the short form of 最終入館時刻。

Grammatically, 最終入館(時刻) is considered as a single noun, which is why you don’t
have to say 最終の入館時刻(最終-noun, に-particle, 入館時刻-noun).

In English, there are a few cases that a noun works as an adjective. Example;
rabbit hatch / cat food / tennis racket

Similarly, 最終(noun) works like an adjective that qualifies 入館時刻(noun).
However, gramatically, we don’t consider 最終 as a single adjective. 最終入館(時刻) is
seen as a single noun instead.

最終の入館 literally sounds like "entry of the last" and a bit awkward whereas 最終入館
is the same as "the last entry", which sounds pretty natural.

When you see a sign board which says " last entry : 8pm", doesn’t that make
sense to you? (Although it should be written as "the last entry time : 8pm").
It’s like the same kind of thing in Japanese.

Those words are collocations, and there is no certain rule to see when to
eliminate の, which connects two nouns. In English, "chocolate bar” would never
called "a bar of chocolate" even though there’s no grammatical explanation for
it. In Japanese, 最終入館 is one of the same cases.

-Examples of collocations that eliminate "の"

  1. 起床時刻{きしょうじこく} 、就寝時刻{しゅうしんじこく} (time to wake up/sleep)

  2. 友達関係 {ともだちかんけい} (relationships with friends)

  3. 勉強時間 {べんきょうじかん} (hours of study)

Not always, but 〜関係、〜時間 、〜期間、〜確率 are mostly the case that eliminates の.
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