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For example, while having lunch with your coworkers and you have to attend
some matter soon, what would be a natural way to leave the table? I think that
in this case saying お先に失礼します would be wrong.
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politeness business-japanese
What to say when leaving the table before everybody else?
`お先に失礼します` may not be ideal for this situation, as it is what you say when you
leave work before others (see: [When is it appropriate to use お疲れ様
(otsukaresama)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1158/when-is-it-
appropriate-to-use-otsukaresama)).

ごちそうさま[でした] is the closest you could get to a meal-closing expression. It can
be "dangerous", in that it has the implied sense of being treated by whoever
you are saying this to (and would therefore be extraordinarily rude, if that
is not the case, like saying "thanks for inviting me" when the bill comes, and
you were _not_ invited). However, it is perfectly fine in a casual context
where it is clear nobody's treating anybody else, such as a work cafeteria
lunch.

In your particular case, perhaps a simple short excuse ("会議がありますので...") while
getting up might do.

It is also very common (particularly for younger people and women) to do a
_very_ small bow-with-praying-hands at the end of a meal (usually while saying
ごちそうさま[でした]), similar to the way you open with (bow-with-hands-together,
saying "いただきます"): this is the way children are taught to behave at a table,
but I think it's still perfectly OK as an adult (albeit played down a little
not to sound too childish) and does send the message you are getting up from
the table.
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お先に失礼します is appropriate. You can drop the お if there's something before
先に失礼します:

-(今日は仕事が忙しいので or any other reason)先に失礼します

-Or you have the obvious ごちそうさまでした

In any case, both sentences are a little abrupt. Saying 皆さんゆっくり食べて（ください）ね
works well.
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I usually say something like "あ、すみません、あのう…少し用事があるのですが…". When I get visual
acknowledgement, I stand up, bow and go away saying, "あ、では、失礼します。"
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I won't say お先に失礼します is completely out of place, but you should at least
mention why you're leaving, so as to assure that you're not offended or
anything:

> すみません、片付けたい仕事がありますので、先に失礼します。

Abruptly announcing お先に失礼します is probably too closely tied to the idiomatic
usage (when leaving work).

先に戻ります or 先に行きます can also work as a substitution for 先に失礼します.

> すみません、やってしまいたいことがあるので、先に戻ります。

If you're unsure about which verb to use, just [cut it
short](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/391/about-cutting-the-
sentences-short) with a trailing ellipsis (see Axioplase's and Dave's answer):

> すみません、ちょっと用事があるので...

If your colleagues already know you have something to attend to, or your KY
radar is all clear, you can get as brief as:

> じゃ、お先です。

Some people may think it's too informal for work, but you'll be ok as long as
other people around you are using it.

ごちそうさまでした works best when you're eating your
[bentos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bento) together. See Dave's answer for a
complete explanation.
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