text.text: elektrauniki mein ekeekrut paripth ya ekeepari (inteegreted sarkit (IC) ko sookshmaparipth (maaikrosarkit), sookshmachip, silikaun chip, ya keval chip ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai. yeh ek ardhachaalak padaarth ke andar bana hua elektraunik paripth hi hota hai jismein pratirodh, sandhaaritr aadi paisiv kamponent (nishkriya ghatak) ke alaava daayod, traanjistar aadi ardhachaalak avayav nirmit kiye jaate hain. jis prakaar saamaanya paripth ka nirmaan alag-alag (diskreet) avayav jodkar kiya jaata hai, aaisi ka nirmaan vaise na karke ek ardhachaalak ke bheetar sabhi avayav ek saath hi ek vishisht prakriya ka paalan karte hue nirmit kar diye jaate hain. ekeekrut paripth aajkal jeevan ke har kshetr mein upayog mein laaye ja rahe hain. inke kaaran elektraanik upakaranon ka aakaar atyant chhota ho gaya hai, unki kaarya kshamata bahut adhik ho gayi hai evam unki shakti ki jaroorat bahut kam ho gayi hai.
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text.text: sookshmachip, ekeepari ki ek chip hoti hai, jo ki silikaun se bani hoti hai. yeh progaam laujik aur computer memori ke liye banaai jaati hai. vartamaan mein sookshmachip computer, mobile, peedeee aur maaikrovev ovan sahit kai electronic upakaranon ka aavashyak ang ban chuki hain.[1] sookshmachip apne 50 varsho ki yaatra poorn kar chuki hai. 1958 mein iska avishkaar Robert nauyas aur Jack kilbe ne kiya tha. ye donon alag-alag companiyon mein kaam karte the aur donon hi companiyaan is shodh ko apne drushtikon se kar rahi thi. is shodh ke uparaant baad donon hi companiyon ne iske peteint ke liye aavedan kiya. baad mein donon companiyon ko sammilit roop se iska license diya gaya aur iska sammilt peteint diya gaya. pehli baar sookshmachip 1961 mein logon ko upalabdh hui. jik kilbe ne hi baad mein portebal kailakuletar ka aavishkaar kiya. tab se lekar ab tak sookshmachip mein kai badlaav aa chuke hain. pehli sookshmachip mein jahaan ek traanjistar, ek kaipesitr aur teen rajistar the, vaheen aaj ki sookshmachip mein ek chhote si jagah mein lagbhag 125 million traanjistar samaae hote hain.
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text.text: itne saare avayavon (components) ko aapas mein jodne me lagne wala samay ab naheen lagta.
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text.text: paripth ka aakaar bahut chhota ho jaata hai jisse chhote aakaar ke elektraunik cheejein banaayi ja sakateen hain.
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text.text: enaalaug aaisi (Analog IC) - jinka paripth kisi enaalaug prakruti ke kaam ke liye bana hota hai. jaise uA741 (aapareshanal emplifaayar) ek enaalaug aaisi hai.
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text.text: mishrit sanket aaisi (Mixed signal IC) - in ekeekrut paripthon par enaulaug aur digital dono hi paripth maujood hote hain. udaaharan ke liye kuchh maaikrokantrolaron par dono tarah ke paripth hote hain. edeesi (ADC) tatha deeesi (DAC) ke ekeepari (ekeekrut paripth) is shreni mein aate hain.
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text.text: digital ekeekrut paripthon ko unamein prayukt traanjistaron ki sakhya ke aadhaar par smaal skel inteegreted (SSI), midiym skel inteegreted (MSI), laarj skel inteegreted (LSI), veri laarj skel inteegreted (VLSI), ultra laarj skel inteegreted (ULSI) aadi mein baanta jaata hai.
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text.text: 555 taaimar aaisi - lokapriya taaimar aaisi hai. yeh anya kaamon ke alaava mukhyat: A-stebal malteevaaibretar evam mono-stebal malteevaaibretar banaane ke liye kaam aata hai.
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text.text: 7400 series TTL logic building blocks (taarkik nirmaan block)
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text.text: 4000 series, the CMOS counterpart to the 7400 series
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text.text: Intel 4004, vishv ka pehla maaikroprosesar (sookshmaprakramak)
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text.text: MOS Technology 6502 aur Zilog Z80 maaikroprosesar jo 1980 ke dashak mein anekon ghareloo kampyootaron mein prayukt hue.
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text.text: A presentation of the chip manufacturing process, from Applied Materials
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text.text: The Chipworks silicon art gallery
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