[{"text_idx": "#000002", "text": "Clymau ddoe: effaith polis\u0456\u0308au Lloegr a heriau allweddol eraill sy\u2019n wynebu prifysgolion Cymru / For Wales see England, and other key challenges facing Welsh universities"}, {"text_idx": "#000005", "text": "Does dim dwywaith fod hyn yn hollol wir. Dros y blynyddoedd nesaf, bydd pob is-ganghellor yng Nghymru\u2019n gorfod llywio\u2019u sefydliadau trwy foroedd dyfnion ad-drefnu addysg drydyddol Gymreig, gan wybod y bydd yr ad-drefnu ar yr ochr arall i\u2019r ffin yn cael effaith gyfatebol, os nad effaith fwy fyth, arnynt. Ar yr un pryd, bydd yn rhaid iddynt ganfod ffyrdd o lwyddo mewn marchnad sy\u2019n crebachu ac, yn o\u0302l pob tebyg, yn wyneb cyfundrefn fisas llawer llymach. Bydd prifysgolion Cymru\u2019n \u2018geidwaid eu cymunedau\u2019, er eu bod yn dal i ddawnsio i ddrwm Lloegr."}, {"text_idx": "#000009", "text": "Yn sector addysg drydyddol Lloegr, bydd darparwyr addysg uwch traddodiadol yn cystadlu ymysg ei gilydd, ond hefyd a\u0302 \u2018chyrff sy\u2019n herio\u2019 (chwedl y Blaid Geidwadol) a Sefydliadau Technoleg fydd yn cynnig hyfforddiant galwedigaethol ar lefel gradd. Yn wahanol i brifysgolion Gogledd Iwerddon a\u2019r Alban, mae prifysgolion Cymru\u2019n llawer mwy agored i niwed o ganlyniad i\u2019r datblygiadau hyn \u2013 allan nhw ddim fforddio sefyll yn stond yn gwylio\u2019r sioe tu hwnt i Glawdd Offa."}, {"text_idx": "#000011", "text": "Yn o\u0302l Papur Gwyn y Blaid Geidwadol ar y pwnc, bwriad y data newydd hwn yw rhoi gwybodaeth wreiddiol a gwerthfawr i ddarpar fyfyrwyr. Mae\u2019n cysylltu data am dreth, budd-daliadau a benthyciadau myfyrwyr gyda\u2019r bwriad o roi ffigwr ar \u2018werth\u2019 ennill gradd, yr hyn a elwir yn \u2018bremiwm graddio\u2019."}, {"text_idx": "#000013", "text": "Mae\u2019r gystadleuaeth gynyddol frwd ac agored hon am fyfyrwyr yn digwydd yng nghyd-destun marchnad sy\u2019n crebachu, fel y gwydd pob is-ganghellor yn dda, wrth i nifer y bobl ifanc 18 oed yn y Deyrnas Gyfunol ostwng."}, {"text_idx": "#000014", "text": "Rhagwelir y bydd 80,000 yn llai o bobl ifanc 18 oed yn y Deyrnas Gyfunol erbyn 2020, o gymharu a\u0302 2012. Mae\u2019r data diweddaraf gan UCAS ar gyfer 2017 yn dangos y cafwyd 4% yn llai o ymgeiswyr addysg uwch yn y Deyrnas Gyfunol o gymharu a\u0302 2016, gydag 8% yn llai o geisiadau i ddarparwyr Cymreig (er bod y niferoedd hyn yn amrywio o sefydliad i sefydliad)."}, {"text_idx": "#000015", "text": "Ar yr un pryd, bydd yn rhaid i brifysgolion Cymru fyw yng nghysgod ymrwymiad y llywodraeth Geidwadol i unioni\u2019r hyn y maen nhw\u2019n ei alw\u2019n orddibyniaeth gan y sector ar fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol trwy dynhau rheolau fisas myfyrwyr."}, {"text_idx": "#000017", "text": "Mae corff Prifysgolion Cymru wedi croesawu\u2019r bwriad i ad-drefnu\u2019r sector addysg drydyddol. Mae\u2019n hen bryd i hyn ddigwydd. Ond, fel pob ymgais uchelgeisiol i ad-drefnu, nid yw heb risg, a bydd yn rhaid i ddarparwyr gadw\u2019r risgiau hynny mewn cof."}, {"text_idx": "#000019", "text": "Mae prifysgolion Cymru eisoes yn cydweithio\u2019n naturiol ac yn llwyddiannus; mae partneriaethau rif y gwlith rhyngddynt. Fodd bynnag, byddai llwyddo i lunio amcanion ffurfiol ar y cyd er mwyn denu nawdd \u2013 a bod yn gydatebol i\u2019r rheoleiddiwr am eu cyflawni \u2013 yn her o fath gwahanol i\u2019r sector."}, {"text_idx": "#000022", "text": "Fodd bynnag, bydd prifysgolion Cymru yn parhau i wynebu heriau strwythurol sylweddol ac unigryw (ymhlith gwledydd y Deyrnas Gyfunol) wrth geisio cydbwyso\u2019u cyfraniad dilys at fywyd dinesig Cymru a\u0302 ffyniant y sector, tra\u2019n cadw\u2019u golygon tua\u2019r gorwel ac ymgysylltu a\u0302 gweddill y Deyrnas Gyfunol a\u2019r byd."}, {"text_idx": "#000024", "text": "This arguably understates the reality. Over the next few years, Welsh vice-chancellors will need to navigate and respond to Welsh tertiary education reforms whilst English reforms have an equal or sometimes greater impact on Welsh universities. They must also succeed in a shrinking market of 18-year-olds and quite probably, a stricter student visa regime. Welsh universities will need to be \u201cstewards of place\u201d in Wales, whilst remaining inextricably linked to that other place, England."}, {"text_idx": "#000027", "text": "Whilst the Welsh Government repeatedly describes direct competition within the tertiary education sector as \u201cunhelpful\u201d and \u201cunnecessary\u201d, Westminster sees it as the primary means to drive up standards and increase value for money."}, {"text_idx": "#000028", "text": "The English tertiary education sector will see traditional higher education providers competing not only between themselves, but also with \u2018challenger\u2019 institutions and new Institutes of Technology offering degree level vocational training. Welsh universities are far more exposed to these developments than those in Northern Ireland or Scotland \u2013 they can never afford to simply look across the border as passive observers."}, {"text_idx": "#000030", "text": "LEO data is intended to provide a \u201cvaluable source of information for prospective students\u201d. It links tax, benefits and student loans data and is intended to enable an understanding of what level of \u2018graduate premium\u2019 can be expected from gaining a degree."}, {"text_idx": "#000031", "text": "LEO data comes with many caveats. Arguably, the most sinister is the fact the data will reflect the pronounced regional differences in pay found in the UK. This should worry marketing departments at Welsh universities since median gross weekly earnings in Wales are the second lowest amongst the 12 UK countries and English regions."}, {"text_idx": "#000032", "text": "Those Welsh providers who recruit a large number of their students locally and who then stay in Wales to work, may be perceived as offering a lower graduate premium compared to many English institutions. In such a competitive sector \u2013 this would not be helpful."}, {"text_idx": "#000033", "text": "This increasingly fierce and open competition for students is taking place \u2013 as every vice-chancellor will know only too well \u2013 within a shrinking market as the number of 18-year-olds within the UK falls."}, {"text_idx": "#000034", "text": "It is forecast that there will be 80,000 fewer 18-year-olds within the UK by 2020, compared to 2012. The most recent 2017 UCAS data shows a 4% drop in the volume of applicants to higher education in the UK compared to 2016, with an 8% drop in applications to Welsh providers (unevenly spread)."}, {"text_idx": "#000035", "text": "At the same time, Welsh universities remain exposed to the continued commitment by the Conservative government to rebalance what they see as a sector over-reliance on international students by toughening the student visa regime."}, {"text_idx": "#000037", "text": "This reform of the tertiary education sector has been welcomed by Universities Wales and is overdue. However, as with any ambitious reform, it is not without risk and providers will need to be cognisant of them."}, {"text_idx": "#000039", "text": "Welsh universities collaborate naturally and successfully \u2013 they participate in a myriad of partnerships. However, it would be a different sort challenge for the sector to collaboratively develop formal shared outcomes to unlock funding, and to then be jointly accountable to the regulator for their delivery."}, {"text_idx": "#000042", "text": "However Welsh universities will continue to face deep and unique (amongst the countries of the UK) structural challenges around having to balance delivering their rightful contribution toward Welsh civic life and collective prosperity, whilst concurrently looking outward and engaging across the UK and internationally."}, {"text_idx": "#000047", "text": "Respect is everything in Rugby"}]