[{"text_idx": "#000001", "text": "Y bugail, ei gi a'i ddefaid"}, {"text_idx": "#000002", "text": "(Scroll down for the English version)"}, {"text_idx": "#000003", "text": "Ymysg y rhestrau geiriau a luniodd yr ysgrifwr John Jones o Gellilyfdy yng ngharchar y Fflyd rhwng 1631 a 1633, y mae sawl rhestr sy\u2019n ymwneud a\u0302 gwaith yr amaethwr gan gynnwys y da byw yn ei ystyr letaf, sef anifeiliaid y fferm. Rwyf wedi bod yn gweithio ar un o\u2019r rhestrau hyn yr wythnos hon: Y bugail a\u2019i berthynas (\u2018y bugail defaid a\u2019r hyn sy\u2019n berthnasol iddo\u2019), ac mae dau air yn arbennig wedi achosi tipyn o grafu pen i mi, sef ystofi defaid ac ystofiad (ac ystofiad yn amlwg yn cyfeirio at y weithred o ystofi defaid)."}, {"text_idx": "#000004", "text": "Daw\u2019r geiriau hyn ar ddechrau\u2019r rhestr: enwir y bugail (a\u2019r lluosog bugeiliaid a bugelydd), ei grefft yw bugeila, ac wrth ei waith bydd yn corlannu defaid mewn corddlan / corlan (dwy ffurf ar yr un gair). Rhwng y geiriau corddlan a corlannu defaid y daw ystofi defaid ac ystofiad, a chan mai geirfa wedi ei threfnu\u2019n thematig yn o\u0302l ystyr yw hon, mae\u2019n rhaid cadw\u2019r lleoliad mewn cof wrth ddyfalu\u2019r ystyr."}, {"text_idx": "#000005", "text": "Mae tair berf ystofi yn cael eu rhestru yng Ngeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (GPC), a\u2019r tair yn ddigon hen a pharchus:"}, {"text_idx": "#000006", "text": "ystofi1: \u2018trefnu edafedd yn ystof\u2019 (term o fyd y gwehydd), a defnydd ffigurol ohoni yng nghyswllt rhoi trefn ar bethau eraill, fel ty\u0302 (dechrau\u2019r 17g. ymlaen)ystofi2: \u2018cyflwyno\u2019, gair o\u2019r Saesneg stow, fel yn bestow (1672 ymlaen)ystofi3: \u2018dofi, darostwng\u2019, yn cynnwys y ferf dofi. (16g. ymlaen)"}, {"text_idx": "#000007", "text": "ystofi1: \u2018trefnu edafedd yn ystof\u2019 (term o fyd y gwehydd), a defnydd ffigurol ohoni yng nghyswllt rhoi trefn ar bethau eraill, fel ty\u0302 (dechrau\u2019r 17g. ymlaen)"}, {"text_idx": "#000008", "text": "ystofi2: \u2018cyflwyno\u2019, gair o\u2019r Saesneg stow, fel yn bestow (1672 ymlaen)"}, {"text_idx": "#000009", "text": "ystofi3: \u2018dofi, darostwng\u2019, yn cynnwys y ferf dofi. (16g. ymlaen)"}, {"text_idx": "#000010", "text": "Gallwn ddiystyru ystofi2. Ystyriais ddefnydd ffigurol o ystofi1 yn ofalus: y syniad o roi trefn ar ddefaid sydd a\u0302 thuedd naturiol ynddynt i fynd ar chwa\u0302l, gan eu dychmygu\u2019n ymlwybro i mewn i\u2019r gorlan, yn drefnus fesul un fel mae edafedd y gwehydd wedi eu gosodiad ar y gwy\u0302dd. A\u2019r un syniad yn fras o ran ystofi3, a\u2019r defaid yn ymddwyn yn \u2018ddof\u2019 wrth \u2018ddarostwng\u2019 i ddymuniad y bugail. Er nad oedd y naill na\u2019r llall yn taro deuddeg yn llawn, teimlwn fod potensial gan y ddwy ferf."}, {"text_idx": "#000011", "text": "Yna, fel sy\u2019n digwydd yn aml, digwyddais ddod ar draws esboniad posibl arall, wrth chwilota mewn llyfr am rywbeth hollol wahanol. Y llyfr oedd cyfrol hyfryd Hugh Evans, Cwm Eithin (Lerpwl, 1931), sy\u2019n disgrifio bywyd cefn gwlad yn ardal Llangwm, yn yr hen sir Ddinbych, yng nghanol y 19g. Wrth chwilota drwy\u2019r tudalennau daliodd y pennawd \u2018Diwrnod Hel Defaid\u2019 fy sylw. Yno esbonia Hugh Evans mai dal defaid a wna\u0302i cw\u0302n y bugail erstalwm ac mai arfer cymharol ddiweddar oedd defnyddio ci i hel defaid at ei gilydd. Esbonia:"}, {"text_idx": "#000012", "text": "\u2018Y pryd hynny [h.y. pan oedd yn blentyn], nid oedd y ci hel wedi dyfod i Gymru, dim ond y ci dal, fel y byddai\u2019n rhaid i\u2019r holl deulu droi allan i hel defaid. Y gwahaniaeth rhwng ci dal a chi hel defaid yw hyn. Arfer y ci dal oedd rhedeg ar o\u0302l y ddafad a ddangosid iddo, a\u2019i dal gerfydd ei gwar, a hynny\u2019n dyner heb adael o\u0302l ei ddannedd ar y ei chroen ... Nid oedd y ci dal lawer o werth i hel y defaid at ei gilydd.\u2019"}, {"text_idx": "#000013", "text": "Felly darostwng y ddafad, ei dofi yn yr ystyr o wneud iddi ildio i ddymuniad y ci, sef aros yn llonydd nes bod y bugail yn cyrraedd \u2018ac yn rhoddi\u2019r cwplws am ei gwddf, ac yn hwylio tuag adref\u2019! Ystofi3, felly."}, {"text_idx": "#000014", "text": "Mewn rhestr arall, lle mae John Jones yn enwi\u2019r gwahanol fathau o gw\u0302n, cawn y pa\u0302r bugeilgi a dafatgi \u2013 ond nid oes so\u0302n am gi defaid, sy\u2019n gyfuniad dipyn diweddarach (1848 yw\u2019r dystiolaeth gynharaf drosto yn GPC). Felly i bob pwrpas mae gwahaniaeth rhwng y dafatgi, sef y ci dal defaid, a\u2019r ci defaid, sef y ci hel defaid. Ac o ran dafatgi, wrth gwrs, mae\u2019n dilyn patrwm yr hen eiriau traddodiadol eraill: adargi \u2018ci dal adar\u2019, hyddgi \u2018ci dal hyddod\u2019, &c."}, {"text_idx": "#000015", "text": "Y cyfan a erys bellach o ran y ferf ystofi, yw darganfod dyfyniad sy\u2019n so\u0302n am ddafatgi yn ystofi dafad. Gadewch i mi wybod os cewch hyd i un!"}, {"text_idx": "#000019", "text": "The shepherd, his dog and sheep"}, {"text_idx": "#000020", "text": "Amongst the wordlists that the scribe John Jones of Gellilyfdy produced between 1631 and 1633, whilst incarcerated in the Fleet Prison, are several concerning the work of a farmer, including lists relating to livestock. It is one of these lists that I\u2019ve been working on this week: \u2018The Shepherd and related items\u2019, and two entries in particular have been rather perplexing, namely ystofi defaid and ystofiad (the first a verb whose object is defaid \u2018sheep\u2019, and the second a noun relating to the action of the verb)."}, {"text_idx": "#000021", "text": "These words are found at the beginning of the list: the bugail \u2018shepherd\u2019 is named (plural bugeiliaid and bugelydd), his craft is bugeilio (\u2018shepherding\u2019, \u2018tending the sheep\u2019), including corlannu defaid in a corddlan / corlan (\u2018placing sheep in a fold or pen\u2019). The words ystofi defaid and ystofiad come between corddlan and corlannu, and this is important to remember, as the list follows a thematic rather than an alphabetical order."}, {"text_idx": "#000023", "text": "ystofi1: \u2018to arrange threads so as to form a warp\u2019 (a weaving term), and more generally used for putting other things in order, such as a house (early 17th century onwards) ystofi2: \u2018bestow\u2019, from the English stow, as in bestow (1672 onwards)ystofi3: \u2018to tame, subdue\u2019, containing the verb dofi \u2018to tame\u2019 (16th century onwards)"}, {"text_idx": "#000024", "text": "ystofi1: \u2018to arrange threads so as to form a warp\u2019 (a weaving term), and more generally used for putting other things in order, such as a house (early 17th century onwards)"}, {"text_idx": "#000025", "text": "ystofi2: \u2018bestow\u2019, from the English stow, as in bestow (1672 onwards)"}, {"text_idx": "#000026", "text": "ystofi3: \u2018to tame, subdue\u2019, containing the verb dofi \u2018to tame\u2019 (16th century onwards)"}, {"text_idx": "#000027", "text": "We can rule out ystofi2. I considered the figurative use of ystofi1: the idea of trying to organize sheep whose natural tendency it is to scatter, imagining them stepping methodically into a pen, one by one, just as the weaver\u2019s threads are laid out on the loom. Similarly with ystofi3, the idea that sheep are tamed as they yield to the shepherd\u2019s wishes and behave as he wants them to. I felt that both verbs had potential despite not being quite right."}, {"text_idx": "#000028", "text": "Then, as often happens, I came across another possible explanation whilst looking in a book for something completely different. The book was Hugh Evans\u2019s Cwm Eithin (Liverpool, 1931), which is a wonderful description of rural life in Llangwm, in the old Denbighshire, in the middle of the 19th century. Whilst flicking through its pages I happened upon the heading \u2018Sheep herding day\u2019, where Hugh Evans explains that the shepherd\u2019s dog used to restrain sheep in the past, and that the practice of using a dog to herd sheep is a fairly recent one. He explains:"}, {"text_idx": "#000029", "text": "At that time [i.e. when he was a child], the ci hel \u2018herding dog\u2019 had not yet arrived in Wales, there was only the ci dal \u2018restraining dog\u2019, so that the whole family would have to turn out to gather in the sheep. The difference between a ci dal and a ci hel is this. The ci dal\u2019s way of working was to run after a sheep that had been shown to it, and to grasp that sheep by its neck, very gently and without leaving any teeth marks on its skin ... The ci dal was not much use in gathering sheep together."}, {"text_idx": "#000030", "text": "The dog\u2019s role therefore was to restrain the sheep, \u2018taming\u2019 (dofi) it in the sense of making it submit to the dog\u2019s will, staying still until the shepherd arrived and put a leash on it before heading back home. Ystofi3, therefore."}, {"text_idx": "#000031", "text": "In another list, where John Jones names various breeds of dog, we find the pair bugeilgi and dafatgi \u2013 but there is no mention of ci defaid, which is a much more recent collocation (the earliest occurrence in GPC is dated 1848). There seems therefore to be a distinction between the dafatgi, the dog which catches and restrains (dal) sheep, and the ci defaid, the dog which rounds up sheep. And dafatgi, of course, follows the pattern of the other old traditional names: adargi \u2018bird-hunting dog\u2019, hyddgi \u2018deerhound\u2019, &c."}, {"text_idx": "#000032", "text": "All that remains then, as far as the verb ystofi is concerned, is to discover a quotation which mentions a dafatgi restraining (ystofi) a sheep. Do please let me know if you find one!"}, {"text_idx": "#000036", "text": "Buchfrech, y cowpog a\u2019r gwrthfuchfrechwyr"}, {"text_idx": "#000038", "text": "Tybed a gawn ni Nadolig gwyn eleni?"}]