[{"text_idx": "#000025", "text": "Pam rydyn ni'n dweud 'Cymru'? O ble mae geiriau'n dod? Ydy'r iaith Gymraeg yn gwbl unigryw? Mae deall etymoleg a gwreiddiau iaith yn rhan bwysig o ieithyddiaeth a dysgu iaith. Yma, rydyn ni'n edrych ar etymoleg yr iaith Gymraeg gan ddangos bod ei gwreiddiau ar hyd a lled y byd."}, {"text_idx": "#000026", "text": "Why do we say 'Cymru'? Where do words come from? Is the Welsh language completely unique? Understanding the etymology and origins of a language is an important part of linguistics and language learning. Here, we look at the etymology of the Welsh language, showing that its roots spread far and wide across the world."}, {"text_idx": "#000028", "text": "Madison Keeping is a PhD student in Swansea University researching the use of mental illness in recent Welsh literature. Since 2018, she has been working in the Welsh Department in Swansea University as a tutor."}, {"text_idx": "#000029", "text": "Awdur ac ymgyrchydd Heini Gruffudd: \u201cMae\u2019r dudalen yma\u2019n rhoi cyfle i ddysgwyr a siaradwyr Cymraeg roi eu traed i mewn i ddyfroedd diddorol etymoleg. Mae tarddiad geiriau Cymraeg yn amrywiol- nid mor amrywiol a\u0302\u2019r Saesneg wrth gwrs- ac mae deall o ble y daeth geiriau\u2019r iaith yn gymorth mawr i ni i ddeall sut mae\u2019r iaith yn gweithio. Dyma\u2019r ymdrech ddwyieithog ar-lein gyntaf i nodi tarddiad geiriau, ac rwy\u2019n edrych ymlaen at weld y rhestr yn cynyddu.\u201d"}, {"text_idx": "#000030", "text": "Author and campaigner Heini Gruffudd: \"This page gives learners and Welsh speakers the chance to put their feet into interesting etymology waters. The origins of Welsh words are varied- not as diverse as English, of course- and understanding where the words of the language came to us is a great help to us to understand how the language works. This is the first online bilingual effort to identify the origin of words, and I'm looking forward to seeing the list increasing.\""}, {"text_idx": "#000035", "text": "Mae gan yr iaith Gymraeg hanes cyfoethog iawn sy'n rhychwantu'r canrifoedd. Cyn y Gymraeg, Brythoneg oedd prif iaith Cymru, Lloegr a de\u2019r Alban, pan ddaeth y Rhufeiniaid yn 43 AD. Daeth y Gymraeg o\u2019r Frythoneg, rywbryd rhwng 400 a 700 AD. Mae barddoniaeth Gymraeg gynnar yn dod o\u2019r cyfnod hwn."}, {"text_idx": "#000037", "text": "Origin of the Welsh Language"}, {"text_idx": "#000038", "text": "Welsh has an extremely rich history which spans centuries. It evolved from Brythonic, the main language spoken in Wales, England and Southern Scotland when the Romans invaded in 43AD. Welsh began to emerge as a distinctive language sometime between 400 and 700 AD \u2013 early Welsh poetry survives from this period."}, {"text_idx": "#000042", "text": "Fel rydyn ni\u2019n gwybod, mae\u2019r Gymraeg wedi benthyg nifer o eiriau o\u2019r Lladin dros y canrifoedd."}, {"text_idx": "#000043", "text": "Y dosbarth gyntaf o eiriau benthyg oedd geiriau a berthynai i fywyd / arferion milwrol megis: castell, ffos, llafn, mur, pebyll, saeth."}, {"text_idx": "#000044", "text": "Yn sgil y rheiny, daeth geiriau a oedd yn ymwneud a\u0302 masnach a llafur megis : aur, hestawr, mesur, plwm, pwys."}, {"text_idx": "#000045", "text": "Ond wrth i\u2019r Ymerodraeth Rhufeinig ddod yn fwy cryf, manteisiwyd hefyd ar eu dull o fyw a gwelwyd, cegin, ystafell a ffenestr, gwisgwyd maneg a torch, bwytodd y bobl torth ac yfon nhw, gwin."}, {"text_idx": "#000047", "text": "The Latin Element in Welsh"}, {"text_idx": "#000048", "text": "As we know, Welsh has borrowed many words from Latin over the centuries."}, {"text_idx": "#000049", "text": "The first group of words were those which belonged to military life and customs such as: castell (castle), ffos (ditch/trench/moat), llafn (blade), mur (wall), pebyll (tents), saeth (arrow)."}, {"text_idx": "#000050", "text": "In the wake of those came words that were related to trade and labour such as: aur (gold), hestawr (=hestor a measure of quantity, two bushels), mesur (measure/quantify), plwm (lead), pwys (pound)."}, {"text_idx": "#000051", "text": "But as the Roman Empire grew in strength, their lifestyle was adopted and things such as cegin (kitchen), ystafell (room) and ffenestr (window) were seen, things such as maneg (glove) and torch (chain/collar) were worn, people ate torth (loaf) and drunk gwin (wine)."}, {"text_idx": "#000053", "text": "Gair sydd yn cynnwys o leiaf dwy forffem yw gair cyfansawdd e.e. \u2018prifathro\u2019, lle mae\u2019r morffemau unigol, \u2018prif\u2019 ac \u2018athro\u2019 yn gallu sefyll fel geiriau unigol ar eu pennau eu hunain."}, {"text_idx": "#000054", "text": "Gweler wici.porth.ac.uk/index.php/Gair_cyfansawdd am fwy o wybodaeth."}, {"text_idx": "#000055", "text": "What is a compound word?"}, {"text_idx": "#000056", "text": "A compound word is a word which contains at least two morphemes ( a unit of a language that cannot be further divided). For example, \u2018prifathro\u2019 (headteacher) where the morphemes \u2018prif\u2019 (main) ac \u2018athro\u2019 (teacher) can stand on their own as individual words."}, {"text_idx": "#000057", "text": "See wici.porth.ac.uk/index.php/Gair_cyfansawdd for more information."}, {"text_idx": "#000059", "text": "Wrth ystyried hanes cythryblus yr iaith Gymraeg, hawdd yw gweld dylanwad y Saesneg a'r Normaniaid arni. O ganlyniad i statws israddol y Gymraeg yn y gorffennol a grym eithriadol Saesneg dros y blynyddoedd, nid yw\u2019n syndod bod bach o debygrwydd rhwng rhai elfennau o\u2019r Gymraeg a\u2019r Saesneg. Ond ers twf dwyieithrwydd yng Nghymru a datblygiad y byd modern, technolegol, mae dylanwad y Saesneg wedi dwysa\u0301u. Oherwydd hyn, erbyn heddiw, mae llu o eiriau a phriod-ddulliau Saesneg wedi ymddangos yn y Gymraeg"}, {"text_idx": "#000060", "text": "Am fwy o wybodaeth, gweler:"}, {"text_idx": "#000062", "text": "As we consider the turbulent history of the Welsh Language, it is easy to see the influence of English and the Normans on Welsh. Due to the inferior status of Welsh in the past and the exceptional strength of English over the years, it is not surprising that there is an element of similarity between certain elements in Welsh and English. However, since the growth of bilingualism in Wales and the development of the modern, technological word, the influence of English has only intensified. Today, as a result, we see a whole variety of English words and idioms which have an influence on the way we speak Welsh."}, {"text_idx": "#000070", "text": "Ledled Cymru, mae pob cymuned Gymraeg, boed yn dre\u2019 neu\u2019n gwm, yn"}, {"text_idx": "#000074", "text": "Heddiw mae llawer o drigolion Prydain yn ystyried eu hunain yn Albanwyr,"}, {"text_idx": "#000076", "text": "Beth allwn ni ei ddysgu o un map? Eithaf tipyn! Yma, mae\u2019r"}, {"text_idx": "#000078", "text": "Mae Jeremy Wood wedi bod yn darparu teithiau yn yr iaith (Welsh"}]