[{"text_idx": "#000001", "text": "[Please scroll down for the English version]"}, {"text_idx": "#000002", "text": "Yn 1633, tra roedd dan glo yng ngharchar y Fleet yn Llundain am ei ddyledion, lluniodd John Jones, Gellilyfdy, restrau o wahanol eiriau yn ymwneud a\u0302 byd natur. Yn eu mysg ceir rhestr yn trafod coed y berllan (perllanwydd) a\u2019u ffrwythau. Wrth drafod y goeden afalau (afallen, afallwydd), enwir dros ugain math gwahanol o afal, ambell un yn hysbys, ond y rhan fwyaf yn ddieithr. (Am y rhestr, gweler isod.) Dyma\u2019r unig restr o afalau a geir yn y Gymraeg, hyd y gwn i, cyn i Iolo Morganwg lunio casgliad ohonynt o Forgannwg. (Cyhoeddwyd y rhan fwyaf o enwau Iolo yn \u2018Welsh names of apples\u2019, Cambrian Journal, 1858, "}, {"text_idx": "#000003", "text": "Mae\u2019n debygol mai enw generig yw afal pe\u0302r, hynny ydi unrhyw afal melys yn gyffredinol; ac mae\u2019n debygol fod yr un peth yn wir am afal sur, afal chwerwber ac afal melysber. Ond mae\u2019r rhan fwyaf o\u2019r enwau yn y rhestr fel petaent yn cyfeirio at fath arbennig o afal."}, {"text_idx": "#000004", "text": "Gallwn fod yn hyderus mai hen afal mawr yw\u2019r afal costard, a ddisgrifir yn GPC fel \u2018afal o gryn faint a gwrymiau amlwg iddo\u2019. Ca\u0302i ei ystyried yn afal o safon uchel \u2013 ac roedd yn un o\u2019r eitemau ar y bwrdd bwyd, ynghyd a\u0302 phomgranadau a gwin, pan fwynhaodd y bardd Lewys Glyn Cothi letygarwch Ieuan ap Lewys a Thangwystl ym Mefenydd yn y bymthegfed ganrif (GLGC 88.49\u201350). Am afalau costard coch, costard gwyn a chostard llwyd, ni chefais hyd i gyfeiriadau Cymraeg pellach atynt, ond fe\u2019u ceir mewn llawlyfrau garddio cynnar yn Saesneg, fel L. Meager, The Compleat English Gardner (10th ed., London, 1704), 50 ac R. Bradley, A Dictionary of Plants, vol. II (London, 1747) dan Malus: \u2018The gray Costerd is a large good Apple, somewhat whiting on the Outside, and abideth the Winter\u2019."}, {"text_idx": "#000005", "text": "Mae afal cidodyn yn enw arall na lwyddais i\u2019w ganfod mewn unrhyw eiriadur; ac yn o\u0302l John Jones yma, mae\u2019n un da i\u2019w bobi ac at wneud seidr. Mae\u2019n ddiddorol fod Iolo Morganwg yntau\u2019n cyfeirio at yr afal hwn, gan ei gysylltu\u2019n arbennig a\u0302 swydd Henffordd a chan nodi ei fod yn dda at wneud seidr: LlGC 13089E, 64 Called also kedodin in Herefrodshire, a fine cyder apple; LlGC 13120B, 268 Called also kydodin in Herefrod a fine Cyder apple. (Diolch yn fawr i Dr Richard Crowe am y cyfeiriadau hyn.) Mae\u2019n ddigon posibl mai o ryw enw Saesneg y daw cidodyn, ond ni lwyddwyd eto i\u2019w olrhain."}, {"text_idx": "#000006", "text": "Mae\u2019n eithaf sicr, ar y llaw arall, mai o\u2019r Saesneg y daw grining yn afal grining. Yn yr Oxford English Dictionary (OED) disgrifir afal greening fel \u2018Any of several varieties of apple which are green when ripe, used for cooking or eating\u2019."}, {"text_idx": "#000007", "text": "Mae\u2019n bosibl mai afal a elwir yn queening yw\u2019r afal gwyn ochrog: OED queening \u2018any of several varieties of apple having prominent angular ribs on the surface of the fruit\u2019. Mewn nodyn ar darddiad queening yn yr OED, gwrthodir awgrym a wnaethpwyd yn flaenorol i\u2019w gysylltu a\u0302 coin, quoin \u2018with reference to the angled shape of the fruit\u2019; trueni, gan y byddai hynny wedi rhoi cyfatebiaeth dda i\u2019r elfen ochrog yn yr enw Cymraeg yma."}, {"text_idx": "#000008", "text": "Mae afal bresych ac afal pe\u0302r bresych yn gwbl ddieithr, ac yn swnio braidd yn anapelgar; felly hefyd afal caled du, er bod R. Bradley, A Dictionary of Plants, vol. II (London, 1747), dan malus, yn enwi sawl math o afal du, e.e. \u2018The black Apple or Pippin, is a very good eating Apple, and very like a Permean, both in Form and Bigness, but of black sooty colour\u2019."}, {"text_idx": "#000009", "text": "Mae afal pig y glomen, ar y llaw arall, yn ddigon hysbys \u2013 GPC \u2018apple with an excrescence at the stalk\u2019. Gallwn dybio nad afal o\u2019r math gorau oedd hwn, gan fod Lewis Morris yn 1740 yn cyfeirio ato mewn cerdd, gan fanylu braidd yn goeglyd ar yr eitemau yn ewyllys Morgan Goch y Melinydd: Dau Afal pi\u0302g y Glomen / \u2019Stol drithroed a chrys gwlanen / O wellt gwely .... Mae\u2019n siw\u0302r fod afal pig y biog yn un eithaf tebyg, ond ni ddeuthum ar draws gyfeiriad arall at hwnnw."}, {"text_idx": "#000010", "text": "Mae\u2019n bosibl mai\u2019r un afal yw afal pe\u0302r Mair: a permain apple ag afal pe\u0302r Mai \u2018pearmain apple\u2019 (GPC), afal y ceir y dystiolaeth gynharaf drosto yn GPC ar lafar yng Ngheredigion yn yr 20g. Ar y llaw arall mae\u2019r enw afal Mair yn hy\u0302n. Wrth ddisgrifio melyster awen y bardd Llywelyn ab y Moel, meddai Guto\u2019r Glyn: Naddai bob awenyddair / Fal me\u0302l neu afalau Mair (GG.net 82.45\u20136). Os at Fair Fadlen y cyfeiria Mair yn yr enw, cymharer OED Magdalene \u2018a variety of dessert apple\u2019. Mae hwn yn afal sy\u2019n aeddfedu\u2019n gynnar yn yr haf a gall fod Mair wedi ei newid yn Mai mewn cyfnod Protestannaidd. Tybed ai'r Magdalene yw afal pe\u0302r Mair yma?"}, {"text_idx": "#000011", "text": "(Byddwn yn ddiolchgar iawn am unrhyw wybodaeth am yr afalau a drafodir yma.)"}, {"text_idx": "#000012", "text": "In 1633, whilst incarcerated in the Fleet prison in London as a debtor, John Jones of Gellilyfdy compiled lists of words pertaining to the natural world. Amongst these is a list under the heading perllanwydd a\u2019u ffrwyth (\u2018trees of the orchard and their fruits\u2019). In the section on the apple tree (afallen, afallwydd), he names over twenty different types of apple, a few known to us today, but most unfamiliar or unknown. As far as I am aware, this is the only list of apples in Welsh before Iolo Morganwg collected apple names from Morgannwg (most of those were published in \u2018Welsh names of apples\u2019, Cambrian Journal, 1858, "}, {"text_idx": "#000013", "text": "Afal pe\u0302r is likely to be a generic name, for a \u2018sweet apple\u2019 in general; similarly afal sur \u2018sour apple\u2019, afal chwerwber \u2018a sweet and sour apple\u2019 and afal melysber \u2018sweet and fragrant apple\u2019. But most of the names in the list seem to refer to particular types of apple."}, {"text_idx": "#000014", "text": "We can be confident that afal costard is a \u2018costard apple\u2019, an old and large type of apple that is described in the OED as \u2018a large apple with prominent ribs or ridges\u2019. It was a highly regarded apple \u2013 and was one of the items on the dinner table, along with pomegranate and wine, when the fifteenth-century poet Lewys Glyn Cothi enjoyed the hospitality of Ieuan ap Lewys and Tangwystl in Mefenydd (GLGC 88.49\u201350). I failed to find references to the red, white and grey varieties in Welsh (costard coch, costard gwyn and costard llwyd), but they are all mentioned in several early books in English on gardening, such as L. Meager, The Compleat English Gardner (10th ed., London, 1704), 50 and R. Bradley, A Dictionary of Plants, vol. II (London, 1747) under Malus: \u2018The gray Costerd is a large good Apple, somewhat whiting on the Outside, and abideth the Winter\u2019."}, {"text_idx": "#000015", "text": "Afal cidodyn is another apple that I failed to find in any dictionary; and according to John Jones here, it\u2019s a good apple for baking and for making cider. The only other references to this apple are by Iolo Morganwg, who also notes that it\u2019s a good apple for making cider, associating it in particular with Herefordshire: NLW 13089E, 64 Called also kedodin in Herefrodshire, a fine cyder apple; NLW 13120B, 268 Called also kydodin in Herefrod a fine Cyder apple. (I\u2019m grateful to Dr Richard Crowe for these references.) It\u2019s quite possible that cidodyn derives from an English name, as yet unidentified."}, {"text_idx": "#000016", "text": "On the other hand we can be quite sure that grining in afal grining comes from the English. In the OED a greening is described as \u2018Any of several varieties of apple which are green when ripe, used for cooking or eating\u2019."}, {"text_idx": "#000017", "text": "Afal gwyn ochrog (\u2018a white angular apple\u2019) is likely to refer to a queening: \u2018any of several varieties of apple having prominent angular ribs on the surface of the fruit\u2019 (OED). In a note on the etymology of queening, the OED reject a previous suggestion to derive it from coin, quoin \u2018with reference to the angled shape of the fruit\u2019; that\u2019s a shame as that derivation would have corresponded well with the element ochrog in the Welsh name."}, {"text_idx": "#000018", "text": "Both afal bresych (\u2018cabbage apple\u2019) and afal pe\u0302r bresych (\u2018sweet cabbage apple\u2019) are unknown and sound rather unappealing, as also does afal caled du (\u2018hard black apple\u2019), although R. Bradley, A Dictionary of Plants, vol. II (London, 1747), under malus, names several types of black apple, e.g. \u2018The black Apple or Pippin, is a very good eating Apple, and very like a Permean, both in Form and Bigness, but of black sooty colour\u2019."}, {"text_idx": "#000019", "text": "Afal pig y glomen (\u2018the pigeon\u2019s beak apple\u2019), on the other hand, is known \u2013 GPC \u2018apple with an excrescence at the stalk\u2019. We can presume that this was a second-rate apple, as Lewis Morris, in 1740, lists two of them in a rather satirical poem as items in the will of Morgan Goch the Miller: Dau Afal pi\u0302g y Glomen / \u2019Stol drithroed a chrys gwlanen / O wellt gwely ... (\u2018two pigeon\u2019s beak apples, a three-legged stool and a woollen shirt made of bed straw\u2019). Afal pig y biog (\u2018the magpie\u2019s beak apple\u2019) is likely to have been a similar apple, but I have found no other reference to it."}, {"text_idx": "#000020", "text": "Afal pe\u0302r Mair: a permain apple is likely to be the same apple as GPC afal pe\u0302r Mai \u2018pearmain apple\u2019; GPC\u2019s evidence is from an oral source in Ceredigion in the 20th century. On the other hand, afal Mair (\u2018Mary\u2019s apple\u2019) is much older. To describe the sweetness of Llywelyn ab y Moel\u2019s poetic muse, Guto\u2019r Glyn says: Naddai bob awenyddair / Fal me\u0302l neu afalau Mair (\u2018He would form every word of poetry like honey or apples of Mary\u2019, GG.net 82.45\u20136). If Mair refers to Mary Magdalene, then compare perhaps OED Magdalene \u2018a variety of dessert apple\u2019, an apple which matures early in the summer. Was Mair \u2018Mary\u2019 perhaps changed to Mai \u2018May\u2019 in the Protestant period? Could the Magdalene apple be afal pe\u0302r Mair?"}, {"text_idx": "#000021", "text": "(I would be very grateful for any information about the apples discussed here.)"}, {"text_idx": "#000022", "text": "Buchfrech, y cowpog a\u2019r gwrthfuchfrechwyr"}, {"text_idx": "#000024", "text": "Tybed a gawn ni Nadolig gwyn eleni?"}]